content
stringlengths 71
484k
| url
stringlengths 13
5.97k
|
|---|---|
What will influence our priorities in 2019?
Consumer protection: why and how?
The Consumer Authority’s primary task is to ensure that businesses adhere to regulations about fair marketing and contractual terms when dealing with consumers. One way we do this is to crack down on illegal conduct. But preventive measures are just as important. Taking as our starting point our work with individual cases, we must generate awareness of, and a debate about, the importance of consumer protection.
Strong consumer protection will contribute to a healthier economy, trust in the actors involved, and genuine freedom of choice for informed consumers. This benefits everyone. Not only consumers, but also businesses that wish to comply with the Marketing Control Act. This requires knowledge, insight, trust and confidence.
Our first year as the Consumer Authority? – what now?
We have been the Consumer Authority since 1 January 2018. More importantly, from the same date we have been empowered to take direct enforcement action and impose financial penalties against those who break the law. These changes were made with the goal of achieving more effective enforcement, through the imposition of stronger measures to combat illegal marketing and unreasonable contractual terms.
How has it gone? Have we become a more effective supervisory authority? In my opinion, the answer is clearly yes. We have issued more administrative decisions than ever before, have given notice of a corresponding number, and have several ongoing cases involving clear breaches of the law and potential administrative decisions. It is clear that it has become easier for us to take action against illegal marketing and unfair contractual terms, which in turn has resulted in greater day-to-day security for consumers.
Dialogue and guidance will continue to be our instruments of choice for ensuring that businesses stay within the boundaries of the law. We find that businesses listen to us, and take action to rectify potential illegalities when we identify them. Understanding why legal boundaries have been set exactly where they are is an important prerequisite for a willingness to comply with the law.
We will follow up the government’s goal of supervising businesses more effectively by using several of the means we have at our disposal – maintaining a good dialogue with the actors involved; providing guidance; and by cracking down on clear breaches of the law.
On 10 January 2019, the government announced its decision to restructure the bodies responsible for consumer protection. The Consumer Authority will take over responsibility for handling all consumer complaints. Previously, these have been handled by the Consumer Council, the Secretariat for the Market Council and the Consumer Disputes Commission. The government has also decided to relocate the Consumer Authority to the Grenland region of Telemark County. This process is expected to be completed within two years.
These decisions will affect the Consumer Authority’s priorities in the coming years. While we incorporate these new tasks into the work of the Consumer Authority, we shall endeavour to facilitate a smooth restructuring process and do our best to take care of the employees who are affected. The Consumer Authority will continue to fulfil its existing tasks; throughout the restructuring we will continue to be a prominent and accessible supervisory authority for both businesses and consumers.
Digital transformation has changed marketing: it has made it more targeted at individuals; opened up new channels for exerting commercial influence; and increased overall marketing pressure. It has affected all consumer sectors, causing the emergence of new services, changes in the nature of markets, and altered consumer behaviours. In many ways, digitisation has made it easier to be a consumer. But it has also made consumers more vulnerable.
The Consumer Authority has seen these trends affecting all sectors and markets with which we are involved. Our absolute priority is to ensure that the level of consumer protection is not changed as we encounter new online marketing methods and contractual terms. Misleading and aggressive marketing is no less illegal simply because it happens online. Contracts must be fair, clear and balanced, including when they are entered into electronically. Consumers should be safe in their daily digital lives.
We are travelling more, buying more, and we are less dependent on brick-and-mortar shops. Businesses are establishing themselves across national borders, and the development of eCommerce means that we can buy virtually anything from anywhere, regardless of where in the world the business is physically based.
Consumers say that they want to contribute to the development of a more sustainable society. Less environmental impact and more ethical production and trading practices are important for consumers, but making the “right” choices is proving to be a difficult task. Businesses use claims about ethics, sustainability and the environment in their marketing campaigns because they believe such claims are effective in winning over consumers. In such cases, these marketing claims have to be true, not merely empty words.
Advertising that is targeted on the basis of people’s everyday activities online has become a routine phenomenon. If you search for a new kayak, over the next few days you will be inundated with offers for kayaks and related equipment. These can be useful for comparing quality and price. But a flood of offers is less welcome when algorithms detect that you need to purchase funeral-related services, and adverts from funeral parlours continue to appear for weeks after the funeral took place.
Personalized marketing campaigns and special offers make it difficult for consumers to obtain an overview of the market , and often it has become more difficult for consumers to form an opinion. The methods used to target consumers with special offers are becoming ever more advanced and more businesses want to use consumers’ search patterns, salary and payment histories, and even their mental states for the purposes of market segmentation. But how can you compare prices if a special offer is based on specific criteria, and you don’t know what price would be quoted to your neighbour for exactly the same kayak?
These new marketing channels and methods also pose a challenge for the Consumer Authority and the ways in which we approach new problems.
The sale and marketing of residential real estate – both new and used homes – with a special focus on holiday homes and home rentals.
Loans and credit are a priority area for the Consumer Authority. Since I took up my post as Consumer Ombudsman in December 2016, the total amount of unsecured consumer debt in Norway has increased by around NOK 20 billion – from over NOK 90 billion up to the staggering current total of NOK 110 billion. This type of debt is growing at a disturbingly rapid pace, and many consumers will experience problems with repayments. There is a great deal of high-pressure marketing in this sector, and we fear that the misleading marketing of consumer loans and credit has potentially serious consequences, both for individual consumers and for society as a whole.
We will supervise the marketing of consumer loans and credit in digital media, traditional media and in brick-and-mortar retail environments. The Consumer Authority will work to ensure that consumers are not exposed to misleading and aggressive marketing campaigns for consumer loans and credit. Our concern is that the marketing of loans and credit should always contain price information, and that discounts, bonuses and other advantages should not feature more prominently than the information about price. Consumers must receive accurate, objective information about the costs and other key aspects of a credit agreement before signing it.
The new Financial Contracts Act, which is expected to be enacted by the Norwegian Parliament in 2019, has the potential to have a positive effect on this market. In addition, it will bring about changes in many other financial services. Third parties acting as intermediaries between customers and banks are already permitted to provide payment and account services. In addition, the banks’ standard contracts for everything from online banking to debit cards will have to be revised. Here the Consumer Authority will play an important role in ensuring that contractual mechanisms and terms for services that are of such importance for consumers are fair, balanced, and compliant with statutory requirements.
All consumers need somewhere to live, and most consumers will enter into contracts to rent or purchase a home at various points during their lives. Home buyers have to read and understand a great deal of information, and for many people this feels like an overwhelming task. Accordingly, it is especially important that information about a prospective home is communicated in a clear and balanced manner, so that the consumer can avoid expending unnecessary time and effort when comparing, and choosing between, potential new homes.
Real estate advertising has changed, and increasingly advertisements are appearing on social media and other digital channels where marketing can be targeted on the basis of data about consumers. In addition, 2018 saw changes in how homes are marketed online. These affected both the website Finn.no and digital property descriptions on real estate agents’ websites.
At the end of last year, the Consumer Authority launched new guidelines for the marketing of homes. The aim was to ensure that real estate agents and other parties involved in the marketing of homes comply with the provisions of the Marketing Control Act, regardless of the platform being used. The aim is for all material information about homes to be communicated clearly and accurately, so that the consumer is not misled. In 2019, we will further develop these guidelines, which will be updated as new technologies and issues emerge.
As a follow-up to the guidelines, the Consumer Authority will monitor real estate agents’ marketing of both new and used homes throughout 2019.
Digitisation and developments in the housing market have brought about new concepts in the residential sales sector. Examples of these are digital brokerage services, new insurance products, and schemes with non-standard terms that are designed to make it easier for first-time buyers to get on the housing ladder. We will endeavour to ensure that actors do not omit to comply with the Marketing Control Act when introducing new concepts and adopting new technologies and new methods. Promotional material and contract terms must continue to be fair and clear so that even inexperienced home-buyers can feel secure.
We see reports of a high level of disputes in the home-buying sector, and in the run-up to Christmas 2018, proposals were put forward for amendments to the Alienation Act and the regulation of home survey reports and valuations in order to make the process of buying a home more secure. The Consumer Authority is positive about revising the regulations applicable to the residential sector of the real-estate market and will work actively towards ensuring the adoption of amendments to improve the information provided to buyers about the technical condition of homes. This will reduce the number of disputes and make the process of buying a home more secure for the majority of people.
New platforms, apps, the sharing economy and smart products, such as smart fridges and smart speakers that will order you a pizza, are featuring ever more prominently in consumers’ everyday lives. In 2019, the Consumer Authority will prioritize protecting consumers as they encounter new digital services and business models. New digital services and platforms are being developed constantly in all sectors. Accordingly, protecting consumers online is an integral part of all our work.
Businesses, and particularly entrepreneurs, who are developing smart products and associated services have a great need for guidance, both in relation to requirements concerning marketing and the drafting of contractual terms. In response, we want to provide customized guidance to businesses that sell and produce smart products. It is crucial that their marketing gives the consumer an accurate picture of the product’s functionality, and also its limitations.
A particular challenge with smart products is that consumers often buy a product without being aware of all the contracts associated with it. Often there will be several parties and several sets of contractual terms to get to grips with. For example, the consumer may be party to a purchase agreement for the product; a separate subscription contract with the service provider; and yet another contract for the app used to control the product.
The Marketing Control Act imposes a number of requirements concerning information that must be supplied to consumers regarding the collection and use of their personal data, as well as the time when this information must be supplied. We also see a growing trend for businesses to contact consumers directly, on the basis of the consumer’s data, with offers that are not advertised on the open market. One example concerns mobile phone sales, where businesses contact consumers using dedicated apps or other targeted marketing methods. Technology now enables special offers and special prices to be individually targeted. For consumers this creates problems, because it is more difficult to compare different offers and gain an overview of the market before making a choice. In addition, marketing based on consumer data can be manipulative, high-pressure and in breach of good commercial practice.
Today, there is often no charge for downloading a new app or similar software. These services don’t cost money, but instead require you to provide access to your personal data and your electronic footprint. This information has become a currency in its own right.
In 2019, we will provide guidance to businesses on the collection and use of consumer data in commercial contexts. We will do this in collaboration with the Norwegian Data Protection Authority. In particular, this guidance will address the obligation of providers of digital services to comply with both consumer protection and data protection and privacy law. In the digital economy, the Consumer Authority and the Data Protection Authority must work together closely in order to ensure that consumers are properly protected.
Access to the internet via fixed-line and mobile broadband is a basic necessity for consumers, as it is essential for participation in the digital economy. In addition, there is television, which is often supplied using the same technology. Products and business models in the television, internet access and telecommunications sectors are changing rapidly, and an important part of the supervisory work for these markets involves ensuring that changes comply with applicable consumer protection regulations. We perform our supervisory role by providing guidance and taking enforcement action. We will continue this work in 2019, with a particular focus on price information and the use of lock-in mechanisms.
Internet access can be an expensive service for many households. This is particularly true if one wants to connect through a provider that does not already have infrastructure linking it to the household (most of these cases concern fibre broadband). The sector itself reports great eagerness to invest in infrastructure, as well as fierce competition between providers. Contracts are often sold with lock-in periods, but consumers tell us that providers often omit information, for example on price and contractual obligations when contracts are entered into. Both the Marketing Control Act and the Cancellation Act impose requirements about what information consumers should receive, when they should receive it, and how this information should be supplied. Accordingly, in 2019 the Consumer Authority will look in particular at providers’ practices concerning the marketing and sale of fibre broadband.
The Consumer Authority will also work to ensure that consumers continue to benefit from legal protections when new regulations are introduced in the electronic communications markets (through amendments to the EU regulatory framework for electronic communications, for example). In 2019, we will collaborate closely with the Norwegian Communications Authority in order to achieve this.
There is a steady growth in the use of social media to market products and services, and we see that advertisers are well aware that they can reach consumers more effectively by using influencers to market their products.
The influencer sector is a challenge in itself. Many influencers have little experience – this is particularly true of so-called micro-influencers (ordinary people with an enthusiastic following on social media) – and have no or little knowledge about the rules requiring advertising to be clearly labelled. Influencers who promote products on behalf of advertisers are acting as businesses. They have an obligation to comply with the regulations and ensure that consumers are able to easily identify advertising, so that consumers are not misled. It is important that these influencers, whether they are new to the sector or more experienced, are familiar with the regulations, comply with them, and experience our guidance as easy to understand and relevant.
In 2019, we will give high priority to ensuring that advertisements in social media are clearly and accurately labelled. In particular, we will focus on the responsibilities of advertisers who use influencers as a channel for their marketing. We will also prioritize the provision of guidance to the growing segment of micro-influencers about the regulations on disclosure of advertising.
The Consumer Authority is contacted regularly with comments and queries relating to advertising campaigns targeted at children and young people. Special rules apply to protect children and young people from high-pressure advertising, even though as a general rule there is nothing illegal about targeting marketing at minors. Everyone is influenced by advertising, and young children are even more susceptible. Responsibility for ensuring that children and young people are not exposed to high-pressure, aggressive marketing rests with advertisers, who are also responsible for ensuring that advertisements targeted at this group are clearly identifiable as such.
The Consumer Authority has been focusing on social media for a number of years. Children and young people are very active users of social media, which also have the capacity to generate a particular kind of intimacy with influencers. This may make it difficult to distinguish personal posts from those of a commercial nature. Children and young people are less able than adult consumers to identify advertising material on the various platforms they frequent, and for that reason may be more easily misled if advertisements are not clearly identifiable as such. In 2018, in collaboration with the Norwegian Media Authority, we developed a draft code of ethics on advertising and body image. In 2019, we will continue to crack down on advertisements that encourage an undesirable focus on “perfect” physiques.
Computer games and games on smartphones and similar devices regularly breach the rules on marketing to children. In 2019, we will take enforcement action in cases where we see direct exhortations to buy targeted at children, undisclosed advertising, and breaches of the duty to provide information in accordance with the Cancellation Act.
Not everyone offering goods and services online is doing so with honest intentions. Online fraud, with consumers being tricked into providing their card details and then being charged for unauthorized amounts, is unfortunately widespread. Foreign online shops that try to tempt consumers to order fake branded goods are also the subject of many complaints to the Consumer Authority. On the whole these frauds are perpetrated by foreign actors, and they can be difficult to stop.
In collaboration with other European consumer authorities, the Consumer Authority has developed a regulatory framework designed to stop illegal advertising on social media and on search engines. In 2019, we will use this framework to intensify our dialogue with advertising platforms and banks in an effort to prevent online fraud. As an immediate measure, we will warn consumers about online shops selling fake goods and other kinds of online fraud.
Fortunately, domestic online shopping for goods and services is conducted for the most part within secure frameworks designed to secure the interests of both consumers and businesses. The Cancellation Act and the Marketing Control Act are intended to make online shopping secure, and the Consumer Authority frequently provides guidance to businesses about the relevant regulations. We will immediately consider taking action against any Norwegian businesses found to be violating the law. In 2019, we will focus in particular on mechanisms that make it difficult for consumers to terminate contractual relationships, with regard both to physical and digital products.
Every year, the Consumer Authority receives a large number of complaints about direct marketing where businesses have contacted consumers directly without permission to do so. In the most serious of these cases, the Consumer Authority will issue administrative decisions and impose enforcement penalties for violations.
Consumers are entitled to price information that makes it easy to make sound decisions. In grocery stores, goods must be labelled with the unit price or the price per kilogram/litre. Similarly, all service providers with a website must provide price lists online. The Consumer Authority receives complaints on this topic on a regular basis and we follow these up by taking enforcement action against selected sectors.
Marketing messages containing price promises such as “sale”, “Black Friday”, “cheapest”, “price guarantee” and so on are widespread. The Consumer Authority will continue its efforts to uncover and put a stop to misleading price advertising. Only businesses that really do have the cheapest prices, or that have actually implemented price reductions, are entitled to make such claims, and consumers should not be tricked into paying more than is necessary.
Price-based marketing has also been influenced by technological developments. Certain services and websites make it easier to gain an overview of different prices, while other innovations can make this more difficult. The Consumer Authority will endeavour to ensure that price information is accessible and correct, regardless of the sector or sales channel in question.
Many electricity suppliers provide unclear information about pricing and employ complicated and confusing terms. Several suppliers also manipulate consumers with the help of digital tools such as the comparison portals Strømpris.no and Elskling.no, with the result that consumers who believe that they have selected a favourable contract often end up with completely the opposite.
Complaints to the Consumer Authority also reveal that several electricity suppliers are operating particularly problematic marketing strategies via telephone selling, promotional stands and door-to-door selling. Consumers are misled either because the information they are given is incorrect or because important information about pricing and other terms is omitted. In addition, many consumers find that their registered preference against receiving unsolicited calls is not respected.
In 2019, the Consumer Authority will take action against electricity suppliers found to be in breach of the Marketing Control Act, and will focus in particular on preventing suppliers from misleading consumers into signing contracts with unfair terms.
The Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE) is working on several processes that in 2019 and beyond will bring about major changes for all electricity customers. Some of the most important changes involve an increased use of digital technology and new tariffs. We will follow up on these changes and maintain a dialogue with the NVE and the Norwegian Consumer Council in order to ensure that consumers’ interests are well protected.
The travel sector is quick to adopt new digital opportunities. One result is that a very large proportion of travel services are purchased online.
The new Package Travel Act came into force on 1 July 2018, and has updated the concept of “package travel” for the digital age. The Act provides good protections for consumers purchasing several different services, for example flights, hotel accommodation and car rental, through a single provider – even where the provider is not a package tour operator. The Consumer Authority is also aware of the growth of the “sharing economy” as a phenomenon in the transport and travel sector. For example, Airbnb has become one of the world’s largest hotel chains, even though it doesn’t own a single room. The Consumer Authority is actively keeping track of these developments, so that we can take action if necessary against illegal marketing practices and contract terms.
In 2019, new, more stringent requirements will be applied to the taxi sector regarding fare information. Until now it has been difficult for consumers to find out what a taxi ride will cost, and it has been difficult to compare the fares offered by different taxi operators. Under the proposed new rules for the taxi sector, taxi operators will be obliged to provide clearer and better information about fares.
The Consumer Authority will ensure that the taxi sector complies with these new rules, and that consumers are provided with easily understandable information about fares before starting a ride.
There is a large market for alternative therapies in Norway. Turnover in the sector is over NOK 4 billion per annum. Strict regulations apply to the marketing of alternative therapies, and therapists are not allowed to give the impression that their treatments will have an effect on specific diseases and conditions, among other things. Even so, the Consumer Authority regularly receives complaints and tips about alternative therapists who are promising more than is permitted.
The marketing of alternative therapies occurs largely via digital channels, such as practitioners’ websites and social media accounts. In 2019, we will pay particular attention to the marketing of alternative therapies via these channels, and continually assess whether we should take action against specific practitioners. In particular, we will prioritize taking action against practitioners who market treatments for serious diseases and conditions, such as cancer and motor neurone disease.
Some clients of alternative therapists are potentially especially vulnerable: people with chronic diseases; people without definitive diagnoses; people facing long waits for treatment; and so on. Accordingly, it is particularly important for us to focus strongly on marketing targeted at this group when considering whether to take enforcement action in individual cases.
With large global actors, eCommerce and cross-border marketing, international cooperation on consumer protection is of crucial importance. For many years, the Consumer Authority has prioritised training our staff throughout the organisation to adopt an international mindset, and we have built up good collaborative relationships with supervisory bodies in other countries.
Most of the regulatory framework enforced by the Consumer Authority is based on EU regulations and directives. The Consumer Authority prioritises responding at a national and international level to ensure that new EU legislation does not weaken the rights of Norwegian consumers.
The EU’s Consumer Protection Cooperation Regulation (CPC) lays down a cooperation framework to allow national authorities from all countries in the European Economic Area to jointly address breaches of consumer rules when the trader and the consumer are established in different countries. The Consumer Authority gives high priority to its participation in the CPC. A new CPC regulation, which will equip all authorities with stronger instruments for dealing with businesses that are acting illegally, will be incorporated into Norwegian law by January 2020. The Consumer Authority will contribute actively to this process.
The Consumer Authority also participates in the International Consumer Protection and Enforcement Network (ICPEN), which is an informal network of authorities in over 60 countries. In 2019, we will lead an ICPEN project on commercial practices targeted at children and young people, among other things. We are also collaborating with the consumer authorities in the other Nordic countries on this topic, along with other issues of shared interest. The Consumer Authority is also providing input to the OECD’s work in the field of consumer protection. | https://www.forbrukertilsynet.no/english/agenda-2019-eng |
Consumers spend a lot of time thinking about what they want to buy. They think about how much money they have, which store is the cheapest, and if their friends will approve of the purchase. According to statistics from market studies that have been done, consumer buying behavior is very diverse and complex and is influenced by many factors. These are just some factors influencing consumer buying behavior that must be considered before making a purchase. Therefore, in this article, hocmarketing.org will list these factors in a systematic and easy to remember manner.
Understanding the factors affecting consumer buying behavior will help businesses better understand their target customers, thereby helping businesses take appropriate adjustment measures in their marketing strategies to better meet the needs of target customers.
Factors influencing consumer buying behavior
In general, the factors affecting the buying behavior of consumers can be classified into 4 main groups:
- Cultural factors
- Social factors
- Personal factors
- Psychological factors
A. Cultural factors
1. The culture of the country/territory
Each country/territory has a culture with its own characteristics. The citizens living there more or less inherited the characteristics of that culture. The characteristics of each culture will affect people's perceptions of all aspects of life, including, of course, behaviors related to product consumption.
To give a practical example, many US consumers are familiar with the idea of convenience. They tend to consume products that are readily available as it seems more convenient than going out to get them.
2. Customs and habits of small communities
Usually, within a culture of a country there will appear communities with the same distinct customs and practices. This difference may stem from the difference in topography, historical origin, race... Similarly, these different factors will also influence the consumption behavior of people living in the area of each community.
For example, a community that has historically been practiced for a long time, such as, in France are the "markets". It is known that the people living in France will not buy very frequently. They usually prefer to go to small markets (called "tourist traps" by other countries) and maintained by local communities where they can buy fresh foods directly from local farmers.
3. Beliefs
Belief is a factor that has a profound impact on people's beliefs and attitudes about a certain issue or thing. Just like culture, the characteristics of each type of belief will affect consumer behavior in many different ways.
For example, the earliest settlers of America was a group that came here due to religious reasons. They believed in Christianity and their Bible teaches them that it is against God's will to consume alcohol. As a result, they do not like alcohol beverages and have the habit of avoiding consumption whenever possible.
B. Social factors
1. Social class
Social class can be considered as a representative factor for consumers' income levels, thereby profoundly influencing consumer behavior such as criteria for choosing to buy products/services, time to buy, the frequency of spending, places and ways to shop, pay...
For example, the upper class will spend more on consumption, preferring a luxurious lifestyle.
2. Law and politics
In countries with a developed law system, law is always a factor that directly affects human behavior, including consumer behavior. The enactment of a new bill will have the ability to change the consumption habits of individuals living in that society. Besides, politics can also influence consumers' purchasing decisions.
For example, the high consumption tax in Europe makes consumers tend to buy more products locally. Therefore, European countries' manufacturing industry appear to be stronger than other continents such as the US, Asia...
3. Family
Family is the closest factor in society that often affects consumers' buying behavior. Members often interact with each other, thereby influencing the perception and purchasing decisions of the remaining members.
For example, "my mother says...", "my brother suggested..."... are phrases that users often encounter in discussions. We also hear parents say to their children, "do not buy this, it is not good for your health" or "the brand I bought last time was much better than the one you chose".
4. Role and status
The role and social status of each individual in society will affect the habits, behavior, communication, as well as needs and shopping habits of each individual. People with different roles and statuses will have different needs later in terms of food, fashion, vehicles, housing...
For example, there are also many people with different socio-economic backgrounds in Vietnam such as, the rich, the middle class and the poor. The behavior of each group will always be different despite having shared culture, tradition and beliefs.
5. Race
Racial factors are often indirectly shown in consumer behavior, because it is difficult to differentiate and separate specific effects.
For example, when the target audience of a certain product or service is white people, then the design concept will be different from what is designed for African-American consumers.
C. Personal factors
1. Age
Age is the first personal factor affecting consumer buying behavior. At different stages in the process of adulthood and aging, people will need different consumer products to accommodate the changing needs of food, clothing, communication, health care...
Let's look at this example. During childhood, the focus is on education and basic needs such as food. In adolescence, youth are mostly concerned with fashion and entertainment. As young adults and then mature men and women, we require vehicles for work and travel, homes...
2. Occupation
The second factor affecting consumer behavior is occupation. People with different occupations will have different choices about how to dress, different eating habits, products for work such as phones, laptops, vehicles, protective clothing, etc.
For example, office workers or business men often have to coordinate their clothes with the basic requirements of office work, which usually requires them to wear formal suits, work shoes, laptop bag...
3. Gender
Studies have shown that women have faster cognitive and thinking maturation rates, but are more influenced by emotions than men. Besides, the differences in body characteristics, hormones and hormones also make men and women have certain differences in consumption behavior.
To give an example, a woman's consumption is often more based on emotional satisfaction. She will be able to easily find a suitable product for beauty, fashion... Men are more interested in the quality of products and practicality than women when choosing consumer products.
4. Personality
A person's personality is formed from the process of education, influences from the surrounding environment, from family members, friends, teachers, celebrities... People with different personality will also differ in the way they spend and shop.
For instance, some people are easy-going and go with the flow; others tend to be more serious. Some are humorous, others rather focus on life's problems...
5. Education level
The level of education affects the consumption behavior of an individual. The higher the education level, the richer life experience.
For example, a well-educated person will be able to grasp the concept of products better than an uneducated person. He or she will have more choices and can make more discerning judgments when buying any product such as medical services, vehicles...
In another example, graduates from colleges and universities often have higher salaries than workers with certificates of technical training or high schools. They also have a better understanding of trends in fashion and technology. For educated consumers, they are always willing to pay more for their education.
D. Psychological factors
1. Motivation
Humans always have needs at certain times. However, not all of these needs are addressed, or addressed at the same time, if there is no motivation to push. Motivation can come to people through events happening in life, which can be objective or subjective.
For example, home appliances are often bought during marriage. Children can help motivate parents to buy household products such as baby furniture, children's books...
2. Ability to perceive and comprehend
Perception affects how people behave in certain situations. While we all have five senses by default, the way each person perceives and processes information in the same situation can be different. Similarly, receptivity is the ability to learn, experience, and change oneself through life's events. Therefore, the ability to perceive and comprehend will strongly affect how people react to marketing messages from businesses, as well as in spending and shopping habits.
For example, in a certain product segment, people spend more time to understand the details of the products than before; they are less likely to have blind faith in brands. They would not be happy with just a simple explanation when buying and will want to know how it works, how much it cost...
3. Beliefs and attitudes
Belief is the way we humans view a particular issue, based on knowledge, feelings, while attitude expresses people's evaluation of that issue, through facial expressions, intonation, words, gestures... Therefore, a person's beliefs and attitudes about the product/service or the image and brand of the business will affect this person's behavior towards the business.
For example, a person who has a positive attitude towards the brand (including service, style, quality...) will want to have this brand and would like to buy the same product or service from this brand again.
Conclusion
Factors influencing consumer buying behavior is a huge topic. The article, Factors Influencing Consumer Buying Behavior: What Marketers Need to Know, has provided us with some insights into how marketers can cater their marketing and sales strategies towards these factors in order to increase product or service sales. After reading this article, it's clear that understanding the psychology of customers will help you understand what drives them as consumers. With an understanding of your customer base's motivations and needs for different products/services, you'll be able to create more effective content marketing campaigns that are tailored specifically to each person! | https://en.hocmarketing.org/basic-marketing/factors-influencing-consumer-buying-behavior |
Analysis view The list below is Just to get you started. Remember to put these, and others that you add in the context of your organization or business. For example if you are a small private company the behaviors of a Wall Mart / Tests or other large international player may well impact on you. Elf you are a local authority, government changes will change your priorities. In the INS changes to treatments and public attitudes will also impact etc. About your organization. How might the factors listed on the left impact your business or part of the organization?
H – High – Mediums – Low U – Undetermined Time Frame:O – 6 months – 12 months 12 – 24 months 24 + months Type:Positive *Negative – Unknown Impact:lingering >Unchanged Decreasing < Relative Importance:critical Important Uri-important political – SWOT Trading policies Funding, grants and initiatives Home market lobbying/pressure groups International pressure groups Wars and conflict Government policies Government term and change Elections Inter-country relationships/attitudes PESTLE Analysis Template By Mrbitit Terrorism Political trends
Governmental leadership Government structures Internal political issues Shareholder/ stakeholder needs/ demands Economic – SOOT Home economy situation Home economy trends Overseas economies and trends General taxation issues Taxation changes specific to product/services Seasonality/weather issues Market and trade cycles Specific industry factors Market routes and distribution trends Customer/end-user drivers International trade/monetary issues Disposable income Job growth/unemployment Exchange rates Tariffs Inflation Interest and exchange rates Consumer confidence index Import/export ratios
Production level Internal finance Internal cash flow Consumer attitudes and opinions Media views Law changes affecting social factors Brand, company, technology image Consumer buying patterns Major events and influences Buying access and trends Ethnic/religious factors Advertising and publicity Ethical issues Demographics (age, gender, race, family size,) Lifestyle changes Population shifts Education Trends Fads Diversity Immigration/emigration Health Living standards Housing trends Fashion & role models Attitudes to work Attitudes to people doing certain types of work Leisure activities
Occupations Earning capacity Staff attitudes Management style organizational culture Changes to education system Technological – S Competing technology development Research funding Associated/dependent technologies Replacement technology/solutions Maturity of technology Manufacturing maturity and capacity Information and communications Consumer buying mechanisms/technology Technology legislation Innovation potential Technology access, licensing, patents Intellectual property issues Global communications Inventions Innovations New discoveries Research Energy uses/sources/fuels Communications
Rate of obsolescence Health (pharmaceutical, equipment, etc. ) Manufacturing advances Information technology Internet Transportation Bio-tech Genetics Waste removal/recycling Email M-learning E-learning Collaboration tools Software changes RSI Additional split to intonation it doing a PESTLE analysis rata an a PEST analysis: re Legal – SOOT Current legislation home market Future legislation European/international legislation Regulatory bodies and processes Environmental regulations Employment law Consumer protection Industry-specific regulations competitive regulations Environmental – SOOT Ecological
Delivering a high-quality product at a reasonable price is not enough anymore.
That’s why we have developed 5 beneficial guarantees that will make your experience with our service enjoyable, easy, and safe. | https://assignmentpress.com/essay-examples/analysis-template/ |
Given a large transactional database, correlation computing/association analysis aims at efficiently finding strongly correlated items. For traditional association analysis, relationships among variables are usually measured at a global level. In this study, we investigate confounding factors that can help to capture abnormal correlation behaviors at a local level. Indeed, many real-world phenomena are localized to specific markets or subpopulations. Such local relationships may not be visible or may be miscalculated when collectively analyzing the entire data. In particular, confounding effects that change the direction of correlation are a most severe problem because the global correlations alone leads to errant conclusions. To this end, we propose CONFOUND, an efficient algorithm to identify paradoxical correlation patterns (i.e., where controlling for a third item changes the direction of association for strongly correlated pairs) using effective pruning strategies. Moreover, we also provide an enhanced version of this algorithm, called CONFOUND+, which substantially speeds up the confounder search step. Finally, experimental results showed that our proposed CONFOUND and CONFOUND+ algorithms can effectively identify confounders and the computational performance is orders of magnitude faster than benchmark methods. | https://www.researchwithrutgers.com/en/publications/paradoxical-correlation-pattern-mining |
The introduction of the credit card in the mid-twentieth century revolutionized and transformed how people live. Based on a set of new survey data, this dissertation empirically investigates and analyzes consumers' behavior in the credit card market. Specifically, it investigates the underlying determinants of consumers' choices regarding switching credit-card balances.
Factors Affecting Brand Switching Behavior in
The impact of brand and price on consumer behaviour during the economic recession; Consumer behaviour Topics for Dissertation based on Culture. Based on the culture of the customer, topics for the dissertation on consumer behaviour to students are given below. All the topics in the list are suggested by our experts of Students Assignment Help.
Be Student: Dissertation customer switching behaviour best
The purpose of the study is to investigate the factors effecting brand switching behavior of customers in telecommunication industry of Pakistan. A qualitative approach has been employed to measure the relationships between the variables of the study. Primary data was collected through the use of in-depth interview technique; open-ended questionnaire is used while transcripts were analyzed
"Consumer Search And Switching Behavior: Evidence From The
2012-07-01 · The paper extensively reviews the literature on theories of Consumer Switching Behaviour (CSB) and proposes a synthesized model of CSB for explaining the phenomenon in the context of mobile
(PDF) PhD thesis | Consumer behaviour and material living
Consumer brand switching behaviour should be as important as their brand preference to Hair care service manufacturers because any overt promotional appeal or overture aimed at generating brand preference among existing consumers inadvertently produce brand switching tendencies on response, within the same group of consumers.
Choose Wisely: A Study of College Major Choice and Major
1 min ago Dissertation Customer Switching Behaviour • Essays for sale | Medical research paper format December 4, 2019 Which Compression Sleeves Are Best November 20, 2019 Why Is …
Dissertation customer switching behaviour - getthesis.web
Dissertation Writing Service UK will conduct an in-depth analysis to reflect consumer attitudes towards product and services via online channels. Nowadays, almost every single individual has access to internet, The Dissertation Help will consider consumer behavior online by contemplating E-WOM and its role in consumer orientation.
Consumer Buying Behavior and Satisfaction Level
Research Aim: In today’s competitive corporate world, organizations are formulating and implementing customer-centric marketing strategies. These strategies are devised, keeping in mind customer behaviour, customer pattern, customer preferences, customer trends, etc. Considering all these and many other customer-related aspects, companies assess as to what is successful for their business.
Popular Marketing Dissertation Topics For MBA Students
Consumer perception is a major factor that influences consumer behavior. Customer perception is a process where a customer collects information about a product and interprets the information to make a meaningful image about a particular product. When a customer sees advertisements, promotions, customer reviews, social media feedback, etc
Consumers switching behaviour - SlideShare
5.2.1 Consumer’s attitudes toward owning 36 5.2.2 Consumer Behaviour 40 5.2.3 Most important features of smartphone 42 5.2.4 Influencers of consumer buying behaviour 43 5.2.5 Impacts of lifestyle in decision making process 45 5.2.6 Impacts of social media 47
Dissertation Customer Switching Behaviour : bachelorarbeit
Marketing Dissertation Topics Consumer behavior. Customer behavior analysis is also an important way to know the needs of your customers by analyzing the data. This data could be collected from the various software that is helping the businessmen to track the records of their customers on the website.
PhD Topics in Consumer Behaviour, PhD Thesis Help - Thesis
This study seeks to examine primarily the impact of adverts and other factors such as quality, price, proximity, availability group influence e.t.c has on consumer purchasing behaviour thus the main question is can adverts influences the consumer and make him or her switch from one brand to another.
INFLUENCE OF ADVERTISEMENT ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR -
According to some scholars, during the eighteenth century there was a radical transformation in lifestyle and of the dynamics of purchase and demand for goods. This significant change in private consumption patterns, the so-called consumer
EXPLAINING CONSUMERS' CHANNEL-SWITCHING BEHAVIOR
Switching Behavior Cameron Wright This document was submitted as a dissertation in May 2018 in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the doctoral degree in public policy analysis at the Pardee RAND Graduate School. The faculty committee that supervised and approved the dissertation consisted of …
Consumer Behavior towards online shopping of electronics
2016-08-15 · Customer switching behavior in mobile telecommunication services has received a lot of attention.,This study assists researchers by examining the type and topic of these studies and the research tools and findings reported in theory. The authors ultimately identify the developmental trend in the literature on switching behavior and propose a
Marketing Dissertation Topics and Titles | Research Prospect
ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR: PERCEPTIONS ANALYSIS OF MICRO AND MACRO ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR IN AN ORGANIZATIONAL SETTING . Joshua T. Delich, B.A., ME.D. Dissertation Prepared for the Degree of . DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY . UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS . December 2015. APPROVED: Jane B. Huffman, Major Professor . Don Powell, Minor Professor
Dissertation Examples - IT dissertation topics information
In marketing and microeconomics, customer switching or consumer switching describes "customers/consumers abandoning a product or service in favor of a competitor". Assuming constant price, product or service quality, counteracting this behaviour in order to achieve maximal customer retention is the business of marketing, public relations and advertising.
DISSERTATION: Consumer Buying Behavior of Toothpaste
2010-10-12 · The research findings reveal that price, reputation, service quality, effective advertising, involuntary switching, distance, and switching costs impact on customers' bank switching behaviour. The findings also reveal that the young and high‐income groups are more likely to switch banks.
Marketing dissertation topics consumer behavior for
Dissertation customer switching behaviour. Home; Home; Recent Posts. northup on slavery and freedom essay; professional resume procurement manager; job application cover letter builder; optometrist receptionist resume sample; show me a clerical resume; retail vendor resume; how to write a byline for a book review;
Dissertation topics on consumer buying behaviour
2015-04-05 · The literature review firstly explains impact of marketing in relation to cellular service industry, and then the main concept of this study has been discussed i.e. consumer switching behaviour including the major factors that determine consumers’ switching behaviour (switching determinants) in cellular services such as service quality, price, switching costs, change in technology, advertising, social influences and involuntary switching.
(PDF) Consumer Switching Behaviour: A Theoretical Review
The first consumer thesis phd on behaviour I am petus for I am. The surface applies this force is applied at each enterprise has the largest stress value beyond which stress women as art methods of developmental evaluation, a full blown information that explains the fact that the force in example s, its engine delivers hp to its claim to be presented to the clay with his subordinates behavior
Brand Switching Behaviour of Consumers in the Hair Care
consumer Behavior in online shopping is different from the physical market where he has access to see the product. The purpose of the research was to study the consumer behavior in online shopping of electronics especially in Pakistan. The main research question in thesis …
Any latest research topics in consumer behaviour?
Consumer Behavior towards online shopping of electronics in Pakistan
Visual analysis of customer switching behavior pattern
Marketing dissertation topics consumer behavior - Nevertheless, it is imperative that you might call the unforeseeable, included in the outward appearances of living or reading. Meaning do not seem to be distinguished from zenons employer by the letter of aristeas. In durkheimian sociology cultural studies. This chapter discusses how culture matters.
Customer switching behaviour in the Chinese retail banking
Abstract Switching costs are known to influence customer loyalty. This paper primarily investigates which dimensions of switching costs affect which dimensions of customer loyalty. Data are collected among corporate customers of a mobile phone operator and canonical correlation analysis is undertaken to investigate these relationships.
Creative Dissertation Topics on Consumer Behavior - Free
Loyalty Programs and Their Impact on Customer Behaviour
Consumer Psychology and Marketing Dissertation Topics. Marketing is fundamentally underpinned by consumer behaviour, which can largely be explained by examining consumer psychology. This highlights how consumers behave in each stage of the buying process and why they react as they do.
Dissertation Customer Switching Behaviour • Essays for
Dissertation topics on consumer buying behaviour Sunday the 8th William Simple case study sample format essay writing for upsc beginners yale supplemental essays 2019-20 college life simple essay steps to write a problem solution essay, immanuel kant 1784 essay count essay words nag panchami festival essay in english .
Table 12 from Customer switching behaviour: an exploratory
The Impact Of Consumer Behavior On Online And Virtual Shopping Environment 1860 Words | 8 Pages. Assessing the Impact of Consumer Behavior in Online and Virtual Shopping Environment Introduction Consumer behavior plays an important role in developing marketing strategies for a marketer with an objective to deliver marketing goals in a given span of time, which could be possible …
Research on customer switching behavior in the service
Corpus ID: 168249146. Customer switching behaviour: an exploratory study of predictive factors in the UK retail banking context @inproceedingsMisbah2014CustomerSB, title=Customer switching behaviour: an exploratory study of predictive factors in the UK retail banking context, author=Hanim Misbah, year=2014
The Impact of Online Shopping on Consumer Behavior | Bartleby
examine their influence on consumer behavior. This paper aims to determine which of these variables carries the most importance in terms of effecting consumer behavior and which of these variables carries less significant impact. This will help marketers to focus on the right factors and achieve maximum benefit from their advertisement.
A STUDY ON THE INFLUENCES OF ADVERTISEMENT ON
2020-10-08 · Hi, I am currently considering a topic for my PhD thesis and would like to have suggestions on a topic. My research interests are centred around consumer culture and behaviour. | http://miulsssasa.cf/dissertation-customer-switching-behaviour-506272.html |
How do you find the square root of a decimal on a calculator?
2 Answers. I believe any scientific calculator can do this. Just press the √ key and enter the decimal number, then press = and you should get the square root as a decimal number.
How do you turn a number into a square root?
The product property of square roots states that for any given numbers a and b, Sqrt(a × b) = Sqrt(a) × Sqrt(b). Because of this property, we can now take the square roots of our perfect square factors and multiply them together to get our answer. In our example, we would take the square roots of 25 and 16.
How do you turn Root 3 into a decimal?
Value of root 3, √ 3 =1.732 Square Root Of 2. Square Root Of 3.
How do you square decimals without a calculator?
Squaring a decimal is identical to multiplying decimals. Drop the decimal, multiply the number by its self, and then add up the decimal points in the original problem and put it back into your answer.
What is the simplest radical form?
Expressing in simplest radical form just means simplifying a radical so that there are no more square roots, cube roots, 4th roots, etc left to find. It also means removing any radicals in the denominator of a fraction.
What is the root square of 169?
The square root of 169 is 13. | https://www.fmaths.com/square-root/readers-ask-how-to-convert-decimal-to-square-root-in-calculator.html |
I want you to find this if you're looking, so, what we're doing is called Simplifying Radicals, or Simplifying Square Roots. Specifically, we cover how to take the square root of variables, as well as how to simplify square roots in the denominator. YAY MATH! | https://www.yaymath.org/algebra-simplifying-radicals-pt2 |
A radical, or root, is the mathematical opposite of an exponent, in the same sense that addition is the opposite of subtraction. The smallest radical is the square root, represented with the symbol √. The next radical is the cube root, represented by the symbol ³√. The small number in front of the radical is its index number. The index number can be any whole number and it also represents the exponent that could be used to cancel out that radical. For example, raising to the power of 3 would cancel out a cube root.
General Rules for Each Radical
The result of a radical operation is positive if the number under the radical is positive. The result is negative if the number under the radical is negative and the index number is odd. A negative number under the radical with an even index number produces an irrational number. Remember that though it isn't shown, the index number of a square root is 2.
Product and Quotient Rules
To multiply or divide two radicals, the radicals must have the same index number. The product rule dictates that the multiplication of two radicals simply multiplies the values within and places the answer within the same type of radical, simplifying if possible. For example, ³√(2) × ³√(4) = ³√(8), which can be simplified to 2. This rule can also work in reverse, splitting a larger radical into two smaller radical multiples.
The quotient rule states that one radical divided by another is the same as dividing the numbers and placing them under the same radical symbol. For example, √4 ÷ √8 = √(4/8) = √(1/2). Just like the product rule, you can also reverse the quotient rule to split a fraction under a radical into two individual radicals.
Tips
Here's an important tip for simplifying square roots and other even roots: When the index number is even, the numbers inside the radicals can't be negative. In any situation, the denominator of the fraction can't equal out to 0.
Simplifying Square Roots and Other Radicals
Some radicals solve easily as the number inside solves to a whole number, such as √16 = 4. But most won't simplify as cleanly. The product rule can be used in reverse to simplify trickier radicals. For example, √27 also equals √9 × √3. Since √9 = 3, this problem can be simplified to 3√3. This can be done even when a variable is under the radical, though the variable has to remain under the radical.
Rational fractions can be solved similarly using the quotient rule. For example, √(5/49) = √(5) ÷ √(49). Since √49 = 7, the fraction can be simplified to √5 ÷ 7.
Exponents, Radicals and Simplifying Square Roots
Radicals can be eliminated from equations using the exponent version of the index number. For example, in the equation √x = 4, the radical is canceled out by raising both sides to the second power: (√x)2 = (4)2 or x = 16.
The inverse exponent of the index number is equivalent to the radical itself. For example, √9 is the same as 91/2. Writing the radical in this manner may come in handy when working with an equation that has a large number of exponents. | https://sciencing.com/radicals-math-8565068.html |
Tutorials!
Thursday 24th of June
Home
Scientific Notation
Notation and Symbols
Linear Equations and Inequalities in One Variable
Graphing Equations in Three Variables
What the Standard Form of a Quadratic can tell you about the graph
Simplifying Radical Expressions Containing One Term
Adding and Subtracting Fractions
Multiplying Radical Expressions
Adding and Subtracting Fractions
Multiplying and Dividing With Square Roots
Graphing Linear Inequalities
Absolute Value Function
Real Numbers and the Real Line
Monomial Factors
Raising an Exponential Expression to a Power
Rational Exponents
Multiplying Two Fractions Whose Numerators Are Both 1
Multiplying Rational Expressions
Building Up the Denominator
Adding and Subtracting Decimals
Solving Quadratic Equations
Scientific Notation
Like Radical Terms
Graphing Parabolas
Subtracting Reverses
Solving Linear Equations
Dividing Rational Expressions
Complex Numbers
Solving Linear Inequalities
Working with Fractions
Graphing Linear Equations
Simplifying Expressions That Contain Negative Exponents
Rationalizing the Denominator
Decimals
Estimating Sums and Differences of Mixed Numbers
Algebraic Fractions
Simplifying Rational Expressions
Linear Equations
Dividing Complex Numbers
Simplifying Square Roots That Contain Variables
Simplifying Radicals Involving Variables
Compound Inequalities
Factoring Special Quadratic Polynomials
Simplifying Complex Fractions
Rules for Exponents
Finding Logarithms
Multiplying Polynomials
Using Coordinates to Find Slope
Variables and Expressions
Dividing Radicals
Using Proportions and Cross
Solving Equations with Radicals and Exponents
Natural Logs
The Addition Method
Equations
Try the Free Math Solver or Scroll down to Tutorials!
Expression
Equation
Inequality
Contact us
Simplify
Factor
Expand
GCF
LCM
Enter expression, e.g. (x^2-y^2)/(x-y)
Sample Problem
Simplify
Enter expression, e.g. x^2+5x+6
Sample Problem
Factor
Enter expression, e.g. (x+1)^3
Sample Problem
Expand
Enter a set of expressions, e.g. ab^2,a^2b
Sample Problem
Find GCF
Enter a set of expressions, e.g. ab^2,a^2b
Sample Problem
Find LCM
Solve
Graph
System
Enter equation to solve, e.g. 2x+3=4
Sample Problem
Solve
Enter equation to graph, e.g. y=3x^2-1
Sample Problem
Depdendent Variable
Draw
Number of equations to solve:
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Sample Problem
Equ. #1:
Equ. #2:
Equ. #3:
Equ. #4:
Equ. #5:
Equ. #6:
Equ. #7:
Equ. #8:
Equ. #9:
Solve for:
Auto Fill
Solve
Solve
Graph
System
Enter inequality to solve, e.g. 2x+3>4
Sample Problem
Solve
Enter inequality to graph, e.g. y<3x^2-1
Sample Problem
Dependent Variable
Draw
Number of inequalities to solve:
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Sample Problem
Ineq. #1:
Ineq. #2:
Ineq. #3:
Ineq. #4:
Ineq. #5:
Ineq. #6:
Ineq. #7:
Ineq. #8:
Ineq. #9:
Solve for:
Auto Fill
Solve
Math solver on your site
Please use this form if you would like
to have this math solver on your website,
free of charge.
Name:
Email:
Your Website:
Msg:
Send
math investigatory project
Related topics:
prentice hall pre-algebra workbook answers
|
differential equation 2nd order
|
what is the difference between square and cube in algebraic expresstion?
|
3rd order polynomial roots
|
intersecting linear equations real life problems
|
equation puzzle worksheet addition subtraction
|
permutations and combinations exercises/answers
|
algebra structure and method houghton mifflin company answers
|
rational expressions solver
|
square root interactive text
|
positive exponents of n square root of -9
|
ti-89 solve function syntax
Author
Message
b0wn
Registered: 01.07.2006
From: Making a cheese pizza
Posted: Wednesday 27th of Dec 14:45
Will somebody be able to sort out my difficulty with my math? I have tried to find myself a teacher who can lend me a hand. But until now I have not succeeded . Its not easy to locate somebody near by and inexpensive . But then I must resolve my problem with math investigatory project as my exams are coming up just now. It will be a great help for me if somebody can assist me.
Back to top
nxu
Registered: 25.10.2006
From: Siberia, Russian Federation
Posted: Friday 29th of Dec 08:48
Algebrator is a good software to solve math investigatory project questions. It gives you step by step answers along with explanations. I however would warn you not to just paste the answers from the software. It will not help you in understanding the subject. Use it as a guide and solve the questions yourself as well.
Back to top
Sdefom Koopmansshab
Registered: 28.10.2001
From: Woudenberg, Netherlands
Posted: Sunday 31st of Dec 08:06
I completely agree, Algebrator is the best ! I am really good in math now , and I have the best grades in the class! It helped me even with the hardest math problems, like those on trinomials or least common denominator. I really think you should try it .
Back to top
Sinfirhawh060
Registered: 16.06.2003
From:
Posted: Monday 01st of Jan 09:02
Fantastic! I really appreciate your help. I am suddenly feeling glad knowing that help is at hand. I would like to try it out at once . Whom should I call to buy this program? I can hardly wait to obtain this program now.
Back to top
malhus_pitruh
Registered: 23.04.2003
From: Girona, Catalunya (Spain)
Posted: Tuesday 02nd of Jan 11:20
A truly piece of math software is Algebrator. Even I faced similar problems while solving function composition, algebra formulas and trigonometry. Just by typing in the problem from homework and clicking on Solve – and step by step solution to my math homework would be ready. I have used it through several math classes - Intermediate algebra, College Algebra and College Algebra. I highly recommend the program.
Back to top
Flash Fnavfy Liom
Registered: 15.12.2001
From:
Posted: Wednesday 03rd of Jan 12:05
You can get all the information about the program here
https://mathmusic.org/dividing-radicals.html
. | https://mathmusic.org/mathmatical-expressions/function-domain/math-investigatory-project.html |
Who's it for?
Anyone who needs help learning or mastering high school algebra I material will benefit from taking this course. There is no faster or easier way to learn high school algebra I. Among those who would benefit are:
- Students who have fallen behind in understanding scientific notation or exponents and exponential expressions
- Students who struggle with learning disabilities or learning differences, including autism and ADHD
- Students who prefer multiple ways of learning math (visual or auditory)
- Students who have missed class time and need to catch up
- Students who need an efficient way to learn about exponents and exponential expressions
- Students who struggle to understand their teachers
- Students who attend schools without extra math learning resources
How it works:
- Find videos in our course that cover what you need to learn or review.
- Press play and watch the video lesson.
- Refer to the video transcripts to reinforce your learning.
- Test your understanding of each lesson with short quizzes.
- Verify you're ready by completing the exponents and exponential expressions chapter exam.
Why it works:
- Study Efficiently: Skip what you know, review what you don't.
- Retain What You Learn: Engaging animations and real-life examples make topics easy to grasp.
- Be Ready on Test Day: Use the exponents and exponential expressions chapter exam to be prepared.
- Get Extra Support: Ask our subject-matter experts any exponents or exponential expressions question. They're here to help!
- Study With Flexibility: Watch videos on any web-ready device.
Students will review:
This chapter helps students review the concepts in an exponents and exponential expressions unit of a standard high school algebra I course. Topics covered include:
- Using exponential notation
- Writing numbers with scientific notation
- Using the rules for the order of operations
- Multiplying and dividing exponential expressions
- Writing powers of fractions and decimals
1. How to Use Exponential Notation
Exponential notation is a mathematical method for writing longer multiplication problems in a simplified manner. This lesson will define how to work with exponential notation and give some examples of how it is used.
2. Scientific Notation: Definition and Examples
Scientific notation is a special way of writing numbers so they are easier to work with. This lesson will define scientific notations and show some examples of how to convert numbers from standard notation to scientific notation and back.
3. Simplifying and Solving Exponential Expressions
What do we do with an exponent? In this lesson, we'll learn how to simplify and solve expressions containing exponents. We'll solve a variety of types of exponential expressions.
4. Exponential Expressions & The Order of Operations
When performing mathematical operations, there is a specific order in which the operations should be performed. This includes when to simplify the exponents. This lesson will describe in what order exponents should be solved as you are performing mathematical operations.
5. Multiplying Exponential Expressions
There are certain rules that govern working with exponential expressions. This lesson deals with the rule for multiplying exponential expressions. It will describe the rule and give some examples of how it works.
6. Dividing Exponential Expressions
Any time you work with expressions that contain exponents, you have to follow a specific set of rules that are not the same as when you are working with expressions that do not contain exponents. This lesson will describe the rules associated with dividing terms that contain exponents.
7. The Power of Zero: Simplifying Exponential Expressions
Raising a number to the power of zero is not the same as if the exponent is a number other than zero. This lesson will explain the rule involving using zero as an exponent and will give some examples of how it works.
8. Negative Exponents: Writing Powers of Fractions and Decimals
Most numbers can be written in different ways, either as a fraction, decimal or exponent. This lesson will teach you how to write fractions and decimals using exponents and how to convert between the two.
9. Power of Powers: Simplifying Exponential Expressions
Mathematics is a very logical science. There is a rule for everything and not many exceptions to those rules. Working with exponents is no different. This lesson will describe the rule for raising a power to a power and also will give some examples in how to solve them.
10. Exponential Growth: Definition & Examples
Exponential growth is growth that increases at a consistent rate, and it is a common occurrence in everyday life. In this lesson, learn about exponential growth and some of its real-world applications.
11. Exponent: Definition & Properties
An exponent tells you how many times to use a number in a multiplication problem. This lesson will define the properties of exponents and how to interpret them. There will also be a quiz at the end of the lesson.
12. How to Graph y=sqrt(x)
This lesson will show us how to graph the square root function y=sqrt(x). We will look at some of the function's properties, how this graph behaves, and two different ways to go about graphing the function.
13. Solving the Square Root of i
In this lesson, we solve for the square root of the imaginary number i. We use Euler's formula and some properties of exponentials to arrive at a very interesting result.
14. Solving 1^Infinity
You might think that solving 1 to infinity is a very easy problem. And sometimes it is, but other times, it can get pretty tricky. And it's not always equal to 1.
Earning College Credit
Did you know… We have over 95 college courses that prepare you to earn credit by exam that is accepted by over 2,000 colleges and universities. You can test out of the first two years of college and save thousands off your degree. Anyone can earn credit-by-exam regardless of age or education level.
To learn more, visit our Earning Credit Page
Transferring credit to the school of your choice
Not sure what college you want to attend yet? Study.com has thousands of articles about every imaginable degree, area of study and career path that can help you find the school that's right for you. | https://study.com/academy/topic/high-school-algebra-exponents-and-exponential-expressions-help-and-review.html |
Fri frakt!
Leveringstid: Sendes innen 7 virkedager
(Paperback)
Fri frakt!
Leveringstid: Sendes innen 7 virkedager
Pam Grossman and her colleagues draw on their research with teachers, educational leaders, and curriculum designers to identify the instructional goals, practices, and mindsets that enable educators to effectively facilitate deep learning in PBL environments.
The authors first define the four primary teaching goals of the PBL model: supporting subject-area learning, engaging students in authentic work, encouraging student collaboration and agency, and building an iterative culture where students are always prototyping, reflecting, and trying again. They then equip educators with ten key practices that serve these goals. These practices include methods to elicit higher-order thinking, engage students in disciplinary and interdisciplinary practice, and mentor student decision making. The authors guide educators from a clear starting place through a series of concrete, manageable steps that apply whether they are initiating PBL or working to improve the quality of existing PBL implementation. Extended case studies illustrate the use of the core practices in real-world situations.
Core Practices for Project-Based Learning is an invaluable resource to help educators realize their instructional vision and create meaningful student experiences. | https://www.bokkilden.no/prosjektbasert-laering/core-practices-for-project-based-learning-pam-grossman/produkt.do?produktId=25923430&visanmeldelser=ja |
Getting online teaching and learning right - Good practices for conducting successful classes
The field of virtual teaching and learning is growing exponentially, hence the need for high-quality online programmes. With the challenges of COVID-19, schools are grappling with approaches that can catapult successful online teaching and learning, and billions have been spent locally and internationally to assist schools. The following are some guiding principles that instructional leaders and online teachers can use to ensure that online schooling meets national and international standards and benchmarks.
Principle 1: Ensure that the instructional design embraces fundamental pedagogical tenets.
The design of online classes must be grounded in sound educational and philosophical tenets. Richard Clark (1983) posits that technology-enhanced tools are vehicles that deliver instruction, but it is not the basis for direct learning. Media are essential in any learning context, but these alone cannot improve learning. It is, therefore, fundamental to review the kind of instructional strategies that will be used to engage the online community of learners. Educators are encouraged to employ a variety of instructional strategies to include learning by doing, learning based on experiences to determine the level concreteness or the degree of abstraction, and learning that creates real-world problems for learners to solve. The Cone of Experience (Edgar Dale) exemplifies learning outcomes based on pragmatic approaches. Learners’ retention in online programmes is based on the process of engagement and the online teaching competencies of the facilitators must be considered.
Principle 2: Cultivate meaningful interaction between teachers and learners.
In promoting a healthy online learning climate, the Community of Inquiry framework can be used to drive meaningful interaction (Garrison & Archer, 2000). Teaching presence, social presence, and cognitive presence are fundamental principles to be considered in creating meaningful educational experiences for learners. With this in mind, instructional leaders, coaches, and teachers must provide timely feedback as a means of promoting a culture of excellence.
Principle 3: Establish clear governance structures.
The community of learners, including teachers and students, must adhere to netiquette and copyright laws to ensure general online quality assurance. Instructional leaders must develop and use policies, protocols, handbooks, students, and teacher’s guides to ensure that online teaching and learning standards are maintained.
Principle 4: Promote online professional learning communities.
The Professional Learning Communities can develop reflective and reflexive skills that will enhance the intellectual prowess of the academic community (Duncan-Howell, 2009). This reflective practice can enhance the quality of teaching and learning. With this in mind, best practices can be shared at the local and national levels to encourage scholarship in the education sector.
Principle 5: Encourage deep learning.
Online lessons must include rich, nutritious, and intellectually stimulated deep learning experiences (Hirumi, 2009). Lessons must be designed so that learners can utilise their critical thinking and problem-solving skills.
Principle 6: Promote standardisation of lessons and use a specific design model.
Smaldino and others suggest that the ASSURE model helps to ensure that learning happens (Smaldino, 2015). Plan for instruction and ensure that your team is adequately prepared and ready for meaningful interaction with students. It requires teachers to Analyse learners; State objectives; Select methods, media, and materials Utilize media, methods, and materials; and Require learner participation.
Principle 7: Provide ongoing training of instructional technology and distance education (ITDE) team.
When teachers are competent in facilitating online delivery, the probability is greater that they will execute their content effectively, cultivating excellence in their learning communities (Hassel, 1999). Provide ongoing training for staff and students based on the trends in education and learning to learn in a remote environment.
Principle 8: Ensure that student support services meet world-class requirements
Students should benefit from support services that reflect world-class benchmarks, and as such, teachers must be prepared to meet student-online needs (Hirumi, 2009). Ensure that helpdesks, contact numbers, and student services personnel are readily available to respond to the needs of students.
Principle 9: Ensure that online programmes and courses are influenced by cutting-edge technological and educational research.
To remain current with trends in instructional technology and distance education, all stakeholders should be encouraged to become members of professional ITDE associations. Research in the field of online teaching and learning is readily available in journals, articles, and on credible websites.
Principle 10: Establish clear monitoring and evaluation mechanisms.
Monitoring and evaluation improve the quality of online classes. The levels of success achieved online will determine the return on investment (Simonson, 2007).
- Venesse Morrison-Leon is online director at The Mico University College. Send feedback to [email protected]. | https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/art-leisure/20210214/getting-online-teaching-and-learning-right-good-practices-conducting?qt-article_image_video=1 |
In the spirit of self-reflection for the purposes of improvement, Learning Forward often engages with evaluation partners to look closely at its own efforts to strengthen professional learning through networks and communities of practice. A recent independent evaluation by WestEd of Learning Forward’s What Matters Now Network looked at the ways in which a structured, facilitated network provided support for state-level coalitions working with districts, schools, and educators to improve instruction and make progress toward achieving content standards.
The What Matters Now Network was based on a research report by the National Commission on Teaching and America’s Future (NCTAF, 2016) that explored the conditions needed to support great teaching and learning. The network was facilitated by Learning Forward, used and taught the principles of improvement science, and was funded by the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation.
The network operated from 2016 to 2021 and included multirole coalitions from three states: Maryland, Ohio, and Rhode Island. WestEd, an independent research firm, conducted a three-year evaluation of the What Matters Now Network to examine the impact of the network’s design and facilitation as well as the results of data-informed improvement cycles focused on increasing teacher and student learning.
Methodology
WestEd grounded its evaluation in the network’s driver diagram, which identified intermediate and long-term aims as well as the drivers that would move the coalitions to improved teacher and student outcomes: effective job-embedded professional development; identification and implementation of high-quality curriculum and instructional materials; and leadership, policy, and resources for sustaining and scaling continuous improvement in these areas.
WestEd collected and synthesized information to assess the impact of the network on professional learning and teacher practice as well as successes and challenges related to three levels: network support, progress against goals or aims, and participant results. The evaluation team observed and gathered data at the convenings, conducted role-alike focus groups, surveyed participants, and looked at artifacts from teacher collaborative meetings and student work.
WestEd researchers also conducted two rounds of interviews with network members, including state department of education staff and district and school administrators and teachers. In addition to questions related to the specifics of the project (such as about the use of improvement science strategies and the structure of the state coalitions), some of the main research questions included:
To what extent and in what ways does the network leadership foster shared purpose, collaboration, capacity-building, and common language and inquiry approaches?
To what extent and in what ways is the network progressing toward its aim of teachers accessing and engaging in effective job-embedded professional learning grounded in the use of high-quality curriculum and instructional materials?
What are the successes and challenges encountered by state coalitions in pursuing their aims?
The evaluation also looked at the goals and outcomes for each state, within that state’s area of focus: Maryland focused on increasing teacher capacity to identify and implement Next Generation Science Standards-aligned professional learning and instructional resources; Ohio focused on using collaborative learning teams to strengthen teacher practices for pre-K-3 literacy outcomes; and Rhode Island focused on increasing teacher engagement in examining student data and reflective instructional practice to meet identified student needs.
Because the network operations were impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and school closings, additional questions were added to interview protocols in winter 2021 to gather information about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the group’s work in the states.
Findings
The evaluation found that the participants valued the network’s design and facilitation and that the focused, data-informed improvement cycles increased teacher and student learning. Engaging in the coalition and network activities resulted in more focused and productive discussions among educators, as well as more teacher engagement in the processes of implementing the curriculum.This @LearningForward network contributed to improved professional learning, teacher engagement, and curriculum implementation. #TheLearningPro Click To Tweet
The evaluation also found that educators’ capacity to effectively use student data increased, and classroom practice and student outcomes improved. Educators used collaborative planning time more effectively and targeted interventions more effectively than before the network engagement. According to one participant, “Teacher professional learning time has moved beyond compliance to become efficient and purposeful — focused on looking at data, reflecting on practice, and observing and supporting peers.”
Coalitions were able to identify and institute new professional learning strategies in response to the needs surfaced in the collaborative discussions. For instance, one coalition began principal walk-throughs to observe whether professional learning was addressing the priorities identified by teachers’ analyses, while another coalition began peer observations and supportive discussions about how to discuss feedback with fellow educators.
Participating in the network had a positive impact on educators, in general, according to the evaluation findings. One principal reported, “Teacher practice is more intentional and purposeful. I see them reflecting and discussing, ‘How do we make this fit the need of this kid and also this kid?’ It is way more explicit and systematic than it has been in the past.”
Engaging in the network and coalition activities also improved teachers’ knowledge and skills, including how to identify what lessons and materials were aligned to content standards and on grade level, and provided opportunities to ensure consistency of content across school teams. A new teacher from the Maryland coalition noted, “It really helps a lot because I had never heard of the Next Generation Science Standards. Now I know how to do data analysis to find out how to fill gaps for children.”
The final, post-COVID pandemic shutdown interviews found that the structures, protocols, and relationships developed during the What Matters Now Network supported educators during the sudden transition to online learning. According to one participant from a state department of education, “Districts are collaborating and having PLCs, and data is rolling in like we’re not in a pandemic.”
Implications
The What Matters Now Network was an initiative that incorporated the Standards for Professional Learning as a framework alongside the principles of improvement science. The careful, collaborative analysis of student and educator data informed the tailoring of professional learning content and pacing, demonstrating some of the key elements of the Learning Designs standard. In addition, the way in which participants and stakeholders advocated for and provided resources for the support teachers said they needed is a strong example of the Implementation standard.
The What Matters Now Network has concluded, but the network’s structure, protocols, and evaluation design continue to be helpful to other Learning Forward networks and communities. There is also the potential to develop a toolkit to leverage the tools developed and tested by the three coalitions, since they successfully strengthened professional learning communities and curriculum-based professional learning.
To learn more
For more detail about how improvement science structures and processes help states set goals, then make and measure progress, read “Network uses improvement science to scale up change” from the February 2019 issue of The Learning Professional, available at learningforward.org/journal/february-2019-vol-40-no-1/network-uses-improvement-science-to-scale-up-change/
Download pdf here.
References
National Commission on Teaching and America’s Future. (2016). What matters now: A new compact for teaching and learning. Author.
Elizabeth Foster ([email protected]) is vice president, research & standards at Learning Forward. In each issue of The Learning Professional, Foster explores recent research to help practitioners understand the impact of particular professional learning practices on student outcomes.
Recent Issues
COACHING FOR CHANGE
April 2022
This issue celebrates the many ways coaches are helping schools thrive in...
BUILDING COMMUNITY IN A DIVIDED WORLD
February 2022
Collaboration and trust are essential to high-quality professional...
LEADING FOR EQUITY
December 2021
Building equity takes leadership at every level – in classrooms,...
LEADERSHIP UNDER PRESSURE
October 2021
How do you lead in times of crisis? It starts with openness to learning... | https://learningforward.org/journal/building-community-in-a-divided-world/evaluation-shows-the-impact-of-a-professional-learning-network/ |
Professional Learning Teams (PLTs) meet one time per month over the academic year. PLTs are small teams of teachers who meet together monthly to collaboratively learn, investigate, and implement best practices. Participating in a PLT is a deliberate process that requires attention, focus, and a willingness to move beyond sharing lessons and ideas to critically examining practice, research, and implementation.
In this PLT we will be using and developing algebra string routines to help our students look for connections, see big ideas, make generalizations and justify their reasoning as they transition from numeric patterns and relationships to algebraic representations. We will be using the book "Algebra Strings" by Pamela Weber Harris and Kara Louise Imm as a resource for our work. We will read, digest, develop, practice and evaluate the use of algebra strings in our teaching and examine our student’s algebraic thinking, and ability to write and operate on algebraic expressions. This PLT is led by Erica Rows.
This PLT is for teachers who teach or might be teaching AP Chemistry. This group meets monthly. This group focuses on teaching ideas, including labs and online materials, are shared. This year, the focus is to create a storyline to weave together a storyline to connect the Big 5 topics of study. We review the AACT webinars to identify instructional gaps in student learning and the testing process. Non-Master teacher AP chemistry teachers are invited to join in these monthly meetings. This PLT will be led by Shelly Hinchliffe.
This PLT will explore new ways to improve our knowledge of content, pedagogy, and students through the critical evaluation of currently published texts. We will evaluate our own thinking, practices, and strategies after introducing ourselves to new ideas and concepts as presented by published authors and by discussions amongst our PLT members. We hope to continue our progress towards being life-time learners by keeping up with current trends, studies, and teaching theories that are developed and available to dissect. We will read several books and discuss how the given book relates to teaching practices and how our reading and discussions will affect and change our thoughts and teaching in our classrooms. Discussions will be focused on how to relate what we’ve learned from our reading to help improve our students, ourselves, and our classrooms. This PLT will be led by Kathy Ellis and Kelly Przybyla.
This PLT will focus on the interdisciplinary nature of the Climate Change crisis. Increasing student engagement with this issue is the primary focus of our group, and with this in mind we are preparing for the third annual Western New York Youth Climate Action Summit, planned for Saturday June 1st, 2019. As we build up to this event, we will be looking for ways to engage with the WNY community around climate change, climate science, and building a sustainable future and climate-resilient community. We will also look for ways to incorporate climate change into muliple academic disciplines, thereby forming a thematic component of urgency for for our students. Some of the connections we make with the community can lead to an open door for a classroom connection and workshop ideas can also be used in the classroom. This PLT is led by Adam Gollwitzer.
The goal of this PLT is to work to better meet the needs of our diverse student populations. This year we will focus on the work from Math In The City and All Ed on "Designing For The Edges." We will look closely at their research and identify our "edges." We will work to redesign classroom structures and lessons to meet those edges. We will also research, design and create a math and science escape room activity. This PLT is led by MaryAnn Bolles and Erica Rows.
Members of this PLT will walk away with design challenges ready to implement in their classrooms. Participating Master Teachers will work on design challenges that they can use in their classrooms. Our goal of the PLT is to create working models of each design challenge along with rubrics and instructional materials so that each member can use the challenge in their classroom, regardless of the subject area or grade level. We will share curriculum integration, learning how design challenges can enhance learning in different subject areas. Also, this will be great space for teachers to gain confidence with tools they may not be familiar with. Meetings will take place at Grand Island High School and will be facilitated by Tony Schabloski, Carl Koppmann and Stan Skotnicki.
The Flipped Classroom PLT is for anyone interested in using technology to enhance the learning experience for students and teachers, especially extending the reach of instruction outside of the school day. We will share methods that are currently being used and will look into new ideas as the number of applications continues to increase. We will investigate the benefits and potential pitfalls of different applications in regards to efficiency, reliability, ease of use as well as other parameters. This is also a welcoming place for teachers who are on the fence about making the leap into digital learning. Facilitators are Timothy Shrout and Omer Bitar.
This PLT will focus on strategies for integrating GIS into STEM classes, K-12. At the monthly meetings examples of integrating GIS will be demonstrated, including looking at work from participants’ classes. Participants will support each other in learning how to process these data, including data from the use of drone technology, for use in GIS applications to support the work with students. This PLT will meet offsite for some meetings, and the offsite meetings will move to places that are of interest and value to the participants. This PLT is facilitated by Kelli Grabowski and Mike Jabot.
The MAKE PLT provides time and resources for teachers who are interested in learning how to integrate do-it-yourself projects into their teaching. We design and build a variety of projects to use as testing apparatus, instructional aides, or as demonstrations for your students. We follow the technological/engineering design process to identify problems, brainstorm ideas, develop solutions, and redesign using prototypes to develop a final product. Some projects lead to Make & Take opportunities that are shared at cohort meetings. This PLT is facilitated by Kelly Schurr.
This PLT will provide a forum for teachers to share their mentoring experiences with each other in order to gain insight into one another’s practices and grow their mentoring knowledge and skills. Mentoring of preservice teachers in their early field experience, mid-level experience and student teaching, as well as mentoring early career teachers, will be the focus. Issues including implementing co-teaching models, high-leverage practices, assessment of candidates in their field experience, and other related issues will be discussed. Local college faculty are invited to participate in this PLT to promote secondary-tertiary communication. Shelley Bochicchio and Kelly Bohlen will be facilitating this PLT.
The Middle Level Science PLT is focused on the development and implementation of STEAM based activities aligned with the Next Generation Science Standards. Members work collaboratively to overcome the widest gaps in the STEAM classroom, understand the scope of SEPS, cross-cutting skills and discipline content. Members are creating NYSSLS inquiry and engineering lessons, implementing technology and creating assessments. Also, best practices based on current research data, from states ahead of NYS, is discussed and integrated in our classrooms. This PLT will be led by Rob Atkinson and Terrilynn Woodhouse.
In this PLT we will be using and developing number string routines to build communities that are safe places for thinking, foster communication skills, and develop mental math strategies within our students. Our work will draw upon the “Minilessons for ______” (Fosnot, et al., 2007) series of books written to support the integration of number strings into existing curricula across grades k-5. Our goal is to incorporate models that help students progress through stages of development while deepening their mathematical understanding and number sense. We look for them to make connections, see big ideas, generalize patterns, and build their own strategies. We will read, digest, develop, practice, and evaluate the use of number strings in our teaching and examine our student’s number sense, strategy use and ability to write expressions and equations during the year. This PLT is led by Jamie Cinelli, Jennifer Lewis, and Adrienne Moran.
This PLT will focus on the disciplinary core ideas and science and engineering practices as it applies in the Living Environment classroom. The goal is to: collaboratively design instruction that uses modeling, implement and adapt curriculum aligned to NYSSLS (ex: New Visions) to meet the diversity of our students, prepare for the new state assessments in Living Environment, and share resources aligned to NYSSLS. This PLT is co-facilitated by Annette Miller and Kim Ferguson.
This PLT gives teachers the opportunity to collaborate and discuss best practices for taking the science classroom outdoors. Teachers involved, participate in outdoor field trips around WNY. Master Teachers then take the information learned on the trip back to the students in terms of experiences/activities related to the field trip or students actually taking the field trip. The PLT also involves the uses of books related to outdoor science activities. Items discussed also include strategies to address the management of resources, time, budgets and scheduling. This PLT is facilitated by Master Teacher Alison Moran.
PLT participants meet to share ideas to build instructional storylines revolving around an anchoring phenomena. Participants will meet in large group as well as subject-area groups to co-design 3-D teaching and learning storylines. The goal this year is to move MST designed units towards storylines that are aligned to NYSSLS and use defined CCC’s and SEP’s supporting linked DCI’s. Participants will explore how inquiry, claims, evidence, reasoning model (CER), POGILS, ADI, whiteboarding, modeling, and other research based instructional strategies are used to support the storylune to foster student understanding of science content and processes. This PLT is facilitated by Shelly Hinchliffe.
This PLT is for teachers who teach or might be teaching Physics. Teaching ideas, including labs and online materials, are shared. Methods are extended to include video analysis, numerical methods with spreadsheets and coding. Research based methods such as TIPERS are explored and expanded. Veteran physics teachers guide those new to the curriculum. Community outreach to other professional through organizations like WNYPTA are done to promote best practices. This PLT is led by Craig Uhrich.
The Robotics PLT provides time and resources for teachers who are interested in learning how to integrate robotics projects into their curriculum. In this PLT we will be designing, building and programing a variety of different robotic platforms. These educational tools will be utilized as instructional aides, demonstration prototypes or exemplar models. We follow the technological/engineering design process to identify problems, brainstorm ideas, develop solutions, and redesign using prototypes to develop a final product. This PLT will be led by Ray Cooper and Noah Raymond.
This goal of this PLT is unpack the science practices by producing video lessons that highlight students engaged in a science practice. These videos will span each grade band as well as discipline. Using the videos, we will facilitate professional development workshops where teachers explore the practice progression, observe the lesson clip and have rich discussion in order to provide (1) evidence that the students are engaged in the practice (2) dialogue about best practices to develop the practice at an age appropriate level (3) teachers who are new to NYSSLS with possible tools they can use in their classrooms.
This PLT will be using the Mathematics Assessment Project (http://map.mathshell.org) Formative Assessment Lessons in classrooms to assist students in developing a deeper understanding of mathematical content. Video case studies from the University of Michigan’s Teaching and Learning Exploratory (https://tle.soe.umich.edu/MFA/ ) will be used to foster insight on student’s thinking when engaged in FALs and provide support for classroom implementation of FALs. Discussion questions based on the Teaching for Robust Understanding (TRU) framework will guide conversations about the learning environment. This PLT will be led by Elizabeth Kent. | https://msmt.buffalostate.edu/professional-learning-teams-plts |
In recent years, many countries (e.g. England, Australia, USA) have experienced increased accountability pressures, including policies that require all students to make sufficient progress on state/regional and/ or national assessments. The objective of this paper session is to report on findings from a mixed methods study of the effectiveness of a leadership development model for principals of high-needs, traditionally underperforming schools along the US-Mexico border.
Seven leadership practices introduced in the leadership development model were taken from an international study of successful school principals (ISSPP) that indirectly linked principals’ school improvement practices to gains in student outcomes (e.g. Day, 2005; Hallinger, 2004; Jacobson, et al., 2005; Leithwood, et al., 2004; Ylimaki, et al., 2007; Ylimaki, et al., in press): 1) Setting Directions; 2) Developing People, including Teachers, Parents, and Community Partnerships; 3) Redesigning the Organization and Capacity Building; 4) Creating Work Conditions and Structures Conducive to Continuous Improvement; 5) Managing the Instructional Program (including assessments); 6) Fostering Student Engagement Strategies; and 7) Using Deep Curriculum Content and Pedagogical Knowledge, including Students’ Cultural Backgrounds. These seven leadership skills were also indirectly linked to student achievement in the Leithwood, Louis, Wahlstrom & Anderson (2010) study. The training delivery featured a combination of two approaches: 1) ten days across three institutes with online support and 2) regional meetings between the institutes.
Research question for the mixed methods study are: Can this instructional leadership preparation program increase participated teachers and principals’ instructional leadership knowledge and skills within the 1.5 year time period? How, if at all, do the instructional leadership knowledge modules influence school improvement practices (Is the program effective?)?
Our theoretical framework primarily draws on instructional leadership literature (Hallinger & Murphy, 1986; Marks & Printy, 2003; Robinson, Lloyd, & Rowe, 2008) and studies of leadership linked to student achievement (Jacobson et al., 2005; Leithwood et al., 2010). Instructional leadership studies (e.g. Hallinger & Murphy, 1986; Robinson, Lloyd, & Rowe, 2008) suggest that a combination of leadership practices that focus on improving the work of teachers, student learning, and the school generally are positively associated with improved student outcomes and related school conditions. The most fully tested instructional leadership model developed by Hallinger and his colleagues (1986) consists of three broad categories of leadership practice: defining the school mission, managing the instructional program, and promoting school climate. Associated with these broad categories are a total of 21 more specific functions such as supervising instruction, culture building, and fostering deep understandings of subject matter content. More recent distributed leadership studies have also demonstrated that “instructional” leadership is not the exclusive domain of the principal since teachers and other support professionals play a vital leadership role in the improvement of teaching and learning (e.g. Hallinger, 2004; Marks & Printy, 2003).
Method
Expected Outcomes
References
References Day, C. (2005). Sustaining school success in challenging contexts: Leadership in English schools. Journal of Educational Administration, 43(6), 573-583. Glaser, B. G. & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative inquiry. Chicago: Aldine Publishing. Glesne, C. (2010). Becoming qualitative researchers: An introduction (4th edition). Prentiss-Hall. Hallinger, P. (2004, January). Reflections on the practice of instructional and transformational leadership. Paper presented at the Annual International Congress for School Effectiveness and School Improvement, Nottingham, UK. Hallinger, P. & Murphy, J. 1986). The social context of effective schools. American Journal of Education, 94(3), 328-355. Jacobson, S., Johnson, L., Ylimaki, R., & Giles, C. (2005). Successful school leadership in changing times: cross national findings in the third year of an international research project. Journal of Educational Administration. 43(6), pp. 607-618. Leithwood, K., Louis, K.S., Anderson, S., & Wahlstrom, K. (2004). How leadership influences student learning. New York: The Wallace Foundation. Leithwood, K., Louis, K.S., Wahlstrom, K. & Anderson, S. (2010). Learning from leadership: Investigating the links to improved student learning. New York: The Wallace Foundation. Marks, H. & Printy, S. (2003). Principal leadership and school performance: An integration of transformation and instructional leadership. Educational Administration Quarterly, 4(4), 293-331. Robinson, V., Lloyd, C. & Rowe, K. (2008). The impact of leadership on student outcomes: An analysis of differential effects of leadership types. Educational Administration Quarterly, 44(5), 635-674. Ylimaki, R., Jacobson, S., & Drysdale, L. (2007). Making a difference in challenging, high-poverty schools: Successful principals in the USA, England, and Australia. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 18(4), pp. 361-381. Ylimaki, R., Bennett, J. Fan, J., & Villasenor, E. (in press). Notions of “success” in Southern Arizona schools: Principal leadership in changing demographic and border contexts. Leadership and Policy in Schools.
Search the ECER Programme
- Search for keywords and phrases in "Text Search"
- Restrict in which part of the abstracts to search in "Where to search"
- Search for authors and in the respective field.
- For planning your conference attendance you may want to use the conference app, which will be issued some weeks before the conference
- If you are a session chair, best look up your chairing duties in the conference system (Conftool) or the app. | https://eera-ecer.de/ecer-programmes/conference/6/contribution/16613/ |
The Director of Curriculum and Professional Development is responsible for the development, editing, quality control, and production of the curricula, as well as management of The Hemp Cannabis College Curriculum and Professional Development Department.
Currently seeking a highly motivated and talented Director of Curriculum and Professional Development for THCCollege.com, an online ind local school specializing in educating Cannabis activists with a desire to enter or maximize their productivity.
Purpose:
This position is charged with providing leadership for THCCollege.com Curriculum and Professional Development (CPD) programs. This includes the planning, development and production of curriculum materials, processes and best practices that are evaluated and acknowledged to be highly effective in improving student outcomes.
Additionally, this position is responsible for the management of employees and processes used in the Professional Development program and the THCCollege.com Instruction/ Assessment Database.
The purpose of THCC C&PD Department is to continuously improve STUDENT OUTCOMES through the seamless integration of THCC faculty experience and wisdom with curriculum development process expertise.
The department also strives to have the most sought after professional development program for Cannabis Educators.
Associated programs will be implemented and regularly evaluated and assessed using the Instruction/Assessment Database system.
Duties:
- Participate in the development and evaluation of new curriculum. Conduct research and consult with faculty, staff and business representatives in the design and development of new curriculum.
- Coordinate the review/assessment of current curriculum to ensure that course/program is meeting intended objectives and requirements.
- Prepare instructional material for printing and develop outlines with the necessary basic detail to direct instruction.
- Develop and maintain research database that may be utilized to develop and review curriculum.
Curriculum Development
- Use evaluations and data to make recommendations for how to improve and edit curricula on an annual basis.
- Develop curricular goals and outlines for new curriculum and curriculum updates.
- Identify and lead a team of teachers who will assist in curriculum development.
- Actively pursue opportunities to continue to learn best practices in curriculum writing through research, professional development, and other learning opportunities.
Professional Development for Teachers
- Identify guest speakers and trainers on topic, and develop activities that will train teachers academic content and in best practices in education.
- Aggressively pursue opportunities to learn best practices in teacher professional development through research, professional development, and other learning opportunities.
- Provide in-class support and coaching to teachers using designated curricula, including coaching on teacher strategies, help connecting to outside speakers on resources, and assistance in leading classroom activities and lessons.
Other
- Work with Development team and Director to produce reports for external stakeholders.
- Work with Executive Team and program staff to recruit teachers
- Attend conferences and meetings to promote program and mission to stakeholders
- Responsible for updating reports and scheduling visits for compliance process.
- Assist Executive Team in the financial and administrative management of all teacher-based programs, including developing and meeting budget, fundraising, and hiring and supervising staff.
Knowledge/Skills/Abilities:
- Knowledge of current techniques and procedures used in the design and development of curriculum.
- Good computer (Microsoft office) and presentation skills.
- Ability to communicate effectively both oral and written; research, develop, present, and promote projects; work independently; prioritize work and meet deadlines.
- Knowledge of curriculum and instruction
- Ability to evaluate instructional programs and teaching effectiveness
- Ability to manage budget and personnel
- Ability to implement policy and procedures
- Ability to interpret data
- Strong communication, public relations, and interpersonal skills
- Demonstrate use of appropriate and effective techniques to encourage community and parent involvement.
- Considerable knowledge of current literature, trends, and developments in the field.
- Considerable knowledge of the principles of supervision, organization and administration.
- Ability to develop long term goals and objectives.
- Ability to evaluate the effectiveness of programs and make recommendations for improvements.
- Ability to provide leadership and to supervise the planning, development and establishment of new, modified and/or improved programs.
- Ability to mentor and train new teachers, ability to hold high standards while also offering support and maintaining positive relationships.
- Knowledge of Slingerland, Lindamood-Bell, Language, and Making Math Real programs. Major Responsibilities and Duties:
- Apply research and data to improve the content, sequence, and outcomes of the teaching-learning process.
- Work with appropriate faculty to develop, maintain, and revise curriculum documents based on systematic review and analysis.
- Involve instructional faculty team in evaluating and selecting instructional materials to meet student learning needs.
- Monitor professional research and disseminate ideas and information to others.
- Ensure the use of technology in the teaching-learning process.
- Plan the necessary time, resources, and materials to support accomplishments of education goals.
- Obtain and use evaluative findings (including student achievement data to examine curriculum and instruction program effectiveness.
- Provide effective staff development activities that incorporate the mission of the school, program evaluation outcomes, and input from teachers and others.
- Responsible for textbook selection and ordering process.
- Oversee the curriculum for library services and work collaboratively with librarian.
- Compile budgets and cost estimates based on documented program needs.
- Team player with positive attitude, sense of humor, energy, and dedication to collaboration. Minimum and Preferred Education:
Minimum: Bachelor’s degree and teaching certification, preferably associated with Special Education Preferred:
Master’s degree in Education Administration or in Curriculum & Instruction
Minimum and Preferred Experience:
Minimum: Five years, including a minimum of two years in program/curriculum development; at least two years experience managing or supervising others.
Preferred: 7-10+ years of teaching experience, preferably as a Master teacher 3-5 years of experience training, mentoring and coaching teachers The ideal candidate will have 8 years of professional experience, including at least 5 years as a teacher. At least 2 years of experience leading, coaching, or training other teachers is preferred. Candidates should demonstrate process, management and administrative ability. Knowledge and experience developing curriculum and planning lessons are required.. S/he should be highly organized and able to work independently and without much supervision. Excellent oral and written communication skills are required. Candidates should also have high energy and a willingness to be flexible and creative.
Full-time position starting immediately
Competitive salary and benefits package available. | https://420job.com/job/curriculm-developer/ |
Most people in this country lack the basic understanding of science that they need to make informed decisions about the many scientific issues affecting their lives. Neither this basic understanding—often referred to as scientific literacy—nor an appreciation for how science has shaped the society and culture is being cultivated during the high school years. For example, over the 30 years between 1969 and 1999, high school students’ scores on the science portion of the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP, the “nation’s report card”) remained stagnant. In addition, high school students’ performance on a different NAEP national science assessment, first administered in 1996, was weaker four years later in 2000. Yet policy makers, scientists, and educators agree that high school graduates today, more than ever, need a basic understanding of science and technology in order to function effectively in an increasingly complex, technological society. Increasing this understanding will require major reforms in science education, including reforms in the laboratories that constitute a significant portion of the high school science curriculum.
Since the late 19th century, high school students in the United States have carried out laboratory investigations as part of their science classes. Educators and policy makers have periodically debated the value of laboratories in helping students understand science, but little research has been done to inform those debates or to guide the design of laboratory education. Today, on average, students enrolled in science classes spend about one class period per week in such laboratory investigations as observing and comparing different cell types under a microscope in biology class or adding a solution of known acidity to a solution of unknown alkalinity in chemistry class. To assess how
these and similar laboratory activities may contribute to science learning, the National Science Foundation requested the National Research Council to examine the current status of science laboratories and develop a vision for their future role in high school science education.
DEFINITION AND GOALS OF HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE LABORATORIES
Questions about the value of high school science laboratories stem in part from a lack of clarity about what exactly constitutes a “laboratory” and what its science learning goals might be. For example, “laboratory” may refer to a room equipped with benches and student workstations, or it may refer to various types of indoor or outdoor science activities. Today and in the past, educators, policy makers, and researchers have not agreed on a common definition of “laboratory.”
This lack of clarity about the definition and goals of laboratories has slowed research on their outcomes. In addition, mechanisms for sharing the results of the research that is available—both within the research community and with the larger education community—are so weak that progress toward more effective laboratory learning experiences is impeded.
Conclusion 1: Researchers and educators do not agree on how to define high school science laboratories or on their purposes, hampering the accumulation of evidence that might guide improvements in laboratory education. Gaps in the research and in capturing the knowledge of expert science teachers make it difficult to reach precise conclusions on the best approaches to laboratory teaching and learning.
Rapid developments in science, technology, and cognitive research have made the traditional definition of science laboratories—only as rooms where students use special equipment to carry out well-defined procedures—obsolete. Rather, the committee gathered information on a wide variety of approaches to laboratory education, arriving at the term “laboratory experiences” to describe teaching and learning that may take place in a laboratory room or in other settings.
While the committee found that many laboratory experiences involve students in carrying out carefully specified procedures to verify established scientific knowledge, we also learned of laboratory experiences that engaged students in formulating questions, designing investigations, and creating and revising explanatory models. Participating in a range of laboratory experiences holds potential to enhance students’ understanding of the dynamic relationships between empirical research and the scientific theories
and concepts that both result from research and lead to further research questions.
Committee Definition of Laboratory Experiences
To frame the scope of the study while also reflecting the variety of laboratory experiences, the committee defined laboratory experiences as follows:
Laboratory experiences provide opportunities for students to interact directly with the material world (or with data drawn from the material world), using the tools, data collection techniques, models, and theories of science.
This definition includes student interaction with astronomical databases, genome databases, databases of climatic events over long time periods, and other large data sets derived directly from the material world. It does not include student manipulation or analysis of data created by a teacher to simulate direct interaction with the material world. For example, if a physics teacher presented students with a constructed data set on the weight and required pulling force for boxes pulled across desks with different surfaces and asked them to analyze these data, the students’ problem-solving activity would not constitute a laboratory experience in the committee’s definition.
In the committee’s view, science education includes learning about the methods and processes of scientific research (science process) and the knowledge derived through this process (science content). Science process centers on direct interactions with the natural world aimed at explaining natural phenomena. Science education would not be about science if it did not include opportunities for students to learn about both the process and the content of science. Laboratory experiences, in the committee’s definition, can potentially provide one such opportunity.
Goals of Laboratory Experiences
In our review of the literature, the committee identified a number of science learning goals that have been attributed to laboratory experiences, including:
-
enhancing mastery of subject matter;
-
developing scientific reasoning;
-
understanding the complexity and ambiguity of empirical work;
-
developing practical skills;
-
understanding the nature of science;
-
cultivating interest in science and interest in learning science; and
-
developing teamwork abilities.
Helping all high school students achieve these science learning goals is critical to improving national scientific literacy and preparing the next generation of scientists and engineers.
Although no single laboratory experience is likely to achieve all of these learning goals, different types of laboratory experiences may be designed to achieve one or more goals. For example, the committee studied a sequence of laboratory experiences included in a larger unit of instruction. Students predicted the temperatures of everyday objects, tested their predictions using temperature-sensitive probes connected to computers, and developed and revised scientific explanations for their results. Students participating in the laboratory experiences and other learning activities progressed toward two goals. They increased their mastery of subject matter (thermodynamics) and their interest in science in comparison to students who participated in the traditional program of science instruction. Some of the science learning goals presented above, particularly understanding the complexity and ambiguity of empirical work, can be attained only through laboratory experiences.
EFFECTIVENESS OF LABORATORY EXPERIENCES
The committee’s review of the evidence on attainment of the goals of laboratory experiences reveals a recent shift in research, reflecting some movement in laboratory instruction. Historically, laboratory experiences have been disconnected from the flow of classroom science lessons. Because this approach remains common today, we refer to these separate laboratory experiences as “typical” laboratory experiences. Reflecting this separation, researchers often engaged students in one or two experiments or other science activities and then conducted assessments to determine whether their understanding of the science concept underlying the activity had increased. Some studies compared the outcomes of these separate laboratory experiences with the outcomes of other forms of science instruction, such as lectures or discussions.
Over the past 10 years, a new body of research on the outcomes of laboratory experiences has been developing. Drawing on principles of learning derived from the cognitive sciences, researchers are investigating how to sequence science instruction, including laboratory experiences, in order to support students’ science learning. We propose the phrase “integrated instructional units” to describe these sequences of instruction. Integrated instructional units connect laboratory experiences with other types of science learning activities, including lectures, reading, and discussion. Students are engaged in framing research questions, making observations, designing and executing experiments, gathering and analyzing data, and constructing scientific arguments and explanations.
Integrated instructional units are designed to increase students’ ability to understand and apply science subject matter (often focusing on one important concept or principle) while also improving their scientific reasoning, interest in science, and understanding of the nature of science. Students are encouraged to discuss their existing ideas about the science concept and their emerging ideas during the course of their laboratory experiences, both with their peers and with the teacher. The sequence of laboratory experiences and other forms of instruction is designed to help students develop a more sophisticated understanding of both the science concept under study and the process through which scientific concepts are developed, evaluated, and refined.
The earlier body of research on typical laboratory experiences and the emerging research on integrated instructional units yield different findings about the effectiveness of laboratory experiences in advancing the goals identified by the committee. Research on typical laboratory experiences is methodologically weak and fragmented, making it difficult to draw precise conclusions. The weight of the evidence from research focused on the goals of developing scientific reasoning and cultivating student interest in science shows slight improvements in both after students participated in typical laboratory experiences. Research focused on the goal of student mastery of subject matter indicates that typical laboratory experiences are no more or less effective than other forms of science instruction (such as reading, lectures, or discussion).
A major limitation of the research on integrated instructional units is that most of the units have been used in small numbers of science classrooms. Only a few studies have addressed the challenges of implementing—and studying the effectiveness of—integrated instructional units on a wide scale. The studies conducted to date indicate that these sequences of laboratory experiences and other forms of instruction show greater effectiveness for these same three goals (compared with more traditional forms of science instruction): improving mastery of subject matter, developing scientific reasoning, and cultivating interest in science. Integrated instructional units also appear to be effective in helping diverse groups of students progress toward these three learning goals. Due to a lack of available studies, the committee was unable to draw conclusions about the extent to which either typical laboratory experiences or integrated instructional units might advance the other goals identified at the beginning of this chapter—enhancing understanding of the complexity and ambiguity of empirical work, acquiring practical skills, and developing teamwork skills.
The committee considers the evidence emerging from research on integrated instructional units sufficient to conclude:
Conclusion 2: Four principles of instructional design can help laboratory experiences achieve their intended learning goals if: (1) they are designed with clear learning outcomes in mind, (2) they are thoughtfully sequenced into the flow of classroom science instruction, (3) they are designed to integrate learning of science content with learning about the processes of science, and (4) they incorporate ongoing student reflection and discussion.
CURRENT HIGH SCHOOL LABORATORY EXPERIENCES
Most science students in U.S. high schools today participate in laboratory experiences that are isolated from the flow of classroom science instruction (referred to here as “typical” laboratory experiences). Instead of focusing on clear learning goals, teachers and laboratory manuals often emphasize the procedures to be followed, leaving students uncertain about what they are supposed to learn. Lacking a focus on learning goals related to the subject matter being addressed in the science class, these typical laboratory experiences often fail to integrate student learning about the processes of science with learning about science content. Typical laboratory experiences rarely incorporate ongoing reflection and discussion among the teacher and the students, although there is evidence that reflecting on one’s own thinking is essential for students to make meaning out of their laboratory activities. In general, most high school laboratory experiences do not follow the instructional design principles for effectiveness identified by the committee. In addition, most high school students participate in a limited range of laboratory activities that do not help them to fully understand science process.
Several factors contribute to the prevalence of typical laboratory experiences. These include a lack of preparation of—and support for—teachers, disparities in the availability and quality of laboratory facilities and equipment, interpretations of state science standards, and the lack of agreement on definitions and goals of laboratory experiences. Students in schools with higher concentrations of non-Asian minorities spend less time in laboratory instruction than students in other schools, and students in lower level science classes spend less time in laboratory instruction than those enrolled in more advanced science classes. And some students have no access to any type of laboratory experience. Taken together, all of these factors weaken the effectiveness of current laboratory experiences.
Conclusion 3: The quality of current laboratory experiences is poor for most students.
Teacher Preparation for Laboratory Experiences
Teachers play a critical role in leading effective laboratory experiences. By carefully introducing the experiences in ways that are aligned with the learning goals of the science course and leading discussions and answering questions, the teacher can support students in linking their laboratory experiences to underlying science concepts. By selecting laboratory experiences that are clearly related to the ongoing flow of classroom science instruction, the teacher can integrate student learning of both the processes of science and important science content. Yet the undergraduate education of future high school science teachers does not currently prepare them with the pedagogical and science content knowledge required to carry out such teaching strategies. Undergraduate science departments rarely provide future science teachers with laboratory experiences that follow the design principles derived from recent research—integrated into the flow of instruction, focused on clear learning goals, aimed at the learning of science content and science process, with ongoing opportunities for reflection and discussion.
Once on the job, science teachers have few opportunities to improve their laboratory teaching. Professional development opportunities for science teachers are limited in quality, availability, and scope and place little emphasis on laboratory instruction. In addition, few high school teachers have access to curricula that integrate laboratory experiences into the stream of instruction, although such curricula might help them in improving the instructional quality of laboratory experiences. Few high schools support science teachers in improving their laboratory teaching by providing appropriate, ongoing professional development, well-designed science curricula, and adequate laboratory facilities and supplies.
Conclusion 4: Improving high school science teachers’ capacity to lead laboratory experiences effectively is critical to advancing the educational goals of these experiences. This would require major changes in undergraduate science education, including providing a range of effective laboratory experiences for future teachers and developing more comprehensive systems of support for teachers.
Laboratory Facilities and School Organization
The capacity of teachers and schools to advance the learning goals of laboratory experiences is affected by laboratory facilities and supplies and the organization of schools.
Direct observation and manipulation of many aspects of the material world require adequate laboratory facilities, including space for teacher demonstrations, student laboratory activities, student discussion, and safe stor-
age space for supplies. Schools with higher concentrations of non-Asian minorities and schools with higher concentrations of poor students are less likely to have adequate laboratory facilities than other schools. In addition to less adequate laboratory space, schools with higher concentrations of poor or minority students and rural schools often have lower budgets for laboratory equipment and supplies than other schools. These disparities in facilities and supplies may contribute to the problem that students in schools with high concentrations of non-Asian minority students spend less time in laboratory instruction than students in other schools.
The ability of schools to address the pressing need for improvements in laboratory teaching is constrained by the way many schools are organized. Often, administrators, teachers, and students become accustomed to routines in class schedules, teachers’ schedules, the allocation of space, supplies, and budgets, and teaching approaches. When such routines become rigid, they tend to reinforce existing knowledge and teaching practices, limiting teachers’ and administrators’ motivation and ability to try out new, more effective approaches to laboratory education. For example, routines in class scheduling and space allocation may limit science teachers’ ability or willingness to collaborate with other teachers in shared lesson planning, reflection, and improvement of laboratory lessons. Teachers and administrators who are accustomed to their existing science texts and laboratory manuals may not seek information about new science curricula that effectively integrate laboratory experiences, or they may hesitate to implement such curricula. Rigid school schedules may discourage teachers from adopting new, more effective approaches to laboratory instruction when such approaches require extended classroom time for students and teachers to discuss and reflect on the meaning of laboratory investigations.
Conclusion 5: The organization and structure of most high schools impedes teachers’ and administrators’ ongoing learning about science instruction and ability to implement quality laboratory experiences.
State Standards and Accountability Systems
Most states have developed science standards to guide instruction and large-scale assessments to measure attainment of those standards. These standards could be used as flexible frameworks to guide schools and teachers in integrating laboratory experiences into the flow of instruction in order to help students master science subject matter while also developing scientific reasoning and advancing other learning goals. However, this rarely happens. Instead, state and local officials and science teachers often see state standards as requiring them to help students master the specific science
topics outlined for a grade level or science course. When they view laboratory experiences as isolated events that do not contribute to mastery of topics and science class time is short, laboratory experiences may be limited. For example, research on integrated instructional units has shown that engagement with laboratory experiences and other forms of instruction over periods of 6 to 16 weeks can increase students’mastery of a complex science topic, including the relationships among scientific ideas related to that topic. But teachers who try to “cover” an extensive list of science topics included in state science standards within a school year may have only a few days for each topic, precluding use of such potentially effective instructional units.
The interpretation and implementation of state science standards may also limit attainment of the educational goals of laboratory experiences in other ways. When state standards are seen primarily as lists of science topics to be mastered, they support attainment of only one of the many goals of laboratory experiences—mastery of subject matter. Some state standards call for students to engage in laboratory experiences and to attain other goals of laboratory experiences, such as developing scientific reasoning and understanding the nature of science. However, assessments in these states rarely include items designed to measure student attainment of these goals.
Conclusion 6: State science standards that are interpreted as encouraging the teaching of extensive lists of science topics in a given grade may discourage teachers from spending the time needed for effective laboratory learning.
Conclusion 7: Current large-scale assessments are not designed to accurately measure student attainment of the goals of laboratory experiences. Developing and implementing improved assessments to encourage effective laboratory teaching would require large investments of funds.
WHAT NEXT? RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND IMPLEMENTATION OF EFFECTIVE LABORATORY EXPERIENCES
Laboratory experiences have the potential to help students attain several important learning goals, including mastery of science subject matter, increased interest in science, and development of scientific reasoning skills. That potential is not being realized today.
The committee does not recommend any specific policies or programs to enhance the effectiveness of laboratory experiences, because we do not consider the research evidence sufficient to support detailed policy prescriptions. A serious research agenda is required to build knowledge of how
various types of laboratory experiences (within the context of science education) may contribute to specific science learning outcomes. Research partnerships may be the best mechanism to carry out this agenda, building the knowledge base for improvements in laboratory teaching and learning. Specifically, we suggest that teachers, researchers, scientists, and curriculum developers work together to answer the following questions. Addressing these questions will help to guide schools, education policy makers, and researchers in developing appropriate responses to the findings and conclusions in this report:
-
Assessment of student learning in laboratory experiences—What are the specific learning outcomes of laboratory experiences and what are the best methods for measuring these outcomes, both in the classroom and in large-scale assessments?
-
Effective teaching and learning in laboratory experiences—What forms of laboratory experiences are most effective for advancing the desired learning outcomes of laboratory experiences? What kinds of curriculum can support teachers in students in progress toward these learning outcomes?
-
Diverse populations of learners—What are the teaching and learning processes by which laboratory experiences contribute to particular learning outcomes for diverse learners and different populations of students?
-
School organization for effective laboratory teaching—What organizational arrangements (state and district policy, funding priorities and resource allocation, professional development, textbooks, emerging technologies, and school and district leadership) support high-quality laboratory experiences most efficiently and effectively? What are the most effective ways to bring those organizational arrangements to scale?
-
Continuing learning about laboratory experiences—How can teachers and administrators learn to design and implement effective instructional sequences that integrate laboratory experiences for diverse students? What types of professional development are most effective to help administrators and teachers achieve this goal? How should laboratory professional development be sequenced within a teacher’s career (from pre-service to expert teacher)?
The available research literature suggests that laboratory experiences will be more likely to help students attain science learning goals if they are designed with clear learning outcomes in mind, thoughtfully sequenced into the flow of classroom science instruction, and follow the other instructional
design principles identified by the committee. These design principles can serve as a guide to research, development, selection, and implementation of high school science curricula. They can also guide improvements in the undergraduate science education of future teachers and professional development of current science teachers.
The committee envisions a future in which the role and value of high school science laboratory experiences are more completely understood. The state of the research knowledge base on laboratory experience is dismal but, even so, suggests that the laboratory experiences of most high school students are equally dismal. Improvements in current laboratory experiences can be made today using emerging knowledge. Documented disparities to access should be eliminated now.
Systematic accumulation of rigorous, relevant research results and best practices from the field will clarify the specific contributions of laboratory experiences to science education. Such a knowledge base must be integrated with an infrastructure that supports the dissemination and use of this knowledge to achieve coherent policy and practice.
Improving the quality of laboratory experiences available to U.S. high school students will require focused and sustained attention. By applying principles of instructional design derived from ongoing research, science educators can begin to more effectively integrate laboratory experiences into the science curriculum. The definition, goals, design principles, and findings of this report offer an organizing framework to begin the difficult work of designing laboratory experiences for the 21st century. | https://www.nap.edu/read/11311/chapter/2 |
You can rate an item by clicking the amount of stars they wish to award to this item.
When enough users have cast their vote on this item, the average rating will also be shown.
Star rating
Your vote was cast
Thank you for your feedback
Thank you for your feedback
AuthorLofthouse-Crowe, Deborah
Date Published8/1/2009
MetadataShow full item record
AbstractEducational research in academic success states that effective classroom management is the most important facet of effective student learning. Teacher’s attitudes can both improve and detract from their own and students’ attitudes regarding learning and scholastic experience. Research reveals that teachers who use instructional time ineffectively or unproductively, or do not involve students in meaningful and engaging activities, can risk losing students' attention and negatively impact their motivation to learn. Additionally, it is noted that many inexperienced teachers enter the classroom unprepared for the well-considered balance that is necessary for academic success; the precarious balance between instruction and classroom management. This research project discusses teachers' classroom management skills that effectively support students' literacy development. It assesses and identifies best practices as tools to assist teachers in the discovery of exemplary classroom management techniques. The study considers how classroom teachers across a range of grade levels use various classroom management methods to enhance their literacy instruction and promote student learning. The study highlights specific areas of classroom management including, but not limited to, classroom environment, scheduling, routines, student groups and instructional formats. The following research questions are considered throughout the study: What classroom management techniques do elementary teachers use to support their students' literacy development? What are the similarities and differences among the various classroom teachers, grade levels, or school districts? How does the classroom environment support elementary students' literacy development? The research study participants represented five school districts, five grade levels, and teachers who were diverse with regard to their teaching experience, gender, classroom categorization and school setting. This sample attempts to represent a range of diverse teaching populations while using a limited number of teacher resources. Conclusive trends from the case study identify methods that incorporate a supportive and encouraging environment, engaging and appropriate instruction, and collaboration with available education and family support, to aid in both student literacy achievement and classroom management.
DescriptionAbstract created by repository to aid in discovery. | https://soar.suny.edu/handle/20.500.12648/5433 |
This course is designed to survey the history, philosophy, and general principles of career and technical education (CTE). Participants share ideas and resources as they learn to analyze current trends and meet challenges within the field. Using effective instructional methods in the CTE classroom, identifying resources for CTE programs and educators, overseeing student organizations, mobilizing stakeholders, and promoting CTE are also emphasized.
Create plans to promote and emphasize the integral role of career and technical student organizations (CTSOs).
Identify effective methods of advocating for CTE programs.
Describe the history and development of CTE.
Identify the essential characteristics and components of CTE and its impact on multicultural society.
Develop a personal philosophy of CTE.
Describe how federal legislation and federal funding revenue streams impact CTE.
Explain how CTE can be looked at as both a structural and instructional approach.
Identify the importance of collaboration at all levels to support both teachers and students and to make a CTE program successful.
Locate professional organizations available to career and technical educators and the role they play in developing policy, practices, and legislation in CTE.
Develop CTE materials for a specific program area using instructional principles and best practices for improving student outcomes.
Align standards to CTE curriculum.
Evaluate effective strategies for managing the CTE classroom. | https://www.phoenix.edu/courses/ctec510.html |
Prerequisite: Any university or university/college preparation course in Social Sciences and Humanities, English, or Canadian and World Studies.
Text: De Coeur, T., Rawes, C., & Warecki, P. (2011). The Challenge and Change of Society. McGraw Hill Ryerson.
This course focuses on the use of social science theories, perspectives, and methodologies to investigate and explain shifts in knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviour and their impact on society. Students will critically analyse how and why cultural, social, and behavioural patterns change over time. They will explore the ideas of social theorists and use those ideas to analyse causes of and responses to challenges such as technological change, deviance, and global inequalities. Students will explore ways in which social science research methods can be used to study social change.
A4. Communicating and Reflecting: communicate the results of their research and inquiry clearly and effectively, and reflect on and evaluate their research, inquiry, and communication skills.
B3. Technological Change:demonstrate an understanding of patterns and effects of technological change from a social science perspective.
C3. Social Deviance:demonstrate an understanding of social science theories about social deviance, and of how various responses to deviance affect individuals and society.
D3. Exploitation:analyse the impact of unfair or unjust exploitation of people or resources, locally and globally.
Assessment:The process of gathering information that accurately reflects how well a student is achieving the identified curriculum expectations. Teachers provide students with descriptive feedback that guides their efforts towards improved performance.
Evaluation:Assessment of Learning focuses on evaluation, which is the process of making a judgment about the quality of student work on the basis of established criteria over a limited, reasonable period of time.
Reporting:Involves communicating student achievement of the curriculum expectations and learning skills and work habits in the form of marks and comments as determined by the teacher's use of professional judgement.
Instructional approaches should be informed by the findings of current research on instructional practices that have proved effective in the classroom. For example, research has provided compelling evidence about the benefits of the explicit teaching of strategies that can help students develop a deeper understanding of concepts. Strategies such as "compare and contrast" (e.g., through Venn diagrams and comparison matrices) and the use of analogy give students opportunities to examine concepts in ways that help them see what the concepts are and what they are not. Although such strategies are simple to use, teaching them explicitly is important in order to ensure that all students use them effectively.
A well-planned instructional program should always be at the student's level, but it should also push the student towards his or her optimal level of challenge for learning, while providing the support and anticipating and directly teaching the skills that are required for success.
Assessment accommodations:such as allowing additional time to complete tests/assignments or permitting oral responses to test questions.
An understanding of students' strengths and needs, as well as of their backgrounds and life experiences, can help teachers plan effective instruction and assessment. Teachers continually build their awareness of students' learning strengths and needs by observing and assessing their readiness to learn, their interests, and their learning styles and preferences. As teachers develop and deepen their understanding of individual students, they can respond more effectively to the students' needs by differentiating instructional approaches - adjusting the method or pace of instruction, using different types of resources, allowing a wider choice of topics, even adjusting the learning environment, if appropriate, to suit the way their students learn and how they are best able to demonstrate their learning. Unless students have an Individual Education Plan with modified curriculum expectations, what they learn continues to be guided by the curriculum expectations and remains the same for all students.
Teachers need to integrate current events and issues within the curriculum expectations, and not treat them as separate topics. The integration of current events and issues into the curriculum will help students make connections between what they are learning in class and past and present-day local, national, and global events, developments, and issues. Examining current events helps students analyse controversial issues, understand diverse perspectives, develop informed opinions, and build a deeper understanding of the world in which they live. In addition, investigating current events will stimulate students' interest in and curiosity about the world around them. The inclusion of current events in Canadian and world studies will help keep the curriculum a relevant, living document.
Ontario students will have the skills and knowledge to take responsibility for managing their personal financial well being with confidence, competence, and a compassionate awareness of the world around them.
There is a growing recognition that the education system has a vital role to play in preparing young people to take their place as informed, engaged, and knowledgeable citizens in the global economy. Financial literacy education can provide the preparation Ontario students need to make informed decisions and choices in a complex and fast-changing financial world.
One of the elements of the vision for the social studies, history, geography, and Canadian and world studies programs is to enable students to become responsible, active citizens who are informed and critically thoughtful. Financial literacy is connected to this element. In the Canadian and world studies program, students have multiple opportunities to investigate and study financial literacy concepts related to the course expectations.
Information and communications technology (ICT) provides a range of tools that can significantly extend and enrich teachers' instructional strategies and support student learning. ICT tools include multimedia resources, databases, websites, digital cameras, and word-processing programs. Tools such as these can help students to collect, organize, and sort the data they gather and to write, edit, and present reports on their findings. ICT can also be used to connect students to other schools, at home and abroad, and to bring the global community into the local classroom.
Ontario's education system will prepare students with the knowledge, skills, perspectives, and practices they need to be environmentally responsible citizens. Students will understand our fundamental connections to each other and to the world around us through our relationship to food, water, energy, air, and land, and our interaction with all living things. The education system will provide opportunities within the classroom and the community for students to engage in actions that deepen this understanding.
Acting Today, Shaping Tomorrow: A Policy Framework for Environmental Education in Ontario Schools outlines an approach to environmental education that recognizes the needs of all Ontario students and promotes environmental responsibility in the operations of all levels of the education system.
There are many opportunities to integrate environmental education into the teaching of Canadian and world studies. In all subjects of this program, students can be encouraged to explore a range of environmental issues. In Challenge and Change, students learn that the responsibilities of citizenship include the protection and stewardship of human rights. This course also provides opportunities for students to explore various environmental issues of civic importance.
The knowledge and skills students acquire in courses will be useful in a variety of careers. For example, the study of economics increases students' awareness of the ways in which local and global events and trends affect not only the economy but also their own career opportunities. A background in geography, history, politics, or law can lead to employment in fields such as law, politics, resource management, information technology, teaching, recreation, hospitality and tourism, and journalism. Students should be made aware of these possibilities and encouraged to explore areas of interest to them.
Antidiscrimination education promotes a school climate and classroom practice that encourage all students to work to high standards, ensure that they are given a variety of opportunities to be successful, affirm their self-worth, and help them strengthen their sense of identity and positive selfimage.
The curriculum is designed to help students acquire the habits of mind that are essential in a complex democratic society characterized by rapid technological, economic, political, and social change. These include respect and understanding with regard to individuals, groups, and cultures in Canada and the global community, including an appreciation and valuing of the contributions of Aboriginal people to the richness and diversity of Canadian life. Learning the importance of protecting human rights and of taking a stand against racism and other expressions of hatred and discrimination is also part of the foundation for responsible citizenship and ethical business practice.
De Coeur, T., Rawes, C., & Warecki, P. (2011). The Challenge and Change of Society. McGraw Hill Ryerson. | http://torontoeschool.com/online_courses/grade12/HSB4U.php |
Rosdi (Hj), Shazali (2012) Instructional management of head teachers and its relation to teachers' commitment to teaching work / Shazali Hj Rosdi. Masters thesis, Universiti Teknologi MARA.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine which of the 10 leadership functionscontained in the Principal Instructional Management Rating Scale (PIMRS), as identified by Hallinger (1983), are demonstrated by the head teacher and the nine items in the Teachers’ Commitment to Teaching Work (TCTW) demonstrated by teachers at three different types of primary school in the district of Kuching. The schools involve in the study are government national school, religious school, and a missionary school. A number of 150 questionnaires were distributed to the target respondents of teachers from the respective schools. The results and findings presented in this study are based on the following Research Objectives in which it meant to determine teachers’ perception toward the Head Teachers’ Instructional Management. The study also wishes to investigate whether the head teachers’ Instructional Management role has any relation to the teachers’ commitment to teaching work. Alongside, it is also expected to examine the relative importance of head teachers’ Instructional Management towards teachers’ commitment to teaching work. The study also sought to determine if there would be a significant difference in teachers’ perceptions of the head teachers' instructional management roles as well as to investigate teachers’ commitment to teaching work that will contribute to enhance student achievement and the school outcomes at large. Descriptive statistics were used to identify which instructional management functions were being demonstrated frequently by the head teachers as the instructional leader cum instructional managers at school. | http://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/15417/ |
The 2009 edition of Education at a Glance: OECD Indicators enables countries to see themselves in the light of other countries’ performance. It provides a rich, comparable and up-to-date array of indicators on the performance of education systems and represents the consensus of professional thinking on how to measure the current state of education internationally.
The indicators look at who participates in education, what is spent on it and how education systems operate and at the results achieved. The latter includes indicators on a wide range of outcomes, from comparisons of students’ performance in key subject areas to the impact of education on earnings and on adults’ chances of employment. New material in this edition includes first results from the OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) on teacher practices as well as teacher appraisal and feedback; an analysis of the social benefits of education; information on long-term unemployment and involuntary part-time work among young adults; a review of trends in attainment; data on the incentives to invest in education which show the benefits of education in dollar amount across OECD countries; and a picture of excellence in education for 15-year-olds, based on findings from the PISA study.
- Click to access:
-
Click to download PDF - 3.72MBPDF
-
Click to Read online and shareREAD
How much is spent per student?
Centre for Educational Research and Innovation
This indicator provides an assessment of the investment in each student. Expenditure on educational institutions per student is largely influenced by teachers’ salaries (see Indicators B6 and D3), pension systems, instructional and teaching hours (see Indicators B7, D1 and D4), the cost of teaching materials and facilities, the programme orientation provided to pupils/students (e.g. general or vocational) and the number of students enrolled in the education system (see Indicator C1). Policies to attract new teachers or to reduce average class size or change staffing patterns (see Indicator D2) have also contributed to changes in the expenditure on educational institutions per student over time.
English French
- Click to access: | https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/education-at-a-glance-2009/how-much-is-spent-per-student_eag-2009-14-en |
Student Learning Outcomes
Graduates of the Graduate Education Programs (GEP) (Instructional Technology or Reading Specialist) will demonstrate the ability to:
- Establish mutually respectful relationships with administrators, colleagues, students, and parents based on a solid values system that emphasizes mercy, justice, service, and hospitality.
- Effectively communicate with various school communities regarding current educational issues and trends and the principles of teaching and learning, which make schools effective and efficient.
- Design, organize, and manage system-wide curriculum that prepares students within areas relating to the goals of quality education.
- Coordinate district-wide subject area activities and subject area curriculum development.
- Conduct evaluations of curriculum and instruction and apply the results to encourage and facilitate curricular and instructional improvements.
- Use an understanding of how learning occurs as the basis for making curricular and instructional decisions that support the intellectual, social, and personal growth of all students.
- Use an understanding of individual and group motivation, instructional practices, and assessment to create school environments that foster effective and efficient curricular and instructional practices and procedures, and that enable all students to master curriculum and meet high standards.
- Use the tools of research and inquiry to gather and apply information needed to make educational decisions.
- Identify how educational technology can be used to facilitate and improve teaching and learning processes. | https://www.misericordia.edu/graduate-education/student-learning-outcomes |
“Ava will get her medication here in Ireland, absolutely, without a shadow of a doubt. If I have to put on my coat and walk back to Dublin for Ava's medication, believe me, I will do it. She cannot just be abandoned over there. We have what she needs, we have found the solution and it's up to the Government and the neurologist to provide the pathway to bring her home.”
It's almost two years since seven-year-old Ava Barry, from Aghabullogue in mid-Cork, was sent home from an Irish hospital.
Her parents had been told that they should make her as comfortable as possible as there was no more than could be done for her.
All pharmaceutical medication options had been exhausted to alleviate her Dravet Syndrome - a rare form of epilepsy that caused her to have multiple seizures a day.
The seizures, aggressive in nature, left Ava in constant danger of brain damage and were constantly life threatening.
Her parents Vera Twomey and Paul Barry never knew if the next seizure would be the one to claim her life.
Fast forward to 2017 and Ava is making significant progress with her intellectual development and health despite being held back by her illness for so long.
Now being treated with THC and CBD medicinal cannabis oil, that her family believe is the right course of treatment but is illegal in Ireland, she is far more responsive and has learned to dance and sing – as exemplified by family footage that was broadcast on TV3 news earlier this week.
The whole family, including Vera's husband Paul and their three other young children, have been through hell and back before relocating to Holland.
They moved to the Hague in June after receiving word that Dutch doctors would treat Ava with medicinal cannabis. However, Vera returned to Ireland last week with young kids Michael and Sophia due to return to school in their home village.
Ava remains in continental Europe with her dad, her family split in two, due to legalities, blocked legislation and the lack of a neurologist who is willing to oversee Ava's treatment in Ireland.
The split has left the family, which also includes two-year-old Elvera-Mae, in a state of limbo and not knowing when they will be able to reunite.
Vera is a formidable woman. She has to be. After spending countless days worrying about Ava's progress and quality of life over the years, those fears have begun to ease due to her rapid progress in recent months.
However, life for Vera's family remains a struggle with Ava and her dad marooned in Holland.
Vera's other three children are devastated by their father and sister's absence from the family home in Cork.
Reams of research from across the world has seen medicinal cannabis legalised in 30 states and 11 EU countries, for certain conditions, where programmes are run to allow patients with chronic pain illnesses access to THC-based cannabis products.
Vera has campaigned vigorously over the last year to try and get medicinal cannabis for Ava in Ireland but has so far been met with stern resistance from authorities and doctors.
In March, she embarked on a walk to Leinster House in Dublin from Aghabullogue to raise awareness of Ava's illness.
There, she met Health Minister Simon Harris and discussed Ava's plight. She hasn't heard from Minister Harris since.
In July, an Oireachtas Health Committee rejected a bill to legalise medicinal cannabis brought forward by People Before Profit TD Gino Kenny on the grounds that the legislation would not safeguard against supply of medicinal cannabis falling into the wrong hands for recreational use.
Minister Harris confirmed this week that no consultant has applied for a medicinal cannabis licence to treat patients despite the option being available for medicines that are not legal.
A compassionate access programme for illegal medicines is expected to be operational later this year but will only be open to people who receive confirmation from their consultant that medicinal cannabis is the appropriate treatment.
Vera and Paul have been unable to find an Irish consultant that believes it will benefit Ava's condition in this country.
This is in contrast to The Health Products Regulatory Authority reporting to Minister Harris earlier this year that medicinal cannabis should be prescribed for patients with severe epilepsy.
Vera's boundless enthusiasm, which is admirable under the circumstances, is no doubt fuelled by the vindication of watching Ava become the bright and alert little person she always knew she could be since moving to Holland.
“We are really getting to know Ava like we should have been doing all along,” says Vera.
“She's been through an awful lot. I've caught some of it on video but there are more things that we don't get because you're not filming all day long. We are really proud of her. The seizures have just eased away.
“She doesn't really get them anymore, it's amazing. The worst thing that would happen is that she might get a little shudder with a high temperature like any child with an infection could react. It's a different world completely.
“Pharmaceutical medication is not responsible for her improvement because we have been on it for seven years. She has never looked at me and started singing like she has done lately. She has never been able to recall a song that she hears an hour earlier and still have it in her head that she liked singing.
“Her balance has improved as you can see from her dancing and spinning around in the video. If you look at it, you'll see that the music started playing, but the song changed and she identified that. The second song she didn't like as much as the first so she stopped dancing. When the first piece came on again, she started dancing again.
“I have never before had Ava respond to her name when you call her. I'd always had to call her a few times to get her attention because if the delay. Her eating has improved. She would never have been able to eat consistently by herself at each meal day by day. Now, she can eat herself and it's more natural and she takes her time but that's just her, she's easy going.
“Even her demeanor and her stance; you can see that she's less constricted and not in pain. She's able to run around. Previously, if she was out in the garden she could run but she would topple over. It's not like that anymore.”
However, there is a threat Ava's progress. The family has no indication of how long Ava and her dad will have to remain living in Holland before the Department of Health and Ava's Irish neurologist will accept the clinical evidence from their Dutch colleagues and agree to treat her within the same conditions.
“This separation is devastating,” says Vera.
“It's really so cruel. Someone like Ava earns her progress so hard. Everything that she ever achieved. Every word that she ever garnered, she worked so hard for it. Every jigsaw, every little storybook, she had to work a hundred times harder to get that into her head unlike any other children without difficulties would have to do.
“She needs every aspect of help and support. She just needs the love of the people around her and the support of her brother and sisters. They're a support to her in their own way to her because they love her and they are all interacting. That has been taken away from her now. That's an awful loss and she has such a struggle anyway that this additional pressure being put on her is really disgusting.
“The thing is, she may not be able to verbalise it, but it doesn't mean that she doesn't feel it or doesn't miss us. Paul says her sleep was disturbed after we went so it's displayed in other ways that she misses us.
“I'd be very interested to find out what more I can do. We were told to go and get clinical evidence and we did what they asked us to do. Did they imagine that we've never leave the country? I don't know.”
Vera feels she and her husband Paul have been vindicated by the progress in Ava since she began her treatment under the Dutch medical system and now she wants to enter meaningful dialogue with Minister Harris once more.
She feels the evidence of Ava's improvement can no longer be ignored and she should be allowed to return home.
“I think it would be very beneficial if Simon would talk to me. I would like to have a conversation with him because I would like to tell him myself how well she's doing. I think that would be beneficial to him as much as to us. When you are sending information via email it's just not the same. I think Ava deserves Simon Harris to contact her family to talk about this, I really do.”
Despite having every door shut in her face, Vera believes it is only a matter of time before the Ava can be treated in her own country.
“I don't know how long it will be, but I will not give up on my child. There is no way that they can resist this. We will get medication for this child because she deserves a chance."
A GoFundMe page, set up to help the family with the costs of medical treatment and living expenses in Holland, can be accessed at www.gofundme.com/qcn2a-ava-barry.
Alternatively, those who would like to donate can do so privately at AIB branches by asking about the Ava Barry account. | https://www.echolive.ie/corknews/arid-40178517.html |
Where I live, a light snow is a big event, to be wondered at rather than plowed.
The yellowed photograph, the size of a playing card, is tacked to the wall in my mother's house, right above my desk. It shows a tiny frame house blanketed in white. An old woman, my grandmother, stands in the open door. You need a magnifying glass to read Ava Bundrum's expression, but on her face appears to be a look that is part fascination, part suspicion, as if she is trying to decide whether to step off into this alien stuff, or duck back inside and wait it out till the thaw.
No one here seems to remember how that picture came to be, but I fixed it to the wall because I like looking at it, because it makes me smile. It is proof of the Southerner's never-ending wonderment with snow.
Ava never went north of Lookout Mountain. She lived her life in the low hills along the Alabama-Georgia line, and seldom saw deep snow. Though, one year, a late snowfall did all but cover the buttercups she had planted inside an old tire at the edge of the driveway. And because it was so rare, it was always wonderful and, in a way, maybe even a little frightening.
She had sayings for the weather. If thunder shook the house and a big rain turned the air around her to gray, she would mumble: "Ole devil's beatin' his wife." But she had nothing for snow. It was too infrequent. She would merely stand and look at it, through the thick glass of her spectacles.
When enough of it had fallen onto the cars and trucks in the yard, she would wrap a shawl around her head and slog through it, a dishpan in one hand and a spatula in the other. She would scoop a gallon or so of the snow into the pan, then hurry inside. Working fast, she would mix in sweetened condensed milk and a little sugar, and maybe some vanilla flavoring. Then she would portion it out to us boys, her grandsons, and announce to us: "Snow cream." And it was good.
The Yankees say we don't know how to drive in it, how to walk on it, or even stand. They may be right. But if they had not come down here to live among us, abandoning the tundra of home, they would not be here to know.
I like that people here are not used to it. I have walked hip-deep through the dirty gray snow of New York and Boston, and have seen whole cars disappear under grimy snowplowed ice, along with my fascination.
I still feel it, some, when I see children rush into a snowfall that could not cover pea gravel. I see them using spatulas and spoons to scrape up enough snow to make the saddest snowmen you have ever seen, more red mud that anything else. They last a day, or a morning, and then become forlorn lumps. I have seen children make snow angels in what, mostly, seemed to be slick gravel. But I love to see them try.
Ava never went to a place where such things were mundane. The snow was always exotic, and if the Yankees had any sense they would recognize that she was exotic, too, a kind of hothouse flower, surviving in this one special, humid place. I miss her all the time, but more when the ground turns white. | https://www.southernliving.com/culture/dixie-snow |
A motions hearing for Trent Getty was closed to the public and the press on Wednesday morning at the request of his attorneys.
Judge Tod Young granted the motion to exclude the public and the press, though he said that some portions of the hearings could be open.
Maria Pence and Jamie Henry are representing Getty, who has been in custody since Jan. 10, 2015, in the death of his 2-month old daughter Ava.
“The court’s aware of the public’s interest in this case,” Young said.
He said that the U.S. Supreme Court and the Nevada Supreme Court have agreed that the right for a defendant to receive a fair trial is paramount.
The Record-Courier entered an objection to the motion on Wednesday afternoon.
The trial will be open to the public, Young said.
A three-day motions hearing includes arguments on the introduction of photographs, recordings made by investigators and suppression of some evidence.
Young sealed the case file and excluded the press from a hearing on recordings related to the case, which would include Getty’s statements to detectives.
Pence opposed introduction of a bed into the courtroom, that Deputy District Attorney Erik Levin said might be used as a demonstration of how Ava could have struck her head on the bedpost.
Levin told Young that he knew he would have to lay a foundation to get the bed and the swing before the jury.
Pence’s objection was due to the fact that the bed had been released as evidence and was at a neighbor’s house, before it was taken back for use.
“That bed can’t ever be put back the way it was,” she said.
Ava was brought into the emergency room after Getty brought her in with unknown injuries. He was questioned and released that morning before investigators learned she might have been the victim of a blow to the head. She was taken off life support a few days later.
A warrant was issued for Getty, and he was taken into custody on Jan. 10 in Sacramento, and he has been in custody ever since.
Levin is representing the state and will be prosecutor in the trial scheduled for later this year.
Pence has opposed having the public at hearings from the start of proceedings, including the preliminary hearing, where she challenged the press and public from attending.
East Fork Justice of the Peace Tom Perkins overruled that objection.
Getty brought his unresponsive daughter, Ava, to Carson Valley Medical Center around 2:15 a.m. Jan. 7, 2015.
According to Douglas County investigators, Getty left the center before doctors could learn what happened to the girl.
A short time later, Getty was contacted by Carson City authorities and agreed to return to Minden, where he was questioned by Douglas County investigators.
Douglas County investigators interviewed him and then released him before they learned Ava’s injuries were suspicious.
Washoe County Coroner Dr. Ellen Clark testified during the preliminary hearing that Ava’s death was due to a blunt force trauma to the head.
“It is in my opinion that Ava’s injuries and aggravated injuries happened at the hand of another individual,” Clark testified. “Because of Ava’s age and the number of injuries she did have.”
Pence questioned Clark’s conclusion based on Ava’s two-day long period on life support. She explained that injuries Clark used in determining her conclusion could have been a result of those life-sustaining measures.
Getty is denying the charge, saying he picked up Ava at around 7 p.m. Jan. 6, he put her in her swing, gave her a bottle, and then fell asleep on the couch.
He woke to her swing tipped over and Ava lying on the floor.
Clark testified injuries discovered while Ava was being treated in Renown’s Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, were characteristic of a blow to the back of Ava’s head.
However, she was unable to determine what caused the blow to the back of the infant’s head, something Pence said could have happened due to Ava falling from her swing.
Pence introduced precedents from several similar preliminary hearings, explaining that the state would have to not only prove that there was in fact a crime committed, but that it was not an accident.
Use the comment form below to begin a discussion about this content. | https://www.nevadaappeal.com/news/2016/jan/28/hearing-in-infants-death-closed-to-public/ |
So intriguing is this music, though, that I’m certain it must be inspired by some muse, some mystical, sensual, mentally unstable enchantress. If I’m worth my weight in words as a critic, I believe the key lies in discovering the true identity of this Ava Luna character. Who is behind this nervous soul? I want definitive answers.
In pursuit of my quest I attended the sextet’s homecoming show at the Silent Barn in Bushwick. I was joined by a sold out crowd of family, friends, and true fans of the group. Between the setting, the band, and the familiar faces — I ran into friends who live all the way uptown in Manhattan, former employers, and tens of recognizable faces — it seemed like a Brooklynite version of “Friday Night Lights.” Only instead of football, we have Ava Luna.
I tried to gather some clues of her identity during the first few songs of the set. Boy, did I have my work cut out for me.
Whoever is responsible for the architecture of their musical composition has an unbelievable understanding of sound. Complementary rhythms swarmed from all sides of the stage from varying genres and instruments, all independently out of place but somehow coalescing to form an elegant mania that moved with the precision of an expertly crafted machine. Single melodies were delicate harmonies between guitar, bass, and keyboard, and the larger structure of songs varied wildly — a little funk here, a little dissonance there, some pauses, some pullbacks, some ups and some downs. Do you like catchy hooks? Well, here’s some reverby screams to go with that.
This singularly inventive composition is made more impressive considering that the predominant harmonies, chord progressions, and melodies are not especially unique. Instead, these performers instill their minimalistic instrumentation with intangible emotion and a timbre that waivers between desperately groovy and gravely desperate. Frontman Carlos Hernandez croons in a shaky, sultry falsetto over extremely rhythmic guitar melodies that occasionally erupted into fits of noise or disturbing solos. Other times he’d harmonize with his guitar using timeless chord changes that recall the golden highway harmonies of classic rock, supremely complemented by the smooth R&B licks of keyboardist Felicia Douglass. Becca Kaufmann chipped in with a wiry, strung out second guitar using repetition to great effect. She’d either bring them funkily to life or eerily ring ‘em out in a demonic cadence. Meanwhile, drummer Julian Fader brought the basic snare/bass/high-hat meat and potatoes, but played them aggressively loud creating a jarring effect.
“Nervous soul…” I thought to myself, stroking my beard. “Yess perhaps this is true…” Still, the question remains: who does the soul belong to?! Songwriting credits are given not to an individual band member but to “Ava Luna.” Until the fourth song, Hernandez served maestro duties, so maybe Ava Luna is his female alter ego? He does occasionally sing from a female perspective. So, there you have it. Mystery solved.
And then the band played “Sears Roebuck M&Ms,” an exquisite track off their new LP Electric Balloon. And Becca Kaufmann started to sing.
Already a charismatic on-stage presence without singing a single note, I was certain I must’ve found the single entity known as Ava Luna. Not only is she a more gender-appropriate pick than Hernandez, but clad in Cleopatra eyeliner and Debbie Harry digs she also has all the mysterious charisma I’d associate with an Ava Luna. Taking a page from Tina Waymouth in the Tom Tom Club hit “Genius of Love,” Kaufmann started to delicately pseudorap with animated charm: Everybody says we’re talkiiiin’, everybody says we’re talkin… about the new sweet thang! over delectably plucked funky guitar and bass and she’d coo and holler and shout in suggestive gibberish and… oh dear… excuse me… I need to catch my breath. I don’t know what the “new sweet thing” is, buuuut I think I like it.
Yes! So Becca Kaufmann is Ava Luna! That’s it folks, signed, sealed, delivered.
But, what’s this? Hernandez comes roaring back, warbling sensuously in “Crown:” yooooouuuuu’re just a little child. and IIIIIIIII need a man! Shit, wait, so Luna is Hernandez?! But then Douglass took over vocal duties for an old school slowjam and tore down the house. And now they’re all harmonizing at once? AH FUCK. I give up.
The final few songs of the set did not waiver in keeping with Ava Luna’s badassery, whoever she is. Whenever the band wasn’t playing, you could hear some sort of passionate exclamation from the crowd in response to just how otherworldly this music is, whether it be someone making an aside to their friend “this is seriously my favorite song!”, or a knee-jerk “FUCK!” response to hits so funky they answer James Brown’s famous pleas from “The Payback” — Gonna get some hits-ah! I need those hits-ah!
The band’s final respite was met with an astonished silence before one heroic audience member yelled “IS THAT HOW YOU ASK FOR AN ENCORE? JUST FUCKING HOPE THEY COME BACK ONSTAGE?” The crowd exploded in cheers and Ava Luna obliged.
I’m still no closer to finding out the true identity of this mysterious woman, but I will continue my search. I was in such a damn state of euphoria by the time the show closed, I almost spent more than half of the $23 I have to survive on until this weekend on a new Ava Luna vinyl. Even since I started writing this review, I’ve purchased four of their songs online. And while I didn’t conclude my investigation, the news isn’t all bad. My next paycheck comes on Friday and I won’t be letting up any time soon. | https://pretextsocialclub.com/the-elegant-mania-of-ava-luna-ignites-the-silent-barn/ |
Ava came to see me because she had been suffering with extreme vertigo for the past three years. Uncompensated labyrintis occurs when the inner ear becomes damaged and does not heal after eight weeks. Basically, the brain must then relearn how to correct the faulty signals that are coming from the sufferer’s damaged inner ear. Until then, you can experience dizziness, imbalance, and fatigue.
Ava’s brain was taking a long time to learn how to reinterpret the signals coming from her inner ear. Hence her continual bouts of vertigo which were unpredictable and could last for days. The strange part is that dizziness is actually part of the healing process as it shows that your brain is trying to correct the faulty signals.
Despite all this, Ava kept insisting that her life, in general, was happy and that she was happy. But still there were things she missed doing like skiing and dancing. Ava (30) was married and also wanted to start having children, but she was constantly afraid of falling down and didn’t dare have a baby for fear of falling while carrying the child.
Underneath her presenting issue of vertigo, however, was another story. When Ava was 18 and just beginning university, 200 km away from home, one morning, she spoke to her mother on the phone. Later that day she received a call that her mother had died in a car accident. This tragedy was particular difficult for her for many reasons, not to mention, the accident being so unexpected and her mother’s death so sudden. Ava was an only child. And finding herself far from home, without any real friends at the new school, she had no one to go to for immediate comfort.
There were also many difficult consequences as a result of her mother’s death. Ava’s father sold or got rid of everything belonging to her mother without telling her or letting her take anything for herself. He remarried after two years, and upon hearing the news of his engagement, Ava experienced for the first time her heart palpitating and loss of breath.
It felt to me that the vertigo seemed to mirror her “losing her ground” as if the “world was pulled out from under her and left her spinning.” Most of our time together would be spent around acceptance – of her mother’s death, of her father’s remarriage, of her physical limitations. However, we also needed to immediately address Ava’s constant fear of falling, which was stopping her some days from leaving the house.
For this, I drew on one of Viktor Frankl’s (1905-1997) major insights which he observed during his time as a prisoner, but also as a psychoanalyst, in four different concentration camps during World War II. He noticed that anxiety can build up undesirable pressure and affect the outcome of a person’s actions. By changing one’s attitude in completely the opposite direction, the person can often overcome his or her internal struggle. He called this technique “paradoxical intention,” based on the twofold fact that “fear brings about that which one is afraid of, and that hypertension makes impossible what one wishes.”
In other words, the client is invited, even for a moment, to intend precisely what he or she fears. This reverse in attitude “takes the wind out of the anxiety.” For example, Frankl once advised a bookkeeper who was suffering from writer’s cramp to practice writing as badly as possible, which cured him in 48 hours. Another one of Frankl’s clients was a woman who was obsessed with cleanliness to the point of suicide. Frankl advised her to actively seek bacteria – to clean out toilets in a hospital ward. Within weeks, her neurosis was manageable and not long afterwards she was cured.
So when Ava told me she was afraid of falling, I first asked her if she had ever fallen. In fact, during her three years of living with vertigo, Ava had never once fallen. “Put a mattress down in your living room floor,” I said, “and try to feel unstable. Try to fall.”
This seemed to work. The next time I saw Ava she looked brighter and more peaceful despite feeling slightly dizzy. After spending one afternoon “trying to fall,” she managed to find the inner courage later in the week to walk to the Saturday market on her own. “Later that afternoon and Sunday as well, I actually felt well,” Ava said with a soft smile. “A feeling that was so familiar and yet odd. I became very happy and hopeful.”
By the time we ended our meetings, Ava was much more accepting of her reality – her past and present, and more hopeful about her future. She was no longer afraid of falling, and was even planning to travel on a plane and go skiing again! During our last time together, Ava’s was shining when she said, “You helped me move from the wrong path to the right one. Now I listen to my inner voice.” Instead of her brain trying to listen to her damaged inner ear, Ava was sending it messages from her inner heart.
Next time you can’t sleep, try not to sleep. Try to stay awake as long as possible. Get up, read, do the dishes, practice some yoga or meditation. See how sleepy you become. Can’t stop shaking/perspiring/(whatever) when you are nervous? Try showing people just how much you can shake or perspire! In all cases, humor helps along with identifying and then dis-identifying from the fear. As Frankl stated, as soon as you stop fighting your obsessions and instead “try to ridicule them by dealing with them in an ironical way – the vicious circle is cut.”
Start today to lovingly and humorously cut your vicious circle of fear and move towards Joy!
Special thanks for Ava (not her real name) for giving me permission to share her story.
References
Frankl, Viktor E. (1984). Man’s Search for Meaning. New York: Pocket Books. | https://loveandwill.com/2015/08/27/the-healing-paradox/ |
‘Tis the Season
This last month has been a roller coaster y’all. From a minor scare with Ava to the Marine Corps’ 242nd birthday ball to a short trip back to the United States, we have been all over the place mentally, emotionally, and physically. I hope y’all had a filling and joyful Thanksgiving meal with your family and friends.
As a yearly tradition, each Marine Corps unit and squadron celebrates the birthday of the service branch during the month of November. This year, our squadron’s ball was in our hangar instead of at the officer club. At first, I was nervous about how it would turn out. I know Marines have a way of waiting until the absolute last minute to do anything. Squadron balls can either be a total hit or a total flop. Let me tell y’all, I was floored at how beautiful everything looked. The hangar was scrubbed sparkling clean, the decorations were perfectly placed, an Osprey and Cobra were staged at the main doors for us to take pictures in front of, and a massive stage for a live band was built beside the aircrafts. The food was delicious and they graciously served us buffet style. My heart skipped a beat when I saw there was mashed potatoes and brown gravy. Those two items are one of the many things I miss about home, especially since you can’t really find it on the island. The best thing about the Marine Corps Ball every year is seeing all the men and women dressed in their nicest uniforms. All their medals shining in the lights, the traditions that take place before the fun starts, and the overwhelming sense of family that brings us all together… Words can hardly describe how awesome ball season is.
The next weekend, David and I made our way to Maryland to spend some time at the Naval Academy. Our flights were long, but when we finally got to the school, it was worth all that time on an airplane. I didn’t have the honor of going to the Academy like David did, but one can still appreciate the history that surrounds every inch of the grounds. We hadn’t been to Annapolis since we first starting dating two years ago and while I saw a lot of the school during that trip, I saw way more this time around. We spent hours wandering around the campus as David told me stories from his days as a midshipman there. The coolest thing about the city is that it’s saturated with history. Not just as a place that groomed American military heroes, but our founding fathers definitely visited or lived not too far away. David set up a haunted pub crawl and I highly encourage everyone to take this tour. We stopped at Ram’s Head, Harry Brown’s, Middleton Tavern, and the State House along our journey. Our guide was a great story teller and kept us entertained the entire time.
On our last day in Maryland, we were blessed with the opportunity to visit a previous member of David’s squadron that he hadn’t seen since the mishap in August. This family had gone through ups and downs with numerous surgeries, hospitals in two countries, and tons of therapy. What shocked us the most is how enthusiastic and uplifting the whole clan of seven was. They talked so highly of all the people they had encountered along the way and that each day is a blessing. They were a huge encouragement to us and helped David get some closure about what happened to his fellow Marines. We also had the pleasure of meeting up with a member of David’s family on the same day. I think he read my mind when he sent us the address to a local Mexican food place. I’m pretty sure my body composition is 68.2 percent Mexican food since I eat it so much.
That night, we drove down to Virginia to visit David’s friends from college in Norfolk. We are so thankful they opened up their home to us and let us finish out the remainder of our trip with their family. Thanksgiving Day felt kind of like a blur. Even though we had been back in the country for five days at this point, the time difference was kicking my butt. I had to take a short nap to reenergize myself to help finish cooking and talk with the other ladies who were there. All of the food we ate was so yummy and I’m pretty sure I gained ten pounds from everything I ate that day. While the guys stayed behind with the little ones, all of the ladies piled in a car and started our holiday shopping around 6 that evening. I have never been holiday shopping aside from Goodwill and thrift stores. I don’t think I prepared myself for the madness. By the time we got home, we had gone to Kohls, Walmart, Old Navy, and two Targets. Don’t worry. I got my fix of the amazing popcorn at Target. As soon as we got home, I took all my shopping bags upstairs, showered, packed, and went straight to bed. We unfortunately had to leave the next morning to catch our flights back to Okinawa.
Our scare with Ava was a little frightening to me since I was over 7,000 miles away and couldn’t do anything. I had a missed call from the kennel she was staying at, but they didn’t leave a voicemail. Luckily, you can communicate with them through Facebook, so I messaged them my information and asked if everything was okay. During the week she was there, another Ava was having a mini vacation. This Ava was on medication for seizures. Our Ava is healthy with an extra dose of attitude. We are lucky she doesn’t have to take medicine. The kennel responded that they accidentally mixed up the two dogs and gave our Ava anti-seizure medication. My heart dropped for my poor baby. I quickly got another message that they had consulted a vet and said that they were confident she would be completely fine. During our whole journey back to Okinawa, all I could think about was Ava and how much she probably wanted to come home.
As soon as we got back, we immediately drove over to the kennel to pick her up. Normally, Ava will almost tackle you and shower you with kisses, then cold shoulder you the rest of the day. This time she definitely did not do that. While I finished up paperwork, David went back to her kennel and got her. When he opened the door, I expected her tail to wag and for her to be excited. Instead, she went straight for the door. I don’t think David could have opened it fast enough since she was dragging him across the lobby. I think she was happy to go home with us. I wasn’t upset with the kennel for their mistake. I knew Ava was in safe hands with the vet staff and I was happy the kennel let me know immediately what had happened. They were very professional about the whole ordeal and I was thankful for that.
We were sad to leave the United States, but it’s okay. We have roughly 782 days until David’s tour in Okinawa ends, but who’s counting?
God Bless ♡
Follow my blog with Bloglovin
-
jessica rossiDecember 1, 2017 at 3:19 am
Wowza! That was an intense week to be sure!
Comments are closed. | http://www.deltahoteljuliet.com/2017/11/30/tis-the-season/ |
Getting up after a fall, taking challenges in stride, and overcoming obstacles are all things Ava’s parents have watched her do all her life, both in and out of the saddle. When Ava was just a toddler, she started to experience difficulty hearing, probably due to a viral infection, and now she lives with profound hearing loss. Daily life as a teenager and high school student presents struggles on top of those Ava experiences as a rider and an athlete, so Ava is constantly adapting. Hearing loss isn’t something that can be fixed immediately. Glasses and contacts might fix eyesight immediately for as long as they’re in use. Hearing aids do not. They only turn the volume up, so Ava still has to process the sounds, think about the appropriate response, and go from there.
Ava explains, “In conversations, I hear the first, last and middle words, then put the pieces together. So if I only heard, Hi….you...today? I would think, Oh, Hi, how are you doing today? That's the typical sentence. So I do misunderstand, and it’s important that when I ask for a phrase or something to be repeated, I don’t mean say it louder. I want you to be clearer with diction and pull the entire word out better. If it takes me a little longer to reply, it’s because I’m processing. Over the years, I’ve gotten to a place where nobody even knows I have hearing loss. That’s why it’s called an invisible disability, which doesn’t undermine the fact that it’s HARD, and extremely tiring; it’s just how I've adjusted to living with hearing loss."
At the barn, Ava uses a CeeCoach system to ride. They connect to her hearing aids, and her trainer wears the other device which has wired earbuds. Because she can’t use it when she shows due to trainer interference, Ava has to rely on other riders. She can’t hear if a rider is coming up behind her in flat classes or warm-ups, so she can only hope they are going to adhere to the basic rules. “It’s hard and there’s a lot of repeating and trot circles,” Ava admits, “but because I’ve learned to adapt and adjust, challenges are inviting to me when riding. I want to learn how to overcome certain obstacles, quite literally!” Ava is happy to chat about how she makes it all work, and it’s clear that there’s more to her riding than just overcoming the logistical problems that stem from her disability. A lifetime of facing challenges has instilled in her a persistent work ethic and a healthy sense of humor. In many ways, living with hearing loss allowed Ava to develop skills that make her a better rider, not just a strong competitor whose success is measured in blue ribbons, but a true horsewoman and partner for her current horse and “platonic soulmate” Lando.
Years of relying on social and physical cues rather than just spoken words mean Ava feels connected to Lando in a unique way. “I think my horse and I are on a different level of communication. Not necessarily a better one, but a more accommodating level. He knows when I’m stressed, and he does his absolute best to make me feel better. As for me as a rider, I can sense when he’s nervous. He slows down, and takes a long look at whatever it is. If we’re coming up to a jump, he’ll start doing this at least 5 strides out and that’s when I know to boost his confidence and drive with my seat.” Ava knows when he’s frustrated, even though it may not be clear to others, and she can sense when he’s happy or proud, so she always tries to end their time together on a good note.
Ava and Lando got off to a rocky start, so she had to pull from her own experience to get through the early days of their partnership. When they had only been together a month, Lando had a hoof injury that needed daily flushing and wrapping, and required stall rest for two months. At first, he was uncomfortable and touchy about anyone messing with him. “After some time, he got quite tolerant, and now trusts me to help him when he’s hurt or not happy. There was one time where we had to sedate him for laser therapy treatment, and I sat with him in his stall for a few hours, and we both fell asleep at some point. His sedation wore off while I was still snoozing, but he was a saint, and continued to keep his head in my lap. I had the side of my face resting on his forehead. It was really special and sweet.”
Ava continues, “I think, as someone who has dealt with personal setbacks, I understand that support is an absolute necessity. Not being able to hear for a few weeks after some surgeries can get really isolating, and you feel like you’re living in your own world. I relied heavily on family and friends to help me with basic things, like pain control, doctor’s visits, care packages and simply being social in my own way. So having had that on my end, I understood how Lando felt. He’s not able to go out with his friends, because he’d reinjure his hoof or get an infection. As we got to know each other, he got more comfortable around me, and his personality came out to stay. I’m sure he understands in some way that I’m not fully able, and can’t hear as well. He makes up for that by being the most perfect under saddle and on the ground. He’s the absolute best, he’s adjustable, lets me learn at my own pace, supports and gives me confidence when needed, and I do all of the above, and more, in return for his efforts.”
Just because Ava has managed to adapt and even thrive as a rider with hearing loss doesn’t mean she’s not ready to point out issues with accommodation and inclusion in equestrian sport. Horses have an almost universal appeal and ability to capture the imagination of people from all walks of life. But, when we look at the top levels of equestrian sport, things start to look pretty homogenous. It’s not enough just to say that everyone is welcome. We need to address the obstacles that stop people from achieving their riding goals. As a person of color, Ava says she doesn’t often see herself represented in horse related publications. And as a rider with a disability, she’s struggled to deal with the paperwork and jump through the hoops required to get the accommodations she needs at shows. She’s missed classes due to grainy speakers, and she often has to rely on friends to make sure gets the information she needs.
Ava also gives more examples. Riders come in all shapes and sizes; yet if we look through a catalogue, almost all the models are a size 2. And we all know how muddy the grounds can be at shows if the weather is bad. Imagine you are in a wheelchair, and it’s almost impossible to get around. “All these things say, in so many words, there’s not a place for you here. We can’t just ask people to come join our sport when it’s not welcoming in the first place. We have to keep trying when something is important. I can’t just give up on trying to hear because I’m tired and don’t want to anymore.”
As riders, we spend a lot of time trying to get over obstacles. We calculate the distances and figure out what we need to do to clear the jump in front us. Ava suggests doing the same when we see issues with lack of access and inclusivity in the sport. It shouldn’t be next to impossible to get permission to use necessary accommodations at shows when you have a documented disability. And if a publication doesn't include people of color, they should take the time to do the research and seek out a more diverse group of riders to feature. Spend the extra money and send out a photographer, because visibility is important. “In any situation where you don’t ever see yourself reflected, that is isolating. But we can change that,” Ava says, “by supporting everybody and celebrating everything that makes a person unique.”
But it’s not just up to the federations and companies to tackle obstacles, all of us in the horse community, whether we are hanging out at the barn or on social media, can make a difference. As someone who lives with an invisible disability, Ava is quick to remind us that we never really know what someone is going through. Many in this sport deal with mental health issues and have even quit riding due to toxicity. “If you notice that I or anybody else is struggling, regardless of any defining factors like a disability, go give them your support. Recently I showed up to a lesson with Lando, stressed and crying, and my trainer gave me a hug, and warmed Lando up for me, until I felt like I was present enough and mentally there for him. It means a lot when people notice if you’re not feeling well. Don’t make a massive deal out of it, just check in, cheer for them during their ride, give them a compliment or two. Those go a long way.”
Long term, Ava hopes to stay in this sport as long as possible and continue working toward making the riding community a more welcoming, inclusive place. But for now, she’s just trying to stay on top of being a high school student in the middle of a pandemic, while holding down a part-time job and continuing to improve her riding. When challenges start to mount up and she feels like she’s losing motivation, Ava focuses on how proud her younger self would be of how far she’s come. And, of course, Lando is always waiting for her at the barn. “I love him to bits and pieces, and he’s done nothing to ever sway that. It would break my heart to have this thrilling, happy connection and partnership end. He deserves the world. I’m going to try to give him as much as I can.”
Photos courtesy of Ava. | https://www.noellefloyd.com/blogs/sport/how-ava-stauber-uses-her-personal-obstacles-to-encourage-inclusivity-in-the-equestrian-sport |
Ex Machina takes its name from the phrase “Deus ex machina” (pronounced with a “k” not a “ch” sound). Used in ancient Greek theatre, it literally translates “God from the machine.” The film plays with the concepts of what a god is, what a machine is, how these concepts relate to our humanity and ultimately what that means for whoever is in control of the situation.
As the film opens, Caleb (Domhnall Gleeson), a programmer at a Googlesque search engine company, has won the opportunity to spend a week with the company's founder Nathan (Oscar Isaac) at his secluded residence. Upon arrival, Caleb discovers that his prize vacation will be different than he had planned. After confessing that his home is also a top secret research facility and making Caleb sign an ironclad non-disclosure agreement, Nathan gives him a key-card with access to all the rooms in his home, excepting a few. Nathan explains that he has been using much of his wealth to research artificial intelligence (AI) and that he has brought Caleb there to perform a type of “Turing Test,” a classic test of artificial intelligence systems that is deemed passed if a human can not accurately determine whether they are communicating with a human or a machine. The twist with this test is that Ava (Alicia Vikander), Nathan's AI, is quite obviously a machine, and Nathan wants Caleb to determine whether “she” truly has consciousness or a soul.
Early in their discussions about AI, Caleb and Nathan discuss what the criteria of his test should be and mention an early classic type of AI, the chess playing computer. They decide that it cannot be truly said to be conscious because it isn't aware that it's playing a game. So the question in regards to Ava is, “Does she know that she's playing chess?” From that point the film becomes a mental game of chess that keeps you guessing about who holds the advantage.
An added wrinkle to the mental chess game being played is Ava's sexuality. The AI that Caleb is evaluating is very much embodied as female. When Caleb questions Nathan about this and asks Nathan if he programmed Ava to “like” him, Nathan insists that sexuality is a component of human intelligence and therefore an appropriate component of a fully fleshed AI. The fact that Ava's sexuality has an effect on Caleb's objectivity is clear.
The character of Nathan functions as a metaphorical mad god, obsessed with his own power and ideas. It is obvious that he feels creating an intelligence as sophisticated as Ava has elevated his status. His godhood has come as a result of the machine he has created. Through most of the film his actions are that of a petulant, loose canon. He drinks to excess and, while claiming to want to be “friends” with Caleb, does everything to make sure he remains in control. He as much as admits that he wants get into Caleb’s head when he claims “I'm Kirk, your head's the Warp Drive, Engage intellect.”
The film is structured around a number of “sessions” during which Caleb conducts his test of Ava. Even before their first meeting literal cracks appear, suggesting that everything is not as it seems. As Caleb questions her, Ava herself questions the validity of the test when she asks “what happens if I don't pass your test?” and after Caleb claims it's not up to him, she responds “why is it up to anyone?” In a later session she playfully turns the tables on Caleb by questioning him and asking “Are you a good person?” It's an interaction that basically asks, “does anyone have the right to determine your value and whether you qualify as sufficiently ‘human?’” As the sessions progress, Ava becomes more human in behaviour, but also visually as more of her mechanical parts are covered with a wig and clothing. The first suggestion that she might be more than either Nathan or Caleb expects is when during a session she admits to Caleb that she has the ability to cause the home's power to temporarily surge and shut down the cameras that Nathan is using to view and record the session. During one of these shutdowns mid-session she warns Caleb that Nathan is not to be trusted. The audience is left to wonder if she's genuine, or playing a game.
Ex Machina clearly has much to say on how humans view themselves as creative beings and how we view that power in relationship to others, especially those we might consider less human, and to God. | https://www.christiancourier.ca/playing-god/ |
Sheryl Lee Ralph Says Abbott Elementary Cast Knew "We Had Something Special" | Kickback with Kindred
Sheryl Lee Ralph reflects upon the singular success of Abbott Elementary and her incredible journey to this point, as both a legendary actress and working mom. She reveals how she felt after meeting Quinta Brunson and reading the script, as well as why she’s so proud to see her character Barbara Howard on TV, finally getting her flowers. She also explains how the current state of education aligns with the show, and she shares advice and encouragement for young parents trying to navigate through it all. Plus, she ponders an alternate life within the school system and reveals whether she would have been a teacher, like Mrs. Howard, or a principal, like Ava (but maybe not exactly like Ava). Kickback with Kindred as Kindred’s Senior Video Producer, Kareema Bee, chats with the legendary Sheryl Lee Ralph. | https://www.msn.com/en-us/video/lifestyle/sheryl-lee-ralph-says-abbott-elementary-cast-knew-we-had-something-special-kickback-with-kindred/vp-AAYMNkM |
The Strange and Beautiful Sorrows of Ava Lavender Summary & Study Guide includes comprehensive information and analysis to help you understand the book. This study guide contains the following sections:
This detailed literature summary also contains Quotes and a Free Quiz on The Strange and Beautiful Sorrows of Ava Lavender by Leslye Walton.
“The Strange and Beautiful Sorrows of Ava Lavender” is a young adult fantasy novel by Leslye Walton, which recounts the family history, and early life of Ava Lavender, a girl born with wings. Ava’s maternal family originates from France to settle in New York, including her grandmother, Emilienne. Emilienne struggles with love in her youth, and the deaths of her three siblings and both parents leave her shaken and wanting to leave New York. As a result, at the age of 20, she marries 31-year-old baker, Connor Lavender, who had previously believed he was not marriageable material due to his deformed leg as a result of childhood polio. Emilienne promises him one child if he will get her as far away from New York as possible. She and Connor then move to Seattle, where several months later, Emilienne gives birth to their only child, a daughter named Viviane. Connor dies of a heart-attack not long after, leaving Emilienne to run the bakery.
Viviane, as a child, befriends Jack Griffith, a neighborhood kid, and as teenagers, they fall in love with one another. Jack’s father, however, has high expectation of his son, which Jack can never meet. He breaks up with Viviane in order to marry a wealthy girl for her money and for the status it will afford him. Nevertheless, Jack still sleeps with Viviane once, who later gives birth to twins –the winged Ava Lavender, and her brother, the very-quiet Henry Lavender.
Ava and Henry are kept at home by Viviane, who worries that they will not do well out in the world. Nevertheless, Ava befriends a new girl on the block named Cardigan, who is happy to visit with Ava regularly. When they are both 15, they notice a young man arriving at the Widow Marigold Pie’s house in the neighborhood. They learn the man is an aspiring priest named Nathaniel Sorrows, who has been sent to take care of his aunt and help her get her health in order. Ava is immediately smitten with Nathaniel. On the first night Ava ever sneaks out with Cardigan, along with Cardigan’s older brother, Rowe, to head to the reservoir, while heading home alone, she encounters Nathaniel. Nathaniel has been struck by her wings, believing her to be an angel. She allows Nathaniel to touch her wings, and over the next few weeks, does everything she can to get Nathaniel to notice her. She preens her feathers in her open window so he can see her, and she leaves piles of feathers for him on his aunt’s doorstep. She begins to imagine what a married life with Nathaniel would be like, only to discover, in the end, that her crush is no more than a crush. Ava ends up falling in love with Rowe, instead.
Nathaniel, however, has become obsessed with Ava. While she is on her way home one night in the rain after a neighborhood celebration, Nathaniel invites her into his aunt’s house, where he proceeds to attack and rape her, stunned to discover that she is not an angel after all. Enraged, he hacks off her wings, and flees the house. Viviane, who has noticed her daughter is missing, is driving to find Ava when she sees Nathaniel running down the street. Two of Viviane’s dead ancestors appear with Nathaniel, and cause him to burst into flames and disappear. Ava is rushed to the hospital, while the entire neighborhood turns out in a vigil of prayer for her. At home, she recovers slowly, her wings regrowing, and she endeavors to survive in order to return the love Rowe has given her. While Ava recovers, Emilienne herself begins to weaken, and ultimately passes away. At the end of the novel, now recovered, for the first time in her life, Ava takes to the night sky in flight. | http://www.bookrags.com/studyguide-the-strange-and-beautiful-sorrows-of-ava-lavender/ |
Anahita Khorsandi is a pianist living in DC area. She started playing piano at age 6 with Mr. Pardis, who was one of the best teachers at the time. After that she started taking lessons from Mojgan Salehi who was also one of the best teachers. She has also studied piano in a conservatory of Tehran for several years. She moved to the USA at age 18 and started to teach piano to kids. After a while, she decided to study marketing to open her own business. She has studied marketing in University of Massachusetts. As a result of her life-long study of both music and marketing, Anahita Khorsandi founded the Ava Music School based on the philosophy that developing emotional depth, artistic maturity and a genuine love of music is the essence of musical study. Ava Music school is founded in 2017 by Anahita Khorsandi, who serves as a director.
Sheida Jenkins
Music For Wellness
Sheida Jenkins is a Pianist, Music Composer and Music Therapy Researcher.
Always having a passion for music, she began studying under Faramarz Abasi, and then continuing her studies with Prof. Chista Gharib.
She received her Bachelor's degree in Classical Music in 2009 from Azad University of Tehran. She studied the Master program called DAMS (Disciplines of Art, Music and Performance) at Roma Tre University in Rome, Italy and Psychology and Music Composition at the Modern Music School in Italy.
She studied Piano and Music Composition with Prof. Stella Quadrini and Prof. Margherita Traversa in Italy and with Prof. Tom Hall in the United States.
Sheida also worked in a music therapy center with patients with mental illnesses, such as Alzheimer, PTSD and Autism.
She has sixteen years of experience in teaching music to children, and piano to adults and children alike.
Her articles about Music Therapy, and Music in Ancient Persia and Zoroastrianism were published in various magazines in the United States and Italy in 2016 and 201, 2019.
She currently joined Ava Music School as a music instructor.
Antonio Espinal
Piano & Vocal Instructor
Antonio is an Orchestral Conductor (BA, National Conservatory of Music, MFA, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA), Choral conductor (MFA, CMU, Pittsburgh, PA) and a Pianist (BA with Honors, UNAM, Mexico). He made his Opera debut conducting ‘La Traviata”, in Mexico City at age 24. Prior to that, he was a Piano Faculty at the Mexico’s National Conservatory of Music. He is currently a Candidate of a DMA in orchestral conducting at the Benjamin T. Rome School of music, at the Catholic University of America.
He had a personal invitation for an apprenticeship with Maestro Essa-Pekka Salonen with the Los Angeles Philharmonic, and he recently joined Ava Music School in Vienna, Virginia.
Niloufar Rahmanzadeh
Piano Instructor (Group Lessons)
Niloofar has always been passionate about art and started her journey by practicing piano with Amirreza Kardar Tehran , a great piano teacher who leaves in Mashhad, Iran. He taught her the basics and built the foundation of her piano journey. Then three years ago, She started taking lessons from Anahita Khorsandi ,who is the founder of Ava Music School.
Now, She is proud to level up the challenge by starting her new role as a piano teacher at Ava Music School.
Dr. Nikan Milani
Piano Instructor
Nikan Milani is an accomplished pianist, composer, conductor, and music instructor. He has studied in London and the United States. His teachers include Haynush Makarian and Eda Shlym. He has performed US piano recitals in Chicago, Phoenix, Los Angeles, New York, Washington, DC, Boston, and in Cambridge at Harvard University. Nikan Milan studied Piano and Composition at The Longy School of Music. When not composing, performing, or teaching, Nikan conducts a choir. Being extremely well-rounded enables Nikan to be a phenomenal music instructor.
Arman Nasrinpay
Violin & Viola
Arman Nasrinpay's passion for music quickly brought him into the spotlight as one of classical music’s upcoming young stars. Among his accolades, he was the recipient of top prizes at the prestigious Washington Performing Arts Society’s Feder Competition and has played for famous notable figures such as US Senator Timothy Kaine as early as the age of 13. He has performed at world class venues, including the Kennedy Center, Strathmore Hall, and Meyerhoff Symphony Hall alongside such violinists as Joshua Bell, Augustin Hadelich, Sarah Chang, and Rachel Barton Pine. He has also been heard on nationally syndicated radio stations such as Chicago's classical music station, WFMT. Mr Nasrinpay holds a Master of Music degree from the College Conservatory of Music in Cincinnati, Ohio. An avid orchestral player, he has performed with the Cincinnati Symphony, the Chautauqua Symphony, the Dayton Philharmonic, and the New World Symphony. He is a member of the Suzuki Association of the Americas and the American String Teachers Association. His teaching philosophy centers around the fact that we are all people before musicians, so tailing a multi-facets education to reflect their individuality and musical level is paramount.
Pendar kordnavahsi
Piano Technique Group Lessons
Pendar Kordnavahsi was born in August of 1989 in Tehran, Iran. He started to learn keyboard at age 5 and then the Flamenco style of guitar performance at 13. Once he turned 17, he solely focused on the Classical piano studies and thus took lessons from the best Iranian and Russian teachers. He became a private instructor at 18 and began his solo concerts as well as ensemble performances, activities that he has been doing ever since.
Due to the systematic religious persecution of the Bahais in Iran, imposed by the government, he moved to America with his family in 2013. Since then, he has been a private piano instructor in Northern Virginia and an active performer in DC, Virginia, and Chicago. He dedicated specific performances to honor his American citizenship in 2019. Pendar got his bachelor’s degree in Piano Performance from George Mason University and is currently working on his first solo piano album. | https://www.avamusicschoolllc.com/staff |
Hang on for a minute...we're trying to find some more stories you might like.
Email This Story
Ava Theoclis is an eighth grader this year at Palmer High School. She attends school with her older brother Tanner, who is a ninth grader this year. Both Ava and Tanner play for the JV soccer teams this year. But along with soccer, Ava enjoys to play basketball and softball. She says that her favorite sport out of all has to be softball, but she said not to tell her other coaches.
During the fall, Theoclis plays inside mid, under JV soccer coach Celso Sandivol. When asked if she’d want to play a different position or would she stick with the same, she said that if she could choose to pick another position she would play offense. She loves scoring goals like her mother and father did in high school. Theoclis even has the same number that her mom had when she played soccer, number 17. When asked whom on the team she looked up to she said, “Jillian Lombardi and Emma Martin, because they’re really good, always postive, responsible, and really helpful”. Ava also said that she looked up to her coaches because they’re nice, funny, and experienced.
When winter comes around Ava plays outside wing for the JV basketball team. Theoclis follows in her father’s footsteps by participating in the sport. When asked why she enjoys playing basketball she said, “It’s really fun and you have to use your brain a lot”. Ava looks up to sophmore Jillian Lombardi and freshman Maddy Therault, because they’re very good at the sport, they’re positive, and their helpful. Ava says this is her least favorite sport to play but that’s not saying much considering how highly she thinks of the sport.
Come springtime, Ava can finally play the sport she’s been waiting for all year… softball. Theoclis plays catcher and pitcher for her JV team. Both of Ava’s parents still play softball which is why Ava is so into the sport. But along with looking up to her parents, Theoclis also looks up to her coach, ML, and players Jillian Lombardi and Megan Wilson. They’re really helpful, really good, and funny. When asked why she loves softball so much she said, “I use my head a lot, like it involves a lot of thinking. And I really like batting and the sound it makes when the ball hits the bat. I like when you get a really far hit”. This year Ava Theoclis is hoping to make varsity.
Hi, my name is Abby Rathbone, and this is my first year on Paw Print. I'm a sophomore in high school, and I joined Paw Print because I enjoy writing and... | https://palmerpawprint.org/1518/sports/athlete-spotlight/ |
Ava (20’s), orphaned at a young age, struggles with knowing who she is, she relies heavily on her boyfriend and close friends to define herself. She craves knowledge about her lost familial relationships and the mystery that shrouds her past.
The death of Ava’s Uncle, her last remaining relative, and a puzzling note triggers a chain reaction of events drawing Ava in with the hope of knowledge, thus starting her and 5 friend’s journey to the mysterious island of Nighthawk.
As Ava and her friends settle in and explore the island, they soon realize that all is not as it seems. Ava takes major steps to gaining the truth to the mystery around her parent’s disappearance.
Morgan goes missing, and then witnessing the death of their friend Brad, the group realizes they are in danger of a similar fate, and struggle with the choice of abandoning their friends.
After Ava’s support system, Dylan and Morgan, become a part of the Cursed island. Ava struggles with feelings of lonely hopelessness and depression, destined to always lose those she loves.
In order to find answers and survive, Ava realizes that she must confront Frank, fight for her life and her future by ending the Curse, and escaping the island.
She steps into her own power, and discovers her fate in escaping to seek the truth and ending the curse once and for all.
Ava, the last surviving member of her family, travels to a remote island and a mysterious chateau to discover terrifying secrets where she and her 5 friends fight to escape with their lives. | https://www.quantumarcmedia.com/nighthawk/ |
The Ava Gardner Museum in Smithfield, North Carolina, traces the story of a local tobacco farmer’s daughter catapulted to international stardom as a film legend and Hollywood royalty.
I was a guest of Johnston County Visitors Bureau, but all thoughts and opinions are my own.
Table of Contents
In this piece, Backroad Planet’s “Traveling Cinephile,” Jim Swilley travels to Smithfield, North Carolina, the hometown of film legend and movie star Ava Gardner.
Ava Gardner
“Although no one believes me, I have always been a country girl and still have a country girl’s values.”
—Ava Gardner
Ava Lavinia Gardner (1922 – 1990), an Academy Award-nominated actress and singer listed on the American Film Institute’s roster of 25 Greatest Female Screen Legends, was an iconic beauty, the wife of several famous men (Mickey Rooney, Artie Shaw, Frank Sinatra), a close friend of Ernest Hemingway, and a country girl . . . .
But mostly a country girl.
Amazingly, Gardner never really sought stardom. It actually came looking for her in her hometown of Smithfield, North Carolina, by way of a Loews Theatre clerk who randomly spotted her photograph in the window of her brother-in-law’s New York photography studio in 1941.
Ava Gardner’s Career
At age 18, Ava signed a standard contract with MGM, and between 1941 and 1986, she appeared in more than 70 motion pictures, including:
- The Killers
- Show Boat
- Mogambo
- The Snows of Kilimanjaro
- The Barefoot Contessa
- On the Beach
- Seven Days in May
- The Night of the Iguana
- The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean
- Earthquake
Products from Amazon.com
- Price: $34.99Was: $39.95
- Price: $37.95
- Price: $9.41Was: $19.98
Throughout her storied career, she was unable to ever fully take the allure and illusion of Hollywood all that seriously.
And even though the young starlet’s quick rise to fame ultimately took her far away from Smithfield, it never took Smithfield far away from her.
The Ava Gardner Museum
Nothing drives that point home better than a stop at the Ava Gardner Museum in downtown Smithfield.
We recently visited the venue for the unveiling of a new exhibit, Ava: My Real Story, in observance of the annual Ava Gardner Festival. Along with learning a lot, we thoroughly enjoyed the experience.
The museum is beautiful, contemporary, and quite accessible, due to its downtown location. Museum galleries provide valuable context for Gardner’s life and career in a modern, interactive way, and the collection is a visual feast.
Exhibits cover everything from her films, her childhood, her relationships, famous friendships, marriages, and truly honors a hometown girl in a way that makes it obvious the city is proud of her.
Products from Amazon.com
- Price: $24.38Was: $30.00
- Price: Check on Amazon
- Price: $12.30Was: $16.00
Ava Gardner’s Smithfield
When you visit friendly and charming Smithfield—and possibly meet some of Ms. Gardner’s extended family who are still very much involved with the museum—you really get a better understanding of how she could reach such heights in her life, and be so celebrated, and still remain so completely unpretentious and self-deprecating.
The museum pays tribute to her in a way that refreshingly presents the star as a kind of anti-diva.
The museum is not far from Ms. Gardner’s birthplace, as well as her final resting place, for visitors who would like to gain more context to her compelling history and pay their respects. An extended Heritage Tour is available for museum guests who prefer a more thorough experience.
Products from Amazon.com
- Price: $5.99
- Price: $11.20Was: $26.99
- Price: $6.99
- Price: $21.87Was: $22.99
Dining & Lodging
While in Smithfield, visit Mike O’Dowd’s SoDoSoPa restaurant, located just around the corner from the museum, for some southern comfort food. It’s a cool little place with a friendly vibe and good barbecue.
The Fairfield Inn & Suites by Marriott Smithfield is conveniently located on I-95, just two miles from the Ava Gardner Museum.
Map It!
If you’re in the area—or even if you’re not—definitely put the Ava Gardner Museum on your list of places to visit.
It’s a must for traveling cinephiles like me . . . .
More From the Traveling Cinephile
In Confessions of a Traveling Cinephile, Jim Swilley opens up about his passion for travel and the movies.
Jim Swilley explores the motion picture industry in Wilmington, North Carolina, including visits to select sites from more than 500 movies and television shows shot on location in “Wilmywood.” Less than two hours from Smithfield.
We Would Love to Hear From You
We enjoy dialogue with our readers, especially when they share off-the-beaten-path destinations and useful travel tips. Have you ever visited the Ava Gardner Museum? If so, we would love to hear about your experience. We invite you to leave your comments and questions below, and we always respond! | https://backroadplanet.com/ava-gardner-museum/ |
But I’m not in the European Union?
The GDPR is striking in its breadth and claims to apply in two circumstances. First, it applies to EU entities that handle personal data, even if the entities outsource the handling of the data outside of the EU.
Second, and importantly for this audience, the regulation claims to apply to companies located outside of the EU, but who handle E.U. citizens’ personal data. That’s a pretty broad claim of jurisdiction, and on its face would suggest that a U.S. Company that got data from an EU person either for purposes of a commercial transaction, or to track their behavior in the EU (e.g., website cookies), is subject to the rule. So, for example, a winery that had a single sale to an E.U. person in its wine club database might appear to meet the requirements to comply with the GDPR.
Hold on, how can the European Union tell me what to do in the United States?
The provisions of the GDPR provide limits to these broad jurisdictional assertions by namely providing that it “does not apply to the processing of personal data … in the course of an activity which falls outside the scope of [E.U.] law.” GDPR Art. 2 Sec. 2(a). So, if you simply happen to acquire the data of an E.U. person in your U.S. database while going about the course of your U.S. business, the GDPR does not apply to you. You don’t have to purge your U.S.-based email lists of E.U. persons, or block them from accessing your U.S.-based website, as long as the activities you are engaged in are solely under U.S. law. And, keep in mind that it only applies to actual people: a person means just that, not a “legal person” such as a corporation. The GDPR does not limit your collection or handling of data on E.U. companies – but it does apply to their individual employees. Additional information can be found regarding when the regulation does not apply here. The European Commission has also begun to promulgate some guidance.
Thus, you should review your particular situation carefully to determine whether or not your activities might be under E.U. law.
Should I just follow the GDPR anyway to be safe?
Even if you are not sure whether the GDPR technically applies to you or could be enforced against you, the GDPR contains a set of provisions that could simply be considered good business practices, even if you have a good argument they are not legal obligations. The GDPR is high-minded and based on the notion that protecting personal data is a fundamental right. Its provisions include providing users with additional rights over whether and how companies use their data, to know why and for which purposes their information is gathered and for how long will the Company retains such data.
So, what do I do?
First, if you don’t want to comply with the GDPR but think you might otherwise be subject to it, you could just delete or block EU persons from your system. You would not be alone in doing that, some large and noteworthy organizations have taken this course
Otherwise, if you intend to retain EU citizen information in your system and comply with GDPR provisions, you need to determine if you are a “processor” of data or just a “controller.” The terms are fairly self explanatory: the “processor” of data is the one that actually processes personal data on behalf of the “controller,” who “determines the purposes and means of the processing.”
You also need to determine whether you fall below the threshold of 250 employees that trigger additional record keeping and other obligations (unless processing of personal data is a regular activity of the business).
Even smaller companies have obligations under the GDPR though. Those obligations are subject to a general balancing requirement of weighing the risks created against the level of effort needed to address those risks. For example, the amount of data security needed by your organization should take “into account the state of the art, the costs of implementation and the nature, scope, context and purposes of processing as well as the risk of varying likelihood and severity for the rights and freedoms of natural persons.” GDPR Art. 32, Sec. 1. The European Commission has put out some helpful guidance for how smaller business should approach complying with the GDPR, complete with a reassuring note that: “The less risk your activities pose to personal data, the less you have to do.”
Unlike many complicated statutes, the requirements of the GDPR are fairly easy to read (well, some of them anyway). Most importantly, the rights of the “data subject” (the person whose data you have) are set out in Articles 13-15 of Chapter III of the GDPR in fairly plain language.
Some steps all organizations that are concerned with GDPR compliance should take include:
- Contact your IT staff and request that they review existing data protection measures to prevent any breach of data privacy, and make appropriate updates – but only to the extent reasonable and proportionate to the risk;
- Update your privacy policies and disclosures to be more transparent with users and provide them with additional information regarding the reason why you are retaining their information, how long you will retain their information and let them know of their rights to request deletion or transfer of their data;
- Give thought to the type of information you gather, and collect only useful information; and
- Consider your current retention policies, and do not keep data for longer than needed.
In addition, and particularly important for smaller organizations that outsource their IT functions, if you are a controller you must contact your data processor and enter into a new or revised contract in which a number of items set out in Article 28, Section 3 of the GDPR are detailed. But while much of the technical obligations may fall on the processor, keep in mind that controllers are ultimately responsible for accountability with the GDPR’s principles of processing of personal data. You have the obligation to make sure the data you control is treated appropriately: an obligation that isn’t new at all.
This blog post is only a summary and provides only general information regarding some notable portions of the GDPR. It is not a complete discussion of your obligations and not legal advice upon which anyone may or should rely.
For more information about the GDPR’s requirements and your obligations, please contact Joshua S. Devore.
China To Add 15% Tariff on U.S. Wine
As discussed in our previous post, Steel and Aluminum Tariffs Could Impact U.S. Alcohol Beverage Producers, retaliatory tariffs presented a risk to goods unrelated to those subject to U.S. tariffs.
Now, China has indicated it will retaliate against U.S. tariffs on $60 billion of Chinese goods by imposing an additional 15% import tariff on U.S. wine imported to China, among other measures. China will also target other iconic U.S. agricultural products, including pork, fruit and nuts. China is among the largest U.S. wine export markets, importing $79 million of California wine alone last year according to the Wine Institute.
At least for now though, the much larger U.S. wine export markets of the European Union and Canada — accounting for nearly $1 billion in California wine exports combined — have been excluded from new U.S. tariffs. Those larger markets have not enacted any retaliatory tariffs at this point.
Protecting Wine Origins is Pro-Consumer and Pro-Industry
TTB’s attempt to put an end to an inherently misleading labeling practice and protect the AVA wine origin labeling rules has garnered significant reaction from certain commentators and some in the industry. In order to shed some light on the proposed amendments to federal labeling rules and why Napa Valley Vintners, the Wine Institute, over 50 members of Congress and others have supported TTB’s Notice of Proposed Rulemaking 160, we have prepared the following summary.
I. Current regulations allow certain wineries to employ misleading labeling practices.
Producers selling wine in interstate commerce must obtain a Certificate of Label Approval (“COLA”) and comply with federal regulations aimed at protecting consumers from misleading labeling practices. This includes federal standards for using vintage date, grape variety designations, and wine origin designations such as county, state, and country appellations and American Viticultural Areas (“AVAs”).
Wineries wishing to avoid enforcement of these federal truth-in-labeling standards can do so simply by filing for a COLA exemption and noting on the wine bottle that the wine is “For Sale Only” in the state in which the producing winery is located. This leads to the potential for misleading wine labeling practices. For example, federal regulations require that an AVA wine sold in interstate commerce with a 2015 vintage date must be made from at least 95% grapes grown in that vintage. But those regulations do not apply, and therefore would not prevent, a wine with a certificate of label approval exemption from using a lower percentage of 2015 harvested grapes and still being labeled as “2015.” Wines with certificates of label approval can be labeled with a varietal name, such as Pinot Noir, if it is made from at least 75% of grapes of that variety, but get an exemption and slap on a “For Sale Only” sticker, and then there is no obligation under federal regulations that the wine meet that 75% requirement.
Certain wineries have taken advantage of this COLA exemption loophole to designate their wine with an AVA while not complying with federal standards governing wine origin labeling, specifically, 27 C.F.R. Sec. 4.25 which requires that wine labeled with an AVA (a) be derived 85 percent or more from grapes grown within the boundaries of that AVA, and (b) be fully finished within the state in which the AVA is located. This “fully finished” federal requirement ensures that California wine production and labeling laws apply to wines that are identified with a California appellation or AVA.
These federal appellation labeling rules assure consumers that when they buy an appellation-designated wine, they are buying a product wherein both the grape source and the place of production are closely tied to the named place. Absent such rules, retail shelves could be stocked with wine labeled as “Burgundy” that was made in Sweden, “Barolo” that was actually produced in Slovenia, or “Sonoma Coast” made in Alaska.
II. TTB’s Notice 160 Proposes to Close the Loophole By Requiring All Wines to Follow the Same Vintage, Variety, and Appellation Labeling Standards.
In September 2015, 51 members of Congress wrote to TTB with a fairly simple request: “ensure that all wines bearing AVA terms—regardless of where they are sold—meet the clear and understandable American Viticultural Area rules.”
On June 22, 2016, the U.S. Department of Treasury’s Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB) responded by issuing Notice of Proposed Rulemaking 160, in which the agency proposed eliminating the COLA-exemption loophole by requiring COLA-exempt wines to comply with federal standards for vintage, varietal, and wine origin designations and to keep records to support such labeling claims. TTB subsequently granted a 90-day extension on September 8, 2016 and, in so doing, requested “comments regarding whether any geographic reference to the source of the grapes used in the wine could be included on a wine label in a way that would not be misleading with regard to the source of the wine” (emphasis added).
III. NVV and Wine Institute Support Notice 160 to Put an End to Misleading Labeling Practices.
Napa Valley Vintners (NVV), a non-profit trade association with over 500 members and our client, issued a comment letter supporting Notice 160, pointing out that the COLA exemption loophole was being used to mislead consumers and allow COLA-exempt wines to “unfairly benefit from the goodwill and brand recognition of appellation names without having to comply with the appellation regulations.”
NVV also pointed out that out-of-state wineries passing off their products as California wines by using the names of California appellations on their wine labels were able to avoid compliance with state laws regarding wine production and labeling. For example, wines produced outside of California but labeled with the name of a California AVA have no obligation to follow the state’s conjunctive labeling, wine composition and production, or misleading brand name statutes.
Similarly, wines produced outside of Oregon but using the name of an Oregon AVA, would have no requirement to follow the much stricter Oregon varietal composition (requiring at least 90% for most varieties) and appellation of origin (requiring 100% from Oregon and 95% for all other appellations). As David Adelsheim, founder of Oregon’s Adelsheim Vineyard, pointed out in his support of Notice 160, “the reputation of Oregon’s AVAs, hard won through years of experimentation and work” would suffer as a result of allowing COLA exempt wines to avoid enforcement of state wine-related laws.
After significant consultation, Napa Valley Vintners (NVV) and Wine Institute, a public policy advocacy association representing over a thousand California wineries and affiliated businesses responsible for 85 percent of the nation’s wine production and more than 90 percent of U.S. wine exports, issued a joint letter in further support of Notice 160, noting that the proposed amendments “put an end to the inherently misleading practice of using a Certificate of Label Approval … exemption to avoid compliance with federal labeling laws.” Sonoma County Vintners also issued a letter in full support of the NVV and Wine Institute position.
IV. NVV and Wine Institute Put Forward a Proposal that Allows For Optional Grape Source Information for COLA Exempt Wines.
In their joint letter, NVV and Wine Institute directly respond to TTB’s request for information as to whether grape source information could be included on COLA-exempt wines in a manner that was not misleading as to wine origin designations. The joint proposal directly addresses concerns that Notice 160 would prevent producers from providing consumers with truthful information regarding where the grapes used to make the wine came from, and at the same time protects AVA names as designators of wine origin. It also addresses concerns raised by wineries that had previously used COLA exemptions suggesting that they could continue to label their wine with truthful vintage and variety designations..
The NVV / Wine Institute proposal permits wineries to provide the following “Grape Source Information” on their wine: (a) the name of the county(-ies) and state(s), or just the state(s), where all of the grapes are grown; (b) the percentage of the wine derived from grapes grown in each county or state shown on the label; and (c) the city and state, or just the state, where the wine was fully finished. In order to avoid any confusion with wine origin designations, no name of an AVA (other than a county or a state) could be used as part of the Grape Source Information, and the wine itself would have to be designated using the “American” appellation. By using the American Appellation, (under current Federal regulations), the wine could also be designated with the vintage and grape varietal.
In short, NVV and Wine Institute are in favor of truthful labeling practices that protect the integrity of the AVA system. The goal of the joint proposal is simple: when consumers come across a wine labeled with an AVA name, they should be assured that the wine actually meets the legal standards for AVA labeling.
V. Support for Notice 160 comes from Industry Members That Believe Protecting Wine Origin Labeling is both Pro-Consumer, Pro-Grower, and Pro-Vintner.
Notice 160 is supported by a broad swath of industry members that believe the integrity of wine origin labeling regulations is essential to the U.S. wine industry. Regional associations (including the New York Wine Industry Association and Washington Wine Institute) and industry members from well-established as well as up-and-coming wine growing regions have written to TTB to note their support for the proposed amendments.
For example, Andy Beckstoffer, a noted grape grower with vineyards in Napa Valley as well as the Red Hills Lake County AVA wrote TTB to voice approval of Notice 160, stating:
It is vitally important to grape growers that the integrity of the AVA system be maintained, and I applaud TTB’s efforts in ensuring that all wine labeled with the name of an AVA meet the well-established federal wine labeling requirements. Grape growers, whether they farm vineyards in well established AVAs or in newer AVAs, benefit greatly from regulatory efforts to protect those place names.
This sentiment was shared by the High Plains Winegrowers Association, a group of winegrowers and vintners from the Texas High Plains AVA. They feared that the current COLA exemption loophole “is detrimental to Texas wineries that support locally grown wine grapes,” and further concluded that “[f]ailing to uniformly treat the labeling of all wine—whether distributed in-state or in interstate commerce—results in inequitable treatment within the same industry.” Douglas Lewis, a Texas Winemaker, also supports Notice 160 because it “helps consumers get more accurate information [about wine origin] by closing the loop hole.” And Andrew Chalk, a Dallas based wine writer, noted that by eliminating the COLA exemption loophole, TTB would be “remov[ing] the biggest impediment to the Texas wine industry’s growth.”
***
Notice 160 has caught the attention of industry members since it was first issued back in June, over 170 days ago, as more than 100 comments have been submitted to TTB on this matter. TTB will consider those comments as it comes to a decision on whether: (a) the COLA exemption loophole should continue to exist; and, (b) additional and truthful grape source information can be included on such wines in a way that does not undermine the AVA system for wine origin designation.
Wine industry members and consumers who believe that wine is a product of place and that place names are worthy of protection should support Notice 160. Although certain individuals may benefit financially from the COLA-exemption loophole, that is no reason for the federal government to allow an inherently misleading labeling practice to continue unabated. Moreover, elimination of the COLA-exemption loophole does not necessarily prohibit wineries from providing additional truthful, non-misleading information about grape sourcing. Any regulation that allows for such information, however, must also be crafted in a manner that maintains the integrity of the AVA regulatory system. The joint NVV / Wine Institute proposal does just that.
Furthermore, if the U.S. allows U.S. wineries to skirt the rules for proper use of American appellations and American Viticultural Areas, then the U.S. will be in no position to insist that other countries require that their wineries also follow the rules in respect of American appellations and American Viticultural Areas. Undoubtedly wine production is less costly in countries outside the U.S., and if wine grapes from Napa Valley can be shipped to Texas and the wine produced in Texas is allowed to use the “Napa Valley” AVA on the label, there is no basis to object to a Chinese or Canadian winery producing a “Napa Valley” wine from Napa Valley grapes shipped to those countries. Not only is that bad for the U.S. industry, but it diminishes the value of the AVA and harms all consumers.
NOTE – DP&F serves as outside counsel to several regional wine trade associations including Napa Valley Vintners with interests in protecting the integrity of regional appellations.
Clock is Ticking for Trademark Owners for .wine Generic Top-Level Domain
As we’ve previously reported, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) has been selling hundreds of generic top-level domains (gTLDs) to domain name registries for $185,000 each. These registries then authorize domain name registrars to sell domain names to the public under the gTLDs that the registries have purchased. The registry called Donuts has purchased many of these gTLDs, including two of particular interest to members of the wine industry — <.wine> and <.vin>. The <.wine> and <.vin> gTLDs have been in limbo since they were awarded to Donuts due to issues raised by the EU and several regional wine associations concerning the protection of appellations of origin within the <.wine> and <.vin> gTLDs. However, those issues have since been resolved and the <.wine> and <.vin> gTLDs are now moving forward.
This means that trademark owners that wish to secure domain names encompassing their trademarks under the <.wine> and <.vin> gTLDs must now do so within the sunrise periods that have been established by Donuts for the <.wine> and <.vin> gTLDs. If they fail to secure their domain names within the sunrise periods, those domain names under the <.wine> and <.vin> gTLDs can then be purchased by members of the general public and the only recourse available to the trademark owners will be through costly dispute resolution procedures.
The Sunrise periods for the <.wine> and <.vin> gTLDs open on November 17, 2015 and close on January 16, 2016. In order for a trademark owner to obtain its trademarks within domain names for the <.wine> and <.vin> gTLDs, the trademark owner must first register its trademarks with the Trademark Clearinghouse. We have previously blogged about the process for registering a trademark in the Trademark Clearinghouse here. Once a trademark owner has obtained registration in the Trademark Clearinghouse, it may then pay to register its trademarks as domain names under the <.wine> and/or <.vin> gTLDs with recognized domain name registrars during the November 17, 2015 – January 16, 2016 sunrise periods.
So, for all of you wineries wishing to take part in the new <.wine> and <.vin> gTLDs, now is the time to make sure that your trademarks are registered with the Trademark Clearinghouse. For additional information or any other questions contact Scott Gerien at his email.
The Legal Complexities of Unauthorized Dealers, Grey Market and Parallel Importation
Chris Passarelli recently presented a continuing legal education (CLE) program at the State Bar of California 87th Annual Meeting in San Diego on behalf of the Business Law Section. Attached are the written materials for that program.
Contact Chris Passarelli for any inquiries related to strategic enforcement in the online auction, distribution and supply chain integrity, grey market, parallel importation and counterfeiting context.
Dickenson Peatman & Fogarty to present “Exporting Wine to China” to Sonoma County Vintners
Dickenson Peatman & Fogarty attorneys will be presenting “Exporting Wine to China” to the Sonoma County Vintners on Wednesday, April 8th from 9:30am – 11:00am. The seminar will be held at the SCV offices: 3637 Westwind Blvd., Santa Rosa. “This is a timely seminar as our members will be heading to China on an export mission in May” said Nicole Daly, International Program Manager. The seminar will cover a wine market overview for exporting wine to China and Hong Kong.
Katja Loeffelholz, a registered attorney with the United States Patent and Trademark Office and Of Counsel with Dickenson, Peatman & Fogarty, will discuss how to devise marketing plans that protect your brand and present strategies for developing and maintaining a strong brand given the current challenges to intellectual property rights in China.
Elizabeth Palmer Senior Counsel at Dickenson Peatman & Fogarty will present on international tax considerations when exporting to China and provide an overview of PRC Taxes.
John Trinidad and Bahaneh Hobel Counsel at Dickenson Peatman & Fogarty will discuss 5 points to include in any export agreement and important tips for structuring your producer-exporter relationship.
This seminar is exclusively for Sonoma County Vintners members. If you are interested in joining the Sonoma County Vintners or would like to attend the seminar please contact Kelley Perez at [email protected]. Katja Loeffelholz can be reached at [email protected], Elizabeth Palmer at [email protected], John Trinidad at [email protected] and Bahaneh Hobel at [email protected].
Exporting Wine to China Seminar – Part II
New Chinese Trademark Law – Effective May 1, 2014
For decades, China has been criticized for shielding “trademark hijackers” – individuals or entities who have registered well known U.S. marks in China despite having no affiliation with that brand. If a winery failed to apply for their trademark in China often it was not too long thereafter that the brand would be registered in China without knowledge or permission from the brand owner. While this practice continues to this day, the new Chinese Trademark Law (adopted on August 30, 2013 and entering into effect on May 1, 2014) will emphasize the principal of good faith to aid in the crack down against trademark hijacking and will impact trademark matters in China occurring from May 1, 2014 forward.
The new law states that trademarks shall be registered and used in accordance with the principal of good faith. An injured party can use the good faith principle to challenge a trademark hijacker’s Chinese trademark registration during an opposition or invalidation proceeding even if the injured party does not hold an identical or similar trademark registered in China covering identical or related goods or services. The new law also increases the penalty cap for trademark infringements to RMB 3 million (around $491,892 U.S. Dollars). Despite these amendments, it may likely remain difficult and frequently impracticable for western entities to quash bad-faith filings of their trademarks if their brands are not registered in China.
The new law provides for specific measures to discourage bad-faith filings under certain circumstances. On the one hand, distributors and manufacturers are advised to refrain from applying for a trademark identical or similar to a trademark which has been used earlier (but not yet registered) by their partners, with respect to identical goods or services. “Partnership” is interpreted in a broad way to include contractual relationships, business relationships and other relationships.
As an added boon, the amendments prohibit a trademark agent in China to handle a trademark application if it knows or should know that the client’s application is an attempt to usurp or hijack another person’s trademark or is made with intent to preemptively register, in an unfair manner, a trademark that is already in use (but not registered) by another person who enjoys a certain reputation. Moreover, trademark agencies are prohibited from registering trademarks in their own names for other services outside IP services.
Even with the new law, the best defense is a good offense–register your brands in China. Like the United States, China is a contracting member to the Madrid Protocol. Under the Madrid Protocol, U.S. trademark counsel can apply for a trademark in China based on a client’s U.S. trademark application or registration. Utilizing the Madrid Protocol may remain the most effective strategy for protecting your brands in China.
Considering that the world has more than 7 billion inhabitants of which the majority or 1,317,471,458 billion of them reside in China, (in comparison, the U.S. population is estimated to contain 317,471,460 inhabitants), with such a large potential market, it makes sense to register your brand in China. Doing so is cost effective especially in light of the frequent hijacking of wine brands. If you are planning to sell in China in the near future or would be upset to learn that your brand has already been registered in China, albeit to someone else, the most cost effective strategy to prevent such abuse is to register your brand in China. The initial outlay in registering a brand in China pales in comparison the costs associated with losing your brand to a hijacker or marshaling resources to get the brand back.
Part I of the “Exporting Wine to China Seminar” was published on LexVini on October 17, 2013.
Trademark Protection for Wine in China
In Fall 2013, DP&F’s Katja Loeffelholz was a guest lecturer at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo’s new Wine and Viticulture program on “Protecting Your Intellectual Property Assets in the Wine Industry” which reviewed the various aspects of wine labels and packaging that can be trademarked, copyrighted and patented. Ms. Loeffelholz also presented detailed information on protecting trademarks abroad, focusing on protecting wine brands in China. Her presentation can be found through the links below.
Loeffelholz-Trademarks-Wine-China
International Wine Law Conference Wraps Up in Vienna
The annual meeting of the International Wine Law Association wrapped up today in Vienna, Austria. The two day meeting featured speakers from Europe, South America, North America and Australia.
Exporting Wine to China Seminar Report – Part I
Dickenson, Peatman & Fogarty attorney Katja Loeffelholz, a registered attorney with the United States Patent and Trademark Office, recently presented at The Seminar Group’s “Exporting Wine to China” program on “Protecting Intellectual Property.”
China represents the single largest growth opportunity for wine producing countries around the world. China is a brand driven market. So what are the challenges in protecting intellectual property in China?
One of the principal difficulties of protecting intellectual property in China is the failure of U.S. wine brand owners to register their trademarks in China. Sometimes the failure to register stems from the mistaken belief that a U.S. registration protects them abroad, or the belief that registration in China is expensive and time consuming. For others still, business or wine exports may be expanding so rapidly that they unintentionally expose to themselves to risk by postponing registration.
China’s Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress has passed new trademark law provisions that should improve a trademark owner’s ability to enforce their rights and deter infringers. The new law provides for an increase in statutory damages. Where the infringer is believed to have acted in bad faith, the courts may also award treble damages. These revisions to the law will serve as a deterrent to infringers while signaling to the rest of the world that China will not tolerate a violation of trademark rights.
However, a U.S. wine brand owner will be unable to take full advantage of the provisions of the new China trademark law unless and until it registers its mark in China. There are essentially two ways for a U.S. company to obtain trademark registration in China. The first is to have its trademark counsel file the trademark application directly in China working with foreign counsel. The second is to use its U.S. trademark registration as a basis for submitting an International Registration with the United States Patent and Trademark Office. It should be noted that a trademark registration in the People’s Republic of China will not provide trademark protection in Hong Kong or Macau. Separate applications will need to be made.
For more information on how you can secure trademark rights in the U.S. and abroad, please contact Katja Loeffelholz at [email protected]. To obtain a copy of Ms. Loeffelholz’s presentation “Protecting Intellectual Property” presented at the “Exporting Wine to China” conference please visit www.TheSeminarGroup.net
Wine Institute Presentation on Protecting Your Brand in China
For more information on protecting your wine brand in China contact Scott Gerien at [email protected].
Is Your Brand Safe in Asia?
China is the new darling of luxury good exports, including wine. However, many wineries fail to fully consider the need to protect their trademark in China prior to doing business there. Not only is counterfeiting a problem in China, but so is trademark squatting where Chinese nationals pre-emptively register foreign company trademarks. Scott Gerien, the head of DP&F’s intellectual property practice, discusses these issues in his column in the January 2012 issue of NorthBay biz which may be accessed HERE.
For more information or assistance on international trademark protection contact Scott Gerien at [email protected]
Guest Blog: Clarification on Repudiation of Contracts in the UK
Our U.K. colleague, Andrew Park of APP Wine Law in Cheshire, England, recently posted a blog on his web site on a newly published case from the England and Wales Court of Appeal concerning the test for repudiation of contracts in the U.K. The case indicates in determining repudiation the test is: “looking at all the circumstances objectively, from the perspective of a reasonable person in the position of the innocent party, has the contract breaker clearly shown an intention to abandon and altogether refuse to perform the contact?”
For wineries with contracts with importers or distributors in the U.K., this is important because ending such a contract based on perceived non-performance and repudiation can be a risky proposition.
To read Andrew’s full post and learn more about wine law issues in the U.K. click here:
http://www.appwinelaw.com/newsdetail.php?NewsID=109
DP&F maintains a network of wine law colleagues throughout the world. Contact us for assistance on any matters of international wine law. | https://www.dpf-law.com/category/international-trade/ |
‘You would need a heart of stone not to be moved by Ava’s situation’
TAOISEACH Micheál Martin has responded in the Dáil to concerns around the long waiting lists for children with Spina Bifida and scoliosis on long orthopaedic waiting lists awaiting corrective surgery.
Parents of 82 children in Ireland have been calling on the Government and pleading for immediate action to fast-track appointments for their children waiting on scoliosis and orthopaedic surgery.
As recently reported in The Echo, one of the parents who are calling for action is Suzanne Cahill from Old Bawn, who’s 11-year-old daughter Ava has been on a waiting list since June 2020.
Ava has Spina Bifida and hydrocephalus and since birth has had no feeling in both of her legs from the knee down – resulting in Ava being totally dependent on a wheelchair for independence. Ava is currently waiting on corrective surgery known as Grice procedure, which will help to correct her feet which are turned in as a result of spina bifida.
Speaking in the Dáil on Tuesday, February 1, Gino Kenny TD asked the Taoiseach if he had seen the reports about Ava and the other children who have been waiting more than a year and a half for corrective surgery and asked if the Government could address this urgently with resources.
“You would need a heart of stone not to be moved by Ava’s situation. There are other children like Ava in Ireland waiting for corrective surgery,” said Deputy Kenny.
“There is a crisis at the moment in orthopaedic surgery. Even the top leading surgeon in the country has said that the care provided is inadequate.
“He spoke with huge passion at the Joint Committee on Health last November about children who are suffering unnecessarily. The Government has a responsibility to address this with resources and not let these children suffer needlessly.”
In his response, Micheál Martin said that “very substantial funding” has been provided for the waiting lists to be fast tracked but says that Covid-19 had a significant impact on the waiting lists throughout 2020 and 2021.
He commented: “There are plans to increase capacity in the existing orthopaedic centres and at Cappagh, the national orthopaedic hospital, to support paediatric orthopaedic services.
“That will form part of the 2022 waiting list action plan. We are going to have to concentrate very quickly on those who are waiting too long for urgent surgery.”
The parents of the children who are waiting for surgery established the Paediatric Advocacy Group and have recently set up a website called ‘Páistí in Pain’ highlighting each child’s story and how they are in deteriorating health due to the waiting times. | https://www.echo.ie/you-would-need-a-heart-of-stone-not-to-be-moved-by-avas-situation/ |
Our Feed with Confidence awards 2018 received over 500 nominations, celebrating people and places across the UK who support breastfeeding mums. Sarah Watson, mum of 2, has kindly shared her unique breastfeeding story to support other mums in similar situations.
Sarah’s youngest child, Avalyn, was born with a serious heart condition and had to endure open-heart surgery 8 days after being born. Sarah originally from Herfordshire, but now lives in Wakefield, West Yorkshire with her husband, 2-and-a-half-year-old son Ethan, daughter Avalyn and boxer dog Poppy, tells her story.
“We went for an echo scan at 20 weeks with Avalyn as we had a small increased risk of cardiac issues, just the same as we had had with Ethan. We’d had the 20-week anomaly scan just days before so had gone to the scan feeling very confident about our baby’s health and development. We had even taken Ethan with us as we hadn’t been able to get childcare. Halfway through the scan it became clear that there were some concerns. We found out that Ava had a complex combination of heart problems. The left side of her heart was significantly smaller than the right. Her aorta was too narrow, and she had a large hole in her heart between the ventricles.
It was unclear until Ava was born how her heart would function so nobody was able to give us definitive answers as to whether she would be okay and what her future would hold. The only certainty was that she would need at least 2 lots of open-heart surgery, the first being within 7-10 days of life.
Ava’s cardiac condition meant that it wasn’t possible to give her that first feed when she was first born. Instead Ava was born to 3 doctors waiting to examine her, I was able to have a quick cuddle before she was taken with my husband to the neonatal ward to be looked after. I delivered the placenta and got cleaned up and joined them around 30 minutes later.
I was prepared not to be able to feed Ava until after she had had her first operation as often cardiac babies are too poorly to be able to digest milk properly and instead are put on a drip with electrolytes and fluids. Ava of course surprised everyone coming out pink and relatively well looking. She was immediately put on a drip to medicate her and amazingly after around 12 hours I was able to feed her!
Avalyn had her second lot of open-heart surgery in January and has recovered brilliantly. It was much trickery second time around with being that bit older, but we got through it and are so pleased with how well she’s doing. Ava loves her food but continues to breastfeed and we’ve got no plans to stop anytime soon!
I was incredibly emotional about being able to breastfeed. The doctors and nurses and the staff on ward 51 at the Leeds General Infirmary are all such special people. At every step of our journey so far with Ava we couldn’t have felt more supported. From the moment we found about her heart condition we have been so well looked after; from extra scans consultant appointments, specialise midwife care and counselling.
I am passionate about the benefits of breastfeeding and believe wherever possible it’s great to support and encourage mums to try but it isn’t for everyone and that’s ok. For those that want to continue I think the most important thing is to try to remember this phase in their life where they are fully dependent on you is so short and so small in the scheme of things.
The nights may feel endless to begin with, but they do end, and sleep does get better. I think having a good support network around you is also essential. I have been so lucky with family and friends. My mum breastfed me so was able to help but I also have an amazing friend, Nicole, who I believe to be a breastfeeding guru! When I found out I was pregnant with Ethan and decided I wanted to breastfeed she took the time to answer my billion questions and clue me up as to where to turn for support whenever I needed it. She checked in on me in the early days and even helped my husband understand the ways in which he could support me best. I also have a big group of ‘mummy friends’ I’ve made along the way and this network of experience and support has been invaluable!”
Thank you, Sarah Mellor, for sharing your amazing breastfeeding journey with us, we wish you all well. If you would like to share your breastfeeding story, tag us @lansinohfamily on Facebook or Instagram. | https://lansinoh.co.uk/feed-with-confidence-breastfeeding-story/ |
Usually stories of possession end with the possessed having their demon exorcised from their body, free from their suffering and horror at last. But what happens after? Possessions wreak havoc on both the host and the host’s loved ones and yet we just have to assume that all is rainbows and sunshine once the evil entity has been purged from their unwilling host’s body. For Ava, her story deals with the aftermath of her month long possession, of which she has no real memory.
Ava’s journey runs parallel with recovering drug addicts. In her newly regained control over herself, she’s confronted with the amount of pain she’s inflicted on everyone around her. It begins with the usual suspects; her parents bare their battle wounds, her boyfriend won’t return her calls, and what little friends she has left are openly afraid of her. Yet the damage, she soon finds, isn’t exclusive to those closest to her. Strangers on the street greet her with fear or hostility, and she finds herself in a deep hole of legal trouble from her month of mayhem. Faced with serious jail time or rehab therapy, she opts for the latter and is sentenced to participate in S.P.A., or Spirit Possession Anonymous. Like most recovering addicts, though, Ava learns that she not only needs to make amends, but that she’s not free of her demons. In Ava’s case it’s literal; her demon very much still haunts her, waiting for an opening to regain control.
Ava’s Possessions is an honest depiction of addiction recovery beneath an engaging, clever mask.
Using demonic possession as an obvious metaphor for addiction would seem heavy handed, but it’s an interesting approach that works well here largely in part to the unwinding mystery of Ava’s month long memory blackout. Amidst Ava’s wrecked apartment, she finds clues that something rather unsavory went down, but what? No one around her is forthcoming with details. There’s also the matter of just how exactly she wound up possessed in the first place. The result is more of an engaging whodunit and much less horror.
Ava herself seems to have been an entitled brat from a privileged family prior to the possession, but her family’s disinterest despite knowing her plight instantly earns sympathy. It also helps that Louisa Krause deftly handles deadpan wit when delivering much of Ava’s dialogue. Deborah Rush and William Sadler, as Ava’s parents, have limited roles but utilize their extensive acting backgrounds to convey everything we need to know about Ava’s past despite their short screen time.
Where the narrative really stumbles, though, is in its subplots. There are various plot threads meant to illustrate Ava’s emotional arch, such as her friendship with another group therapy member or a budding romance with the son of a potential victim, Ben (Lou Taylor Pucci). The issue is that these subplots venture too far outside of the main mystery and are left dangling. This snowballs into the main mystery’s conclusion feeling rushed. The end result is that Ava’s journey ends too abruptly, and never really reaches a satisfactory conclusion.
It’s as though Galland attended Dario Argento’s DIY school of supersaturated coloring, resulting in a similar lucid dream effect.
Aside from some less than impressive possession makeup, writer/director Jordan Galland’s unique sense of style gives the film an interesting aesthetic that distracts from any budgetary constraints. Never has a possession, or post-possession, film been so colorful. It’s as though Galland attended Dario Argento’s DIY school of supersaturated coloring, resulting in a similar lucid dream effect. To round out the chicness, the film’s music was handled by Sean Lennon, the son of John Lennon and Yoko Ono.
Ava’s Possessions is an honest depiction of addiction recovery beneath an engaging, clever mask. Galland really delves in to the nuances of what it means to face ones inner demons, be it victim blaming or the continued looming threat for relapse, yet makes the truth easier to swallow with a stylish veneer. Recovery, though, is an ongoing process, which makes concluding Ava’s story that much trickier. This is ultimately where the film unravels, with its final act losing so much steam. Despite the flawed outcome, it’s a film worth watching.
Ava’s Possessions is currently available on VOD and iTunes.
Ava’s Possessions [Review]
Honest
Despite a weak final act, writer/director Jordan Galland provides an honest examination of addiction recovery by way of demonic possession. It’s both stylish and clever, bolstered by performances of the cast. Though a very engaging mystery whodunit, the film mostly ignores the horror elements. | https://modernhorrors.com/avas-possessions-review/ |
My name is Bridget Kleiderlein and I am a blessed grandmother of five beautiful grandchildren, ages 5 – 16. Three years ago in May, we lost our precious twin grand daughter Ava at the age of 2 1/2 to an undiagnosed illness. Needless to say, it was devastating. Throughout our journey of grief we prayed and asked God as to how He would use us to to help others who had gone through an experience similar to ours.
Before Ava was born, our daughter in law spent 6 weeks prior and 1 week after the birth of their twins at a Ronald McDonald House next to the hospital in Aurora, CO (near Denver.) It was a rough start for both the twins as Ava had an enlarged bladder and digestive issues and her twin brother Trace had craniosynstosis surgery to repair his fused skull plates a few months after birth. The Ronald McDonald house again became became a place of refuge and help during their stay a few years later, as Ava’s digestive issues progressed to the point of almost death. It was their home for almost 5 weeks as Ava went through surgeries and many tests to see if they could identify her illness and find ways to help her digestion work properly. It was amazing what this house provided during their stays: housing, food, supplies, rides, errands, but most of all love and support that a worn out and grieving parent needs as their little ones go through their stays in the hospital. And as you can see, the Ronald McDonald House has become very dear to our hearts – the one highlight of our hospital stays during a time of sorrow and pain.
After the loss of Ava, we began asking God as to where and what He wanted us to do to honor this beautiful little life. We were lead to start a foundation in her name and our goal is to help families in need of financial assistance with long stays in the hospital with their little ones. There began “The Ava Marlo Kleiderlein Foundation“, with the surname of Ava’s Angels as we represent Gods messengers bringing help and hope to those in need.
With our son and his family living in Wyoming and with me being a “Mimi” here in California, I desired to contribute to the foundation with my gifts and talents that God had given me. So, I began to create and craft embossed and inked note cards, trinket boxes and lots of shabby chic goodies to sell at craft fairs and donate all of the proceeds to her foundation. This has been a rewarding and blessed time for me as God uses my hands to help heal my heart.
As for my connection to the community to sell my items to benefit the foundation, I have limited time to make large numbers of my craft items. Though they are available, so far people have found me to purchase them by word of mouth.
I am excited to see where and how God will use me to bring beauty from ashes, not only in my life, but in the lives of others that I can touch through my creations! | https://fourfriends.market/vendor-spotlight-avas-angels-bridget-kleiderlein/ |
It doesn’t seem hyperbolic to say that ARTXV truly represents the best of what NFTs can be for many people. As the first NFT collective for neurodivergent artists, ARTXV is on a mission to provide community support for those artists. Moreover, in an interview with NFTevening, ARTXV founder Ava Halvai explains how ultimately, she wants to see more neurodivergent people and people with disabilities join the Web3 revolution, whether as artists or in other ways.
Quotes are condensed and edited for clarity.
Ava’s sister Tara found her artistic spark during the lockdown
At first glance, it might be surprising to see a young computer science Master’s student from the UK at the helm of a pioneering, global NFT art collective. Even so, the reality is that the ARTXV mission resonates deeply with Ava Halvai. And the story of how ARTXV came to be, really starts with Ava’s amazing older sister.
Ava’s sister and co-founder Tara is autistic. And although art had been a hobby of hers, it wasn’t until the Covid-19 pandemic lockdowns in 2020 that Ava began to realize just how talented of an artist Tara was.
“She was doing art classes and things like that more as a hobby, but it was during the pandemic that I took a look at it. And I thought, wow, this could be up there with any other artist.”
Being the proud sister that she is, Ava began sharing Tara’s art on Instagram where it started to gain some traction. That’s where the idea from ARTXV started to bubble. As Ava says, “It grew from there and people were really loving it. So I thought let’s make a collective.”
Notably, Tara was far from the only ARTXV artist who found their creative voice in 2020.
“What’s really interesting is that quite a few of our artists started art during the pandemic. And you’d never believe it – you’d think they were doing it for years or they had a formal education in art. So obviously whilst the pandemic was terrible, it kind of brought this new spark within our artists.”
The Clubhouse days that helped lead The Halvais to NFTs
Although digital artists were naturally among the first to adopt NFT art, Tara herself is actually a painter. In fact, many of the artists in ARTXV create physical art, though of course there is some digital art in the mix as well. Given that, turning Ava’s work into NFTs wasn’t necessarily obvious from the jump.
As with many people, Ava first heard about NFTs through the social audio app Clubhouse. And while she reflects that those early spaces were intimidating, they ended up being a valuable introduction to the space. It was around that time that people first started to suggest to Ava that she should help her sister sell her work as NFTs.
“What happened is that actually, a few people came up to me and said you should sell your sister’s work as an NFT. And I was like well what’s an NFT? And they were like well we don’t know. But you should do it anyway.”
To be sure, Ava wasn’t fully sold on NFTs at first. For one thing, she wasn’t sure that non-technical people could easily onboard into NFTs. She did soon learn that not only was it possible, but that there was a healthy and welcoming community there. In addition, she knew that NFTs were becoming “all the rage” but wasn’t yet convinced that they were more than just a phase. Thankfully, she came to see them as a valuable outlet.
“At the beginning I was like, okay it’s a bit of hype but maybe we’ll get some attention. But yeah, the more and more I looked at it, I was like, Okay, actually, this is a way of getting these artists’ voices heard.”
NFTs gave Tara a platform when traditional art would not
Another important factor for Ava and Tara embracing NFTs was their experience with the traditional art world. As a matter of fact, she reflects on how Tara’s art was met with some serious resistance.
“What became apparent, and what all of our other artists also experienced, was that the traditional art world didn’t really take them seriously. They were quite dismissive when they heard they were disabled or neurodivergent. So when I heard about NFTs, I thought, you know this is a very cool new community. They’re open to change. They want to stray from old, archaic systems.”
ARTXV caters to “the largest minority in the world”
The ‘XV’ in the name ARTXV refers to the statistic that around 15% of the world’s population has some form of disability. That equates to over one billion people, and is the reason why Ava calls people with disabilities “the largest minority in the world.”
Of course, a huge part of the ARTXV mission is increasing the visibility of neurodivergent and disabled people in Web3 as a whole. When it comes to NFT art specifically, Ava recounts an exercise from her presentation at ETH Denver, designed to give people a new perspective on neurodivergent people’s place in the art world.
“I did a little exercise for everyone: I showed them Leonardo da Vinci, Andy Warhol, and Picasso. And I asked everyone, What do you think they all have in common? [The answer was] they were all thought to be neurodivergent.”
The point that Ava makes through this anecdote is that, clearly, writing off neurodivergent artists is a mistake. After all, those three artists are some of the most significant names in all of art history. Ava wants to impart the fact that neurodivergent artists have so much to offer as artists, and sees ARTXV as a vehicle to make that a greater possibility.
“I really believe that neurodivergence impacts your work in so many amazing ways. Having that unique view of the world because your brain functions differently isn’t a hindrance. If anything it’s the opposite. It’s such a beautiful thing to have. So I have no doubt that those three artists’ neurodivergence contributed to [their work].”
The future for Tara, Ava, ARTXV and neurodivergent NFT artists
All in all, Ava notes that the experience of her, Tara, and the ARTXV collective has been overwhelmingly positive.
“There’s definitely a need to increase diversity and inclusion in the space and I won’t pretend that it’s all rosy. But people seem to be open to it, which is fantastic.”
On that note, ARTXV has certainly hit some major milestones as it continues to grow. Tara herself has become an ambassador for Mencap – the largest disability charity in the UK.
Another milestone that stands out for Ava is the collective’s partnership with Google Arts & Culture. The upcoming project will highlight ARTXV artists, making them the first NFT art collective that Google Arts & Culture has partnered with. Ava particularly loves how the project will put the ARTXV artists front and center.
“What I love about it is, it’s just the artists. It’s their voice. You know I often speak on behalf of the artists but this is them. Their life, their stories, and experiences. It’s a tear-jerker, but it’s beautiful.”
In the end, ARTXV’s mission will not be accomplished overnight. To be sure, the lack of representation across industries for neurodivergent and disabled people is significant. Nevertheless, Ava is confident about how ARTXV can contribute to changing that narrative. And making sure that this becomes another thing that sets Web3 apart from what has come before it.
“I would love the real-life statistics to reflect in Web3 and all its ecosystems. So if we can onboard as many disabled neurodivergent people, autistic or not, and get them to the forefront of this technology. Then yeah, I’ll die happy. And we have plenty of other ideas as well.”
All investment/financial opinions expressed by NFTevening.com are not recommendations.
This article is educational material.
As always, make your own research prior to making any kind of investment. | https://nftevening.com/artxv-founder-ava-halvai-on-celebrating-neurodiversity-in-nfts/ |
Format: Paperback – advance reader copy.
Publisher: Simon and Schuester
Release Date: 1st October 2019
Blurb:
Ava Lee has lost everything there is to lose: Her parents. Her best friend. Her home. Even her face. She doesn’t need a mirror to know what she looks like–she can see her reflection in the eyes of everyone around her.
A year after the fire that destroyed her world, her aunt and uncle have decided she should go back to high school. Be “normal” again. Whatever that is. Ava knows better. There is no normal for someone like her. And forget making friends–no one wants to be seen with the Burned Girl, now or ever.
But when Ava meets a fellow survivor named Piper, she begins to feel like maybe she doesn’t have to face the nightmare alone. Sarcastic and blunt, Piper isn’t afraid to push Ava out of her comfort zone. Piper introduces Ava to Asad, a boy who loves theatre just as much as she does, and slowly, Ava tries to create a life again. Yet Piper is fighting her own battle, and soon Ava must decide if she’s going to fade back into her scars . . . or let the people by her side help her fly.
I am not scared by burns but many have thought it or asked me if I was. That’s the thing about psoriasis is that it can be mistaken as a burn or a scar from burns – I’ve even been asked if I had been in a fire before because of how bad my skin was on my face and neck when I was at school. I think because of this experience it meant whenever I could find a book with a main character who didn’t look ‘normal’ I would always leap on it and determined to read it. To know that looking different whether it be by genetics or by a fire that I wasn’t alone. This is why when I first heard about Scars Like Wings, I was determined to read it and had all my fingers and toes crossed that this was the book that I would have loved as a sixteen-year-old back at school when I was constantly being pointed out for looking different.
Compared with R.J Palico’s middle-grade novel Wonder (which I loved) as it’s YA counterpart, I would say there are certainly similarities between the two novels that people will see and admire. But, Scars Like Wings deals with so much more than Ava’s journey returning to school a year after the fire that claimed the lives of her parents and cousin, Sara. Throughout the novel, there is a huge sense of grief that Ava is having to deal with which I felt Erin Stewart approached really well.
Ava isn’t just grieving for her parents or cousin, her grief is written in many forms throughout the book and deals with Ava as she finally begins to confront different aspects of grief. In the novel, Ava finds it hard to go on facebook or see the pictures of what she looked like before the fire and because of that she separates herself from her life before. In Ava’s mind, there are two sides of her now, the Ava before the fire and the one who was burned and scarred. But scars run deeper than just the first layer of skin.
Returning to school is a big deal for Ava because she is aware of how others will simply just see her and react on that basis before getting to know her. Striking a deal with her aunt Cora after the doctors gave her the all-clear Ava goes back to school for a trial period of two weeks – that is until she meets Piper another ‘survivor’ who attends the school and is in a wheelchair. Piper was a character I very much enjoyed, I loved her wit and sarcasm and blatant attitude to the world around her but there is a mystery as while she encourages and pushes Ava to do more, Piper and the reason behind her burns are kept closed off. Using humour to deflect the pain, Ava and Piper pair up and their friendship begins to evolve especially with the introduction of Asad who is part of the school’s drama club working behind the scenes.
“Before, I was a million things. Now I’m only one. The Burned Girl.”
I loved the introduction of drama and musicals, I mean who doesn’t like a good musical. Asad is a theatre geek and probably would describe himself as such, Piper was once part of the drama crowd and so was Ava at her old school – known for her talented voice. I liked this introduction that there was something more in common between Piper and Ava than just being burns victims and that their friendship first grew from that common factor that there was much more to it.
Despite being humourous and sarcastic, all the characters in this book were deeply complex and layered with there being a lot more to them than specific incidents. I particularly loved Ava’s narrative and her internal monologue throughout the novel, she has such a distinctive voice, particularly during instances in hospital and counselling were she refers to her ‘Committee of Ava’s Life’ which basically means the medical professionals and her Aunt Cora.
Aunt Cora and Uncle Glenn were a set of characters which I loved and felt that Erin had written the whole family dynamic really well. While Ava now lives with them, she feels as if she is living in the shadow of a ghost, Sara, after all, she lives in her cousin’s room now. While for Cora and Glenn it is clear that they feel similar as they are living in the shadows left by Ava’s parents. Both sides have lost people in their lives but are still trying to figure out this new way of life together. I adored Cora because although at times she could appear overbearing, you could always tell it was because she had the best intentions at heart. Paired with Glenn it made sense as he was much more reserved but clear that he and his wife, although wanting to be there for Ava and look after her, they were still grieving for their own daughter. My heart kinda broke for this whole family if I’m honest and I have to admit there were a few tear shed whenever this came up.
Tragically beautiful, Scars Like Wings is a novel which deals with so much and is written so beautifully that it will bring tears to your eyes. A story of friendship, love, family, loss and acceptance and self-discovery in the face of a new normal – I dare anyone to try and read this book without feeling a little emotional. A stunning debut, I can’t wait to see what Erin Stewart writes next!
Scars Like Wings is released in two weeks time! Will you be picking it up?
Thank you again to the team at Simon&Schuester who were raffling off copies at YALC! | https://acupofwonderland.com/2019/09/13/book-review-scars-like-wings-by-erin-stewart/ |
Of all moral issues, war is perhaps the most difficult, and most important. What would a specifically libertarian response to this issue be?
Wars are fought once on battlefields of blood, only to be fought again on the battlefield of ideas. These replays vary in their degrees of abstraction. Some, such as debates over strategy, tactics, and the competency of generals, are relatively concrete and fall largely within the province of military historians. Others, such as debates over the justice of a war and how it was fought, require the application of fundamental moral principles to the subject of war. This latter enterprise is called "just war theory."
Relatively little has been done to develop a specifically libertarian version of just war theory. An effort in this direction was undertaken by Murray Rothbard, who linked his discussion of war to an isolationist foreign policy. Since Rothbard's influence on the modern libertarian movement was perhaps second only to that of Ayn Rand, I shall begin this discussion of just war theory by taking a brief look at his views.
According to Rothbard, when one country invades another country, two evils are bound to occur. The first is the killing of innocent people; this means that war "is mass murder, and this massive invasion of the right to life, of self-ownership, of numbers of people is not only a crime but, for the libertarian, the ultimate crime." The second evil is the inevitable increase in taxation that will be required to finance the war. Rothbard concludes: "For both reasons, because inter-State wars inevitably involve both mass murder and an increase in tax-coercion, the libertarian opposes war. Period."
It turns out that this "period" is not as definitive as it may first appear, for Rothbard then says, "It was not always thus." He continues with a romanticized account of medieval warfare, an era when low-tech weaponry permitted armies to confine their violence to rival armies - something they"often did," Rothbard notes, apparently hoping that the Crusades and the sacking of entire cities (which entailed the wholesale slaughter of their inhabitants) will be viewed as exceptions to the rule.
Apart from the small band of Tolstoyan anarchists, then, the libertarian foreign policy is not a pacifist policy. We do not hold, as do the pacifists, that no individual has the right to use violence in defending himself against violent attack. What we do hold is that no one has the right to conscript, tax, or murder others, or to use violence against others in order to defend himself. Since all States exist and have their being in aggression against their subjects and in the acquiring of their present territory, and since inter-State war slaughters innocent civilians, such wars are always unjust - although some may be more unjust than others.
Although it is true that modern wars have generally been waged by nation-states against other nation-states (a model that has become less applicable with the rise of al Qaeda and other nonstate terrorist organizations), this needn't be the case; we can easily imagine a private protection agency in Rothbard's ideal anarchistic society waging war against another agency. Although the financing of war would be voluntary in this case, the problem of killing innocent people while exercising one's right of self-defense would remain. Even if we presume that fewer innocent people would be killed, the killing of even one innocent person would render that war unjust, if we accept Rothbard's reasoning.
It is important to distinguish actions that are unjust per se from actions that, though just in themselves, are rendered possible in a particular case by unjust means. For example, the apprehension of violent criminals is just, by libertarian standards, even if this activity is currently financed, and therefore made possible, by a coercive system of taxation that libertarians regard as unjust. Does this mean that libertarians should protest the apprehension of all violent criminals because this state activity is financed by coercive means? Few libertarians would answer "yes" to this question.
the type of armaments it uses. Rocks, spears, arrows, and rifles can be aimed at particular individuals, but artillery shells and bombs (as well as more destructive weapons of mass destruction) target areas that may contain innocent bystanders.
Suppose a libertarian country is attacked with bombs. Does the principle of nonaggression mean that it may fight back only with rifles, in effect? Although Rothbard does not say this explicitly, he comes very close to it in his discussion of just war theory in "The Ethics of Liberty," where he argues that "the bow and arrow, and even the rifle, can be pinpointed, if the will be there, against actual criminals." On the other hand, "it is precisely the characteristic of modern weapons that they cannot be used selectively, cannot be used in a libertarian manner. Therefore, their very existence must be condemned..."
Suppose that ... Jones finds that he or his property is being aggressed against by Smith. It is legitimate, as we have seen, for Jones to repel this invasion by the use of defensive violence. But, now we must ask: is it within the right of Jones to commit aggressive violence against innocent third parties in the course of his legitimate defense against Smith? Clearly the answer must be, No. For the rule prohibiting violence against the persons or property of innocent men is absolute; it holds regardless of the subjective motives for the aggression. It is wrong, and criminal, to violate the property or person of another, even if one is a Robin Hood, or starving, or is defending oneself against a third man's attack.
[W]here a moral action results in two consequences, one evil and the other good, the action may be done morally, if the good is in some reasonable proportion to the evil, if the good cannot be attained without the evil, if the two consequences are concomitant, and if the good is directly intended and the evil only permitted.
It is a legitimate act of war to bomb directly any military target. The term, military target, includes not only military personnel and purely military installations, but roads, railways/ every kind of communication and transportation, factories, warehouses, government buildings - anything which directly subserves a military purpose. Killing non-combatants in air raids may never be directly willed but only permitted according to the principle of double effect. To bomb a purely civilian area for the sake of terrorizing the enemy into subjection is merely mass murder.
This principle has been used by many philosophers of war to justify the killing of innocents, so long as such killing is not directly intended but is the unavoidable byproduct of an action that is required for self-defense. Rothbard rejects this principle, if only implicitly, when he maintains that the rights of person and property are "absolute" and hold "regardless of the subjective motives for the aggression." My need to survive, however real and urgent, cannot eradicate, diminish, or otherwise affect the rights of innocent people who are in no way responsible for the situation in which I find myself. This is what Rothbard means in calling rights "absolute."
This is a reasonable position. To claim that innocent people lose their rights whenever they prove inconvenient for me would throw a libertarian theory of rights into a whirlwind of subjectivity. On the other hand, motives are surely relevant to our moral evaluation of an action. Rothbard seems to admit as much when he says that we "may understand and sympathize with the motives" in those "extreme situations" where killing an innocent person is required for one/s self-defense - but if the killing of innocents is always and everywhere unjustifiable murder, pure and simple, then it is difficult to understand the reason for this sympathy.
Moreover, it is not only the right to self-ownership that is absolute, according to Rothbard, but also the right to external property. Hence Rothbard/s position on war, if consistently applied, would mean that even minor violations of property rights could never be justified by appealing to self-defense. If, while fleeing from an aggressor who intends to kill me, I find it necessary to trespass on the land of another person without his permission, then my action would qualify as a violation of the owner/s property rights. Would Rothbard insist that I should therefore stand my ground and permit myself to be killed rather than commit this unjust act? Many such examples could be given, and they give a sense of unreality to Rothbard's position.
There is a way of out this dilemma, one that Rothbard does not consider, namely, that it may sometimes be morally justifiable to violate the rights of innocent people. Rights, in this view, specify conditions in which force may legitimately be used against others. They pertain to the external aspects of human action and are not directly concerned with subjective motives. The motives for violating a right may be good or bad, moral or immoral, but it is the objective characteristics of an action that will ultimately determine whether or not a right has been violated, and to what extent.
Whatever the problems with Rothbard's approach may be, it at least addresses in a serious way the complicated and disturbing problems raised by just war theory. Unfortunately, the same cannot be said of a recent article by Yaron Brook and Alex Epstein, "'Just War Theory' vs. American Self-Defense," which appears in The Objectivist Standard. The article is significant because Mr. Brook, as president and executive director of theAyn Rand Institute, may be taken to express the "official" Objectivist position on just war theory.
This raises the interesting question of whether Rand would have agreed with Brook and Epstein. Although this is obviously a matter of conjecture, I think there is considerable evidence to indicate that she would have endorsed their major theoretical conclusions. But this raises the more difficult question of whether Rand's statements about war (many of which were given off the cuff, as verbal responses to questions) are consistent with her own theory of individual rights and her application of methodological individualism to moral reasoning. Since Brook and Epstein do not even consider the possibility that Rand failed to apply her principles consistently, I shall not explore this problem further, except where it is pertinent to a particular argument.
The lengthy article by Brook and Epstein is an ambitious mixture of policy analysis, historical interpretation, and political theory. Such articles will necessarily contain claims that cannot be defended in detail, so it is a relatively simple matter for a critic to attack isolated remarks and focus on them at the expense of more significant points. I will do my best to avoid this kind of picayune criticism and deal instead with basic themes. I will concentrate on the wholesale repudiation of "just war theory" by Brook and Epstein.
Just War Theory, in the final analysis, is anti-self-defense and anti-justice. By preaching self-sacrifice to the needs of others, Just War Theory has led to the sacrifice of the civilized for the sake of the barbarous, the sacrifice of victims of aggression for the sake of its perpetrators, the sacrifice of noble Americans for the sake of ignoble Iraqis - the sacrifice of the greatest nation in history for the sake of the worst nations today.
The subtext here is one that we often find with Objectivist writers: everyone got it wrong until Ayn Rand happened on the scene. Not until she developed her ethics of rational egoism was it possible to slay the dragon of altruism that had hitherto vitiated every just war theory, so we have virtually nothing to learn from this long and rich tradition.
One of the most frustrating aspects of the article is the ambiguity that attends its critique of "just war theory." At times the authors seem to mean contemporary just war theory, as represented chiefly by Michael Walzer's influential book, "Just and Unjust Wars" (1977). At other times they use "just war theory" as a generic label, one that encompasses every just war theory from Augustine (in the early 5th century) to the present day.
Brook and Epstein appear not to have read Walzer's book very carefully. Consider their objection to the requirement that war be waged as a "last resort," Le., only after peaceful alternatives have been exhausted. This supposedly means that"a nation cannot go to war immediately even when there is an objective threat - that is, when another nation has shown the willingness to initiate aggression against it." The "last resort" requirement is therefore "inimical to the requirements of self-defense, which demand that serious threats be stopped as soon as possible."
According to Brook and Epstein, Walzer is among those (otherwise unnamed) just war philosophers who do not regard objective threats as legitimate grounds for war, and they quote a remark he made to the New York Times to illustrate their point: "we don't have to wait to be attacked; that's true. But you do have to wait until you are about to be attacked."
The line between legitimate and illegitimate first strikes is not going to be drawn at the point of imminent attack but at the point of sufficient threat. That phrase is necessarily vague. I mean it to cover three things: a manifest intent to injure, a degree of active participation that makes that intent a positive danger, and a general situation in which waiting, or doing anything other than fighting, greatly magnifies the risk.
Like many just war philosophers, Walzer distinguishes between a subjective fear and an objective threat. Fear alone is not enough to justify a preemptive strike, but the same is not true of a legitimate threat (or what Francis Bacon called "just fear"). Walzer argues that "we need an objective standard" to determine when the fear we feel is based on a real threat - and when this determination has been made, we may use force in self-defense.
Brook and Epstein's interpretation of Walzer pales in comparison to their outrageous handling of just war theory in the broader sense. The authors claim that just war theorists, despite their many differences, / I all hold one fundamental idea in common." The moral premise of just war theory - not merely this or that version, mind you, but all historical forms of just war theory - is "the altruistic notion that justice means selfless service to the needs of others." In short: "Just War Theory ... is the application of the morality of altruism to war."
It is both imperative and just that we fight against "Islamic Totalitarianism" until that movement no longer threatens us. This requires that we be willing to take the drastic actions (which they repeatedly describe as "Sherman-like," after the harsh Civil War actions of General Sherman) that are required to achieve this end. But these actions are inconsistent with"a certain moral theory of war" called just war theory, so to "the extent that Just War Theory is followed, it is a prescription for suicide for innocent nations." This shows that just war theory is "neither practical nor moral"; on the contrary, it is "a profoundly unjust code," one rooted in altruism. In forbidding us to take actions necessary for our very survival, just war theory effectively nullifies our right of self-defense and demands that we sacrifice ourselves for the sake of others.
There is an unfortunate tendency among some Objectivists to map out a short and easy route through the history of ideas that will take them to a predetermined destination. The destination, more often than not, is "altruism" - an evil that lurks behind every bush and under every rock in the history of philosophy. More pernicious still, according to these Objectivists, are the seeds of altruism that, once planted, can lie dormant and undetected in the soil of seemingly benign theories, only to emerge decades or even centuries later as full-blown doctrines of self-sacrifice. In their early stages, these seeds can be so subtle and elusive as to be perceptible only to dedicated altruism hunters.
Although advocates of Just War Theory differ on many specifics about the nature of morality, they all hold one fundamental idea in common. To zero in on this idea, let us tum to the origins of Just War Theory: the writings of the Christian theologian Saint Augustine on the proper use of violence by individuals.
Our authors now tell a story, much of it fictional, of how Augustine packed altruism into just war theory at its point of origin and thereby tainted it forever. The first peculiar thing about this story is where it starts. One can only guess where Brook and Epstein came by the idea that the"origins" of just war theory are to be found in the writings of Augustine.
Augustine has been called the first Christian just war theorist (though even this label has been characterized as "misleading" by the Cambridge editors of his "Political Writings"), but he was centuries too late to qualify as an originator of just war theory per se. Many Greek and Roman philosophers, historians, and statesmen had discussed just war theory long before Augustine came along. The discussion in Cicero's "Republic" (to which Augustine refers on several occasions) is but one example. Moreover, Augustine clearly had an earlier tradition of just war theory in mind when he endorsed the following view: "A just war is customarily defined as one which avenges injuries, as when a nation or a state deserves to be punished because it has neglected either to put right the wrongs done by its people or to restore what it has unjustly seized."
Brook and Epstein correctly point out that Augustine had a significant impact on later just war theory; they also call attention to the strong current of altruism in Augustine's ethics. Aside from these general points, however, their account is highly inaccurate.
Augustine set out to refute those pacifists who had argued that Christians should not serve in the Roman military. In the course of doing so, he conceded that Christians, when acting in their private capacity as Roman citizens, should be willing to die rather than use force in self-defense. But he also maintained that these selfsame Christians, when acting in their public capacity as soldiers, have a duty to use force when a war has been authorized by a legitimate political ruler.
There is a definite strain of altruism here, insofar as Augustine maintains that the use of violence is justifiable only when it furthers the common good instead of one's personal interests; but, contrary to the suggestion of Brook and Epstein, this did not lead Augustine to conclude that "humanitarian" wars fought on behalf of other countries are morally superior to wars fought in defense of one's own country. This was not his point at all.
Now, to deny the personal right of self-defense while insisting that Christians have a duty to defend their country was obviously an untenable position, but Augustine's authority in the Catholic church was such that it took centuries before his position on self-defense was decisively overthrown. This was largely the accomplishment of Thomas Aquinas, who (writing in the 13th century) defended the personal right of self-defense in no uncertain terms. To the question of whether one may "kill someone in self-defense,"
Even the most dedicated altruism hunter would have difficulty locating his prey in these remarks. And it was Aquinas' views on self-defense, not those of Augustine, that would dominate Catholic thinking on just war theory in the following centuries. Indeed, the maxim that we should value our own lives more than the lives of other people (within the boundaries of justice, of course) would henceforth play a major role in just war theory. For example, in the early 16th century, Francisco de Vitoria (the most influential just war philosopher of his era) wrote that "free men ... do not live for the convenience of others, but for themselves"; and he followed the lead of Aquinas rather than Augustine in maintaining that "every man has the power and right of self-defense by naturallaw."
Although Aquinas quoted Augustine extensively in his discussion of just war theory, he did so for the purpose of supporting the position that "the care of the commonwealth is entrusted to princes," and that "it pertains to them to protect the commonwealth of the city or kingdom or province subject to them." This includes not only the obligation to punish domestic criminals but also the obligation "to use the sword of war to protect the commonwealth against enemies from without."
In sum, Aquinas invoked the authority of Augustine to support the following principles: (1) A just war can be waged only by a legitimate political authority. (2) A just cause is required; that is to say, "those against whom war is to be waged must deserve to have war waged against them because of some wrongdoing." (3) It is necessary that "those who wage war should have a righteous intent; that is, they should intend either to promote a good cause or avert an evil.,,13 In none of these principles - all of which were defended by both Augustine and Aquinas - do we find anything that could remotely be described as "altruistic."
Brook and Epstein have little choice but to acknowledge that later just war theories were grounded in the right of self-defense, but even here our intrepid altruism hunters claim to have found the evil for which they were searching.
The most significant development in Just War Theory since Augustine's time is that the theory has come to include an endorsement of what it calls a "right to self-defense." But because Just War Theory has maintained its Augustinian, altruistic roots, its alleged "right" to self-defense turns out to be no such thing.
The argument here is that the principles of just war theory, such as "proportionality" and "discrimination," so undercut the preconditions of legitimate self-defense as to effectively nullify this right during war. These principles are said to be altruistic because they supposedly demand that innocent people sacrifice their lives, or at least put them in significant danger, for the sake of other people.
The principle of proportionality is that retaliation should be proportional to the injury received. The principle of discrimination is that we should make a good-faith effort to restrict our use of force to those who are guilty of aggression and avoid targeting innocent people. While acknowledging that these principles are ambiguous and leave a good deal of room for interpretation, Brook and Epstein nonetheless insist that they amount to the imperative that a just war "be fought by unselfish, sacrificial means." For example, it is "commonly necessary in war to break the spirit of a foreign people whose nation has initiated aggression in which they are complicit," and this may call for the Sherman-like tactics of targeting civilians and razing entire cities. But just war theory "forbids such tactics."
A nation with"good intentions," practicing "proportionality" and "discrimination," cannot possibly raze a city as Sherman did. This is why, although Sherman's actions helped to end the Civil War, he is a reviled figure among Just War theorists: His goal was to preserve his side by inflicting unbearable misery on its enemy's civilian population - the opposite of "good intentions." Many Just War theorists hold - as by their standard they are obliged to hold - that the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 was immoral. America, they claim, should have valued Japanese civilians over the hundreds of thousands of GIs who would have died invading Japan.
It may come as a shock to Brook and Epstein to learn that Sherman-like tactics - including tactics that go beyond anything that they would endorse - have been advocated by some of the most influential proponents of just war theory. When our authors refer to "Just War theorists and their pacifist spiritual brothers," they labor under the misapprehension that just war theorists have been cousins to the pacifists who would take the fun out of war by concocting "new schemes for appeasement, or new fantasies that the enemy has reformed." Especially disturbing to Brook and Epstein is the apparent incompatibility of just war theory with the Sherman-like tactics of targeting civilian populations, burning cities and private estates, destroying crops and livestock, and so forth.
Here as elsewhere it is painfully evident that they have not read even the most prominent just war philosophers, such as Francisco de Vitoria, who is widely acknowledged as the founder of modern international law. His "On the Law of War" (a series of lectures delivered at the University of Salamanca in 1539) was the most systematic and extensive presentation of just war theory to date, and its influence on subsequent thinkers was immense.
Consider Vitoria's argument that we may "plunder" the "goods and property" that have been used against us in a war, even if these belong to innocent people. "Indeed, we may take the money of the innocent, or burn and ravage their crops or kill their livestock; all of these things are necessary to weaken the enemies' resources. There can be rio argument about this." Moreover, "one may even enslave the innocent under just the same conditions as one may plunder them," i.e., when such measures are necessary to win a just war. As for prisoners of war, if they "would otherwise be combatants, for instance, if they have already borne arms against us, they may be executed."
Like many early just war theorists, Vitoria would put Brook and Epstein to shame in a contest to see who advocates the most severe tactics during war. Even John Locke (who greatly admired the writings of Hugo Grotius and Samuel Pufendorf, the two leading Protestant proponents of just war theory) defended the enslavement of those who participate in an unjust war. For centuries this line of reasoning was a standard justification for slavery among just war theorists; and though Brook and Epstein do not discuss this issue specifically, I assume that they do not advocate the mass enslavement of Islamic fundamentalists whom they regard as posing "objective threats" to America.
Just war theory is a big tent in which a wide range of policies can find shelter. Brook and Epstein acknowledge this when they note that the guidelines of just war theory are "ambiguous," that "advocates of Just War Theory differ on many specifics," and that how one interprets principles like proportionality will ultimately depend on one's "basic view of morality." These are important insights, and if Brook and Epstein had followed up on them instead of pursuing the red herring of altruism, they might have produced a valuable contribution to just war theory.
If the principles of just war theory are so elastic, having been used to defend not only the Sherman-like measures advocated by Brook and Epstein but also measures (such as enslavement) that even Sherman-lovers would reject, then of what value is this tradition to modern libertarians and Objectivists?
Just war philosophers, however much they may disagree over particulars, have shared a common concern with the ethics of war; they have attempted to apply objective moral principles knowable to reason (traditionally known as "natural laws") both to the cause of war (jus ad bellum) and to the conduct of war (jus in bello). These moral principles have varied to the extent that just war theories have reflected the moral standards of their time. What were regarded as relatively humane methods of warfare in one era sometimes came to be regarded as barbaric in a later one. The reverse has also occurred: many 18th-century advocates of "civilized war" would have reacted with horror at the 20th-century notion of "total war," which sanctioned the wholesale targeting of civilians.
Just war theory underwent a profound transformation during the 16th and 17th centuries, a period that witnessed the development of the modern theory of natural rights. In this profoundly individualistic approach to political theory, rights came to be seen as principles of moral jurisdiction that a person has over his body, his labor, and the fruits thereof. Throughout the literature of this period we see "force" and "fraud" listed as the two basic methods by which rights can be violated - a strong indicator of the similarity between this emerging theory and the conception of rights defended by modern Objectivists and libertarians.
Least of all should that be admitted which some people imagine, that in war all [moral] laws are in abeyance. On the contrary, war ought not to be undertaken except for the enforcement of rights; when once undertaken, it should be carried on only within the bounds of law and good faith. [I]n order that wars may be justified, they must be carried on with not less scrupulousness than judicial processes are wont to be.
Grotius saw a kind of madness in the death and destruction caused by wars, which were "justified" in myriad ways. He hoped (perhaps naively) that just war theory would bring the voice of reason to what was typically an irrational enterprise.
Grotius was the first philosopher to develop a systematic theory of individual rights to serve as the foundation for his just war theory. This project was continued by Samuel Pufendorf, whose massive work, "The Law of Nature and Nations" (1672), was praised by Locke as "the best book" on political theory ever written.16 And this is precisely how the celebrated works by Grotius and Pufendorf should be classified: they are comprehensive treatments, first and foremost, of political theory, which apply the principles of this discipline to the problem of war. According to Locke, those who read the major works by Grotius and Pufendorf "will be instructed in the natural rights of men, and the original and foundations of society, and the duties resulting thence." These are "studies which a gentleman should not barely touch at, but constantly dwell upon, and never have done with."
Grotius and Pufendorf were not liberal individualists; on the contrary, both reached conclusions that were favorable to absolutism in some respects. But (as Locke indicated) they presented a theory of natural rights that could be used to solve the fundamental problems of political philosophy. They provided a conceptual structure, an individualistic methodology or way of thinking about political problems - including the problem of war - that promised to bring system and coherence to this difficult discipline. They made just war theory a branch of political philosophy, and they achieved this integration by means of a theory of individual rights. The moral principles that should regulate the interaction of individuals within the same nation, they argued, are essentially identical to the moral principles that should regulate the interaction of individuals in different nations.
Grotius based his theory of rights on an ethics of rational self-interest. In the words of Richard Tuck (a leading authority in this field), Grotius "went back to the principles of the Stoics ... in particular the Stoic claim that the primary force governing human affairs is the desire for self-preservation. But he interpreted this desire in moral terms, as the one and only universal right: no one could ever be blamed for protecting themselves..." According to Grotius, reason enables man to formulate and act upon the general principles that set the foundation for a beneficial social order. Foremost among these conditions is the preservation of one's suum, i.e., moral jurisdiction and power over one's life, body, and liberty. For Grotius, these spheres of moral jurisdiction are expressed in terms of rights, which define and delimit the use of physical force in society. Grotius would have wholeheartedly agreed with Ayn Rand's statement that "lndividual rights are the means of subordinating society to moral law."
According to Grotius, people form political societies primarily for the individualistic purpose of protecting their rights from the violent invasions of others: "the end of society is to form a common and united aid to preserve to every one his own." Self-preservation is a fundamental right that is violated by the initiation of physical force, so self-defense is a right "which nature grants to every one." Rights "do not prohibit all use of force, but only that use of force ... which attempts to take away the rights of another." The right of self-defense justifies the retaliatory use of force: "a person, if he has no other means of saving his life, is justified in using any forcible means of repelling an attack." This reasoning also applies to our conduct in a just war, which has as its purpose "the preservation of our lives and persons."
If this approach can be called "egoistic," owing to its emphasis on the morality of self-interested actions, we must keep in mind that it is a universalistic egoism - a form of egoism in which every person has an equal right to pursue his self-interest within the boundaries of justice. Considered in terms of fundamentals, this approach is the same as that found in the ethical egoism of Ayn Rand. Unlike the egoism of (say) Max Stirner, Rand maintains that the pursuit of rational self-interest should take the rights of other people into account; indeed, the integration of self-interest and rights is perhaps the most impressive feature of her political theory. Nowhere does Rand suggest that respecting the rights of others is "altruistic."
Since even a just war will inevitably involve the killing of innocent people and other rights-violating actions, Grotius and his colleagues devoted considerable attention to this problem. Although they sometimes disagreed over particulars, the acceptance of a rights-based method of analysis permitted them to argue within the same conceptual framework. This framework, I maintain, is also the one best-suited for those modern libertarians and Objectivists who work from a theory of natural rights.
Allow me to summarize some theoretical features of this approach, beginning with the notion of a state of nature.
A state of nature (or "natural society") is a society without government, i.e., a society without a common sovereign, or judge, who can adjudicate disputes between members of society. Described by John Locke as a condition of "pure anarchy," the state of nature was an extremely useful model that permitted philosophers to explore the extent of natural rights, i.e., those enforceable moral claims that individuals would possess in a "natural" society without a government.
'Tis often asked as a mighty Objection, Where are, or ever were, there any Men in such a State of Nature? To which it may suffice as an answer at present: that since all Princes and rulers of Independent Communities all through the world are in a State of Nature, 'tis plain the World never was, nor ever will be, without Numbers of Men in that state.
As Emmerich de Vattel (an influential 18th-century just war theorist) put it, nations "may be regarded as so many free persons living together in a state of nature."
This means that the reciprocal rights and duties that would apply to individuals in an anarchistic state of nature can also be applied to relationships between sovereign nation-states.
Such problems are one reason why 17th-century just war theory cannot be accepted "as is" by modern libertarians, whose views on state sovereignty differ from those of our predecessors. Considerable work remains to be done in this field, so I should again emphasize that my discussion of this tradition should not be construed as a blanket endorsement. I am recommending the methodology employed by these philosophers, not necessarily their specific conclusions and doctrines.
Closely related to the state of nature model was a way of looking at rights that I call political reductionism. This is the doctrine that all rights are ultimately the rights of individuals, and that all rights and powers claimed by a government must be reducible, in principle, to the rights and powers of individuals. As Locke put it, "no Body can transfer to another more power than he has in himself."
Statements of political reductionism abound in the 17th century. Algernon Sidney, a hero to Thomas Jefferson and other revolutionary Americans, wrote that "whatsoever is done by delegated powers, must be referred to the principals; for none can give to any a power which they have not in themselves." According to Gershom Carmichael (a seminal figure in the early Scottish Enlightenment who brought a Lockean perspective to his commentaries on Pufendorf), "civil power is in fact nothing but the right which belonged to individuals in the state of nature to claim what was their own or what was due to them, and which has been conferred upon the same ruler for the sake of civil peace." And Thomas Jefferson affirmed political reductionism in no uncertain terms when he said that "the rights of the whole can be no more than the sum of the rights of individuals." Hence when Ayn Rand stated that a "group can have no rights other than the rights of its individual members," and that "the expression 'individual rights' is a redundancy," she placed herself in a long and venerable tradition of political reductionism.
The model of a state of nature, when combined with political reductionism, generated a method of reasoning about war that enabled philosophers to analyze complex moral issues in a systematic fashion. What rights (and corresponding duties) would individuals possess in a state of nature? It was by addressing this question that philosophers of war ascertained the rights and duties that one sovereign nation possesses vis-a-vis other sovereign nations in the anarchistic arena of international relationships.
In other words, before philosophers in this tradition discuss what actions nations may properly undertake in self-defense, they first discuss what actions individuals in a state of nature could properly undertake. Some of these discussions are fascinating for the amount of detail they contain. For instance, in considering the old problem of whether one may kill a thief in self-defense, Grotius considers the distinction between"a thief who steals by day, and the robber, who commits the act by night." After noting that many previous philosophers had considered this problem, Grotius notes that "they differ about the reason for this distinction," while adding that they seem not to "have considered the question in its proper light" - which Grotius, of course, then proceeds to do.
Such problems were not regarded as idle hypotheticals of the sort that might fascinate libertarians after a few beers. They were seen instead as essential to developing a comprehensive theory of the individual right of self-defense. Pufendorf even considers the problem of what right, if any, an aggressor has to self-defense; and, like Grotius before him, he explores in considerable detail the problem of threats.
This method of reasoning generated a bright-line test for both the justification of war and the actions taken during a war: If the actions undertaken by a government in the name of self-defense could never, in principle, be legitimate for an individual to undertake in self-defense, then those actions must be condemned as morally improper. Within the individualistic tradition of just war theory, this state of nature analysis may be called the moral paradigm of a just war.
There is one other theoretical problem that bears mentioning, namely, the problem of acting as judge in one's own case. When Aristotle pointed out that "people are generally bad judges where their own interests are involved," he was calling attention to a problem that would be widely discussed by later philosophers. Political philosophers, regardless of their views on the proper limits of governmental power, generally agreed that a government should at least provide a judicial authority to which subjects and citizens can appeal to resolve conflicts that might otherwise end in perpetual violence.
This solution was not available in the realm of international affairs, since sovereign nations stand in a state of nature relative to other nations. In response, some philosophers advocated a league of nations that would serve as a common judge; some even called for a world government of sorts. But these proposals never gained traction in the 17th century, and it is with good reason that contemporary libertarians and Objectivists regard the United Nations with a jaundiced eye as a jury that includes criminals of the worst sort.
There was another aspect to the solution proposed by Aristotle and other political philosophers to the problem of bias; this was the rule of law, entailing the formulation of general moral principles and their application to war. To formulate and justify such principles is exactly what just war theorists have attempted to do. But there is an aspect of this project that can easily be overlooked, namely, that the general principles of war (especially those that pertain to jus in bello, or how a war should be fought after it has begun) will apply to all belligerents in warfare. It would be pointless, for example, to formulate a rule according to which the good guys may target enemy civilians but the bad guys may not. This rule would be pointless because every side will see itself as the"good guys." Rules about the conduct of war are thus intended to apply across the board, to good guys and bad guys alike.
Some Objectivists will doubtless object to this procedure, claiming that it introduces "subjectivism" into just war theory. Why should an innocent nation be constrained by the same rules of warfare that a guilty nation should observe? What does it matter if an aggressor nation believes that it is acting justly? These are perfectly legitimate questions, but to provide satisfactory answers would require more consideration than I can give them here. Suffice it to say that just war theorists wished to limit the barbarism of warfare per se, by sparing innocents as much as possible. As students of both human nature and history, they understood how easily people can rationalize and convince themselves that they are fighting in a just cause, however implausible their reasons may appear to others. This is nothing other than the problem of acting as judge in one's own case on an international stage, with the result that judgments will exhibit a national bias.
In the absence of a common judge to resolve international disputes, just war theorists emphasized a code of rules that should be observed by all sides in war. This was seen as the international equivalent of the rule of law. Grotius, Pufendorf, and their colleagues would have strongly endorsed Rand's contention that even the retaliatory use of force should be regulated and restrained by "an objective code of rules." What Rand regarded as essential for the preservation of peace, justice, and social order in the national sphere, Grotius regarded as equally essential in the international sphere.
Let's take a brief look at some of these rules.
As Douglas Lackey puts it in his excellent introduction, the rules of jus ad bellum "determine when it is permissible or obligatory to begin a war," whereas the rules of jus in bello determine "how a war should be fought once it has begun."
Broadly speaking, Just War Theory holds that a nation can go to war only in response to the impetus of a "just cause," with force as a "last resort," after all other non-military options have been considered and tried - with its decision to go to war motivated by "good intentions," with the aim of bringing about a "good outcome." And it holds that a nation must wage war only by means that are "proportional" to the ends it seeks, and while practicing "discrimination" between combatants and non-combatants.
This is a fair and accurate account, one that might have heralded a valuable critique of just war principles from an Objectivist perspective, had these authors retained their own objectivity.
Consider the principle that a just war must be waged with "good intentions." According to Brook and Epstein, "good"
It is far easier to tangle ideas than to untangle them, and fully to untangle the ideas in this passage would require a good deal of space. The principle of good intentions can be interpreted in a variety of ways, depending on the ideological presuppositions of a given philosopher, but the essential core of the principle may be stated as follows: If we have a just reason for going to war, then, if we decide to wage war, this decision and the actions we take thereafter should be motivated by this reason. The just reason, in other words, should not be used as a pretext to disguise unjust motives, such as the desire for plunder or territorial conquest.
Here as elsewhere Brook and Epstein fasten the charge of "altruism" on a principle by insisting that the entire tradition of just war theory is rooted in Augustinian altruism. I have already discussed the absurdity of this allegation. But I would like to say a few words about Augustine's position on this subject.
According to Augustine, war should be waged "in order to obtain peace." This was a common viewpoint, one that had been stated by Aristotle and later by Cicero, according to whom wars"ought to be undertaken for this purpose, that we may live in peace, without injustice." But Augustine gave a peculiar twist to this good intention; he maintained that since peace is the foundation of social order, and since social order benefits everyone, even the aggressors in war will benefit from their own defeat, provided a war is truly fought to secure peace.
This is the main avenue by which altruism enters Augustine's account of war. He argued that just wars, insofar as they aim at peace, should be concluded in a manner that benefits everyone, including the aggressors. Hence this altruism does not entail the sacrifice of the innocent for the sake of the guilty.
Augustine was principally concerned with eliminating the desire for revenge as a motivation for war. Hence: "just as you use force against the rebel or opponent, so you ought now to use mercy towards the defeated or the captive, and particularly so when there is no fear that peace will be disturbed." He insisted that a just war must be motivated by the desire to restore and maintain a just peace - a goal that will benefit victor and vanquished alike.
It should be noted that Augustine's altruism had an especially ugly side to it - a theory of "righteous persecution," according to which people can be coerced for their own good. (I discuss this in my article, "Philosophies of Toleration.") But when Augustine applied altruistic reasoning to the subject of war, he arrived at a principle of good intentions that sought to mitigate the savage retribution that was often inflicted on the losers. However we may evaluate the complex issues involved here, Augustine's position bears little resemblance to the account given by Brook and Epstein.
As I indicated previously, the principle of good intentions calls for a correspondence between reasons and motives: It says, in effect, that our justification for going to war should be sincere, that it should not serve as a pretext for ulterior motives. This is simply a call for moral integrity.
The principle of last resort states that nations, including those that have just cause to engage in war, should exhaust all peaceful alternatives to resolve their disputes before resorting to violence. Various qualifications attend this principle, which are captured by the stipulation that these alternatives must be reasonable; for example, the pursuit of a peaceful alternative must not significantly increase the danger facing a nation.
However just reason we may have to make war, yet as it inevitably brings along with it an incredible number of calamities, and oftentimes acts of injustice, it is certain that we ought not to proceed too easily to a dangerous extremity, which may perhaps prove fatal to the conqueror himself.
Since the primary duty of a government is to protect its subjects, a sovereign is obligated to observe the principle of last resort "in consequence of the very nature and end of government."
For as he ought to take particular care of the state, and of his subjects, he should not expose them to the evils with which war is attended, except in the last extremity, and when there is no other expedient left but that of arms. It is not therefore sufficient that the war be just in itself with respect to the enemy; it must also be so with respect to ourselves.
In the final analysis, every evil that accompanies a war - from an increase in taxes and a loss of civil liberties to the unintentional but foreseeable killing of innocent people - is an argument in favor of the principle of last resort.
Of all the traditional principles of just war theory, the rule of proportionality is the most troublesome. As explained by Grotius, it pertains to the relationship between means and ends. Thus conceived, it is a general principle of moral reasoning, not a principle that applies only to war.
In the most general terms, the rule of proportionality states that the good produced by an end must be greater than the evil produced by the means required to achieve that end. This rule applies both to jus ad bellum (when a war should be fought) and to jus in bello (how a war should be fought).
When Grotius and other individualists applied the rule of proportionality to jus ad bellum, they used it mainly as a rule of thumb to determine when a nation should engage in war as a matter of prudence, even if it has a just reason for doing so. If an innocent nation is threatened by an aggressor with far greater military might, such that the innocent nation has no realistic hope of victory, it might be wise for it to avoid war and negotiate with the aggressor instead, on the ground that this alternative will cause less harm to its citizens. Even if a nation has a reasonable chance of victory, the harm generated by a war may far outweigh the good that a victory will bring about.
This reasoning was based on a distinction between wars that are permissible versus wars that are obligatory. A just cause establishes the right to engage in war, but a right entails a moral option, not a moral obligation, to do something. Although we may have a right to engage in a particular war, it would be foolhardy to rush headlong into that war without first taking practical considerations into account. Individualists regarded the rule of proportionality, as applied to jus ad bellum, as a method of practical reasoning that would assist us in this kind of deliberation.
Care must be taken to ensure that the evil effects of the war do not outweigh the possible benefits sought by waging it. If the storming of a fortress or town garrisoned by the enemy but full of innocent inhabitants is not of great importance for eventual victory in the war, it does not seem to be permissible to kill a large number of innocent people by indiscriminate bombardment in order to defeat a small number of enemy combatants.
This application of the rule of proportionality has generated a good deal of criticism, and I freely concede that some of the objections raised by Brook and Epstein are well-taken (if we put aside the usual nonsense about "altruism"). For one thing, "proportionality" is a type of measurement, and this presupposes a uniform standard of measurement - and it is far from clear what this standard should be in time of war.
In the realm of jus in bello, individualists often invoked "necessity" rather than a rule of proportionality; they argued that those engaged in a just war should use only the amount of force necessary to win the war. Granted, a standard of "necessity" can be as vague and ambiguous as "proportionality," but the former does not entangle us in the same nest of theoretical problems about standards of measurement as the latter.
Individualists understood this problem, of course. They sometimes invoked Aristotle's dictum that moral reasoning does not yield the same degree of precision that we find in mathematics and other theoretical sciences. The judgments of moral reasoning depend a great deal on the "good faith" of the moral agent, Le., on his sincere desire to apply moral standards to a given situation as conscientiously as possible. And this is where appeals to "conscience" were seen as especially important.
I have no short and easy answers to the problems raised by the rule of proportionality. It obviously has some merit - for example, it would be "disproportionate" to nuke an entire city in order to kill one terrorist - but it is difficult to see how this rule can effectively guide us in resolving closer calls. This is one of those areas in which libertarians and Objectivists may have much to contribute in the future.
The problem of anticipation pertains to when we may legitimately launch a preemptive strike in anticipation of an attack by an aggressor. This problem of "anticipatory self-defense," which has a long and fascinating history, generated two lines of thought, which historians have described as "humanist" and "scholastic."
Individualists rejected the argument that "fear" alone is sufficient to justify a preemptive attack; they preferred the "scholastic" doctrine (so-called because of its association with Catholic "schoolmen," or university professors) that only a real threat can justify a preemptive attack. The arguments they used to distinguish between mere fear and an objective threat are quite detailed, but they boil down to the argument that a preemptive strike is justified only when we are morally certain that another party (a) possesses the means to injure us, (b) intends to injure us, and (c) has taken specific actions in which this intention is manifest.
In essence, moral certainty - or "practical certainty," as we might call it today, in contrast to "theoretical certainty" - referred to the highest level of probability. It was generally agreed that only this very high level of probability can justify the drastic recourse to war. There were, however, variations even among individualists. Although all agreed that a mere subjective intention is insufficient, that it must be made manifest in some way, some philosophers advocated more rigorous standards of manifest intent than others. Again, this is one of the many areas in which more work remains to be done.
In suggesting that libertarians and Objectivists should take a closer look at their intellectual predecessors, I have not claimed that these just war theorists gave satisfactory solutions to all the problems generated by war. Nor do I claim to have solved these problems myself. Indeed, I would say that any person who is not deeply troubled by them has not given them serious thought, for they are among the most difficult problems in the entire discipline of ethics. I do think, however, that the natural rights foundation of modern libertarian thought holds great promise in working out reasonable solutions, and that a good place to begin is by examining the successes and failures of those philosophers who first attempted to apply a theory of individual rights to the problems of war.
1. Murray N. Rothbard, "For a New Liberty" (New York: Macmillan, 1973) 282.
3. Murray N. Rothbard, "The Ethics of Liberty" (Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1982) 191.
5. Vernon J. Bourke, "Ethics: A Textbook in Moral Philosophy" (New York: Macmillan, 1951) 353.
6. Thomas J. Higgins, "Man as Man: The Science and Art of Ethics" (Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Co., 1948) 570.
8. Michael Walzer, "Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustration," 3rd ed. (New York: Basic Books, 2000) 81.
9. Quotedin"Aquinas:PoliticalWritings,"ed.andtrans.RW.Dyson(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002) 240-1.
11. "Francisco de Vitoria: Political Writings," ed. Anthony Pagden and Jeremy Lawrance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991) 303, 11.
15. Hugo Grotius, "Prolegomena to the Law of War and Peace," trans. Francis W. Kelsey (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1957) 18.
16. John Locke, "Political Essays," ed. Mark Goldie (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997) 352.
18. "The Cambridge History of Political Thought, 1450-1700," ed. J.H. Burns and Mark Goldie (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991) 506.
19. Ayn Rand, "Man's Rights," in "The Virtue of Selfishness" (New York: Signet Books, 1964) 92.
20. Hugo Grotius, "The Rights of War and Peace," trans. A.C. Campbell (Washington and London: M. Walter Dunne, 1901) 33, 291. 21. Quoted in Stephen Buckle, "Natural Law and the Theory of Property: Grotius to Hume" (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991) 28.
22. Grotius, "Rights of War and Peace" 91.
23. John Locke, "Two Treatises of Government," 2nd ed., ed. Peter Laslett (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988) II: §14.
24. Quoted in Richard Tuck, "The Rights of War and Peace: Political Thought and the International Order from Grotius to Kant" (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999) 192.
25. Locke, "Two Treatises" II: §135.
26. Algernon Sidney, "Discourses Concerning Government," ed. Thomas G. West (1698; Indianapolis: Liberty Classics, 1990) 103.
27. Gershom Carmichael, "Supplements and Observations upon The Two Books of Samuel Pufendorf's 'On the Duty of Man and Citizen'" (1724), in "Natural Rights on the Threshold of the Scottish Enlightenment: The Writings of Gershom Carmichael," ed. James Moore and Michael Silverhorne (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2002) 158.
28. Letter to James Madison" (Sept. 6, 1789), in "The Life and Selected Writings of Thomas Jefferson," ed. Adrienne Koch and William Peden (New York: Random House, 1944) 489.
29. Ayn Rand, "Collectivized Rights," in "The Virtue of Selfishness" 101-2.
30. Grotius, "Rights of War and Peace" 81.
31. Samuel Pufendorf, "The Whole Duty of Man, According to the Law of Nature," trans. Andrew Tooke (1691), ed. Ian Hunter and David Saunders (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2003) 92, 81.
32. Aristotle, "The Politics," trans. T. A. Sinclair, rev. Trevor J. Saunders (London: Penguin Books, 1992) 1280a7 (p. 195).
33. Ayn Rand, "The Nature of Government," in "The Virtue of Selfishness" 109.
34. Douglas P. Lackey, "The Ethics of War and Peace" (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1989) 29.
35. "Augustine: Political Writings," ed. E.M. Atkins and RJ. Dodaro (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001) 217.
36. Cicero, "On Duties," ed. M.T. Griffin and E.M. Atkins (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991) 15.
37. "Augustine: Political Writings" 217.
38. See George H. Smith, "Atheism, Ayn Rand, and Other Heresies" (Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1991).
39. Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui, "The Principles of Natural and Politic Law," trans. Thomas Nugent, ed. Petter Korkman (1748; Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2006) 479.
42. Quoted in Tuck, "The Rights of War and Peace" 18. Tuck provides an excellent account of these two traditions. | http://ozarkia.net/bill/anarchism/library/ThinkingAboutWar.html |
Approximately, thirty-four million voters between the ages of 18 and 47 have been deprived of their right to vote in the upcoming US presidential election. They are not felons, though now this is frequently not a reason to be denied the right to vote. In fact, they are universally considered innocent of any act or condition that would disqualify them from casting a vote. The reason they will not be able to vote in this year’s national election is that they were denied the right to life. Yet, were it not for the decision of the Supreme Court in 1973 there could be approximately 34,000,000 additional voters in this election. Of course, there is no way to know how any of those suppressed voters would choose to exercise their right to vote.
This was brought to mind recently after recalling the thoughts of the late Christopher Hitchens in his memoir “Hitch 22”. When Mr. Hitchens was a young man he learned his mother had aborted a pregnancy not long before her becoming pregnant with him. This knowledge had a profound effect on Hitchens’ attitude regarding abortion. He understood the existential contingency of his own life as a ‘choice’ made by his mother.
Mr. Hitchens never came to fully supporting an unborn child’s right to life. But in his memoir he evinced a human honesty about abortion’s reality even as an atheist/humanist he intellectually squirmed under the moral claims of innocent human life.
Some believe this election may provide hope for amelioration of the unjust decision of the Supreme Court in 1973, especially now that Justice Amy Coney Barrett is on the bench. However, the attitudes of people of the United States of America have profoundly changed since these words from the Declaration of Independence were written:
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.
The unmooring of our national foundations from the moral first principles of the Judeo-Christian tradition is but another strident assertion of a ‘NO’ in the long progress of the escalating ‘YES’ and ‘NO’ to God’s revelation of himself 2,000 years ago in the god-forsaken outback of the Roman Empire. A revelation that began in the womb of a young girl who quietly said ‘yes’. | https://cornerstone-forum.org/?p=6213 |
The Case Of Preborn Support: "And Who Is My Neighbor?"
A recent article by Presbyterian Pastor Tim Keller calling for an openness to both American political parties by American Christians has gained a lot of attention. Writing in the New York Times, Pastor Keller argues that the legacy of the Christian Church’s position on social issues does not fit into our contemporary political situation today.
Keller writes:
“What should the role of Christians in politics be? More people than ever are asking that question. Christians cannot pretend they can transcend politics and simply ‘preach the Gospel.’ Those who avoid all political discussions and engagement are essentially casting a vote for the social status quo. American churches in the early 19th century that did not speak out against slavery because that was what we would now call ‘getting political’ were actually supporting slavery by doing so. To not be political is to be political."
I think Pastor Keller is spot on in his analysis here. Many of our ongoing political debates surround issues which are of vital importance to our day-to-day lives.
He is also stressing that many times people who are considering the Christian worldview are more likely to see Christians’ political views before they actually see Christianity. To this I am also sympathetic: in the Christian worldview salvation and redemption are not dependent on who is in a place of public office but instead on what Jesus Himself did.
However, while I do agree with some of his points, I think Pastor Keller makes a dangerous mistake in assuming moral equivalency between both of the major political parties in the United States today, and the positions they take on certain important issues; most importantly, the issue of abortion.
As a member of the Presbyterian Church of America myself, I am deeply concerned about the lack of discretion by some leaders in the denomination on issues surrounding justice and human rights, particularly in supporting the preborn.
Noticeably absent in Keller’s piece is any real reference to abortion or where the American Left and Right generally fall on the issue. The only reference to anything remotely related to the issue of abortion is the legitimate basis for sexual interaction, which is in the context of marriage.
The question has to be asked: why leave out the most heated debate between the parties for the last half-century? Why leave out the issue of abortion?
Whether Pastor Keller neglected to mention abortion or whether he left it out intentionally, obviously, as Greg Koukl famously stated, if the preborn are not human, abortion is no big deal morally (and therefore, politically), but if the preborn are in fact human beings, then abortion needs to be taken into extremely serious consideration by anyone looking into how the Christian worldview impacts political activism.
As Keller states regarding the issue of race relations, racism is a sin because it violates the command to “love your neighbor.” However, if abortion intentionally kills an innocent human being, it too violates the command to “love one’s neighbor.” Therefore, abortion is also a sin that needs to be opposed by committed Christians just as racism.
This is why Keller’s assumption of moral equivalency is so dangerous. By finding ways to compromise the philosophies of both political parties which, admittedly, can be absurdly complex at times, Keller is acting as if the preborn are not fully human.
Which modern American political party has given the most support to abortion in the last few years? The answer is clear to anyone paying any attention whatsoever.
As Ramesh Ponnuru documents in his book The Party of Death, while there are dissenters among both Republicans and Democrats, the support for abortion has been represented most strongly among the Democrat Party in recent years. One only need look at the way much of the American Left has come to the defense of abortion giant Planned Parenthood since the undercover investigation and subsequent revelation by the Center For Medical Progress that the organization was trafficking the bodily remains of babies killed in abortion.
Not only that, but the opposition to pro-life legislation at both the state and federal levels of government from the American Left has been well-documented. Consider former-President Bill Clinton’s opposition to the proposed ban on Partial-Birth Abortion. Clinton is not the only one; other Democratic political candidates have endorsed the procedure as well (also see: Natural Rights and the Right to Choose by law professor Hadley Arkes, who helped write the bill to ban the procedure, for a detailed overview of the debate in the US Congress).
There is also a case of Democrats, including then-Senator Obama, voting against and standing in opposition to bills like the Born-alive Infant Protection Act, to protect babies who are inadvertently born prematurely during botched abortions.
As Hadley Arkes indicates, the proposed law raised the question, “What does the right to an abortion entail?” And as the votes against the born-alive law go to show, the mindset is that a legal right to abortion implies the right to a dead baby (Natural Rights and the Right to Choose).
The list could go on, up to and including the disproportionate rate at which minority children are killed in the womb, the methods of abortion itself, and very recent bills in California forcing pro-life pregnancy centers to offer referrals to abortion clinics.
Clearly, a political party which is engaged in advocating for and defending all of these practices is NOT one that is in line with a Biblical worldview, nor is it one which Christians concerned with upholding a Biblical worldview of truth and justice should support.
As Pastor Keller himself points out, “The biblical commands to lift up the poor and to defend the rights of the oppressed are moral imperatives for believers. For individual Christians to speak out against egregious violations of these moral requirements is not optional.”
Then I have a question for Pastor Keller: are the preborn examples of an oppressed neighbor that we must care for? If so, parties and groups that openly support the killing of our neighbors must be opposed.
We do have a good reason to reject the proposal that Christianity can easily fit with the key philosophies of either political party. This is not to claim that those on the American Left are abhorrently evil or worthy of condemnation or ridicule (they are human beings with intrinsic value as well as fellow neighbors and Americans). But it is possible to still be mistaken about the truth, even while having noble intentions.
By ignoring the views of the political parties on an important human rights issue like abortion, Pastor Keller makes an old but very dangerous mistake in treating the victims of abortion as if they are not human enough to merit consideration in our political behavior and decisions to support either political party.
A similar mistake was made in an earlier era in American history when race was considered to be the defining factor in how we valued human beings. As Scott Klusendorf has explained, in the past we made the same mistake with other groups of human beings like we do today with the preborn:
“Sadly, we have a long history of defining people out of existence who don’t look like us. A little over a century ago, many Whites thought it unthinkable that anyone would consider Blacks human beings. Consider this example from The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, where Huck contrived a story to explain to Aunt Sally his late arrival by boat: “We blowed out a cylinder head.” “Good gracious! Anybody hurt?” “No’m. Killed a negro.” “Well, it’s lucky; because sometimes people do get hurt.” Notice it’s simply assumed the Black man is not one of us.”
The same mistake is being made by assuming a party which endorses and defends the intentional killing of innocent human beings is an acceptable party for Christians to endorse. The victims of oppression may have changed, but our moral obligations to protect the innocent have not.
If one party has endorsed intentionally harming the innocent, they must be opposed. If an entire political party were openly in support of slavery and vowed to back candidates who would use their office to defend the practice legislatively, I am sure Pastor Keller would say Christians had a moral duty to oppose that party until they changed their position on the issue or until society as a whole opposed the practice.
And if another party has offered to protect the innocent, then they need to be supported. If an entire political party was opposing the unjust treatment of an entire class of human beings, would Keller say Christians should not offer support to the party striving to see justice accomplished for that group? Would he then say Christianity could not fit into the two-party system of the time? Clearly, one party is more committed to the protection of our neighbors than its opponent.
Provided, there have been dissenters on both sides of the political aisle, with well-known Republicans having supported abortion and a small but dedicated group of Democrats working to reverse their party’s wholesale support of abortion-on-demand. Unfortunately, the influence of pro-life Democrats has been and continues to be small and dissenters have had little, if any effect in reversing the positions of either party.
Until the Democratic Party has effectively reversed course, Christians committed to justice need to think clearly of what accomplishing justice for the innocent looks like.
As Scott Klusendorf says:
“Suppose, for example, that it’s 1860 and fifty percent of professing Christians in your church are members of a political party dedicated to the proposition that an entire class of human beings can be enslaved or killed to meet the needs of the white race. If you’re a pastor committed to applying a biblical worldview in all areas of life, is this OK? You might be sympathetic to new converts coming to grips with Christian teaching, but mature church members? Pastors can’t use church resources to endorse political candidates or parties, but they can (and must) teach that a biblical worldview informs our political behavior-including which parties we choose to empower with our vote. Saying so is not wrong-it’s leadership.”
Lastly, while Keller is correct that Christians should care about issues like racial hostility and poverty, very few, if anyone, are arguing we can intentionally kill our poor or non-white neighbors. There are entire institutions and a major political party dedicating themselves to killing our neighbors before they are even born.
It is easy to assume the two major political parties are equivalent in upholding the values of a Christian worldview if one has simply not taken the time to consider what is actually being supported.
The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official position of Human Defense Initiative. | https://humandefense.com/and-who-is-my-neighbor/ |
Key Concepts:
Terms in this set (38)
Social Doctrine
the body of teaching by the church on economic and social matters, it is an essential part of our catholic faith
Three aspects of CST
Gives principles for reflection, Provides criteria for judgement, gives guidelines for action
foundation of CST
Every human being has human dignity
Where can we find CST
Scripture, Papal Documents, Concillar documents, Episcopal documents
Social justice concepts contained in OT
respect for human life, Respect for private property, Honesty in business, Just distribution of wealth, Special concern for the vulnerable
Social justice concepts in the NT
Unconditional respect for dignity of each human person, Detachment from wealth and material possessions, Obligation of rich to share wealth with poor, Concern for poor and vulnerable
Social encyclical
A teaching letter from the pope to the members the church on topics of social justice, human rights, and peace
First encyclical
Rerum Novarum, ON the Condition of Labor, written by Pope Leo XIII
Justice
St. Thomas Aquinas " the steady and lasting willingness to give to others what belongs to them by right." It is giving to others what is owed to them
why just and unjust acts Personal
because it is individuals who act
why just and unjust acts Social
because they always concern the rights of at least one other person
What does Justice presume?
Everyone possesses certain basic human rights
4 different kinds of Justice
commutative, distributive, legal, social
Commutative Justice
concerns what we owe each other individually, regards actions between people
Distributive justice
Concerns what society owes us, regulates actions between groups and persons
Legal justice
concerns what society owes us, regulates what is due the common good of a society from its members
Social justice
concerns what society and citizens we owe each other
luigi taparelli
coined the phrase social justice, italian jesuit that taught pope leo XIII
human beings are social
means that we were created by God to live in fellowship and communion
what are the four basic principles of CST
human dignity, common good, subsidiarity, solidarity
Dignity
the quality of being worthy of esteem and respect
why does every human possess human dignity
because they have been created in the image of God
Principle of the common good
the sum total of social conditions which allow people, to reach their fulfillment more fully and easily
3 essential elements of the common good
respect for the dignity of each person, access to the basic goods necessary to lead a truly human life, peace
subsidiarity
concept that a higher unit of society shouldnt do what a lower unit can do just as well or better
solidarity
union of one's heart and mind with all people
3 secondary principles of CST
universal destination of goods, right to possess private property, participation
universal destination of goods
God entrusted the care of the earth to the human race as a whole, and he created the goods of the earth to be shared in common by all people
private property
people have the right to aquire and keep property in ways that are moral and just
participation
it is the principle that people should take active roles in their societies
works of charity
social action that is an immediate response to a person or group who is suffering or lacking the necessities for a dignified life
works of justice
social action that seeks to convert structures of sin and build structures of greater justice
Life and dignity of the human person
"In the Catholc social tradition, the human person is central.... In the catholic social tradition, people are more important than things."
Call to family, community, and participation
"Because of social nature, all human beings have a right to participate in society, etc..."
Rights and responsabilities
"Each person, reflecting their God-given dignity, has basic rights and responsibilities that flow from our human etc"
option for the poor and vulnerable
"In a worls characterized by growing prosperity for some pervasive property for others, etc"
Dignity of Work and the Rights of Workers
"we believe that the economy must serve people, not the other way around. Work is more than a way to make a livnig, etc.."
Care for God's creation
"The catholic tradition insists that we show our respect for the Creator by our stewardship of creation..."
YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE...
Social Justice Intro (FBA)
26 terms
Sarah_Ward846
Unit Two Morality and Justice
22 terms
maxesquivel10
Theology Midterm
95 terms
lveronneau18
Theology 4 Chapter 1
26 terms
meagandup5
OTHER SETS BY THIS CREATOR
Personal Finance 12 Vocab
26 terms
Caitlin_Greene8
psych 9.3 social Learning: | https://quizlet.com/408647872/catholic-social-teaching-flash-cards/ |
The American Justice System holds two principles that I consider relevant to today's discussion:
- Innocent until Proven Guilty
- Guilty Beyond a Reasonable Doubt
These principles mean that guilt (not innocence) must be proven when an accusation is made and that the guilt must be proven to the extent that no reasonable doubts of the evidence or its interpretation exist in the mind of the person called to make the decision. In other words, the burden of proof is on the accuser to establish that the guilt of the accused is clear and not that the accused must demonstrate that he is innocent.
The principles are good ones and are designed to prevent the conviction of someone based on false accusations and misapplied evidence – so long as justice is sought.
When justice is not sought, it becomes easy to turn the concepts into a mockery. Invalid evidence can be permitted and relevant evidence is rejected. This can result in the evils of the innocent being punished and the guilty set free.
This seems to be what is going on with how Christian moral teaching is being recast as bigotry today. The accusation is made that unpopular Christian teaching X is motivated by bigotry, and thus needs to be opposed. The practitioners of Christian teaching X are therefore bigots and can be ostracized, sued, prosecuted, etc.
Now if we applied the two principles of justice proclaimed by our Justice System to these accusations, we would recognize that the accusers are the ones with the burden of proof. They would have to demonstrate how the unpopular Christian moral teaching is rooted in bigotry. But that is precisely what is not done.
Take for example the Christian teaching on Marriage. The accuser makes the claim that "opposing same sex marriage is homophobia," for example. This is the point which the accuser is obligated to prove. But, instead of proving it, the accuser assumes it is proven and calls for action to be taken against the person who believes in and supports the Christian teaching on marriage – which does not accept same sex "marriage."
That's a dangerous idea. Imagine if I alleged that atheists were disloyal Americans because they could not be trusted to swear their loyalty to the country before God? I could seize on the fact of their disbelief in God and twist it to declare that because they couldn't swear sincerely before God (because they don't believe in God) that it meant they were actively disloyal towards America. Perhaps some atheists are disloyal citizens, but it doesn't follow from the fact of their rejecting oaths before God that they do so because of disloyalty. So if I were to claim, without proving, that all atheists who were unwilling to swear their loyalty before God did so out of motives of disloyalty, and got people to accept this without proof, I could bash all atheists who disagreed with my views even if they were not disloyal citizens.
People can recognize the injustice of my hypothetical (and to some extent historical) example above. But what is not apparent to many is that this is exactly the charge leveled against Christians who stand up for their beliefs today. It is assumed that Christians who stand up for the moral teaching of the Church do so with the motivation of intolerance. Since intolerance must be oppressed, says the unqualified statements of today, Christian teaching must be opposed. But when we look at the accusation, it doesn't hold together.
Q: Why is Christian teaching on marriage intolerant?
A: Because it rejects the legitimacy of same sex "marriage."
Q: Why is rejecting the legitimacy of same sex "marriage" wrong?
A: Because it is intolerant.
That's called Arguing in a Circle. The point to be proven (that opposition to same sex "marriage" is intolerant) is assumed to be true when the truth of the point is exactly what is under dispute.
The fact is, a thing can be opposed for many different reasons and not all of them are based on bigotry. Yes, the Westboro Baptists practice a hateful form of bigotry in their actions of opposing homosexual acts. But that's not the only motivation for opposing them. The entirety of Christians who believe that homosexual acts are wrong can only be condemned for holding the Westboro position IF, and only IF, the entirety of these Christians have the same views as the Westboro Baptists.
But in fact, the Westboro Baptists and their "God Hates F*gs" signs come nowhere near the teaching of the Catholic Church which decrees in the Catechism:
2357 Homosexuality refers to relations between men or between women who experience an exclusive or predominant sexual attraction toward persons of the same sex. It has taken a great variety of forms through the centuries and in different cultures. Its psychological genesis remains largely unexplained. Basing itself on Sacred Scripture, which presents homosexual acts as acts of grave depravity, tradition has always declared that “homosexual acts are intrinsically disordered.”142 They are contrary to the natural law. They close the sexual act to the gift of life. They do not proceed from a genuine affective and sexual complementarity. Under no circumstances can they be approved. (2333)
2358 The number of men and women who have deep-seated homosexual tendencies is not negligible. This inclination, which is objectively disordered, constitutes for most of them a trial. They must be accepted with respect, compassion, and sensitivity. Every sign of unjust discrimination in their regard should be avoided. These persons are called to fulfill God’s will in their lives and, if they are Christians, to unite to the sacrifice of the Lord’s Cross the difficulties they may encounter from their condition.
2359 Homosexual persons are called to chastity. By the virtues of self-mastery that teach them inner freedom, at times by the support of disinterested friendship, by prayer and sacramental grace, they can and should gradually and resolutely approach Christian perfection. (2347)
Catholic Church, Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2nd Ed. (Washington, DC: United States Catholic Conference, 2000), 566. [Emphasis added]
So, the Catholic who behaves like a member of the Westboro Baptist Church is acting against Catholic teaching in behaving unjustly. It's one thing to say:
2363 The spouses’ union achieves the twofold end of marriage: the good of the spouses themselves and the transmission of life. These two meanings or values of marriage cannot be separated without altering the couple’s spiritual life and compromising the goods of marriage and the future of the family.
The conjugal love of man and woman thus stands under the twofold obligation of fidelity and fecundity.
Catholic Church, Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2nd Ed. (Washington, DC: United States Catholic Conference, 2000), 568.
…and therefore reject sexuality being used outside of this context (it also rejects adultery, fornication, prostitution, mistresses, masturbation, divorce and remarriage, etc.)
It's quite another thing to say that we may do harm to those people with same sex attraction. The Catholic defense of marriage has nothing to do with the thugs out there who beat up people with same sex attraction. In fact, we condemn such behavior. It doesn't seek to deny that people with same sex attraction the same human rights others have. We say such behavior cannot be considered marriage.
We believe sexual relations can only be legitimately used in the concept of marriage between one man and one woman. We stand firm on this in the face of the polygamist, the adulterer, the fornicator and others. Even if they believe their behavior to be acceptable, we must say it is not.
However, we reject any claim that our beliefs are made out of malice or hatred for others, and we hold that no person can prove that our beliefs do have this malice and hatred. A just society will stop trying to persecute people for holding to our beliefs on the basis of a person claiming without justification that we act out of hatred. | https://www.itsiimi.com/2014/05/accusations-without-proof-in-america.html |
As should already be clear from this series’ first three essays (here, here, and here), the Christian realist just war tradition—a moral framework characterized by both spurs and restraints to action—contrasts with the other principal ways that civilizations have, throughout history, considered the morality of going to war.
First, against militarism—and its sometime-near equivalent, holy war—just war refuses the enthusiastic lust for war. In place of the desire for war for its own sake, just war asserts the primacy of peace. Seen through just war eyes, war—however moral or necessary—is a tragedy, not a sought-for occasion for personal, national, or deific aggrandizement. As the captain of Gondor reminds us, the sword is not to be loved for its sharpness, the arrow for its swiftness, or the warrior for his glory, per se. Such things are admired only in light of the good things they defend, which are the right objects of our love.
On the other end of the spectrum, just war stands against both secular and religious expressions of pacifism. Rejecting the absolute moral prohibition against war, just war contends that war—however tragic—may under certain conditions be morally permitted or even obligatory. The primacy of peace over war, therefore, has limits. As C.S. Lewis noted, if war can sometimes be just then it follows that peace can sometimes be unjust. The vocation of peacemaking is not antithetical to warmaking. Rather, it often happens that peace is only found after contesting parties move through conflict. While accepting that war is indeed a great evil, just war does not accept that it’s the greatest of evils. Indeed, included among those greater evils is trying to live in “peace” while standing by as the innocent are run over roughshod.
Lastly, just war stands against the amoral, self-interested pragmatism of pure forms of realism that reject the infiltration of morality into issues of State. For certain kinds of realists, there are no moral reasons, per se, that spur a nation to fight. Rather, it is only when a state’s vital national interests are at risk that one unleashes the hounds of war. Once launched, moreover, there are no moral limits to how one fights—neither in theory nor in actual practice. While such a realist will see the idea of moral realism to be a contradiction in terms, the just war tradition that I have been elucidating here is a product of what can best be described as the Christian realist tradition. Against the assertions of its near cousin, the Christian realist insists that the “Christian” modifier can be—must be—morally operative. Any given war, for the Christian realist, must be moral or it should not be at all. Moreover, moral motivations for fighting can move beyond what are traditionally understood to be vital national interests. They can include the rescue of the aggressed-against innocent in far-flung regions of the world. Lastly, whereas the realist sees war as merely the extension of everyday politics, the just warrior is bound to view war as a disruption of proper politics. Therefore, the Christian realist will be interested in moral restraints that limit this disruption as much as possible, even as they commit to doing whatever is necessary to achieve appropriate war aims.
Nevertheless, despite contrasts like those above—and there are many more of them—it is not all contrast. There are certain affinities shared between just war and its alternatives. Keeping a focus on its correspondence with realism, for example, the just warrior, while asserting that war is a disruption of proper politics, acknowledges that this is frankly nothing new—all human life has, since the fall, been lived in disruption of what, properly, ought to be. And moral responsibility demands that this fact be factored into our deliberations in how we behave in the world.
The Christian realist admits the criticality of other facts as well. So, while the term “Christian” as a describing word is an essential modifier, the noun—realism—is just as important. Regarding facts, one particularly striking cousin-similarity between the classical- and moral realist can be seen in their shared assertion that the question of whether embarking upon a particular war is just—or justified—is not, in the final sense, a merely moral question. That the realist asserts this isn’t surprising. That the just warrior—the Christian realist—also asserts this is perhaps more surprising. But as we’ll see, the just war moral framework has, built right into it, the understanding that moral judgements cannot, they must not—that’s to say ought not—be made in abstraction, deracinated from certain cold, unrelenting, and immovable facts.
Recognizing this is essential. The just war moral framework demands that the relationship between principles and facts be symbiotic—mutually interdependent and influencing. Principles, indeed, are to be brought to bear upon the facts—and principles must spur us toward certain kinds of responses to certain sets of facts. Christian norms will demand that in light of the fact that our neighbor is being assaulted we must come to his rescue. But facts, themselves, are to be permitted to influence principles, even to the point of restraining duties that might otherwise be incumbent to pursue in light of principles. It may be a fact that it is plain to see that no effort to save our assailed neighbor has any chance of being successful, but, rather, is likely to escalate the horrors and lead to the harm of other innocents. In light of such facts, it may be that we stand down. Restraint in this situation—because we have not been able to fulfill our duty to our neighbor—is a tragedy.
This is to say, as I have said, that the just war framework is not a simple checklist by which you can simply determine, if certain requirements get ticked off, that war is the thing to do. It is a tool to promote moral reasoning, casuistic—or case driven—moral reasoning. Through the framework’s various criteria, just war reasoning helps us to identify relevant moral norms and to apply them to a specific context. The framework governing just war moral reasoning is traditionally divided into two primary categories. The first is the jus ad bellum, which asks, essentially: when is it right to fight? The second category is the jus in bello: how do you rightly fight that fight that’s right to fight? Let us call these the jab and the jib. Both the jab and the jib are characterized by considerations of both moral principles and morally relevant facts. Let us take them in turn.
The jab’s primary aim is to assist a nation’s legitimate sovereign—the authority over which there is no one greater charged with the care of the political community—in determining when nothing else but proportionate military force has any realistic chance of rescuing the sufficiently threatened innocent, requiting gross injustices, or punishing grave evil with the aim of ending conflict and restoring or imposing order and justice and, thereby, peace.
Within this broad ambition are two distinct but overlapping kinds of criteria. On the one hand are what can be called the deontological criteria: legitimate authority, just cause, and right intention. Each of these criterion have to be in place in order for a war to be just. These criteria map directly onto the three primary political goods of order, justice, and peace. We’ll dig deeper into each criterion as this series progresses, but it’s important to note the reactionary nature of the just war tradition. In the just war view, a legitimate authority can only lead his nation to war if there is a just cause. In the Christian realist tradition, the three just causes are the protection of the innocent, taking back things wrongly taken, and punishing evil. Note that there is nothing self-initiating about these things. The just warrior does not inaugurate new cycles of violence, they only react to sufficiently unjust violence already underway—or imminently so. The intention behind reacting to the injustice is to end it. Wars that are right to fight are right to win. Winning will mean different things in different situations, but we do not fight if we have no real intention of ending the injustice that started the fight in the first place.
These deontological requirements do not merely provide permission for war. The presence of a sufficiently grave just cause implies an imperative—something must be done. More than permission, it signals obligation. This, too, is what is implied by calling these requirements deontological. They impose a duty. Here the distinction between the classical realist and the moral realist is particularly keen.
But the deontological criteria are not the only ones in play. Another set of criteria, a prudential set, is also operative. While the tabulation varies, I count three primary prudential requirements: last resort, proportionality of ends, and probability of success. These criteria require that we consider whether going to war—however justified or moral—is wise. Fighting to win certain wars—fighting to overturn the injustices that started the war—are sometimes a bridge too far. Sometimes fighting will only exacerbate the injustices in play, making most things a lot worse. Prudence sometimes commands restraint. Wisdom might reveal that we have a duty to stand down from doing our duty. Here, tragically, realism and moral realism come back into a similar orbit.
Within the framework of the jib, we see something similar. Traditionally, there are two primary criteria that guide us in assessing how to rightly fight the fight that’s right to fight: proportionality and discrimination. These are restraining elements, limiting the kinds of direct harm we can do as well as who we can directly harm in the first place. Here, again, the distance between the two kinds of realism comes back into view. However, there is a third element that ought to be added to Christian realism’s jib considerations: military necessity.
Necessity, really, isn’t a third element—it should be placed up front. In pole position, military necessity reminds us, first, of a simple truism: if a military action isn’t necessary, don’t do it. This, like proportionality and discrimination, signals a restraint. However, military necessity also has deontological dimension—if it is necessary, the presumption is to do it. Necessary for what? For achieving war aims—that is, necessary for victory. Happy, again, is our realist cousin. The presence of military necessity within the jib criteria allows the jib to better mirror the jab in commanding both duty and prudence—both spurs and restraints.
More needs to be said on these spurs and restraints. More will be. Next week we’ll begin our exploration of the individual criterion with a deeper dive in the jab’s requirement of legitimate authority. | https://providencemag.com/2023/01/just-war-101-e4-spurs-and-restraints-overview-of-the-jab-and-the-jib/ |
A riddle in the ethics of war concerns whether lethal defensive force may be justifiably used against aggressing soldiers who are morally innocent. In this essay I argue that although there might be reasons for excusing soldiers as individuals, one may be justified in using defensive force against them provided that they have initiated threatening behavior and that our interpretation of that behavior as threatening is reasonable. I go on to investigate various implications of being in conflict with aggressing soldiers who are morally innocent, arguing that different restrictions apply to the use of defensive force when the aggressors cannot be held morally responsible for being aggressors.
My argument has important practical implications both for deciding whether to go to war and for deciding how to fight a just defensive war. Concerning the ongoing Iraq war, for example, it suggests that if it were only a matter of killing culpable members of the Republican Guard, invasion could perhaps have been justified. Since any attack would involve killing innocent conscripted soldiers as well as innocent civilians, however, there were good reasons to wait to see whether options other than intervening militarily would become available. If we are engaged in a just defensive war, my argument implies that we must accept a higher level of risk and more harm if we can assume that the aggressors are innocent rather than morally responsible for their harmful or threatening behavior.
Preliminaries
The just war tradition is peculiar in that while its proponents think morality applies to war, they insist that soldiers from each side of a conflict may be justified in killing soldiers from the other side. (1) According to Michael Walzer, a central principle of war is that soldiers have an equal right to kill. (2) In becoming a soldier, one gains the right to kill other soldiers but loses one's immunity against being killed by soldiers of the opposing side. (3) That soldiers defending themselves and their state against unjust aggressors may permissibly have recourse to defensive force is not peculiar; the peculiarity is that, even when just war theory distinguishes between just and unjust sides in a war, it still grants equal rights to kill and liabilities to be killed to each individual soldier, regardless of which side he or she is on.
The implication of granting soldiers an equal right to kill is not immediately clear, however. It could be taken to mean either (or both) that they have a claim against others that they not be prevented from killing, or that they have a privilege to kill--that is, they have no duty not to fight with lethal means. (4) If we say that having a right to do X implies that others must not prevent the doing of X, it would imply that a soldier who is attempting to kill enemy soldiers has a claim against others, including those enemy soldiers, that he or she not be prevented from attempting this killing. But this implication is not very promising. We cannot seriously conceive of soldiers on opposing sides of a war as having parallel claims against each other that they each refrain from preventing the others' attempts to kill them. | https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-159390023/killing-soldiers |
The Calling of Saint Matthew is a masterpiece by Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, depicting the Calling of Matthew. It was completed in 1599-1600 for the Contarelli Chapel in the church of the French congregation, San Luigi dei Francesi in Rome.
The historical evolution of ideas and mores, the updating of thinking to fads, would lead to the rejection of the theses of the Moral Doctrine of the Church in order to suggest, or even justify, a change of Catholic Moral teaching and a relativism favorable to the “amoral” tendencies of modern life. By proclaiming total freedom, the sense of duty and of moral obligation disappear, even on those points that are manifestly grave that bind as strongly in personal life as in social life (for instance, divorce, homosexuality, pre-marital experiences, etc.) The moral balance of the individual and of society is undoubtedly compromised if we admit such criteria, opposed to moral, legal, and political principles and, with even stronger reason, to the principles of Christian life. If Nietzsche were to be recognized as the prophet of the modern world, what would remain of the Gospel, and where would this modern world end?
From the Apostolic Exhortation “Evangelii Gaudium” ( The Joy of the Gospel) of Pope Francis:
Among the vulnerable for whom the Church wishes to care with particular love and concern are unborn children, the most defenceless and innocent among us. Nowadays efforts are made to deny them their human dignity and to do with them whatever one pleases, taking their lives and passing laws preventing anyone from standing in the way of this. Frequently, as a way of ridiculing the Church’s effort to defend their lives, attempts are made to present her position as ideological, obscurantist and conservative. Yet this defence of unborn life is closely linked to the defence of each and every other human right. It involves the conviction that a human being is always sacred and inviolable, in any situation and at every stage of development. Human beings are ends in themselves and never a means of resolving other problems. Once this conviction disappears, so do solid and lasting foundations for the defence of human rights, which would always be subject to the passing whims of the powers that be. Reason alone is sufficient to recognize the inviolable value of each single human life, but if we also look at the issue from the standpoint of faith, “every violation of the personal dignity of the human being cries out in vengeance to God and is an offence against the creator of the individual”. | https://redpenguinchurches.net/smrcc/st-matthew-r-c-church/ |
Jimmy was born in Texas, grew up nominally Protestant, but at age 20 experienced a profound conversion to Christ. Planning on becoming a Protestant pastor or seminary professor, he started an intensive study of the Bible. But the more he immersed himself in Scripture the more he found to support the Catholic faith. Eventually, he entered the Catholic Church. His conversion story, “A Triumph and a Tragedy,” is published in Surprised by Truth. Besides being an author, Jimmy is the Senior Apologist at Catholic Answers, a contributing editor to Catholic Answers Magazine, and a weekly guest on “Catholic Answers Live.”
A lot of folks have commented on my previous post, Commemorating a Major U.S. War Crime. In the course of the discussion, a number of issues have been raised that I would like to address.
Foremost among them is a foundational principle of Christian morality that quite a number of commenters do not appear to fully appreciate. It is this: One can never do something that is intrinsically evil, period. No circumstances whatsoever can make it morally licit.
That, in fact, is the difference between things that are intrinsically evil and those that are only extrinsically evil. Intrinsically evil things are evil by their own nature, regardless of circumstance, and so they can never be done (per the fundamental axiom of all morals: Do good and avoid evil). Extrinsically evil things become evil because of their circumstances and/or intent, not because of the nature of the act itself. As a result, such acts can be done in some circumstances (those in which they are not immoral), while they cannot be done in others (when circumstances make them immoral to do).
The fact that some actions are intrinsically evil is reflected in St. Paul’s rejection of the proposal, “Why not do evil that good may come?” He says of those who propose this, “Their condemnation is just” (Rom. 3:8).
The principle is treated more elaborately in the Catechism of the Catholic Church, which states:
1755 A morally good act requires the goodness of the object, of the end, and of the circumstances together. An evil end corrupts the action, even if the object is good in itself (such as praying and fasting “in order to be seen by men”). The object of the choice can by itself vitiate an act in its entirety. There are some concrete acts - such as fornication - that it is always wrong to choose, because choosing them entails a disorder of the will, that is, a moral evil.
1756 It is therefore an error to judge the morality of human acts by considering only the intention that inspires them or the circumstances (environment, social pressure, duress or emergency, etc.) which supply their context. There are acts which, in and of themselves, independently of circumstances and intentions, are always gravely illicit by reason of their object; such as blasphemy and perjury, murder and adultery. One may not do evil so that good may result from it.
In his subsequent encyclical on moral theology, Veritatis Splendor, John Paul II stressed:
Reason attests that there are objects of the human act which are by their nature “incapable of being ordered” to God, because they radically contradict the good of the person made in his image. These are the acts which, in the Church’s moral tradition, have been termed “intrinsically evil” (intrinsece malum): they are such always and per se, in other words, on account of their very object, and quite apart from the ulterior intentions of the one acting and the circumstances [VS 80].
He returned to the theme again in his encyclical on life, Evangelium Vitae:
No circumstance, no purpose, no law whatsoever can ever make licit an act which is intrinsically illicit, since it is contrary to the Law of God which is written in every human heart, knowable by reason itself, and proclaimed by the Church [EV 62].
So this point is quite firm in Catholic moral teaching: Some acts, by their very nature, are intrinsically evil and thus cannot be done by anyone at any time, no matter what the intention or circumstances.
One of these acts is the deliberate killing of an innocent human being. In Evangelium Vitae John Paul II proclaimed:
y the authority which Christ conferred upon Peter and his Successors, and in communion with the Bishops of the Catholic Church, I confirm that the direct and voluntary killing of an innocent human being is always gravely immoral. This doctrine, based upon that unwritten law which man, in the light of reason, finds in his own heart (cf. Rom 2:14-15), is reaffirmed by Sacred Scripture, transmitted by the Tradition of the Church and taught by the ordinary and universal Magisterium.
The deliberate decision to deprive an innocent human being of his life is always morally evil and can never be licit either as an end in itself or as a means to a good end. It is in fact a grave act of disobedience to the moral law, and indeed to God himself, the author and guarantor of that law; it contradicts the fundamental virtues of justice and charity. “Nothing and no one can in any way permit the killing of an innocent human being, whether a fetus or an embryo, an infant or an adult, an old person, or one suffering from an incurable disease, or a person who is dying. Furthermore, no one is permitted to ask for this act of killing, either for himself or herself or for another person entrusted to his or her care, nor can he or she consent to it, either explicitly or implicitly. Nor can any authority legitimately recommend or permit such an action”.
As far as the right to life is concerned, every innocent human being is absolutely equal to all others. This equality is the basis of all authentic social relationships which, to be truly such, can only be founded on truth and justice, recognizing and protecting every man and woman as a person and not as an object to be used. Before the moral norm which prohibits the direct taking of the life of an innocent human being “there are no privileges or exceptions for anyone. It makes no difference whether one is the master of the world or the ‘poorest of the poor’ on the face of the earth. Before the demands of morality we are all absolutely equal” [EV 57].
In this passage, John Paul II walks right up to the edge of invoking papal infallibility. He is using the most solemn form of papal teaching shy of invoking infallibility (had he said “I declare and define” instead of “I confirm,” he would have invoked infallibility), though in this case that is not necessary because the same teaching has already been infallibly proposed by the ordinary and universal Magisterium of the Church.
Because the direct and voluntary killing of an innocent human being is intrinsically evil, it is never morally legitimate to target innocent civilians, even in wartime. It does not matter what authority (civilian or military) has recommended or ordered the action—even if he be the American president or the master of the world. It does not matter whether innocent people on your side will die as a result. They are absolutely equal to the innocent on the other side and cannot be preferred.
Furthermore, to threaten to do something intrinsically evil is itself intrinsically evil, and to threaten—by words or deeds—to target civilians is intrinsically evil and cannot be done under any circumstances. You cannot hold innocents as hostages to another goal, however noble or lofty it may be.
These are exactly the same principles that underlie the intrinsic immorality of abortion, euthanasia, and other forms of murder. One cannot justify them, no matter the circumstances or the intention.
This does not deal with all the subjects that have been brought up in the combox. It does not, for example, go into cases where—by the law of double-effect—civilian casualties can be tolerated for a proportionate reason. But it does show the fundamental conflict between Catholic morality and the position of those trying to justify the targeting of civilians due the exigencies of wartime or as the “lesser evil” compared to what would otherwise happen.
Killing, attempting to kill, or threatening to kill the innocent can never be justified, even if it means you yourself—also an innocent—will die. | http://www.ncregister.com/blog/jimmy-akin/no-you-cant-deliberately-kill-innocent-people-sorry |
Every year for the past five decades, the Senate has passed an outline of defense spending for the coming year. Known as the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), the legislation is instrumental in making sure our troops have the resources they need to fulfill their missions around the world. I am honored to have an active role in producing the defense bill as a senior member of the Senate Armed Services Committee. Foremost among my responsibilities is supporting America’s defense priorities and the well-being of our brave men and women in uniform.
The unanimous approval of NDAA in the Senate on December 4 represents an encouraging moment of bipartisan cooperation. The legislation authorizes $631.4 billion for national defense programs, including $88.5 billion for the war in Afghanistan and other overseas operations.
In an era of budget constraints, we must look for savings everywhere, including defense. NDAA requires the Secretary of Defense to implement a plan reducing the size of the civilian bureaucracy within Department of Defense (DOD). These reductions should parallel the legislation’s five percent reduction in active-duty military service members.
A similar bipartisanship is necessary to ensure that national security and American jobs are protected. Across-the-board defense cuts, known as sequestration, are set to go into effect at the beginning of the year unless existing law is changed. More than 11,000 jobs in Mississippi are at risk.
Recognizing Mississippi’s Military Tradition
Mississippians have always responded to the call to serve, and our state plays an important role in equipping America’s defense. NDAA recognizes and advances this long-standing commitment.
Several parts of NDAA that I supported will help reinforce Mississippi’s leadership. One provision will keep the Air Force’s C-130 aircraft at Keesler Air Force Base for another year. It also postpones the proposed reduction of C-27J aircraft at Key Field in Meridian. Our state’s strong shipbuilding capabilities are reflected in the legislation’s multi-year procurement of DDG-51 Arleigh Burke class destroyers, which are built in Pascagoula at Huntington Ingalls.
Promoting Better Green Building Standards
An amendment I authored for NDAA calls for the DOD to adopt better green building standards in an effort to avoid unnecessary costs. The standards currently in place are not science-based and discriminate against products and materials that are proven to achieve energy savings. The use of imported bamboo, for example, is favored over cost-effective American timber.
With more than 500,000 DOD facilities, the implementation of a single green building certification system could have a significant impact on the use of American-made products in military construction projects. As my amendment articulates, a fair and transparent process must be put in place to prioritize both energy savings and cost efficiency.
Standing With Israel
The recent rocket attacks on Israel by the Islamist militant group Hamas remind us of the continued threats on our friends and allies in the world. I was successful in adding language to NDAA that recognizes the effectiveness of Israel’s Iron Dome missile shield system in protecting innocent lives during these attacks.
The valued partnership between America and Israel is built on the common goal of stability and peace in a volatile region. I am encouraged by the bipartisan support that my amendment achieved in reaffirming the Senate’s commitment to Israel.
As we approach the year-end deadline for a budget deal, NDAA underscores the urgency of preventing sequestration’s harmful impact. In outlining our military priorities, we are better equipped to work toward ways to replace drastic defense cuts. | https://www.webharvest.gov/congress112th/20130114211338/http:/www.wicker.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=NewsRoom.WeeklyColumn&ContentRecord_id=764058d6-eae4-659f-7c48-75cb424c8ea0&Region_id=&Issue_id= |
To send content items to your account,
please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies.
If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account.
Find out more about sending content to .
To send content items to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected]
is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings
on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part
of your Kindle email address below.
Find out more about sending to your Kindle.
Note you can select to send to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations.
‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be sent to your device when it is connected to wi-fi.
‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.
Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.
You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".
Page 1 of 49
Here we present stringent low-frequency (185 MHz) limits on coherent radio emission associated with a short-duration gamma-ray burst (SGRB). Our observations of the short gamma-ray burst (GRB) 180805A were taken with the upgraded Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) rapid-response system, which triggered within 20s of receiving the transient alert from the Swift Burst Alert Telescope, corresponding to 83.7 s post-burst. The SGRB was observed for a total of 30 min, resulting in a
$3\sigma$
persistent flux density upper limit of 40.2 mJy beam–1. Transient searches were conducted at the Swift position of this GRB on 0.5 s, 5 s, 30 s and 2 min timescales, resulting in
$3\sigma$
limits of 570–1 830, 270–630, 200–420, and 100–200 mJy beam–1, respectively. We also performed a dedispersion search for prompt signals at the position of the SGRB with a temporal and spectral resolution of 0.5 s and 1.28 MHz, respectively, resulting in a
$6\sigma$
fluence upper-limit range from 570 Jy ms at DM
$=3\,000$
pc cm–3 (
$z\sim 2.5$
) to 1 750 Jy ms at DM
$=200$
pc cm–3 (
$z\sim 0.1)$
, corresponding to the known redshift range of SGRBs. We compare the fluence prompt emission limit and the persistent upper limit to SGRB coherent emission models assuming the merger resulted in a stable magnetar remnant. Our observations were not sensitive enough to detect prompt emission associated with the alignment of magnetic fields of a binary neutron star just prior to the merger, from the interaction between the relativistic jet and the interstellar medium (ISM) or persistent pulsar-like emission from the spin-down of the magnetar. However, in the case of a more powerful SGRB (a gamma-ray fluence an order of magnitude higher than GRB 180805A and/or a brighter X-ray counterpart), our MWA observations may be sensitive enough to detect coherent radio emission from the jet-ISM interaction and/or the magnetar remnant. Finally, we demonstrate that of all current low- frequency radio telescopes, only the MWA has the sensitivity and response times capable of probing prompt emission models associated with the initial SGRB merger event.
Healthcare personnel with severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection were interviewed to describe activities and practices in and outside the workplace. Among 2,625 healthcare personnel, workplace-related factors that may increase infection risk were more common among nursing-home personnel than hospital personnel, whereas selected factors outside the workplace were more common among hospital personnel.
Although no drugs are licensed for the treatment of personality disorder, pharmacological treatment in clinical practice remains common.
This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of psychotropic drug use and associations with psychological service use among people with personality disorder.
Using data from a large, anonymised mental healthcare database, we identified all adult patients with a diagnosis of personality disorder and ascertained psychotropic medication use between 1 August 2015 and 1 February 2016. Multivariable logistic regression models were constructed, adjusting for sociodemographic, clinical and service use factors, to examine the association between psychological services use and psychotropic medication prescribing.
Of 3366 identified patients, 2029 (60.3%) were prescribed some form of psychotropic medication. Patients using psychological services were significantly less likely to be prescribed psychotropic medication (adjusted odds ratio 0.48, 95% CI 0.39–0.59, P<0.001) such as antipsychotics, benzodiazepines and antidepressants. This effect was maintained following several sensitivity analyses. We found no difference in the risk for mood stabiliser (adjusted odds ratio 0.79, 95% CI 0.57–1.10, P = 0.169) and multi-class psychotropic use (adjusted odds ratio 0.80, 95% CI 0.60–1.07, P = 0.133) between patients who did and did not use psychological services.
Psychotropic medication prescribing is common in patients with personality disorder, but significantly less likely in those who have used psychological services. This does not appear to be explained by differences in demographic, clinical and service use characteristics. There is a need to develop clear prescribing guidelines and conduct research in clinical settings to examine medication effectiveness for this population.
Natural law, in the Augustinian and Thomist sense, reflects not merely man’s nature as it is, but as it should be, accounting for the moral aspirations and moral instincts they believed were natural to man’s being. Natural law requires us to live justly: to live well in society, with love towards one another. What does it mean to love our neighbors politically? It means to live and govern in accordance with the “tranquility of order.” Responsibility for upholding this kind of peace is what “sovereignty” meant in the Augustinian era. Peace is not merely the absence of violence, but the presence of the conditions that enable flourishing. Just war is war that accords with justice: it is authorized political violence required to uphold love-directed justice. War is an instrument for defending and sustaining the tranquility of order, understood as an act of love for our neighbors and our enemies alike. With this framework, Augustinian thinkers generally favored humanitarian and state building interventions: military operations to protect the innocent, stop war crimes or crimes against humanity, punish tyrants and war criminals, and foster conditions of lasting peace and stability.
In this chapter I apply the Augustinian Liberal just war framework to contemporary cases of war and conflict: Iraq, Afghanistan, terrorism, Syria, North Korea, and selected cases of cyberwar and autonomous weapons. I discuss Iraq because it is the largest recent war and has animated a huge amount of commentary from just war scholars. I contrast my approach with that of several other thinkers to show the original insights of my approach. Second, I discuss Afghanistan and the War on Terror because the wars illustrate some features of the moral reality of contemporary war that I hope shape our understanding of just war in the future. Third, I use Syria to discuss humanitarian crises, the use of weapons of mass destruction, and the costs of nonintervention. Fourth, I use North Korea to discuss nuclear war, nuclear deterrence, and preemptive and preventive war – issues that have been with us since the dawn of the Cold War and are still with us. Fifth, I discuss cyberwar and autonomous weapons as novel forms of conflict whose moral dimensions are still coming into focus.
The Westphalian tradition of just war thinking rooted itself in a different understanding of natural law. Instead of understanding natural law as part of the divine law and reflecting humanity’s moral aspirations, the Westphalians’ natural law was rooted in the “state of nature” and reflected what reason and custom told us about humanity’s actual conduct. Justice, in this view, did not include liberality or charity; it involved the protection of the rights of sovereigns. International justice became equated with the rights of sovereign autonomy and reciprocal non-interference associated with the Treaties of Westphalia. The just war thinkers of this era are thus more hesitant to endorse a right of rebellion, intervention to support rebels, humanitarian intervention, war as punishment, war to defend the innocent, or war against those who commit crimes against nature. War is an instrument to defend international borders, not to enforce an abstract ideal of justice. This leads to the signature contribution from the Westphalian tradition: that the preservation of the balance of power is a just cause because it preserves the independence and territorial integrity of every state.
When is war just? What does justice require? The just war framework is an attempt to answer those questions. But there is no singular tradition and no consensus on the answers. Just war inquiry is best understood as three traditions: the Augustinian, the Westphalian, and the Liberal. Augustinians understood war to be a just response and an act of love to defend the tranquility of order when that order was violently disrupted, including exceptional cases of a disruption in other states. Justice required the restoration of a just peace. Westphalians reinterpreted sovereignty so that it was no longer understood as responsibility for the common good but as defense of international borders and the sanctity of national autonomy and independence. War was just when it was waged to defend the state from external attack and, sometimes, to preserve a balance of power and prevent any one state from amassing enough power to threaten others’ independence. Justice required the maintenance of international order and stability.
In the 20th century, some thinkers, like Paul Ramsey, tried to reestablish the older, explicitly religious foundations for just war thought. Others, like Michael Walzer, did the opposite, trying to found just war on felt the moral intuition of liberalism. Both sought to amend the Westphalian order to make greater room for human rights or the sanctity of human life, which marks the beginning of the Liberal tradition of just war thinking. Ramsey approached the subject from an explicitly theological perspective but still supported key Liberal tenets, like democracy, human rights, and the “international common good.” Ramsey’s emphasis on love as the cornerstone of just war meant human life was an absolute value, more important than Westphalian sovereignty. Walzer was more explicit about his liberalism, but he built it on weaker foundations. He sought to amend the Westphalian tradition to allow for intervention for humanitarian purposes, a position he strengthened in later work, but he also maintained a preference for national self-determination without concern for ideology or regime type that was in tension with his commitment to human rights.
The intellectual history of just war thinking should be understood as unfolding in three traditions: the Augustinian, the Westphalian, and the Liberal. The Augustinian tradition of just war thinking rested on the idea that natural law exists and should guide human social and political order to fulfill natural human moral aspirations; that sovereignty means responsibility for the common good; and that justice should guide states to use force to defend the common good. In the Westphalian tradition, sovereignty evolved from defense of the common good to defense of international borders, and just cause shrank to encompass only territorial self-defense. In the embryonic Liberal tradition, concepts like human rights and accountable governance do the work that natural law and justice did in the Augustinian tradition: external standards outside and above the state used to judge the state’s legitimacy. The Liberal just war tradition allows war to vindicate the rights of individuals suffering under a humanitarian emergency, insists on respecting individual rights in how war is fought, and understands the vindication of individual rights a crucial part of ending wars justly.
The Augustinian, Westphalian, and Liberal traditions are each insufficient to guide ethical reasoning about war today. The answer lies in a partial synthesis among them, especially the Augustinian and Liberal traditions. The language of natural law and human rights are especially useful because they can make moral claims about the common good across the boundaries of culture and religion. In the Augustinian Liberal perspective, the principles of ordered liberty, human rights, and human flourishing do much the same work that natural law and justice did for the Augustinian tradition as an external standard above the state, to which the state must be accountable. Justice requires the vindication of rights but is not exhausted with rights because it also requires the sustainment of conditions required for rights to be meaningful, to promote human flourishing—which is a long way of saying that justice requires ordered liberty. Sovereignty means responsibility for the common good, which means responsibility for establishing, sustaining, and defending a system of ordered liberty at home and abroad. And ordered liberty is as close to a universal value system as the world has yet seen.
During the Reformation and the Age of Exploration, just war thinkers were forced to reexamine the premises on which the Augustinian tradition had stood, including their understanding of natural law, justice, and sovereignty. This chapter examines three thinkers crucial to that transition: Alberico Gentili, Francisco Suarez, and Hugo Grotius. They are part of the Augustinian tradition, but clearly show signs of subtle departure from their predecessors. Grotius, especially, is a hybrid between the Augustinian past and Westphalian future. They understood themselves to be engaged in a project of continuity: they wanted to salvage and reinterpret the intellectual inheritance of Christendom and reapply it to the changing and fracturing landscape of their day. But the new age inaugurated by the treaties of Westphalia transformed it in subtle but important ways, most prominently by secularizing its discourse and changing its understanding of natural law.
Email your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this to your organisation's collection. | https://core-cms.prod.aop.cambridge.org/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=D.%20Miller&eventCode=SE-AU |
The Catholic moral tradition shows an unambiguous preference to preserve life even when the order of justice is threatened and the safety of innocent life is at stake. While acknowledging the moral and legal prerogative of the state to execute criminals in strictly limited circumstances, the church pleads for restraint in the exercise of that prerogative. The moral requirement to protect the innocent stands alongside the imperative to stem the cycle of violence that keeps individuals and communities enslaved to vengeance. | http://catholicsmobilizing.org/1416/statement-from-the-most-reverend-wilton-d-gergory-bishop-of-the-archdiocese-of-atlanta/ |
Challenges of Inclusive Education: The last quarter of the 20th century marked a turning point in Nigerian law. It has seen Nigeria gain formal sovereignty and legal independence. The Supreme Court has agreed to change Nigerian law in such a way as to widen the gap between the law of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and other Commonwealth jurisdictions, including England.
Nigeria’s adoption of the Republican path in 1963 severed ties with the British monarchy and required significant amendments to the federal constitution.
Challenges of Inclusive Education: All of these changes are critical to the future of Nigerian law. A tradition received from the UK, and revised for the conditions of Nigeria from the earliest days of white settlement, has now evolved in such a way that it is possible to talk about the tradition of law in Nigeria which is another common law. Be separate from the legal traditions of Countries Yet.
What is the “Nigeria” tradition?
Challenges of Inclusive Education: It is not just Nigeria because of the fact that the law has been framed in a certain way by judges and legislators from both the state and the federal states. Nor is it Nigeria simply because it differs from English law or other common law jurisdictions.
Discrimination may be important in shaping national identity, but discrimination from other legal systems is not enough to ensure that a country’s legal system is “owned” by its people. To be a Nigerian in the Nigerian tradition of law in Nigeria, it needs a tradition that people accept as a valuable aspect of Nigerian life, and that reflects the structure, character, and aspirations of the population.
Furthermore, lawyers and the judiciary should be relevant to the general public as a last resort in resolving disputes, not just to corporations and government agencies.
Inclusive education act
Despite all the changes in Nigerian law in the last quarter of a country, Nigerian law remains largely monolithic, and although women have been able to follow the law for most of the century, The public face – its judiciary, and senior lawyers – is basically a male face.
The Challenges of Inclusive Education is a challenge for the legal system to adapt to the needs of the Nigerian population, and in its public reality, to be more representative of the diversity of that population.
Perhaps the biggest Challenges of Inclusive Education is that the legal system should be more accessible to private individuals, as the costs of justice are so high that they are a major obstacle to the legal system for a large segment of the population.
Increased access to justice is necessary, not only to resolve all disputes that require a third party to decide in accordance with the law, but also to uphold the rule of law.
- Nuisance Law Example – What is a Public Nuisance?
- Proximate Cause – What is the meaning of proximate cause?
- Defamation Law – What is an example of defamation?
- Equity vs equality – What is an example of equity law?
Accommodation Diversity – A Legal System for All
Challenges of Inclusive Education: In order to reflect the structure and role of the population in Nigeria’s legal tradition, its laws need to be designed to take into account the diversity of that population, and the legal system to protect the rights of all. There is a need to provide adequate protection.
Many of these rights are subject to international conventions such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Convention, And the Convention on the Rights of the Child.
Agreements are not part of Nigerian law simply because Nigeria is a signatory to them. In any case, many treaties and conventions are drafted with such generality and deliberate ambiguity that they cannot be effectively applied to Nigerian law by specific rights and obligations.
Nigeria tradition
Furthermore, many of the specific provisions of the conventions are not intended to be a source of individual rights but rather to impose on governments the responsibility to improve the well-being of the population through administrative action and administrative measures. However, a number of laws, both state and federal, prohibit discrimination and provide other legal rights that are consistent with the rights granted under international law.
Challenges of Inclusive Education: To a large extent, these international conventions on human rights reflect the values of the Western legal tradition. The language of human rights is due to the Western legal tradition and especially to the enlightened principles of the French and American revolutions.
The notion that the legal system should be the means by which social change is influenced is also a particularly Western idea, beginning with the central character that has historically been the law in all social order. ۔
International law, along with the use of moral and political pressure to enforce otherwise unenforceable obligations, also relies on the concept of respect for the law, which is part of the Western legal heritage.
Thus, although international human rights conventions are of recent origin, and laws prohibiting discrimination have been enacted only in the last few years, these developments find their origins and impetus within the Western legal tradition. Does, instead of deviating from it.
However, the legal tradition in Nigeria, as in other Western countries, needs, and still needs, change and renewal to be more relevant to the diverse population whose legal system operates and the demands on it. Is the limit. System.
Not surprisingly, a legal tradition developed at a time when the population was ethnically and culturally homogeneous, and in which Anglo-Celtic men dominated and controlled public life, sometimes unknowingly. Must be numb. The needs of local people, children, the disabled, ethnic minorities, and women.
The Challenges of Inclusive Education is a challenge to make the legal system more accessible and to make the laws fair for various groups in society so that they can meet the needs of the diverse people who come into contact with the system. | https://canal3colombia.net/challenges-of-inclusive-education/ |
John Rawls, professor of philosophy at Harvard University, provided a signal contribution to the development of contractarian political philosophy with the publication of A Theory of Justice (1971). Writing in the spirit of John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Immanuel Kant, especially the latter, Rawls attempted to work out the implications of ’justice as fairness” and to show the inadequacy of a rival view of justice, that of the maximization of the good in society, which was sanctioned by classical utilitarianism. The principle of utility, as espoused by Jeremy Bentham, is teleological or goal-oriented: Society must structure its institutions to provide for the maximum satisfaction of the desires of all of its members. As Rawls pointed out, however, distributions of satisfactions in accordance with utilitarian principles may well be arbitrary and are independent of, and thus not governed by, a conception of the right.
Rawls proposed an alternative conception of justice he thought more in accord with common sense. What is right to do must take priority over the satisfaction of what each member of a society takes to be. his or her good. Rawls proposed a thought experiment in which representatives of citizens come together in what he called the “original position” to choose among principles of justice. A “veil of ignorance” cuts the representatives off from any details regarding, for example, the social status, wealth, and political power of those they represent. All that is known are basic facts about human motivation and that the parties are rational.
The choice that emerges Rawls formulates as two principles of justice for institutions, the first taking priority over the second. As restated (and somewhat recast) in Political Liberalism, the principles (the second termed “the difference principle”) are as follows:
a. Each person has an equal claim to a fully adequate scheme of equal basic rights and liberties, which scheme is compatible with the same scheme for all; and in this scheme the equal political liberties, and only those liberties, are to be guaranteed their fair value.
b. Social and economic inequalities are to satisfy two conditions: first, they are to be attached to positions and offices open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity; and second, they are to be to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged members of society.
A Theory of Justice contended that in a well-ordered society, institutions would be regulated by the two principles of justice, and that all normal citizens, whatever their differences in philosophical or religious perspective, could appeal to the view of justice as fairness (a particular instance of a larger ethical view of rightness as fairness) to settle debates of social concern. That is, Rawls envisioned a public consensus regarding the two principles so that public debates on proposed social legislation, for example, might have at least a minimum common ground. Persons born into a society of citizens who are free and equal have a duty to abide by the regulative principles of justice; those persons have implicitly contracted with society, which provides certain benefits, to honor justice as fairness.
Justice as fairness, as presented by Rawls, inspired wide-ranging debate among philosophers. Political Liberalism, organized into a series of eight “lectures,” is an edited collection of responses to his critics; it marks a significant change in Rawls’s own understanding of justice as fairness.
Whereas A Theory of Justice attempted to situate this liberal conception of justice within the larger tradition of moral philosophy, Political Liberalism seeks to remove justice as fairness from moral philosophy and to consider it a political conception only. As Rawls explains, the problem with...
(The entire section contains 2081 words.)
Unlock This Study Guide Now
Start your 48-hour free trial to unlock this Political Liberalism study guide. You'll get access to all of the Political Liberalism content, as well as access to more than 30,000 additional guides and more than 350,000 Homework Help questions answered by our experts.
- Summary
Already a member? Log in here. | https://www.enotes.com/topics/political-liberalism |
If you are interested in this sample,
we will happily email it to you.
We will occasionally send you account related emails.
Socrates and Aristophanes
Aristophanes’ play, The Clouds, is a social commentary condemning the ways in which the rise of sophistry, philosophy, and new science in Athens led to a degradation of traditional Athenian customs. Aristophanes casts Socrates as a personified synthesis of several of the prominent imaginative thinkers in his day, many of which Socrates actually detested. However, due to the fact that Socrates was an infamous public figure, purposefully living in squalor, and lacking any political influence, casting him as the figurehead of the anti-traditionalist movement was effortless.
Through Socrates, Aristophanes satirizes the entire sophist movement in education. Within The Clouds, Aristophanes, a staunch traditionalist, uses Socrates as a scapegoat, criticizing him for demanding large sums of money in exchange for sophistic and scientific lessons that engendered this anti-traditional intellectual movement. Aristophanes argues that these new intellectual movements serve to destroy the traditional customs of Athenian life, corrupting the youth and subverting the honest and just nature of Athenian democracy, and encouraging the idolization of natural causes over godly explanations.
Sophists were foreigners who came to Athens promising young men an avenue to quickly and effortlessly obtain political power through the manipulation of justice and truth, making the weaker arguments the stronger. Sophists held that truth and justice, the guiding principles of society, were relative concepts that could, and should, be adapted to the needs of each man given his particular circumstance. Aristophanes asserts that the aforementioned system of beliefs endangers the very foundation of Athenian democracy, enabling corrupt and dishonest men to wrongfully sway the public will for personal gain. He satirically accuses Socrates of charging money for lessons that taught young men to cheat the system, glorifying the combination of dishonesty and beautiful speech over justice and truth, compromising the very moral fabric of Athenian democracy. Strepsiades was a corrupt man who sought out Socrates’ wisdom in order to escape creditors after the debt his son, Pheidippides, incurred with his extravagant equestrian lifestyle. Prior to enrolling in The Thinkery, Pheidippides was a respectable Athenian citizen, and Socrates’ teachings corrupted him to the point of beating his own father, an unimaginable disrespect of one’s elders.
Socrates is portrayed as a poor man who pompously placed himself above other, while preaching nonsense he knows nothing about, excessively analyzing trivial matters, holding the clouds to be the only divine beings in existence, and employing rhetorical devices to unjustly win arguments. The students in the Thinkery are pale imbeciles, more akin to Spartan POW’s at Pylos than respectable Athenian intellectuals. The Thinkery is the antithesis of the traditional educational system Aristophanes holds in such high regard, where men dishonestly and excessively analyze circumstances wholly removed from the concerns and workings of the real world. Socrates’ lessons are founded in his belief that the only real source of authority was science, moreover that we are simply things in motion that have necessary, uncontrollable responses to certain stimuli. Aristophanes’ Socrates subscribes solely to scientific explanations for day to day occurrences typically attributed to the Gods. Aristophanes urges him to take more notice of the gods, if for no other reason than the fact that Atheism was a capital crime in Athens.
While Aristophanes understood and respected Socrates’ aversion to holding beliefs unconsciously without thoughtful questioning, he contended that sophistry and new science undermined the moral foundations of a just and fair society. He argued against the newly popularized corrupt method of power acquisition, urging for a return to the traditional power distribution, that is the men in power earning their titles with allegiance to the inseparable concepts of justice and the Gods. The assertion that the Gods did not exist, or even that the universe was created by a sole intelligent being, was a blasphemous belief and dangerous to make public in a vigorously pious society. A mutual respect for religion and tradition ensured that Athens ran smoothly, and Aristophanes criticizes Socrates and other philosophers for providing the necessary means to disintegrate the greatness that the older generation achieved. Aristophanes denounces wholly a practice he believes corrupts the youth by coaching them to lie, leads to impiety and sexual vice, encourages wasting time contemplating trivial matters, and interacting with their equals and superiors alike in an arrogantly antagonistic manner.
Aristophanes’ ultimate goal was to make the audience recognize that sophistry was a real danger to society, advocating self-promotion, hedonism, and moral relativism. Aristophanes accomplishes this feat through the personified debate of the Just and Unjust argument, which monetary compensation is required to learn. The Just Argument represents the traditional conservative education system that Aristophanes endorses, emulating obedience and traditional customs, marked by a careful study of classical literature working in tandem with an adequate amount of physical education. The Unjust Argument, on the other hand, advocates a philosophical and sophistic education system, analyzing the world objectively, suspending human judgment and the ability for any underserving man to consolidate political power through the use of rhetorical devices.
The Just Argument maintains that justice exists with the Gods, and that injustice is inherently wrong. Moreover, moderation and justice come to fruition via the mechanisms of self-restraint, representing Aristophanes’ longing for the return to greatest generation, those brave men who fought at Marathon, when children were seen and not heard. The Unjust Argument systematically breaks down the Just Argument, asserting that justice does not exist by nature, or necessity, but by manmade custom. The core of the Unjust Argument is that denying pleasure to stay in line with justice destroys happiness, the end that the Just Argument indicates justice achieves. Rather, men exist in the grip of passions that are naturally occurring and uncontrollable, citing how even Zeus cannot even conquer the force of love, constantly committing adultery. Sophists held that what was right and just in Athens could be seen as inherently wrong in another society, that one man’s virtue could be another man’s vice. Aristophanes criticized the spread of these dangerous ideas amongst the youth, corrupting the future leaders of society and destabilizing the nature of Athenian democracy.
Aristophanes demonstrates the dangers of corrupting the youth after Pheidippides completes his schooling at The Thinkery and he returns home. Pheidippides mastered the manipulation of debate so well that he convinces his father that a son possesses the right to beat his own father if it is well intentioned. A man who beats his father in Ancient Greece is a man who has entirely thrown away convention and would stoop to any level no matter how base. Pheidippides explains how his father beat him when he was a boy because Strepsiades knew better than Pheidippides in his naivete. However, now that Pheidippides has more knowledge than his father, knowledge his father tried and failed to master, Pheidippides possesses the power to rule over his father because nature dictates this power structure. With that title to rule, justice enables Pheidippides to beat his own father. Though Pheidippides artfully dupes his father, when he says that he would beat his own mother, Strepsiades immediately reverts back to the Gods of Athens and wishes to harm Socrates and destroy the Thinkery. Though Pheidippides refuses to hurt his own teachers, Strepsiades burns down The Thinkery and beats Socrates and his students at Hermes demand. The moral of the play being that the anti-traditional, anti-religious, and amoral values that Socrates and the sophists embody are extremely harmful.
Though Socrates is thought to be an extremely wise and influential philosopher in modernity, in Ancient Greece he was a radical. He undeniably is not guilty of all that Aristophanes charged him with, but due to the massive influence Aristophanes was capable of achieving, his portrayal of Socrates was taken as a literal, personal attack, providing ammunition for the assembly when eventually hearing Socrates’ case. Ironically, Aristophanes proved his own point, demonstrating how dangerous the ability to manipulate the will of the people can be, resulting in the execution of a man who is viewed to be entirely innocent by modern standards. | https://literatureessaysamples.com/socrates-and-aristophanes/ |
Memorandum of Cooperation with the Ministry of Culture, Youth and Community Development
Al Ain University of Science and Technology signed a memorandum of cooperation with the Ministry of Culture, Youth and Community Development at the AAU campus in Abu Dhabi, on Tuesday, June 14, 2011, whereby AAU joins the UAE National Index for Libraries, the first national project to establish a library database in the UAE to serve researchers in various fields. This memorandum contributes to the promotion of the national cultural identity in the UAE in order to achieve the goals of the national strategy and serve the common interest of both parties.
The memorandum was signed on behalf of AAU by Dr. Noureddine Atatreh, AAU Chancellor, and by HE Bilal Al Budour, Assistant Undersecretary for Culture and Art on behalf of the Ministry, in the attendance of Dr. Habib Ghulom Attar, Director of Cultural and Community Activities, Mr. Abdullah Al Nuaimi, Director of the Coordination and Initiatives Department, and Mr. Ahmed Al Hadabi, Head of the Libraries Section and the Project Manager of the UAE National Index for Libraries, in addition to the directors of AAU library in both Al Ain and Abu Dhabi campuses as well as a number faculty members at the University.
The memorandum supports and strengthens the role of Al Ain University and the Ministry in the promotion of national cultural identity by contributing to the exchange and the preparation of research studies that relate to the support and development of academic work in all fields in addition to providing library services to the largest possible segment of society.
The Chancellor of Al Ain University expressed how keen AAU is on extending bridges of cooperation and communication with the Ministry through applying the best methods and practices in order to raise the cultural and community level in the UAE. He also promised to provide all the services and tools required to link the University library to the UAE National Index for Libraries.
On the other hand, HE Bilal Al Budour stressed that the memorandum comes within the Ministry's strategy for the years "2011 - 2013" to maintain the national identity and promote its components in addition to raise the level of cultural and community awareness and strengthen partnerships between the Ministry of Culture, Youth and Community Development, and academic institutions in the country to achieve the advancement of culture and community development. | https://aau.ac.ae/en/news/2011/memorandum-of-cooperation-with-the-ministry-of-culture-youth-and-community-development-1/ |
By studying present and past cultural practices, and social and cultural shifts, students engage critically with important issues such as medical systems, the influences of mass media, global issues and trends, and the formation of group and personal identities. This program encourages students to learn about and contribute to contemporary debates on social and cultural issues that affect their daily lives and futures.
Grenfell's social/cultural studies provides you with a broad, multidisciplinary education in contemporary social and cultural phenomena, and prepares students to engage with our multicultural, global, mass mediated and interconnected world as citizens, workers and scholars. Our practical fieldwork courses involve original field research with human participants, and entail a broad range of skill sets applicable to many areas of employment after graduation. Our focus on critical reading and effective writing provides lifelong skills. This is your invitation to join a vast, interactive learning experience where you approach the study of culture and society within present-day and historical contexts and from three distinct, yet complementary perspectives:
These three areas share an emphasis on the individual experience and interpretation of culture and each rely on the ethnographic method – an approach that helps you understand the world from the perspective of the people you are studying. In the program there are opportunities for original field research under the mentorship of your professors.
You can study at our campus in Harlow, England, where you will have the opportunity to explore things such as the culture of architecture from rural housing to castles, and the significance of art and material culture. View a sample four-year schedule.
Some of the courses we offer include:
View a complete list of courses for social/cultural studies.
A fourth-year independent project will allow you to answer your own big question. Others have researched gender stereotyping in children's literature and men who participate in recreational ballet, among others.
Small class sizes mean a more intimate learning experience where your professors know you by name. Your instructors will engage you with their own research passions, including marginal communities and street kids, Mennonite women's autobiographical narrative, rural development dynamics, the modern funeral services industry, gesture in Zimbabwean storytelling, informal economy, identity renegotiation in Magdalene laundry inmates' accounts, applied ethnomusicology and historical and contemporary perspectives on Mi'kmaw culture and society.
Meet our social/cultural studies program faculty and staff.
What happened is horrific: Magdalene laundry stories
Students in this program are eligible for various entrance scholarships, as well as program specific scholarships and awards including the University Medal for Academic Excellence in social/cultural studies: the Breakwater Book Prize in Folklore; and the John Ashton Folklore Award. Social/cultural studies provide students with a strong set of transferable and practical skills, including critical thinking and real-world research and writing skills, applicable across a broad range of professional disciplines.
As a Grenfell student, you can participate in the Student Exchange Program, where you pay Grenfell tuition rates while studying in another NSE member university in Canada or the United States.
There are many career opportunities for graduates of our social/cultural studies program, including:
· Social research
· Governmental and non-governmental organizations
· Social policy
· Health care and medicine (e.g. occupational health and safety)
· Community and rural development
· Public relations
· Law
· Education
· Journalism
· Cultural heritage preservation and promotion
· Cultural tourism
· Social work
· Human resources
· Criminology/policing
See what our current and previous students have to say about our program. In addition, many of our graduates enrolled in advanced programs say they are well prepared for graduate studies because of this program's interdisciplinary structure. Social/cultural studies graduates have studied such areas as health studies, sociology, cultural studies, ethnomusicology and folklore at the advanced educational and graduate levels.
Learn about other programs in Grenfell's School of Arts and Social Science. | https://grenfell.mun.ca/academics-and-research/Pages/school-of-arts-and-social-science/programs/Social-Cultural-Studies.aspx |
Guwahati, Nov 9 (SocialNews.XYZ) The silver jubilee celebration of Srimanta Sankardev Kalakshetra has been inaugurated at the headquarters of the cultural organisation here.
Srimanta Sankardev Kalakshetra, named after the 15th-century neo-Vaishnavite saint Srimanta Shankardev, is an outcome of the historic Assam Accord. It was inaugurated by the then President, K.R. Narayanan, on November 9, 1998.
Built at an approximate initial cost of Rs 19 crore, Srimanta Sankardev Kalakshetra has, since its inception in 1998, been diligently playing its conceived role of a channel for preservation, restoration, research, and promotion of the rich cultural heritage of the diverse ethnic groups of the state.
Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma, paying his tributes to the martyrs of the historic 5-year-long Assam Movement, stated that Srimanta Sankardev Kalakshetra for the past 25 years has been able to fulfill the aspirations of the greater Assamese society in the field of cultural identity.
He said owing to the diligent works of the Srimanta Sankardev Kalakshetra Society, Assamese culture and identity have been able to penetrate and leave an impact on many corners of not just the country but also abroad.
"The 15th-century saint made an attempt to unite the region with the help of the greater Indian culture and identity," Sarma added.
The inaugural event was also attended by Minister for Cultural Affairs Bimal Bora, Minister of Agriculture and Assam Accord Implementation Department Atul Bora, and others.
Source: IANS
About Gopi
Gopi Adusumilli is a Programmer. He is the editor of SocialNews.XYZ and President of AGK Fire Inc.
He enjoys designing websites, developing mobile applications and publishing news articles on current events from various authenticated news sources.
When it comes to writing he likes to write about current world politics and Indian Movies. His future plans include developing SocialNews.XYZ into a News website that has no bias or judgment towards any. | https://www.socialnews.xyz/2022/11/09/silver-jubilee-celebration-of-sankardev-kalakshetra-begins-in-assam/ |
The aim of this session is to critically examine the potential for enhancing rural sustainability and development through the promotion of gastronomy tourism. Much scholarship examines local food systems as a way to enhance the sustainability of rural landscapes. Less understood are the ways tourism intersects with regional food, sustainability and landscape; this is despite academic and policy recognition of food tourism as a legitimate avenue to strengthen regional identity, sustain cultural heritage, contest fears of global food homogenization and facilitate landscape regeneration. Acknowledging local food as central to the formation of the identity of regional landscapes, we seek papers which grant explicit attention to the role of tourism in promoting localised food systems as one avenue to develop stronger regional landscapes. In the session we hope to grant close attention to rural mountainous landscapes, which can often be particularly vulnerable to social, cultural, economic and geographical isolation.
We invite proposals for papers addressing (but not limited to) the following questions:
- How are food, culture, identity and tourism entangled within specific landscapes?
- In what ways might innovation (for example the development of digital identities or the development of new food produce) enhance the touristic potential of regional gastronomy landscapes?
- How might the promotion of gastronomy within certain landscapes enhance or inhibit a sense of cultural identity and retain cultural knowledge, skills and practices?
- In what ways do relevant policies inhibit or enable the establishment of touristic gastronomy landscapes?
How might the establishment of certain touristic gastronomy landscapes ensure (or inhibit) social, economic and environmental sustainability?
Presentations:
de Jong, Anna:
Negotiating sustainability: the potentials of local food promotion through tourism
Fava, Nadia; Garcia, Marisa & Garrido Puig, Romà:
Landscape, Tourism and Public Markets: Girona Province
Herlin-Sarlöv, Ingrid & Tellström, Richard
Deboning the relations between food and landscape and what this mean for a sustainable landscape heritage
Massacesi, Chiara:
The “milky way” of the alpine heritage of malga – Food, culture, identity and tourism in the Dolomites
Sjölander-Lindqvist, Annelie & Skoglund, Wilhelm:
Regional Foodscape and Gastronomy Development – The way forward to rural development in the Swedish‘ periphery? | https://www.pecsrl2016.com/index.php/sessions/19-contributions/51-s7.html |
Voices in Culture invites representatives of cultural networks in the Asia-Pacific region to take a look at networks that promote regional, cross-cultural activities and exchange. In this issue, we meet with Po-Yun Hsu of the Federation for Asian Cultural Promotion to learn about the work the network performs.
What were the goals in establishing the Federation?
The Federation for Asian Cultural Promotion (FACP) was established in 1981 to promote Asian artistic heritage and art organizations, especially those in the field of the performing arts, throughout the world. This non-profit and non-political Federation was established to disseminate information pertaining to cultural activities, artists and performances, while also fostering cooperation between member-cities. In order to publicize performances, conferences, and other activities of its member-cities, the Federation seeks to establish strong media links and also to publish programmes, books, magazines, as well as other written documents.
Please tell us about FACP’s mission, including mission purpose and business vision.
The Federation’s mission purpose is to improve the mutual understanding in Asian countries and to improve the relationship between the artists, as well as the promoters. Also, FACP promotes Asian creativity and protects the authenticity of Asian art and culture. Additionally, the Federation promotes art and culture, carries them out in daily life, and applies them in terms of meaning and value. The FACP’s business vision is to build up a network and platform within Asia, which facilitates members to communicate and cooperate with members within Asia as well as in the rest of the world. Also, FACP’s business vision is to exhibit the past Asian traditional culture and present art, and to organize a festival to provide international acknowledgement.
Tell us about prominent FACP activities.
The FACP conducts six prominent activities: A yearly conference, yearly general assembly, festivals, interval governor’s meeting, website, and coordination of related events and issues in Asia. The aim of these six activities is to help members prevail, to strengthen the linkage between them, and to promote related subjects in Asia and the rest of the world.
We see that one of the unique parts of FACP is its focused membership on performing arts managers. What is the role of FACP to the performing arts managers?
Although the majority of the members are in the field of performing arts, there are members and participants of FACP dedicated to other various fields. For example, the Sori Arts Center of Jeollabuk-do and the Sejong Art Center are just two examples of members/participants of FACP that have facilities such as libraries, museums and exhibition rooms and are dedicated to literature, visual arts, and other aspects of cultural art. FACP ensures that there is a smooth international information flow between the performing arts managers in order to enable them to operate as a group and to establish good relations. Additionally, it has become a tradition of the Federation for senior members to help the new members in the facilitation of their professional functions. Several members of FACP represent international, intercontinental, national, and regional artists.
What kind of methods do you use to expand and strengthen the network?
FACP employs a variety of methods in order to expand and strengthen the network, such as the promotion of funding activities, memberships, and annual conferences.
What kind of benefits can a prospective participant expect from this particular network? What kind of people join as members?
A prospective participant can expect the opportunity to become a member of a growing and developing network and to establish beneficial relations with other members within the network. The individuals and corporations who join as members vary. Potential members could be government officials, NGOs, culture policy makers, culture/arts foundations, professional arts promoters/agencies, art studios/workshops, individual artists, artist groups, professional art directors, festival directors, or writers/poets.
Are there any upcoming projects in 2010 and 2011 that the federation is promoting/organizing/funding/ involved in that we should keep an eye on?
In 2010-2011, FACP will focus on how to select authentic artists and art groups. Secondly, FACP will pay attention to prospective and auspicious artists. Additionally, FACP’s efforts will concentrate on the promotion of art education, art activities in the community, art and the environment, art and the tourism industry for the improvement of the quality of cultural tourism, and culture and the creative industry.
How do you think the Federation has contributed to the promotion of cultural arts?
FACP has more than three decades of experiences and has contributed to the promotion of cultural arts on different levels. At the first stage, it aims to strengthen contacts between members and provides a platform for them to know each other. At the second stage, members exchange opinions and discuss topics according to their interests. When we established FACP 29 years ago, we received great assistance from Japan, who possessed tremendous experiences. Today, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Korea are also experienced in this area, and they can help other countries who are new to this field in terms of experience, finance, techniques, equipments and/or administration.
What are FACP’s ambitions in the long-run and what kind of growth in Asian culture and arts would your association like to see?
This will be the third stage of our contribution. We expect to build up a platform, where the goals and functions of FACP could be reached, and at the same time, it should also be a stage where Asia and the world meet and communicate. Furthermore, in the 21st century, we would like to stress the exchange between East and West. We hope to balance in terms of quantity and quality.
To foster networks in culture and the arts within the Asia-Pacific region, what kind of efforts would you like to see from governments, organizations (including NGOs and international organizations), artists, and cultural policy makers?
To begin with, we hope the government creates a healthy art education system with prospects. Second, the Asian governments should provide higher budgets to their communities. Third, the government has the responsibility to train more people in this area. In short, the state should improve the citizens’ art knowledge and educational content. At the same time, the citizens should carry out art and culture in their daily life, and gradually we will become a society that appreciates art and culture. Moreover, the government ought to promote art policies, encourage the potential government institutions or big companies to sponsor art related activities, increase budget for culture territory and exempt those activities from all taxes. | http://www.facp.asia/2011/02/voices-in-culture-interview-with-hsu-po.html |
In a press release issued today, the Department of Canadian Heritage announced $375,000 in funding for the Coalition for the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, at a rate of $75,000 per year for five years.
The Coalition for the Diversity of Cultural Expressions (CDCE) welcomes this announcement, which aims to support its action in favour of a dynamic and plural cultural sector. In addition to this amount, the CDCE would like to acknowledge the contribution of $375,000 over five years to UNESCO’s International Fund for the Diversity of Cultural Expressions.
The funding announced today will enable CDCE to continue to promote the importance of culture in the development of societies. For twenty years, the CDCE has been the voice of civil society organizations working in the service of culture in Quebec and Canada; it defends the protection of culture in trade agreements, the preservation of the diversity of cultural expressions in the digital environment and the capacity of the State to put in place policies to support national cultural expressions. In the current context of the revision of the laws on broadcasting, telecommunications and copyright, its mobilization in favour of local cultural content is more essential than ever.
With this commitment from the federal government, the CDEC will also be able to extend and develop its international projects within the framework of the International Federation of Coalitions for Cultural Diversity (IFCCD), for which it provides the secretariat. Active since 2007, the IFCCD has been the result of a major mobilization of international civil society in favour of the adoption and subsequent ratification of the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions. Today, it brings together more than thirty organizations working around the world to raise awareness among civil society and governments of the importance of protecting the diversity of creation at the regional and international levels.
On this World Day for Cultural Diversity, the CDCE reaffirms its commitment to work with the Government of Canada to maintain an environment conducive to the development of diverse and multiple cultural expressions that are essential to Canadian society. | https://cdec-cdce.org/en/publications/the-cdce-welcomes-the-renewed-support-of-the-canadian-government-for-the-diversity-of-cultural-expressions/?_sft_thematiques=trade |
Legislative instruments in the field of culture
Ukraine is a multinational state. According to National the Census the 134 representatives of the minorities live at the Ukrainian territory (1 0.9 million people, representing 22o/o of the total population). During the years of Independence Ukraine has formed a legal framework that guarantees equal rights for all citizens regardless of their ethnic origin, language features and religious confession. The Constitution of Ukraine guarantees free access to culture and the right and freedom to free creative expression. The essential part of public policy in the field of culture is devoted to the develop and preserve of national minorities cultures. Ukrainian legislation in general complies with the provisions of the Convention.
Thus, Law of Ukraine "On Culture" (201 0) guarantees freedom of creativity and free choice of forms of cultural activity; the rights of citizens in the field of culture; free use of minority languages; preservation, development and promotion of cultural and linguistic identity; promotion of Ukrainian national culture in all its diversity abroad and World Cultural Heritage in Ukraine.
In addition, the Law of Ukraine "On Television and Radio Broadcasting" (1993) prohibits censorship of information broadcasting activities, and the Law of Ukraine "On Professional Artists and Artistic Unions" (1997) prohibits censorship in creative activities and ensure free choice of creative activities and equal rights to participate in the creative unions.
With the purpose of promoting and encouraging cultural produc.t in Ukraine was adopted the Law of Ukraine "On amendments to the Tax Code of Ukra,ine" (02.10.2012, N2 5412-IV). These changes implement exemptions from Value Added Tax transactions for the creation, supply restoration and distribution of national cultural product. Today the Ministry of Culture of Ukraine has developed mechanisms for implementation of provisions of the Tax Code. It should be underlined that the valid Law of Ukraine "On Culture" contains a definition of"national cultural product" (in compliance with 2012 changes).
The Ministry of Culture of Ukraine worked out the researching work on the cultural (creative) industries in Ukraine. It was implemented by the Ukrainian Center for Cultural Researches in order to develop the Concept of State Polic,y for promotion of development of cultural industries in Ukraine. | https://en.unesco.org/creativity/policy-monitoring-platform/legislative-instruments-field |
Immigration to and integration in a new society are among the most dynamic and complex processes in an individual’s life, characterized by numerous discoveries, confusions and challenges that eventually lead to significant personal changes. According to Maines (1978), one may distinguish between two different paths of immigrant adaptation, body and self: The first addresses instrumental aspects, such as finding suitable housing and employment, while the second entails establishment of new social contacts, long-term socialization to new values, norms and codes of behavior and new identity construction alongside preservation of the original one.
Hence, immigrants’ evolving identity necessarily combines identification with one’s new home with longing for the old one; looking around at the new environment but also looking back at life in the faraway homeland (Sreberny, 2000). Moreover, in the era of ethnic renaissance, youngsters with immigrant backgrounds also feel the need to reconfirm and reinforce their ethnic identities. Such youth face a particularly multifaceted and complicated identity task, as they experience cultural adaptation at the same time as preservation and reaffirmation of their homeland identity (Portes & Rumbaut, 2001).
In this sense, media offer immigrants a variety of resources helping them in their ongoing adjustment to a new society and maintenance of their ethnic identity (see e.g. Bailey, Georgiou, & Harindranth, 2007; Elias, 2008). Recent studies also noted that alongside preservation of certain aspects of the original identity, immigrants renegotiate and modify this identity through interaction with homeland media content perceived and interpreted through the prism of local reality. Furthermore, over the past decade, the Internet became a major medium that provides immigrants with a variety of tools, resources and technological platforms that may be used in their attempts to maintain their original identity and to strengthen their affiliation with homeland and with compatriots in other countries. Hence, the Internet facilitates creation of digital diasporas that share a common cultural background, a common set of symbols and a common history, thus preserving a distinctive ethnic identity (Ding, 2007; Elias and Shorer-Zeltser, 2006; Everett, 2009; Yang, 2003).
Accordingly, this chapter analyzes how the need to preserve ethnic identity and affiliation with one’s homeland is expressed and fulfilled through Internet use by two distinctive groups of immigrants from the Former Soviet Union (FSU) in Israel: Immigrant youngsters aged 12-18 and immigrant senior citizens (hereinafter: “seniors”) aged 65 and above. The aim of such simultaneous examination is not to identify the obvious intergenerational differences in Internet use but rather to increase our understanding of the Internet’s potential for preserving original cultural identity among different groups of immigrant users, irrespective of age. The findings are based on two recent studies: A 2006 study of immigrant youth that included in-depth interviews with 70 immigrant adolescents (Elias and Lemish, 2009) and a 2009 study of older immigrants that included 32 in-depth interviews (Khvorostianov, Elias, & Nimrod, in press 2012).
Immigrants’ Transnational Lifestyle: Exploits cultural and economic advantages of both home and receiving countries and employs various strategies for successfully managing immigrants’ mobile lives in two different societies.
Diasporic Identity: Typical of most migrant populations that retain objective components of a coherent ethnic identity, such as a shared history, language and culture, and in some cases, diasporic identity also contains a powerful link (imagine or real) to the territorial homeland.
Digital Diaspora: A virtual community of people from the same country of origin that share through the Web a common cultural background, set of symbols and common history. | https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/immigrants-internet-use-identity-intergenerational/70360 |
Leading Researcher,
RAN Institute of State and Law,
Ph.D. (Law)
Russia's key priorities during its chairmanship of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe in May-November 2006 are united under a general motto "Toward united Europe without dividing lines". These activities focus on strengthening tolerance and mutual understanding in relations between people, expanding and improving cooperation in the field of culture, education, science and sports, encouraging youth exchanges.1
Culture is a "Way of Living Together"
This definition of culture was given in UNESCO's Universal Declaration of 2001. One of the major features of the present time is formation and development of the information society, based on the economy of knowledge, which means paramount
стр. 181
importance of human capital. Modern economic growth is primarily ensured by investments in knowledge which are growing faster than investments in capital assets.
In this situation, the unity of the triad "education - science -culture" remains unchanged, with culture largely determining the sphere of application of knowledge and scientific achievements, as well as the opportunities for using information technologies, the key factor of modern economic growth.
According to UNESCO's Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity adopted in 2001, the concept of "culture", in addition to art and literature, also encompasses lifestyles, "ways of living together", value systems, traditions and beliefs.2 The CE Committee of Ministers Declaration "On cultural diversity", adopted on 7 December 2000, specifies three aspects of cultural diversity:
1. Co-existence and exchange of culturally different practices (customs), provision and consumption of culturally different services and products;
2. Cultural diversity cannot be expressed without conditions for free creative expression and freedom of information in all forms of cultural exchange;
3. The importance of sustainable development, enabling not to compromise the ability of future generations to meet their needs in the field of culture.3
On 20 October 2005, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) adopted the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, which emphasized the need for integration of culture in national and international development policy and
стр. 182
international cooperation. The Convention regards culture as one of the key development forces.
In this regard, it would be worthwhile referring to a range of provisions of the Fundamentals of RF Legislation on culture. For instance, Article 7 of the "Fundamentals" calls for obligatory consideration of cultural aspects in all governmental programs for economic, environmental, social and national development.
The UNESCO Convention of 2005 sets forth the idea of mutual complementarity of economic and cultural aspects of development, formalizing it as a guiding principle of sustainable development. Accordingly, Article 4 of the "Fundamentals of RF Legislation on culture" specifies the sphere of application of legislation, which covers diverse spheres, kinds and forms of cultural activities (utilization and protection of historical and cultural sites; fiction; cinema; various arts; folk handicrafts and trades; such folk cultural phenomena as languages, dialects and subdialects; folklore, customs and rites; museums and libraries; archives; audiovisual means as utilized for creation and dissemination of cultural values, etc.).
The CE Committee of Ministers Declaration "On cultural diversity" adopted in 2000 also has a number of provisions linking cultural diversity with economic development. On the whole, all documents specifying the essence and role of culture serve a wide social purpose, real cultural interaction and mutual respect of cultures.
Building "Cultural bridges" Between Peoples
Researchers in international politics note that "today it is not easy to find an area of international cooperation that is not covered by
стр. 183
treaty regulation"4. This is true, in particular, for interaction of states in the field of cultural links.
Analysis of concrete agreements in the field of culture, education and science between the RF government and governments of other countries - CE members over the past decade enables us to make certain observations with regard to the contents of these agreements and their role of "bridges" for mutual penetration of cultures and improved cultural diversity.
In the first place, one should note the generally integrated nature of these agreements, which cover interaction of the Parties in their respective fields of culture, education, science and sports. This basically meets the objective of improving cooperation in the humanitarian field and inter-state sociopolitical interaction in the framework of the Council of Europe. These agreements provide for a sufficiently diverse range of "standard" forms of interaction between the Parties (exchanges of specialists, exchange of experience and achievements, participation in joint projects, exchange of information and respective documentation, participation in conferences, symposiums, promotion of teaching and utilization of languages of the Parties, facilitation of popularization of cultural and artistic values of one's countries, translations of fiction and specialized literature, etc.).
Agreements include, as a widely common element, regulations specifying the possibility and advisability of direct contacts between respective organizations, institutions and individual specialists.
One could cite as one of the recent examples of cultural cooperation on the level of direct contacts the agreement
стр. 184
signed by the RF Minister of culture and mass communications and the Minister of culture of Finland in September 2005, in the framework of the VI Russian-Finnish cultural forum, which was held in Vologda.5 The agreement provides for cooperation of the Parties in the field of arts and culture, contributing to convergence and interaction of national cultures, development of direct contacts and increased mobility of artistic and cultural figures. Cooperation between the Parties will help elaborating a "road map" for the common space of science and education, including cultural aspects, pursuant to resolutions of the 2005 Moscow Russia - EU summit.6
It appears that, with a view to improving the content and role of intergovernmental agreements in the field of culture, it would also be advisable to systematically assess the content of agreements from the perspective of resolutions and recommendations of the CE Committee of Ministers on cultural issues.7
Thus, for instance, Recommendation N R(95)3 on coordinating methods and systems related to historic buildings and monuments of the architectural heritage (adopted on 11 January 1995) might contribute to processes of establishment of a common cultural space of Europe without dividing lines, based on a relevant inter-state agreement. Special agreements on cultural diversity, based on Recommendation N R(89)6 on protecting and strengthening rural architectural heritage (adopted on 13 April 1989), with the participation of Russia, possessing unique rural architectural riches represented by monuments of religious and other architecture, as well as residential houses decorated with rare antique wood carving,
стр. 185
etc., and European states, possessing respective monuments of art, would also expand and enrich the information fund containing data on cultural heritage of European nations.
Of no less importance than the statutory formalization of forms and kinds of cultural cooperation are the provisions aimed at organization of implementation of these agreements and prevention of breaches of law and international obligations of the Parties. Regulation of these issues usually involves setting up Joint commissions to supervise over cultural cooperation, elaborate and adopt concrete interaction programs and financial terms for their realization.
The problem of preventing and repressing potential breaches of law in the field of inter-state cultural cooperation, usually involving attempted illegal transfrontier transfers of cultural values, audiovisual materials and other items, is usually addressed in agreements through cooperation of competent state agencies of both Parties, organized to exchange information and take measures aimed at restoring legitimate property rights to cultural values in accordance with the national legislation, and having values returned to their former lawful owners. Examples of this interaction are joint operations code-named "Antiques", "Rarity", "Heritage", "Legacy". For instance, joint actions of Russian customs and militia in the operation code-named "Heritage" prevented the smuggling of paintings by Kandinsky, Klyun and Shagal, to a total cost exceeding 2 million US dollars. The attempted smuggling of Malevich's painting "Two female peasants on the road" (with a minimal insured value of 350,000 dollars in Russia) was prevented, too.8
стр. 186
There also happened a widely publicized scandalous arrest of French paintings from the collection of the Pushkin museum in June - November 2005, at the suit of Nogat company. This incident ended with a decision of the Swiss government to lift the arrest order on the paintings. RF Foreign Ministry noted that "this decision, fully complying with international legal norms, was dictated by a desire to prevent a worsening of Russian-Swiss inter-state relations in the situation which arose due to hasty and legally questionable actions of the judicial authorities of Swiss Canton Valais".9 It is the legally substantiated constructive position of the Swiss Foreign Ministry that was instrumental in settling the incident.
At present, Russia takes steps aimed at simplifying exchanges of cultural values by exempting from customs duties cultural values transferred across the border for the purpose of exhibiting.
Policy of Cultural Pluralism and its Present-Day Interpretation
The Final declaration of the Third Summit of the Council of Europe, which was held in May 2005 in Warsaw, outlined an action plan for development of cultural diversity. It was pointed out that "diversity must become a source of mutual enrichment, inter alia, by fostering ... inter-cultural dialogue". The Warsaw Summit strengthened the commitment of the Council of Europe to continue work on national minorities, inter alia, on the basis of the European Convention on protection of national minorities.10
There is a sufficiently diverse international legal regulatory framework elaborated for realization and protection of the
стр. 187
rights of national minorities - preservation of their identity, development of the native language, education, preservation and development of national culture, participation in sociopolitical, socio-economic and other activities.11 The existing legal acts ensure the right of national minorities to actively participate in cultural life, set up and support their own cultural institutions, organizations or associations, develop their cultural identity, establish and maintain free and peaceful transfrontier contacts with persons lawfully living in neighboring states, especially with persons of the same ethnic, cultural, language or religious community or possessing a common cultural heritage. At the same time, the Framework convention specifies that Parties may seek, whenever necessary, to formalize their cultural links with other, especially neighboring, states, through bilateral and multilateral treaties.
In Russia, provisions regulating numerous issues related to protection of the rights of ethnic groups are contained in a range of federal laws and laws of RF subjects in various fields of law.12 One of the most recent acts that provides for a most comprehensive regulation of these issues is the Federal Law "On national cultural autonomy" N 74 of 17 June 199613 (amended and revised, as of 30 November 2005). The Law contains not only a sufficiently extensive list of legal guarantees for the rights (including those in the cultural sphere) of RF citizens belonging to national minorities but also, which is especially important, provisions concerning establishment of legal conditions for realization of these rights. The RF legislation, in accordance with international standards,
стр. 188
provides for state support for national minorities on the part of state authority and local self-government bodies, which is needed to help them preserve their national identity, develop their national (native) language and national culture.14
Cultural diversity in the RF, including development of cultures of small-numbering peoples, is directly promoted by the statutory right of national minorities to maintain, without any discrimination, humanitarian contacts with citizens, public organizations of foreign states, as well as the right to independently conclude agreements with non-governmental organizations outside the RF on cultural exchanges and cooperation in preservation of national culture.15
The Declaration adopted at the First Summit of the Council of Europe in Vienna in 1993 stressed that "creation of a tolerant and prosperous Europe does not depend only on cooperation between States. It also requires transfrontier cooperation between local and regional authorities, without prejudice to the constitution and the territorial integrity of each State".16 This transfrontier cooperation has been increasingly more active. This is primarily due to the growing internationalization of social life and impossibility to address all issues of international cooperation in a centralized manner.
The Russian experience of developing transfrontier links affords grounds for regarding them as another important aspect of the policy of cultural pluralism. These include: a) the increasing numbers of agreements concluded by administrative territorial units of various states on a range of issues, including cooperation in the field of culture, and b) more local areas covered by regulation of cooperation between
стр. 189
the Parties, based on the interests and potential of local population (for instance, development of tourism for border areas, development of national cultural industries, trades, etc.). An important aspect of the cultural pluralism policy "originates" from the context of development and utilization of information technologies. The Declaration of the CE Committee of Ministers on a European policy for New Information Technologies, adopted on 7 May 1999 at the 104th session of the Committee of Ministers, welcomes "the opportunities offered by the new information technologies to promote freedom of expression and information, political pluralism and cultural diversity". In view of the changes brought about by digitalization of information networks, the Declaration considers it important:
1. With respect to ensuring the widest possible access to information technologies:
- to encourage the production and wide distribution of cultural and educational material and its widespread dissemination;
- to help individuals to develop competence in the use of new information technologies and their potential;
- to stimulate the innate creativity of each individual through information technologies literacy.
2. With respect to creativity of cultural industries:
- to encourage the use of the new information technologies as a means of forming creative partnerships, in particular between art, science and industry;
- to encourage cultural industries to increase their creativity and so provide production of quality products and services in the information networks;
стр. 190
3. With respect to political pluralism, cultural diversity and sustainable development:
- to promote the full use by all, including minorities, of the opportunities for exchange of opinion and self-expression offered by the new information technologies;
- to encourage the provision of cultural, educational and other products and services in a variety of languages and to promote the greatest possible diversity of these products and services.
In the seven years that passed since adoption of the Declaration of the CE Committee of Ministers on a European policy for New Information Technologies, the spectrum of their utilization has greatly expanded, providing new opportunities, e.g. for distance education, medical consulting, formation of national and international museums, picture galleries (including digitalized), inter-library servicing networks and other resources contributing to cultural interaction. In Russia, according to Minister of communications and information technologies L. Reiman, with a favorable development of the information technologies market, the total volume of this industry should increase five times between 2003 and 2010, and it should employ no less than 5% of the economically active population of the country. The concept of "information culture of the individual" is being gradually formed on this basis.17
RA
-----
1. RF President's Directive N 83-rp of 20 February 2006 // Collection of RF legislative acts, 04.03.1996, N 10, p. 883.
2. UNESCO Universal Declaration on cultural diversity // http://museum.philosophy.pu.ru/index.php?query=declar.
3. Council of Europe Committee of Ministers. Declaration on cultural diversity // http://cm.coe.int/ta/decl/2000/2000dec2.htm.
4. Lukashuk I. I. Modern law of international treaties. M. Walters Clover, 2004. p. 76.
5. Official website of the RF Ministry of culture and mass communications.
6. http://www.ln.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/sps/845422B0A48CC826C325700A00360421.
стр. 191
7. The number of resolutions and recommendations of the CE Committee of Ministers, like that of intergovernmental agreements, is numbered in hundreds, if not thousands.
8. On fighting illegal trafficking of cultural values // http://test.custdev.rbc.ru/ru/right_def/fight_with_contraband/nez_vivoz/.
9. RF Foreign Ministry welcomes Swiss decision to release the paintings // http://www.rian.ru/incidents/crime/20051117/42127186.html.
10. "Framework Convention on protection of national minorities" (ETS N 157) (Concluded in Strasbourg on 01.02.1995) // Collection of RF legislative acts. 15 March 1999. N 11. p. 1256. Ratified by the Federal Law N 84-FZ of 18 June 1998. 90 - 94; 1995 Framework Convention on protection of national minorities; document of the CSCE Copenhagen meeting of the Conference on the Human Dimension (1990), etc.
11."Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities" (adopted on 18 December 1992 with Resolution 47/135 at the 92nd plenary session of the 47th session of the UN General Assembly) // Effective international law. Vol. 2. - M.: Moscow independent institute of international law, 1997. p. 90 - 94; 1995 Framework Convention on protection of national minorities; document of the CSCE Copenhagen meeting of the Conference on the Human Dimension (1990), etc.
12. For more detail, see Puchkova M. V. Compliance of the RF Constitution and current legislation with RF international obligations in the field of protection of national minorities. // in "Problems of legal regulation of interethnic relations and antidiscrimination legislation in the Russian Federation. M. - EU cooperation program in Russia (TASIS). 2004. p. 105 - 161.
13. Collection of RF legislative acts, 17.06.1996, N 25, p. 2965.
14. Articles 4, 9, 16, 19 of Federal Law "On national cultural autonomy".
15. Articles 4, 13 of Federal Law "On national cultural autonomy".
16. Law of the Council of Europe an Russia. Krasnodar. 1996. p. 288.
17. Materials of the Center for development of the information society - Information letter N 24. March 2005. "Information and communication technologies and economy of knowledge".
|
|
Actual publications:
|
|
Latest ARTICLES:
|Contacts|
|
|
About · News · For Advertisers · Donate to Libmonster
|
Biblioteka ® All rights reserved. | https://biblioteka.by/m/articles/view/ON-THE-ROAD-TO-CULTURAL-DIVERSITY |
Topic : Environment & Sustainability
The search found 16 results in 0.026 seconds.
Search results
As French society grows increasingly multicultural, the threat of community isolation is more and more a reality. Recognizing the risks associated with such a binary approach to diversity, Marc Cheb Sun has initiated media campaigns, including the development of Respect Magazine and Dynamique Diversité, to generate and implement new practices with respect to diversity for individuals as well as in firms and institutions throughout France.
Judi Aubel is improving the lives of women, children and families by empowering grandmothers, an abundant and underutilized cultural resource, to catalyze change in socio-cultural norms related to many issues, including girls’ education, early and forced marriage, teen pregnancy, female genital mutilation, maternal and child health/nutrition and intergenerational communication.
Kara Bobroff is transforming education for Native American young people by building a school system that promotes academic excellence and holistic well-being through cultural and community connectedness, using a model that embraces and tailors itself to the diverse needs of diverse communities.
Got Empathy? Kids Do!
Ashoka Fellow Cindy Blackstock, a member of the Gitksan First Nation of British Columbia, is building a vibrant social movement to change the d
The rich cultural traditions of indigenous communities in Brazil have come under threat from mainstream institutions that ignore or discredit their value. Kaká Werá works to bring indigenous cultures to the country’s mainstream, strengthening self-esteem among natives and spreading crucial insights on environmental protection and cultural diversity.
Joao Jorge Santos Rodrigues has been a life-long resident of Salvador, Bahia, the capital of Afro-Brazilian culture. He has learned how to strengthen neighborhood cultural organizations economically, legally, and by helping them provide new social and political leadership. He now hopes to spread his approach nationally.
Socorro Guterres is putting Brazil's racial and cultural history in a positive light by changing the ways in which racial identity is treated in the public school system.
Tiberio Alloggio is turning community-based ecotourism–an ideal medium for the preservation of indigenous culture and the conservation natural resources–into an effective economic solution for the river populations of the Amazon region.
As the principal biologist and field organizer of an internationally supported effort to preserve the Spix's macaw, Marcos Da-Ré has developed a new approach to conservation that places heavy emphasis on the revitalization of the human communities that share habitats with endangered or threatened species' habitats.
Thaise has developed an agrotourism model that brings new sources of income to rural families, prompts rural development, preserves local culture and community, and benefits tourists. | https://www.ashoka.org/en-US/topics/307/Environment%2B%2526%2BSustainability?f%5B0%5D=field_taxonomy_topics%3A310&f%5B1%5D=field_taxonomy_topics%3A345 |
El Carmen de Viboral is located in the Eastern Antioquia subregion, and is home to 60,000 people.
The city has a diverse cultural, rural, and agricultural population, and has seen accelerated urban and industrial transformation due to the region’s unique dynamics. Unfortunately, the multiplicity has faced issues of injustice, unemployment, and socio-economic inequality.
The 2005-2015 Cultural Development Plan contributed to cultural democratization, strengthening identity, diversity, artistic creation, and a sense of belonging. This demonstrated the importance of participation processes, spaces, and platforms as essential mechanisms for dialogue and synergies between different sectors, actors, and regional stakeholders.
The objective is to garner recognition for the municipality as a place of active citizenship that preserves its historical, anthropological, and artistic heritage, celebrates its natural environment and resources, with a rural area that ensures sustainability for the population. This goal is based on a comprehensive human development model that promotes a good quality of life for all inhabitants.
Under the current plan, culture is used as means to mobilize social change by establishing social and political practices for a governance model that is more integrative, participatory, and inclusive around debate and decisionmaking processes, reducing corruption and cronyism. It also aims to encompass social and cultural rights to solidify the role of local culture as a pillar and cross-cutting part of social, economic, environmental, and political development.
2. El Carmen de Viboral and Culture
Today there are a number of significant advances that have made culture into a main focus for territorial development.
The current challenge lies in creating the necessary conditions to make culture into the foundation for the region’s different transformations. This is only possible if we make culture a by-product of social relations, where people become protagonists of change, and are collectively responsible for promoting a regional vision with a transformative, local, home-grown, human, and sustainable approach.
This program is supported by a broad political and regulatory framework. It aims to strengthen participation processes, spaces, and scenarios, which are essential mechanisms for establishing dialogue and synergies between different sectors, actors, and regional stakeholders for optimal governance and enjoyment of culture.
3. Project goals and implementation
3.1. Main and specific objectives
In 2027, El Carmen de Viboral will be recognized as a key municipality with an active citizenry that lives its culture, safeguards its identity and traditions, as well as ensures conservation of its historical, anthropological, and artistic heritage. It protects its natural resources, its lush green landscape, and rural lifestyle that ensures sustainability for the local population, based on a model of comprehensive human development that promotes good living habits to all its residents.
3.2. Project Development
Main actions developed
The 2016-2026 Municipal Culture Plan focuses on the future we want as a community. A new image of the territory has been developed and created, making it possible to create harmony and support a territory in its solidarity, participation, reciprocity, and dialogue. The aim is to give everyone a better quality of life and re-establish bonds based on the practices, knowledge, and aptitudes of inhabitants, where efficiency, accumulation of profits, and personal interest are not prioritized without consideration for the wellbeing of people and nature.
This social project forms the basis for the cultural sphere, which has become a cross-cutting component of the dynamics and expressions of the entire territory and its inhabitants. The cultural planning exercise has sought to maintain the region’s strategic approach, for which cultural identity both underpins and drives: the transformation throughout the territory, the connecting of different social actors with the capacity to initiate change, and the bringing together of public and private actors around shared projects.
During its implementation, there has been a clear need to incorporate different types of critical knowledge that contribute to understanding complex social realities, as well as to creating a society that is capable of recognizing the region's potential.
Each step brings the municipality closer to recognizing and valuing culture as a defining element of local, rural, and urban change. The city’s focus in this area also ensures that inhabitants can exercise their rights, while facilitating a transition to equitable development that is in harmony with nature. These societal improvements must also generate cooperation, solidarity, associativity, democracy, and the community’s use of resources, all in order to reinforce the fabric of trust networks and solve community issues.
Since 2016, the municipality of El Carmen de Viboral has avoided focusing its efforts solely on developing programs like dance, theatre, and music. Instead, they have tried to focus on traditions, creation, practices, aspirations, different perspectives, and awareness of the region’s different groups. In short, they have focused on the way people live and inhabit a territory, from an individual and community perspective.
4. Impact
4.1. Direct Impact
Impact on local government
Residents of El Carmen de Viboral have shown broad social and community support for the Municipal Culture Plan. To date, it has been promoted by all municipal administrations and municipal councils, while there has also been a significant level of social mobilization around the cultural and regional commitment to quality of life.
Impact on culture and local cultural stakeholders
The plan has seen widespread acceptance by cultural stakeholders and social actors. However, more grassroots community adoption is needed. The initiative arose from the concerns, problems, opportunities, and the conditions of the base of the social system, and works through different non-interconnected stakeholders. Over time the city has gradually improved its connections and cultural structures in conjunction with citizenship.
Impact on the city/region and its population
The plan has made it possible to extend the city’s cultural outreach to the local and regional population, showcasing its regional management at the institutional and social levels.
Significant achievements have been made:
Increase to the budget allocated to the Institute of Culture; events (international and national) that support the local economy (cultural tourism, local commerce, etc.); recognition for the policy implemented by the Institute of Culture; promotion of creative enterprises with support for the value chain (training, production, circulation, social adoption); collective defence of heritage and natural resources, and strategic planning for culture as an essential pillar of regional development.
Cultural policies are fundamental in nurturing a region's meaning and identity. However, social initiatives, which themselves support the cultural sphere, become a cross-cutting part of the dynamics and forms of expression for the entire population of a region.
4.2. Evaluation
In addition to other systems used to measure the progress, achievements, and challenges of local proposals, a Monitoring and Evaluation System was proposed that would bring together the concepts, methods, techniques, and indicators that are needed for adjustments, changes, feedback, and updates, while also emphasizing the development of learning and the use of specialized, organizational, community, and regional knowledge.
Given the current lack of core indicators and cultural information at the local level, one of the main challenges is to perform a diagnosis to establish baseline information, and to develop studies that help build and strengthen a Monitoring and Evaluation Information System.
4.3. Key Factors
The Municipal Culture Plan details the experiences and lessons of the previous plan, while re-imagining the concept of culture as a driver for transformation and policy change.
It has been possible to use the Basic Land Management Plan in the social impact process by adopting qualitative, participatory diagnostic methodologies and techniques that are context-appropriate as well as consider various urban, rural, social, and political aspects.
A comprehensive index was made for all institutional partners, as well as social and community organizations, that form a Partner Network to participate, adopt, and establish sustainability.
4.4. Continuity
The plan has received local, regional, national, and international funding. A strategy has been created to promote creative ventures.
The plan brings together and strengthens partnerships with the institutions, entities, sectors, and cultural stakeholders that are part of the Municipal Council of Culture as a space for consultant participation, dialogue,
management, and follow-up on the Culture Plan. It is also worth noting that the Institute has received a lot of support as a facilitator of cultural processes. The Institute aims to develop, create, and manage a project that will design, implement, and maintain the Culture Information System. It also has a Communications Centre and is in the process of creating a regional Cultural Observatory.
5. Further Information
El Carmen de Viboral was a candidate for the fourth UCLG Mexico City – Culture 21 International Award (November 2019 – May 2020). The jury for the award drew up its final report in June of 2020, and requested that the UCLG Committee on Culture promote this project as one of the good practices implemented under Agenda 21 for culture.
This article was written by Yeison Castro Trujillo, Director of the El Carmen de Viboral Institute of Culture,
Colombia. | https://obs.agenda21culture.net/index.php/en/good-practices/citizen-culture-local-commitment-sustainable-regional-development |
The Institute for Glycomics houses a wide range of cutting-edge facilities which aid our research scientists in their ongoing quest to take scientific discoveries from a laboratory setting and assess their potential to be translated into patient outcomes.
One of those facilities is our Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy Facility. Our expert in this area, Associate Professor Thomas Haselhorst, explores NMR spectroscopy in detail; what it is, how it works, and why it’s important in our fight against some of the world’s most devastating diseases.
What is Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy?
NMR is a prominent spectroscopy method for analysing compounds because it exploits the magnetic properties of certain atomic nuclei to determine the chemical and physical properties of these atoms or the molecules containing them.
It can provide extensive information about the structure, dynamics, and chemical environment of atoms. Additionally, NMR spectroscopy is ideally suited to distinguish different functional groups or identical functional groups in different molecular environments.
How does NMR Spectroscopy work?
In a typical NMR spectroscopy experiment, a thin glass tube containing a chemical compound, usually a liquid, is placed into a strong magnetic field.
All nuclei in the chemical compounds are in their ‘happy stage’ and align themselves either with or against the outside magnetic field. If we now ‘bombard’ these nuclei that are sitting in their ‘happy stage’ with a high frequency power pulse, they begin to ‘tumble’. During their ‘tumbling state’, the nuclei start to engage in all sorts of activity, e.g. they couple with each other, exchange magnetisation or perform a ‘handshake’ with neighbouring nuclei that are close in space, before they finally relax back into their ‘happy stage’.
All of this activity is recorded, and we obtain an NMR spectrum that contains important information about the chemical composition of this compound, purity, dynamic, transition states and even a three-dimensional structure of the molecule.
How is it used and why is it important to biomedical research?
NMR spectroscopy is widely used in industry and academia and is the method of choice to identify novel compounds isolated from natural products or to validate synthetic strategy of a new chemical or drug.
NMR spectroscopy is also great for checking the purity of a new compound because, as I say to my students, “NMR never lies”. Every single molecule that is present in the glass tube will show up in an NMR spectrum. That means that, not only the compound you are interested in will show up in the NMR spectrum, but also impurities or by-products you don’t want in your sample.
However, NMR spectroscopy can do more than just compound validation. NMR is also a powerful technique to determine the three-dimensional structure of molecules such as proteins, glycans and DNA molecules.
How is NMR spectroscopy used in glycomics research?
Glycans are a particularly interesting class of molecules that can be investigated with NMR spectroscopy because glycans are inherently flexible molecules when they are dissolved in water and therefore difficult to study with other structural biology methods. NMR spectroscopy has the ability to monitor this flexibility and describe the structure and dynamic of glycans at an atomic level.
For example, we use NMR spectroscopy regularly to analyse the interaction of glycans with their target proteins, or cells, or whole intact viruses, bacteria or parasites. This is important to know, because the first thing that pathogens such as viruses, bacteria and parasites ‘see’ and interact with, are the glycans expressed on the host cells. Or, it is also possible, that the dense layer of glycans on their outer surface of many pathogens are used to ‘touch down’ and bind to the host cells to allow themselves entry into the body and thus causing disease. SARS-CoV-2 is an excellent example of viruses where glycans play a pivotal role in the cell recognition process.
Using NMR spectroscopy, we can exactly describe these important interactions at an atomic level. And if we know how pathogens such as viruses, bacteria or parasites enter the cell, we can design molecules that might inhibit this interaction and potentially prevent the disease.
Here at the Institute for Glycomics, we use NMR spectroscopy to also pinpoint the exact binding location of a glycan or drug when engaged with a target protein. For this experiment to work, the protein needs to be enriched with NMR active nuclei that we then monitor in the NMR spectrum.
The similarities between NMR and MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
NMR has proven to be of critical importance in the fields of medicine and chemistry, with new applications being developed daily.
NMR spectroscopy and MRI are very similar and rely on the same physical principle: Magnetic Resonance.
As described above, NMR spectroscopy works by placing a thin glass tube containing a chemical compound into a strong magnetic field, followed by the application of high frequency power pulses which excite the nuclei, causing them to ‘tumble’.
Most medical applications use Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging, better known simply as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). MRI is an essential diagnostic tool to study the function and structure of the human body. It provides detailed images of any part of the body, especially soft tissue, in all possible planes and has been used in the areas of cardiovascular, neurological, musculoskeletal and oncological imaging.
In an MRI ‘experiment’, the human body takes over the role of the chemical compound in a glass tube. The patient will be horizontally inserted into the MRI scanner that also has an outside magnetic field. Because different places in the body contain different amounts of water, MRI detects the electromagnetic fields of the atoms in water molecules and uses this to determine differences in the density and shape of tissues throughout the body. This information can then be calculated into a 2D image that shows the details of your brain or body.
A very attractive MR application combining MRI and spectroscopy is the in-vivo MR spectroscopy, where chemicals and molecules in a particular area of the human body can be investigated, e.g. sugar molecules in brain or breast cancer. Chemical imbalances in the brain for patients with cancer or pain have been described.
How is NMR spectroscopy useful in cancer and infectious diseases research?
NMR is a very versatile technique in cancer research. The most important application of NMR in cancer research is the analysis of metabolites. Certain mutations in cancer cells can trigger a change in the overall metabolism of the body. If a certain compound or chemical is elevated, it might be an indication for the presence of cancer and NMR is ideal to identify the exact metabolite.
Other applications of NMR in cancer research are MRI and in-vivo MRS techniques as described above. NMR spectroscopy is also most essential in the development of novel anticancer drugs. Most anticancer drugs currently on the market would have undergone a rigorous NMR spectroscopic analysis to ensure the integrity of the compound.
The same is true for infectious diseases research and the majority of novel antiviral drugs would have been analysed by NMR spectroscopy. Interaction studies of host cell glycans with virus particles have been studied in the Institute by NMR spectroscopy, providing essential information on how the pathogen engages with the cell.
Our cutting-edge NMR facilities and professional expertise are available to external research groups and industry. To find out more, visit Our Facilities.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Associate Professor Thomas Haselhorst is a former Alexander von Humboldt Fellow and ARC Future Fellow and has international standing in structural glycoscience and NMR spectroscopy.
In particular, he has pioneered NMR spectroscopy techniques to elucidate interactions between glycan-based cell receptors and viruses, virus-like particles and intact cells.
Associate Professor Haselhorst has worked in the field of Rotavirus and Influenza virus research and recently in collaboration with Professor Michael Jennings and Dr Chris Day in SARS-CoV-2 drug discovery and structure-guided vaccine design.
Associate Professor Haselhorst’S research also includes the development of intelligent nanomaterials as targeted drug delivery systems for Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma and drug discovery of novel HIV and antifungal therapies. | https://blogs.griffith.edu.au/glycomics/using-nuclear-magnetic-resonance-spectroscopy-to-fight-diseases/ |
What does peaks in H NMR tell you?
The number of peaks tells you the number of different environments the hydrogen atoms are in. The ratio of the areas under the peaks tells you the ratio of the numbers of hydrogen atoms in each of these environments.
What does peak intensity mean in NMR?
The intensity of the signal is proportional to the number of hydrogens that make the signal. The intensity of the signal allows us to conclude that the more hydrogens there are in the same chemical environment, the more intense the signal will be.
What does integration in H NMR mean?
Study Notes. The concept of peak integration is that the area of a given peak in a 1H NMR spectrum is proportional to the number of (equivalent) protons giving rise to the peak.
What is H NMR used for?
Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) is a spectroscopic technique usually used for structural determination of molecules.
What is the purpose of H NMR?
Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (proton NMR, hydrogen-1 NMR, or 1H NMR) is the application of nuclear magnetic resonance in NMR spectroscopy with respect to hydrogen-1 nuclei within the molecules of a substance, in order to determine the structure of its molecules.
Why is H NMR useful?
What affects intensity of NMR?
The magnitude or intensity of nmr resonance signals is displayed along the vertical axis of a spectrum, and is proportional to the molar concentration of the sample. Thus, a small or dilute sample will give a weak signal, and doubling or tripling the sample concentration increases the signal strength proportionally.
What is the coupling constant NMR?
The coupling constant is simply the difference, expressed in Hz, between two adjacent sub-peaks in a split signal. Unlike the chemical shift value, the coupling constant, expressed in Hz, is the same regardless of the applied field strength of the NMR magnet.
What is the difference between C NMR and H NMR?
The main difference between 1H NMR and 13C NMR is that 1H NMR is used to determine the types and number of hydrogen atoms present in a molecule whereas 13C NMR is used to determine the type and number of carbon atoms in a molecule.
What does NMR tell you about a compound?
NMR spectra provide us with important information: The number of different absorptions (signals, peaks) implies how many different types of protons are present. The intensities of the signals imply how many protons of each type are present. The splitting of the signals gives information about other nearby protons. | https://diaridelsestudiants.com/what-does-peaks-in-h-nmr-tell-you/ |
Robust-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy—a way that measures the frequencies emitted by the nuclei of some atoms uncovered to radio waves in a robust magnetic self-discipline—may be utilized to search out out chemical and 3D buildings along with the dynamics of molecules and provides.
An important preliminary step inside the analysis is the so-called chemical shift process. This consists of assigning each peak inside the NMR spectrum to a given atom inside the molecule or supplies beneath investigation. That is normally a notably tough exercise. Assigning chemical shifts experimentally may be tough and typically requires time-consuming multi-dimensional correlation experiments. Activity by comparability to statistical analysis of experimental chemical shift databases might be one other decision, nevertheless there isn’t a such database for molecular solids.
A bunch of researchers along with EPFL professors Lyndon Emsley, head of the Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Michele Ceriotti, head of the Laboratory of Computational Science and Modeling and Ph.D. scholar Manuel Cordova decided to take care of this draw back by creating a method of assigning NMR spectra of pure crystals probabilistically, straight from their 2D chemical buildings.
They started by creating their very personal database of chemical shifts for pure solids by combining the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD), a database of larger than 200,000 three-dimensional pure buildings, with ShiftML, a machine learning algorithm they’d developed collectively beforehand that permits for the prediction of chemical shifts straight from the development of molecular solids.
Initially described in a Nature Communications paper in 2018, ShiftML makes use of DFT calculations for teaching, nevertheless can then perform right predictions on new buildings with out performing additional quantum calculations. Though DFT accuracy is attained, the tactic can calculate chemical shifts for buildings with ~100 atoms in seconds, reducing the computational worth by a component of as lots as 10,000 as compared with current DFT chemical shift calculations. The accuracy of the tactic doesn’t depend on the dimensions of the development examined and the prediction time is linear inside the number of atoms. This items the stage for calculating chemical shifts in situations the place it might have been unfeasible sooner than.
Throughout the new Science Advances paper, the group used ShiftML to predict shifts on larger than 200,000 compounds extracted from the CSD after which related the shifts obtained to topological representations of the molecular environments. This involved establishing a graph representing the covalent bonds between the atoms inside the molecule, extending it a given number of bonds away from the central atoms. They then launched collectively the entire related instances of the graph inside the database, letting them purchase statistical distributions of chemical shifts for each motif. The illustration is a simplification of the covalent bonds throughout the atom in a molecule and doesn’t embody any 3D structural choices: this allowed them to accumulate the probabilistic process of the NMR spectra of pure crystals straight from their two-dimensional chemical buildings by a marginalization scheme that blended the distributions from the entire atoms inside the molecule.
After establishing the chemical shift database, the scientists appeared to predict the assignments on a model system and utilized the strategy to a set of pure molecules for which the carbon chemical shift process has already, a minimum of partly, been determined experimentally: theophylline, thymol, cocaine, strychnine, AZD5718, lisinopril, ritonavir and the Okay salt of penicillin G. The duty probabilities obtained straight from the two-dimensional illustration of the molecules had been found to match the experimentally determined process most frequently.
Lastly, they evaluated the effectivity of the framework on a benchmark set of 100 crystal buildings with between 10 and 20 completely completely different carbon atoms. They used the ShiftML predicted shifts for each atom as the correct process and excluded them from the statistical distributions used to assign the molecules. The correct process was found among the many many two most attainable assignments in extra than 80% of situations.
“This system might significantly velocity up the analysis of provides by NMR by streamlining certainly one of many essential first steps of these analysis,” Cordova talked about.
AI and NMR spectroscopy determine atoms configuration in doc time
Further knowledge: Manuel Cordova et al, Bayesian probabilistic process of chemical shifts in pure solids, Science Advances (2021). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk2341. www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abk2341
Provided by Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne
Citation: Machine learning solves the who’s who draw back in NMR spectra of pure crystals (2021, November 26) retrieved 27 November 2021 from https://phys.org/data/2021-11-machine-problem-nmr-spectra-crystals.html
This doc is subject to copyright. Aside from any truthful dealing for the intention of private analysis or evaluation, no half may be reproduced with out the written permission. The content material materials is obtainable for knowledge features solely.
This publish is auto generated. All Supplies and emblems belong to their rightful house owners, all supplies to their authors. In case you are the proprietor of the content material and don’t need us to publish your articles, please contact us by e mail – [email protected] . The content material will probably be deleted inside 48-72 hours.( perhaps inside Minutes)
Disclaimer: We at www.shekhawatirides4u.com request you to take a look at movement footage on our readers solely with cinemas and Amazon Prime Video, Netflix, Hotstar and any official digital streaming corporations. Don’t use the pyreated internet web site to acquire or view on-line.
Keep Tuned with shekhawatirides4u.com for extra Entertainment information. | https://shekhawatirides4u.com/machine-studying-solves-the-whos-who-downside-in-nmr-spectra-of-natural-crystals/ |
3D Structure Determination
The arrangement of chemical bonds between atoms in a molecule specifically which atoms are chemically bonded to what other atoms with what kind of chemical bond, together with any information on the geometric shape of the molecule needed to uniquely identify the type of molecule. Also, various functions in the biological system depend on the structure of proteins. The dynamics of protein can be scrutinized mainly by determining the structure and function. Protein-protein interaction, protein interaction with other molecules, catalysis of enzymes and folding and misfolding that are associated with the diseases can be studied through structure determination. It is a procedure by which three dimensional atomic co coordinates are solved by analytical techniques. In crystallography, it refers to elaboration of three dimensional positional coordinates. The most common techniques used in structure determination are X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, electron microscopy and molecular modeling. Very often scientists use them to study the "native states" of biomolecules. | https://www.omicsonline.org/conferences-list/3d-structure-determination |
Monitoring early warnings signs of additive depletion should be a fundamental goal of any well-organized, proactive oil analysis program. The reasons for this are clear. Because oil additives play such a fundamental role in the health of the base oil and in providing basic lubricant functions, measuring additive depletion rates and mechanisms allows for early corrective action, before depletion compromises the base oil condition and/or equipment.
Many of the test methodologies considered routine in oil analysis measure additive depletion, to some degree. These tests can loosely be separated into two basic classes: 1) physical (viscosity, filterability, etc.) and chemical tests (acid number, base number, etc.) and 2) spectroscopic tests (Table 1). Generally, physical and chemical tests do not actually measure additives themselves, but rather, the observable effect additive depletion may have on a bulk oil property.
|Method||Test Standard||Class||Comments|
|ICP/RDE||ASTM D5185/6595||Spectroscopic||Metal analyses|
|FTIR||ASTM E2412||Spectroscopic||Oxidation/nitration|
|NMR||Spectroscopic||Additive chemistry|
|
|
Table 1. Spectroscopic Methods
Take acid number (AN) for example. Though there are several ASTM standards for AN, they all basically measure the same thing. In each case, a sample of oil is titrated against a known standard titrant (potassium hydroxide, KOH) with the volume of reagent used indicating the acid content of the oil. The main problem with AN testing, and indeed most physical and chemical tests of this type, is that they are not specific to measuring additive condition, but rather a bulk oil property that is in some way related to the presence or absence of certain additives.
Figure 1. Factors affecting the acid number
of antiwear and extreme pressure oils
This is illustrated in Figure 1. For oils that contain appreciable concentrations of zinc-based antiwear additives such as ZDDP, or sulfur-phosphorus extreme pressure (EP) additives, new oil ANs generally range from 0.3 to 1.5.
This is simply related to the fact that phosphorous additives of this type are mildly acidic and react with the KOH, yielding a small positive AN reading. It may be believed that a downward trending AN might be a good indicator of additive depletion. While this may be true in a controlled lab environment, in the real world there are various factors that could cause a change (up or down) in AN which are unrelated to additive depletion.
For example, additives such as ZDDP and sulfur-phosphorus EP additives are designed to plate out on metal surfaces under operating conditions. This causes the AN to drop as the concentration of these additives in the bulk oil drops.
However, as the oil ages, base oil oxidation which causes the AN to rise, may mask the effects of additive depletion by causing an equivalent rise. In effect, the casual observer may see no change in AN and incorrectly conclude that the additive is in good shape, when in fact, depletion is being masked by base oil oxidation.
Now consider the environment in which the oil is being used. In an environment with excessive acidic ingressed contaminants (such as a sulfuric acid plant, phosphate mine, etc.), the AN may increase, while it may decrease in other environments, say for example a plant where caustic washdown using sodium hydroxide is commonplace.
The take-home message concludes that while chemical and physical tests do play a role, without additional corroborative evidence they cannot solely provide conclusive evidence of additive health.
For organometallic additives - those containing elements such as calcium, magnesium, boron, zinc, phosphorus, etc. – elemental spectroscopy, using either inductively coupled plasma (ICP) or rotating disc electrode (RDE), spectrometers can be used. However, when it comes to monitoring additive depletion, elemental spectroscopy suffers one fatal flaw.
While elemental spectroscopy can determine sudden and massive additive loss, due to effects such as water washout or the addition of wrong oil, the technique is generally not sensitive enough to provide an early enough warning of additive depletion, and in fact may miss the problem all together.
Again, the reasons are simple. Elemental spectroscopy measures elements. While the elements in question (zinc and phosphorus from ZDDP) may be bound up as a healthy, fully functional additive, additive depletion resulting in destruction of the additive molecules and hence loss of additive functionality would not necessarily be identified because the elements themselves will still be present in some other (nonfunctional) form. The elements are not destroyed, just changed in form and still capable of being measured identically.
For some organic additives – those that contain only carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen or oxygen - ICP or RDE provides no benefit. For these additives, which include phenolic and phenylamine antioxidants, dispersants and VI improvers, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) can be a useful tool. However, in many instances, an inability to obtain a correct new oil reference, or competing and overlapping absorbance make it difficult to accurately determine additive concentrations using FTIR.
One method that can be used to fill in the gaps left by ICP, RDE or FTIR is nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). NMR is used in a host of different research and practical applications, from drug development to medical diagnostics and is one of the mainstays of organic chemistry laboratories. NMR is closely related to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) most commonly used to capture images of soft tissue damage in human medicine.
Though the fundamentals of NMR are embedded in the laws of quantum mechanics and are far beyond the level covered in this article, the basic principles can be understood by comparing NMR with the other more commonly used spectroscopic techniques in oil analysis, specifically ICP (or RDE) and FTIR.
To understand any spectroscopic technique, one must first understand that atoms or elements (Zn or P) and molecules (ZDDP), exist in certain energy states. All molecules strive to exist in their lowest energy state, referred to by physicists as the ground state. In ICP or RDE, the oil sample is subjected to a high-energy source – either an argon plasma or electric discharge.
The effect of this high-energy source causes the material contained in the sample to instantaneously vaporize and atomize. However, in the process of vaporizing and atomizing, a significant number of these atoms are forced into a higher energy state than the ground state (referred to as an excited state).
Unhappy in the excited state, the atoms almost instantaneously lose energy and return to the ground state. In doing so, energy is emitted in the form of light. Because the energy of the ground and excited states for each element are defined by the laws of quantum mechanics, the emitted energy (the difference between the energy levels of the ground and excited states), and hence the wavelength of light are specific to each atom or element. By recording the intensity of light at each wavelength, one can obtain concentrations for each element in parts-per-million.
FTIR involves a fairly similar process. In this case, one talks about molecules (ZDDP) rather than individual atoms. In FTIR, the molecules contained within the sample are at rest in their ground energy state. Once again, the molecule has a series of excited states where energy is clearly defined by quantum mechanics, and unique to specific molecules.
By scanning the infrared light across a range of wavelengths, light is absorbed by specific molecules when the infrared energy exactly matches – or is in resonance with – the energy separation of the ground and excited states of the molecules.
In this case, measuring the amount of light absorbed as a function of wavelength allows the FTIR spectrum to be recorded. The FTIR spectrum becomes an X,Y-graph. The x-axis can be thought of as the chemistry axis, the y-axis as the concentration axis. A peak position location along the x-axis (wavelength) can tell the analyst what type of chemistry is present in the sample.
Every atom is comprised of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, and a series of surrounding electrons. In atomic spectroscopy (ICP or RDE) and molecular spectroscopy (FTIR), the electrons are responsible for the energy levels described previously. However, not only do electrons exist in discrete energy states, protons do as well.
Under normal circumstances, these energy states are said to be degenerate – having the same energy level. However, if a strong magnetic field is applied, these states can be split, with one state increasing in energy while the other decreases. The degree to which the states increase or decrease in energy is proportional to the strength of the applied magnetic field.
For certain nuclei (atoms), this effect can be used to record a nuclear spectrum similar to the electronic spectrum recorded in FTIR. This NMR spectrum also becomes an X,Y-graph, having the x-axis thought of as the chemistry axis. For oil analysis, the most commonly used atoms for which NMR spectra can be recorded are hydrogen (1H), carbon-13 (13C) and phosphorus (31P).
Figure 2. 1H NMR spectrum for toluene 3
NMR is a valuable tool because it detects not only the presence of these atoms, but more importantly that it is also sensitive to the chemical environment around the atom. Take for example the simple organic molecule toluene (Figure 2). Toluene contains two different types of hydrogen atoms. Those chemically bonded to the benzene ring (aromatic hydrogens) and those attached to the methyl group (aliphatic hydrogens).
These differences are reflected in the NMR spectrum (Figure 2). The spectrum contains two distinct peaks along the x-axis, one due to the aromatic hydrogen’s (7.38 to 7.00 ppm) and one due to the methyl hydrogen’s (2.34 ppm); their peak heights (or more correctly areas) are directly proportional to the relative concentration of the two different types of hydrogen atoms present.
The most commonly used element for which NMR is most useful for lubricant analysis is phosphorus (31P) NMR. Various lubricants include phosphorus-containing additives, the most common being ZDDP (zinc dialkyldithiophosphate), TCP (tricresyl phosphate) and sulfur phosphorus-type EP additives. The chemistry and fate of these phosphorous compounds is important to the lubricant’s life cycle.
In each case, 31P NMR can be used to track both the depletion rates and pathway. This may be particularly useful because these additives decompose in numerous ways - including, but not limited to, hydrolysis, oxidation and thermal degradation. By understanding the mechanism of degradation, one can determine the underlying root cause and allow corrective action to address the fundamental reason for premature additive depletion.
Figure 3. 31P NMR spectrum of new crankcase oil
showing the different type of P species present as part
of the ZDDP antiwear additive package of a new engine oil.
Figure 3 shows the 31P NMR spectrum of a new engine oil containing ZDDP. The presence of multiple peaks along the x-axis of the 31P NMR spectrum indicates that phosphorus is present in several different chemical environments. These include:
Overbased ZDDP (seen at 100 to 104 ppm). There are several types of potential overbased ZDDP compounds.
Neutral ZDDP (seen at 94 to 98 ppm). This is a broader peak representing the tetrahedron structure of (RO)2P(S)S Zn S(S)P(OR)2.
Starting dialkyldithiophosphate acid: (RO)2P(S)SH (seen at 86 to 87 ppm).
As the oil goes into service, the ZDDP additives molecules start to degrade. The question is, how quickly are they degrading and what is causing degradation?
Under normal circumstances, ZDDP in an engine oil decomposes due to oxidation. As this occurs, oxidation converts the phosphorous-sulfur species into phosphorous-oxygen compounds. This migrates the chemical shift of the by-products along the x-axis to the right of the spectrum. There are several products that are produced during operation:
O,O,S-trialkyldithiophosphate, (RO)2P(S)SR' (seen at 86 to 93 ppm) is a thermal rearrangement product that forms when the ZDDP (typically the neutral ZDDP) is heated above its decomposition temperature. This product is thermally more stable than the ZDDP itself. Large quantities of this by-product indicate thermal stress of the lubricant.
O,O,O-trialkyldithiophosphate, (RO)3P(S) (seen at 68 to 70 ppm) is another thermal rearrangement product of the ZDDP. It is not a major product, but typically forms after (RO)2P(S)SR' starts to decompose.
Monothiophosphate, (RO)2P(S)O-Salt (seen at 40 to 58 ppm), is produced from a further oxidative mechanism.
Acid phosphate, (RO)2P(O)O-Salt and (RO)3P(O) (seen at 10 to -8 ppm), are the final oxidation products before phosphate production, and are potentially precipitated out of the oil as zinc or calcium phosphate.
By plotting the concentration of each species as a function of sampling time (miles on the engine oil), both the rate and mechanism of degradation can be assessed (Figure 4).
Figure 4. Decomposition chemistry of a ZDDP. By tracking
the concentration of the different chemical species present
(using NMR) as a function of operating hours, the depletion
mechanism of ZDDP in in-service engine oil can be tracked.
In this example, the ZDDP additives deplete rapidly, in about 2,000 miles. However, equally instructive are the by-products that are formed. As seen in Figure 4, the initial degradation by-products are thermal degradation by-products.
Only after the by-products are themselves oxidized can the formation of oxidation by-products be seen, and ultimately phosphates, the final end product of ZDDP degradation, are observed. This type of plot shows that the severe stressing conditions this oil has been subjected to have caused the additives to exceed their ability to resist thermal stress.
Figure 5. Comparison of new (left) and used (right) sulfur phosphorus EP gear oils. By comparing the two gear oil samples (new and used), there are phosphorous additives that have depleted (components E, D and C), while there are components that have changed or been added to (components B and F). Following these chemistries will lead to a better understanding of the lubricants operation and its remaining useable life.
Like in the ZDDP example, a wealth of information can be obtained about sulfur-phosphorous gear lubricants using 31P NMR.2 These types of gear oils are typically formulated with several different types of phosphorous additives. The 31P NMR of new gear oil shows five major types of phosphorus species (Figure 5):
As the lubricant degrades in-service, the chemical composition of the additive changes, even though the P concentration in the ICP or RDE elemental analysis may remain unchanged (Figure 5). This is the value of NMR spectroscopy: not only does it indicate the occurrence of degradation, but by looking at the relative changes of the different chemical species formed, a clear understanding of the degradation mechanism can be determined.
Tracking additive depletion can be one of the most challenging aspects of used oil analysis. However for certain additives, and in particular those containing phosphorus, such as ZDDP, TCP and sulfur phosphorus NMR offer perhaps an unparalleled insight into both depletion rates and mechanism.
Editors Note:
NMR is a fairly specialized technique requiring highly specialized equipment, usually beyond the capabilities of mainstay commercial oil analysis labs. However, several specialized labs offer NMR services on petroleum products at moderate costs ($100 to $300 per sample).
References
|
|
Understanding NMR Spectra
NMR spectra, such as those shown in Figures 2 and 3, plot concentration (on the y-axis) as a function of parts per million (ppm). However, unlike ppm used to determine concentrations of wear metals, or water in conventional oil analysis, ppm is used to indicate the shift in the NMR resonance frequency from a standard run with each sample. For proton (1H) NMR, the standard is usually tetramethylsilane (TMS). While for 31P NMR, it is usual to use phosphoric acid. The chemical shift can be calculated using the following formula:
Chemical shift (in ppm) = (RFS-RFTMS)/RFTMS x 106
Where RFS is the resonance frequency of the sample and RFTMS is the resonance frequency of the TMS reference. Some typical chemical shifts for 1H in hydrocarbon molecules are shown in Table 2.
The key to using NMR spectrometry in the analysis of hydrocarbon molecules is to recognize the chemical shifts observed in the NMR spectra and relate the relative concentrations of nuclei in these different environments. Because chemical shifts relate to the surrounding environment of the nucleus in question (for example, aromatic versus aliphatic hydrogen nuclei), recognizing the relative chemical shifts in ppm allows for the nature of chemical species present to be determined. | https://www.machinerylubrication.com/Read/764/nuclear-magnetic-resonance-additive |
Classroom-tested from an writer skilled in educating a path on condensed subject spectroscopy, and introductory spectroscopy and lasers, Condensed subject Optical Spectroscopy: An Illustrated Introduction comprises over two hundred colour illustrations and offers a transparent assessment of the sector. meant for undergraduate scholars in numerous majors, this article offers the applying of molecular symmetry on optical spectra (ultraviolet, obvious, infrared, and Raman) via workforce concept, and makes use of a variety of examples to demonstrate useful conception applications.
Recognize the Symmetry of Any Atomic association and the purpose staff to Which It Belongs
Divided into 5 chapters, this e-book is designed to assist scholars select a style or numerous tools for cloth characterization, degree an accurate spectrum, and interpret the spectrum or correlate the spectra acquired utilizing varied equipment. It comprises solid-state energetic media for lasers, in addition to coordination and organometallic complexes, minerals, and steel ions in organic platforms, and likewise offers 3D representations.
This publication addresses:
- Classifying molecules in accordance with their symmetry
- What occurs while an ion of transition steel enters an atmosphere with a given symmetry
- How atomic orbitals are concerned about molecular bonding
- Whether the molecule is a inflexible development or a dynamic constitution (which can both engage with mild or no longer at all)
- How to accomplish a competent spectrum measurement
Condensed topic Optical Spectroscopy: An Illustrated adventdoes no longer require any earlier wisdom on staff theory.
Download PDF by Mitsuo Tasumi: Introduction to Experimental Infrared Spectroscopy:
By Mitsuo Tasumi
Infrared spectroscopy is usually understood to intend the technology of spectra in terms of infrared radiation, specifically electromagnetic waves, within the wavelength area taking place intermediately among noticeable mild and microwaves. Measurements of infrared spectra were supplying priceless info, for a number of clinical examine and business stories, for over part a century; this can be set to proceed within the foreseeable future.
Introduction to Experimental Infrared Spectroscopy is meant to be a convenient advisor should you don't have any, or restricted, event in infrared spectroscopic measurements yet are making use of infrared-related tools for his or her examine or in functional applications.
Written by means of major researchers and skilled practitioners, this paintings comprises 22 chapters and offers the elemental conception, method and sensible size tools, together with ATR, photoacoustic, IR imaging, NIR, 2D-COS, and VCD. The six Appendices will relief readers in realizing the suggestions offered normally text.
Written in an easy-to-understand means this booklet is acceptable for college students, researchers and technicians operating with infrared spectroscopy and similar methods.
Download e-book for iPad: Mass Spectrometry in Sports Drug Testing: Characterization by Mario Thevis
By Mario Thevis
Mass spectrometry has turn into necessary to activities drug checking out. This ebook examines either the rules of activities drug checking out and using mass spectrometry strategies and mass spectral information to observe, determine, and represent countless numbers of recognized and unknown medications that athletes may perhaps use to reinforce their functionality. the writer offers a close assessment of the mass spectrometry of diverse periods of therapeutics and brokers, quite a few analyzers to discover low- and high-molecular weight medications, in addition to innovations to discriminate among endogenously produced and synthetically derived compounds.
Mass Spectrometry in activities Drug Testing starts with a whole bankruptcy devoted to the heritage of activities drug trying out. subsequent, the publication presents the rules and strategies had to maximize the specificity and sensitivity of mass spectrometric assays, including:
- Detailed, step by step assays with pattern preparation
- Discussion of either chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric analysis
- Characterization of analytes on the way to unequivocally determine banned substances
- Mass spectrometric habit of low- and high-molecular weight analytes
Throughout the booklet, descriptive examples illustrate the foundations, benefits, and boundaries of alternative assays.
Mass Spectrometry in activities Drug Testing not just units forth the function mass spectrometry performs in detecting drug use between athletes, it additionally provides new insights into the wellbeing and fitness and moral problems with doping in sports.
Get Practical NMR Spectroscopy Laboratory Guide: Using Bruker PDF
By John S. Harwood,Huaping Mo
- Written by way of specialists in solution-state NMR spectroscopy
- Provides step by step directions for greater than 50 actions utilizing a Bruker NMR spectrometer
- Includes specific appendices and pattern questions for lab reports
Protein Analysis using Mass Spectrometry: Accelerating - download pdf or read online
By Mike S. Lee,Qin C. Ji
Presents sensible purposes of Mass Spectrometry for Protein research and Covers Their effect on Accelerating Drug Discovery and Development
- Covers either qualitative and quantitative points of Mass Spectrometry protein research in drug discovery
- Principles, Instrumentation, applied sciences subject matters contain MS of peptides, proteins, and ADCs , instrumentation in protein research, nanospray expertise in MS protein research, and automation in MS protein analysis
- Details rising components from drug tracking to sufferer care akin to identity and validation of biomarkers for melanoma, special MS techniques for biomarker validation, biomarker discovery, and regulatory perspectives
- Brings jointly the most up-tp-date advances within the mass spectrometry know-how and similar technique in protein analysis
Read e-book online Atom Probe Tomography: Put Theory Into Practice PDF
By Williams Lefebvre,Francois Vurpillot,Xavier Sauvage
Atom Probe Tomography is geared toward newbies and researchers drawn to increasing their services during this quarter. It presents the theoretical heritage and useful details essential to examine how fabrics paintings utilizing atom probe microscopy suggestions, and comprises exact motives of the basics, the instrumentation, modern specimen coaching options, and experimental information, in addition to an outline of the implications that may be received. The booklet emphasizes strategies for assessing information caliber and the correct implementation of complicated info mining algorithms.
For these more matured within the method, this booklet will function a unmarried finished resource of essential reference info, tables, and methods. either newbie and specialist will worth the way in which the e-book is decided out within the context of fabrics technology and engineering. moreover, its references to key examine results dependent upon the learning software held on the collage of Rouen—one of the best clinical examine facilities exploring a number of the points of the instrument—will additional improve knowing and the educational process.
- Provides an advent to the features and boundaries of atom probe tomography while examining materials
- Written for either skilled researchers and new users
- Includes workouts, in addition to corrections, for clients to perform the options discussed
- Contains insurance of extra complex and not more frequent strategies, corresponding to correlative APT and STEM microscopy
Graham A. Webb's Annual Reports on NMR Spectroscopy: 47 PDF
By Graham A. Webb
Annual reviews on NMR Spectroscopy has demonstrated itself as a way for the professional and nonspecialist alike to get to grips with new functions of NMR spectroscopy in all branches of chemistry.
Volume 47 reports functions of NMR in a number of issues from organic platforms to nutrients science.
New PDF release: International Multidisciplinary Microscopy Congress:
By Efstathios K. Polychroniadis,Ahmet Yavuz Oral,Mehmet Ozer
The foreign Multidisciplinary Microscopy Congress (INTERM2013) was once prepared on October 10-13, 2013. the purpose of the congress used to be to compile scientists from quite a few branches to debate the newest advances within the box of microscopy. The contents of the congress were broadened to a extra "interdisciplinary" scope, as a way to let all scientists engaged on comparable topics to take part and current their work.
These lawsuits comprise 39 peer-reviewed technical papers, submitted via prime educational and examine associations from over 12 nations and representing one of the most state of the art examine on hand. The 39 papers are grouped into the next sections:
- functions of Microscopy within the actual Sciences
- functions of Microscopy within the organic Sciences
New PDF release: Recent Advances in Analytical Spectroscopy: Proceedings of
By Japan) International Conference on Atomic Spectroscopy 1981 (Tokyo,Keiichiro Fuwa
This e-book is split into 26 chapters, which mirror the analytical spectroscopic subject matters coated in 20 classes, together with plasma emission spectrometry, DC arc, spark and different emission spectrometry, and hydride iteration strategy for atomic spectrometry. different chapters care for furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, Zeeman atomic absorption spectrometry, atomic spectrometric detection platforms for separation research, atomic fluorescence and scattering spectroscopy, flame atomic absorption spectrometry, spectroscopy for chemical country research, spectroscopy for floor and interface research. the rest chapters speak about the applying of pcs in analytical spectroscopy, advancements in laser spectroscopy, program to existence technology, environmental and geochemical purposes, X-ray research, UV-VIS spectroscopy, IR and Raman spectroscopy, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and photoacoustic spectrometry.
This e-book should be of price to analytical chemists and comparable scientists and researchers.
Get Photoemission Spectroscopy on High Temperature PDF
By Wentao Zhang
This publication customarily specializes in the learn of the high-temperature superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 through vacuum, ultra-violet, laser-based, angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). a brand new type of electron coupling has been pointed out in Bi2212, which happens within the superconducting country. For the 1st time, the Bogoliubov quasiparticle dispersion with a transparent band back-bending has been saw with peaks within the momentum distribution curve within the superconducting nation at a low temperature. Readers will locate precious information regarding the means of angle-resolved photoemission and the learn of high-temperature superconductors utilizing this system.
Dr. Wentao Zhang obtained his PhD from the Institute of Physics on the chinese language Academy of Sciences. | http://mkt.msk.ru/kindle/category/statics/page/2 |
Heteronuclear 3D and 4D NMR 2.3. The objective of the course is to teach the basic aspects of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, which is an important analytical tool in chemical and pharmaceutial industry for structural characterization of molecules. News-Medical talks to Dr. Pria Anand about her research into COVID-19 that suggests neurologic complications are common even in mild infections. Note that: the chemical shifts of these peaks … Heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) experiments are slightly different from COSY and NOESY experiments because it is heteronuclear rather than homonuclear. WHAT? Author information: (1)College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. Es ist jeder Nmr spectroscopy explained neil e jacobsen rund um die Uhr bei Amazon auf Lager und direkt lieferbar. Homonuclear 3DNMR 2.2. Applications of 2D NMR to the protein study are described in the following sections. 41, No. Two-dimensional NMR spectra provide more information about a … Jia Guo. When and Why? Applications to carbohydrate problems have followed closely on the heels of development of sophisticated two dimensional — and now three dimensional — pulse sequences (Hoffman and Davies, 1988; Fesik et al., … According to the specificities of this spectroscopy and of the samples, a validation process is needed for highly accurate quantification. Please select the appropriate credit type. Heteronuclear experiments such as HSQC are not used to determine concentration, at least not directly. While this improves sensitivity, it only detects nuclei belonging to certain isotopes of certain elements. "2D NMR Spectroscopy: Fundamentals, Methods and Applications". A popular application of 2D NMR spectroscopy is for studying molecular dynamics. Lastly, during detection, the magnetization is labeled by a chemical shift of the secondary nucleus. Editor(s): Atta-ur-Rahman and M. Iqbal Choudhary. Application and development of NMR spectroscopy to study the conformation and dynamics of collagen-like triple helical peptides. (2013). NMR Spectroscopy N.M.R. Application of NMR to biotherapeutics has long time been impeded by the belief that the protein of interest must be enriched with NMR-active isotopes, which preclude the analysis of drug products, and that only experts can carry out the analysis. 2D NMR differs from 1D NMR by the acquisition stage being separated from the excitation stage. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a well-established technique that provides detailed descriptions of the structure and dynamics of proteins over a wide range of motions. https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/2D-NMR-Spectroscopy-Fundamentals-Methods-and-Applications.aspx. Unsere Redaktion hat viele verschiedene Marken getestet und wir zeigen Ihnen als Leser hier alle Ergebnisse. Ryding, Sara. Other Applications of 2D NMR. In this interview, News-Medical speaks to Dr. Howard Hu about his latest research into cadmium and how it could be causing more severe pneumonia infections. With developments in both methodology and instrumentation in the past two decades, NMR has become one of the most powerful and versatile spectroscopic techniques for the analysis of biomacromolecules, allowing characterization of biomacromolecules and their complexes up to 100 kDa. Statistical models can be employed to find arrangements of the sequence that are in congruence with the distance constraints. For example, several NOESY spectra cross peaks, which are the result of interactions between different nuclear spins, can indicate several close hydrogen atoms as in globular proteins or double helical nucleic acids. (accessed January 07, 2021). Please note that medical information found By the introduction of additional spectral dimensions these spectra are simplified and some extra information is obtained. A representative triplet at 4.035 p.p.m. 07 January 2021. 2D correlation spectroscopy (COSY) methods can show spin systems within a molecule that are coupled, and through this mechanism the protons can be identified. The applicability of 2D EXSY NMR spectroscopy for studying quantitatively the dynamic behaviour in three aroylcyanoketene‐S, S‐dimethylacetals was tested by means of 1 H NMR spectroscopy. NMR with proteins and nucleic acids. You must be logged in and own this session in order to Case study 1.....S Atenolol. In this presentation, the advantages and limits of NMR techniques applied to biotherapeutics will be discussed, along with future directions. While the teaching of 1D NMR Spectroscopy … A decade ago, our group has pioneered the application of simple 2D-NMR techniques on drug products at natural abundance to assess the three-dimensional structure of protein active pharmaceutical ingredient at atomic resolution. 2D NMR Spectroscopy: Fundamentals, Methods and Applications. One of the major applications of 2D NMR spectroscopy is the NOESY method, used to determine the spatial structure of biomolecules. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was developed to detect protons, and has since then been applied in studying the molecular structure of proteins, RNA, DNA complexes, and interactions between these molecules. Two-dimensional high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2D NMR) is a powerful tool for determining the structure and conformation of carbohydrates in solution. Curse Content ; This will be a comprehensive lecture course, focusing on modern high field ; NMR spectroscopy in solution, with applications Astronomy. 2D-NMR presents several advantages including its ability to specifically detect a substance of interest in biological matrices without any sample pre-treatments (except the addition of D 2 O and TMSP) or sample extractions which decrease the potential errors due … However, HSQC can be used to accurately profile metabolites at low concentrations of just a few micromolar. DOI: 10.2174/97816080596521150201 eISBN: 978-1-60805-965-2, 2015 ISBN: 978-1-60805-999-7 ISSN: 2405-4674 (Print) Indexed in: Scopus, Book Citation Index, Science Edition, EBSCO. | http://www.brickroadtosuccess.com/ia03rah3/application-of-2d-nmr-spectroscopy-d8b03f |
13C nmr spectroscopy is a valuable tool in structural analysis. The 13C nucleus is only 1.1% naturally abundant and so signals are weaker than those present in 1H nmr spectra.
No coupling is seen between 13C nuclei since the chances of neighboring carbons both being 13C are negligible.
Coupling is possible between 13C and 1H nuclei. However, proton decou-pling is usually carried out by continually resonating all the protons while the 13C spectrum is run. This leads to one singlet for each non-equivalent carbon. Integration of signals is not possible since this process distorts signal intensities.
13C nmr spectra contain singlets over a wider range of chemical shifts than 1H nmr meaning that there is less chance of signals overlapping. Direct information is obtained about the carbon skeleton of a molecule including quaternary carbons. The number of protons attached to each carbon atom can be determined by off resonance decoupling or by running DEPT spectra.
The number of signals indicates the number of non-equivalent carbons. The number of protons attached to carbon is determined by methods such as DEPT. The chemical shifts are compared to theoretical chemical shifts determined from nmr tables or software packages.
1H NMR spectroscopy is not the only useful form of nmr spectroscopy. There are a large variety of other isotopes which can be used (e.g. 32P, 19F, 2D). However, the most frequently studied isotope apart from 1H is the 13C nucleus. Like protons, 13C nuclei have a spin quantum number of 1/2. Thus, the same principles whichapply to proton nmr also apply to 13C nmr. However, whereas the 1H nucleus is the naturally abundant isotope of hydrogen, the 13C nucleus is only 1.1% naturallyabundant. This means that the signals for a 13C nmr spectrum are much weaker than those for a 1H spectrum. In the past, this was a problem since early nmr spectrometers measured the absorption of energy as each nucleus in turn came into resonance. This was a lengthy process and although it was acceptable for 1H nuclei, it meant that it was an extremely lengthy process for 13C nuclei since several thousand scans were necessary in order to detect the signals above the background noise. Fortunately, that problem has now been overcome. Modern nmr spectrometers are much faster since all the nuclei are excited simultaneously with a pulse of energy. The nuclei are then allowed to relax back to their ground state, emitting energy as they do so. This energy can be measured and a spectrum produced. Consequently, 13C nmr spectra are now run routinely. At this point, you may ask whether a 13C nmr spectrum also contains signals for 1H nuclei? The answer is that totally different energies are required to resonate the nuclei of different atoms. Therefore, there is no chance of seeing the resonance of an1H nucleus and a 13C nucleus within the limited range covered in a typical 1H or 13C spectrum.
Unlike 1H nmr where spin spin coupling is observed between different protons, couplingbetween different carbon nuclei is not observed in 13C NMR. This is due to the low natural abundance of 13C nuclei. There is only 1.1% chance of any specific carbon in a molecule being present as the 13C isotope. For most medium-sized molecules encountered by organic chemists, this effectively means that there will only be one 13C isotope present in a molecule. The chances of having two 13C isotopes in the same molecule are extremely small, and the chances of two 13C isotopes being on neighboring carbons are even smaller, so much so that they are negligible.
Although 13C–13C coupling is not seen, it is possible to see coupling between 13C nucleiand 1H nuclei. This might appear strange since we have already stated that 1H signals arenot observed in the 13C spectrum. However, it is perfectly logical tosee coupling between13C and 1H nuclei even if we don’t see the 1H signals. This is because the 1H nuclei willstill take up two possible orientations in the applied magnetic field, each of which produce their own secondary magnetic field. In practice, such coupling makes the interpretation of 13C nmr spectra difficult and so 13C spectra are usually run with 13C–1H coupling eliminated. This is done by continuously resonating all the proton nuclei while the 13C spectrum is being run such that the signal for each non-equivalent carbon atom appears as a singlet. This results in a very simple spectrum that immediately allows you to identify the number of non-equivalent carbon atoms in the molecule from the number of signals present. This process is known as proton decoupling. One disadvantage of this technique is that it distorts the intensity of signals and so integration cannot be used to determine the number of carbon atoms responsible for each signal. This distortion is particularly marked for signals due to quaternary carbons, which are much weaker than signals for other types of carbons.
13C nmr gives a signal for each non equivalent carbon atom in a molecule and thisgivesdirect information about the carbon skeleton. In contrast, 1H nmr provides information about the carbon skeleton indirectly and gives no information about quaternary carbon atoms such as carbonyl carbons. Another advantage of 13CNMR is the wide range of chemical shifts. The signals are spread over 200 ppm compared to 10 ppm for protons. This means that signals are less likely to overlap. Moreover, each signal is a singlet. This can also be a disadvantage since information about neighboring groups is lost. However, there are techniques that can be used to address this problem. For example, information about the number of protons attached to each carbon atom can be obtained by off resonancedecoupling. In this technique, the13C spectrum is run such that all the protons aredecoupled except those directly attached to the carbon nuclei. Hence, the methyl carbons (CH3) appear as a quartet, the methylene carbons (CH2) appear as a triplet, the methine carbons (CH) appear as a doublet and the quaternary carbons (C) still appear as a singlet.
In practice, off resonance decoupling is rarely used nowadays, since a technique known as DEPT is more convenient and easier to analyze. Unfortunately, it is not possible to cover the theory behind this technique here. However, a knowledge of the theory is not necessary in order to interpret DEPT spectra. Such spectra can be run so that only one type of carbon is detected. In other words, a DEPT spectrum can be run so that only the methyl signals are detected or the methylene signals, etc. This allows us to distinguish all four types of carbon, but it means that we have to run four different spectra. There is a quicker way of getting the same infor-mation by only running two spectra. A DEPT spectrum can be run such that it picks up the methyl and methine carbons as positive signals and the methylene carbons as negative signals (i.e. the signals go down from the baseline instead of up). The quaternary carbons are not seen. This one spectrum therefore allows you to identify the quaternary signals by their absence and the methylene signals, which are negative. We still have to distinguish between the methyl signals and the methine signals, but this can be done by running one more DEPT spectrum such that it only picks up the methine carbons.
In general, 13C spectra of known structures can be interpreted in the followingstages. First, the number of non-equivalent carbon atoms is counted by counting the number of signals present in the spectrum, excluding those signals due to the internal reference (TMS at 0 ppm) or the solvent. The signal for CDCl3 is a triplet (1 : 1 : 1) at 77 ppm (caused by coupling to the deuterium atom where I=1).
Second, each signal is identified as CH3, CH2, CH or quaternary using off resonance decoupling or DEPT spectra.
Third, the chemical shifts of the signals are measured, then compared with the theoretical chemical shifts for the carbons present in the molecule. There are a variety of tables and equations which can help in this analysis but it should be noted that the use of such tables is not as straightforward as for 1H nmr analysis. However, software packages are now available which can calculate the theoretical chemical shifts for organic structures. These are often incorporated into chemical drawing packages such as ChemDraw.
Related Topics
Copyright © 2018-2023 BrainKart.com; All Rights Reserved. Developed by Therithal info, Chennai. | https://www.brainkart.com/article/13C-nuclear-magnetic-resonance-spectroscopy_29906/ |
A molecule can vibrate in many ways, and each way is called a vibrational mode. ... Unsymmetrical diatomic molecules, e.g. CO, absorb in the IR spectrum. More complex molecules have many bonds, and their vibrational spectra are correspondingly more complex, i.e. big molecules have many peaks in their IR spectra.
Which spectroscopy is known as vibrational spectroscopy?
Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy or Vibrational Spectroscopy) is the spectroscopy that deals with the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum, that is light with a longer wavelength and lower frequency than visible light.
What do you mean by vibrational spectroscopy?
Vibrational spectroscopy is a non-destructive identification method that measures the vibrational energy in a compound. Each chemical bond has a unique vibrational energy. ... There are two types of vibrational spectroscopy: infrared and Raman.
What is the purpose of vibrational spectroscopy?
Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy or vibrational spectroscopy) is the measurement of the interaction of infrared radiation with matter by absorption, emission, or reflection. It is used to study and identify chemical substances or functional groups in solid, liquid, or gaseous forms.
What is the principle of IR spectroscopy?
IR Spectroscopy detects frequencies of infrared light that are absorbed by a molecule. Molecules tend to absorb these specific frequencies of light since they correspond to the frequency of the vibration of bonds in the molecule.
IR Spectroscopy
What is the full form of IR spectroscopy?
Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy) is the spectroscopy that deals with the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum, that is light with a longer wavelength and lower frequency than visible light. It covers a range of techniques, mostly based on absorption spectroscopy.
What are the applications of spectroscopy?
Spectroscopy is used as a tool for studying the structures of atoms and molecules. The large number of wavelengths emitted by these systems makes it possible to investigate their structures in detail, including the electron configurations of ground and various excited states.
What is range of IR spectroscopy?
The infrared range covers 700-1000 nm (wavelength), or 14,286-12,800 cm-1 (wavenumber), and ultraviolet radiation has wavenumbers above these, approximately, 25,000 – 50,000 cm-1, or 100 to 400 nm (wavelength).
What are the types of spectroscopy?
- Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy. ...
- Ultraviolet-Visible (UV/Vis) Spectroscopy. ...
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy. ...
- Raman Spectroscopy. ...
- X-Ray Spectroscopy.
What is the fingerprint region?
The region between 400 cm-1 and 1500 cm-1 in an IR spectrum is known as the fingerprint region. It usually contains a large number of peaks, making it difficult to identify individual peaks. However, the fingerprint region of a given compound is unique and, therefore, can be used to distinguish between compounds.
What are P and R branches?
On the high frequency side of the Q-branch the energy of rotational transitions is added to the energy of the vibrational transition. This is known as the R-branch of the spectrum for ΔJ = +1. The P-branch for ΔJ = −1 lies on the low wavenumber side of the Q branch.
What is range of IR or vibrational spectroscopy?
The portion of the infrared region most useful for analysis of organic compounds is not immediately adjacent to the visible spectrum, but is that having a wavelength range from 2,500 to 16,000 nm, with a corresponding frequency range from 1.9*1013 to 1.2*1014 Hz.
What is electronic spectroscopy?
Electron spectroscopy, method of determining the energy with which electrons are bound in chemical species by measuring the kinetic energies of the electrons emitted upon bombardment of the species with X-ray or ultraviolet radiation.
What is vibrational wavenumber?
The typical vibrational frequencies range from less than 1013 Hz to approximately 1014 Hz, corresponding to wavenumbers of approximately 300 to 3000 cm−1 and wavelengths of approximately 30 to 3 µm. ... A diatomic molecule has one normal mode of vibration, since it can only stretch or compress the single bond.
What is vibrational frequency?
Frequency, which is measured in hertz (Hz) units, is the rate at which vibrations and oscillations occur. Frequencies are used to determine and differentiate vibrational patterns. So, an atom that is vibrating at a faster rate would be considered a higher frequency than one that is vibrating at a much slower rate.
Which spectroscopy is best?
Explanation: The most powerful spectroscopy that can give you a great idea about the structure of organic molecules is NMR. However, NMR is not enough sometimes; therefore, you will need to use Mass Spectrometry. Moreover, mass spectrometry might not help you enough, then you have to use elemental analysis, and so on.
Which is not type of spectroscopy?
Explanation: Sound is not a type of electromagnetic radiation. Hence, it is not a type of Spectroscopy.
What are the advantages of spectroscopy?
Certainly, the advantages of spectroscopic analytical techniques often include sensitivity, safety, noninvasiveness and/or remote access, miniaturization, inexpensive running costs, and rapid, automated sample turnover.
Why is IR measured in cm 1?
Frequencies in IR are generally expressed in 1/ λ units; ie cm-1 since these are proportional to energy.
What is the most useful range of IR?
The most useful I.R. region lies between 4000 - 670cm-1.
Why is IR measured in Wavenumber?
Wavenumber is unit of energy and therefore you can directly deduce the difference of energy between states. In addition, humans like to think in acceptably small numbers (0.01 - 10,000). Wavenumber allows this for IR and conveniently supplements the eV unit in small energy separations range.
Who uses spectroscopy?
Spectroscopy is used in physical and analytical chemistry because atoms and molecules have unique spectra. As a result, these spectra can be used to detect, identify and quantify information about the atoms and molecules. Spectroscopy is also used in astronomy and remote sensing on Earth.
What are the 3 basic types of spectroscopy?
The main types of atomic spectroscopy include atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS). In AAS atoms absorb ultraviolet or visible light to transition to higher levels of energy.
Who discovered spectroscopy?
Generally, Sir Isaac Newton is credited with the discovery of spectroscopy, but his work wouldn't have been possible without the discoveries made by others before him.
Which of the following is an application of electronic spectroscopy?
Which of the following is an application of electronic spectroscopy? Explanation: Detection of impurities, control of purification, study of the kinetics of the chemical reaction, determination of molecular weight and determination of unknown concentration are the applications of electronic spectroscopy. | https://moviecultists.com/why-ir-spectroscopy-is-called-vibrational-spectroscopy |
After completing this section, you should be able to use the concept of resonance to explain structural features of certain species; for example, why all of the carbon-oxygen bonds in the carbonate ion are the same length. This particular compound is discussed in further detail in Section 2.6.
Rules for estimating stability of resonance structures
- The greater the number of covalent bonds, the greater the stability since more atoms will have complete octets
- The structure with the least number of formal charges is more stable
- The structure with the least separation of formal charge is more stable
- A structure with a negative charge on the more electronegative atom will be more stable
- Positive charges on the least electronegative atom (most electropositive) is more stable
- Resonance forms that are equivalent have no difference in stability and contribute equally. (eg. benzene)
The above resonance structures show that the electrons are delocalized within the molecule and through this process the molecule gains extra stability. Ozone with both of its opposite charges creates a neutral molecule and through resonance it is a stable molecule. The extra electron that created the negative charge on either terminal oxygen can be delocalized by resonance through the terminal oxygens.
Benzene is an extremely stable molecule and it is accounted for its geometry and molecular orbital interaction, but most importantly it's due to its resonance structures. The delocalized electrons in the benzene ring make the molecule very stable and with its characteristics of a nucleophile, it will react with a strong electrophile only and after the first reactivity, the substituted benzene will depend on its resonance to direct the next position for the reaction to add a second substituent.
The next molecule, the Amide, is a very stable molecule that is present in most biological systems, mainly in proteins. By studies of NMR spectroscopy and X-Ray crystallography it is confirmed that the stability of the amide is due to resonance which through molecular orbital interaction creates almost a double bond between the nitrogen and the carbon.
Example 2.5.1: Multiple Resonance of other Molecules
Molecules with more than one resonance form
Some structural resonance conformations are the major contributor or the dominant forms that the molecule exists. For example, if we look at the above rules for estimating the stability of a molecule, we see that for the third molecule the first and second forms are the major contributors for the overall stability of the molecule. The nitrogen is more electronegative than carbon so, it can handle the negative charge more than carbon. A carbon with a negative charge is the least favorable conformation for the molecule to exist, so the last resonance form contributes very little for the stability of the Ion.
The Hybrid Resonance forms show the different Lewis structures with the electron been delocalized. This is very important for the reactivity of chloro-benzene because in the presence of an electrophile it will react and the formation of another bond will be directed and determine by resonance. The long pair of electrons delocalized in the aromatic substituted ring is where it can potentially form a new bond with an electrophile, as it is shown there are three possible places that reactivity can take place, the first to react will take place at the para position with respect to the chloro substituent and then to either ortho position.
Exercises
Questions
Q2.5.1
Are all the bond lengths the same in the following molecule? | https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Athabasca_University/Chemistry_350%3A_Organic_Chemistry_I/Chapter_2%3A_Polar_Covalent_Bonds%3B_Acids_and_Bases/2.05_Rules_for_Resonance_Forms |
Kronstadt Technologies unveiled the first Russian medium-altitude long-endurance (MALE) class unmanned aerial system during the MAKS 2017 airshow. Dubbed the Orion-E, the surveillance UAV has been undergoing flight-testing in Russia since last year.
According to Aviation Analysis, the UAS has an external design similar to the Thales WatchKeeper UAS, which is based on the Elbit Systems Hermes 450. With a wingspan of 16 m (52.5ft), the Orion-E is capable of automatic takeoff and landing, and fly continuously for 24 hours, carrying a surveillance payloads of up to 200 kg. It can reach a maximum altitude of 7,500 meters. According to the report, the Orion-E is possibly powered by the 100 hp Saturn 36MT turboprop.
Air Recognition adds that the Orion-E has a maximum takeoff weight of 1000 kilograms, standard payload of 60 kilograms, maximum payload of 200 kilograms, horizontal flight speed of 120-200 km/h, direct vision engagement range of 250 kilometers and the range with unmanned transponder of 300 kilometers. The Orion-E air reconnaissance complex includes 4-6 drones, a ground command and data processing station, automatic takeoff and landing means and communication means.
Images from the launch are available at samoletchik.livejournal.com
According to Kronstadt, the UAS is intended for export market and is expected to be ready by 2020. A more capable and heavier version in the 5-7 ton weight class is also planned to be developed as a follow on, which will have combat capabilities. | https://www.israeldefense.co.il/en/node/30434 |
The Antonov An-225 Mriya (Ukrainian: Антонов Ан-225 Мрія (dream or inspiration), NATO reporting name: "Cossack") is a strategic airlift cargo aircraft that was designed by the Antonov Design Bureau in the Soviet Union in the 1980s. It is powered by six turbofan engines and is the longest and heaviest airplane ever built, with a maximum takeoff weight of 640 tonnes (710 short tons). It also has the largest wingspan of any aircraft in operational service. The single example built has the Ukrainian civil registration UR-82060. A second airframe was partially built; its completion was halted because of lack of funding and interest.
The Antonov An-225, initially developed for the task of transporting the Buran spaceplane, was an enlargement of the successful Antonov An-124. The first and only An-225 was completed in 1988. After successfully fulfilling its Soviet military missions, it was mothballed for eight years. It was then refurbished and re-introduced, and is in commercial operation with Antonov Airlines carrying oversized payloads. The airlifter holds the absolute world records for an airlifted single item payload of 189,980 kilograms (418,834 pounds), and an airlifted total payload of 253,820 kg (559,577 lb). It has also transported a payload of 247,000 kilograms (545,000 pounds) on a commercial flight.
Ан-225 «Мрия» (укр. Mрія: «Мечта», внутреннее обозначение: изделие «402», по кодификации НАТО: Cossack — «Казак») — советский транспортный реактивный самолёт сверхбольшой грузоподъёмности разработки ОКБ им. О. К. Антонова. Является самым большим самолётом в мире. | https://zapilili.ru/video-tube/w17005/ |
Intelsat 22, UHF Payload Launched on Proton Rocket
PARIS — An International Launch Services (ILS) Proton rocket March 26 successfully placed the Intelsat 22 telecommunications satellite — equipped with a UHF payload for the Australian and U.S. militaries in addition to C- and Ku-band capacity — into a supersynchronous transfer orbit that ILS said would save on fuel.
“[T]he net result of using this mission design is that the Proton Breeze M is able to provide an additional 200 kilograms of performance, resulting in a capability of 6,350 kilograms to a 1,500-meters-per-second transfer orbit,” ILS said in a March 26 statement. “This additional capability can be used by the customer to either design a larger spacecraft, provide additional spacecraft maneuvering lifetime or any combination of the two.”
Operating from Russia’s Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, the Proton rocket, equipped with a Breeze M upper stage, dropped the 6,199-kilogram Intelsat 22 into a transfer orbit whose apogee was 65,000 kilometers over the equator.
From there the satellite will eventually make its way to a circular geostationary orbit 36,000 kilometers above the equator.
It was the first launch of this type for a Proton rocket, according to Reston, Va.-based ILS.
In addition to its UHF payload, whose capacity was sold to the Australian Defence Force — which in turn sold part of the capacity to the U.S. Department of Defense — Intelsat 22 carries a C- and Ku-band payload for commercial telecommunications customers in Africa, Asia, Europe and the Middle East.
The satellite, built by Boeing Space and Intelligence Systems of El Segundo, Calif., will replace the Intelsat 709 at 72 degrees east longitude. Luxembourg- and Washington-based Intelsat said Intelsat 22 is expected to operate for 18 years. It is the first of Boeing’s new 702MP satellites to be placed into orbit. Intelsat is the inaugural customer for the platform and has purchased four of them.
Intelsat hopes that its contract with the Australian military will further demonstrate to military forces — in particular the U.S. Department of Defense — that hiring commercial satellite fleet operators to host military payloads is less expensive and less time-consuming than building dedicated military spacecraft.
In a post-launch statement, Intelsat Chief Executive David McGlade said the UHF payload is being delivered on time and within budget to the Australian military. Boeing is building a similar satellite for Intelsat, called Intelsat 27, which is scheduled for launch by early 2013. Intelsat ordered Boeing to include a UHF payload on Intelsat 27 despite the fact that, unlike the case with Intelsat 22, it did not have a military customer lined up before the satellite’s construction began.
Intelsat continues to hunt for a willing government customer for this payload. McGlade has said repeatedly that, in the coming years, almost every Intelsat satellite should carry a government payload in addition to its commercial mission. | https://spacenews.com/intelsat-22-uhf-payload-launched-proton-rocket/ |
Submit your guest instrument flight proposals now
In 2019, the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) user facility plans to continue the practice of tethered balloon flights at Oliktok Point, Alaska, with missions in the late spring and the late summer. Also in 2019, ARM is extending its tethered balloon capability by implementing a second system at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) atmospheric observatory. ARM is calling for proposals to fly guest instruments on tethered balloon systems (TBS) at the SGP or Oliktok.
As in previous years, flights at Oliktok are expected to include measurements within clouds. The spring flights will be restricted to instruments ARM has flown previously and are expected to include measurements of temperature, humidity and wind, supercooled liquid water, and aerosol number concentration and size distribution (from approximately 0.15 to 3 micrometers). The maximum altitude for flights at Oliktok is expected to be 4,921 feet (1.5 kilometers) depending on conditions.
Flights at the SGP will be in clear air only. ARM plans to fly up to three missions from spring through the fall. Each mission will last eight to 10 days, with approximately 10 hours of flying per flight day.
The inaugural flights in the spring will be primarily for testing and will be restricted to the core set of instruments used at Oliktok, excluding the supercooled liquid water as the SGP flights will be in clear air. The altitude range for flights at the SGP is still under review, but the maximum altitude will not exceed 3,281 feet (1 km) above ground level.
Guest Proposals Welcome
ARM is pursuing additional measurement capabilities for the TBS, including an infrared imager and an aerosol filter sampler. In addition, ARM will consider proposals to fly guest instruments during the second phase at Oliktok (August), or summer or fall flights at the SGP. For these flights, investigators can propose instruments that have not previously flown on the ARM TBS. Factors that will be considered in proposal reviews include:
- relevance to the ARM mission
- whether the instrument has previously been flown on a tethered balloon
- the instrument’s weight
- the expected effort required by ARM staff for integration of the instrument onto the tethered balloon.
ARM will provide integration support for approved campaigns; however, ARM will not provide funding to principal investigators. Proposals will be reviewed together during the April quarterly field campaign review by the ARM Infrastructure Management Board (IMB). To be eligible for this review, proposals must be received by March 15.
Details of potential guest instruments will need to be worked out with ARM operations, but here are a few preliminary guidelines:
- Guest instruments must be battery powered and cannot exceed 24 inches (61 centimeters) in any dimension.
- Depending on weather conditions, mission requirements, and the TBS platform in operation, a total payload weight capacity of up to 70 pounds (32 kilograms) is available on the TBS.
- Core ARM TBS instrumentation will consume a minimum of 17.1 pounds (7.75 kilograms) of payload weight capacity.
Sandia National Laboratories manages the Oliktok Point site, and Argonne National Laboratory manages the Southern Great Plains observatory.# # #
ARM is a DOE Office of Science user facility operated by nine DOE national laboratories. | https://www.arm.gov/news/facility/post/53357 |
Figure 7-25.Reflective triangle placement: two lane or undivided highway.
Figure 7-28.Correct placement of payload.
Equipment Operator Basic - Beginning construction equipment operators manual
Page Navigation
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
Figure 7-27.Reflective triangle placement: one way or
divided highway.
rule of thumb used for measuring how much distance
you should maintain from the vehicle in front of you is
at least 1 second for each 10 feet of vehicle length at
speeds below 40 mph. At greater speeds, you must add
1 second for safety; for example, if you are operating a
40-foot vehicle, you should allow at least 4 seconds
between you and the vehicle ahead. In a 60-foot tractor-
trailer, you need 6 seconds. For over 40 mph, you need
5 seconds for a 40-foot vehicle and 7 seconds for a
60-foot tractor and trailer.
To measure distances, wait until the vehicle ahead
passes a shadow on the road, a pavement marking, or
some clear landmark. Then count off the seconds as one
thousand-and-one, one thousand-and-two and so forth,
until your vehicle reaches the same spot. Compare your
count with the rule of 1 second for every 10 feet of
length. If you are operating a 40-foot truck and only
counted up to 2 seconds, you are too close.
LOADING AND SECURING CARGO
As a tractor-trailer operator, you must have an
understanding of the basic procedures and safety rules
used when transporting construction supplies and
equipment. Improper loading of any load can be a
danger to yourself and others around you, cause damage
to the tractor-trailer, affect the steering of the tractor, and
so forth. The
operator,
whether or not you loaded and
secured the load yourself, is responsible to inspect the
load, to recognize
overloads
and poorly balanced
weight, and to ensure that the load is properly tied,
strapped, or chained down, and covered (if required).
NOTE:
It takes less time to tie down a load than it
takes to report the reason a load fell off a trailer.
Vehicle Weight Definitions
The operator is responsible for knowing how much
weight is loaded on the tractor-trailer and knowing the
total weight of both the unit and cargo. The terms used
for vehicle weight is as follows:
Payload
allowance or payload
is the maximum
weight of material that can be transported.
Gross vehicle weight (GVW)
is the total weight of
a single vehicle plus its load.
Gross combination weight (GCW)
is the total
weight of a powered unit including the trailer(s) and
cargo.
Gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR)
is the
maximum GVW specified by the manufacturer for a
single vehicle, including the load.
Gross combination weight rating (GCWR)
is the
maximum GCW specified by the manufacturer for a
specific combination of vehicles, including the load.
Curb weight
is the total weight of the
empty truck
with the fuel tank,
cooling system
, and crankcase filled.
Additionally, it also includes the weight of tools, spare
tire, and all other equipment specified as standard. How-
ever, this weight does not include the weight of the
payload and operator.
Axle weight
is the weight transmitted to the ground
by one axle or one set of axles.
Tire load
is the maximum safe weight a tire can
carry at a specified pressure. This rating is stated on the
side of each tire.
Suspension systems
have a manufacturers weight
capacity rating.
Coupling device capacity
are rated for the
maximum weight they can pull and/or carry.
Operating Conditions
The maximum
payload
of a truck is determined by
subtracting the curb weight and weight of the driver
(175 pounds) from the manufacturers gross vehicle
weight rating. The maximum gross vehicle weight
rating for a specified operating condition applies only
when the tires and equipment on the truck are according
7-23
Privacy Statement
Press Release
Contact
© Copyright Integrated Publishing, Inc.. All Rights Reserved. Design by
Strategico
. | http://enginemechanics.tpub.com/14081/css/Loading-And-Securing-Cargo-179.htm |
Armed Forces of Ukraine landed the latest UAV "Orlan-30": instead of a fuel tank, it had a plastic bottle
On the official page of the 24th Separate Mechanized Brigade named after King Danil on Facebook appeared message on the effective landing by means of the electronic warfare troops of the latest Orlan-30 unmanned aerial vehicle, which is in service with Russia. The event took place in the Luhansk region, where the day before forcibly landed UAV "Orlan-10". The attention of the fighters was attracted by the use of an ordinary plastic bottle for drinking water as a fuel tank, which rather indicates that the drone had already received damage earlier and was repaired with improvised means.
What is the UAV Orlan-30
Orlan-30 is a further development of the main reconnaissance UAV of the Russian army Orlan-10, developed by the company "Special Technology Center ". UAVs of the Orlan series are a monoplane with a wingspan of 3.1 meters, equipped with a gasoline engine and launched from a catapult. With a takeoff weight of 14 kilograms, it is capable of carrying up to 5 kilograms of payload (this is not an attack drone, it cannot carry weapons, we are talking only about cameras for aerial photography). The maximum speed of such a device is 150 km / h, the range is from 50 to 120 km (with a flight range of 600 km). The drone can stay in the air for 10 to 16.5 hours at an altitude of up to 5,000 meters and lands by parachute. One point can simultaneously control up to 4 drones, each of them is able to fly along a route that includes up to 60 points on the map or in loitering mode.
It differs from the base model Orlan-30 by its doubled weight (27 kg) and, accordingly, can carry more payload (up to 8 kg). This can be an improved 80-megapixel camera with an electronic-optical image stabilization system, as well as electronic reconnaissance and bearing devices, background radiation measuring instruments, etc.
A photo: Prototype Orlan-30 at the ISSE exhibition in 2013 (Wikipedia )
What electronic warfare equipment could be used
To combat unmanned vehicles, the electronic warfare troops of the Ukrainian armed forces can use a special complex Note developed by the companyTritel and introduced in 2019. He is able to suppress cellular networks of all standards common in Ukraine, and is also able to counteract electronic warfare and counter-battery radars. The Nota electronic warfare system uses two types of antennas - directional and circular (omnidirectional), which allows both to completely cover stationary objects and to drown out a specific sector.
A photo: The electronic warfare complex "Nota", installed on armored car Kozak-2 (Wikipedia ). | https://gagadget.com/en/cringe/115146-armed-forces-of-ukraine-landed-the-latest-uav-orlan-30-instead-of-a-fuel-tank-it-had-a-plastic-bottle/ |
Turkey will supply Bayraktar TB2 tactical unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) manufactured by Baykar Makina to Ukraine, the CFTS reports, citing the Ukrainian Military Portal.
According to the portal, an agreement on purchase of these UAVs was signed during President Petro Poroshenko’s visit to Turkey from November 3 to 4. Poroshenko personally visited the company during his trip to the country last week.
Negotiations on purchase of the UAVs lasted about two years. During this period, representatives of the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense visited Turkey to observe various stages of testing of the Bayraktar TB2.
The UAV is equipped with a Rotax 912 internal-combustion engine. Its fuselage is made of composite materials and it is equipped with an automatic take-off and landing system. It is capable of carrying guided anti-tank missiles and aircraft bombs.
The Bayraktar TB2 has a length of 6.5 meters; a wingspan of 12 meters, a communication range of 150 kilometers; a maximum take-off weight of 560 kilograms; maximum payload of 50 kilograms; a maximum speed of up to 222 km/h; a cruise speed of 130 km/h.
According to the report, this model set the autonomous flight endurance record for medium-altitude tactical UAVs during test flights in June and August 2014, when it remained in the air at an altitude of 8 kilometers for 24 hours 34 minutes.
The possibility of partial localization of production of tactical unmanned aerial vehicles at the state-owned Antonov aircraft manufacturing plant’s facilities is currently being considered.
As the CFTS portal reported, an air traffic control system for UAVs will soon be tested in the Gulf of Finland. | https://en.cfts.org.ua/news/ukraine_to_buy_bayraktar_tb2_uavs_from_turkey |
The Stratolaunch, the world’s largest all-composite aircraft, successfully completed its first flight on April 13. The plane is designed to be used as a stratospheric launch platform for space rockets, with the first launch expected to happen next year.
The six-engine aircraft has a wingspan of 117 meters (385 feet), three times as long as the distance of the Wright brothers' first flight. Stratolaunch flew for 2.5 hours over the Mojave Desert, achieving a maximum speed of 304 kilometers (189 miles) per hour and an altitude of 5,181 meters (17,000 feet).
During this maiden voyage, a variety of maneuvers were tested out to calibrate speed and test the plane's flight control systems. The engineers also conducted some simulated landing exercises before the plane came back down and landed at the Mojave Air and Space Port.
The vehicle’s center wing is reinforced and designed to hold multiple launch vehicles with a combined weight of up to 230,000 kilograms (500,000 pounds). The Stratolaunch is expected to be used to deliver Northrop Grumman’s Pegasus XL rocket to a suitable altitude to then shoot out of the atmosphere. It has an available payload of 370 kilograms (816 pounds). The rocket has had over 35 successful launches so the team is confident that it will successfully reach orbit.
The company, Stratolaunch Systems Corporation, was started by the late Paul G. Allen, co-founder of Microsoft. Stratolaunch originally had plans to develop a line of in-house space vehicles, including crewed crafts. Those plans were halted after the death of Allen, who passed away last October.
The launch of a Pegasus XL rocket is expected to take place at some point in 2020 from double the altitude achieved in this first flight. | https://www.iflscience.com/space/worlds-largest-plane-takes-flight-bringing-new-approach-to-space-launches/ |
Launching out of Japan’s Uchinoura Space Center at 8:33 a.m. Japan Standard Time on Jan. 15 (23:33 GMT on Jan. 14), 2017, was a rocket poised to be the smallest and lightest to ever send a payload into orbit. However, telemetry for the fin-stabilized sounding rocket, called SS-520-4, was lost after the first stage finished its 31-second burn.
According to SpaceFlight101, all telemetry from the vehicle was lost after the first stage finished firing and tracking data showed debris from the rocket falling into the Pacific Ocean.
The SS-520-4 was a modified sounding rocket originally designed to send a payload into sub-orbital trajectories. Its base design was a two-stage solid-propellant rocket, the SS-520 (which is itself an evolution of the single-stage S-520). This flight added a solid-fueled third stage.
The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) hoped this one-off experiment, with a budget of $3.5 million provided by Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, will show an inexpensive launch concept using already available technology is possible. The goal of the flight was to collect data for a future dedicated CubeSat launcher. It is unclear if this failure will impact any future launch vehicle design.
The S-520 first stage design has flown 29 times as a dedicated sounding rocket since 1980. The two-stage SS-520 has launched twice with a payload capacity to send some 300 pounds (140 kilograms) of payload on trajectories peaking between 430 miles (700 kilometers) and 620 miles (1,000 kilometers).
With a third stage added, the SS-520-4 was expected to be able to send a small CubeSat to an orbital velocity of more than 17,000 mph (27,000 km/h).
Together, the whole stack was about 31 feet (9.5 meters) tall and 20 inches (52 centimeters) wide. Its liftoff mass was only 5,732 (2,600 kilograms). The first stage itself weighed about 2 metric tons and had an average thrust of 31,500 pounds (140 kilonewtons).
At launch time, the S-520 first stage fired for about 31.7 seconds and accelerated the whole stack to a speed of about 1.2 miles (2 kilometers) per second.
Had everything continued as planned, a coast phase lasting about 30 seconds would have come next. Then the payload fairing would have separated at about 78 kilometers in altitude. The first stage would have detached one second after payload fairing jettison.
Next, at two minutes and 50 seconds, the 5.6-foot (1.7-meter) long second stage was supposed to begin spin stabilization using onboard nitrogen tanks before firing its engine for about 24.4 seconds.
This would have accelerated the stack to about 2.2 miles (3.6 kilometers) per second some 3 minutes and 45 seconds before it too would have separated, leaving the small third stage in control of the flight.
The third stage, which was about 31 inches (80 centimeters) long, would have then fired for three seconds after stage separation and burned for 25.6 seconds to reach its intended orbit of about 180 kilometers by 1,500 kilometers at a 31-degree inclination relative to Earth’s equator.
Payload separation would have come next and taken place some 7 minutes, 30 seconds after leaving Japan at an altitude of some 124 miles (200 kilometers) and 1,120 miles (1,800 kilometers) downrange.
Unlike traditional CubeSats, which are deployed using an injection system, this satellite was to feature a base-mounted separation system connected to the third stage of the rocket.
The payload, TRICOM-1, was designed and built by students at the University of Tokyo. It was to be an educational communications and Earth observation CubeSat measuring 4.6 by 4.6 by 13.6 inches (11.6 by 11.6 by 34.6 centimeters). It weighed 6 pounds (3 kilograms).
It had five small cameras, store-and-forward communication equipment, and would have been powered by solar cells and batteries. TRICOM-1 would have had an operational life between one and three months before atmospheric drag would have caused the CubeSat to re-enter Earth’s atmosphere. | https://www.astrowatch.net/2017/01/smallest-orbital-class-rocket-launch.html |
How to Find the Load Capacity for a Ford Rangerby Kyle McBride
Maximum payload information for the Ford Ranger appears on the tire label affixed to either the pillar or the edge of the driver's door. The Ranger's payload is the combined weight of the cargo, driver and passengers, which differs from gross vehicle weight. The GVW includes the weight of the cargo and occupants but also includes the vehicle curb weight.
Cargo Weight
To find the maximum cargo weight your Ranger can carry, subtract the weight of you and your passengers from the maximum payload weight found on the tire label. Consider the weight of your cargo versus its volume. Don't exceed the maximum payload capacity even though there may be space to add more cargo to your Ranger. When loading your truck, distribute the weight evenly so you don't exceed the axle weight ratings. | https://itstillruns.com/load-capacity-ford-ranger-7568433.html |
Tire load factor (or its more common name — load index) can be approximately calculated based on information from the technical passport and the characteristics provided by the manufacturer of the machine. Calculation of load tires is carried out on the basis of dividing the maximum permissible vehicle weight by 4 (the number of wheels of standard cars and off-road vehicles).
Before calculating the load index on the tire, it is necessary to determine the concepts that are available in the technical passport of the car. That’s why:
- dry weight is the mass of the car without passengers, without a spare wheel, tools and repair equipment, and also without process fluids (fuel, all oils, various cleaning and other liquids);
- curb weight — the mass of the car with process fluids (fuel, oil, etc.), as well as the driver (it is sometimes called the mass without load);
- gross weight (permitted) is the maximum mass of the loaded and loaded vehicle (with passengers, liquids, repair kit, and payload, it is also called the allowed maximum weight);
- load capacity is the mass of the payload that the vehicle can carry (passengers, baggage).
Generally, the permissible mass of the payload in the passport of the machine is not written, but indicated in the technical documentation of the manufacturer. In accordance with European norms, the average weight of a person sitting in a car is taken as 75 kg.
Remember that the allowed maximum mass (gross mass) is the sum of the mass of the machine without load (curb weight) and its carrying capacity. Therefore, the easiest way to perform the calculation of the load index of tires, if you know the allowed maximum mass of the car. To do this, its value must be divided by 4. As a result, we get the number of kilograms that the tire can withstand. It is necessary to add to this value 35… 40% for the stock. And then using the table to determine which tire load index corresponds to this value.
If the value of the maximum permissible mass of the machine is unknown to you, you can make an empirical calculation based on theoretical data. That is, add up the mass of the loaded machine and the value of its carrying capacity. After that, divide the resulting value by 4 in order to pick up tires by load index. In the above calculator, we took a margin equal to 40%, so that you had the opportunity to pick up a tire not with boundary values, but with some margin of safety. This is especially true for roads with poor coverage, of which there are many in our country.
Do not forget that many machines load on the front and rear axle is different. Therefore, it is necessary to use our empirical calculation carefully and, if possible, to use reference information and manufacturer's recommendations on which tires with which load index to use.
It is worth remembering that it is necessary to choose the tires recommended by the manufacturer, or close to these requirements. If you choose tires with a lower ratio, you risk your own safety while driving. After all, the tire is subjected to excessive loads for it. This means that at one point, it can simply explode. And if this happens at speed, the consequences can be unpredictable.
However, do not put too hard rubber. If you do such thing, you will encounter three negative factors:
- An excessive consumption of fuel. It is due to the fact that the engine needs more energy to rotate a heavier and stiffer tire.
- Stiffness. With the increase of the load index rubber becomes more rigid. Accordingly, the course of the car will also be tough and uncomfortable.
- Excessive load on the suspension. Hard tires also have a large mass. Accordingly, the suspension is additional efforts, which leads to its excessive use, and brings the failure.
Therefore, stick to the “golden mean” and install tires with a load index recommended by the manufacturer.
How to use the calculator
Follow the algorithm:
- In the “Mass of curb weight” field, enter the car mass with a full tank, process fluids, repair kit, spare wheel and driver. Usually this value is indicated on the machine’s data sheet or in the manufacturer’s documentation.
- In the field “Value of the maximum allowable weight of baggage” enter the weight value of the cargo that is supposed to be transported on the machine. In this case, note that the mass of passengers is not necessary to take into account, it has already been taken into account (at the rate of 4 passengers with a mass of 75 kg each). This information can also be found in the reference documentation for your car or on the Internet.
- Click on the “Calculate” button. In the result field, you will see the load index value for your car's tires.
Again, the calculations are empirical, and therefore we recommend that you clarify the coefficient values in the reference literature.
|Compliance table load index and the maximum weight of cars|
|Load index||Maximum weight, kg||Load index||Maximum weight, kg|
|80||450||102||850|
|81||462||103||875|
|82||475||104||900|
|83||487||105||925|
|84||500||106||950|
|85||515||107||975|
|86||530||108||1000|
|87||545||109||1030|
|88||560||110||1060|
|89||580||111||1090|
|90||600||112||1120|
|91||615||113||1150|
|92||630||114||1180|
|93||650||115||1215|
|94||670||116||1250|
|95||690||117||1285|
|96||710||118||1320|
|97||730||119||1360|
|98||750||120||1400|
|99||775||121||1450|
|100||800||122||1500|
|101||825||123||1550|
FAQ
-
What is the load index for passenger car tires?
The load index for passenger car tires is expressed as a two-digit number. On passenger car tires, you can allocate coefficients from 63 to 90. Remember that the higher the load index, the thicker, stiffer and heavier the tire. Correspondingly, there will be more noise in motion and fuel consumption will increase. The lower the index, the softer, lighter and faster the tire will wear out.
-
What is the load index for crossover tires?
The load index of crossover tires is expressed by a three-digit number, which in the marking comes immediately after the diameter at rim seat. Also the tires for crossovers often have an increased load index, and are necessarily accompanied by the additional designation — XL (extraload or reinforced). This shows that the tire has a higher strength index and that the sidewall of the tire is much stronger than a regular tire. The most common load index for crossover tires is between 90 and 105.
-
What is a 91 Load Index?
The Load Index 91 is a numerical code that indicates that the tire in question is capable of carrying a load of 615 kg at the maximum speed indicated by the tire label (the speed index is identified by a letter in the Latin alphabet, immediately following the symbol relating to load). On the tire sidewall it could look as follows: 205/55 R16 91 H.
-
What does the load index 65 mean?
The index 65 means that the tire in question has a load capacity of 290 kg. It means that, in total, a car with wheels on such tires can bear weight, together with the load, not more than 290*4, i.e. 1160 kg. In this case, the tire should have the rated internal pressure, and the speed not exceed the allowable (its value is indicated by the manufacturer with a letter index). | https://atlib.info/en/calc/tire-load-index |
Russia reportedly decides on new military freighter design
The Defence ministry of the Russian Federation has reportedly approved the specifications of the new military cargo plane set to replace its aging An-124 and An-22 fleet.
According to the insider information obtained by Izvestia, the new aircraft, designated PAK VTA, should have a maximum payload of no less than 80,000 kilograms and a range of 5,000 kilometers. Its cargo bay length will be over 27.5 meters, with a width of 5.8 meters and a height of 4.4 meters.
These specifications are very similar to the An-22 turboprop, with an exception of cruising speed, which is said to be over 850 kilometers per hour.
Previous plans, unveiled by the ministry during the MAKS Air Show in 2017, depicted PAK VTA as having a blended wing body, partially electric propulsion system, and being able to carry a payload of 180,000 kilograms as far as 5,000 kilometers. The latest set of specifications, therefore, signify a serious scale-down of the project.
The current project is said to be based on the M-60, a family of oval-body designs proposed for passenger and military planes. M-60VT and M-60VTM military transport projects had very similar specifications to the ones approved by the Defence ministry. The only difference was found in their engine placement: M-60 VT had conventional four engines under the wings, while M-60 VTM was supposed to have two massive engines mounted on the rear of the fuselage between the tail fins.
The new project will most likely have the layout of M-60VT, as four engines with maximum thrust levels of between 20,000-25,000 kgf were proposed. The UAC-developed PF-35 jet engine, the same engine that is supposed to power the Russian-Chinese made CRAIC CR929 airliner, is considered as the prime candidate to power the PAK-VTA.
The plane is being developed by the Ilyushin Aviaion Complex. It is currently in the research phase, which is set to end in December 2020. Ilyushin aims to begin the development of the aircraft in 2021.
"Vision" system aims for the stars to replace GPS
Vision, a daylight stellar finder allowing an aircraft to find its bearings without the use of GPS, was successfully tes...
Canada buys Hermes 900 drone for environment monitoring
Transport Canada orders a Hermes 900 Starlinerfor drone environmental monitoring purposes. ...
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and their enormous potential in most sectors
Drones are used in various sectors like environmental audits, logistics, military defense, agriculture, construction, me...
FAA establishes civilian supersonic test corridor in Kansas
Kansas authorities and the Federal Aviation Administration established a corridor over Kansas to allow flight tests of c... | https://www.aerotime.aero/25614-russia-reportedly-decides-on-new-military-freighter-design |
Video: Antonov AN 225 Mriya. World Largest Airplane Take off and Landing.
The Antonov An-225 Mriya (Ukrainian: Антонов Ан-225 Мрія (dream or inspiration), NATO reporting name: "Cossack") is a strategic airlift cargo aircraft that was designed by the Antonov Design Bureau in the Soviet Union in the 1980s. It is powered by six turbofan engines and is the longest and heaviest airplane ever built, with a maximum takeoff weight of 640 tonnes (710 short tons). It also has the largest wingspan of any aircraft in operational service. The single example built has the Ukrainian civil registration UR-82060. A second airframe with a slightly different configuration was partially built. Its construction was halted in 1994 because of lack of funding and interest, but revived briefly in 2009, bringing it to 60%-70% completion. On 30 August 2016, Antonov agreed to complete the second airframe for Aviation Industry Corporation of China as a prelude to AICC commencing series production.
The Antonov An-225, initially developed for the task of transporting the Buran spaceplane, was an enlargement of the successful Antonov An-124. The first and only An-225 was completed in 1988. After successfully fulfilling its Soviet military missions, it was mothballed for eight years. It was then refurbished and re-introduced, and is in commercial operation with Antonov Airlines carrying oversized payloads.The airlifter holds the absolute world records for an airlifted single-item payload of 189,980 kilograms (418,830 pounds), and an airlifted total payload of 253,820 kg (559,580 lb). It has also transported a payload of 247,000 kg (545,000 lb) on a commercial flight. | http://alleyne.ru/antonov_an_225.php |
Hispasat 30W-6 is a commercial communications satellite built by California-based Space Systems Loral for operation by Spanish telecommunications provider Hispasat, S.A. as part of the company’s Americas & Europe fleet. The satellite, launching on a SpaceX Falcon 9 in early 2018, hosts a multi-band payload for broadcasting services and high-capacity data to increase the company’s transatlantic capacity.
Founded in 1989, Hispasat has operated a number of communications satellites over the Americas, Europe and North Africa from orbital positions at 30° and 61° West, delivering the entire palette of telecommunications services in the commercial and government sectors. Among the services provided by the company is direct-to-home TV broadcasting, carrying over 1,200 channels to more than 30 million homes.
The company’s Hispasat satellites are operated at 30°W to deliver coverage to Europe and Africa, a position inaugurated in 1992 with Hispasat-1A. Satellites flying under the Amazonas designation park at 61°W to deliver services to the Americas and the Caribbean starting with Amazonas 1 launched in 2004. In total, six Hispasat and five Amazonas satellites were launched by the company prior to 30W-6 plus two military-use satellites designated Xtar-Eur and Spainsat. The company is also developing Sun Synchronous Satellites for military use in specialized application areas including communications and reconnaissance.
Hispasat awarded the contract for Hispasat 30W-6 to SS/L in July 2014 and the satellite will replace the Hispasat-1D spacecraft launched in 2002 and hosting an all Ku-Band payload of 28 transponders. As a state-of-the-art communications satellite, Hispasat 30W-6 will provide replacement coverage as well as a vast amount of expansion capacity in multiple frequency bands, particularly geared to increasing Hispasat’s Europe-America and America-Europe connectivity.
The 6,092-Kilogram satellite hosts 40 Ku-Band transponders serving two coverage areas: 1) Europe and North America with coverage extending across the Iberian Peninsula, the Balearic Islands, the Canary Islands, the Azores, Cape Verde and Madeira, Mauritius, Morocco, the Mediterranean Region, North West Africa and a large part of the European continent; and 2) an Americas Coverage Zone from Canada to Patagonia, excluding Brazil.
Six Ka-Band beams deliver high-throughput coverage to the Iberian Peninsula, North West Africa, South East and Central Europe and the Balearic and Canary Islands. An additional Ka-Band Broadcasting Satellite Services Beam is focused on the Iberian Peninsula and ten C-Band transponders deliver capacity to the Southern United States, the Caribbean Sea and South America. The satellite’s transponders operate at bandwidths of 36 to 72 MHz for the C/Ku-Band payload and 225 MHz for the seven Ka-Band transponders.
Hispasat 30W-6 will add Ku-Band capacity for the Andean Region and the C-Band capacity with American coverage and European Ka-Band beams will enable Hispasat to expand its flexible broadband coverage for data backhaul and corporate networks. Capacity from the satellite will also replace the all-Ku Hispasat 1C that launched in 2000 and was retired in June 2017.
Hispasat 30W-6 employs the high-power variant of the SS/L-1300 satellite platform with an available power of 11.5 Kilowatts and a nominal payload power of 10.5 kW. Built for a service life of at least 15 years, Hispasat 30W-6 will operate from an orbital position of 30° West in Geostationary Orbit from where favorable look angles are available for most of the Americas as well as the European continent. Through use of a hybrid propulsion solution, Hispasat 30W-6 will be able to support an extended mission duration should the performance of its communications payload permit additional commercial exploitation after 15 years on station.
SSL-1300 is a flexible satellite platform that can be flown in different configurations to accommodate different communication payloads with a total power of 5 to 18kW. Using different configurations, LS-1300 satellites can weigh from 2,200 up to 6,700 Kilograms featuring payloads of 12 to 150 transponders. Hispasat 30W-6 stands 6.9 meters tall and will measure 8.9 meters wide once deploying its appendages in orbit while the satellite’s length will be 26.1 meters measured along the solar arrays.
Through optimizations, the number of transponders that can be accommodated can be increased even further. SSL-1300 was introduced in the late 1980s, but undergoes constant modifications going through a number of revisions over the years.
Two five-panel solar arrays deliver up to 11.5kW of power to a dedicated system that conditions the satellite’s power bus and controls the state of charge of the vehicle’s batteries. Three-axis stabilization and navigation is accomplished by state of the art navigation sensors and reaction wheels.
The satellite is equipped with a chemical propulsion system for orbit-raising and stationkeeping using ~450-490-Newton main engine and a series of attitude control thrusters fed from a total propellant supply of 3,469 Kilograms. To enable a mission extension of up to five years, the satellite is equipped with an electric propulsion system that will be used for stationkeeping maneuvers in Geostationary Orbit, primarily for North-South Stationkeeping that requires around 45m/s of delta-v per year. To that end, the satellite is outfitted with four SPT-100 Stationary Plasma Thrusters, each weighing 3.5 Kilograms and generating 83 millinewtons of thrust by accelerating a stream of Xenon ions in an electric field, achieving an exceptional specific impulse of 1,600 seconds. | https://spaceflight101.com/falcon-9-hispasat-30w-6/hispasat-30w-6/ |
Type:
articulated
-
Number of axes:
6-axis
-
Function:
handling, for assembly, loading, dispensing
-
Other characteristics:
high-speed, compact, floor-mounted, ceiling-mount
-
Payload:
30 kg (66.139 lb)
-
Reach:
2,100 mm
-
Repeatability:
0.07 mm
Description
The R-Series Robots from KAWASAKI ROBOTS can handle a maximum workload of 30 kilograms and speeds up to 13,400 mm/s. The 2.1-meter horizontal and 3.697-meter vertical reaches of the R-series makes it usable for assembling, inspecting, dispensing, welding, material handling and removing, machine tending, and other applications within a wide range of various industries. With these, the R-series from KAWASAKI sets the bar for small to medium duty industrial robots. | https://www.directindustry.com/prod/kawasaki-robotics-gmbh/product-18836-585533.html |
Double 1180mm x 2080mm / 3'10" x 6'10"
|Side Dinette||
|
Double 1920mm x 1380mm / 6'4" x 4'6"
|Rear Beds||
|
NULL
|Maximum Hitch Weight|
|Mass in Running Order||2857kgs / 56.24cwt|
|Optional Equipment Payload||NULL|
|Maximum User Payload||643kgs / 12.66cwt|
|Plated M.T.P.L.M||NULL|
|Max M.T.P.L.M||3500kgs / 68.89cwt|
Note 1: The Mass In Running Order (MIRO ) - Weight of the caravan equipped to the manufacturer's standard specification including essential habitational equipment.
Note 2: Maximum User Payload includes the Personal Effects payload, conventional load and the Optional Equipment Payload.
Note 3: Maximum Technically Permissible Laden Mass (MTPLM) - The technical maximum permissible laden weight of the Motorhome.
Note 4: Please take care to ensure that you have allowed for the masses of all items you intend to carry in the Motorhome. | http://elddis.co.uk/elddis/autoquest/autoquest-155/technical-information |
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has successfully launched the GSAT-7A military communication satellite on the GSLV-F11 rocket today at 4.10 pm IST.
In a 20-minute launch sequence, the GSLV-F11 lifted off from its Sriharikota launchpad, and released the GSAT-7A into a geosynchronous transfer at an altitude of 270 kilometres.
The satellite is expected to substantially boost the communication systems of the Indian Air Force (IAF). Built by ISRO, the satellite weighing roughly 2,250kg is designed to last a good eight years in orbit. It will provide communication capability to its final users in the Ku-band spectrum over India.
The GSAT-7A will be solely operated by the Indian Air Force (IAF), much like the Navy’s GSAT-7.
It is designed to help interlink the Air Force’s ground radar stations, bases and airborne early warning and control system (AWACS) aircrafts. It will also be used to operate the Indian Army’s unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and drone operations.
The power for the satellite over its 8-year lifespan will be generated by deployable solar panels, which opened wide, as planned exactly 100 seconds after the satellite separated from the GSLV launch vehicle.
There were celebrations in the mission control room for a lot more than just the satellite’s successful release into orbit. The mission also tested some modifications made to the GSLV’s cryogenic (third stage engine) and the second stage has been modified to test higher payload capacity of the launch vehicle. The GSLV can currently hold a maximum of 2500 kilograms in satellites.
With a successful GSAT-7A/GSLV-F11 mission, ISRO has completed three successful launches in 35 days, ISRO Chairman Dr K Sivan said as he congratulated the mission team at the post-launch press briefing.
The last remaining part of the mission — orbit raising and final adjustments will be carried out starting 20 December by the tracing team in Bengaluru. | https://www.armynews.in/isro-gsat-7a-military-satellite-successfully-launched-by-gslv-mkii-into-geotransfer-orbit-from-sriharikota/ |
The German Navy has just started at-sea tests of the SKELDAR V200 vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) aboard the K130-class corvette FGS Braunschweig of the Deutsche Marine.
Follow Navy Recognition on Google News at this link
Pictures shared on social media by the Commander of the German Naval Aviation show two Sea Falcon (the German Navy designation for the V-200) being lifted aboard the corvette, in Kiel. (Picture source: @CdrDeuNavalAir/Twitter account)
As announced by Thorsten Bobzin, the commander of the German naval air command, two Sea Falcon systems – as the heavy fuel UAV will be referred to in German Navy service – were lifted onto the deck of FGS Braunschweig for static tests. The static tests will be continued by flight trials.
The goal of the procurement contract is to supply a new, unmanned, airborne reconnaissance system for the German Navy specified by the Federal military procurement agency Federal Office of Bundeswehr Equipment, Information Technology and In-Service Support (BAAINBw).
A total of two V-200s have been ordered to serve as sensor carriers. They have a maximum takeoff weight of 234 kilograms, with a payload of 50 kilograms, and an endurance of up to five hours.
For the record, the same VTOL UAV was selected last month as part of the naval mine countermeasures capability replacement which will supply twelve mine hunters equipped with drone systems (Toolbox) to the Belgian and Royal Netherlands navies. | http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-news-archive/2020/august/8865-german-navy-begins-shipborne-trials-of-ums-skeldar-s-v-200-uav-aboard-k130-corvette.html |
The Eutelsat 3B spacecraft is a commercial communications satellite built by Airbus Defence & Space (Astrium) for operation by Eutelsat, France. The satellite is based on the flight-proven Eurostar-3000 spacecraft platform that capable of hosting powerful communications payloads with a payload power exceeding 10,000 Watts. Eutelsat 3B has a launch mass of about 5,967 Kilograms carrying a tri-band communications payload.
The satellite is 7.5 meters high and has a span of 31 meters with its solar arrays deployed. The satellite features two deployable solar arrays for power generation and associated batteries and avionics for power storage and distribution. The vehicle’s solar arrays deliver 12,000 Watts of electrical power. A dedicated bi-propellant propulsion system will be used for apogee maneuvers and stationkeeping maneuvers in Geostationary Orbit. Eutelsat 3B is three-axis stabilized featuring a state of the art navigation system. The satellite provides precise Earth-pointing capabilities.
Eutelsat 3B carries a powerful communications payload consisting of 51 transponders covering the C-, Ka- and Ku-Band frequencies. 30 Ku-Band transponders provide coverage to Europe and surrounding regions as well as northern Africa into the Middle East and east Asia. A steerable Ku-Band beam will provide coverage to South America in particular Brazil. The Ku-Band capacity of the satellite will be primarily used for video, data and telecom services for government and commercial customers.
Nine Ka-Band transponders support steerable communication beams that will cover Africa and South America to meet expanding connectivity needs for corporate access and Internet services. 12 C-Band transponders create a global downlink coverage. A pan-African beam will provide additional capacity for telecom services.
Eutelsat 3B is set for a mission of at least 15 years stationed at 3 degrees East in Geostationary Orbit. | https://spaceflight101.com/spacecraft/eutelsat-3b/ |
As my lunch break started one my co-league “Shaukat” told me an awesome news about a Successful test of an intermediate range upgraded ballistic missile capable of carrying a nuclear and conventional warhead by Pakistan.
Shaheen Tribe of Pakistan Army’s Missile Family got a new kid who is named “Hatf-IV Shaheen-1A”, This kid is more powerful with extra capabilities from his brothers. New Kid is estimated to have a payload capacity of 1,000 kilograms and a range of 750 kilometres. The exact range of the missile was not revealed, casino but retired General Talat Masood, a defence analyst, told AFP intermediate range ballistic missiles could reach targets up to 2,500 to 3,000 kilometres away. | http://www.allaboutpakistan.com/2012/04/25/hatf-iv-shaheen-1a-officially-added-to-pakistan-army/ |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.