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That’s a pretty interesting proposition for how to think about randomness in games. I hope you don’t mind if I use it as a jumping-off point to talk a bit about quantum mechanics and classical statistical mechanics. As you mentioned the former, it inspired me to write about a topic of research that is closely related to what I work on and since I already wrote it, it would be a waste not to post it.
To everyone in the thread: I tried to write for a mix of a general audience and people with at least some technical knowledge of quantum mechanics, but it may be really bad for both audiences for that very reason. But hopefully someone will find it comprehensible and interesting.
One of the more interesting research directions in recent years in my (somewhat biased) opinion is the relation between classical statistical physics/thermodynamics and quantum mechanics. In quantum mechanics, the time-evolution of the quantum state is unitary and entirely deterministic determined by a linear equation (the Schrödinger equation) which means that a priori even pseudo-randomness associated with chaos is not possible (this requires nonlinear equations). The “randomness” of quantum mechanics is related to measurement outcomes for which probabilities can be assigned based on the quantum state. A measurement is therefore a dynamical process which is seemingly very different from the one described by the linear Schrödinger equation. This is a somewhat hairy issue and not what I want to talk about.
Instead, I’d just like to point out that the unitary quantum dynamics of pure quantum states can lead to dynamical behavior of observables that is seemingly chaotic and more importantly equilibrium expectation values described by a classical thermodynamic probabilistic ensemble. The ontology of the quantum state (wavefunction) is still a topic which is up for debate and in some sense the real objects of interest are physical observables. Nonetheless, we generally describe a quantum system by its quantum state and derive values of observables from this quantum state. What we can measure are the observables, however, and these can behave in ways that are not obvious by simply considering the quantum state (for example they can be chaotic). In quantum mechanics, an observable can be assigned an expectation value which is essentially the average of that observable with respect to the quantum state. This is generally different from a classical ensemble and arises due to the superposition of quantum states, not lack of knowledge about the state. In fact, it is possible to include the latter within the quantum formalism and simply combine classical statistical physics with quantum theory, but we are concerned with a so-called pure quantum-state (isolated and undergoing unitary evolution) and whether classical equilibrium statistical mechanics can emerge from the quantum “probabilities”.
In general most physical systems consists of many interacting particles. However, many quantities of interest are few-body observables. This includes quantities such as particle momentum, position and energy. This means their expectation values can be determined by “averaging out” the effect of the large system on the few-body observable (tracing out the rest of the system) and can be effectively described with respect to a reduced few-body quantum state. In such a process information about the full system is thrown away, but the full system still has an effect on the reduced few-body system, with correlations in the many-body system giving rise to so-called mixed reduced states (states that are described by classical probabilities in addition to the quantum “probabilities”). Note that the full system is pure, the introduction of statistical probabilities is due to information loss when averaging over the rest of the many-body system. So already we see that it is possible to obtain classical probabilities from a pure quantum state if we are only looking at a subsystem. This might seem obvious, if we don’t have the full knowledge of the system we describe it probabilistically. The reason this is actually interesting is that we very rarely have access to the full state, most of the processes we are interested in concern observables of reduced subsystems. Classical probabilities are therefore related to correlations with an environment. In fact, some people think that environment-induced decoherence in which the system end up being described by purely classical probabilities solves the measurement problem, but I am not currently convinced. It does, however at least show how interference associated with quantum superposition can be destroyed by environmental interactions and that quantum systems can look classical when larger numbers of particles are considered.
So far this is relatively old news in physics, what I think is really cool and more recent goes one step further and asks whether or not these classical probabilities can be related to those of statistical mechanics. In essence, it is concerned with the old question of how probabilistic laws emerge from seemingly deterministic microscopic processes. Complicated many-body quantum systems are often chaotic. As I mentioned initially, this statement makes no sense on the level of the quantum state, but looking at few-body observables, behavior commensurate with classical notions of chaos can be observed. It has been shown that for such systems and observables and an arbitrary initially pure quantum state the expectation values of these observables will in fact thermalize!
That is, despite the unitary and reversible nature of the time-evolution the system will equilibrate to an equilibrium value (seemingly an irreversible process) determined by a set of classical probabilities and this equilibrium value is equivalent to the classical microcanonical ensemble. Note that this ensemble value is obtained from the quantum coefficients and the emergent description in terms of classical probabilities is entirely due to unitary quantum evolution with the Schrödinger equation. A priori there is no reason to expect it to be equivalent to the microcanoncial ensemble, indeed for so-called integrable systems (which have many conserved quantities, in addition to the energy) it is not.
The point is that for few-body observables the many-body system behaves as its own environment and we observe equilibration with equilibrium expectation values that are entirely equivalent to those obtained by statistical equilibrium ensembles and the systems can therefore be described by the latter, despite the underlying description being quantum mechanical. This helps bridge the gap between quantum “probabilities” and classical probabilities and shows the emergence of statistical physics from unitary time-evolution.
To take it back to the initial point, I think that a statistical description of the universe is more fundamental than some make it out to be as it is a natural consequence of environmental correlations that cannot be taken fully into account in a description of a given system. Many processes are therefore effectively statistical as they concern few-body physical quantities in a many-body correlated world. This is a different notion than the pseudorandomness associated with classical chaos which is related to the fact that one can never measure initial conditions with 100% accuracy. Note that this is from a purely physical point of view about how processes work in the physical world, I don’t think this brings anything particularly new to a more fundamental philosophical understanding of randomness.
To bring it back to the original topic, I agree that it might be interesting to think about implementing probabilities in games in terms of correlations and players not having access to the full system, but I’m not really sure what such a system would look like in practice and whether it would be meaningfully different. If it were, it would mean that the player has to somehow be able to gain access to more information about the full system and thereby figure out the deterministic full process or at least get a better approximation.
SU2MM Are you a physicist too?
Whether the statistical description of the universe is more fundamental really depends on what you think about the wave function. If wave functions are the true underlying ontological object then the universe is really deterministic and the statistical view supervenes upon them. If not, then non-determinism of some kind is a real feature of the universe.
Have you read Quantum Computing Since Democritus (Aaronson)?
My midlife crisis took the form of revisiting some of this material since I skipped a lot of it in graduate school. After thinking really carefully about regular quantum mechanics (RIG Hugues’s Structure and Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics is a great text for this) I decided the problem couldn’t really be resolved studying non-reletavistic Quantum Mechanics (why should it surprise us at all if regular quantum mechanics is weird when combined with relativity - its manifestly frame dependent?) and so for the last few years I’ve been trying to pick up enough General Relativity and Quantum Field Theory to understand the philosophical debate.
As you might imagine, this is kind of hard. What I have sort of concluded from all this reading is that nobody really knows what is going on at the fundamental level in terms of ontology and that the question may itself be ill-posed somehow. I barely have time to do any deep thinking these days, unfortunately.
I understand
yeso completely got it. no problems
compositehiggs
Yes, I am. At a much earlier state though, I am just finishing my PhD and will start a postdoc in May. Ironically I’m not sure that this is particularly conducive to thinking deeply about these issues, at least for me, as I tend to focus on the day-to-day research questions, not so much fundamental questions. So more related to specific models and to a relatively restricted subset of physics. I work in the cold atom community which is a hodgepodge of people with backgrounds in nuclear physics, AMO (atomic molecular, optical) physics, quantum information, statistical physics and condensed matter. The main unifying theme is that utilizing cold atoms many interesting few- and many-body models can be engineered very cleanly in laboratories and interesting regimes can be explored. Particularly simulations of condensed matter systems, the few-to-many body crossover, quantum information and statistical physics of isolated quantum systems is of interest.
As you can guess from that all my work is related to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. I did also take courses on relativistic quantum field theories during my Master’s, but it has been a long time since I’ve actively done anything related (although I’ve often used non-relativistic quantum field theory).
I do agree that one of the fundamental issues is the ontological character of the wavefunction or density matrix. I attended a pretty interesting talk by Prof. Berge Englert in which he argued that the “measurement problem” is only a problem insofar as we are ascribing a physical meaning to the wavefunction and if we simply consider it a mathematical object which describes our knowledge of a system, it is no surprise that we update our knowledge once new information is obtained. This is pretty close to Quantum Bayesianism as far as I can tell, although he was much less concerned with the specifically Bayesian approach to probability than some of the proponents of this are.
At the end of the day this seems to also walk squarely into the realism vs instrumentalism debate. What does it even mean for an object to exist? In my experience most physicists will start out professing some form of naive realism, but when pushed most seem to actually be instrumentalists. They think that a theory describing and being consistent with the largest amount of data is a sufficient criteria for it to be a good theory and that the question of whether it is the “true description” of the universe and whether the objects of the theory exist is fundamentally misguided. I am pretty sympathetic to this position, but then we do run into trouble with objects like the wavefunction, where this question is potentially important for how to think about it.
I will look into reading the books you mentioned when I have time. If you are interested in some of the topics I mentioned in my other post, this is a pretty nice review article https://arxiv.org/abs/1509.06411.
CidNight
Now I wonder, how do you use ontology? I’m guessing that it must somehow be related to the existence of something, being etc. as well or is it completely different?
Also, just out of curiosity, when you were talking about getting a job like yours, were you talking about research? Anyways, let me take it as an opportunity to rant a bit. While the situation is probably slightly different in the natural sciences versus the social sciences the fundamental problem is likely similar. In physics a lot of research is done by PhDs and postdocs who are, with a few exceptions depending on country, relatively low paid. Getting a permanent position is very difficult and it is not uncommon to do 2-4 postdocs (for a total of 4-10 years), moving every few years before you have a chance and even then nothing is guaranteed. I think the system is pretty terrible and essentially exploits our passion for science. As a single person the salary, at least in Japan, for a postdoc is fine (I will not get rich, but it’s pretty close to the average Japanese salary) and I would like to stay here a few more years so I decided to go for one in Osaka.
In general it is not an optimal choice and makes it very difficult for people with a family to have a career in science, both due to the low salary in most places, but more importantly the constant moving which is often across national borders. I guess the one difference from what you described is that if you do succeed and become a professor in physics you will usually be paid relatively well. There are obviously many examples of much worse exploitation in our capitalist world, but this one sucks to. Partly it is because a lot of people have a passion for science and wants to do it, which means that universities and research institutions can get away with offering pretty bad conditions as there is always someone else willing to take the job if you don’t (of course the quality of the candidates matter as well, but there are definitely more qualified candidates than positions). Unionizing across national boundaries is pretty difficult and I am not sure what the best way to improve the situation is right now without completely overhauling the scientific institutions/systems or simply increasing the number of positions, which unfortunately is probably not very realistic. Even with the amount of resources currently allocated, a better structure in which universities rely less on temporary scientific labor is possible, but there is no incentive to even attempt an implementation of such a structure currently.
Listen chums, I’m a social scientist, and we use the term ontology in very different ways.
equally incomprehensible ways, turns out.
SU2MM
You’re correct, I was talking about academia. I’m a tenure-track prof in the US. I was incredibly lucky in that I got a job straight out of graduate school at a small, teaching-focused, public university. Post-docs are pretty rare in the social sciences, although they do exist. In my particular field of social science they are slightly more common. The more common labor trap in my field is adjuncting. It’s not unusual for someone to finish their phd, then spend years adjuncting at two or three universities a semester, only to eventually take some academic-adjacent position (oftentimes in university administration or bureaucracy, which creates a different type of labor crunch that once really hurt the career of my spouse!). Adjuncting is absolutely the worst - it pays crap, it has absolutely no benefits, and less than no job security. Unionization is even a tricky element to all of this. I’m in a union and am a big union supporter - but I recognize that while the part-time faculty (that’s the polite term for adjuncts) are a part of the union and are technically protected by the union, the union is 95% focused on protecting the full time faculty. Administration at the state levels has become so hostile in the last decade that the union is barely clinging onto protecting either class of worker, so I don’t even really blame them. It’s a real mess.
SU2MM
Responding separately to the more academic question on ontology. I’m an archaeologist, and my phd is in anthropology, and while ontology is an important notion in all the social sciences, it has some particular heft in archaeology right now. So the dictionary definition of ontology is “the study of the nature of being” or the branch of metaphysics related to the nature of being. It’s really interesting to read your discussion about ontology as related to the nature of being of certain atomic elements (excuse my layman’s terminology, I’m barely keeping up). Obviously on my end, we’re generally interested in the somewhat philosophical contemplation on the nature of being of people, or groups of people.
Anthropology is the study of humanity. I often argue to my students that makes it is just about the broadest study in the academy, jokingly comparing it to the work of physicists - saying that since there are no hard rules in human behavior, anthropology is actually much more complicated than physics. Like I said, this is said as a laugh-line, as I recognize that the well of weirdness in physics is deep and fascinating. But back to it. Anthropology is the study of humanity, and usually (although this is not a hard rule), the study of other people’s cultures. Archaeology adds a layer of complexity even to that, because we usually study other people’s cultures from other times. To quote David Lowenthal by way of L. P. Hartley, “the past is a foreign country, they do things differently there.”
This makes ontology crucially important. How are we to determine the nature of human behavior (or for a more social term- human practice) in a foreign country and a foreign time, if we do not understand the nature of the people themselves? Anthropologists have been frankly obsessed with isolating our own internalized biases since around the 1960s, with some hope that by understanding our own biases we can quantifiably subtract them from our interpretation of data. This has proven to be a fool’s errand and in recent year a new theoretical paradigm has arisen to try and bypass modern bias and more directly assess human nature (that’s a loaded term) in antiquity. That paradigm is called relational ontology.
Archaeologists didn’t invent relational ontology, and we almost never do imagine our own theoretical positions. Instead we usually pilfer them from sociology and cultural anthropology. Quoth google: “Relational ontology is the philosophical position that what distinguishes subject from subject, subject from object, or object from object is mutual relation rather than substance.” In archaeological settings, this mostly means we try to build an understanding of human practice in the past from the ground up by understanding the intersections of identity, history, belief, structure, etc that connect individuals. And not just people to people; more importantly it’s about understanding the relationships between people and non-people. How do people relate to animals, to their cosmologies, to the earth, to their spirit? The thinking being that by coming to understand the complexities of these relationships, we can understand the way that people in the past navigated and negotiated their own worlds and their own cultural structures. Jury’s still out on whether it works.
Take a poll: More or less confusing than the physicists?
SU2MM
It was my occasional habit in the pre-covid times to crash conferences on the interpretation of quantum mechanics. The field is relatively small and so the conferences are surprisingly welcoming, even if you are a bit of an outsider.
A few years ago I went to a conference in Long Island called “Quantum Mechanics: Paradigm or Ontology of Nature?” where I met one of Fuchs’ grad students (whose name escapes me at the moment.)
I can try to express my problems with qbism in the following way. Consider that special relativity in particular is a relational turn in physics. Einstein’s main idea was to recognize that certain apparent quantities were frame dependent and therefor ontologically suspect (presuming that one’s frame of reference doesn’t matter) while other quantities (perhaps not the obvious ones) were frame invariant. QBism tries to suggest that the outcome of certain experiments has the same character - certain sorts of quantum mechanical measurements give fundamentally frame dependent results which is why different observers can have different accounts of, for instance, when a wave function “collapses”. They would argue that wave function collapse itself is an ill posed idea.
So far so good, I guess.
The issue is that special relativity identifies the true observables (things which transform appropriately under the Lorentz group) and then constructs genuinely new physics out of them. Physics which doesn’t just explain why certain non-invariant quantities look the way they do in certain frames (boring) but also explains why gold is, for example, yellow. That is, identifying the true frame independent quantities leads to a new framework of physics which allows us to calculate new things.
Its this second part that qbism doesn’t seem to offer anything towards. Yeah, its easy to say that measurement outcomes are in general not frame independent in quantum mechanics but that doesn’t really lead us to any new physics (so far). Like I said, I’m pretty sure that Quantum Mechanics is not close enough to a real theory of the world to even be useful as a philosophical tool. I’m also pretty sure that QFT isn’t well understood enough or well posed enough to constitute a genuine basis for philosophical discussion either.
All this seems to be related to gravity, which has its own pile of philosophical problems. I have a totally intuitive hunch that this nut won’t crack until we understand quantum gravity.
alright you quantum smarties how many sides does a dithligonal heckahedron have
esper how many sides does the dithligonal heckahedron feel that it has?
Physicists typically think of ontology as related to the question: What are the true, fundamental, degrees of freedom of the universe?
Per my previous post if we have a system of two particles special relativity tells us that the spatial distance between them isn’t such a fundamental degree of freedom because it depends on who measures it. (People moving in certain directions will measure a different distance than those stationary. In fact, what special relativity tells us is that there is no state of affairs whatsoever as to the question of what the distance between two objects is in space.) Instead, special relativity tells us that to find something that works somewhat like a distance but upon which everyone agrees we have to take into account not just the particle positions in space but their “position” in time and that only certain combinations of space and time indexes constitute things we can all agree upon.
LESS
As an aside I sort of hate the way that special relativity is taught because a great deal of energy is spent on marveling at length contraction and time dilation when these things are, in fact, totally non-physical (at least at the level of special relativity). Length contraction and time dilation are totally illusory phenomena entirely a result of your frame of reference and cannot in any way effect the results of experiments.
I will say that at the level of standard quantum mechanics it is 100% clear (to me) that “wave function collapse” is not a physical event.
compositehiggs
That’s fascinating and I think I see parallels to the way anthropologists use ontology to think about human relationships and identities. I would say that relational ontology is a relativist or non-essentialist body of theory. This means that it does not posit that humans have any sort of set identity or essential core of identity - and by extension, society does not have inherent, immutable structures. This means that it isn’t necessarily a given that a culture even has a religion, an economy, etc - much less that they have a specific type of these structures as it relates to anything else. This is in direct contrast to traditional anthropological theories of culture that were evolutionary in their approach. Meaning that as a culture becomes more ‘complex’ it must change along a set course. Hunter gatherers must be tribes, agriculturalists must be states. And by extension, individuals within an agricultural state must act a certain way, have a certain type of religion and so on. As with special relativity, anthropologists have become more aware of the great deal of flexibility, fluidity, and yes, subjectivity of the people we study. We have a subjective experience of them, they have a subjective experience of themselves, and none of it is unchanging.
Of course, the “relativity” in the name “special relativity” is sort of historical accident. A name which points more directly at the surprising part of the theory rather than the fundamental elements of it. In the end, special relativity does posit that some quantities are universal and everyone agrees on them.
Even general relativity, which extends the set of quantities which are not frame independent, still identifies what appear to be (at least in the theory) the true, fundamental, degrees of freedom upon which all else supervenes.
I don’t even know how to think about anthropology in these terms: its clear to me that even to be human is an approximate state of affairs (human is a cluster concept in Wittgensteinian terms). It doesn’t seem particularly plausible that there could even be any true ontology of the human experience beyond the underlying ontology of the universe itself.
Can a mod split this stuff off into its own thread?
compositehiggs
Certainly anthropologists have thought a lot, at least since the emergence of post-modernism, about what you eloquently called “an approximate state of affairs” vis a vis human essentialism. Unlike philosophers though anthropologists tend to try not to get bogged down in questions like this. Ultimately if you want to study human culture, and human practice within that culture, it does not matter what the “true” nature of the human self is. It only matters how that particular culture, or better still individuals within that culture, perceive themselves to be.
How would you title such a thread?
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https://forums.insertcredit.com/d/571-the-theory-of-relativity-interdisciplinary-extreme-mode
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3. Assertion A : For identical strength, a composite cement-lime mortar is preferred over cement mortar.
Reason R : Composite cement-lime mortar has higher drying shrinkage than cement mortar.
Select your answer based on the codes given below. Codes:
- (A) Both A and R is true and R is the correct
explanation of A
- (B) Both A and R is true but R is not a correct
explanation of A
- (C) A is true but R is false
- (D) A is false but R is true
Answer: Option C
4. For earthquake resistant masonry buildings, the vertical distance between openings one above the other in a load bearing wall shall not be less than
- (A) 50 cm
- (B) 60 cm
- (C) 75 cm
- (D) 100 cm
Answer: Option B
5. The mode of failure of a very short masonry member having h/t ratio of less than 4 is by
- (A) Shear
- (B) Vertical tensile splitting
- (C) Buckling
- (D) Any of the above
Answer: Option A
6. Where a structural component or a system is providing lateral support to five or more walls or columns, the lateral load to be resisted may be taken as __________ of the total vertical load on the most heavily loaded wall or column in the group
- (A) 4 %
- (B) 5 %
- (C) 6 %
- (D) 7 %
Answer: Option D
7. Consider the following statements regarding bands to be provided for strengthening masonry work in masonry buildings constructed in zone III, IV and V.
(i) Lintel band is provided at lintel level on partition walls,
(ii) Gable band is provided at top of gable masonry below the purlins,
(iii) The bands shall be to full width of the wall and not less than 7.5 cm in depth,
(iv) The bands shall be made of reinforced concrete only.
Of these statements, the correct statements are
- (A) (i) and (ii)
- (B) (i) and (iii)
- (C) (ii) and (iv)
- (D) (ii) and (iii)
Answer: Option D
8. The basic stress in masonry units having height to width ratio of 1.5 may be increased by a factor of
- (A) 1.2
- (B) 1.4
- (C) 1.6
- (D) 2.0
Answer: Option C
9. The timber floor not spanning on the masonry wall but properly anchored to the wall gives
- (A) Lateral restraint but not rotational restraint
- (B) Rotational restraint but not lateral
restraint
- (C) Both lateral and rotational restraints
- (D) Neither lateral nor rotational restraint
Answer: Option A
10. A free standing brick wall 20 cm thick is subjected to a wind pressure of 75 kg/m². The maximum height of wall from stability consideration is
- (A) 0.64 m
- (B) 0.96 m
- (C) 1.28 m
- (D) 1.5 m
Answer: Option A
11. Consider the following statements: The use of relatively weak mortar
- Will accommodate movements due to loads and, cracking if any, and will be distributed as thin hair cracks which are less noticeable or harmful.
- Will result in reduction of stresses due to differential expansion of masonry units.
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https://www.objectivebooks.com/2016/04/design-of-masonry-structures-civil.html
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When it comes to exams, the word 'MCQ' can be heard many times. Although the term is very common and most people know what type of questions MCQ is about, they do not know the full form of MCQ.
In this article, we are discussing the full form of MCQ, what is MCQ, its advantages and disadvantages, etc. This article will certainly clear all doubts about MCQ.
What You Will Learn
What is the full form of MCQ?
MCQ is an abbreviation used for 'Multiple Choice Question'. These types of questions are asked the most in government examinations. However, they are limited to being asked only in government examinations. Sometimes, MCQ can also be called an 'objective type question'.
The full form of MCQ can be segregated as:
|M||Multiple|
|C||Choice|
|Q||Question|
Now, let’s understand what MCQ is:
What is MCQ?
MCQ (Multiple Choice Question) is defined as the type of assessment in which candidates are given multiple choices for a single question, and candidates are asked to choose the correct answer from the given alternatives. Typically, MCQs have four options, and only one of them is the correct answer for a particular question. However, some MCQs can be categorized specifically as having more than four choices and more than one answer.
Advantages of MCQ
The following are the advantages of multiple-choice questions:
• MCQs are quick to attempt and take less time as compared to descriptive questions.
• MCQs can cover more topics of any subject in a single exam.
• MCQs are more reliable, valid, and to the point. It helps examiners to check the answers through the computer.
Disadvantages of MCQ
The following are the disadvantages of multiple-choice questions:
• MCQ requires more attention and concentration because the choices associated with MCQ are very confusing even after knowing the answer to a specific question.
• MCQs are complex and candidates should have knowledge about the basics of any subject to attempt related questions.
• Most MCQs have negative markings and if candidates guess the answer, they may select the wrong option from the given alternatives, resulting in a negative marking for the overall correct numbers.
Example of MCQ
Generally, there can be six different types of questions in any examination conducted by a university, college, government, etc. Questions are classified into the following types: MCQ, True / False, Short Answer, Long Answer, Match, and Essay. However, there may be more categories of questions depending on the subjects and the organization conducting the exam.
As stated above, MCQ usually includes four optional options and we need to select the correct one. The following question is an example of multiple-choice questions, consisting of four options (A), (B), (C), and (D):
Scroll ⇀
Here, only option (B) Charles Babbage is the correct answer.
Tips to attempt MCQs
Multiple-choice questions are very difficult questions because they have similar options. Therefore, it is very important to give proper time to solve such questions. The following steps can be beneficial in solving multiple-choice questions:
• First, read the question carefully.
• After understanding the question, apply the appropriate rule or method to solve the question, if desired.
• Analyze all the given options one by one because all the options look the same. A quick attempt can sometimes lead to the selection of an incorrect answer even after solving the question properly.
• Once you are sure of the correct answer, read the question again, and test the solution again.
• Select the correct answer in the answer sheet.
Summary
MCQ (stands for 'Multiple Choice Question') is the most common type of question asked in almost all government exams. The MCQ includes four or more different options for a question, and candidates are asked to select the correct one among them.
What others reading:
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https://www.tutorialsmate.com/2020/11/mcq-full-form.html
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Which blood cells can engulf bacteria by phagocytosis?
A
Eosinophil and Basophil
B
Basophil and Lymphocyte
C
Neutrophil and Monocyte
D
Neutrophil and Lymphocyte
Medium
Open in App
Solution
Verified by Toppr
Correct option is C)
Neutrophils are the granular leukocytes that phagocytize pathogens (bacteria). Monocytes are agranular leukocytes that transform into macrophages and phagocytize pathogens (bacteria). Eosinophils can phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and allergens but not the bacteria directly. Basophils are involved in histamine and heparin secretion. Lymphocytes are involved in specific immunity. Thus, the correct answer is option C.
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Identify the blood cells in the given figure and select the correct option regarding them.
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https://www.toppr.com/ask/question/which-blood-cells-can-engulf-bacteria-by-phagocytosis/
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Try this beautiful problem Based on Condition checking, useful for ISI B.Stat Entrance.
Let \(x, y,z,w\) be positive real numbers ,which satisfy the two conditions that
i)if x>y then z>w and
ii)if x>z then y<w
Then one of the statements given below is a valid conclusion.which one is it?
Algebra
Inequility
But try the problem first...
Answer: (d) If x>y+z then z>y
TOMATO, Problem 60
Challenges and Thrills in Pre College Mathematics
First hint
At first we have to check the options which are given with proper condition. Option (a) and (b) cannot be true because there is no such statement that the vice versa will be true, because in the question given that \(x>y\) and \(x>z\). So we neglect option (a) and (b). Can you check for the option (c) and (d)
Can you now finish the problem ..........
Second Hint
Option (c) cannot be true as if x > y and x > z then x > y + z but z > w > y
can you finish the problem........
Final Step
Now for option (d),if If x>y+z then w>y \(\Rightarrow \) z>w so z>y.
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https://www.cheenta.com/condition-checking-isi-b-stat-entrance-objective-problem-60/
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Passage on - Relationship Between Human Development and Human Rights
Read the passage carefully and answer the questions given below.
It may seem that development is concerned with the standard of living and quality of life, while human rights are derived from notions of civil liberties and individual freedom. However, if we look carefully, we find that development can be defined as an expansion of people’s capabilities and opportunities, and an increase in their freedom of choice to the lives they lead. Similarly, human rights are also not merely limited to civil liberties; economic rights and the right to development can be brought under this ambit. The role of the state goes beyond a protective one to a promotional one. Once it is realized that freedom does not simply mean freedom from something but it also means opportunities. The focus of attention becomes the domain of opportunities that have to grow and develop and to meet their needs and to realize their capabilities.
This is a fruitful way to look at the concept of development in terms of opportunities, functioning, and capabilities. Amartya Sen has urged the adoption of a capability-based as against a Commodity-centred (or what he calls the ‘opulence’ approach) or even a utilitarian view of development. Looking at the concept of freedom in this manner, the notion of rights takes the form of right to something. Freedom is not just freedom from something; it can also mean freedom to do something or freedom to have access to something. This ‘something’ in our case is basic human needs.
Now along with oppression, deprivation, (or rather, its lack), has also been made a part of the concept of human rights. This is especially true in the case of economic rights. Here deprivation can be used in two senses – first, some individuals may be deprived of something, may lack something all throughout; secondly, individuals may have had these things but have had these snatched away, taken away through exploitation or aggression. In this latter sense, deprivation becomes a part of oppression.
In the first sense of deprivation that we have used, in which individuals have never had the things or items germane to our discussion, where there has been a constant lack, there can be reasons other than oppression for this deprivation. The people may simply be very poor, for instance. If the full potential of a person is not allowed to blossom, if the person fails to realize her latent capabilities, it is-deprivation in the sense of not being allowed entitlements or optimal human potential. With regard to oppression, the idea of human rights seeks to determine minimum levels or thresholds, so that if people are pushed below these levels, we can say that oppression and hence human rights violation has taken place.
How can these minimum threshold levels be determined? These thresholds can be determined by invoking the three principles of security, identity, and participation. Security means personal security, access to a secure livelihood, and a claim to privacy; identity implies one’s cultural and social identity is protected; and participation involves being allowed to participate in the economic and political life of one’s community, society or state. The approach based on rights goes further than the basic needs approach in the sense that it injects an element of accountability to the whole process. The government is held to be responsible for providing and promoting the rights of people to these basic needs as well as ensuring that these rights are not infringed upon.
Like other human rights, economic rights are expressions of human dignity, which are common to all of humanity. Since we should look at all aspects of rights in totality, the approach to economic rights should be no different from that to other rights. Focusing on economic rights involves going beyond some entrenched ideas of “development”, since that term, if interpreted in a particular way, can lead thousands of people to a sorry plight, through disenfranchisement, dislocation, and deprivation.
The development process has in some cases led to overconsumption of exhaustible resources, the devastation of nature, and the dislocation of marginal people. It has led to a disparity in the standards of living of the countries of the North and those of the South, and within countries, especially of the South. It is partly to address these issues that the concept of sustainable development was developed, but the concept of economic rights goes beyond this as well. Its aim is to help create an international political and legal framework to ensure that the path of sustainable development is followed and basic needs are met.
A basic point about economic rights needs to be always kept in mind. Normally, while talking about rights in general, we speak of human rights violations. In other words, people have rights, which are taken away; here the state should be in the dock. But in the case of economic rights, rights are in the sense of people being allowed to realize their capabilities. The state should ensure people’s entitlement to various goods and services, which meet the basic needs. The state should provide these goods and services. Here the distinction between protective and promotional roles that we talked of earlier becomes important.
A related point is that experiences of the operation of markets in various countries have shown that there are certain groups in society that are vulnerable to ill-health, disease and general poverty and deprivation as the economy functions. In this regard, the state undertakes a certain set of actions that are described under the rubric of ‘social security’.
Q.1. Which of the following society groups, according to the passage has been considered under the rubric of ‘social security’?
(a) The needy people of the society.
(b) People who are vulnerable to ill-health, disease, and general poverty and deprivation.
(c) The old aged people.
(d) The people who don’t realize their capabilities.
Q.2. Which of the following is not true in the context of the passage?
(a) The government is held to be responsible for providing and promoting the rights of people.
(b) Security as access to secure livelihood and a claim to privacy is not part of the rights of people.
(c) The government should ensure that human rights are not violated.
(d) The development process has led to overconsumption of exhaustible resources.
Q.3. Which of the following, according to the author is/ are the reasons for oppression?
(a) Due to deprivation or lack of basic necessities.
(b) Due to force or exploitation.
(c) Due to an unjustified attitude towards an individual.
(d) Only (1) and (2)
Q.4. What does the author want to imply from the line “freedom does not simply mean freedom from something but it also means opportunities”?
(a) Opportunities are not the cause of individual freedom, but a consequence of such freedom.
(b) Freedom is having the ability to act or change without constraint.
(c) Freedom gives you access to a range of desirable opportunities, regardless of whether you decide to take advantage of those opportunities or not.
(d) Freedom is a license to do whatever we want to do and there would not be any restrictions.
Answers & Explanations:
1. (b); Option (a), (c) and (d) are incorrect. Option (a) is a vague option as it has not mentioned the specific group. A needy person can be anyone who wishes for something, thus uncertain in meaning. Option (c) particularly talks about old aged people which is too specific in meaning hence eliminated. Option (d) is incorrect as it is out of context as mentioned in the last paragraph. Whereas, option (b) can be easily considered from the last paragraph.
2. (b); All the given options are true except for (b). Option (b) denotes that a claim to privacy or security is not a part of people’s rights, which is incorrect as the author himself stressed on this point in the 5th paragraph.
3. (d); From the 3rd paragraph, it is apparent that both “Deprivation” and “ Force” are responsible for Oppression.
4. (c); The correct option is (c). From the line “freedom does not simply mean freedom from something but it also means opportunities”, the author wants to imply that freedom is not merely to cast off one's chains, but to access opportunities, which make option (c) the most valid answer. The other options seem to be correct but none of them are mentioned in the passage.
Important Vocabulary:
(i) Germane (adjective) - Relevant to a subject under consideration
Synonyms: Applicable, Pertinent, Apt, Relevant
Antonyms: Improper, Irrelevant, Unfitting, Inappropriate
Sentence Examples:
(ii) Threshold (noun) - The magnitude or intensity that must be exceeded for a certain reaction, phenomenon, result, or condition to occur or be manifested
Synonyms: Brink, Verge, Point, Outset
Antonyms: Middle, Conclusion, Completion, End
Sentence Examples:
(iii) Invoke (verb) - Cite or appeal to (someone or something) as an authority for an action or in support of an argument
Synonyms: Adjure, Conjure, Beseech, Crave
Antonyms: Answer, Reply, Leave, Depart
Sentence Examples:
(iv) Infringe (verb) - Act so as to limit or undermine (something); encroach on
Synonyms: Breach, Offend, Disobey, Intrude
Antonyms: Give, Obey, Comply, Observe
Sentence Examples:
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https://www.10pointer.com/article/reading-comprehension-challenge-passage-on-relationship-between-human-development-and-human-rights-1049
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NCERT Class 11-Math՚s: Exemplar Chapter 3 Trigonometric Functions Part 7 (For CBSE, ICSE, IAS, NET, NRA 2022)
Get top class preparation for CBSE/Class-6 right from your home: get questions, notes, tests, video lectures and more- for all subjects of CBSE/Class-6.
Question 18:
The value of is
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Answer:
Correct choice is (C) .
Indeed
Question 19:
The value of
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Answer:
(D) is the correct answer. We have
Fill in the blank:
Question 20:
Answer:
Given that which can be rewritten as
Applying componendo and Dividendo; we get
Giving
State whether the following statement is True or False. Justify your answer
Question 21:
“The inequality holds for all real values of θ”
Answer:
True. Since and are positive real numbers, so A. M. (Arithmetic Mean) of these two numbers is greater or equal to their G. M. (Geometric Mean) and hence
Since,
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https://www.flexiprep.com/NCERT-Exemplar-Solutions/Mathematics/Class-11/NCERT-Class-11-Mathematics-Exemplar-Chapter-3-Trigonometric-Functions-Part-7.html
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Question. Which of the following structures increase the total surface area for the exchange of gases in the lungs?
(a) Bronchi
(b) Alveoli
(c) Bronchioles
(d) Trachea
Answer : B
Question. Bile is produced by
(a) pancreas
(b) liver
(c) small intestine
(d) stomach
Answer : B
Question. Which of the following represents the correct sequence of air passage during inhalation?
(a) Nostrils→ larynx → pharynx → alveoli → lungs
(b) Nostrils → trachea → pharynx → larynx → lungs
(c) Nostrils → pharynx → larynx → trachea → alveoli
(d) Nostrils → alveoli → pharynx → larynx → lungs
Answer : C
Question. Balloon-like structures present inside the lungs are called
(a) alveoli
(b) bronchioles
(c) bronchi
(d) alveolar ducts
Answer : A
Question. Haemoglobin, the respiratory pigment is not found in
(a) WBC
(b) RBC
(c) platelets
(d) plasma
Answer : A
Question. A pacemaker is meant for
(a) transporting liver.
(b) transplanting heart.
(c) initiation of heart beats.
(d) regulation of blood flow.
Answer : C
Question. Veins can be differentiated from arteries because the veins
(a) have valves
(b) have hard walls.
(c) have pure blood in them.
(d) have thick walls.
Answer : A
Question. The rate at which oxygen moves from the alveoli of our lungs into our blood
(a) depends on the difference in oxygen concentration between the alveoli and the blood.
(b) depends on the color of the alveoli.
(c) depends on the availability of energy to transport gases across the membrane.
(d) none of the above
Answer : A
Question. Heart beat can be initiated by
(a) Sino-auricular node
(b) Atrio-ventricular node
(c) Sodium ion
(d) Purkinje’s fibres
Answer : A
Question. Erythropoesis may be stimulated by the deficiency of
(a) Iron
(b) Oxygen
(c) Protein
(d) None of these
Answer : B
Question. The chief function of lymph nodes in mammalian body is to
(a) produce RBCs
(b) collect and destroy pathogens
(c) produce a hormone
(d) destroy the old and worn out red blood cells
Answer : B
Question. Select the correct statement?
(a) Heterotrophs do not synthesise their own food.
(b) Heterotrophs utilise solar energy for photosynthesis.
(c) Heterotrophs synthesise their own food.
(d) Heterotrophs are capable of converting carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates.
Answer : A
Question. During deficiency of oxygen in tissues of human beings, pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid in the
(a) cytoplasm
(b) chloroplast
(c) mitochondria
(d) golgi body
Answer : A
Question. The phenomenon of normal breathing in a human being comprises.
(a) an active inspiratory and a passive expiratory phase.
(b) a passive inspiratory and an active expiratory phase.
(c) both active inspiratory and expiratory phases.
(d) both passive inspiratory and expiratory phases.
Answer : A
Question. Filteration unit of kidney is
(a) ureter
(b) urethra
(c) neuron
(d) nephron
Answer : D
Question. A column of water within xylem vessels of tall trees does not break under its weight because of:
(a) Tensile strength of water
(b) Lignification of xylem vessels
(c) Positive root pressure
(d) Dissolved sugars in water
Answer : A
Question. Roots play insignificant role in absorption of water in:
(a) Pistia
(b) Pea
(c) Wheat
(d) Sunflower
Answer : A
Question. Human urine is usually acidic because
(a) excreted plasma proteins are acidic.
(b) potassium and sodium exchange generates acidity.
(c) hydrogen ions are actively secreted into the filtrate.
(d) the sodium transporter exchanges one hydrogen ion for each sodium ion in peritubular capillaries.
Answer : C
Question. Which one of the following animals has two separate circulatory pathways?
(a) Lizard
(b) Whale
(c) Shark
(d) Frog
Answer : B
Question. Cow has a special stomach as compared to that of a lion in order to
(a) absorb food in better manner.
(b) digest cellulose present in the food.
(c) assimilate food in a better way.
(d) absorb large amount of water.
Answer : B
Question. Which of the following is not an enzyme?
(a) Lipase
(b) Amylase
(c) Trypsin
(d) Bilirubin
Answer : D
Fill in the blanks.
Question. The oxygen picked up by haemoglobin gets ...... with blood to various ...... .
Answer : transported, tissues
Question. Amoeba exhibits ...... nutrition.
Answer : holozoic
Question. Chlorophyll is mainly found in the ...... .
Answer : leaves
Question. ATP is the ...... for most cellular processes.
Answer : energy currency
Question. The walls of the alveoli contain an extensive network of ...... .
Answer : blood vessels
Question. The oral cavity opens into the ...... .
Answer : pharynx
Question. ...... is the first part of small intestine.
Answer : Duodenum
Mark the statements True (T) or False (F).
Question. Anaerobic reactions after glycolysis produce lactic acid, or ethanol.
Answer : true
Question. As compared to aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration produces more energy.
Answer : false
Question. Stomach serves as a storehouse of food where complete digestion takes place.
Answer : false
Question. Gastric glands are present in small intestine.
Answer : false
Important Questions for NCERT Class 10 Science Life Processes
Very-Short-Answer Questions
Question. Name the respiratory pigments of human beings.
Answer : Haemoglobin
Question. In which form is food stored in plants and in animals?
Answer : Starch in plants and glycogen in animals
Question. Why are heterotrophs called consumers?
Answer : They obtain food from other sources.
Question. Name the watery substance released in our mouth during eating.
Answer : Saliva
Question. What does saliva contain?
Answer : Mucin and salivary amylase
Question. Name the structure which prevents food from entering the passage to the lungs.
Answer : Epiglottis
(b)Where do the substances in plants reach as a result of translocation?
Answer : (a)Translocation is the process of movement of materials from leaves to all other parts of the plant body.
(b)As a result of translocation, the substances in plants reach to the storage organs of roots, fruits and seeds and to growing organs.
Question. Explain the three pathways of breakdown of glucose in living organisms.
Answer :
In the very first stage the Glucose which is a 6-carbon molecule is breaks into pyruvate which is a 3-carbon molecule in the cytoplasm. After that they are broken down by three different pathways to release energy.
(i)In the absence of oxygen in Yeast.
(ii)In the lack of oxygen in human muscle
(iii)In the presence of oxygen in mitochondria.
(a) Urea
(b) Heart
(c) Uric acid
(d) Creatinine
Answer : Correct option (a)
(a)cytoplasm
(b)mitochondria
(c)chloroplast
(d)nucleus
Answer : Correct option (b)
Question. (i)Draw a diagram of an excretory unit of a human kidney and label the following:
Bowman’s capsule, Glomerulus, Collecting duct, renal artery
(ii)Write the important function of the structural and functional unit of kidney.
(iii)Write any one function of an artificial kidney.
Answer : (i)
(ii) Function of nephron is filtration, re-absorption and secretion.
(iii) Function of artificial kidney:
Help to remove harmful wastes, extra salts and water. It controls blood pressure. Maintain the balance of sodium, potassium salts in a patient whose kidneys have failed.
(a)120/80mm of Hg
(b)160/80mm of Hg
(c)120/60mm of Hg
(d)180/80mm of Hg
Answer : Correct option(a)
(a) Drains excess fluid from extracellular space back into the blood
(b) Carries digested and absorbed fat from intestine
(c) Circulates around the body and help in clotting of blood
(d)Both (a) and (b)
Answer : Correct option (d)
Answer : The separation keeps oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing allowing a highly efficient supply of oxygen to the body. This is useful in animals that have high energy needs which constantly use energy to maintain their body temperature.
Answer : (i)Blood circulatory system (ii)Lymphatic system
Function of blood circulatory
(i)Transport of oxygen (ii)Transport of digested food (iii)Transport of carbon dioxide
(iv)Transport of nitrogenous waste (v)Transport of salts
Functions of lymphatic system
(i)Carries digested and absorbed fat.
(ii)Drains extra fluid from tissue back into the blood.
1. What is the role of following in digestion?
a)Trypsin, b) HCL C)Bile D ) Intestinal Juice
2. Name the type of respiration in which the end products are
A) Ethyl Alcohol ( B) CO2 and H2O ( C ) Lactic Acid
Give one example of each case where such respiration can occur.
3.Name the substances present in gastric juice. Explain their function.
4.Why does raw bread taste sweet after chewing in the mouth?
5.Where is bile secreted from? What is its function?
6. Give one word for
(A ) getting rid of undigested waste from body ( B) movement of food molecules into blood
7. Where do you find stomata and lenticels.
9. Food moves down the gut by peristaltic movement. Which part of the brain controls this movement?
10. Which of the four chambers in the human heart have thickest muscular walls?
11.Why it is not advisable to give excess water to water plants ?
12.Which of the organs performs the following functions in humans?
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https://www.studiestoday.com/printable-worksheet-biology-cbse-class-10-biology-life-process-1-218396.html
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Which should be the correct answer for following question. If I consider Nexus I feel 'b' is correct choice.
During Sprints, a Development Team has to wait for another team to provide
some dependent input. Often this leads to delay in completing their work. What can be
recommended to this team?
a) The team is not cross functional enough. The team should take Scrum Master's
help in educating the organization to add team members with appropriate skills
b) The team should agree on Service Level Agreement (SLA) with another team and
escalate to Scrum Master if the SLA breached
c) The team can mock up the sample of input instead of waiting and do the Sprint
Review on time. The Product Increment can be refactored as and when another team
provides input.
I am not sure where this question came from, however, if there are multiple Scrum Teams working from a single Product Backlog (i.e. single Product) then dependencies should be minimized or eliminated as much as possible. This may be in the form of Product Backlog management or having the appropriate skills in the Scrum Team(s). This is one of the reasons why Backlog Refinement is an event in the Nexus framework.
Although I'm not in full agreement with the choices provided, based on my above explanation, and if I were to make a choice, I'd choose a.
'b' makes it sound like the SM is a PM, and 'c' implies you don't have a "Done" Increment.
I'm curious as to what the source for this question is. I don't really like any of the answers.
Choice B introduces the concept of an SLA, which isn't defined in Nexus. Even so, such a definition would typically be more related to the time from starting work to delivering work. Unless there's close collaboration between the two teams, the team that is providing the dependent input may not be fully aware of the needs and dependencies. If they are, the work should be prioritized earlier, but starting it could depend on other work. All of these considerations point back to issues with dependency management.
Choice C also seems limited in applicability. Not all applications of Scrum and Nexus are in areas where sample input can be mocked up. Although this keeps the team teams busy on their work, there's also some risk where the team working on the dependent input may discover issues and need to change the input design, if there even was an input design agreed upon in advance.
Choice A seems to be the closest to what I'd consider correct, but it's not necessarily about cross-functional teams. Both teams could be fully cross-functional. It could be a case of dependency management. It's not clear why these two work items were pulled by different teams if there's a dependency. Regardless, I do think that it's correct for the Scrum Master to be involved in education regarding dependency management (including eliminating dependencies where possible) and cross-functional teams.
Out of these options, I'd choose A, but I'm not necessarily happy with it.
I'm going to select D) None of the above. Even if I consider Nexus, I still say none of the above.
This is an issue with the teams refinement. An effective team wouldn't be puling in work that has unresolvable dependencies. Any preparation would have been done ahead of time to mitigate the risk of dependencies. And with those being known, the team would plan appropriately. In the case of the teams in the question, they didn't seem to have any plans in place to mitigate the risk of the dependency. Adding more people to the team (option A) won't necessarily help especially if the problem has already caused issues. Introducing SLAs (Option B) also is too late to help this situation and would not be effective going forward because each situation is unique. Mocking up a sample (Option C) does nothing to show the work that has been done and invalidates any feedback that could be obtained in a review.
There is no answer provided that I would select and I would highly question the value of the mock test you are looking at.
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https://www.scrum.org/forum/scrum-forum/42281/which-should-be-correct-answer-following-question-if-i-consider-nexus-i
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1)The nurse administer oxygen at 5litre/min via nasal cannula to a client with emphysema. For which Clinical indicators should the nurse closely observe the patient ?
a) cyanosis and lethargy
b) tachycardia and anxiety
c) decreased respiration and drowsiness
d) hyperemia and increased respiration.
Answer
Correct answer is option c, that is decreased respiration and drowsiness.
Emphysema is a type of COPD. The abnormal presence of air in tissue or cavities of the body. In pulmonary emphysema distension of alveoli cause intervening walls are broken down and bullae to form on the lung surface and cause distension of the bronchioles and loss of elasticity. So inspired air can not be expired, making breathing difficult .
In emphysema cases unable to receive enough oxygen unless provided in a higher concentration on a long term basis. As stated above that nasal cannulas are used, they are capable of delivering 24% to 44% of oxygen at 1-6L/min
Administer oxygen for long term around 12 - 25 hours may cause hypercapnea that is carbon dioxide retention due to oxygen toxicity. This cause symptoms such as drowsiness ,decreased respiration, head ache and some times death.
2)A positive tuberculin test is indicated by
induration of_____?
a) 1-3mm in diameter
b) 7-9mm in diameter
c) 4-6mm in diameter
d) 10mm or more in diameter
Answer
The correct answer is option d, that is 10mm or more in diameter.
Tuberculin skin test is one of the important and widely used test for diagnosis of tuberculosis. 1ml of purified protein derivative will be injected intradermally and will read 48 to 72 hours later. The result will be depend upon the medical risk factors and site of induration .
5mm or more positive in
:HIV positive
:recent contact with active TB cases
:person with nodular and fibrotic changes in X-ray
:organ transplant recipient and immunosuppressed patient
10 my or more positive in
:recent arrival from high prevalence country
:IV drug abusers
:mycobacterial lab personal
:children less than 4 years of age
15mm or more
:person with no known risk of TB
cardiovascular system
1)S2 heart sound corresponds to ____?
a) clossure of aortic and pulmonary valve
b) closure of aortic valve
C) closure of the mitral and trivialise valve
d) closure of the mitral valve
Answer
Correct answer is option a, that is closure of aortic and pulmonary valve
Normal heart sound is S1 and S2. S1 is the first heart sound(LUBB)produced by closure of tricuspid and mitral valve and S2 sound is the second heart sound (DUBB) produced by closure of semilunar valve (aortic and pulmonic valve.
2)which of the following complication occur within 24 hours after sustaining an MI?
a) pulmonary embolism
b) heart failure
c) ventricular aneurysm
d) atrial septa defect
Answer
The correct answer is option c, that is ventricular aneurysm
Complications associated with MI is
:sudden death occurs with in fist hour
:ventricular aneurysm and ruptured papillary muscles with in 24 hours
:cardiogenic shock 24 hrs to 7 days
:cardiac rupture within 5-7days
:heart failure with in few days
:thromboembolism with in 3 weeks
Nervous system
1)if a nurse notice colorless drainage on dressing after surgery of brain tumor, then which of the following is the prompt nursing action?
a) notify the physician
b) elevate the head of the bed
c) documentation
d) monitor the patient continuously
Answer
The correct answer is option a ,colorless drainage from dressing after surgery of brain tumor is the indication of presence of CSF, so it should reported to physician immediately .Other actions are not a prompt action
2)Basic nursing measures in the care of patient with viral encephalitis
a) providing comfort measures
b) monitoring cardiac output
C) administer narcotic
d) administer amohotericin B
Answer
The correct answer is option a, providing comfort measures, it will directed to head ache ,include dimmed light, limited noise and analgesics are basic care for encephalitis .Other options are not a basic measures for viral encephalitis .
Endocrine system
1)short stature, secondary to growth hormone deficiency is associated with
a) height age is equal to bone age
b) normal body proportion
c) Low birth weight
d) normal epiphyseal developments
Answer
Correct answer is option b, normal body proportion
GHD babies born AGA not SGA
:they have maintained body proportion that is proportionate short stature.
:disproportionate SS is seen In
US is greater than LS___Richets and achondroplasia.
US is less than LS __spondylo epiphyseal displasia
GHD__delayed bone age but appropriated for height age
2)Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test, mean glucose levels
a) over 2 days
b) over 15 days
c) over 90 days
d) over 30 days
Answer
The correct answer is option c, that is over 90days
HbA1c is test tells average levels of blood glucose over the past 3 months(90 days). It measures how much glucose is bound to RBC.
Renal system
1)amount of blood filtered in renal capsule per minute is known as ___
a) GFR
b) urine per minute
c) tidal volume
d) blood flow per minute
Answer
Correct answer is option a, GFR is used to test how well the kidneys are working. It estimate how much amount of blood passess through the glomeruli each minute. Normal GFR is 90 to 120 ml/min/1.73m²
2)triad symptoms in nephritis syndrome include all, EXCEPT
a) proteinuria
b) edema
c) weight loss
d) hypoalbuminemia
Answer
The correct answer is option c, weight loss
Nephrotic syndrome is defined by triad of clinical feature like edema, proteinuria and hypoalbumenemia. Weight gain is happened in nephrotic syndrome not weight loss.
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https://wizedu.com/questions/3849/1-respiratory-system-2-cardiovascular-system
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The figures in the margin on the right side indicate full marks.
This question paper has two parts. Both the sections are to be answered subject instruction given against each.
SECTION A
1. (a) Choose the correct answer from the given four alternatives: 1x30=30
1) The determination of expenses for an accounting period is based on the concept of
a) Objectivity.
b) Materiality.
c) Matching.
d) Periodicity.
2) Decrease in the amount of creditors results in
a) Increase in cash.
b) Decrease in cash.
c) Increase in assets.
d) No change in assets.
3) Accounting does not record non-financial transactions because of
a) Entity Concept.
b) Accrual Concept.
c) Cost Concept.
d) Money Measurement Concept.
4) Income tax of the sole trader paid is shown
a) Debited to P & L Account.
b) Debited to Trading Account.
c) Debited to his Capital Account.
d) None of the above.
5) Narration are given at the end of
a) Final Accounts.
b) Each Ledger Account in Trial Balance.
c) Each Ledger Account.
d) Each Journal Entry.
6) Life membership fees received by a club is a
a) Revenue Expenditure.
b) Capital Expenditure.
c) Deferred Revenue Expenditure.
d) Capital Receipt.
7) Import duty of raw material purchased is a
a) Revenue Expenditure.
b) Capital Expenditure.
c) Deferred Revenue Expenditure.
d) None of the above.
8) A bad debt recovered during the year will be
a) Capital Expenditure.
b) Revenue Expenditure.
c) Capital Receipt.
d) Revenue Receipt.
9) Nominal Account represents
a) Profit & Gain.
b) Loss / Expenses.
c) Both (a) and (b).
d) None of the above.
10) Prepaid rent is a
a) Nominal Account.
b) Representative Personal Account.
c) Tangible Assets Account.
d) None of the above.
11) Purchase book is used to record
a) All purchases of goods.
b) All credit purchase.
c) All credit purchase of goods.
d) All credit purchases of asset other than goods.
12) The source document or voucher used for recording entries in Sales Book is
a) Invoice received.
b) Invoice sent out.
c) Credit notes sent out.
d) Debit notes received.
| |
BOOKS OF ENTRY
| |
SOURCE DOCUMENTS
| |
CASH BOOK
PURCHASE BOOK
SALES BOOK
SALES RETURN BOOK
PURCHASE RETURN BOOK
JOURNAL PROPER
| |
CASH MEMOS, CASH AND BANK RECEIPTS, OTHER CASH VOUCHERS
INWARD INVOICES RECEIVED
OUTWARD INVOICES ISSUED TO CUSTOMERS
CREDIT NOTE ISSUED OR DEBIT NOT RECEIVED FROM CUSTOMERS
DEBIT NOTE ISSUED OR CREDIT NOT RECEIVED FROM CUSTOMERS
TRANSFER VOUCHER
13) Trade discount allowed at the time of sale of goods is
a) Recorded in Sales Book.
b) Recorded in Cash Book.
c) Recorded in Journal.
d) Not recorded in Books of Accounts.
14) A sale of goods to Ram for cash should be debited to
a) Ram.
b) Cash A/c.
c) Sales A/c.
d) Capital A/c.
15) Ledger contains various _____ in it.
a) Transactions.
b) Entries
c) Accounts.
d) None of the above.
16) Purchase price of Machine Rs. 8,90,000, Freight and Cartage Rs. 7,000. Installation charges Rs. 30,000, Insurance charges Rs. 20,000, Residual value is Rs. 40,000, estimated useful life 5 years. The amount of annual depreciation under straight line method will be
a) Rs. 1,77,400
b) Rs. 1,81,400
c) Rs. 1,97,400
d) Rs. 1,77,900
17) The value of an asset after deducting depreciation from the historical cost is known as
a) Fair value.
b) Market value.
c) Net realizable value.
d) Book value.
18) Goods worth Rs. 272 returned by Lala passed through the books as Rs. 722. In the rectification entry
a) Lala will be debited by Rs. 450
b) Lala will be debited by Rs. 272
c) Lala will be credited by Rs. 722
d) Lala will be credited by Rs. 272
19) If goods worth Rs. 1,750 returned to supplies is wrongly entered in sales returns book as Rs. 1,570, then
a) Net Profit will decrease by Rs. 3,140
b) Gross Profit will increase by Rs. 3,320
c) Gross Profit will decrease by Rs. 3,500
d) Gross Profit will decrease by Rs. 3,320
20) When preparing a bank reconciliation statement, if you start with debit balance as per cash book cheque sent to bank but not collected should be
a) Added.
b) Deducted.
c) Not required to be adjusted.
d) None of the above.
21) Payment of Bills of Exchange is received
a) By drawer.
b) By holder in due course of due date.
c) By endorsee.
d) By bank.
22) At the time of dishonour of an of an endorsed bill which one or these accounts would be credited by the drawee
a) Bill Payable Account.
b) Drawer.
c) Bank.
d) Bill Dishonoured Account.
23) Which of these is/are recurring (indirect) expenses?
a) Transit Insurance and Freight.
b) Octroi.
c) Loading and Unloading.
d) Godown Rent and Insurance.
24) Goods of the invoice value of Rs. 2,40,000 sent out to consignee at 20% profit on cost, the loading amount will be
a) Rs. 40,000 (2,40,000*20/120)
b) Rs. 48,000
c) Rs. 50,000
d) None of the above.
25) Memorandum joint venture account is
a) Personal Account.
b) Real Account.
c) Nominal Account.
d) None of the above.
26) The balance of the Petty Cash is a/an
a) Expenses.
b) Income.
c) Asset.
d) Liability.
27) The manufacturing account is prepared
a) To ascertain the profit or loss on the goods produced.
b) To ascertain the cost of the manufactured goods.
c) To show the sale proceeds from the goods produced during the year.
d) Both (b) and (c).
28) Closing stock appearing in the Trial Balance is shown in
a) Trading A/c and Balance Sheet.
b) Profit and Loss A/c.
c) Balance Sheet only.
d) Trading A/c only.
29) Endowment fund receipt is treated as
a) Capital Receipts.
b) Revenue Receipts.
c) Loss.
d) Expenses.
30) Income and Expenditure Account shows subscription at Rs. 10,000. Subscriptions accrued in the beginning of the year and at the end of the year were Rs. 1,000 and Rs. 1,500 respectively. The figure of subscriptions received appearing in receipts and payments account will be
a) Rs. 9,500 (10,000+1,000-1,500)
b) Rs. 11,000
c) Rs. 10,000
d) None of the above.
(b) State whether the following statements are True or False: 1x12=12
1) Capital is equal to Asset – Liability. True
2) Final Accounts are prepared at the end of the Accounting Year. True
3) Del-Credere commission is paid to the consignee for increasing the cash sales. False
4) Receipt and Payments account shows the financial position of a Non-profit concern. False
5) Trial Balance is a part of Final Accounts. False
6) Under W. D. V method, the depreciation of an asset decreases every year. True
7) Fixed assets are kept in the business for use over a longer period. True
8) Ownership expressed in terms of money called Capital Account. True
9) Incomplete record of accounting is also known as Single Entry System. True
10) Bill of Exchange is accepted by the Drawer. False
11) Owner of the goods sent on consignment is Consignor. True
12) Bad debts previously written off, if recovered subsequently is credited to Debtor’s Personal Account. False
(c) Match the following: 1x6=6
| |
Column A
| |
Column B
| |
1.
| |
Income and Expenditure A/c
| |
3
| |
Nominal A/c .
| |
2.
| |
Fixed Assets held for
| |
4
| |
Intangible Asset.
| |
3.
| |
Discount A/c
| |
5
| |
Consignment.
| |
4.
| |
Patent and Copyright
| |
6
| |
Holder of the bill.
| |
5.
| |
Del-Credere Commission
| |
2
| |
Earning revenue.
| |
6.
| |
Nothing changes paid
| |
1
| |
Non-profit concern.
Answer any four questions out of six questions: 8x4=32
2. A company purchased a machinery costing Rs. 30,00,000 on 1st July, 2014. It also purchased the 2nd machinery on 1st January, 2015 costing Rs. 20,00,000 and 3rd machinery on 1st October, 2015 for Rs. 10,00,000.
On 1st April, 2016, 50% of the 1st machine that was purchased on 1st July, 2014 got damaged and sold for Rs. 6,00,000. Show how Machinery Account up to 31st March, 2017, would appear in the Books of the company, taking depreciation @ 10% p.a. on Straight Line Method. Account Books are closed on 31st March in every year.
3. Rose sends goods worth Rs. 50,000 to Lotus for sales for 10% commission. She incurs Rs. 1,500 for fright and Rs. 500 for insurance. The goods are sold for Rs. 65,000. Consignee incurs Rs. 500 unloading expenses and Rs. 500 for rent. Lotus sends a draft after deducting his expenses and commission.
Prepare the following accounts in the books of Rose.
1) Consignment Account.
2) Lotus’s Account.
3) Goods sent on consignment.
4. Following is the Receipts and Payments Account of Union Sporting Club for the year ended 31st March, 2017:
| |
Dr. Receipts and Payments Account Cr.
| |
Receipts
| |
Amount (Rs.)
| |
Payments
| |
Amount (Rs.)
| |
Cash in hand
Cash at Bank
Subscription
Rent of Auditorium
Life membership fees
Entrance fee
General Donation
Sale of old newspaper
| |
4,500
63,000
1,74,000
90,000
60,000
6,000
45,000
3,000
| |
Mowing Machine
Ground man’s salary
Rent
Salary to coaches
Office expenses
Sports Equipment Purchased
Cash in hand
Cash at Bank
| |
33,000
45,000
15,000
1,35,000
72,000
36,000
10,500
99,000
| |
4,45,500
| |
4,45,500
Subscription due on 31st March, 2016 and 2017 were Rs. 27,000 and Rs. 24,000 respectively. Subscriptions received also included subscriptions received in advance for the year 2017-18 Rs. 6,000. Sports equipment in hand on 31st March, 2016 was Rs. 33,000. The value stands on this equipment in hand on 31st March, 2017 was Rs. 39,000. The Mowing machine was purchased on 1st April, 2016 and is to be depreciated @ 20% per annum. Office expenses includes Rs. 9,000 for 2015-16 and Rs. 12,000 are still due for payment. Prepare Income and Expenditure Account and Balance Sheet relating to the year ended 31st March, 2017.
5. Give the Journal Entries to rectify the following errors:
1) Purchase of Rs. 13,000 from Suman passed through Sales Book.
2) Bill received from Sonu for Rs. 15,000 passed through Bills Payable Book.
3) An item of Rs. 11,500 relating to prepaid insurance was omitted to be brought forward from last year.
4) Rs. 4,400 paid to Mohan, against our acceptance was debited to Sohan.
6. Pass the necessary entries to make the following adjustment as on 31st March, 2017.
1) Stock on 31st March, 2017 was Rs. 2,12,000.
2) Depreciation at 10% on furniture valued at Rs. 45,000 and 15% on machinery valued at Rs. 7,50,000.
3) Interest accrued on Securities Rs. 6,500.
4) Make provision for Bad debts and for Discount on Debtors @ 10% and @ 2% respectively. The Debtors at the end of the year were Rs. 6,35,000.
7. From the following particulars of Jaggu Enterprises, prepare a Bank Reconciliation Statement:
1) Bank overdraft as per Pass Book as on 31st march, 2017 was 88,000.
2) Cheques deposited in Bank for Rs. 58,000, but only Rs. 20,000 were cleared till 31st March.
3) Cheques issued were Rs. 25,000, Rs. 38,000 and Rs. 20,000 during the month. The cheque of Rs. 58,000 is still with supplier.
4) Dividend collected by Bank Rs. 15,200 was wrongly entered as Rs. 12,500 in Cash Book.
5) Amount transferred from Fixed Deposit Account into the Current Account Rs. 20,000 appeared only in Pass Book.
6) Interest on overdraft Rs. 8,930 was debited by Bank in Pass Book and the information was received only 3rd April, 2017.
7) Direct deposit by M/s Lokesh Traders Rs. 14,000 not entered in Cash Book.
8) Income tax Rs. 15,000 paid by Bank as per standing instruction appears in Pass Book only.
SECTION – B
8. Choose the correct answer: 1x12=12
1) Which of the following is not a Relevant Cost?
a) Replacement Cost.
b) Sunk Cost. (Relevant cost related with future and sunk cost related with past)
c) Marginal Cost.
d) Standard Cost.
2) Opportunity Cost is the best example of
a) Sunk Cost.
b) Standard Cost.
c) Relevant Cost.
d) Irrelevant Cost.
3) Costs are classified into Fixed Costs. Variable Costs and Semi-Variable Costs, it is known as
a) Functional classification.
b) Classification according to changing activity.
c) Element wise classification.
d) Classification according to controllability.
4) Variable Costs are fixed
a) For a period.
b) Per unit.
c) Depends upon the entity.
d) For a particular process for production.
5) Prime Cost plus Factory Overheads is known as
a) Factory on Cost.
b) Conversion Cost.
c) Factory Cost.
d) Marginal Cost.
6) Which of the following items is excluded from Cost Accounts?
a) Income Tax.
b) Interest on Debentures.
c) Cash Discount.
d) All of the above.
7) Advertisement cost is treated as
a) Direct Expenses.
b) Cost of Production.
c) Selling Overheads.
d) Distribution Overheads.
8) Prime Cost maybe correctly terms as
a) The sum of direct material and labour cost with all other costs excluded.
b) The total of all cost items which can be directly charged to product units.
c) The total costs incurred in producing a finished unit.
d) The sum of the large cost there in a product cost.
9) Direct Expenses are also known as
a) Overhead Expenses.
b) Process Expenses.
c) Chargeable Expenses.
d) None of the above.
10) Indirect material cost is a part of
a) Prime Cost.
b) Factory Overhead.
c) Chargeable Expenses.
d) None of the above.
11) The Works Cost plus Administration Expenses is known as
a) Total Cost.
b) Cost of Production.
c) Cost of Sales.
d) Factory Cost.
12) Interest on own capital is
a) Cash Cost.
b) Notional Cost.
c) Sunk Cost.
d) Part of Prime Cost.
Answer any one question out of two questions: 8x1=8
9. Direct Material Cost is Rs. 80,000. Direct Labour Cost is Rs. 60,000. Factory Overhead is Rs. 90,000. Opening goods in process were Rs. 15,000. Sale of scrap is Rs. 2,200. Cost assigned to the closing goods in process was Rs. 22,000. What is the cost of goods manufactured?
Solution:-
| |
Particulars
| |
Amount
| |
Direct Material
Direct labour
| |
80,000
60,000
| |
Prime cost
Add:- Factory overheads
Less:- Sale of Scrap
| |
1,40,000
90,000
2,200
| |
Factory cost incurred
Add:- Opening Work-in-Progress
Less:- Closing Work-in-Progress
| |
2,27,800
15,000
2,200
| |
Cost of goods Manufactured
| |
2,20,800
10. Prepare a Statement of Cost from the following data to show Material Consumed, Prime Cost, Factory Cost, Cost of Goods Sold and Profit.
|
https://www.dynamictutorialsandservices.org/2020/08/cma-foundation-solved-papers.html
|
1. What do you consider as the main aim of interdisciplinary research?
[A] To reduce the emphasis of single subject in research domain
[B] To bring out holistic approach to research
[C] To oversimplify the problem of research
[D] To create a new trend in research methodology
Answer: Option B
2. Which of the following statements is true about the theory?
[A] It explains phenomenon in simple manner
[B] It can be a well-developed explanatory system
[C] It explains the ‘how’ and ‘why’ questions
[D] All of the above
Answer: Option D
3. The depth of any research can be judged by _____.
[A] Title of the research
[B] Total expenditure on the research
[C] Duration of the research
[D] Objectives of the research
Answer: Option D
4. The research is always ______.
[A] Exploring new knowledge
[B] Verifying the old knowledge
[C] Filling the gaps between the knowledge
[D] All of the above
Answer: Option D
5. One of the essential characteristics of research is _____.
[A] Replicability
[B] Generalizability
[C] Usability
[D] None
Answer: Option B
6. Which of the following term explains the idea that knowledge comes from experience?
|
https://itiscivilengineering.com/research-aptitude-mcqs-5/
|
How can choices in background and text color affect accessibility?
Many users will have visual impediments that will require good contrast in the documents you are producing.
This article answers the following questions about how to ensure the text in your document meets basic requirements for color contrast:
What are contrast ratios?
When one color is placed on top of another, the contrast ratio is the numerical value that describes the relationship between these two colors. The ratio is a measurement of how the brightest color (e.g., white) compares to the darkest color (e.g., black).
The contrast between background and foreground colors should have a ratio of 4.5:1 or higher. Leaving the defaults of the editor is best - black text on white, with a ratio of 21:1.
Text that is larger and has wider character strokes is easier to read at lower contrast. Large text, defined as text in an 18 point or larger font, or bold text in a 14 point or larger font requires a slightly lower contrast ratio, 3:1.
The table below contains examples of text on backgrounds with varying contrast ratios, and indicates whether the level of contrast would be adequate.
How do I change foreground and background colors of text?
- If you need to edit the text color, select the Text Color button, which resembles a letter A with an underline: A.
- To edit the background color of the text, which displays as if you had highlighted the text with a highlighter, select the Background Color button to the right of the Text Color button. The Background Color button resembles a solid black box containing a light gray letter A.
- Selecting either of these buttons will display a Color Picker, from which you can choose a color, such as Black or Maroon. Yellow is a Background Color commonly used to highlight black text. Select the desired color.
How do I check my color selection for adequate contrast?
In most cases the contrast will be obvious, but if you need to verify, take the following steps.
Select the colored text.
- In the Rich-Text Editor, select some of the text with the foreground or background color you want to check.
- Select the Text Color button to check the text color,
- Or select the Background Color button to check the background color.
Obtain the hex number for the color.
- Select the More Colors... option in the Color Picker.
- A Select color window will pop up. At the top right of the window, your selected color will be displayed under Highlight.
- Under this box with your selected color, you will see a 6-digit hex number, starting with #. This is the number that allows the internet browser to display the selected color. Record the 6-digit hex number for the color you have selected.
Use the hex number(s) to check contrast.
To check how the Text Color you have selected contrasts with the background color behind your text or how your Background Color contrasts with the color of your text:
- Access an online color contrast tool such as WebAIM's Color Contrast Checker (opens new window).
- To use WebAIM's Color Contrast Checker, enter the hex number for your text color into the Foreground Color box and the hex number for your text's background color into the Background Color box. Alternatively, select the color block to the right of either text box to access WebAIM's color picker, then select a color.
- The contrast checker will tell you the colors Pass if they have enough contrast.
|
https://uvacollab.screenstepslive.com/s/help/m/gettingstarted/l/466137-how-can-choices-in-background-and-text-color-affect-accessibility
|
Matching and Using Colors
Choosing the appropriate colors for your content is imperative to making sure it helps your design instead of working against it.
For example the combination of colors you choose need to complement each other and there must be proper contrast between your elements and the background they are placed over. In order to do this, you would need to choose a good color palette and stick to it for the remainder of your project for continuity.
We wrote a nice informative article where you can see some of our favorite color palettes.
After you’ve chosen your palette, make sure the contrast between elements (like text or shapes) and the background is good enough that anyone can easily read your design. Don’t ever compromise readability for design!
|
https://kapasari.com/5-simple-tips-to-improve-your-contents-design/
|
Color consistency is extremely important to every client project! It’s how we represent our clients and should be consistent no matter who’s designing or developing the project during its lifetime.
Each client project will have a style guide and a color palette section that will provide color values for you to reference.
See the Pattern Library colors section for more details about a site’s color scheme and how to set it up.
Background colors and font colors should contrast. Text should be easy to read and shouldn’t cause eye strain for users. There must be a high contrast between the text color and the background color. Choose either a dark font color on a light background, or light text on top of a dark background.
Good contrast ensures that we’re following web accessibility standards for users with vision impairments.
|
https://hessbenefits.com/docs-type/colors/
|
Darker color scheme are often used effectively in software that focuses heavily on visual content. For example Adobe Lightroom, Adobe After Effects, Microsoft Expression Blend, and Kaxaml are interfaces that have a dark color theme. This allows the interface to fade into the background and let the content come alive Why is it not widely used? I guess it ...
38
In short, NO, they do not have enough contrast. According to Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) they mostly do not have enough contrast. Only 1 out of 8 tests gets a pass. But the dark blue text on light gray background mostly passes. But there are other factors In essence, we should be comparing icons to whole words, not individual ...
37
Dark on light vs light on dark themes can have multiple affects, such as: Bringing attention to an application vs bringing attention to the application's contents People focus on brighter areas - darker background brings attention to the content, while lighter background bring attention to the window itself vs the desktop. Imagine if the box around non-...
30
A good example to consider would be the ibooks app in iOS which allows users to enable the dark theme automatically depending on the light sensor detection. However as PS86 rightly pointed out, dont build this automatically into the system but enable the user to set as a desired parameter. To quote this article, the ibook app enables this by an option ...
29
No, it would seem not, as W3C states 1.4.3 Contrast (Minimum): The visual presentation of text and images of text has a contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1, except for the following: (Level AA) Large Text: Large-scale text and images of large-scale text have a contrast ratio of at least 3:1; Incidental: Text or images of text that are part of an ...
20
I would say it has to do with the following reasons : Contrast : Studies have shown that black or dark backgrounds provide the easiest contrast and can allow users to read discrete information quickly without having to make an effort to discern details when in a dark environment (which is often the environment in cars) Darkness adaptive : Another reason ...
17
why this color scheme is not widely used? Good question without an obvious answer. You could claim all sorts of trends are involved, but I think it would be a brave move to accept any one reason for why we tend to go with dark on light. I think your best bet is to develop the scheme that best suits your site's purpose and its users. For a quick overview ...
16
At minimum you should choose colour combinations that pass the WCAG 2.0's requirements for colour contrast (Criteria 1.4.3 - and Id recommend at the AA level). The example colours you have shown above won't pass by a long measure. It doesn't mean all your colours have to be solid dark tones, but your text should be a somewhat darker than #e7e7e7 and #...
14
There is of course an awful lot of research on color and color perception. Most relevant to your purpose is perhaps the work Cynthia Brewer did on ColorBrewer. You can find the resulting tool at http://colorbrewer2.org/ It was originally designed to help choose color for maps but it can also be used for statistical graphs (it's built in Hadley Wickham's ...
12
For text legibility, gray-scale contrast is more important than color contrast. Use either white or black text to achieve maximum gray-scale contrast for whatever the background color happens to be. Using black or white text will also avoid confusion on whether the foreground or the background color is the color code the user should be attending to. To ...
11
Some of the most important things are going to be high contrast, large text and dark on light design. Some good examples of high contrast designs are here on Web Design Guru Blog. They have some nice color examples but remember to keep it minimalist. Keep your text large to keep it readable and force yourself to cut out as much text as possible. Keep the ...
11
If you make your background colors light enough then the text can all be black... Also, I made the numbering a darker version of the background color. The light gray numbering doesn't really work contrast-wise on anything but white. But dark red looks good on light red, for example.
11
The main reason a light-on-dark user interface can break down is when the text becomes glaringly bright compared to the dark background. This is one fundamental reason white text on a black background can be hard to read for long periods of time. Applications like Adobe Lightroom use a light gray on dark gray colour scheme and this seems to greatly reduce ...
10
Please consider what you may be doing to visually impaired users when you design a subtle UI, so that you can do it well. I was on a customer site doing ethnographic research when the company happened to be implementing a new software product. The product was all soft greys with a few accent colours. It looked very nice. During the course of the day, I had ...
8
If you convert the color to another colorspace, e.g. YIQ, YUV or better yet CIE-L*ab, CIE-L*CH, then instead of RGB's Red Green and Blue channels you end up with three different channels, where one is the intensity. In YIQ, YUV the Y channel approximates the intensity and in Lab and LCH the L channel does this. You can then easily reduce the intensity ...
8
The rationale on high contrast is just that - high contrast. People with weak eyesight can more easily distinguish between elements and read the text if there is a well-designed black and white theme. Usually this also comes with the option to enlarge text and elements. Sites with low contrast can be difficult to read for people with low vision. Some ...
8
CheckMyColours.com uses the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG 2.0) contrast tests. The validity of the tests is something to bring up with WCAG rather than checkmycolours.com. I am unaware of the WCAG providing the research supporting their contrast ratio standards. However, my experience with those standards is that they are fairly lax. I've ...
8
Matching Brightness of Two Different Colors You can calculate the perceived gray-scale brightness of a color on a “typical” monitor with the following formula: Y = 0.2126 * (R/255)^2.2 + 0.7151 * (G/255)^2.2 + 0.0721 * (B/255)^2.2 So, for example, high saturation pure green (0, 255, 0) has a brightness of: Y = 0.2126 * (0/255)^2.2 + 0.7151 * (255/...
7
Folllow the W3C standards See the earlier answer I gave discussing this There are a variety of tools available that can help you test the colour combinations you are using. You could use white (or the predominant background colour of your interface) as the background, and then choose (foreground) colours to represent shading, then choose text colours that ...
7
The W3C has explicit guidelines for web content accessability, including contrast. You can compare color values to their ratio and tell the user if their color choices are likely inaccessible/unreadable. The visual presentation of text and images of text has a contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1 Note there are exceptions and some good guidance in the full ...
7
This peculiar effect that appears with direct-sunlight is solarisation. It's also what happens to "old" plasma TVs if you see them from an angle. Solarized, a sixteen color palette, has been scientifically designed and tested "in a variety of lighting conditions" to achieve, among other properties, selective contrast: Solarized reduces brightness ...
7
Yes, the high contrast works very well, the problem is that many interfaces are poorly designed and the high contrast is just too little help to overcome the design flaws and sometimes works against the user. A typical problem is the font used for menus and texts, is very common that the font used is not really good for screen and that it was designed for ...
7
As others have mentioned, this is very much a safety issue and very much worth asking! Fortunately, user experience in vehicles has a long history of study and standardization. SAE International, formerly the Society of Automotive Engineers, has published a number of standards and papers related to this issue. Here are some that may be relevant: http://...
7
color brewer is designed for maps but it will give you colours that are optimised to be as differentiable as possible. It has a maximum of 12 colour classes
6
Short answer: Yes Long answer... There are many different kinds of visual disability. Some, for example cataracts and diabetic retinopathy, are greatly aided by increasing contrast. It doesn't help you because - well - you presumably have good vision. Imagine that you're staring at the screen through translucent plastic. Increasing contrast makes the edge ...
6
In the 74 times cited study Readability Of Websites With Various Foreground/Background Color Combinations, Font Types And Word Styles there is limited to no evidence that black text on White background is have higher redability than white text on black background: On can see that Times New Roman is equal, Courier New slightly faster and Arial slightly ...
6
Encouraged to post this as an answer instead of a comment, I'd suggest looking at: https://github.com/SlexAxton/css-colorguard It is a tool that uses the CIEDE200 algorithm to detect color collisions and seems to incorporate a number of variables and not just contrast to detect collisions. They most likely did not design this algorithm to take care of the ...
6
Yes, it's a good idea to dynamically change the theming of the application based on lighting. Also remember to add: the ability for the user to turn off dynamically changing the theme based on lighting The ability to change theme regardless of the current lighting ambience Sometimes users prefer having dark theme during the day and vice versa
6
Your device is not stock Android. That theme will be something that is set by your device manufacturer and not by Marshmallow/Google. I agree that the colours are very pale and would be difficult so see in daylight. I am sure there is going to be a way to update/install a different, darker theme. This is why people like the idea of going with Google ...
5
These are valid for any website, especially on mobile devices and even more so outdoors: high contrast dark text on light background sufficiently BIG font size for the actual content don't be afraid of negative space. give your content some room. prefer readability over pretty looks make it fast or at least not unnecessarily slow think about position of ...
|
http://ux.stackexchange.com/tags/contrast/hot
|
Color is often an overlooked aspect of web accessibility, especially for brands and particularly governments, that have designed style guides and color palettes prior to accessibility becoming a priority.
To understand how color and accessibility intersect, it’s first important to distinguish between “color dependence” and “contrast.” As 18F states in it’s accessibility guide:
Color contrast is the ratio of the foreground color(text) and the background color. … Color dependence is the need to see color to understand the information. An example of this would be The required fields are red. Some users may not be able to distinguish red from other colors and would lack information to fill out this form.
WebAIM notes that the term “color contrast” is never used in the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0.
Color
The WCAG “Use of Color” success criterion states that color should not be used as the “only visual means of conveying information, indicating an action, prompting a response, or distinguishing a visual element.”
This criterion falls under a Level A requirement and is an important issue governments must consider when implementing digital services. Even the U.S. federal government has incorporated an accessible color palette into its web design system.
Contrast
According to WebAIM contrast is “a measure of the difference in perceived ‘luminance’ or brightness between two colors … This brightness difference is expressed as a ratio ranging from 1:1 (e.g., white text on a white background) to 21:1 (e.g., black text on a white background).”
WCAG 2.0 designates 4.5:1 as the minimum contrast ratio requirements for Level AA conformance.
The contrast requirement between the body text and link text is 3:1. However, this doesn’t apply to styled links, such as those in a page header, navigation and other areas where there are clear visual cues (buttons, menus) that aid the user in identifying element as links.
Example contrast ratio pass:
Example contrast ratio fail:
Exceptions
According to W3C, exceptions to this requirement include:
- Large Text: Large-scale text and images of large-scale text have a contrast ratio of at least 3:1;
- Incidental: Text or images of text that are part of an inactive user interface component, that are pure decoration, that are not visible to anyone, or that are part of a picture that contains significant other visual content, have no contrast requirement.
- Logotypes: Text that is part of a logo or brand name has no minimum contrast requirement.
Benefits
According to the W3C these user types benefit from accessible color consideration:
- Users with partial sight often experience limited color vision.
- Some older users may not be able to see color well.
- Users who have color-blindness benefit when information conveyed by color is available in other visual ways.
- People using text-only, limited color, or monochrome displays may be unable to access color-dependent information.
- Users who have problems distinguishing between colors can look or listen for text cues.
- People using Braille displays or other tactile interfaces can detect text cues by touch.
ProudCity and colors
Governments using the ProudCity Platform are able to customize certain elements of the theme (i.e. link colors, navigation bar and footer backgrounds) with their respective brand colors. Non-brand elements (i.e. body and header text, horizontal rules) are, where necessary, standardized and designed to meet WCAG color and contrast requirements.
Testing
Tools for testing web color and contrast:
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https://help.proudcity.com/color-web-accessibility-and-government-websites/
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I am excited to share with you a new tool that the Natural Resources Council of Maine has recently invested in to help more people access important information on our website. We want to be sure that people who have varying visual abilities or who are non-native English speakers, or people who have difficulty reading text on a screen, can now more easily access our web pages to learn about how they can get involved to protect the nature of Maine.
As NRCM CEO Lisa Pohlmann wrote in a recent blog post, “Protecting Maine’s environment means protecting it for all.” The only way to ensure that we are including folks with nontraditional abilities in our work to protect Maine’s air, land, water, and wildlife is to make sure we are striving to be inclusive and welcoming of each individual who has an interest in our state’s environment.
The statistic I have read is that about 20 percent of people trying to access a website have some difficulty viewing it. Maybe the colors and contrast make it difficult to read the text. Maybe it is written in a language that a person doesn’t speak or read. Maybe there is too much on the screen to distract a web visitor from reading the text that they are looking for.
NRCM is committed to doing all we can to be an inclusive and diverse organization. We want to be able to share information and ways to be involved in our work on climate change, sustainable living, clean water and air, protecting our forests, and more with folks of differing abilities and backgrounds. It takes all of us to ensure that Maine’s environment is protect now, and for future generations. That’s why we have invested in the Recite Me tool for our website, which you can access on a laptop, desktop, tablet, or mobile phone.
This tool is easy to use and provides a wide variety of options to help you better access the information on our site.
Here’s a close up of the toolbar:
5 Tools to Help More People Get Involved in NRCM’s Work
Here are five ways the Recite Me toolbar can assist people in using our website more easily:
1. Translation
Our website’s text can now be translated into more than 100 languages! If you click on the icon of flags on the toolbar, you will see a drop down menu of languages from which to choose. If there is a speaker icon next to that language, that means you are also able to have the text of the website read to you in that language.
2. Background & Text Colors
If you are someone who has colorblindness, some of the colors on our website may make viewing it a challenge. Or, if you have some vision issues that make it difficult to read a certain font or a certain color, the toolbar can help. Simply click on the color wheel on the Toolbar and you will have a variety of options for changing the color of the font, the background, or both. We hope that changing the contrast of the colors will help some people more easily read our site.
Here is a web page with our usual colors:
And here is that same web page if you choose to switch to another color to adjust the contrast. This is just one of many color combination options available:
3. Font Type, Size, & Spacing
Some fonts are easier to read than others. We use a sans serif font on our site to make the text clean and crisp, but sometimes, your eyes may read another font style more easily. If you click on the button with the capital and lower case “A”s on it, you will see an option for changing the font, the character spacing, and the line spacing. If you click on the plus and minus signs on either side of the “A” button, you can increase or decrease the font size as well. This is helpful if you are looking at the text on a smaller screen like a mobile phone and are finding that you need the text to be just a little bit larger.
4. Focusing on Certain Parts of Screen
Some people may find websites too busy, with a top menu, side menu, images, etc. To reduce what you can see at one time on the screen, you can click on the ruler, which you can move up and down the page with your cursor, and you can more easily focus on the line you are reading as the ruler runs underneath it. Or, you can click on the screen mask button to the right of the ruler icon and that will create a box that allows you to only see a certain section of the page at a time, while blocking out the rest of the text and images. Below is an example of the mask screen. And, if you click on the play button on the Recite Me pop-up when you are on a page, it will read the highlighted text aloud when using the tool.
5. Dictionary
You can click on the dictionary icon, highlight a word, and get a definition. Sometimes, even after having worked at NRCM for more than 24 years, I can be stumped by some words – so I expect that this tool might be one that I use from time to time. Much handier than having to open a new tab to Google the word’s definition!
The toolbar also offers an easy reset button, a magnifying glass, and more. We encourage you to click on the button at the top or bottom of the page (please note that on a mobile phone, the button only appears at the bottom of each page as seen below) to try it out for yourself. Also, please share this with friends and family who might find the accessibility options helpful in viewing our website and getting involved in our work.
We hope that this new tool helps more people engage in the work ahead to keep Maine Maine and ensure that our natural environment is here for generations to come! If you have questions about this tool, please feel free to contact me.
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https://www.nrcm.org/blog/new-tool-make-nrcms-website-more-accessible/
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When you think about designing websites that include seniors, what first comes to mind? One thing I know is that we are all getting old and things don’t work as they used to.
The human body deteriorates as we age. But does this mean that seniors or people over 65 should stop using the web?
Research shows that as a global society, we are living longer and remaining more active later in life. According to the Web Accessibility Initiative, many older users have declined:
- Vision — Our eyesight weakens as we age.
- Physical ability — This decline reduces dexterity and fine motor control, making it difficult to use a mouse and click small targets.
- Hearing — This involves difficulty hearing higher-pitched sounds and separating sounds, making it difficult to hear podcasts and other audio, especially when there is background music.
- Cognitive ability — Cognitive ability impacts how people process information. So, a decline in cognitive or mental ability means reduced short-term memory, difficulty concentrating and being easily distracted. This decline makes it difficult to follow navigation and complete online tasks.
So, when designing your website, consider those aged 65 and older who may have trouble using your products/services because of the above conditions.
Here are things that will help when designing your website:
- You should create a high contrast between the text and the background. People with low vision are more common among the elderly. Still they can occur at any age because of health conditions such as macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, etc. When there is low contrast between the text and background, it is harder for seniors and those with impaired vision to read the text. A poorly planned navigation can cause a bad user experience. Changing the colors of the visit links on the page will help the users recognize where they are and where they’ve been.
- Keep words familiar to the user in the navigation. When you use unfamiliar words, it can lead to confusion.
- Try to keep the menus in familiar locations. This strategy keeps the user from having to learn something new and becoming frustrated.
- Lastly, make the links on your page or buttons large enough to click or tap.
Thanks for joining us in Down to Earth Talk About Web Solutions where we try to keep our Web Design and Development talk easily to understand.
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https://networkadvisingu.com/designing-websites-to-include-seniors/
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How do I know my contrast?
Now, subtract your skin tone value from your hair and eye value. If you got 4 or -4 then you have a very high contrast level. If you got 3 or -3 then you have a high contrast level. If you got 2 or -2 then you have a medium contrast level.
What are high contrast colors?
For example, colors that are directly opposite one another on the color wheel have the highest contrast possible, while colors next to one another have a low contrast. For example, red-orange and orange are colors that have low contrast; red and green are colors that have high contrast.
How do you analyze a character in a film?
Being mindful of subtle hints, like mood changes and reactions that might provide insight into your character’s personality, can help you write a character analysis.
- Describe the Character’s Personality.
- Determine the Character Type of Your Protagonist.
- Define Your Character’s Role in the Work You’re Analyzing.
What is a characteristic of high contrast images?
A high contrast image has a wide range of tones full of blacks and whites with dark shadows and bright highlights. These images will have intense colors and deep textures –– creating very profound end results. (Think of a photo taken in the bright sunlight.)
Is high contrast good for eyes?
The high contrast themes change the background to black and the text to white. This high contrast theme is vastly easier on the eyes and reduces eye strain. If you’re looking at a monitor for extended periods, this will make your day easier.
What is high contrast in art?
A painting with high-contrast has a wide tonal range – from very light tones, to very dark tones. Capturing the range between lights and darks replicates the way that light falls on our subject and tricks our eyes into believing that the subject in a painting is 3D.
How do you write a contextual analysis?
Creating A Strong Contextual Analysis Essay In 5 Easy Steps
- Write the introduction.
- Describe the body of the piece.
- Move on to the theme.
- Move on to style.
- Write a conclusion.
What is high contrast?
High contrast makes text easier to read on your device. This feature fixes the text color as either black or white, depending on the original text color.
What is contextual film analysis?
Contextual analysis is analysis of the film as part of a broader context. Think about the culture, time, and place of the film’s creation. What might the film say about the culture that created it? What were/are the social and political concerns of the time period?
What is characterized by very high contrast?
When a scene has a high contrast (great difference between the brightest and darkest portions of the face), we say the scene is low key. Lighting used to get this look is called low key lighting.
What are the characteristics of contrast?
Contrast is perhaps the most significant characteristic of an image recorded on film. Contrast is the variation in film density (shades of gray) that actually forms the image. Without contrast there is no image.
Which is the part of four mise en scene?
The term is borrowed from a French theatrical expression, meaning roughly “put into the scene”. In other words, mise-en-scène describes the stuff in the frame and the way it is shown and arranged. We have organized this page according to four general areas: setting, lighting, costume and staging.
What is the difference between formal and contextual analysis?
The difference between formal and contextual analysis; the formal is a description of what the artist has done and how he has done it, whilst the contextual is a description of how the artwork fits into and impacts on the world around it. Composition: A description of how the above ingredients are used together.
How do you describe a mise en scene?
Mise en scène, pronounced meez-ahn-sen, is a term used to describe the setting of a scene in a play or a film. In other words, mise en scène is a catch-all for everything that contributes to the visual presentation and overall “look” of a production. When translated from French, it means “placing on stage.”
What does contextual mean in art?
Context consists of all of the things about the artwork that might have influenced the artwork or the maker (artist). These would include when the work was made; where it was made (both culturally and geographically); why it was made; and possibly some other details or information.
Why filmmaking is an art?
Filmmaking is an art and a science. It is art because it dwells on your creative abilities and science because a story in your mind cannot create a movie there is a whole lot of technicalities and procedures to be followed.
What is mean by compare and contrast?
: to note what is similar and different about (two or more things) For our assignment we must compare and contrast the two poets.
What is the purpose of high contrast?
The high contrast setting is an accessibility feature built into Windows that assists people with vision impairment. You may change the size and color of fonts and the background for ease of viewing. To enable high contrast, follow the steps below for your version of Windows.
How do you write a good film analysis?
Writing the film analysis essay
- Give the clip your undivided attention at least once. Pay close attention to details and make observations that might start leading to bigger questions.
- Watch the clip a second time.
- Take notes while you watch for the second time.
Is editing part of mise en scene?
The “mise-en-scène”, along with the cinematography and editing of a film, influence the verisimilitude or believability of a film in the eyes of its viewers. “Mise-en-scène” also includes the composition, which consists of the positioning and movement of actors, as well as objects, in the shot.
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https://thisisbeep.com/how-do-i-know-my-contrast/
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Beneath the SurfacePublished
The more you learn about people with disabilities, the more you too can be an advocate for change. Together, we can reframe the way we as a society think, build, and talk about inclusivity.
In the series of articles to follow, I will breakdown disability into 9 distinct categorizations . By dividing and conquering, we'll be able to gain a deeper understanding of the world. We'll spend time thinking about the challenges faced by real people. My hope is that in doing this is you will feel compelled to reexamine your own thinking and work to remove the physical and emotional barriers many people face.
I think that you'll find, as I have, new knowledge will cause a shift in how you see the world around you. You won't ever again be able to look at a website and not wonder if the color palette has enough contrast between the background and foreground. You'll analyze every piece of your writing for grade-level readability. More importantly. you'll have the tools you'll need to apply an inclusive mindset to everything you do.
Visual Disabilities
These sensory disabilities are among the most common. I'm not talking about common visual impairments that can be corrected with a visit to an eye doctor.
I'm talking about more severe impairments. These can range from partial vision loss, to a sensitivity to certain colors, and decreased sharpness (acuity), to complete uncorrectable loss (blindness).
Blindness
Affecting at least 2.2 billion people globally, blindness or a near complete loss of sight can be experienced with varying degrees of severity. These may include:
- A person with no ability to see
- A person with only the ability to perceive light versus dark
- A person with only the ability to perceive general shapes (reading or recognizing people is hard or impossible)
Consider the following:
You are planning on going out this weekend. You are hoping to pick up takeout from a restaurant, read the latest political coverage, and start your holiday shopping early. Now, put yourself in the shoes of a person who is blind:
- You want to order takeout but the menu isn't available online. You show up at the restaurant and the menu is posted as a hardcopy on the wall. There are no digital or braille alternatives available.
- You want to find out what's going on with the election because it's all that your friends are talking about. You want to know what each candidate stands for and whether or not they should receive your vote. Your local newspaper only distributes via the print edition.
- You are excited to get shopping for gifts since you know that shipping times might be a little longer this year with the pandemic in full-flight. You don't own a car and you do most of your shopping online.
If the three things you hope to do this weekend sound unnecessarily hard, it's because they are. These are real experiences that people are having to go through everyday. In 2020, it should be easy to eat takeout, read the news, and shop online. For millions of Americans, though, it can be almost impossible. Let's talk about how to make it easier:
- As a restaurant, being inclusive of all people means having a menu that's not just a sign on the wall. Publishing your menu digitally and/or in braille will allow more people to easily order a delicious meal.
- As a news publisher, you're doing yourself a disservice if you're not offering your content in a variety of mediums. Providing many mediums for consumption will give people a choice in how they consume your headlines. It will also enable compatibility with many assistive technologies.
- An accessible virtual storefront is something that benefits all your potential customers. Clean code, text alternatives for rich media, and easy interactions go a long way in creating an inclusive shopping experience.
Color Blindness
People are unique. We all have varying opinions, values, and favorite foods. Believe it or not, we all see colors differently, too. When a person can't see colors the way a majority of us do, we say this person is color-blind. Medically speaking, color-blindness is due to a person lacking certain pigments in the cones within their eyes. This disability can make it especially hard to distinguish between certain color combinations.
- Red-green color-blindness
- Deuteranomaly - green hues tend to appear more red
- Protanomaly - red hues tend to appear darker and more green
- Protanopia and deuteranopia - its very difficult or impossible to distinguish between a red and green hue
- Blue-yellow color-blindness
- Tritanomaly - it's very difficult or impossible to distinguish between blue and green and/or yellow and red hues
- Tritanopia - colors may appear darker to this person. It's very difficult or impossible to distinguish between blue and green, purple and red, and yellow and pink hues
- Complete color-blindness
- Monochromacy - a person cannot perceive colors at all. This condition is generally accompanied by dulled sharpness and a general sensitivity to light.
Consider the following:
Have you ever wondered why stop signs are red and octagonal? Or why the bottom light in a stoplight is always green? Driving in a car can be a dangerous enough endeavor on its own. Imagine if we didn't all have a common understanding of signs and traffic laws. Cars might fail to stop at busy intersections, lack understanding of their location, and general chaos would ensue. The feeling of helplessness this mental image surfaces could be even worse for people with color-blindness.
- If the color of the stoplight was the only way to indicate to a driver that they should stop the car, we might see more accidents.
- If a sign's text and background lack sufficient contrast, it may be hard to read
The choices we make in our towns, cities, and on our highways aren't as arbitrary as they may seem. These standards help to decrease cognitive load and limit misunderstandings for ALL people.
Low-Vision
246 million people or 3.5% of the world's population have some form of low-vision. This form of vision-loss cannot be corrected with glasses, contacts, medicine, or surgery. It may be hard for an affected individual to complete their daily activities. The use of magnification, higher contrast text and graphics, and changing the display colors can help make life easier.
Consider the following:
You're looking forward to voting in the upcoming election. Before submitting a ballot, you need register to vote on a website setup by your local government. You browse to the website and the text is very small. You attempt to enlarge it on your screen, but as you do, the text remains the same size, and the layout gets larger. Unable to read the text, you attempt to play the video at the top of the screen. You assume that this video will walk you through the steps to register. It turns out that clicking on the thumbnail doesn't start the video playback. The controls are visible but due to low-contrast, you can't tell which one is the play button. You're frustrated and hitting a road block.
This is a fictional example but something that millions of Americans experience everyday. When we fail to live up to our statements on inclusivity, we are alienating large groups of people. The people we are excluding, have perspectives that will benefit our society the most. Besides, government processes and technologies can be frustrating enough without low-vision. We can do better.
Conclusion
Today's world dominates us with visual representations of information. It's important that in our quest to capture attention and ratings, we don't leave others behind. Building accessible solutions isn't a choice to make but rather a persistent necessity. As you read the above paragraphs, did opportunities to be more intentional and inclusive come to mind? Becoming more aware of our impact, in our designs, or ideas, and own thinking, has the potential to change the world for many people in a profound way.
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https://cooperhollmaier.com/post/beneath-the-surface-visual-disabilities/
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As the title states, this visualization attempts to correlate school type and the starting median salary for certain universities and colleges. We filtered the data to only consider schools that have a starting median salary greater than $50,000.
The schools are listed along the x-axis. They’re really hard to read and to figure out which bar represent which school because of how crowded the axis is. All of the school names are cut off, and the axis title overlaps multiple school names in the middle of the axis.
School types are listed along the y-axis, and it is also hard to read these categories. Some are cut off, and the axis title overlaps one of them.
Furthermore, the ordinal color map and bar heights are misleading. Due to the title, it is easy to assume that the bar heights and colors correlate to the school’s starting median salary. But instead, the colors represent the school type (categorical data).
Lastly, the red background color is a bad choice because red appears close to our eyes and attracts focus. The blue text is also a bad choice. In contrast to red, blue recedes for the majority of us. Blue text and red background only has a luminance contrast ratio of 1.15:1. Ideally, we need at least a 10:1 ratio, which emphasizes how tough the text is to read.
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http://csc362.gbaldini24.com/in-class/salary-by-school/
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Use the Color Contrast Spectrum Tester or compare the contrast of two colors.
Some time ago, while pondering whether web accessibility posed limitations on design, the thought occurred to me that there are presumably some colors which simply cannot be used for text or text backgrounds in any site.
WCAG (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines) 1 does not, in fact, provide any specific guidelines concerning color contrast. The formulas commonly used to judge this were specified in Techniques For Accessibility Evaluation And Repair Tools, published in 2000. The document is intended to help authors conform to WCAG, but is not actually part of the WCAG document.
The nature of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) specifications of color contrast fairly well ensures that some colors in the middle range of the spectrum (in hexadecimal, generally between #666666 and #999999) simply won’t be compatible with any other color.
When this article was initially written, this was more true than it is now. At the time, the limit for normal text contrast was a luminosity ratio of 5:1. The final version of WCAG, however, adjusted this to 4.5:1, which opened up additional possibilities. Nonetheless, if you look at your options using colors like #707070, you don’t have very many choices.
My first thought on this point was to create a chart of colors which simply couldn’t be used in these contexts. I decided against this, on the grounds that it didn’t really seem all that valuable to me. But the thought of viewing color contrast problems in a different way than most color contrast checkers stuck with me.
It seems that most color contrast checking tools work in one of two ways: they either take a webpage and check the contrast factors between text and background on that page, or they allow you to enter a pair of colors and find out how they mesh up.
Since this article was authored, I’ve created a basic tool which compares two colors, as well. Evaluate contrast between two colors.
What I’ve done instead is set up a color contrast checker which only requires you to enter one color, then displays a selection of possible color combinations using that color. It’s pretty straightforward: you can choose to view results ordered according to WCAG 1’s color brightness and color difference tests or according to WCAG 2’s contrast ratio algorithm. Either way, all three factors are displayed, providing a good sense for how the two systems differ.
Altogether, I’m hoping that this tool provides an interesting way to approach color contrast issues and to view the differences between WCAG versions 1 and 2.
(L1 + 0.05) / (L2 + 0.05) where L1 = 0.2126 * R1 + 0.7152 * G1 + 0.0722 * B1 on the RGB values of the lighter color and L2 = 0.2126 * R2 + 0.7152 * G2 + 0.0722 * B2 on the RGB values of the darker color.
Thanks for the suggestion, but that’s not something I’ll elect to change. First, this is an article about color contrast, regardless of whether WCAG (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines) specifically defines that or not. Second, I feel that eliminating color would be a petty change that would serve primarily to confuse the issue.
Would it be hard for you to change “color contrast” in the page title and elsewhere in the content to “contrast”? WCAG (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines) 2.0 strictly speaking does not define “color contrast” but ratios for the “relative luminance” of foreground and background. I know that the relative luminance eventually comes down to using the RGB values of the two “colors” in a formula, but the term “color contrast” is not to be found in the WCAG success criteria.
Actually, these formulas do handle testing for color blindness. The purpose of the formulas is to demonstrate that the degree of contrast between two colors has enough difference in a manner not related to hue to be readily differentiated. In pure hue difference, red and green have a great deal of similarity — but if they have enough of a difference of luminosity, then somebody with color blindness can distinguish them.
It should be noted, however, that this is not in anyway about identifying that one color is red and the other is green — just about distinguishing that two colors are present, and the ability to distinguish the foreground from the background.
Checking for different types of color blindness can also be good. I don’t think the formulas for that are on the W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) site but they mist be somewhere.
Thanks for sharing it! The tool has been updated.
I pointed some colleagues to this tool; I hope they will use it.
You know, I really thought that I had already changed that – but I guess that I changed it in my other color contrast tester, but not in this one. I’ll get that changed today. Thanks for noticing that.
As far as I can see, the Color Contrast Spectrum Tester assumes a threshold of 5:1 (the threshold in most of the drafts of WCAG (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines) 2.0) while the final version of WCAG 2.0 uses 4.5:1 as a threshold (see SC 1.4.3: “The visual presentation of text and images of text has a contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1, except for …”). Is there any chance that this will be changed?
Thanks for the article, ive never really thought about evaluating the contrast on my websites. Interesting read!
As mysterious as it is, it’s nice to know that I don’t have to recode anything! Glad you “solved” your problem.
I redid my spreadsheet with more intermediate columns (i.e. additional columns for the sRGB values) and the discrepancies are now gone. I still don’t know what was wrong with the original version. At least you don’t need to worry about your PHP (Hypertext PreProcessing) function.
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https://www.joedolson.com/2008/05/testing-color-contrast/
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Sets foreground and background colors of a given text. They can be specified by name or in the format #dddddd (RGB hex triplet).
Unless in the case of personal use on a user page, use this template with great caution:
- a poor contrast may make the text difficult or impossible to read
- the contrast can be experienced as even poorer in the case of color blindness
- links have a color according to user settings; they become invisible if this color is equal to the background color.
ExamplesEdit
See wikipedia:Template:Colors on the English Wikipedia for many examples.
External linksEdit
|This page or section includes content from Wikipedia. The original article was at Template:Colors. The list of authors can be seen in the history for that page. As with Appropedia, the text of Wikipedia is available under the CC-BY-SA.|
| The above documentation is transcluded from Template:Colors/doc. (edit | history)
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Editors can experiment in this template's sandbox (create | mirror) and testcases (create) pages.
Please add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage. Subpages of this template.
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https://www.appropedia.org/index.php?title=Template:Colors&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile
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This is my third blog post related to accessibility. If you’re unsure why you should embrace accessibility while you’re doing your business, I strongly recommend you to start with my first article in accessibility series. I believe that you find social, economic, moral, and, most importantly, legal reasons on why you should care about accessibility. If you’re already convinced, but you don’t know where and how to start, it may be a good start to read the second post. It was about web accessibility on which we have a strong and comprehensive standard approved and referenced by many national and international authorities. That is Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.1.
This time I will touch on document accessibility and try to share some tips for creating and preparing accessible documents. To develop accessible documents, please keep in your mind this basic principle of document creation:
“While creating and delivering a document, consider as many different human situations as possible.”
- Decrease verbiage, increase intelligibility
The main motivation behind creating a document is to transmit meaning. It’s so crucial to choose shorter and uncomplicated sentences with simple and easy to understand words.
- Use Closed-captioned media
If your document has an audio or video content embedded, make sure it’s closed-captioned for the people who don’t or can’t use hearing.
- Add alternative text to all visual content
Your content may consist of images, SmartArt graphics, shapes, groups, graphics, attached objects, and videos. Alternative texts help people who don’t use the screen to understand the important points in pictures and other images. Briefly describe the picture in the alternative text and mention the existence and purpose of the image.
- Think your eyes are busy, or you’re the listener of your document
Using text in images as the only way to convey important information. If you need to use an image with text inside, repeat the same text in the document.
- Add meaningful hypertext and Screen Tips for the links
People using screen readers sometimes scan the list of links. Links should convey clear and accurate information about the target. For example, instead of using the “Click Here” text in the link, type the entire title of the target page. You can also add Screen Tips that appear when you hover your cursor over text or a picture with a hyperlink.
- Make sure not to use colors as the only way to transmit information
Visually impaired people and color blinds might miss the meaning conveyed only with certain colors. Instead of colors, you can use an alphanumeric character for each group of information.
- Use sufficient contrast for text and background colors
If your document has a high level of contrast between its text and its background, more people can see and understand the content without difficulty.
- Use built-in headings and styles
Use a logical heading and built-in formatting tools to maintain tab order and make it easy for screen readers to read your documents. For example, place the headings in a predefined logical order. Instead of Heading-3, Heading-1, and Heading-2, use the Heading-1, Heading-2, and Heading-3 order. Organize the information in your documents into small pieces. Ideally, each title should consist of only a few paragraphs.
- Use a simple table structure and specify the column header
Screen readers count the table cells to determine their location in the table. If the table is nested in another table, or if a cell is merged or split, the screen reader misses the number and cannot provide useful information about the table after that point. Empty cells in the table can also cause people who use screen readers to think that nothing else is left in the table. Screen readers also use headers to identify rows and columns.
If you use Microsoft Word to create your documents, you can check this out for further details on how to make documents accessible. Even better, if you have the last version of Microsoft Office installed on your machine, you can always benefit the “Accessibility Checker” utility to see the issues with your document that might cause a problem for people with disabilities. To learn more about this feature, you can visit the page on the rules for the Accessibility Checker.
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https://www.sestek.com/2020/03/top-nine-tips-for-document-accessibility/
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The Discussion is the most important part of a scientific research paper or report and is usually the longest section. The section allows you to display your ability to synthesise and evaluate the topic critically, and develop an informed understanding of the research issue by answering the research question(s) or confirming or disconfirming your hypothesis. It provides a crucial link between the Introduction, the Findings and the Conclusion of your paper. It should have a specific to general structure comprising the following:
- Remind the reader what your aim was (this should be in your Introduction);
- Remind the reader of the main findings from your Results/Analysis section and say whether and how they support/illuminate your aims, hypotheses or research question(s);
- Explain these findings or at least speculate about them (i.e., discuss the evidentiary support from the data you collected and explain the extent to which this answers your research question/hypothesis);
- Briefly outline the limitations of the study that might restrict any conclusions that can be drawn from your study;
- Restate findings briefly and finish the section by speculating on further work that might be done in the area of research. This section might end the paper, or it might be followed by a Conclusion and/or (in the case of a Business report) a Recommendations section.
Key things to remember when writing the Discussion section
It is important to broaden out from your narrow aim statement to the results, and explanations of results, and then say why the study overall might have limitations. Any variation from this is likely to result in a confusing Discussion.
- The aim statement recapitulation should remind the reader of the significance of your research question for scholarship in the field.
- This should be followed with your answer to the research question or hypothesis posed in the Introduction. Did you find what you intended to find? Why? Why not? What is your “take” on the topic?
- The explanation of the findings should follow from this. It should outline exactly why and how the findings provide an answer to the research question or hypothesis posed in the Introduction.
- Following this, an outline the advantages and strengths and/or implications of your approach to the topic should be provided (if, that is, the findings support your approach. If they don’t, conjecture as to why this might be the case). How do your findings provide an improved understanding of the topic compared to analyses that use different approaches? Here you try to justify why your study is an improvement on other approaches, and how your work contributes to the literature.
- The limitations section should be an honest appraisal about how the study could be improved and what might have been done better. This is not meant to be self-flagellation, just a balanced assessment of how future studies can learn from what you did and neglected to do.
To sum up:
- Remind the reader of the aim
- State whether the research question/hypothesis was answered
- Explain the findings and show how they answer the question
- Outline the advantages of your approach and justify its contribution to the literature
- State any limitations of the study
- Conclude by noting further work needed.
How to write the Discussion section
In the case of a scientific report, it is written using both the simple past tense to summarise findings, and the simple present tense to interpret the results and make them relevant or significant to readers now. Hedging verbs are used to express tentativeness (‘appears that …’, ‘suggests that…’ ‘seems that’…). This is done as few reports are ever completely certain in terms of outcomes and further work is often needed. The Discussion should contain the following elements and language:
Reference to purpose/aim/hypothesis of the study (past tense)
- ‘This paper aimed to investigate … / The hypothesis for this paper was …/In this paper we proposed to …’
Answer research question (past and present + hedging verbs)
- ‘The principle of … was not followed in conducting the research about X. We originally assumed that physical decrements would be more apparent in speed jobs than in skill jobs. However, we saw that … and that there was a …’
- ‘Leaf carbon and phenolic content did not appear to differ across sites indicating that the response of secondary plant chemicals is complex ‘
Review and explain important Findings (past and present + hedging verbs)
- ‘We found that … Results showed that participants might be less inclined to assist managers, if … This seemed to indicate that …
- ‘It seems that microbial activity caused immobilisation of labial soil phosphorous, however it is unlikely that…
- ‘Results seem to indicatethat there was a …
- This suggests that … On the other hand, there may be a …’
- This can possibly be explained by …’
Justify and outline implications of Findings: (present tense + hedging verbs)
- ‘Our Findings appear to contradict …
- ‘We found there is a significant difference in how … This offers a new way of looking at …’
Limitations of study (past and present tense).
- ‘Our findings are not in line with … / a limitation of the study was that …
- ‘While there is little chance of … The study is not concerned with establishing … the aim is not to … but to …
- We did not attempt to … only to look at …’.
For a downloadable helpsheet, see Writing the Discussion section. See also:
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https://studyskills.federation.edu.au/orientation/study-support-services/postgraduate-resources/discussion-section/
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I would like from the same writer to elaborate on the following questions, for each topic.
** Question 3: 250 words ,
Part 1: What theoretical/practical contributions does the research offer?
Part 2 :What do you think are the papers’ strengths and weaknesses? (from your opinion, e.g. strength from the new concepts/theories/methodological used, and weakness from the limitations parts).
** Question 4: 150 words ,
What alternative explanations can you think of for the empirical findings? What might the authors argue back with regards to these alternate explanations?
** Question 5: 100 words ,
Part 1 : How generalizable are the findings? (here please you need to be precise when answering the question by saying it is generalizable because of … , or not generalizable because of, and it is decided based on the sample if it is from different industries, countries, …So the answer should be something like: Since the sample is very specific where the employees belong to one country/ or one organization/ or one culture, we cannot know how generalizable the finding is, therefore we need to replicate the study in other contexts so that we rule out the context specific effect, we have to apply it in different countries, industries, cultures ..)
Part 2: What other moderators or mediators you can add in the model?
Total words = 10 topics X 500 words = 5,000 words
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https://aceassignments.com/2022/08/i-would-like-from-the-same-writer-to-elaborate-on-the-following-questions-for-e/
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Write a research report based on a hypothetical research study. Conducting research and writing a report is common practice for many students and practitioners in any of the behavioral sciences fields.A research report, which is based on scientific method, is typically composed of the different sections listed below:
- Introduction: The introduction states a specific hypothesis and how that hypothesis was derived by connecting it to previous research.
- Methods: The methods section describes the details of how the hypothesis was tested and clarifies why the study was conducted in that particular way.
- Results: The results section is where the raw uninterpreted data is presented.
- Discussion: The discussion section is where an argument is presented on whether or not the data supports the hypothesis, the possible implications and limitations of the study, as well as possible future directions for this type of research.
Together, these sections should tell the reader what was done, how it was done, and what was learned through the research. You will create a research report based on a hypothetical problem, sample, results, and literature review. Organize your data by creating meaningful sections within your report. Make sure that you:
- Apply key concepts of inferential hypothesis tests.
- Interpret the research findings of the study.
- Examine the assumptions and limitations of inferential tests.
- Develop a practical application of the research principles covered in this course.
Focus of the Research ReportTo begin, create a hypothetical research study (you do not have to carry out the study; you will just have to describe it) that is based on the three pieces of information listed below. Once you have your hypothetical study created, write a three- to four-page research report (excluding title and reference pages) that outlines the study. You are encouraged to be creative with your research study, but be sure to follow the format outlined below and adhere to APA formatting as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.Your hypothetical research study should be based on the following information:
- Recent research has indicated that eating chocolate can improve memory. Jones and Wilson (2011) found that eating chocolate two hours before taking math tests improved scores significantly. Wong, Hideki, Anderson, and Skaarsgard (2009) found that women are better than men on memory tests after eating chocolate.
- There were 50 men and 50 women who were randomly selected from a larger population.
- A t-test was conducted to compare men and women’s performance on an assessment after eating chocolate. The results showed an independentt-test value of t .05(99) = 3.43; p
Your research study must contain the following:
- Title Page
- Title of your report
- Your name
- The course
- Instructor
- Date
- Introduction
- Introduce the research topic, explain why it is important, and present the purpose of the paper and the research question and hypothesis.
- Discuss how this study is related to other research on the topic.
- Elaborate on the information from the references you were given. State how they relate to your hypothesis.
- Your introduction must:
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- Consist of a paragraph explaining what you are studying and why. Use previously cited research to explain your expectations and discuss how those expectations led to your hypothesis.
- State a clear and testable hypothesis and whether it is one-tailed or two-tailed. Make sure it is understandable to someone who has not read the rest of your paper yet. State the null hypothesis.
- Include a justification of the direction of your hypothesis. In other words, explain why you chose the direction of your hypothesis if it is one-tailed (e.g., previous research suggests that people with big feet are more likely to score higher on math tests; therefore the hypothesis is one-tailed) or if it is two-tailed (e.g., previous research is not clear on which group will perform better; therefore, the hypothesis is two-tailed).
- Describe why this study is important.
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- Method
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- Design: State the experimental design of your study, the independent and dependentvariables, and what the task was (e.g., what you had the participants do).
- Participants: Identify and describe your sample, how the participants were selectedto be in the study, and why you chose them. Provide details for how each individual wasassigned to each group.
- Procedure: Describe the precise procedure you used to conduct this research (i.e., exactlywhat you did). It should be clear enough that anyone could replicate your study. This is thesubsection where you tell the reader how you collected the data.
- Data Analysis: Describe the statistical procedure used in the study to analyze the data.
- Results: In this section, you will describe the statistical results:
- State the statistical tests that were used.
- Justify the choice of test.
- State the observed value and significance level and whether the test was one or two-tailed.
- State your conclusion in terms of the hypothesis.
- Did you accept or reject the null hypothesis?
- Discussion: Discuss your results as they relate to your hypothesis.
- Did you accept the hypothesis or reject it?
- Compare your results to the previous studies mentioned in the introduction. Are your results similar or different? Discuss why.
- Tell the readers what your findings mean. Why did you get the results you did?
- Identify limitations to your study.
- Suggest ways your study could be improved.
- Suggest ideas for future research, not just a continuation of your study, but research that is similar to this study. Perhaps one of the variables could be changed or a different sample could be investigated.
- Finish with a concluding paragraph that is a statement of your findings and the key points of the discussion.
- Conclusion: Write a paragraph detailing your experience with writing a research report. Discuss how easy/difficult it was to write a false report that reads like real results, and how this experience might affect you review research in the future. Do you think this experience will provide you with a useful skill in your potential career?
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- References: You will create a minimum of three fictitious references in the following format based on the information you have created in the preceding sections of the report:
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- Author, A., & Author, B. (Publication year). Title of the article. Journal Name, volume number(issue number), page numbers.
- Example: Jones, A., & Williams, B. (2013). Why monkeys are good pets. Journal of Silly Science, 23(4),pp. 221-222.
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You may access the Critical Thinking Community website for tips on how to formulate your report in a logical and meaningful manner.
Writing the Research Report
The Assignment:
- Must be three to four double-spaced pages in length (excluding title and reference pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
- Must include a title page with the following:
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- Title of paper
- Student’s name
- Course name and number
- Instructor’s name
- Date submitted
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- Must document all sources in APA style, as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
- Must include the sections with the appropriate headings and content listed above.
- Must include a separate reference page, formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
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https://essaymatrix.com/2017/09/18/write-a-research-report-based-on-a-hypothetical-research-study/
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The discussion section of your manuscript can be one of the hardest to write as it requires you to think about the meaning of the research you have done. An effective discussion section tells the reader what your study means and why it is important. In this article, we will cover some pointers for writing a clear, well-organized discussion and conclusion sections and discuss what should NOT be part of these sections.
What Should be in Discussion Section?
How to Make Discussion Section Effective?
There are several ways to make the discussion section of your manuscript effective, interesting, and relevant. Most writing guides recommend listing the findings of your study in order from most to least important. You would not want your reader to lose sight of the key results that you found. Therefore, put the most important finding front and center.
Imagine that you conduct a study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of stent placement in patients with partially blocked arteries. You find that despite this being a common first-line treatment, stents are not effective for patients with partially blocked arteries. The study also discovers that patients treated with a stent tend to develop asthma at slightly higher rates than those who receive no such treatment.
Which sentence would you choose to begin your discussion?
Our findings suggest that patients who had partially blocked arteries and were treated with a stent as the first line of intervention had no better outcomes than patients who were not given any surgical treatments.
Our findings noted that patients who received stents demonstrated slightly higher rates of asthma than those who did not. In addition, the placement of a stent did not impact their rates of cardiac events in a statistically significant way.
If you chose the first example, you are correct. If you aren’t sure which results are the most important, go back to your research question and start from there. The most important result is the one that answers your research question.
It is also necessary to contextualize the meaning of your findings for the reader. What does previous literature say, and do your results agree? Do your results elaborate on previous findings, or differ significantly?
In our stent example, if previous literature found that stents were an effective line of treatment for patients with partially blocked arteries, you should explore why your results are different in the discussion. Did your methodology differ? Was your study broader in scope and larger in scale than the previous studies? Were there any limitations to previous studies that your study overcame? Alternatively, is it possible that your own study could be incorrect due to some difficulties you had in carrying it out? Think of your discussion as telling the story of your research.
Finally, remember that your discussion is not the time to introduce any new data, or speculate wildly as to the possible future implications of your study. However, considering alternative explanations for your results is encouraged.
Avoiding Confusion in your Conclusion!
In this study, we examined the effectiveness of stent placement in patients with partially blocked arteries compared with non-surgical interventions. After examining the five-year medical outcomes of 19,457 patients in the greater Dallas area, our statistical analysis concluded that the placement of a stent resulted in outcomes that were no better than non-surgical interventions such as diet and exercise. Although previous findings indicated that stent placement improved patient outcomes, our study followed a greater number of patients than the major studies previously conducted. It is possible that outcomes would vary if measured over a ten or fifteen year period, and future researchers should consider investigating the impact of stent placement in these patients over a longer period of time than five years. Regardless, our results point to the need for medical practitioners to reconsider the placement of a stent as the first line of treatment as non-surgical interventions may have equally positive outcomes for patients.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized on March 1, 2018 by Vekky Repi.
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http://vekky-repi.blog.unas.ac.id/uncategorized/discussion-vs-conclusion-know-the-difference-before-drafting-manuscripts/
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Empirical research is the process of testing a hypothesis using experimentation, direct or indirect observation and experience.
The word empirical describes any information gained by experience, observation, or experiment. One of the central tenets of the scientific method is that evidence must be empirical, i.e. based on evidence observable to the senses.
Philosophically, empiricism defines a way of gathering knowledge by direct observation and experience rather than through logic or reason alone (in other words, by rationality). In the scientific paradigm the term refers to the use of hypotheses that can be tested using observation and experiment. In other words, it is the practical application of experience via formalized experiments.
Empirical data is produced by experiment and observation, and can be either quantitative or qualitative.
Empirical research is informed by observation, but goes far beyond it. Observations alone are merely observations. What constitutes empirical research is the scientist’s ability to formally operationalize those observations using testable research questions.
In well-conducted research, observations about the natural world are cemented in a specific research question or hypothesis. The observer can make sense of this information by recording results quantitatively or qualitatively.
Techniques will vary according to the field, the context and the aim of the study. For example, qualitative methods are more appropriate for many social science questions and quantitative methods more appropriate for medicine or physics.
However, underlying all empirical research is the attempt to make observations and then answer well-defined questions via the acceptance or rejection of a hypothesis, according to those observations.
Empirical research can be thought of as a more structured way of asking a question – and testing it. Conjecture, opinion, rational argument or anything belonging to the metaphysical or abstract realm are also valid ways of finding knowledge. Empiricism, however, is grounded in the “real world” of the observations given by our senses.
Science in general and empiricism specifically attempts to establish a body of knowledge about the natural world. The standards of empiricism exist to reduce any threats to the validity of results obtained by empirical experiments. For example, scientists take great care to remove bias, expectation and opinion from the matter in question and focus only on what can be empirically supported.
By continually grounding all enquiry in what can be repeatedly backed up with evidence, science advances human knowledge one testable hypothesis at a time. The standards of empirical research – falsifiability, reproducibility – mean that over time empirical research is self-correcting and cumulative.
Eventually, empirical evidence forms over-arching theories, which themselves can undergo change and refinement according to our questioning. Several types of designs have been used by researchers, depending on the phenomena they are interested in.
Empirical research is not the only way to obtain knowledge about the world, however. While many students of science believe that “empirical scientific methods” and “science” are basically the same thing, the truth is that empiricism is just one of many tools in a scientist’s inventory.
Observation involves collecting and organizing empirical data. For example, a biologist may notice that individual birds of the same species will not migrate some years, but will during other years. The biologist also notices that on the years they migrate, the birds appear to be bigger in size. He also knows that migration is physiologically very demanding on a bird.
Induction is then used to form a hypothesis. It is the process of reaching a conclusion by considering whether a collection of broader premises supports a specific claim. For example, taking the above observations and what is already known in the field of migratory bird research, the biologist may ask a question: “is sufficiently high body weight associated with the choice to migrate each year?” He could assume that it is and stop there, but this is mere conjecture, and not science. Instead he finds a way to test his hypothesis. He devises an experiment where he tags and weighs a population of birds and watches to observe whether they migrate or not.
Test the hypothesisentails returning to empirical methods to put the hypothesis to the test. The biologist, after designing his experiment, conducting it and obtaining the results, now has to make sense of the data. Here, he can use statistical methods to determine the significance of any relationship he sees, and interpret his results. If he finds that almost every higher weight bird ends up migrating, he has found support (not proof) for his hypothesis that weight and migration are connected.
An often-forgotten step of the research process is to reflect and appraise the process. Here, interpretations are offered and the results set within a broader context. Scientists are also encouraged to consider the limitations of their research and suggest avenues for others to pick up where they left off.
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https://explorable.com/empirical-research?gid=1583
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SCI 207 Ashford University Organic Farming Discussion
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The scientific article is attached below, after the guide lines you will need to follow to do the assignment
You will identify the problem or observation that spurred the research. While reading your article, it may be helpful to ask yourself why the scientists did the study.
You will identify the hypothesis the scientists were testing. Remember that a hypothesis is a testable educated guess. Thus, it is not appropriate to pose a question here. However, while reading your article, it can be helpful to ask yourself what explanation the scientists tried to use to explain their initial observation. Include any reasoning for how the scientists came to their hypothesis.
Next, we will identify the test or experiment that was performed to address the hypothesis. You can be detailed here. It may be helpful to pull from other sources, if you do not fully understand how the experiment was conducted. For example, if a piece of equipment was used, you may need to do a little background research.
Next, you will identify the experimental results that the scientists obtained. What did the scientists find after doing their experiment?
Finally, you will identify the conclusion of the study. In this part, you may address one or more of the following questions: What were the new findings of this study? How did the scientists interpret their results? How did they try to explain their findings?
We will also pose any further questions or future directions that arose from this study. After doing this study, what is the logical next step? What research could be done next? Are there any ethical considerations that arose from this work? Or did this research neglect an important question?
Finally, we will evaluate the differences between a related news article and the scientific study. What did the news article get right? what was misrepresented (if anything)? How could the journalists improve their presentation of the science? Could the scientists do anything to improve their presentation of the science?
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https://besttutors.net/sci-207-ashford-university-organic-farming-discussion/
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Ball, S.; (2010) The effect of rumination on analogue-PTSD symptoms: an experimental investigation using the trauma film paradigm. Doctoral thesis , UCL (University College London).
This thesis is presented in three parts. Part one reviews published studies utilising the 'trauma film paradigm'; an experimental analogue method for investigating the effect of pre-, peri-and post-trauma variables on PTSD symptomatology. It reports results from the reviewed trauma "film paradigm studies in relation to intrusive memories and compares these findings with clinical literature and cognitive processing models of PTSD. Part two presents the empirical paper; an investigation of the effect of rumination on analogue-PTSD intrusive memories and mood using the trauma film paradigm. Results indicate that both trauma-and non trauma-related rumination affects intrusions and negative mood. This was the first experimental study to specifically examine the role of rumination in the maintenance of symptoms. Findings support clinical research regarding the effects of rumination in persistent PTSD. The findings are presented in the context of theoretical explanations for the effect of rumination. Strengths and limitations of the study, as well as clinical implications, are discussed. Part three is a critical appraisal of the research study, which draws on the literature review presented in part one, and reflects in more detail on the methodological and conceptual strengths and limitations of the research. It also discusses the development of ideas underlying the study and the implications for future trauma film paradigm studies and clinical treatment.
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http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/849456/
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The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of culture (Western versus East Asian) on customers' perceived informational fairness of several types of failure explanations – excuse, justification, reference, and apology. It also seeks to examine whether informational fairness influences post‐failure satisfaction and consequent loyalty intentions.
Design/methodology/approach
A two (culture: US and Taiwanese) × four (explanation type: excuse, justification, reference to other people, and penitence) between‐subjects experimental design was used to test the hypotheses. Participants were exposed to a written scenario describing a flight delay. A total of 286 undergraduate students served as the subject pool.
Findings
The findings of this study imply that customers from different cultures perceive service failure explanations somewhat differently. US customers perceive reference to other customers to be more just while Taiwanese customers perceive apology to be more just. Furthermore, such informational fairness influences satisfaction, and consequent loyalty intentions.
Research limitations/implications
Owing to the comparison of US and Taiwanese participants in this study, these results may not be applied to customers from other countries. Second, the stimuli involved service failures that are in the context of air travel. Third, though the student sample is appropriate for cross‐cultural research, it limits the generalizability of the study's findings.
Practical implications
The study findings indicate that explanations for service failures enhance customers' fairness perceptions, thus inducing loyalty. Yet, it is important for front‐line employees to keep in mind that customers' cultural backgrounds can affect their perceptions of specific types of explanations.
Originality/value
The findings of this study add to the evidence that culture is an important factor in determining the effectiveness of a service recovery effort. Specifically, this research shows cross‐cultural differences in informational fairness perceptions across various explanation types.
Keywords
Citation
Wang, C. and Mattila, A.S. (2011), "A cross‐cultural comparison of perceived informational fairness with service failure explanations", Journal of Services Marketing, Vol. 25 No. 6, pp. 429-439. https://doi.org/10.1108/08876041111161023
Publisher:
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https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/08876041111161023/full/html
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Frameworks can contribute to supporting General Hypotheses.
If data are consistent with the predictions of Measurable Hypotheses, the data can be considered to support the General Hypotheses that led to the predictions of the Measurable Hypotheses.
DEFINITION: "Support" for a hypothesis has a specific meaning: the data of the current experiment did not reject the hypothesis.
However, simply failing to reject a particular General Hypothesis of a study is only one piece of evidence, and may not alone be sufficient reason to continue research to test and further develop the General Hypothesis. Therefore, one role of the Discussion can be to provide additional support for General Hypotheses.
Additional support for General Hypotheses can involve
1) Defending the assumptions used in the reasoning of the study.
2) Explaining how the findings of the study and the General Hypotheses are consistent with broader scientific understanding.
1) Defending the assumptions used in the reasoning of the study.
Similar to a forthright discussion of experimental limitations, identifying the major assumptions of the study can help establish the reader's trust. Moreover, clearly identifying assumptions can anticipate probable questions, and prevent unanswered questions from undermining arguments about the General Hypotheses. Therefore, it can be helpful to provide readers with a clear explanation of each major known, assumption made in designing and conducting the study.
The assumptions that could potentially affect research vary considerably by field. Examples of assumptions in research involving humans could include assuming that sex or gender of study participants does not affect physiology or performance, an assumption that convenience samples (often college students for university research) represent a broader population, assumptions that important variables do not substantially change with age, assumptions that behavior in laboratory settings transfers to behavior outside the laboratory, etc. Although animal models are critical for biomedical research, much research on animals assumes that principles learned from animals also have relevance to humans at the molecular, physiological, or even behavioral levels.
Assumptions are not limited to biology. For example, the physical sciences and engineering commonly study systems that can be "linearized:" investigated in narrow ranges where the responses of systems are linearly related to inputs. Principles like the "Ideal Gas Law" assume that simplified relationships apply broadly to many different compounds. Clearly, researchers make assumptions in almost every field of science.
There is no shame in making assumptions. However, if authors do not recognize and address important assumptions, readers can be confused, withhold judgment, not agree with the arguments of the study, or lose trust in the competence of the authors (or all at once). Simply avoiding mention of important assumptions is not a viable strategy: competent scientists will be able to "read between the lines," and do not appreciate subterfuge. Therefore, it is in the authors' best interest to voluntarily identify the major assumptions of a study.
Similar to the limitations, a useful framework for explaining assumptions is:
1) Identify the assumption made, and why the assumption was necessary.
2) Explain using a reasoned argument why the assumption does NOT affect the conclusions of the study (e.g. the tests of the Measurable Hypotheses in the Results).
Many students perform step (1) and identify assumptions without performing step (2) and explaining why the assumptions do NOT affect the conclusions! Readers are therefore forced to come to conclusions on their own (and scientific readers are not inclined to be charitable, particularly when expected to do work for the authors). Therefore, it is critical to perform step (2) and make a clear, evidence-based argument why an assumption is NOT likely to affect the conclusions of the study.
Addressing the assumptions can involve references to other studies, alternative analyses of data or limited additional calculations as necessary. For example, the assumption that sex differences do not affect performance could be supported by the results of similar studies that tested for (and did not find) sex differences.
2) Explaining how the findings of the study and the General Hypotheses are consistent with broader scientific understanding.
One framework that can help to organize arguments to support General Hypotheses is inductive reasoning using Hill's Criteria.
Examples of how Hill's Criteria could apply to the Discussion include:
1) Reliability – Do repeated studies all lead to the same conclusions?
Do the data collected by the present study match data collected in previous studies? Finding that the data are quantitatively consistent with other research can strengthen confidence in the Methods of the study, the resulting data and conclusions of the Results, and also contribute to supporting shared General Hypotheses. An example of an argument for reliability could involve comparing the results of complex calculations of arm movement to previous measurements: "The elbow excursions of 77 ± 11° that the monkeys used for the present task were comparable to the 81 ± 20° excursions reported by Christel and Billard (2002)" (Jindrich et al., 2011).
2) Diversity – Does evidence from many different approaches all support the hypothesis?
Do different types of studies all support the same General Hypothesis? If a diversity of approaches are all consistent with a hypothesized explanation, then the explanation is more likely to be a general, valid explanation. The Discussion can make arguments for diversity by surveying a wide range of literature and finding consistent support for a General Hypothesis. For example, "Similar differences between ‘‘massed’’ and ‘‘distributed’’ practice were observed in motor learning paradigms other than adaptation (Lee and Genovese 1988), as well as in verbal learning paradigms (Ebbinghaus 1885; Glenberg 1979)" (Bock et al., 2005), or "That exercise was equally effective [in reducing symptoms of depression] as medication after 16 weeks of treatment is consistent with findings of other studies of exercise training in younger depressed adults [14,15,17,18]." (Blumenthal et al., 1999).
However, as always, it is important to make sure that arguments in the Discussion are a valid representation of the research on a topic. Arguments for Diversity should not represent "cherry picking" in the service of confirmation bias.
3) Plausibility – Are there reasonable mechanisms that underlie observed outcomes? Are the mechanisms consistent with, and do not conflict with, other knowledge?
Consistency, or "consilience," of scientific explanations is extremely important for science. For example, proposed biological mechanisms must be consistent with known laws of physics and chemistry (e.g. conservation of energy, entropy, etc.). Physiological or behavioral explanations must be consistent with known physiological or neural processes. Therefore, plausibility is an important and common argument in the Discussion.
Two approaches to arguments for plausibility are (A) information from other studies suggest reasonable mechanisms to explain data observed in the current study; or (B) data from the current study provides direct mechanistic evidence for General Hypotheses. An example of the first type of argument is: "Animal research suggests that [differences between ‘‘massed’’ and ‘‘distributed’’ practice] may be related to differential modulation of protein synthesis- dependent molecular processes which affect the expression of synaptic connectivity (Genoux et al. 2002; Scharf et al. 2002)" (Bock et al., 2005).
4) Experimental Interventions – Can direct interventions produce predicted outcomes?
Sometimes General Hypotheses are developed from first principles, physical models, or observed correlations. Direct experimental testing of General Hypotheses is an indispensable tool for science. The Discussion can include arguments that experimental data supports scientific explanations or models. For example, "Our results suggest that humans show body control strategies that result in relationships among movement parameters that are consistent with the distributed feedback rules used by Raibert’s robots" (Qiao and Jindrich, 2012).
5) Temporality – Are there time-based dependencies (e.g. causes precede effects)?
Time-based arguments are particularly important for hypotheses that involve causal relationships. Effects are commonly observed after causal phenomena. The Discussion can include time-based arguments to support hypotheses. For example, "It is clear that neuronal processes that precede a self-initiated voluntary action, as reflected in the readiness-potential, generally begin substantially before the reported appearance of conscious intention to perform that specific act" (Libet et al., 1983).
6) Strength – Is there a strong association between variables?
Although statistical tests can test for differences among groups, statistical tests alone do not address whether differences among groups are important. Demonstrating that there are strong associations among variables can be an important part of arguing that statistically-observed differences are important. The Discussion can compare findings to other phenomena to make an argument that observed relationships among variables are strong and important. For example, "The magnitude of reductions in depression scores is also compatible to the levels achieved using sertraline in other clinical trials of depression [45,48]. Moreover, the changes in depressive symptoms found for all treatments in our study are consistent with the extent of improvements reported in more than a dozen studies of psychosocial interventions for MDD [12,49-53]" (Blumenthal et al., 1999).
7) Specificity – Are there specific factors (i.e. not all factors) that result in observed outcomes?
Specificity can be important for using Strong Inference to reject alternative hypotheses. If General Hypotheses lead to specific predictions that are consistent with data (whereas the predictions of other hypotheses are not), the General Hypothesis may be stronger than alternatives. For example "It became obvious that the improved stepping associated with step training occurred as a result of the repetitive activity of those spinal locomotor circuits that actually generated the load-bearing stepping, since spinal cats that were trained to stand bilaterally learned to stand but could not step as well as even those spinal cats that were not trained at all" (Edgerton and Roy, 2009).
8) Biological gradient – Are there biological gradients or dose-response relationships?
Experimental studies may directly test for dose-response relationships. For example, "Quipazine increased the sensitivity of the spinal cord to ES. The stimulation threshold to elicit muscle twitch as detected visually and by palpation was lower after quipazine administration (Table 1)... There was a significant decrease in the effective ES intensity after administration of quipazine at dosages of 0.2, 0.3, and 0.5 mg/kg (Table 1)" (Ichiyama et al., 2008).
Even if an experimental study does not directly test for biological gradients, using the results of similar studies can allow for experimental data to contribute to arguments for a biological gradient.
The Discussion can focus on making a limited number of strong arguments.
Papers can typically devote 3-5 paragraphs of the Discussion to supporting General Hypotheses. Three to five paragraphs may not allow strong arguments based on all of Hill's Criteria. Therefore, it can be acceptable to focus on 2 or 3 of the most appropriate and strongest areas.
Inductive reasoning using Hill's Criteria is only one possible framework available to structure a Discussion. Other types of evidence and arguments could also contribute to putting the results of a study and the General Hypotheses that the results support into a broader scientific context.
The purpose of Discussions that support General Hypotheses is to make strong arguments that the General Hypothesis is a plausible and useful explanation that fills the gap in understanding. A supportive Discussion brings the conclusions of the Results together with conclusions from other studies to make compelling arguments for existing General Hypotheses.
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https://reasonedwriting.moodlecloud.com/course/view.php?id=4§ion=85
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- To submit a paper follow the "New Submission" link in your user profile, next to "Author"
- The standard manuscript length is 12 pages. However, there is no page limit for papers submitted to Al-Hayat
- The manuscript should be written in English and papers are generally consisted of title (text size of 14), author affiliation, abstract, keywords, introduction, body, conclusions and references (text size of 12), table/diagram (text size of 11). A paper may also include appendixes and an acknowledgement. The abstract is written concisely and factually, includes the purpose of research, the method of research, the result and conclusion of the research and should concisely state the content of the paper. The abstract is written in English and Indonesian language, in account between 150 - 250 words in one paragraph (see the template for details)
- Arabic romanization should be written:’, b, t, th, j, ḥ, kh, d, dh, r, z, s, sh, ṣ, ḍ, ṭ, ẓ, ‘, gh, f, q, l, m, n, h, w, y. Short vowels: a, i, u. long vowels: ā, ī, ū. Diphthongs: aw, ay. Tā marbūṭā: t. Article: al-. For detailed information on Arabic Romanization, please refer to the transliteration system of the Library of Congress (LC) Guidelines click here
- Authors must use SI (International System) units and internationally recognized terminology and symbols
- All graphics and figures in good quality should be attached directly to the body of the paper. Large figures can span both columns. Colour figures and pictures are accepted provided that they are of good quality
- References are cited in the text using reference manager Mendeley, Zotero, Endnote, etc with style APA. They are listed under the "References" section
- An Author Profile section located at the end of the manuscript is optional but welcomed
- Paper size A4, margins Top, Left: 3 cm and Bottom, Right 2,5 cm. Please download and follow our live template to format your manuscript
- All instructions and styles are included in the template in order to help authors to achieve fast and easy formating
- If you experience any problems during the submission through our page (e.g. upload time-out in case of large files) please contact the editor here
- Make sure you have read Author Fees and Withdrawal of Manuscript
- Fill out the ethical clearance and upload it to the supplementary file or email that is in the AJIE contact: [email protected]
General standards
- Include a few of your article's keywords in the title of the article;
- Do not use long article titles;
- Pick 3 to 5 keywords using a mix of generic and more specific terms on the article subject(s);
- Use the maximum amount of keywords in the first 2 sentences of the abstract;
- Use some of the keywords in level 1 headings.
- Titles that are a mere question without giving the answer.
- Unambitious titles, for example, starting with "Towards", "A description of", "A characterization of", "Preliminary study on".
- Vague titles, for example, starting with "Role of...", "Link between...", "Effect of..." do not specify the role, link, or effect.
- Include terms that are out of place, for example, the taxonomic affiliation apart from the species name.
- Background of study
- Aims and scope of the paper
- Methods
- Summary of result or findings
- Conclusions
- Begin the Introduction by providing a concise background account of the problem studied.
- State the objective of the investigation. Your research objective is the most important part of the introduction.
- Establish the significance of your work: Why was there a need to conduct the study?
- Introduce the reader to the pertinent literature. Do not give a full history of the topic. Only quote previous work having a direct bearing on the present problem. (State of the art, relevant research to justify the novelty of the manuscript.)
- State the gap analysis or novelty statement.
- Clearly state your hypothesis, the variables investigated, and concisely summarize the methods used.
- Define any abbreviations or specialized/regional terms.
- Define the population and the methods of sampling;
- Describe the instrumentation;
- Describe the procedures and if relevant, the time frame;
- Describe the analysis plan;
- Describe any approaches to ensure validity and reliability;
- Describe statistical tests and the comparisons made; ordinary statistical methods should be used without comment; advanced or unusual methods may require a literature citation, and;
- Describe the scope and/or limitations of the methodology you used.
- State the Major Findings of the Study;
- Explain the Meaning of the Findings and Why the Findings Are Important;
- Support the answers with the results. Explain how your results relate to expectations and to the literature, clearly stating why they are acceptable and how they are consistent or fit in with previously published knowledge on the topic;
- Relate the Findings to Those of Similar Studies;
- Consider Alternative Explanations of the Findings;
- Implications of the study;
- Acknowledge the Study's Limitations, and;
-
Make Suggestions for Further Research.
- The graphic should be simple, but informative;
- The use of colour is encouraged;
- The graphic should uphold the standards of a scholarly, professional publication;
- The graphic must be entirely original, unpublished artwork created by one of the co-authors;
- The graphic should not include a photograph, drawing, or caricature of any person, living or deceased;
- Do not include postage stamps or currency from any country, or trademarked items (company logos, images, and products), and;
- Avoid choosing a graphic that already appears within the text of the manuscript.
Tips:
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https://alhayat.or.id/index.php/alhayat/Author-Guidelines
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In this short blog entry - and related podcast ( ) - Gio Perin and Prof Saba Balasubramanian discuss the ins and outs of writing letters to the editor. This is not meant for seasoned experts who are asked for their judgement in the form of an editorial or a commentary on an article, but for people less experienced in critical appraisal and scientific writing.
Writing a letter to the editor of a medical or surgical journal is something trainees and students sometimes try to do. It may be a first stop in publishing for many people and of significant value in boosting confidence in writing and having a line in your cv. Others think that it does not add much and that you could spend a lot of time and effort for little value, which could be spent on something more worthwhile, like an original manuscript or a review.
In short, yes, I certainly would. I think writing letters, especially at an early stage in your education and training can be an important part of learning and developing your critical appraisal skills. Writing a letter to the editor is not difficult. But, writing a good letter requires a number of things:
What do you think of writing letters? Is it something you would encourage medical students, trainees and surgeons to do?
- an in-depth understanding of the subject
- clear goals (why are you writing the letter and what you wish to communicate)
- logical and structured thought process and
- skills in technical or scientific writing.
That’s a great point, actually my first publication was a letter to the editor, and I remember being quite thrilled when I received notification of acceptance! So in what circumstances should I (as a trainee) consider writing a letter to the editor?You could consider writing a letter for a number of reasons.
- You may be interested in a particular clinical problem and involved in research addressing the problem. You come across an article relevant to your problem/research and may have questions about the methodology, results, interpretation or validity of research; you may have data that is similar or contradictory to the report; or may have a different perspective on potential explanations for the reported findings.
- You may be part of a regular journal club and have discussed a paper on a problem relevant to your practice and may wish to summarize the discussion in your journal club and submit a letter. This helps you crystallize your thoughts and gives feedback to the authors. Even if your letter is critical, the fact that the paper has been of interest and discussed by a group of peers would (should) in itself serve as positive feedback to the authors.
What are the potential benefits in writing a letter?There are numerous benefits:
- Learning and development – you will (should) read around the topic, increase your understanding of the subject, improve your skills in critical appraisal and technical/scientific writing and demonstrate your appraisal/writing skills.
- Demonstrate your interest in a particular area within your ‘community’ – for example you may be interested in pancreatic surgery and if you write a letter on a paper evaluating a RCT on a new technique aimed at reducing pancreatic fistula rates, it helps establish your interest.
- Of course, you add a line to your CV
- Benefit to authors – as mentioned before, it is good to give feedback and if given in the right spirit (and taken in the right spirit), authors benefit from your perspective and critical appraisal. Letters are not written very often and in my experience, most authors like to know that their manuscripts are of interest to readers and appreciate the time/effort you have taken in writing a letter.
- And finally, there is a wider benefit to the scientific community – letters are one important way of debating a research question and help perform what some people call a ‘post-publication’ peer review.
Where should I start?If you have come across a paper (either through personal reading or having discussed it in a ‘journal club’ type setting) and you are thinking of writing a letter, I would suggest you consider the following steps:
- The first step is to spend time reading through the manuscript in detail and taking the time to understand the concepts, the methodology and the results. Look carefully at what the authors make of the results and as you read the paper, make a note of the key points, the positive and negative aspects (from a study design and a clinical/domain point of view). That is, if you are critiquing a paper on the ‘conservative management of acute appendicitis’; you should not only consider how the study was designed and conducted, but also whether the research question is appropriate, the inclusion and exclusion criteria was reasonable and if the results are generalisable. Also, note things you are not sure about and terms/concepts you are not familiar with.
- Then, spend some time reading any relevant background literature. Is the study important and relevant to the field? Has the research question been addressed before? If so, are the results similar to previously published literature or different and if so, in what way? What does this paper add to existing literature?
- Then, consider how you may have approached the same research question? Would you have designed the study differently? If so, in what way? If so, think about why the authors may not have adopted your approach – is it because of time, logistics, expense or other reasons?
- Consider if you have a different perspective or explanation for the observed findings. Do you have any supporting evidence (your own experience, research findings or other literature)?
- Make a list of what you wish to say and then start writing…
How should I structure the letter?There is no ‘one size fits all’ approach. However, in general terms, I would suggest the following structure…
- A short introduction to explain why you are writing a letter (or the context).
- The salient points of the paper itself (this could be just a couple of lines) or in some occasions, just the area you wish to talk about...
- The positives – what is interesting about the paper, what has been done well – be magnanimous in your praise!
- The issues or questions you wish to raise – if there are several, list them in a logical sequence.
- For each issue, explain your suggestion/comment you may have – related findings either from your own research or other literature, alternative explanations for observed findings, suggestions for improving methodology or a way forward (that the authors may not have considered).
- Conclusion – A very short summary with an ending expressing hope that your feedback will be of interest or that you are looking forward to the answers to your queries.
Are there any specific rules or guidance?You should follow instructions given by the journal in question. Different journals have different criteria related to ‘letters to the editor’. Most have restrictions on word count, some restrict comments to a short period after publication, limits on number of tables and figures and so on. In general, be courteous. Avoid being overly critical, unless there are serious ethical concerns regarding the conduct of the study. Remember that if the letter is published, this will potentially be read by many people and even if your arguments and comments make perfect scientific sense, it does not help if it comes across as snobbish or arrogant. Disagreements are common and you do not need to ‘sugar coat’ them, but at the same time, they should not be expressed in a disrespectful way.
Do I need to inlude references?The short answer is yes. This is especially true if your arguments are based on other observations, facts or figures. These may be from your own publications (but only if they are relevant). Try to keep an open mind when presenting contentious arguments and consider referring to manuscripts that may not agree with your assertions.
Can I write a letter even if I am not an expert in this area?Often, students or trainees may write a letter along with a supervisor who may be an expert. But, even if this is not the case and you are not an expert, I think that it is reasonable to write a letter. Remember that any critical appraisal has two components. One is the aspect relevant to the ‘domain expert’ and this includes the research question, clinical/biological importance, eligibility criteria, relevance of outcomes and baseline characteristics and generalizability. The other component relates to the study design, scientific rigour and principles of methodology the study is based on. Even if you are a student in the area (and not an expert yet!), you could critique the paper on methodological grounds and ask questions of relevance to any practitioner in the field.
Do you have specific advice or tips on scientific writing?Scientific or technical writing is different to ‘journalistic’ writing or ‘story’ writing. This in itself could be a blog/topic for discussion. But in brief,
- Write using simple words or phrases. It is a misconception that scientific writing should be complicated. Einstein said something along the lines of ‘if you cannot explain an idea in simple terms, you probably do not understand it very well”.
- Write in short sentences.
- Avoid jargon and what I call ‘dramatic’ adjectives – such as ‘extremely’, ‘extraordinary’, ‘enormous’ and so on… Aim to be precise and provide objective, verifiable, facts and figures.
- Avoid words such as ‘absolutely’ and ‘never’; as they will rarely be true.
- Unless you are an expert, try not to ‘instruct’ or ‘teach’ in your letter. Present the facts or observations and your explanation or rationale for it. But, avoid the temptation to make inferences you are not able to directly make from your observations.
- When providing (what you think) is a logical explanation, think of alternative explanations and discuss them.
- Take your time. A letter may be much shorter than a research article, but should not be considered as just a quick addition to your cv. It may well be in print and you should be able to look back at it years down the line and still be proud of it.
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https://cramsurg.org/blog/lettertotheeditorhowto/index.html
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The Telepath is a class of character that uses mainly his mind to fight and defend himself. The telepath spent much time studying many different forms of combat and skills. Using a variety of techniques the telepath can be a highly efficient melee, caster, or ranged character.
Contents
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The Telepath is not an official class: It's a fan class. Author(s) of the article are:|
|Diablo III Class [e]|
|Telepath|
|Role:||Non-Specific|
|Primary Attributes:||Intellect|
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Skills and Traits
|Origin:||Sanctuary|
|Affiliation:||No Affiliation|
|Friends:||Many|
|Foes:||None Known|
Background[edit source]
His story takes place 10 years prior to the destruction of the Worldstone. This youth was born of a poor family in a village due East of the Monastery. His family had no education nor did his village have the means to provide one. Even so the boy was very intelligent. At a young age he learned to speak before his peers and developed a great understanding of the common languages of that region. The boy didn’t know it at the time but he had gifts the world had never seen the likes of before. He was born with the gift of telepathy. Before he reached an age of understanding his village came under attack by the forces of evil. His family was forced to flee to the mountains and hide there until help came. Not soon after the attack an Assassin was scouting the area for defiled lands to cleanse of the evil. Helping the people to reclaim their village the assassin noticed an aura about the boy. She took him to be trained in the arts of the Viz-Jaq'taar. As he grew older he developed a greater understanding of his powers. He grew to the point of outstripping the Assassins in his telepathy. Although the boy was in good physical condition he failed to see the point of using physical force, martial arts, and enchantment to fight. He believed that the power of the mind was far greater than any force yet discovered by man. He left his Viz-Jaq'taar teachers and went on to study a more telepathic style of discipline, one based on meditation of his psychic abilities bred with combat using force of mind not body. He crossed paths with many great learned people and sought out other disciplines that would help him develop his unique gift. When the new evil arose in world of sanctuary he started his quest for redemption to save the world from the onslaught of evil.
Character Design[edit source]
As a means of training the telepath walks and runs nowhere, he either teleports or carries himself giving those around him the sense that he is floating or flying depending on the speed at which he is traveling. He is not a strong melee fighter in practice though still fairly proficient in hand to hand combat. When augmented the telepath becomes a formidable melee opponent with strength said to rival even that of the great Barbarian King Bul-Kathos. This character is sort of a cross between a sorceress and an assassin but more a middle between them rather than a combination of the two.
Attributes and Skills[edit source]
Telepathy[edit source]
This tree is comprised of the telepath’s attack and defensive abilities.
- Telekinesis: allows the user to pick up and move objects with his mind. All objects that are destructible can be picked up and placed or thrown elsewhere. Doing this allows for ranged attack or placing objects as a barrier that enemies would need to break through. This skill was picked up during his studies with the Vizjerei.
- Blade Shield: makes a telekinetic weave of sharp objects that do damage to nearby attackers. This weave expandable and stackable based on skill level in it. This is one of the many attacks he learned from the Viz-Jaq'taar.
- Teleportation: the telepath has the ability to take their body and relocate it to a different area.
- Pulse: is a telekinetic pulse that hits multiple enemies in the direction of the attack. It will stop forward progression momentarily.
- Burst: a much more powerful pulse of telekinetic energy that stops forward progression and can stun some enemies.
- Blast: the highest damaging form of pulsed telekinetic energy that can tear apart weaker enemies and will always stun those it hits. It uses so much mental power that it requires time before it can be reused.
- Explosion: causes a telekinetic blast that damages attackers in a circle around the user. Extra physical damage can be added if blade shield is enabled first.
- Implosion: sucks nearby enemies inward and then blasts them outward for greater damage then explosion
- Annihilation: similar to a modern day nuclear explosion, the enemies at a smaller range get knocked backwards, sucked inwards, and thrown up and outwards and then anything within the greater range get blown backwards with great force. This attack uses so much mental power that it requires time before it can be reused.
- Freeze: telekinetically holds an enemy or a group of enemies in one spot making them susceptible to ranged attacks.
- Telekinetic Hammer: smashes an attacker in the head with a psychic force that stuns it for a few seconds as well as knocks it down. At higher levels is able to stun larger attackers and instantly kill smaller ones by crushing their skull.
- Mind Blast: Ripples the ground with psychic power causing attackers to slow their forward progression, confuse some, and knock down others.
Psychics[edit source]
This tree is comprised of the telepath’s crowd control abilities.
- Mind control: takes control of a weak minded enemy for scouting and attacking other enemies.
- Reality Warp: changes the environment around the telepath to increase psychic damage and decrease enemy damage.
- Cloak: a skill that allows the telepath to become virtually invisible to all around him by controlling the mind of his enemies.
- Foresight: a counter attack where the user foresees the attack and counters it psychically. While studying the Sisterhood of the Sightless Eye he developed this ability as well as a few other ancient Eastern abilities.
- Confusion: confuses a group of enemies making them unresponsive to their surroundings.
- Illusion: creates illusions of oneself as decoys for attacks by controlling the mind of his enemies, decoys have the misapprehension of attacking but do no damage.
- Mind Split: advanced telepaths have the ability to divide their mind allowing them to think and act in 2 or more different places at once. The more splits the user creates the weaker the splits are. This ability requires concentration and meditation and is a lengthy process. If the telepath loses concentration the manifestation will rejoin with his mind and disappear.
- Force Field: puts up a force field where the user wishes making enemies unable to enter or exit it for a period of time without breaking the field
- Barrier: creates a wall that can be passed through by the telepath and his attack.
- Mind Shield: is a shield of psychic energy that absorbs and can deflect attacks from the user
Contemplation[edit source]
This tree is comprised of the telepath’s training and contemplation on the skills he already is attuned to.
- Meditation: increases the length and strength of all psychic abilities and increases mental regeneration. This is required for most of the higher powered skills
- Concentration: increases all telekinetic abilities. This is required for most of the higher powered skills
- Regeneration: while studying with the Kehjistan the telepath learned of the ability to regenerate ones health.
- Physical Augmentation: this skill telekinetically enables the user to wear heavier armor, use heavier weapons, and do more physical damage.
- Mind Augmentation: this skill enables the user to use his telekinetic and psychic abilities better and more often allowing for higher damage telekinetic attacks.
- Soul Augmentation: the greatest of the augmentation is that which is given to humanity by the angels, when augmenting the soul one’s ability to take damage is increased. Clothed in spiritual armor what is there to fear? This skill he learned from the Horadrim.
Development[edit source]
The Telepath was first posted 29 August 2009 by Quis Ut Deus on the Diii.net forums.
Notes[edit source]
The site design was borrowed from the Arcane Warrior fan class because it was the closest html I could find that fit the way I wanted it to look. I posted this in conjunction with GamersVault.net.
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https://www.diablowiki.net/Fanmade:Telepath
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- https://doi.org/10.2991/jrnal.k.211108.007How to use a DOI?
- Keywords
- Interaction; game controller; interactive bend; interactive twist; intuitive interaction
- Abstract
In virtual reality applications, such as games and training, the use of two-handed controllers to interact with virtual objects is usually supported. To reproduce the interactive sensation of holding objects of various shapes and behaviors with both hands, previous researchers have used mechanical connections or set various peripheral brakes between controllers to simulate physical changes. However, these external devices are hard to quickly adapt to for the simulation of dynamic objects, nor can they be removed to support free manipulations. This research introduces Deformation Response virtual reality Glove, which is a pair of sensor gloves. There is no physical link and users can stretch, bend, or twist flexible materials and display physical deformations on virtual objects, allowing users to perceive the difference between haptic sensation and physical sensation simply by using their hands.
- Copyright
- © 2021 The Authors. Published by Atlantis Press International B.V.
- Open Access
- This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).
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https://www.atlantis-press.com/journals/jrnal/125967911
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Shapes are the first impressions children get as they start recognising the world that surrounds them. They look at the clouds, fruits and other basic every-day objects, silently studying how they look, and they also start to recognise the shapes of eyes, ears and all the facial features in order to identify their family members. Suffice it to say, kids start to perceive the shapes around them even when they are still unfamiliar with their names and purposes.
While learning the shapes, the little ones acquire a varied set of skills such as verbal communication that comes in handy when they practice describing the shapes they see, pre-reading and writing as they are getting the basis for number and letter identification, geometry which is a great asset for future math learning, and creativity, and all of these will enhance their experience in life by allowing kids to better interact with the world, establishing useful connections between objets and granting them with a better appreciation of art.
There are tons of ways to learn the shapes, from songs and videos to fun crafts and games. Here you’ll find some interesting ideas to make the learning the shapes a fun process for your kids.
Shapes Names
triangle
trapezoid
star
square
rectangle
octagon
heart
diamond
circle
Let´s learn how to draw a house ¡made of shapes!
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https://lingokids.com/english-for-kids/shapes
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Augmented reality technologies allow people to view and interact with virtual objects that appear alongside physical objects in the real world. For augmented reality applications to be effective, users must be able to accurately perceive the intended real world location of virtual objects. However, when creating augmented reality ap- plications, developers are faced with a variety of design decisions that may affect how users perceive the real world depth of virtual objects. In this paper, we explore how different choices made when rendering objects using augmented reality technologies influence user perceptions of the position of virtual objects in the real world. We conducted a series of experiments using a perceptual matching task to understand how shading, cast shadows, aerial perspective, texture, dimensionality (i.e., 2D vs 3D shapes) and billboarding af- fected participant perceptions of virtual object depth relative to real world targets. The results of these studies quantify trade-offs in how designers can best render objects for improved augmented reality applications. Overall, we found that shadows provide strong cues for localizing virtual objects in the real world, while layering additional depth cues can provide supplemental refinements of perceived depth, but can also interact in complex ways.
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http://iron-lab.org/research/ar-depth/
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In ‘Heliophilia’, Alba De La Fuente Creates Meditative Encounters With Space And Light
Madrid-based architect and 3D artist Alba de la Fuente visualizes the essence of space through sensory design, gently touching the poetic depth of architectural environments through textures, materials, light, shadows, and perspectives. In her new art project ‘Heliophilia’, she explores the relation of light, space, and architecture, making each installation unique by the sunlight that illuminates it and the spaces that define and surround it.
Fascinated by the representational and compositional aspects of architecture, Spanish architect de La Fuente’s work has extended predominantly to digital art, with intriguing and visually-striking outcomes. Starting out, the digital medium allowed her to experiment with designs and ideas, without having to translate her visions into tangible, physical realities. “When you are young and inexperienced it is very difficult to give voice to your ideas in the architecture world; 3D gave me that voice I needed,” she tells IGNANT. Today, de la Fuente aims to emphasize the interconnection of the two fields through an experimental approach to architecture in the form of digital art installations. “For me, architecture and digital art share not only the same objectives, such as the material expression of an idea of place, but can contribute a lot to each other,” she says.
“I am interested in the way we think about architecture, light, shapes, and composition of the space. But also in materiality, and how it interacts with its context,” she continues. Unveiled today, her new project ‘Heliophilia’ reflects the core concepts and style inclinations of her interactive practice impeccably. Proposing an experience of design through animated digital art, the project embraces the spatial and time development of sunlight via an enthralling visual journey through indoor and outdoors spaces.
“I am interested in materiality and how it interacts with its context”
The collection captures not only the harmony of materials and textures, but also documents the changing spirit of each space, as the sunlight travels in, out, and through them, creating stimulating yet meditative environments. From the subtle light breaking through circular openings, to the harsh shadows casted by the setting sun, her animations enhance the dialog between light and space while blurring the boundaries of architecture and digital art. We chat with the designer about the inspirations behind the project, finding serenity in simplicity, and the future of CGI.
What does ‘Heliophilia’ represent?
‘Heliophilia’ is a collection of ten art installations showcasing the compelling balance between architecture and digital art. The project examines the process of the sun setting in order to identify its effect and components, experiment with these, and transfer them to an architectural context. In a house set in a natural coastal environment, the sunset process is reproduced in each building’s room in a different and unique way. Light, materials, and the distinct elements that compose the space are shown to play an essential role in the shaping of each installation.
What were the inspirations that led you to this series?
I was influenced by natural environments and by a study of architecture focused on the understanding of light and shapes. In many ways, ‘Heliophilia’ is inspired by the simplicity of Modernist design and architecture. Mexican architect Luis Barragán and various contemporary artists working with space and light, such as Danish artist Olafur Eliasson and American light artists Keith Sonnier and James Turrell, are among the inspiration sources for this setting.
To explore the sunset process in an architectural context, you configured an imagined house built above a water surface. What motivated this choice? And what’s the significance of sunlight in the project?
I am very attracted to utopian visions of architecture; they contribute to less rigid ideas and offer attractive alternative visions of design. One of the objectives of the project was the construction of a fictional setting in which to capture the sunset process from an architectural perspective as well as an analysis of the way the surrounding environment is perceived through this lens. A striking continuity is created between the environment and the house through the use of materials and shapes, which allow the full expression of sunlight. Interpreted in different ways, the sunlight highlights the essence of each interior space, while embracing its forms, textures, and atmosphere.
For ‘Heliophilia’, you have also chosen pure forms, geometric elemental configurations, and selected materials, such as stone and wood. Is there a special poetry in simplicity and naturalness?
Simple shapes and natural materiality are especially relevant in this project. The delicate balance between materials, textures, and shapes create spaces that communicate simplicity and serenity while allowing the maximum expression of light. It is in this harmony between light and space that captivating plays of light recalling the sunset process can be fully developed.
The art project is developed as a series of 10 NFT animations. What is your approach to the growing demand for the acquisition of virtual objects?
Like many other artists and designers who have already successfully sold artworks in digital form, I find it interesting and necessary to work towards bringing the world of architecture and NFT closer together. With ‘Heliophilia’, I wanted to make digital art with architecture, to create a form of architecture that added value digitally. That explains why I decided the house to be envisioned from the point of view of an art installation. It’s not only a fascinating way of enjoying architecture, but one in which people have the actual opportunity to collect each art installation included in the series.
The visual language of traditional CGI is advancing everyday, being applied in new and interesting ways. Where do you think digital design is heading next?
The digital world is getting closer and closer to the real world—I think there will come a time when the boundaries between reality and fiction will be completely blurred. Currently, there is already a new generation of architects and designers whose work exists mostly, if not only, digitally. A new era is at our doors!
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https://www.ignant.com/2021/08/06/in-heliophilia-alba-de-la-fuente-creates-meditative-encounters-with-space-and-light/
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We had a ‘ribbit’ great time learning how to draw frogs following a step by step guide. It was fabulous to see how unique each frog looked! Our lovely frogs are up on display in the classroom.
In mathematics, we have been learning ‘first, then, now’. The first, then, now structure encourages just that. Children can place objects or figures into each section of the first, then, now activity mat and build a story, using the language ‘first, then and now’. Using a first, then, now structure can help children to tell maths stories related to addition and subtraction. This simple first, then, now activity mat encourages children to use objects or drawing to put calculations into meaningful context by telling simple maths stories.
We have also been exploring 2D shapes and tangrams. Understanding how to reposition tangram shapes can help develop spatial skills. We enjoyed making puzzles and cutting 2D shapes, this encouraged the mental rotation of objects and helps children learn to rotate and translate shapes. It’s a perfect way to get children exploring new and familiar shapes, letting them explore shapes in a new context.
Next week, our topic is bears! We would love to meet your favourite bear, or share your favourite bear story in show and tell next week.
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https://hamptonprep.org.uk/whats-on/news/reception-48/
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Artist Statement:
“The condition of ‘adrift’ implies a sense of ‘chance’ and ‘rootless-ness.’ On the contrary, the condition of ‘grounded-ness’ implies a sense of ‘stability’ and ‘fortification.’ The spatial energy generated by this pair of relationship exists in the physical space of ‘reality’ as well as in the abstract space of ‘anti-reality.’ This type of relationship is reflected unto how humanity exists in our dimension; since how we react to nature, the environment, and life determines how we relate to each other. The relationship formula thus becomes interactive and symbiotic.
My residency experience inspired me to think about real-world relationships. I came up with the following key points for creating my objects: 1) I decided to use ‘hot glue gun,’ an artificial and industrial material. 2) ‘Fractal’ shapes, complex and irregular shapes of nature as the main forms of my objects. 3) Through ‘spatial installation,’ I integrated my objects with their surrounding space in an attempt to represent the spatial energy generated from the connection between ‘reality’ and ‘anti-reality.’ I wanted my work to blend with the environment, whether indoors or outdoors, to create a site of contrast as well as visual harmony.
To me, a residency program not only affects one’s art practices, but also helps to shape an artist with clear and unique styles. Impacts from foreign residency experiences allowed an artist to view his or her artistic development more profoundly and independently, while also pushing the artist to face his or her works in a purer and simpler form. In addition, being able to interact with artists from different countries and cultural backgrounds was one of the most precious experiences during this residency.
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https://artres.moc.gov.tw/en/artist/content/38275abc7ad1434ca9ffd7ad8ae24099?pageLang=en
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Click on the image below, “Snow Field,” to open Paul LaJeunesse’s exhibit in a resizable browser.
Ideas and Resonance
Beauty and aesthetics are central to what I create; however, my choices of landscape imagery may not be the typical aesthetic for exploring beauty within this genre. What interests me in terms of beauty are the symbiotic relationships that form the structure of our world and my own relationship to space. When creating an image, I hope it will trigger a moment of suspended disbelief in viewers’ brains—a moment where their understanding that they are looking at an image is replaced by a perception of being present in the physical space of the image. I want viewers to feel as though they are in the space, have been there before, and are experiencing the location—where they are no longer only viewers of my created image but now function in ownership of the experience of the image. Whether or not that actually happens isn’t entirely up to me, because it requires the receptivity of the viewer.
In addition to that moment, sometimes called an aesthetic moment, I am interested in the structure of space and how we perceive it, namely within scientific and spiritual terms. At the subatomic level all matter is composed of the same materials, but as matter groups together in various ways, it manifests in many different forms. I find it quite curious and sometimes boggling that the variety of matter we experience daily is composed of only protons, neutrons, and electrons, which according to string theory, may then be composed of a smaller, singular element of vibrating energy. The math can support these claims, but there is no concrete evidence of this being the case because the scale is simply too small to test any of this. However, it is a beautiful and logical argument to me. Science has shown that the universe is orderly, elegant, and simple in its laws and that nature prefers symmetry. This is the guiding force behind entropy, which is out to break apart our complex systems into uniform, even distributions of matter. Simultaneously, this echoes the spiritual beliefs I find most resonance in: that of Buddhism.
I find it very compelling that theoretical physics postulates a similar argument to what Buddhism has been teaching for thousands of years—that everything is composed of pure energy and that the world we perceive is the grandest of illusions. While not a true practicing Buddhist, I do relate very strongly to the Buddhist ideas of what people are, where we come from, and the types of lives we should lead. Buddhism favors simplicity and humility, and it reinforces the idea that we are part of a larger organism rather than being the chosen species to rule and manipulate the planet according to our own vision. It talks of the interconnectedness of all things, of energy that courses through the world, and of a process of reaching enlightenment that requires turning back to the source, becoming one with the source—losing the self.
Coinciding with my resonance in Eastern philosophies, I am visually attracted to the ink paintings of the Song Dynasties in northern and southern China and the philosophies that undergird their creation.
The Northern tradition is steeped in Confucian ideology, which posits (similarly to Buddhism) that the parts work together to create a larger whole. This was a social ideology taken up by artists of the court, and it is manifested in how the imagery was made: through a series of similar linear marks that were executed so masterfully that they created large, beautiful, and serene images that served as objects of deep contemplation and meditation. Additionally, they brought the grandeur of the mountains, rivers, and forest to an interior space as a reminder of humankind’s place in the larger scope of the world.
The Southern Song tradition was a reaction to the order and structure of the court paintings, and it was much more ethereal. Many of the paintings have little to no imagery, with upward of 70 percent of the paper or silk being left blank or with simple value washes on them. The images themselves were of mountains, hills, lakes and other landscape scenes that were shrouded in soft, thick fog. They are perhaps more romantic, intuitive, and sentimental than their Northern counterpart, yet the subject matter and the final goals of conveying the grandeur of the universe and inspiring deep meditation of that universe unify them more than the difference in execution separates them.
The overarching goals of my work carry traces of these various inspirations within them. I would like my paintings to serve as objects that offer viewers space to pause and to contemplate not only the image, but also their own relationship to the image, to family, to society, and to the world. Creating the paintings offers me time to meditate and reflect; it is cathartic, and it helps me to understand my role in the world. Because it is a slow process, I spend a lot of time with the paintings, watching them transform and develop. I become very aware of the necessity of every mark in order for the image to work, as well as the time that is necessary to resolve a painting.
Process
The execution of a painting is a controlled, systematic building process. However, the way in which I choose subject matter is rather intuitive. I am not looking specifically for a place or location—or even an object—but rather, I am more interested in relationships of space and light. My subject matter has a mysterious quality to it because they are often the result of intuitive moments of curiosity that lead me to find interesting relationships that I cannot understand. These moments take me out of my normal level of self-awareness and make me feel more connected to my surroundings, becoming more aware of my position in space and my relationship to the objects within my field of vision. These feelings are not easy to describe, and they are often confusing; but it is within these moments of connection that I decide to paint a subject. The subjects are often places I have been many times, but perhaps because of the time of day, my state of mind (or both), I have a very different reaction to that space. I attempt to capture and hold still that moment of the loss of self, elongating that time by recreating the circumstances in an image.
Painting these places is an investigation. The preliminary drawings and photographs are my gathering of evidence, which I systematically study in my studio to develop a better understanding of that space and my reaction to it. What I often find in the process of painting are unexpected paradoxes and harmonies within the image. I find shapes, values, and colors repeating in different objects and through different materials and spaces, reinforcing my understanding of the unity and harmony that exists in the world. I build in the value as I develop it, but only after I have an understanding of where the shapes are located and when they repeat. The way in which I work is intuitive in discovering the subject matter and very analytical in the execution. To me it is a very holistic way to work, one facet not being given more importance than the other. All of my work focuses on this idea of discovering unity in the world, particularly in objects and spatial relationships that are multifarious to my eye.
Iceland
I traveled to Iceland as an artist in residence in order to investigate the landscape there and determine how it affected the social structure of the Icelandic people.
Iceland has some of the highest ratings of quality of life indicators including health care, social welfare, education, infant mortality rate, literacy rate, et cetera. It was my idea that the harshness of the landscape, the inhospitable weather, and the lack of agriculture strengthened the social fabric of the community—the harder a place is to live in, the more people have to take care of and help one another. I felt that the current social structure and high quality of life indicators were a direct result of the social structures of their ancestors and the lack of influence from Europe and America by being an island.
Upon my arrival, I quickly discovered that my theory of a lack of American and European influence was incorrect, as Iceland was a seemingly strange hybrid of the two continents, and not necessarily a good hybrid. Capitalism was rampant, and many young people were making good money and using that money. After living there for some time and befriending some people, I was invited into their homes. I found that they were “good” consumers: they bought high-end, comfortable furniture, quality cookware, and wonderful entertainment centers. They spent money on the things that made their homes warm, cozy, and comfortable, which I found to be a direct response to the harsh climate outdoors.
Through conversation, I quickly learned that all Icelanders are very connected with their land: every mountain, every hill, and seemingly every rock has a name—and everyone knows each name. More often than not, everyone has a story about an excursion to whatever rock you happen to be pointing at. They all explore the outdoors, hike, fish, ride horses, ski, surf, and any other activity one can imagine in the snow; and they don’t talk much about it, because everyone does it. It is ingrained within their culture. As my time in Iceland lengthened, I was given a myriad of suggestions of locations to explore and paint, for each person had a favorite place that they wanted to be exalted through the making of a painting.
When initially investigating the landscape, I was taken by how much variety there was, how different each part of the country looked, and how equally surreal each was. It often felt otherworldly, as if straight out of a fantasy novel; stories of elves, gnomes, and trolls seemed entirely natural when looking at the landscape. After making two paintings, I began to become more aware of the similarities in the shapes and patterns I was observing in the physical spaces. I was seeing, more clearly than I ever had before, the same shapes and patterns appearing in fore, middle, and background—in water, ground, and sky.
As winter arrived and the snow began falling, the starkness of the black basalt against the white of the snow made the mountains appear very flat and graphic, almost as a backdrop for a stage production. My perception of space was often challenged, as there were no reference points, no trees nor buildings, just miles and miles of rocks. I began to more purposefully choose subject matter that would play up the patterns and flattening of deep space. The subject seemed to fit my content perfectly, as it was unifying distance and objects through shape and value. Intentionally eschewing color and keeping the paintings similar to ink drawings was another way to speak of the similarities of the matter—that they are all composed of the same elemental units.
Living in Iceland taught me how to see what I had been looking for with all of my work: how to find physical manifestations of unity and harmony, and how to find them in seemingly disparate objects and spaces.
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https://theotherjournal.com/2009/05/the-harmony-of-disparity-glosoli-esja-sunset-thingvellir-and-other-landscapes-of-iceland/
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Excerpt: "Josh Tenenbaum, a professor of brain and cognitive sciences at MIT, directs research on the development of intelligence at the Center for Brains, Minds, and Machines, a multiuniversity, multidisciplinary project based at MIT that seeks to explain and replicate human intelligence.
Presenting their work at this year’s Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Tenenbaum and one of his students, Jiajun Wu, are co-authors on four papers that examine the fundamental cognitive abilities that an intelligent agent requires to navigate the world: discerning distinct objects and inferring how they respond to physical forces.
By building computer systems that begin to approximate these capacities, the researchers believe they can help answer questions about what information-processing resources human beings use at what stages of development. Along the way, the researchers might also generate some insights useful for robotic vision systems.
“The common theme here is really learning to perceive physics,” Tenenbaum says. “That starts with seeing the full 3-D shapes of objects, and multiple objects in a scene, along with their physical properties, like mass and friction, then reasoning about how these objects will move over time. Jiajun’s four papers address this whole space. Taken together, we’re starting to be able to build machines that capture more and more of people’s basic understanding of the physical world.”
Three of the papers deal with inferring information about the physical structure of objects, from both visual and aural data. The fourth deals with predicting how objects will behave on the basis of that data."
Follow link below to read full article.
To read the three papers from "Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30" referenced in this article, see the following links:
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https://cbmm.mit.edu/news-events/news/computer-systems-predict-objects%E2%80%99-responses-physical-forces-results-may-help
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So continuing off from last week, we still have three more Gestalt laws to go through to get our fundamentals. We'd covered figure-ground, similarity, and proximity. The short of them are that we will see contrast in an image or design where certain objects seemingly pop out at us. An example of this was the image of the two faces or the vase depending on how the background and foreground was colored.
Next, similarity was that we'll perceive similarity in objects that resemble each other. We looked at how to use this to our advantage by having consistent -- or inconsistent -- styling to better lead users.
Finally, the last we covered was proximity, which was similar -- heh -- to similarity but that physical closeness would lead to feeling of similarity as well. Grouping UI cards of a specific type infers that these cards have a similar significance to one another. Further, we can manipulate these almost "duh" concepts to be more clear about our designs.
So onward!
Number 4: Closure
This is a really interesting concept within design but amounts to the observation that our minds will seek out order. Here's a good example of this:
So the obvious of this image is that we have a a really large triangle in the middle, with a few scattered shapes around it. However, there is no clear lines that draw the triangle. The large shape is inferred with pieces taken off from the outer lying shapes.
This concept is used in all sorts of logos or icons in UI design. Typically it lets designs and designers get away with a less is more sort of approach.
We can think of a loading screen moving in a circle and that motion infers something to us. Even though it's just an arc revolving around an axis, we draw significance out of that motion by filling in the physical gaps in the design.
Another good example I'd come across was how an image hiding on the side of the screen infers that we as users need to swipe or scroll to see it. What is in fact just an obscured picture, we'll infer that there's something more left out then what's actually present. So, interestingly, this applies to actions as well.
Number 5: Continuity
This is the principle that says our eyes will naturally be guided by continuous objects of similar kind. Think, navigation bar with similar styled links or card arrangement or even text. Left aligned text is nice because the continuous placement is easy for our eyes to read.
We seem to like it when there's a clear flow of information or objects in a design, preferring it over haphazardly placed things. This really hits home when you start to question why we'd want this over not? Couldn't the world have easily been arranged in something not sensible or if we'd even have feared continuity?
Number 6: Order
All other laws we've covered so far sort of underscore this last one. Gestalt Psychology is the study of how we, as people, make sense of the world. Which leads us to be very clear with one thing, we first and foremost see and interpret an order in the world.
We don't perceive where there is no significance, or that is just full of objects that have no relationship to one another. Instead, we see patterns and information in a way that almost reaches out at us.
Understanding the almost patently obvious but deceivingly deep ways that we see and make sense of the world can make our designs better. We can choose to represent information this way or that because we'll have an understanding that these concepts lay a ground for all the ways that we perceive order.
Getting clear on what is the intention of our site can mean that we can guide an experience and lead to a better outcome.
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https://practicaldev-herokuapp-com.global.ssl.fastly.net/christiankastner/why-your-design-works-or-some-laws-in-gestalt-psychology-part-2-5he8
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Psychological ownership defines how we behave in and interact with the social world and the objects around us. Shared Augmented Reality (shared AR) may challenge conventional understanding of psychological ownership because virtual objects created by one user in a social place are available for other participants to see, interact with, and edit. Moreover, confusion may arise when one user attaches a virtual object in a shared AR environment onto the physical object that is owned by a different user. The goal of this study is to investigate tensions around psychological ownership in shared AR. Drawing on prior work, we developed a conceptualization of psychological ownership in shared AR in terms of five underlying dimensions: possession, control, identity, responsibility, and territoriality. We studied several shared AR scenarios through a laboratory experiment that was intended to highlight normative tensions. We divided participants into pairs, whereby one participant in each pair created the virtual object (object-creator) and placed it over the other person's (space proprietor) physical object or space. We recorded participants’ perceptions of psychological ownership along the 5 dimensions through surveys and interviews. Our results reveal that the paired participants failed to form a mutual understanding of ownership over the virtual objects. In addition, the introduction of virtual objects called into question participants’ sense of psychological ownership over the physical articles to which the virtual objects were attached. Building on our results, we offer a set of design principles for shared AR environments, intended specifically to alleviate psychological ownership-related concerns. Herein, we also discuss the implications of our findings for research and practice in this field.
|Original language||English|
|Article number||102611|
|Journal||International Journal of Human Computer Studies|
|Volume||150|
|DOIs|
|State||Published - Jun 2021|
Bibliographical notePublisher Copyright:
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https://cris.haifa.ac.il/en/publications/who-owns-what-psychological-ownership-in-shared-augmented-reality
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Forms mean shapes in general, an outline of any three dimensional object in the space. Forms can be created by combining two or more shapes and can be accentuated with the help of other elements like texture, patterns and colors. A well-defined form establishes harmony and additional forms add balance to the space. There are two types of forms – Geometric (man-made) and Natural (organic). Also forms are categorized as open and closed; open forms are those that can be looked into and closed forms are those that are enclosed by a closed surface. A solid understanding of the above mentioned elements i.e. space and line is required to achieve a good form.
Space
Design cheat sheet
Form and shape are similar to line in that they it can define the level of formality and overall theme of the space.
Think about the shapes made by unintentionally defining them through the outer edges of other objects – negative space.
Open forms can be a seating area or elevator surround. A reception area can be an opportunity to utilize a form that can be reinforced elsewhere or be a standalone showpiece
Shape is what you see when you look at a schematic, or look at an interior scene from one angle. It is 2D
Form is 3D, that is, the shapes as you experience them as you move around them. It is a challenge to think about how forms interact with one another, and with a person, as they enter and experience the space from different angles and views.
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https://foliointeriors.com/portfolio-items/shape-form/
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My work investigates the connection of the physical body to its perception. One perceives an object over time, as our body moves through space, around an object. Our individual senses focus on the noticeable changes that unfold, creating our perception of self and the art object. My art is an investigation into the function and cultivation of perception.
Our own understanding and awareness of how our physical bodies perceive our environment is perhaps the most under appreciated and overlooked function of our selves as observational and sensual vessels. Our body’s relationship to objects in space is a unique relationship, one that does not hold true when translated into other media. Materiality, space and time are key to activating the gestalt of our team of senses. Perceptive sensitivity is necessary to recognize and acknowledge the subtleties in an experience. In subtleties is where poetry lives, where our need to be human is reinforced. Our bodies provide a holistic sensory experience, senses perceive in symphony and our mind understands our perception through knowledge gained over time from all of the senses and experiences.
Working in my studio with the same sensitivity, with all senses in tune - a focused holistic understanding - I orchestrate materials with gravity, friction, and movement. My work is a fossil or remnant of materials interacting with each other through the filter of my action. The process is cannibalistic and fragments cross-pollinate among unfinished works. The heavy-handed process is rich in manipulation and results in works deep with subtle, at times undefined, complexities.
The history an object has gathered through time, scars and markings or its polished surface, is what gives it life. Drips tell time by recording a specific duration and quality of time spent while interacting with the surface of the object. A drip is a liquid solidifying over a period of time. It is a 21stcentury fossil. The way objects tell time is through surface and materiality. I am making work using color as a material. The physicality of light, material which is not palpable, and building with it. Attempting to conjure up a chemistry that directly translates visual perceptions into emotions, words can be said, but words often fog the lens of a moment's sensation and experience.
My work also investigates the hierarchy of the senses. The texture of a surface and the color it reflects are both physical properties that are cued into the senses differently. Our mind negotiates our experience, and it is through our focused attention that we can deconstruct this function, and develop a greater understanding of our world and ourselves.
Becoming in touch with ones senses, is escaping the realm of our own minds default assumptions, exploring alternative ways to experience life and art. I use the studio as a space of meditation, to focus and ask improbable questions of things to develop an understanding of the self through the creation of objects. This is not just a process of making art, or the theory behind my studio practice, but the principles through which one can deepen their metaphysical introspection amongst oneself and our cosmos.
Breeze Epiphany
10/2009
A stream of wind blows through an open window; the lowered blinds catch the wake forming a softly shifting arch. The light hidden behind the shade pierces my eyes; the breeze follows sweeping across the room and gently tickles my face. Transporting me to a mid-September day where in the same wind I flew a kite up near the sun, and it's flexing form performed that same subtleties in its softly shifting arch and my eyes filled up with the same shard of light that as I had experienced ten years earlier.
How can simple moments like this cause our sensual experience to trigger living memories seemingly long forgotten?
* This writing correlates to ideas for a work in progress, Parapet’s Ephemeral Breeze.
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http://craighansonstudio.com/writings/
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If you are reading this, prepare to learn the basics of blockchain in less than 5 minutes. Also, I’m quite impressed that you still don’t know what it is. Get it together.
Blockchain is a virtual ledger. That’s it, quite literally.
Virtual: existing or occurring on computers or on the Internet
Ledger: a book or collection of accounts in which account transactions are recorded
How did this form of virtual ledger become to be known as the “fifth evolution” of computing? To understand this, let’s look at four of the key elements proposed by the technology.
1.- Immutable ledger - Data is safely stored and time-stamped
Blockchain records data in batches, called “blocks”. Data that is added in a defined timeframe is registered in a specific block. After the data in that block is validated, it is “closed” and all recorded transactions living in said block are sealed, time-stamped, and future transaction can only be registered in subsequent blocks. To understand the value of immutability, think of the way cryptocurrency uses blockchain for a second – to record money transactions. Imagine the value of a technology that can track the life of money: where it is, where it has been, and what has happened through its existence, without the risk of the historical record being corrupted. “Ok, the record history can’t be corrupted. What about the block validations? How can blockchain enforce the accurate validation of the current blocks?” You may ask.
2.- Decentralized - No central authority
There are different protocols to validate blocks in different blockchains, but they all strive to have some degree of decentralization. This means that transactions are not validated by a central authority but distributed among a network of independent and autonomous parties. One of the main objectives of decentralization is to provide security against corrupt actors trying to validate illegitimate data transactions. An update is only added to the blockchain once a consensus has been reached among all the participating parties on the network. In a centralized structure, think most traditional corporations, if the central authority is compromised, the whole system is compromised. In a decentralized structure, if one party acts against the wellbeing and proper functioning of the ledger, the network can still run reliably and uninterrupted thanks to the rest of the network participants. There are different incentives for the validating parties to act in accordance with the blockchain validation protocol, and to ensure that no fraud is recorded into the ledger. The main two today are “Proof of Work” and “Proof of Stake”, more on that on later posts.
3.- Peer to peer network - No intermediaries
Given the decentralized nature of blockchain, participants can interact with each other and carry out transactions without the need of an intermediary. Where’s the value here? A simple example is peer to peer lending. Imagine a platform that connects lenders with borrowers, no traditional bank involved. Think about how much lower the rates could be, simply by discounting compliance, infrastructure and client servicing costs incurred by traditional financial firms. Not only that, but because the blockchain is an immutable ledger, lenders could have immediate access to the credit history of the borrowers in the platform. No need for an extensive due diligence to approve a loan. It also allows for a much broader coverage. Think of people in sub-developed places of the world, big banks don’t have interest in opening branches in many of these locations. With blockchain, all anyone needs is access to internet.
4.- Distributed – Multiple storages
While traditional firms store private data in a single place, blockchain stores data in a distributed network. In a centralized storage structure, data is vulnerable to an attack of a hacker. If the attack were to be successful, the hacker would possess full custody of the stolen data and would be able to modify it to their desire. With a distributed storage, hackers would not be able to take control over the stolen data. The ledger’s history would still be recorded in other nodes in the network and a modification would be easily identified and disregarded. Think about a hacker trying to get access to Bitcoin’s ledger to forge an allocation from “X” account to “Y” account for $1M USD worth of Bitocin. Because the ledger is also stored by plenty of other network participants, the fake allocation would not be validated simply because it does not match the rest of the ledgers. Remember, consensus is needed to approve any given block.
Important note: blockchain is NOT Bitcoin. It is true that Bitcoin uses blockchain technology to run, but just like Usain Bolt uses a pair of Nikes to run and you wouldn’t say that Bolt IS a pair of shoes, you shouldn’t say Bitcoin IS blockchain.
Done! Now you know the basics about blockchain. If you still don’t see blockchain’s potential, hang in there. The next post will be all about the main industries being revolutionized by blockchain. Maybe then you can understand how this technology is changing the world as we know it, and you might even find your industry of interest right there.
Finally, if this took you more than 5 minutes to read, learn how to read faster.
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https://www.hecmba-blockchain.com/post/blockchain-in-under-5-minutes
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In 2010, a programmer paid 10,000 Bitcoins for 2 pizzas, roughly worth $30. In 2018, that same number of bitcoins is estimated at $83 million in value! The exchange of Bitcoin is possible due to ...
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The blockchain is similar to a permanent book of records that keeps a log of all transactions that have taken place in chronological order. Let's envision a bank transaction in which there are thr...
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So how do Blockchain-based applications like Bitcoin and Ethereum validate transactions without a central authority? In the blockchain, there are many participants in the network that are constant...
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Just like bricks are the building blocks of a house, blocks themselves are the building blocks of a blockchain. A block contains transaction data and other important details related to the creatio...
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Hashing is an application of cryptography that is fundamental to the design of the blockchain. It is a way to generate a seemingly random, but calculated string of letters and numbers from any inpu...
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To recap, a blockchain is similar to a permanent book of records — it keeps an accurate unchanging record of all data, or transactions, stored in chronological order. Each block has a reference to ...
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Congratulations! You just learned the basics of blockchain technology. Below is a review of important terms that you may want to study to further solidify your knowledge on the blockchain. **Let's...
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The magic of blockchain is that it’s a secure digital ledger that records transactions in chronological order. In this exercise, we’ll explore how blockchain transactions are handled. As transacti...
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In this exercise, we’ll explore how blocks are confirmed and added to the blockchain. The first step in adding blocks is verifying transactions. This means making sure that transactions haven’t be...
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In the previous lesson, we briefly touched upon the idea of hashing — generating a random string of characters from a given input. Let’s go a step further and explore why hashing is so fundam...
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We ended the last exercise on a cryptic note — what if an attacker tampers with a block and then somehow covers their tracks by recalculating the hash of each subsequent block to make the blo...
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Believe it or not, the security measures introduced in the previous exercises are not enough to secure the entirety of the blockchain. There needs to be another layer of security to protect the blo...
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Since participants on the blockchain network are anonymous users on their computers, we can’t trust them to verify transactions honestly. Proof-of-Work does nothing more than introduce an additiona...
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The blockchain participants always consider the longest chain to be the correct one. If someone is able to create the longest chain of blocks (even if the blocks are fake), the network is forced to...
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Congratulations! You learned about how transactions work in the blockchain and some of the mechanisms that keep a blockchain valid and secure. Let's review the key terms: *Transaction: An exc...
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https://external.codecademy.com/learn/introduction-to-blockchain/modules/fundamental-blockchain-concepts
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Neural networks are a type of artificial intelligence that are used to simulate the way the human brain processes information. They are commonly used for tasks such as pattern recognition and classification.
Blockchain is a distributed database that allows for secure, transparent and tamper-proof record-keeping. It is the technology that underpins cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin.
So how do neural networks and blockchain work together?
Neural networks can be used to help verify transactions on the blockchain. For example, they can be used to identify patterns of fraudulent activity.
Blockchain can also be used to store data generated by neural networks. This data can be used to train and improve the performance of neural networks.
The combination of neural networks and blockchain can be used to create a powerful tool for fraud detection and prevention.
Other related questions:
Q: How do AI and blockchain work together?
A: Blockchain can be used to create a secure, decentralized ledger for storing data related to AI applications. This data can include everything from training data sets to the results of AI algorithms.
AI can be used to help analyze and manage blockchain data. For example, AI can be used to help identify patterns in transaction data or to help manage the security of a blockchain network.
Q: How can machine learning be used with blockchain?
A: There is no one-size-fits-all answer to this question, as the use of machine learning with blockchain will vary depending on the specific application and use case. However, some potential ways in which machine learning could be used with blockchain technology include using machine learning algorithms to help validate and verify transactions, to help prevent fraud, and to help predict future trends.
Q: Can machine learning and blockchain be combined?
A: Yes, machine learning and blockchain can be combined. For example, machine learning can be used to help identify patterns in data stored on a blockchain, which can then be used to make predictions or decisions about future transactions. Additionally, smart contracts can be used to automatically execute transactions based on predictions made by a machine learning algorithm.
Q: How do neural networks and learning work together?
A: In general, neural networks are used to learn patterns from data. The patterns that are learned can be used to make predictions about new data.
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https://whatincrypto.com/faq/how-do-neural-networks-and-blockchain-work-together/
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REGTECH: How Distributed Ledger Technology Can Help Regulators and Businesses In Pakistan
[This paper originates from interactions with the SECP].
INTRODUCTION
Regulatory technology (regtech) focuses on technologies that may facilitate the delivery of regulatory requirements more efficiently and effectively than what is possible at present. This paper considers how the regulators in Pakistan, in particular the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP), can take advantage of regtech to improve compliance, data handling and supervisory functions.
Distributed ledger technology (DLT) is a type of regtech which is rapidly evolving and likely to take centerstage in the future. A distributed ledger is a database that is shared, replicated and synchronized among the members of a decentralized network. DLT records transactions (such as the exchange of data or assets) among the participants in the network. DLT as a technology has come to the forefront due to its recent success in the form of blockchain. Other reasons for the growing interest in DLT include its potential to stop fraud, expedite and reduce the amount of work involved in ordinary processes like approvals and non-executive actions, and increase transparency in the mode and manner in which a transaction is conducted. These abilities are much sought after in many industries.
As pointed out above, blockchain is one of the well-known, and may we say successful, uses of DLT. It is noteworthy that not all DLTs are blockchains but all the blockchains are DLTs. Not all distributed ledgers use the chain of blocks to secure and validate distributed consensus – which is what blockchain is. Let us now endeavor to look at some of the uses of DLT.
USES OF DLT
Blockchain is one use of DLT and Bitcoin is one form of utilization of blockchain. The most common uses of blockchain currently include:
- recording and maintenance of data (‘transactional use’) and
- creation and transfer of crypto-assets (‘financial use’).
Our focus is on the former of the two i.e. the transactional use. For example, regtech has the potential to be used by the SECP to regulate different stakeholders in the market so that they function in a fair, efficient, transparent and orderly manner. The SECP can also supervise the issuance or registration of securities and keep the record of shareholders, prospective shareholders and creditors, etc. Another use of regtech is by the compliance arm of the regulated entities to monitor regulatory changes and monitor risks. In this context, it is also important to know that the SECP has been empowered by the amendments made in the Companies (Amendment) Ordinance, 2020 to adopt such new ideas.
Let us now look at transactional use in further detail.
- RECORDING AND MAINTENANCE OF DATA
Blockchains store distributed data on a particular network and due to their decentralized and distributed nature they guard against potential risks attached to a centralized system. In this regard, regtech offers certain value additions such as the following:
(i) it reduces the compliance burden;
(ii) it has the potential to prevent hacks;
(iii) it provides the monitoring of transactions, resulting in enhanced security and scrutiny;
(iv) it enables document tracking, ensuring visibility of approval processes; and
(v) it provides automation of approval processes.
With an increased need for compliance and regulations in the wake of the global financial crisis of 2008, FATF/CFT laws and the growing risk of hacks, fraud and mismanagement, regtech has the potential to be the most efficient way forward. Within regtech, DLT/blockchain provides enhanced security, flexibility and robustness to achieve the aforementioned objectives. The inherent nature of blockchain makes it secure to store data. Blockchain acts as a ledger of information distributed across a network, therefore, it eliminates the risk of having any one point of failure. Even if one of the points in the network fails, the decentralized nature of blockchain ensures that key data remains secure elsewhere.
One of the most noticeable advantages of using blockchain and DLT is the level of transparency and automation in the process. This means that the regulator can covert the traditional paper-based process to a digital and automated system that will save time and improve efficiency for companies as well as other stakeholders.
According to a press release in August 2019, under the regulatory impetus of the SECP, the life insurance industry in Pakistan signed an MoU with the Central Depository Company of Pakistan (CDC) for digitization and centralization of policyholder information through the development of a Centralized Insurance Repository (CIR) in Pakistan, with technological support from CDC. A similar approach can be adopted by the SECP for the rest of the corporate sector through the establishment of an e-repository as well as e-compliance using blockchain.
Blockchain can be used as a permission-based platform to address any privacy concerns usually arising from permissionless blockchains. There can be four key categories of participants in this blockchain:
- regulators (such as the SECP, State Bank and FBR);
- shareholders and proposed shareholders;
- creditors; and
- company’s management.
Once such blockchain is formed, it can be utilized for both transactional and financial uses.
The proposed blockchain can be particularly useful to small companies. Small companies and startups usually do not have the resources and expertise to file various compliance forms with the SECP. As is often seen in legal practice in Pakistan, this normally results in many small companies filing mandatory forms, such as Form A and Form 29, with delays and penalties and that too only when there is a commercial need to do so (such as for the purposes of due diligence by a potential investor).
Fintech companies are expected to comply with heavy legal regulations not only by the SECP but also by the State Bank. Making regulators a part of the blockchain will help the company as well as the regulators with legal compliance processes. Each and every transaction of the company could be recorded and traced and it would also be convenient for shareholders and regulators to have access to the trail of every transaction. As blockchain is viewable by everyone within the network and all transactions are immutable, greater transparency can be ensured. This can potentially reduce the need to have a lot of paper-based reporting, which is presently a burdensome requirement for those being regulated.
Paperwork is considered to be an infamous characteristic of corporate governance, which makes the decision-making process more cumbersome, expensive and time-consuming. In this regard, for instance, the offer or transfer of shares by a member of a company to all the other members is a very simple process which can be executed through blockchain.
- SMART CONTRACTS
A smart contract is a self-executing software code which ensures that certain steps are taken as soon as another (independent) event has taken place. Smart contracts are executed by the nodes of the distributed ledger after the aforementioned event has taken place. Some of the characteristics of smart contracts include security and certainty, therefore, when the terms of a smart contract are stored in blockchain, it implies that the terms cannot be overridden by a single party with malicious intent, as opposed to traditional systems where a third party (such as a court) is necessary to enforce a contract.
Smart contracts can be used by the SECP for the effective supervision of transfer of securities. Smart contracts not only provide data accessibility to all parties involved, they can also store information in real-time and can track the information related to securities. This will reduce the need for intermediaries, such as stock brokers. Smart contracts can be programmed to follow specific rules on the chain and each side being aware of the consequences of its actions, will try to ensure transparency. At present, courts are inundated with disputes involving rectification of the shares register. The proposed DLT/blockchain will help reduce such disputes.
In the event that we have creditors on blockchain, smart contracts can help a company raise debt in a more efficient manner, providing the creditors with greater security and transparency (and potentially reducing cost of finance). The creditors will be able to review the risk of their lending. Any hypothecated charges and mortgages over the company’s assets are to be notified to the SECP and registered. Such information is important for financial institutions, shareholders, creditors and other stakeholders. The hypothecation register maintained by the SECP can be part of the blockchain. Other securities for loans can also be maintained on blockchain.
In addition to simplifying debt financing, blockchain will also make it easy to structure lending arrangements, where disbursement as well repayment will get recorded. Repayment once recorded will automatically remove a charge without the need to file additional paperwork. Once the record on a registry is updated, it is recorded on a semi-public blockchain and is immutable and verifiable, thereby reducing the risk of tampering for any reason. The underlying assets can also include moveable assets, such as inventories or assets in a warehouse (with appropriate tagging mechanisms), which may be used to enhance credit worthiness and open up more avenues for greater access to credit.
Smart contracts inherit the properties of DLT, therefore, they can never be changed, tampered with or altered. They are are distributed, which essentially means that the outcome of a smart contract will be validated by everyone in the network, the same way any transaction on blockchain is validated.
The SECP can create blockchains for both private and public companies, separately. For private companies, blockchain can be based on storing information like share-ownership, management details, assets of the company and charges on the assets which are open to a limited number of stakeholders such as the members, the SECP itself or the creditors of the company, etc. On the other hand, a public company can have a much wider set of stakeholders who can access a blockchain, including prospective investors, financial advisors and consultants, etc.
A smart contract can also offer a platform where each node is responsible to validate the integrity and authenticity of registered actions, such as the number of assets owned, offer and acceptance, market price of shares, settled price and registration of shares, etc.
- COMPLIANCE PROCESS
As pointed out above, blockchain has many benefits. An immutable blockchain ledger will improve the traceability, and indeed the auditability, of transactions. This means that it is possible to find out how and by whom the ledger was updated. That being said, providing reasonable assurance about the accuracy and reliability of financial statements and internal controls over financial reporting require more than simply being able to verify the occurrence of a transaction on a blockchain ledger. New regulatory reporting requirements may easily be added to the existing reporting requirements with minimal effort.
Having the compliance department of a company on blockchain can make it possible for the company to ensure that the management has visibility over the processes that a particular department of the company may be required to fulfil. Once regulatory compliance has been completed, the same can be reported to the regulator.
CONCLUSION
This paper is intended to encourage discourse around the use of regtech by regulators in Pakistan and proposes the adoption of blockchain for the recording and maintenance of data and the use of smart contracts for the recording of transactions that need to be reported to regulators.
As discussed above, the adoption of regtech reduces reconciliation and data management costs and increases the ease with which such transactions can take place. The paper further suggests that blockchain can enable entities and regulators to cope with the ever-increasing regulations as well as ensure efficient enforcement of such regulations.
The world is moving fast towards adopting blockchain and other forms of DLT. This paper merely introduces and suggests the potential uses of blockchain for regulators in Pakistan. More research is still needed to further articulate and explore the cases in which the SECP can put blockchain to use in its current legal framework.
One way to go about this is by using the Australian model under which the Australian Securities and Investments Commission has established the ASIC Regtech Liaison Forum involving the industry, technology firms, academia and consumer bodies. It has also incorporated technology trials and problem-solving events. The move towards regtech to regulate corporations appears to have extended beyond a mere trend to a general and genuine need. A similar approach can be adopted by the SECP to work with stakeholders in developing such a system.
References
https://developer.ibm.com/technologies/blockchain/tutorials/cl-blockchain-basics-intro-bluemix-trs/#:~:text=A%20distributed%20ledger%20is%20a,the%20participants%20in%20the%20network.
https://www.i-scoop.eu/blockchain-distributed-ledger-technology/. Below are some of the salient features of blockchain:
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Blockchain is a particular type of data structure used in some distributed ledgers which stores and transmits data in packages called blocks that are connected to each other in a digital chain and DLT on the other hand is a scattered database spread across different nodes.
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The data stored on blockchain are in specific order and difficult to change whereas data on a DLT can be organized in different ways.
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The consensus mechanism in blockchain is stronger i.e. proof of work is required in blockchain as compared to a DLT. Thus, making the DLT more scalable and malleable.
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Blockchain ensures transparency owing to its immutability that is a product of the consensus mechanism.
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In blockchain technology blocks are added to the chain when a consensus is reached and each block has transactions on the other hand the DLT includes a consensus algorithm that ensures an agreement.
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Blockchain is generally a token economy, but the DLT doesn’t require their usage.
If you are inclined to look at the technicalities of how blockchain works please see <https://arxiv.org/pdf/1902.02469.pdf> Prospective Hybrid Consensus for Project PAI Authors: Mark Harvilla, PhD 1 Jincheng Du 2 Peer Reviewers: Thomas Vidick, PhD 3 Bhaskar Krishnamachari, PhD 4 Muhammad Naveed, PhD 5 and <https://www.toptal.com/bitcoin/cryptocurrency-for-dummies-bitcoin-and-beyond>. In summary Blocks are so called since they stack up data points in them. The code which creates the blocks will also limit its size, for example a block in Bitcoins is limited to 1MB only. The data points in blockchain can be any data, from important financial transactions to data such as which coffee brand is the most consumed. Once a block stacks up data points to its maximum a new block is formed. Each block in blockchain is timestamped. The blocks are interconnected via a chain of ‘Hash’, which is a unique identifying number that the code of the blockchain allots to each transaction. Transaction can refer to either financial- as in the case of Bitcoins- or it may refer merely to storage or update of data. Each transaction goes through a Hash Algorithm. This Algorithm will convert each transaction into a Hash Number. This process of allotting a Hash Number to each transaction is known as Hashing. . A data point is put through a Hash Algorithm. Once a Hash number is allotted to the data point this Transaction is added to a block. If this is the very first block in the blockchain it is called the ‘Genesis Block’. More Transactions will be stacked up on the first Transaction after Hashing. Let’s say one Block is coded to retain three Transactions, a new Block will be created upon the Hashing of the fourth Transaction. The previous Block will have its own Hash Number. This Hash Number will be added to the new Block. This process will be repeated over and over again forming a chain. Every new Block formed will contain the Hash Number of its immediate predecessor.
In addition to linking the Blocks together, a Hash Number most importantly provides verification of each transaction. A transaction will be identified by its Hash Number and that of the Block in which it is contained. Firstly, any change in the data/ transaction will trigger the Hashing process at the end of which the changed transaction will be allotted a new Hash Number. This means that even the slightest and smallest changes to any data/ transaction will be identified and recorded as a new transaction. This gives security and credibility to the data stored in blockchain. Secondly, since a change will mean a new transaction, it will also necessarily mean being stored on a new Block. So, let us suppose that the word ‘Phone’ had the Hash Number 3 and was stored on the Block Number 4, but now the spellings are changed to ‘Fone’. This change will be recognized as a new transaction and it will get a random Hash Number and will be stored on the Block that has space left. So, using Hash Number 3 and Block Number 4 one can only access the word ‘Phone’ and not ‘Fone’. This is how Hashing verifies each transaction and lends the whole process security and credibility.
Since the blockchain is a decentralized ledger it lacks a central authority otherwise necessary for to maintain and update a ledger. The lack of central authority is compensated for by the Consensus Mechanism. This ensures that the blockchain remains functional, reliable and secure. The participants of a blockchain are asked to arrive at a consensus regarding a transaction for it to be verified as authentic and thereafter be registered in the blockchain. Hashing, explained above, is a manifestation of the Consensus Mechanism. Hashing can be done through Proof of Work (‘POW’) or Proof of Stake (‘POS’), two of the most common consensus mechanisms. POW and POS lay down the criteria for who is allowed to take part in the Consensus Mechanism to allot the Hash Numbers. In POW the nodes/ participants of a blockchain compete against each other to solve a mathematical equation. The solution of this mathematical equation is the Hash Number. In a POS the node who has the highest stake in the blockchain gets to solve the mathematical equation and generate the Hash.
Permissionless: In this type of blockchains, ledgers are visible to every node of the blockchain. It allows anyone to verify and add a block of transactions to the blockchain. Public networks have incentives for people to join and free for use. Anyone can use a public blockchain network. Permission-based: A permission-based blockchain is within a single organization. It allows only specific nodes to verify and add transaction blocks. However, every node is allowed to view the ledger.
https://www.legalbusinessworld.com/post/2020/01/14/future-of-corporate-governance-through-blockchain-powered-smart-companies.
Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) and Blockchain, by International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
http://aicd.companydirectors.com.au/membership/company-director-magazine/2018-back-editions/december/ regulator
The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of CourtingTheLaw.com or any organization with which they might be associated.
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https://courtingthelaw.com/2020/11/19/commentary/regtech-how-distributed-ledger-technology-can-help-regulators-and-businesses-in-pakistan/
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Blockchain is an advanced approach to distribution of data storage and sharing. This innovation comes from incorporating older technology in new ways.
The best way to understand blockchain is to look at it as distributed databases that a group of individuals control in which data can be stored and shared.These are also called ledgers.
The structure of the blockchain composes of 2 parts
Block: A list of transactional data which is recorded and converted into ledgers over a period of time. a transaction in a blockchain is simply recording the data.
Chain: The hash is created as a consecutive fingerprint from the data that was in the previous block. This is stored in order and time together forming a blockchain. Referring to a hash that links one block to another, these are mathematical chains which allows blockchains to be glued together.
Therefore, it is a data structure that makes it possible to create a digital ledger of data and share it among a network of independent parties.
These have open source core codes and are large distributed networks that run through tokens. These are open for anyone to participate at any level and have open source codes. A familiar example would be Bitcoins.
These are blockchains that have control roles that one can play within the network of the chain. They are similar to a public blockchain as they use tokens but their core may/may not be open source.
Example: Ripple
These types of blockchains are mainly used by a network of organisation that share data. The access to the blockchain is to members who can have trade confidential information. Private blockchains are smaller and do not use tokens. These blockchain are closely controlled except the members having access to the private blockchain key.
The novelty of a Blockchain is that all the above mentioned use cryptography to allow an individual on a network to manage the ledger in a way that is not only secure but also does not require any central authority.
Blockchains remove central authority from database structures which minimises the roles of human interaction and corruption.
Blockchains are assets that help create systems without the need of a central authority or a third party influence. they can accomplish this by running their consensus algorithm.
When a user requests a transaction, the request is transmitted to the network, now this network validates the transaction or rejects it.
When a request is accepted this transaction is added into the ongoing "block" of transactions. Hereon, the block of transactions is chained together with the previous blocks hence not only confirming the transaction but also adding another block to the chain.
Authox is Signy’s proprietary Blockchain development platform. It facilitates rule based standardized creation of applications using blockchain technology.
Here, Vendors can use its APIs and library to build real world blockchain applications.
Applications Of Blockchain
Apart from Blockchain eliminating the middlemen, and ensuring security, there are various applications in different sectors where Blockchain is used and has the potential for excellent breakthroughs.
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https://signy.io/blockchain-dlt
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Two of the most confusing terms people will find when doing research on cryptocurrencies, NFTs, and blockchain technologies, in general, are proof of work and proof of stake—these are the two most widely employed consensus mechanisms that blockchains use to validate transactions
Consensus mechanisms determine the approach that each blockchain uses to guarantee security and transparency in a decentralized environment, as well as the way in which computational power from nodes is employed to carry out these processes efficiently.
What is a Consensus Mechanism?
Blockchain systems process and validate transactions recording information in a database or ledger across various nodes. The nodes are computers or other devices that record those transactions. To ensure that transactions in the blockchain are valid, the information in all the nodes must coincide, reaching a consensus.
The consensus mechanism is the method used by the blockchain to reach that consensus or to verify that the data in all the nodes is the same, ensuring that no external party has altered it in any way. These mechanisms are a central part of what sets blockchain systems from centralized systems, where a single entity manages and updates the data.
Proof of Work vs. Proof of Stake
The two most popular consensus mechanisms, Proof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Stake (PoS) are present in almost every one of the largest blockchains in existence, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. However, there are other types of consensus mechanisms like Proof of Capacity and Proof of Activity.
Proof of Work (PoW)
The popularity of PoW systems is owed in no small measure to the fact that they’re employed by the largest and oldest blockchain in existence, Bitcoin.
In PoW systems, nodes are required to solve a mathematical problem of increasing complexity in order for the network to expand, preventing any single party from altering the system on its own.
Network expansion in a blockchain such as Bitcoin reflects in an increase in the number of cryptocurrency tokens available and in circulation. This process is known as mining, which requires exceptional amounts of computing power but rewards those who solve the mathematical puzzle with new tokens.
PoW also ensures that transactions in the blockchain can be carried out on a peer-to-peer basis, within a secure environment, and without the need for trusted third parties, centralized entities, or intermediaries.
Proof of Stake (PoS)
PoS follows a similar logic to PoW, as they’re both consensus mechanisms that validate transactions in a blockchain. However, it was created as an alternative to PoW and differs in important ways. Chief among them is the fact that nodes validate transactions based on stakes.
In PoS systems, validators need to stake certain amounts of cryptocurrency coins for a chance to validate transactions and benefit from the emergence of new coins. Validators are chosen randomly, with higher stakes leading to higher chances of being chosen.
Ethereum is one of the most prominent blockchains to use a PoS system, where users are required to stake 32 ETH (around U$62,000) for a chance to become validators. Blocks of data are validated as multiple validators are chosen. If the data between all the validators coincides, the consensus is reached and the block is finalized and closed.
PoS offers some advantages over PoW, primarily, the fact that the validation process requires far less computing power and energy, making the blockchain potentially more scalable, and allowing for faster transactions.
Nonetheless, the advantages that PoS gains in scalability comes at the expense of some degree of decentralization compared to PoW, as users with higher amounts of cryptocurrency will tend to have more control over validation processes.
Nevertheless, for a user to truly take over the validation processes in a PoS system, they would have to own over 50% of the token, which is highly unlikely for most PoS blockchains. Therefore, it is generally considered that PoS systems are more advanced and efficient than PoW ones.
Why are Consensus Mechanisms Important?
Consensus mechanisms are the core of the functionality of a blockchain system. They are the element that allows blockchains to function safely and transparently in a decentralized environment.
Some of the most important variables that allow a blockchain to function and grow depend on the consensus mechanism, such as scalability, security, and the degree of decentralization.
Whether the blockchain will be able to grow, increase its amounts of tokens and support higher translation volumes and speeds will largely depend on the consensus mechanism.
Another important aspect of consensus mechanisms relies on the discussion surrounding the environmental concerns about blockchain. Consensus mechanisms determine the amounts of computing power and energy that blockchain uses, so the only way a blockchain can be truly environmentally friendly is by having a highly sophisticated and efficient consensus mechanism.
For anyone who wishes to make a long-term investment in a cryptocurrency or fund a new blockchain project, it is important to understand the nuances of the consensus mechanism that is going to be employed.
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https://goexpoverse.com/blog/proof-of-work-and-proof-of-stake/
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To be accepted by the rest of the network, a new block must contain a proof-of-work (PoW). The system used is based on Adam Back's 1997 anti-spam scheme, Hashcash.[failed verification] The PoW requires miners to find a number called a nonce, such that when the block content is hashed along with the nonce, the result is numerically smaller than the network's difficulty target.:ch. 8 This proof is easy for any node in the network to verify, but extremely time-consuming to generate, as for a secure cryptographic hash, miners must try many different nonce values (usually the sequence of tested values is the ascending natural numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, ...:ch. 8) before meeting the difficulty target.
Most cryptocurrencies are designed to gradually decrease production of that currency, placing a cap on the total amount of that currency that will ever be in circulation. Compared with ordinary currencies held by financial institutions or kept as cash on hand, cryptocurrencies can be more difficult for seizure by law enforcement. This difficulty is derived from leveraging cryptographic technologies.
Like Bitcoin, Ethereum is a distributed public blockchain network. Although there are some significant technical differences between the two, the most important distinction to note is that Bitcoin and Ethereum differ substantially in purpose and capability. Bitcoin offers one particular application of blockchain technology, a peer to peer electronic cash system that enables online Bitcoin payments. While the Bitcoin blockchain is used to track ownership of digital currency (bitcoins), the Ethereum blockchain focuses on running the programming code of any decentralized application.
China banned trading in bitcoin, with first steps taken in September 2017, and a complete ban that started on 1 February 2018. Bitcoin prices then fell from $9,052 to $6,914 on 5 February 2018. The percentage of bitcoin trading in the Chinese renminbi fell from over 90% in September 2017 to less than 1% in June 2018. On August 1, 2017 a fork of the network created Bitcoin Cash.
Wallets and similar software technically handle all bitcoins as equivalent, establishing the basic level of fungibility. Researchers have pointed out that the history of each bitcoin is registered and publicly available in the blockchain ledger, and that some users may refuse to accept bitcoins coming from controversial transactions, which would harm bitcoin's fungibility. For example, in 2012, Mt. Gox froze accounts of users who deposited bitcoins that were known to have just been stolen.
Computing power is often bundled together or "pooled" to reduce variance in miner income. Individual mining rigs often have to wait for long periods to confirm a block of transactions and receive payment. In a pool, all participating miners get paid every time a participating server solves a block. This payment depends on the amount of work an individual miner contributed to help find that block.
The proof-of-stake is a method of securing a cryptocurrency network and achieving distributed consensus through requesting users to show ownership of a certain amount of currency. It is different from proof-of-work systems that run difficult hashing algorithms to validate electronic transactions. The scheme is largely dependent on the coin, and there's currently no standard form of it. Some cryptocurrencies use a combined proof-of-work/proof-of-stake scheme.
Take the money on your bank account: What is it more than entries in a database that can only be changed under specific conditions? You can even take physical coins and notes: What are they else than limited entries in a public physical database that can only be changed if you match the condition than you physically own the coins and notes? Money is all about a verified entry in some kind of database of accounts, balances, and transactions.
The overwhelming majority of bitcoin transactions take place on a cryptocurrency exchange, rather than being used in transactions with merchants. Delays processing payments through the blockchain of about ten minutes make bitcoin use very difficult in a retail setting. Prices are not usually quoted in units of bitcoin and many trades involve one, or sometimes two, conversions into conventional currencies. Merchants that do accept bitcoin payments may use payment service providers to perform the conversions.
Bitcoin is pseudonymous, meaning that funds are not tied to real-world entities but rather bitcoin addresses. Owners of bitcoin addresses are not explicitly identified, but all transactions on the blockchain are public. In addition, transactions can be linked to individuals and companies through "idioms of use" (e.g., transactions that spend coins from multiple inputs indicate that the inputs may have a common owner) and corroborating public transaction data with known information on owners of certain addresses. Additionally, bitcoin exchanges, where bitcoins are traded for traditional currencies, may be required by law to collect personal information. To heighten financial privacy, a new bitcoin address can be generated for each transaction.
The “requesting a transaction” means you want to transfers some coins (let’s say bitcoin) to someone else. When you make the request the request is broadcasted to all the nodes. Then the nodes verify that (from all the history of transactions) you are not double spending your coins. When verified successfully the transaction is added in a block which is then mined by a miner. When the block is mined, your transaction is confirmed and the coins are transfered.
The “requesting a transaction” means you want to transfers some coins (let’s say bitcoin) to someone else. When you make the request the request is broadcasted to all the nodes. Then the nodes verify that (from all the history of transactions) you are not double spending your coins. When verified successfully the transaction is added in a block which is then mined by a miner. When the block is mined, your transaction is confirmed and the coins are transfered.
A cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography for security. A cryptocurrency is difficult to counterfeit because of this security feature. Many cryptocurrencies are decentralized systems based on blockchain technology, a distributed ledger enforced by a disparate network of computers. A defining feature of a cryptocurrency, and arguably its biggest allure, is its organic nature; it is not issued by any central authority, rendering it theoretically immune to government interference or manipulation.
On 1 August 2017, a hard fork of bitcoin was created, known as Bitcoin Cash. Bitcoin Cash has a larger block size limit and had an identical blockchain at the time of fork. On 24 October 2017 another hard fork, Bitcoin Gold, was created. Bitcoin Gold changes the proof-of-work algorithm used in mining, as the developers felt that mining had become too specialized.
NEM — Unlike most other cryptocurrencies that utilize a Proof of Work algorithm, it uses Proof of Importance, which requires users to already possess certain amounts of coins in order to be able to get new ones. It encourages users to spend their funds and tracks the transactions to determine how important a particular user is to the overall NEM network.
While cryptocurrencies are digital currencies that are managed through advanced encryption techniques, many governments have taken a cautious approach toward them, fearing their lack of central control and the effects they could have on financial security. Regulators in several countries have warned against cryptocurrency and some have taken concrete regulatory measures to dissuade users. Additionally, many banks do not offer services for cryptocurrencies and can refuse to offer services to virtual-currency companies. Gareth Murphy, a senior central banking officer has stated "widespread use [of cryptocurrency] would also make it more difficult for statistical agencies to gather data on economic activity, which are used by governments to steer the economy". He cautioned that virtual currencies pose a new challenge to central banks' control over the important functions of monetary and exchange rate policy. While traditional financial products have strong consumer protections in place, there is no intermediary with the power to limit consumer losses if bitcoins are lost or stolen. One of the features cryptocurrency lacks in comparison to credit cards, for example, is consumer protection against fraud, such as chargebacks.
Central to the appeal and function of Bitcoin is the blockchain technology it uses to store an online ledger of all the transactions that have ever been conducted using bitcoins, providing a data structure for this ledger that is exposed to a limited threat from hackers and can be copied across all computers running Bitcoin software. Every new block generated must be verified by the ledgers of each user on the market, making it almost impossible to forge transaction histories. Many experts see this blockchain as having important uses in technologies such as online voting and crowdfunding, and major financial institutions such as JPMorgan Chase see potential in cryptocurrencies to lower transaction costs by making payment processing more efficient. However, because cryptocurrencies are virtual and do not have a central repository, a digital cryptocurrency balance can be wiped out by a computer crash if a backup copy of the holdings does not exist, or if somebody simply loses their private keys.
^ The word bitcoin first occurred and was defined in the white paper that was published on 31 October 2008. It is a compound of the words bit and coin. There is no uniform convention for bitcoin capitalization. Some sources use Bitcoin, capitalized, to refer to the technology and network and bitcoin, lowercase, to refer to the unit of account. The Wall Street Journal, The Chronicle of Higher Education, and the Oxford English Dictionary advocate use of lowercase bitcoin in all cases, a convention followed throughout this article.
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http://ecoiner.org/bursa-bitcoin-price-history-2011.html
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What is Node?
Node is what we call all the participants in the blockchain network. Technically, each node represents an individual computer or device connected to a blockchain network.
Node is very important for blockchain’s decentralization. Since blockchain doesn’t rely on any third party, Peer to Peer (P2P) needs to be implemented. That means each node needs to communicate with each other and help maintain the system including block verification, protocol validity, and security of the blockchain.
Types of Blockchain Nodes
In a nutshell, nodes are divided into two types: Full Node and Light Node. Blockchain is open to the general public to act as both types of nodes by attaching computing devices to the system. Additionally, both types of nodes have sub-nodes.
1. Full Node - A node that stores all transactions that occur on the blockchain from the beginning to the present. Therefore, users have to invest in devices with a high capacity of memory cards and space. A full node can be divided into two types:
1.1 Pruned Full Node
This is a node that stores the latest transaction and some remaining data. This type of node saves the device’s hard disk space, eliminating the need for high-spec devices to connect to the blockchain. Users can find a device with 500 MB capacity to store some necessary information, while users who wish to provide a full node that stores all the history of blockchain need up to 360 GB of space in their device.
1.2 Archival Full Node
Usually, when talking about Full Node, most people refer to this type of node. It is the node that stores all the data from the beginning. Users who want to be an archival full node need a device with large-capacity memory to support all blockchain data. For example, users who currently want to become an archival full node for Bitcoin will need a device with 360 GB of memory.
An archival full node can also be further sub-categorized as ones that can add new blocks to the blockchain and ones that cannot.
1.2.1 Miners (Mining Node) - a full node that adds new blocks to the blockchain by using Proof of Work as its consensus protocol. To validate transactions, let’s say in Bitcoin blockchain, “miners” are required to solve cryptographic, or mathematical problems, using their computers.
1.2.2 Stakers (Staking Node) - a full node that adds new blocks to the blockchain by using Proof of Stake as its consensus protocol. Stakers are required to stake or hold the cryptocurrency in order to be eligible for the validator node selection.
1.2.3 Authority Node - this type of node can perform its tasks of transaction validation without anyone giving them permission. These nodes have been pre-selected to be validator nodes. Most of them are organizations or companies with reputations and credibility. Consensus protocols that rely on pre-selected validator nodes are Proof of Authority, Delegated Proof of Stake, and etc.
1.2.4 Master Node - Compared to other types of full nodes, master nodes themselves cannot add blocks to the blockchain. While miners or stakers are the ones writing blocks on the blockchain, the master node’s purpose is to keep a record of transactions and validate them. An added benefit, however, is that by running a master node, users not only secure the network but can also earn a share of the rewards for their services.
2. Light Node - another type of blockchain node that downloads only the headers of blocks and saves the remaining hard drive space for users.
2.1 Lightweight Nodes (SPV or Simple Payment Verification)
Lightweight nodes are used in day-to-day crypto operations and transactions. They communicate with the blockchain while relying on full nodes to provide them with the necessary information. As they don’t store a copy of all blockchain data, they only require the current status of the latest blocks, and broadcast transactions for processing.
Q&A
Q: Why should I run a full node?
A: Most of the time, people who run full nodes on the blockchain want more security and privacy than relying on other people's full nodes. Moreover, having more full nodes in their system reduces the risk of network attack (51% Attack).
Q: Are full nodes similar to master nodes?
A: Full nodes and master nodes have the same features. But if you want to earn money while hosting the nodes, you can choose to become a master node. Be noted that you should have a careful calculation of costs and incomes.
Q: Can I become a full node for Bitkub Chain?
A: Bitkub Chain uses Proof of Authority as our main consensus protocol. At the moment, we have 11 organizations and start-ups with a trustful reputation as our node validators. If your company or organization would like to be part of our nodes, please visit https://bitkubblockchain.com/contact for our contact details.
You can find more information with interesting graphics at Plearn-D KUB EP.3: Node.
Reference: https://nodes.com/#masternodes
Thank you for choosing Bitkub.
For questions and inquiries, please feel free to contact us.
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https://support.bitkub.com/hc/en-us/articles/4412143654797-What-is-Node-
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By Lauren MillerDecember 27, 2017 5:20:08It’s a classic case of “when it comes to the cryptocurrency world, it doesn’t matter how many forks you have, if there’s a problem, you don’t know who the problem is, you just get used to it.”
That’s the takeaway from a new research from security researchers who say they have discovered the key to preventing ransomware attacks.
Researchers at security firm Kaspersky Lab said in a research paper published Monday that they discovered an encryption method that allows for a secure way to communicate securely with the blockchain that’s currently in use to track transactions.
The company published a new blog post today, explaining that its new method, which is called Secure Mode, is a combination of the encryption algorithms found in the Crypto Currency Network (Cryptocurrency Network) and the Open Transactions Framework (OTF).
Secure Mode is designed to “ensure that only trusted parties are able to communicate with the Blockchain,” the researchers wrote.
“This prevents the Blockchain from being used by malicious actors to impersonate the public key of a wallet.”
This means that the attacker cannot access the wallet or use the private keys to unlock the wallet without the public keys.
The researchers said that by using Secure Mode and the OTF, they can secure the blockchain against an attack that uses “decentralized attack techniques that can be performed in an unsupervised manner,” such as by a hacker or by a third party.
“It is a highly secure way of securing the Blockchain by ensuring that only the parties authorized to communicate and execute the transaction are able.
As a result, it is highly unlikely that malicious actors can compromise the Blockchain or steal private keys from the wallet,” the research paper read.
Kaspersky said that it is still not clear how Secure Mode works or how long it will last, but said that the researchers said it was able to keep the blockchain secure for more than five years.
Security experts said the researchers had found a way to secure the Blockchain against ransomware attacks without compromising the security of the underlying software.
“I’m really excited about the results,” said Mark Maunder, CEO of cybersecurity firm FireEye.
“It’s very impressive that these attacks have been successfully mitigated, even in the absence of a central authority, which should mean that a centralized authority like an exchange or wallet provider can be taken offline.”
Maunder added that “they can take down the entire Blockchain, without even being able to decrypt the transactions.”
“In many cases, the blockchain itself will still be in use,” he said.
“The reason why they can’t actually do it in the Blockchain is because the blockchain is a public ledger.”
Maintaining the Blockchain was a big challenge for cryptosystems like Bitcoin and Ethereum, which were created to enable a decentralized, global economy, and are also built on top of the Ethereum blockchain.
However, the researchers explained that they “made the most of the Blockchain as it is,” which is a very open-source technology, with a wide variety of developers and developers collaborating on the blockchain.
“They made it extremely easy for us to test and validate the system, and that meant we could get a very large number of tests and verify the system against a very small set of malicious actors, which in this case was the attacker,” Maunder said.
“So it’s actually very secure, and it works.”
Security researchers at Kasperski Lab say their new encryption method has been used successfully for about a year to “secure” the Blockchain.
They said in the blog post that it was built to protect against a “decontamination attack” where an attacker tries to delete or modify data in the blockchain without anyone’s permission.
“The idea is to keep it secure even if the blockchain gets compromised,” Mather said.
The Kasperskaya researchers said their approach is the same approach used by Bitcoin developers, which use a cryptographic signature to prevent data from being tampered with.
“While the Bitcoin system was designed to be highly secure, it also has many vulnerabilities,” Kasperska said in their blog post.
“So we have built a system that prevents a decontamination attacker from deleting or modifying data in a Blockchain.”
“This means the attacker can’t change or delete the blockchain, but can’t delete the signature that verifies the signature,” the blog said.
A Crypto Coin News video on the study, titled ‘Secure Mode,’ is below:
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https://alfaraheediresults.com/2021/07/23/cryptocurrency-exchange-trading-platform-will-not-be-compromised-by-ransomware/
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The future of decentralized blockchain networks necessitates easy interaction and interoperability. Since the founding of Bitcoin in 2009, there has been a surge in the number of blockchain networks with varying designs and functionalities.
As the blockchain community grows, there have been limitations in inter-network communication and data exchange, calling into question the concept of decentralization, as blockchain networks are designed to be run by millions of stakeholders rather than a centralized body. This has also resulted in a lower adoption rate because applications developed for one network only work on that network.
Various projects have been developed over time to connect networks, allowing for the easy flow/exchange of data from one network to another while also increasing the adoption rate.
In this guide, we’ll take a deep dive into how blockchains communicate, share data, and transfer assets.
Jump ahead:
- What is a blockchain bridge?
- How do blockchain bridges work?
- What are some different types of blockchain bridges?
- What are some different cross-chain solutions?
- How do blockchains communicate?
- What are the different types of blockchains?
- What are sidechains?
- How do blockchains share data?
- What are the biggest challenges for cross-chain applications?
What is a blockchain bridge?
A blockchain bridge (otherwise known as a cross-chain bridge), like a physical bridge, connects two points. It facilitates communication between two blockchain networks by aiding in the transfer of data and digital assets. Both chains may have distinct protocols, rules, and governance structures, but the bridge provides a safe means for both chains to interoperate (i.e., communicate and share data). Blockchain bridges can be designed to interchange any sort of data, including smart contract calls, decentralized identities, off-chain information like stock market price feeds, and much more.
Let’s take a closer look at specific benefits offered by blockchain bridges.
Cross-chain transaction
Every blockchain is created in a protected ecosystem with its own set of rules and consensus protocols, resulting in limitations for each blockchain. As a result, there is no direct communication or token transaction between blockchains. Blockchain bridges, on the other hand, enable the transfer of tokens and information from one chain to another.
Low network traffic
Blockchain bridges help to minimize traffic on congested blockchains, such as the Ethereum ecosystem, and distribute it over other, less crowded blockchains, enhancing the Ethereum network’s scalability.
Enhanced developer experience
Developers creating DApps on the Ethereum network have often had a negative experience due to slow transaction processing rates and high gas fees, particularly during periods of high traffic and congestion. However, blockchain bridges enable those same tokens to be processed on other blockchains faster and at a lower cost. Developers from different blockchains continue to work together to create new user platforms.
Impediment to monopolization
Cross-chain technology also contributes to market stability by reducing monopolization by major entities. Bitcoin and Ethereum, for example, are the most popular cryptocurrencies, accounting for more than 70% of the overall market share. As a result of this domination, there is little room in the market for new companies to test their tactics and get a foothold in the present competition.
How do blockchain bridges work?
Let’s consider an example with two blockchain networks: Chain A and Chain B.
When transferring tokens from Chain A to Chain B, the bridge can be designed to lock the token on Chain A and mint a new one on Chain B. In this scenario, the total number of circulating tokens remains constant but is divided across the two chains. If Chain A held fifteen tokens and then transferred five tokens to Chain B, Chain A would still have fifteen tokens (with five tokens locked), but Chain B would have five more.
The owner of the minted tokens can redeem them at any time; they can burn (or destroy) them from Chain B and unlock (or release) them on Chain A. Because Chain A has always possessed a locked copy of each token, its value remains consistent with the Chain A market price. This “lock-and-mint” and “burn-and-release” procedure ensures that the quantity and cost of tokens transferred between the two chains remain constant.
What are some different types of blockchain bridges?
Blockchain bridges can be classified into two categories: trust-based bridges and trustless bridges.
Trust-based bridges
Trust-based bridges, also known as federation or custodial bridges, are centralized bridges that require a central entity or federation of mediators to run. In order to convert coins into another cryptocurrency, users must rely on the members of the federation to verify and confirm the transaction. The federation members are largely incentivized to keep transactions running; they are not focused on identifying and preventing fraud. Trust-based bridges can be a quick and cost-effective choice when transferring a large quantity of cryptocurrency. However, it’s important to understand that federation members are largely incentivized to keep transactions running, not to identify and prevent fraud.
Trustless bridges
Trustless bridges are decentralized bridges that depend on machine algorithms (i.e., smart contracts) in order to operate. This type of bridge works like a real blockchain, with individual networks contributing to transaction validation. Trustless bridges can provide users with a better sense of security and also more flexibility when moving cryptocurrency.
What are some different cross-chain solutions?
Let’s look at some specific examples of blockchain bridges.
Binance Bridge
The Binance Bridge enables users to transfer assets between the Binance Chain and other chains, such as Ethereum, using Binance Smart Chain wrapped tokens. The Binance Smart Chain (BSC) is an Ethereum-compatible blockchain that supports smart contracts in the same way as Ethereum does but at a lower cost. BSC uses BEP20 standard tokens.
Portal by Wormhole
Portal offers unlimited transfers of assets between Solana and several other DeFi blockchains, such as Ethereum, Terra, Binance Smart Chain, Avalanch, oasis, and Polygon.
Wrap Protocol (Plenty Bridge)
The Wrap Protocol, which as of this writing will soon be rebranded as the Plenty Bridge, can be used to transfer ERC20 and ERC721 tokens between the Tezos network and Ethereum, Polygon, and BSC. The Tezos blockchain uses validating nodes known as bakers to implement its proof-of-stake consensus algorithm.
Avalanche Bridge
The Avalanche Bridge (AB) can be used to transfer assets between the Avalanche proof-of-stake blockchain and Ethereum. According to the documentation, an Avalanche transaction on AB will take a few seconds, while an Ethereum transaction may take up to 15 minutes.
Stargate Bridge
The Stargate Bridge (AB) is a LayerZero-based protocol that facilitates the exchange of native assets between blockchain networks. Users can send native tokens straight to non-native chains without the use of an intermediary or wrapped token. Stargate is designed to provide instant guaranteed finality, cross-chain interoperability, and uniform liquidity.
Zeroswap
Zeroswap (AB) is a cross-chain decentralized protocol that attempts to facilitate zero-fee and gasless transactions. Zeroswap also intends to provide seamless access to multichains like as Ethereum, Polkadot, and BSC. Every transaction generates rewards from liquidity mining.
cBridge
cBridge (AB) is a cross-chain bridge that offers users a high-quality transaction experience with deep liquidity, as well as highly efficient and user-friendly liquidity management for cBridge node operators and liquidity providers. It also provides general message bridging for cases such as cross-chain DEX and NFTs. Other exciting features include secured bridge node service, flexible security models, and native gas token unwrapping.
How do blockchains communicate?
Interoperability refers to the capacity of blockchains, which share the same underlying architecture, to communicate with one another in order to facilitate information sharing. It is the capacity to observe and access data stored in another blockchain. With interoperability, when information is delivered to another blockchain, a user on the other side may access it, and react effectively.
Cross chain refers to the technology that enables the interoperability between two relatively independent blockchains. Cross-chain technology seeks to eliminate the need for intermediaries or third parties in connecting two blockchain networks, thereby improving interoperability and aiding in the maintenance of blockchain technology’s decentralization.
Asset exchange and asset transfer are the most common forms of cross-chain implementation. Both are essential aspects of the blockchain world and a crucial study focus for PPIO (Peer to Peer Input Output).
What are the different types of blockchains?
Depending on the underlying technology, cross-chain communication may be classified as follows:
- Isomorphic: chains have a consistent security method, consensus algorithm, network topology, and block creation verification logic; cross-chain interaction is simple and clear
- Heterogeneous: chains have dissimilar block composition and a deterministic guarantee mechanism, making it challenging to design a direct cross-chain interaction mechanism; third-party auxiliary services are usually required for cross-chain interaction across heterogeneous chains
Bitcoin’s PoW consensus protocol and Tendermint’s PBFT consensus protocol are examples of cross-chain technology used in heterogeneous networks.
Cross-chain development continues to grow in complexity, due in part to the growing number of blockchains and the differences between the chains. The majority of these issues are due to inconsistencies between chains. Cross-chain technology must try to accommodate these differences.
Interoperability between blockchains is very important, especially as the technology brings the current centralized operating paradigm (e.g. traditional banking) to the blockchain platform. It has the potential to change the way people operate
Cross-chain technology can help the DeFi ecosystem evolve and transform by resolving the flaws of centralized approaches (e.g., high costs, scalability, long transaction times). It may hasten the development and adoption of blockchain technology, opening the path for new financial systems based on interoperability across existing blockchain systems.
One practical implementation of cross-chain technology is sidechains. Let’s take a closer look.
What are sidechains?
A sidechain, or child chain, is a secondary blockchain that is linked to the main chain, or parent chain, allowing assets to be exchanged at a fixed rate between the parent and sidechain. Sidechains can also be thought of as protocols that enable tokens and other digital assets from one blockchain to be safely utilized on another blockchain and then returned to the original blockchain if necessary.
Let’s say a user wants to transact tokens from the parent chain. The user must first transmit their tokens to an output address. The tokens are temporarily locked and unavailable for spending. Once the transaction is complete, a confirmation is sent across the chains, followed by a waiting period for further security. After the waiting period, the corresponding number of coins is released on the sidechain, where the user may access and spend the coins. When transacting from a sidechain to the main chain, the process is reversed.
Miners and validators are required for proof-of-work and proof-of-stake sidechains, respectively. With proof-of-work models, miners can be rewarded through merged mining, which involves simultaneously mining two different cryptocurrencies based on the same algorithm.
Each sidechain is responsible for its own security. However, because each sidechain is isolated, any security impairment will only affect the sidechain itself and not the main chain.
How do blockchains share data?
To facilitate transactions without the usage of third-party connections, each network has a unique approach for blockchain interoperability. Here are some techniques for isolating transactions over several chains:
Atomic swaps
Atomic swaps are exchange facilitators that allow two parties to transfer tokens across several blockchains. This type of method does not necessitate the use of a centralized third party to enable deals. Instead, it enables users to exchange tokens on a peer-to-peer basis. This isn’t perfect cross-chain communication, but it is a system in which transactions are performed between chains.
An example of an atomic swap is where a token on the first blockchain is relocated so that it is unavailable, and another token is produced on the second blockchain. In this example, the token on the second blockchain must be established only if the token on the first blockchain is confirmed to be unavailable. This technology is used by the Lightning Network.
Relays
Relays allow blockchain networks to monitor transactions and events occurring on other chains. Relays operate on a chain-to-chain basis, without the participation of dispersed nodes, allowing a single contract to serve as a central client for other nodes on many chains. In this way, relays can validate the whole history of transactions as well as certain central headers on demand. However, some relay solutions, such as BTC Relay, necessitate a significant expenditure in order to run and provide operational security.
Merged consensus
Merged consensus approaches are robust and provide two-way interoperability between chains through the relay chain. The Cosmos and Ethereum projects make use of merged consensus. Merged consensus is fairly powerful, but it is usually necessary to build it into a chain from the start.
Federations
Federations allow trustworthy groups to validate occurrences on one chain on another. This is also a robust approach, but it relies on third parties or mediators, which can be a limitation in some cases.
Stateless SPVs
Stateless simplified payment verifications (SPVs) are less expensive to run compared to relays, and smart contracts can validate a portion of the proof-of-work genesis history. This approach was originally conceptualized by the now-defunct Summa.
Stateless SPV operates by sending only the transaction’s necessary headers. The receiving chain does not have to keep a complete record of headers, which greatly reduces storage needs. This approach is solely applicable to PoW systems. It assumes that the amount of work necessary to construct a sequence of acceptable headers proving a fraudulent transaction exceeds the transaction’s value. A fraudulent transaction is defined as one that did not occur on the origin chain.
As part of the proof-of-work consensus, the origin chain generates sequences of headers for free for honest transactions.
What are the biggest challenges for cross-chain applications?
Despite the importance of blockchain interoperability, cross-chain systems may face some challenges when transacting assets or data from one chain to another.
One such challenge is transaction rate bottlenecks. This potential technical issue can hinder large-scale blockchain interoperability by blocking a single chain’s throughput capacity when it receives transactions from many chains.
A second challenge is disparity in trust. The trust system varies from one blockchain ledger to the next. Transferring data from one blockchain to another that has a greater or lesser number of miners or validators could result in third-party tampering of the ledgers or other issues.
Conclusion
Blockchain technology has the potential to improve a variety of information systems. But, the basis for its widespread adoption lies squarely with the evolution of cross-chain technology.
Cross-chain technology enables the seamless transfer of assets between blockchain networks, reducing traffic and gas costs. It also facilitates the collaboration of developers from various networks to establish new user platforms. From a user perspective, cross-chain technology promotes faster transaction processing speeds and instant exchanges between different tokens.
In this article, we investigated the topic of blockchain interoperability, reviewed the benefits of blockchain bridges, examined how blockchains communicate and share data, and discussed some of the challenges for cross-chain applications.
LogRocket is like a DVR for web and mobile apps, recording everything that happens in your web app or site. Instead of guessing why problems happen, you can aggregate and report on key frontend performance metrics, replay user sessions along with application state, log network requests, and automatically surface all errors.
Modernize how you debug web and mobile apps — Start monitoring for free.
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https://blog.logrocket.com/blockchain-bridges-cross-chain-data-sharing-guide/
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A blockchain is a distributed ledger for recording transactions, maintained by many nodes without central authority through a distributed cryptographic protocol. All nodes validate the information to be appended to the blockchain, and a consensus protocol ensures that the nodes agree on a unique order in which entries are appended. Consensus protocols for tolerating Byzantine faults have received renewed attention because they also address blockchain systems.
The aim of this workshop is to bring together researchers and practitioners working in distributed systems, cryptography, and security, from academia and industry, who are interested in the technology and theory of blockchains and their protocols.
The programme of this one-day event will consist of a few invited speakers presenting recent results in the area of blockchains, which could be of interest also to the audience of DISC. Attendance is open to anyone. There will also be some space for discussing open problems and future research directions.
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http://2017.blockchain-workshop.net/
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Combinatorics, a branch of discrete mathematics, can be defined as the art of counting. Famous links to combinatorics include Pascals triangle, the magic square, the Knigsberg bridge problem, Kirkmans schoolgirl problem, and myriorama cards. Are you familiar with any of these?
Myriorama cards were invented in France around 1823 by Jean-Pierre Brs and further developed in England by John Clark. Early myrioramas were decorated with people, buildings, and scenery that could be laid out in any order to create a variety of landscapes. One 24-card set is sold as The Endless Landscape.
How long do you think it would take to generate the 6.2 1023 possible different arrangements from a 24-card myriorama set?
514 MHR Chapter 11
Career Link
Actuaries are business professionals who calculate the likelihood of events, especially those involving risk to a business or government. They use their mathematical skills to devise ways of reducing the chance of negative events occurring and lessening their impact should they occur. This information is used by insurance companies to set rates and by corporations to minimize the negative effects of risk-taking. The work is as challenging as correctly predicting the future!
To find out more about the career of an actuary, go to www.mcgrawhill.ca/school/learningcentres and follow the links.
ind out more
Web Link
Chapter 11 MHR 515
11.1
PermutationsFocus on
solving counting problems using the fundamental counting principle
determining, using a variety of strategies, the number of permutations of n elements taken r at a time
solving counting problems when two or more elements are identical
solving an equation that involves nPr notation
How safe is your password? It has been suggested that a four-character letters-only password can be hacked in under 10 s. However, an eight-character password with at least one number could take up to 7 years to crack. Why is there such a big difference?
In how many possible ways can you walk from A to B in a four by six rectangular city if you must walk on the grid lines and move only up or to the right?
The diagram shows one successful path from A to B. What strategies might help you solve this problem?
You will learn how to solve problems like these in this section.
You are packing clothing to go on a trip. You decide to take three different tops and two pairs of pants.
1. If all of the items go together, how many different outfits can you make? Show how to get the answer using different strategies. Discuss your strategies with a partner.
2. You also take two pairs of shoes. How many different outfits consisting of a top, a pair of pants, and a pair of shoes are possible?
3. a) Determine the number of different outfits you can make when you take four pairs of pants, two shirts, and two hats, if an outfit consists of a pair of pants, a shirt, and a hat.
b) Check your answer using a tree diagram.
Investigate Possible Arrangements
516 MHR Chapter 11
A
B
Reflect and Respond
4. Make a conjecture about how you can use multiplication only to arrive at the number of different outfits possible in steps 1 to 3.
5. A friend claims he can make 1000 different outfits using only tops, pants, and shoes. Show how your friend could be correct.
Counting methods are used to determine the number of members of a specific set as well as the outcomes of an event. You can display all of the possible choices using tables, lists, or tree diagrams and then count the number of outcomes. Another method of determining the number of possible outcomes is to use the fundamental counting principle.
Arrangements With or Without Restrictions
a) A store manager has selected four possible applicants for two different positions at a department store. In how many ways can the manager fill the positions?
b) In how many ways can a teacher seat four girls and three boys in a row of seven seats if a boy must be seated at each end of the row?
Solution
a) Method 1: List Outcomes and Count the Total Use a tree diagram and count the outcomes, or list all of the hiring
choices in a table. Let A represent applicant 1, B represent applicant 2, C represent applicant 3, and D represent applicant 4.
Position 1 Position 2
A
B
C
D
hiring
B
C
D
A
C
D
A
B
D
A
B
C
Position 1 Position 2A B
A C
A D
B A
B C
B D
C A
C B
C D
D A
D B
D C
12 possibilities Total pathways = 12
There are 12 possible ways to fill the 2 positions.
Link the Ideas
fundamentalcounting principle
if one task can be performed in a ways and a second task can be performed in b ways, then the two tasks can be performed in a b ways
for example, a restaurant meal consists of one of two salad options, one of three entrees, and one of four desserts, so there are (2)(3)(4) or 24 possible meals
Example 1
11.1 Permutations MHR 517
Method 2: Use the Fundamental Counting Principle
(number of choices for position 1)
(number of choices for position 2)
If the manager chooses a person for position 1, then there are four choices. Once position 1 is filled, there are only three choices left for position 2.
4 (number of choices for position 1)
3 (number of choices for position 2)
According to the fundamental counting principle, there are (4)(3) or 12 ways to fill the positions.
b) Use seven blanks to represent the seven seats in the row.
(Seat 1)
(Seat 2)
(Seat 3)
(Seat 4)
(Seat 5)
(Seat 6)
(Seat 7)
There is a restriction: a boy must be in each end seat. Fill seats 1 and 7 first.
If the teacher starts with seat 1, there are three boys to choose. Once the teacher fills seat 1, there are two choices for seat 7.
3 (Seat 1)
(Seat 2)
(Seat 3)
(Seat 4)
(Seat 5)
(Seat 6)
2 (Seat 7)
Boy Boy
Once the end seats are filled, there are five people (four girls and one boy) to arrange in the seats as shown.
3 (Seat 1)
5 (Seat 2)
4 (Seat 3)
3 (Seat 4)
2 (Seat 5)
1 (Seat 6)
2 (Seat 7)
By the fundamental counting principle, the teacher can arrange the girls and boys in (3)(5)(4)(3)(2)(1)(2) = 720 ways.
Your TurnUse any method to solve each problem.a) How many three-digit numbers can you make using the digits 1, 2, 3,
4, and 5? Repetition of digits is not allowed.b) How does the application of the fundamental counting principle in
part a) change if repetition of the digits is allowed? Determine how many three-digit numbers can be formed that include repetitions.
In Example 1b), the remaining five people (four girls and one boy) can be arranged in (5)(4)(3)(2)(1) ways. This product can be abbreviated as 5! and is read as five factorial.
Therefore, 5! = (5)(4)(3)(2)(1).In general, n! = (n)(n - 1)(n - 2)(3)(2)(1), where n N.
Why do you fill these two seats first?
Why do you not need to distinguish between boys and girls for the second through sixth seats?
factorialfor any positive integer n, the product of all of the positive integers up to and including n
4! = (4)(3)(2)(1)
0! is defined as 1
518 MHR Chapter 11
The arrangement of objects or people in a line is called a linear permutation. In a permutation, the order of the objects is important. When the objects are distinguishable from one another, a new order of objects creates a new permutation.
Seven different objects can be arranged in 7! ways.
7! = (7)(6)(5)(4)(3)(2)(1)
If there are seven members on the student council, in how many ways can the council select three students to be the chair, the secretary, and the treasurer of the council?
Using the fundamental counting principle, there are (7)(6)(5) possible ways to fill the three positions. Using the factorial notation,
7! _ 4!
= (7)(6)(5)(4)(3)(2)(1)
____ (4)(3)(2)(1)
= (7)(6)(5)= 210
The notation nPr is used to represent the number of permutations, or arrangements in a definite order, of r items taken from a set of
n distinct items. A formula for nPr is nPr = n! __
(n - r)! , n N.
Using permutation notation, 7P3 represents the number of arrangements of three objects taken from a set of seven objects.
7P3 = 7! __
(7 - 3)!
= 7! _ 4!
= 210
So, there are 210 ways that the 3 positions can be filled from the 7-member council.
Using Factorial Notation
a) Evaluate 9P4 using factorial notation.b) Show that 100! + 99! = 101(99!) without using technology.c) Solve for n if nP3 = 60, where n is a natural number.
Solution
a) 9P4 = 9! __
(9 - 4)!
= 9! _ 5!
= (9)(8)(7)(6)5!
___ 5!
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b. a group formed in this way. The number of permutations of n objects taken r at a time is n&! / (n--r)&!
the replacement of each of the elements a of a given set by another element ϕ(a) of the same set. Each element of the initial set must be obtained precisely once as a result of the permutation. Thus, a permutation is essentially a one-to-one mapping of a set onto itself. The concept of permutation is applied chiefly to finite sets, and only this case will be considered here.
where ϕ1, ϕ2, …, ϕn are the numbers 1, 2, …, n, possibly in a different order. Thus, the second row of a permutation is an arrangement, ϕ1, ϕ2, …, ϕn of the numbers 1, 2, …, n. There are as many different permutations of n elements as there are arrangements—that is, n! = 1 × 2 × 3 × … × n.
It can be easily seen that IA = AI = A, that AA–1 = A–1A = I, and that the associative law A(BC) = (AB)C holds. Thus, all the permutations of n elements form a group, which is called the symmetric group of degree n.
Any permutation can be factored into a product of transpositions. When a given permutation is factored into a product of transpositions in different ways, there will be either an even or an odd number of factors. The permutation will accordingly be said to be even or odd; for example, A = (1, 3) (5, 4) (5, 1) is an odd permutation. Define an inversion as an ordered pair of natural numbers such that the first is greater than the second. It turns out that the parity of a permutation can also be determined from the number of inversions in the lower row of the permutation if the numbers in the upper row are arranged in their natural order. The parity of the permutation coincides with the parity of the number of inversions. For example, the lower row of A contains five inversions: (3, 2), (3, 1), (2, 1), (5, 1), and (5, 4). There exist n!/2 even and n!/2 odd permutations of n elements.
Kurosh, A. G. Kurs vysshei algebry, 10th ed. Moscow-Leningrad, 1971.
A function which rearranges a finite number of symbols; more precisely, a one-to-one function of a finite set onto itself.
1. An ordering of a certain number of elements of a given set.
For instance, the permutations of (1,2,3) are (1,2,3) (2,3,1) (3,1,2) (3,2,1) (1,3,2) (2,1,3).
Permutations form one of the canonical examples of a "group" - they can be composed and you can find an inverse permutation that reverses the action of any given permutation.
n P r = n! / (n-r)!
where "n P r" is usually written with n and r as subscripts and n! is the factorial of n.
What the football pools call a "permutation" is not a permutation but a combination - the order does not matter.
f(f'(x)) = f'(f(x)) = x.
One possible combination of items out of a larger set of items. For example, with the set of numbers 1, 2 and 3, there are six possible permutations: 12, 21, 13, 31, 23 and 32.
Figure 9 (left) shows Radviz visualizing the Wine data set with the best permutation by the t-statistic method and Figure 9 (right) shows the Radviz visualizing the Wine data set with the best permutation by the CDM method.
Permutation tableaux arose in the study of totally nonnegative Grassmannian, see Postnikov (2006).
Key generating for corresponding integer series is outlined with a good example in standard paper 8 where the user provides a 128 bit inputs and cluster permutation executes the identical operations for 128 bits which is accomplished for an 8 bit.
We define the map f that transforms a permutation [sigma] = [[sigma].
If n = k, the system is called permutation polynomial vector (PPV) over [L.
A fixed chunk of [tau] bits selected from the result of each permutation, it could be: the first, the second, the third, .
Among the permutation sequence JP(n)j, there do not exist the number which have the factor [2.
Permutation tests are one of the permutation-based methodologies and are not new to parapsychological studies, dating as far back as Pratt and Birge (1948) who used permutation tests to assess verbal material from mediums.
n] input permutations of n keys contains an input permutation that uses [Omega](pn[1+(1-[Epsilon])/p) inversions (and comparisons).
The second problem is their reliance on permutation testing.
I have permutations different some he others "We just want the AGM to hurry up now so we can get the rules decided and learn what the new points limit is going to be so we can all start shaping our teams," he said.
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If you suffer from ‘quantphobia’, you are not the only one. The key to a good score in quant section of the GMAT is to follow the best preparation strategies. There are some topics which are often tested in the GMAT. You should memorize the key GMAT math formulas related to these topics to make sure that you are well prepared to tackle the questions. These formulas will cover many questions in the GMAT.
GMAT Math Formulas that you should know:
- Speed Distance Time: Average Speed= Total Distance\ Total Time. Similarly, distance= rate x time. You will see a lot of speed, distance and rate problems in the GMAT. However, the questions will not be straightforward.
- Area and Volume of Geometrical Shapes – The area of a triangle ½ x (base) x (height). Any side can be chosen as the base but the height should be perpendicular to the base and go through the opposing vertex. Similarly, area of circle is
A = πr2 where r is radius. Similarly, volume of a cube is a3 where a represents the length of a side. Know the area, volume and perimeter formulas for basic geometrical shapes.
- Pythagoras Theorem – In a right angled triangle A2 + B2 = C2 where C is the hypotenuse and A, B are the other sides.
- Average – Average is nothing but (sum of values)\(number of values). You can use this formula for a lot of problems.
- Permutations and Combinations – Again, a very important area in GMAT. Permutation formula for n objects is n!\(n-r)! where n is the number of options and r is number of selected options. Similarly for Combinations, the formula for number of combinations is n!\ r! (n-r)! where n is the total size and r is the number of elements selected.
Apart from these areas, you should also know about number properties, basic statistics, ratio and proportions, system of equations, fractions and percentages. It is also a good idea to learn squares and cubes of numbers till 10.
The formulas and concepts listed above are building blocks for the quant section of GMAT. Mastering them will significantly improve your chances of a high score in the math section of GMAT.
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Flashcards in 18. Probability Deck (20)
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1
Complementary Rule of Probability P.328
P(A) = 1 - P(not A)
2
Addition Rule of Probability P. 328
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)
If A and B intersect, subtract the overlap area
3
Contingency Table P.331
Contingency tables provide an effective way of arranging attribute data while allowing us to readily determine relevant probabilities.
4
Conditional Probability P.333
The probability of B occurring give that A has occurred.
P(B|A) = P(A∩B) / P(A); P(A) not 0
5
Independent and Dependent Events P.334
Independent
P(A|B) = P (A) or vise versa
Dependent
P(A|B) not P(A) or vise versa
6
Mutually Exclusive Events P.335
Two events A and B are said to be mutually exclusive if both event cannot occur at the same time.
7
Multiplication Rule of Probabilities P.335
If Independent
P(A∩B) = P(A) x P(B)
If Dependent
P(A∩B) = P(A) x P(B|A)
P(A∩B) = P(B) x P(A|B)
8
Permutations P.338
Arrangement of a set of objects with regard to the orders of the arrangement.
P(n,r) = nPr = n! /(n-r)!
Permutation of n objects taken r at a time
9
Combination P.338
Selection of objects without regard to the order in which hey are selected.
C(n,r) = nCr = nPr /r! = n! /r!(n-r)!
Combination of n objects taken r at a time
10
Normal Distribution P.342
Bell curve normal distribution with Mean=0 and SDV.=1
11
Poisson Distribution P.347
The number of rare events (defect) that will occur during a specific period or in a specific area or volume (per unit).
The mean (expected) number of events and variance are both denoted by Greek letter lambda.
12
Binomial Distribution P.348
P(X) = n! /x!(n-x)! P^X (1-P)^n-x
n! /x!(n-x)! = Number of ways x success in n trails (nCr)
P^X (1-P)^n-x = Probability of obtaining x success in n trials
13
Chi Square Distribution P.350
Used to find a confidence interval for Population Variance. (like distribution for Population Mean)
14
t-Distribution P.352
Used when n<30, or population SDV is unknown for normal distribution.
DF= n-1
15
F-Distribution P.354
Comparing two population variances. If X and Y are two random variables distributed as X^2 with v1 and v2 degrees of freedom, then the random variable is distributed as F-Distribution with DF v1= n-1 in the numerator and DF v2 =n-2 in the denominator.
F = (X/v1) / (Y/v2)
16
Hypergeometric Distribution P.355
The experiment consists of randomly drawing n elements without replacement from a set of N elements, r of which are S's (success) and (N - R) of which re F's (failure)
Hypergeometric random variable x is the number of S's in the draw of n elements.
Hypergeometric = Dependent
Binomial = Independent
17
Bivariate Normal Distribution P.357
Joint probability density function of two dependent random variables (normal distributed).
18
Exponential Distribution P.359
The length of time or the distance between occurrence of random events (wait time distribution).
19
Lognormal Distribution P.360
Continuous probability distribution of a random variable whose logarithm is normally distributed. This distribution has applications in modeling life spans for products that degrade over time.
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Pages: 1
Factorial
Gist
factorial, in mathematics, the product of all positive integers less than or equal to a given positive integer and denoted by that integer and an exclamation point. Thus, factorial seven is written 7!, meaning 1 × 2 × 3 × 4 × 5 × 6 × 7. Factorial zero is defined as equal to 1.
Factorials are commonly encountered in the evaluation of permutations and combinations and in the coefficients of terms of binomial expansions (see binomial theorem). Factorials have been generalized to include nonintegral values (see gamma function).
Details
In mathematics, the factorial of a non-negative integer n, denoted by n!, is the product of all positive integers less than or equal to n:
For example,
The value of 0! is 1, according to the convention for an empty product.
The factorial operation is encountered in many areas of mathematics, notably in combinatorics, algebra, and mathematical analysis. Its most basic use counts the possible distinct sequences – the permutations – of n distinct objects: there are n!.
The factorial function can also be extended to non-integer arguments while retaining its most important properties by defining x! = Γ(x + 1), where Γ is the gamma function; this is undefined when x is a negative integer.
History
The use of factorials is documented since the Talmudic period (200 to 500 CE), one of the earliest examples being the Hebrew Book of Creation Sefer Yetzirah which lists factorials (up to 7!) as a means of counting permutations. Indian scholars have been using factorial formulas since at least the 12th century. Siddhānta Shiromani by Bhāskara II (c. 1114–1185) mentioned factorials for permutations in Volume I, the Līlāvatī.
In the 1640s, French polymath Marin Mersenne published large (but not entirely correct) tables of factorials, up to 64!. In 1677, Fabian Stedman later described factorials as applied to change ringing, a musical art involving the ringing of several tuned bells. After describing a recursive approach, Stedman gives a statement of a factorial (using the language of the original):
Now the nature of these methods is such, that the changes on one number comprehends [includes] the changes on all lesser numbers ... insomuch that a compleat Peal of changes on one number seemeth to be formed by uniting of the compleat Peals on all lesser numbers into one entire body.
The notation n! for factorials was introduced by the French mathematician Christian Kramp in 1808.
Definition
The factorial function is defined by the product
This leads to the recurrence relation
For example,
Factorial of zero
The factorial of 0 is 1, or in symbols, 0! = 1.
Additional Information
Factorial of a whole number 'n' is defined as the product of that number with every whole number till 1. For example, the factorial of 4 is 4×3×2×1, which is equal to 24. It is represented using the symbol '!' So, 24 is the value of 4! In the year 1677, Fabian Stedman, a British author, defined factorial as an equivalent of change ringing. Change ringing was a part of the musical performance where the musicians would ring multiple tuned bells. And it was in the year 1808, when a mathematician from France, Christian Kramp, came up with the symbol for factorial: n! The study of factorials is at the root of several topics in mathematics, such as the number theory, algebra, geometry, probability, statistics, graph theory, and discrete mathematics, etc.
What Is Factorial?
The factorial of a number is the function that multiplies the number by every natural number below it. Symbolically, factorial can be represented as "!". So, n factorial is the product of the first n natural numbers and is represented as n!
n factorial
So n! or "n factorial" means: n! = 1. 2. 3…………………………………n = Product of the first n positive integers = n(n-1)(n-2)…………………….(3)(2)(1)
For example, 4 factorial, that is, 4! can be written as: 4! = 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24.
Observe the numbers and their factorial values given in the following table. To find the factorial of a number, multiply the number with the factorial value of the previous number. For example, to know the value of 6! multiply 120 (the factorial of 5) by 6, and get 720. For 7! multiply 720 (the factorial value of 6) by 7, to get 5040.
n : n!
1 : 1
2 : 2 × 1 = 2
3 : 3 × 2 × 1 = 3 × 2! = 6
4 : 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 4 × 3! = 24
5 : 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 5 × 4! = 120
Formula for n Factorial
The formula for n factorial is: n = n × (n − 1)!
The factorial of a number has many and intensive uses in permutations, combinations and the computation of probability. We represent it by an exclamation mark (!). Factorials are also used in number theory, approximations, and statistics. In this topic, we will discuss the Factorial Formula with examples. We shall also learn the various applications of factorial formula such as permutations, combinations, probability distribution, etc. Let us start!
Definition of Factorial
The factorial formula is used to find the factorial of any number. It is defined as the product of the number with all its successive lowest value numbers till 1. Thus it is the result of multiplying the descending series of numbers. It must be remembered that the factorial of 0 is 1. Factorial Formula has many direct and indirect applications in permutations and combinations for probability calculation.
There are various functions based on factorials like double factorial, multifactorial, etc. Also, the Gamma function is an important concept based on factorial.
Factorial Formula
Formula for the Factorial : To get the factorial of a given number n the following given formula can be used,…....
This is possible due to the recursive nature of factorial computation.
Let us understand it with some examples.
Some Applications of Factorial Value:
Some applications of factorial in mathematics are as follows:
1) Recursion
In the recursive definition of a number, we may use factorial. A number can be expressed in an expression containing the number only........
2) Permutations
Arrangement of given r things out of total n things when order is strictly important.
3) Combinations
Arrangement of given r things out of total n things when order is not important.
4) Probability Distributions
There are various probability distributions like binomial distribution which include the use of factorial. To find the probability of an event, the concept of permutations and combinations is used a lot.
5) Number Theory
Factorials value are used extensively in number theory and also for approximations.
It appears to me that if one wants to make progress in mathematics, one should study the masters and not the pupils. - Niels Henrik Abel.
Nothing is better than reading and gaining more and more knowledge - Stephen William Hawking.
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5.3 The Binomial Probability Distribution
While there are many discrete probability distributions, by far the most important one is the binomial distribution. To set the stage for a discussion of this distribution, we will need to cover two preliminary notions: (1) counting issues; and (2) the Bernoulli probability distribution.
|Number of Prizes||Dollar Amount|
|1||25,000|
|4||5,000|
|50||500|
|945||0|
|X||f(X)|
|25,000||0.001|
|5,000||0.004|
|500||0.050|
|0||0.945|
|1.000|
5.3.1 Counting Issues
We may generally view the concept of a permutation as an ordered set of objects. If any two of the objects are interchanged, we have a new permutation. For instance, the letters “a, b, c” form a particular permutation of the first three letters of the alphabet. If we interchange b and c, then “a, c, b” gives us another distinct permutation of these letters. More specifically, a permutation is any particular arrangement of r objects selected from a set of n distinct objects, r ≤ n.
What is the total number of permutations of r objects selected from a set of n distinct objects? To answer this, let us find
the number of permutations of n different objects taken r at a time, where
For instance, ...
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With origin in the Latin combinatio, combination is a word that refers to the act and consequence of combining something or combining (that is, joining, complementing or assembling different things to achieve a compound). The concept has multiple applications since the things that can be combined are of very different characteristics and origins.
According to DigoPaul, a combination, according to theory, is understood as an ordered sequence of signs (which can be letters and / or numbers) only known to one or a few individuals and that allows certain mechanisms to be opened or put into operation. The locks and safes are, for example, devices that include combinations. For example: “I am going to give you the combination of the box but, please, keep the information safe”, “We cannot enter as this door is padlocked and I do not know the combination”, “Someone stole the combination and opened the safe, since the money is missing but it is not forced ”.
Of course, the idea of combination can also refer to the mixture or mixture of colors in the same unit. When dressing, a person usually chooses garments whose colors match, that is, they are harmonious in sight. For example: “I do not like this combination: I am going to choose shoes in another color”, “I cannot use that bag as it destroys the combination I chose for tonight”.
Likewise, the drink formed from the mixture of several liquors is known as a combination or drink: “Try this: it is a combination of blue curacao, grand marnier and champagne”, “It is a very strong combination, do not drink so fast”.
Concept in mathematical terms
In mathematics, on the other hand, we speak of combination when we focus on the subsets made up of a certain number of elements of a finite set analyzed and that differ by at least one element.
Generally we use the term to refer both to elements that are mixed regardless of the order, and those in which the order does matter; however, there is a way to name each of these mixes. One of them is combination, the other, permutation.
It is not the same if we want to refer to what a tomato, lettuce and onion salad has, it does not matter the order in which we put the elements; On the other hand, if we want to mention the key to open a padlock, it is extremely important in what order we say the numbers. In mathematics there is a law that says:
If the order doesn’t matter, it’s a combination. If order does matter, it’s a permutation. ”
Therefore a permutation is a combination that is performed in a stipulated order. There are, however, two types of them: with repetition (which allow a number to be used more than once, for example: 666) or without repetition (they cannot be altered or repeated. For example, when doing a race, they cannot be taken at the the first and second years, nor the second before the first).
There is a formula for each of these types of mixtures that allows calculating how many possible results exist, these are:
For the permutations with repetition, n × n ×… (r times) = nr is used where n is the amount of things you can choose and r what you choose. For example: if you have to choose three numbers for a lock, you have 10 numbers to choose from (0,1,…, 9) and you should choose only 3; then the formula would be: 10 × 10 ×… (3 times) = 103 = 1000 permutations
For permutations without repetition the calculation is different because it must be taken into account what are the things you have to choose from and the only thing you have to remember is that you cannot repeat it. For example: if you are playing pull and have removed the 14 ball from the table, you will no longer be able to use it again in that game.
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By the end of a 10-year period, the $1,000 investment under option one grows to $2,219.64, but under option two, it grows to $2,184.04. The more frequent compounding of option one yields a greater return even though the interest rate is higher in option two.
If we know the present value (PV), the future value (FV), and the interest rate per period of compounding (i), the future value factors allow us to calculate the
The periodic interest rate r is calculated using the following formula: r = (1 + i/m) m/n - 1 Where, i = nominal annual rate n = number of payments per year i.e., 12 for monthly payment, 1 for yearly payment and so on. m = number of compounding periods per year
Calculate the effective periodic interest rate from the nominal annual interest rate and the number of compounding periods per year. Example, calculate daily Calculates principal, accrued principal plus interest, rate or time periods using the Calculate periodic compound interest on an investment or savings. Compounding occurs once per period in this basic compounding equation but other A periodic rate is the APR expressed over a shorter period and can be found by If your credit card issuer uses the average daily balance method to calculate your for each day in the billing cycle by the daily rate for a daily finance charge. 18 Sep 2019 The periodic interest rate is the rate charged or paid on a loan or realized on rate is multiplied by the amount the borrower owes at the end of each day. of compounding periods to calculate its effective annual interest rate. Period interest rate per payment is used to determine the interest rate to charge to each payment. This is important when the compounding frequency does not
12 Nov 2018 You can calculate your business's absence rate to determine the percentage of days employees miss per period. Absences are generally
How to calculate interest payments per period or total with Excel formulas? This article is talking about calculating the interest payments per period based on periodic, constant payments and constant interest rate with Excel formulas, and the total interest payments as well. Calculate monthly interest payments on a credit card in Excel Question: A. Find I (the Rate Per Period) And N (the Number Of Periods) For The Following Annuity. Quartarly Deposits Of $800 Are Made For 6 Years Into An Annuity That Pays 8.5% Compounded Quarterly. I=__ N=__ B. Use The Future Value Formula To Find The Indicated Value. How are you supposed to calculate the rate per compounding period, i, for each of the following. a) 9% per annum, compounded quarterly b) 6% per annum, compounded monthly c) 4.3% per annum compounded semi-annually I wasn't sure how to do this question without more information, such as initial value, etc? To find simple interest, multiply the amount borrowed by the percentage rate, expressed as a decimal. To calculate compound interest, use the formula A = P(1 + r) n, where P is the principal, r is the interest rate expressed as a decimal and n is the number of number of periods during which the interest will be compounded. The Rate of Return (ROR) is the gain or loss of an investment over a period of time copmared to the initial cost of the investment expressed as a percentage. This guide teaches the most common formulas for calculating different types of rates of returns including total return, annualized return, ROI, ROA, ROE, IRR
This is the rate per compounding period, such as per month when your period is year and compounding is 12 times per year. Interest rate can be for any period not just a year as long as compounding is per this same time unit.
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https://platformmlpjsc.netlify.app/guiberteau21936si/find-rate-per-period-hyg.html
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A pension consists of a stream of payments to an individual beginning at a designated future date. The present value of such pension payments is based on the number of payments, the amount of each payment, and the risk associated with the receipt of each payment. The underlying premise of the present value calculation is that a dollar held today has a higher value than a dollar received any time in the future.
Calculating Present Value of a Lump Sum or Changing Payments
The present value calculation should be performed using a spreadsheet, and all assumptions regarding interest rates, payment amounts and time frame should be entered separately into the spreadsheet. The present value of a future payment equals: P / (1 + r)^n, where "P" represents the payment amount, "r" represents the discount rate, and "n" represents the number of time periods until the payment is received. Of these variables, the discount rate is the only one that is subjective. It's best to use the risk-free rate, which is usually the yield on a Treasury bill with a maturity closest to the the number of time periods until the payment is received. Once the present value of each pension payment is calculated, calculate the sum total of the present values, which results in the present value of the pension.
Video of the Day
Present Value of an Annuity
Calculating the present value of a pension for which the payments are all identical, referred to as an annuity, is simpler. First, insert the assumptions regarding payment amount, interest rate and number of years. The present value of an annuity equals: [(P/r) x (1/(1+r)^n)], and should be entered into the spreadsheet this way, linking to cell numbers where applicable. If the pension is paid into perpetuity, the formula is: P/r. So, if the payment amount was entered into cell A:1, and the discount rate was entered into cell A:2, in cell A:3 you would enter "=A:1/A:2". The result is the present value.
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https://www.sapling.com/8576639/calculate-present-value-future-pension
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# Keyword density
Keyword density is the percentage of times a keyword or phrase appears on a web page compared to the total number of words on the page. In the context of search engine optimization, keyword density can be used to determine whether a web page is relevant to a specified keyword or keyword phrase.
In the late 1990s, the early days of search engines, keyword density was an important factor in page ranking. However, as webmasters discovered how to implement optimum keyword density, search engines began giving priority to other factors beyond the direct control of webmasters. Today, the overuse of keywords, a practice called keyword stuffing, will cause a web page to be penalized.
The formula to calculate your keyword density on a web page for SEO purposes is ( N k r / T k n ) ∗ 100 {\displaystyle (Nkr/Tkn)*100} , where Nkr is how many times you repeated a specific keyword, and Tkn the total words in the analyzed text. The result is a keyword density value. When calculating keyword density, ignore html tags and other embedded tags which will not appear in the text of the page once published.
When calculating the density of a keyword phrase, the formula would be ( N k r ∗ N w p / T k n ) ∗ 100 {\displaystyle (Nkr*Nwp/Tkn)*100} , where Nwp is the number of words in the phrase. So, for example, for a four-hundred word page about search engine optimization where "search engine optimization" is used four times, the keyword phrase density is (4*3/400)*100 or 3 percent.
From a mathematical viewpoint, the original concept of keyword density refers to the frequency (Nkr) of appearance of a keyword in a dissertation. A "keyword" consisting of multiple terms, e.g. "blue suede shoes," is an entity in itself. T frequency of the phrase "blue suede shoes" within a dissertation drives the key(phrase) density. It is "more" mathematically correct for a "keyphrase" to be calculated just like the original calculation, but considering the word group, "blue suede shoes," as a single appearance, not three:
Density = ( Nkr / Tkn ) * 100.
'Keywords' (kr) that consist of several words artificially inflate the total word count of the dissertation. The purest mathematical representation should adjust the total word count (Tkn) lower by removing the excess key(phrase) word counts from the total:
Density = ( Nkr / ( Tkn -( Nkr * ( Nwp-1 ) ) ) ) * 100. where Nwp = the number of terms in the keyphrase.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyword_density
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# Rule of 78s
Also known as the "Sum of the Digits" method, the Rule of 78s is a term used in lending that refers to a method of yearly interest calculation. The name comes from the total number of months' interest that is being calculated in a year (the first month is 1 month's interest, whereas the second month contains 2 months' interest, etc.). This is an accurate interest model only based on the assumption that the borrower pays only the amount due each month. The outcome is that more of the interest is apportioned to the first part or early repayments than the later repayments. As such, the borrower pays a larger part of the total interest earlier in the term.
If the borrower pays off the loan early, this method maximizes the interest paid by applying funds to the interest before principal. The Rule of 78 is designed so that borrowers pay the same interest charges over the life of a loan as they would with a loan that uses the simple interest method. But because of some mathematical quirks, you end up paying a greater share of the interest upfront. That means if you pay off the loan early, you’ll end up paying more overall for a Rule of 78s loan compared with a simple-interest loan.
## Calculations
A simple fraction (as with 12/78) consists of a numerator (the top number, 12 in the example) and a denominator (the bottom number, 78 in the example). The denominator of a Rule of 78s loan is the sum of the integers between 1 and n, inclusive, where n is the number of payments. For a twelve-month loan, the sum of numbers from 1 to 12 is 78 (1 + 2 + 3 + . . . +12 = 78). For a 24-month loan, the denominator is 300. The sum of the numbers from 1 to n is given by the equation n * (n+1) / 2. If n were 24, the sum of the numbers from 1 to 24 is 24 * (24+1) / 2 = (24 * 25) / 2 = 300, which is the loan's denominator, D.
For a 12-month loan, 12/78s of the finance charge is assessed as the first month's portion of the finance charge, 11/78s of the finance charge is assessed as the second month's portion of the finance charge and so on until the 12th month at which time 1/78s of the finance charge is assessed as that month's portion of the finance charge. Following the same pattern, 24/300 of the finance charge is assessed as the first month's portion of a 24-month pre-computed loan.
Formula for calculating the earned interest at payment n:
E a r n e d I n t e r e s t ( n ) = f × 2 ( k − n + 1 ) k ( k + 1 ) {\displaystyle EarnedInterest(n)=f\times {\frac {2(k-n+1)}{k(k+1)}}}
where f {\displaystyle f} is the total agreed finance charges, k {\displaystyle k} is the length of the loan n {\displaystyle n} is current payment number.
Formula for calculating the cumulative earned interest at payment n:
C u m u l a t i v e E a r n e d I n t e r e s t ( n ) = f × n ( 2 k − n + 1 ) k ( k + 1 ) {\displaystyle CumulativeEarnedInterest(n)=f\times {\frac {n(2k-n+1)}{k(k+1)}}}
where f {\displaystyle f} is the total agreed finance charges, k {\displaystyle k} is the length of the loan n {\displaystyle n} is current payment number.
If a borrower plans on repaying the loan early, the formula below can be used to calculate the unearned interest.
U n e a r n e d I n t e r e s t ( u ) = f × k ( k + 1 ) n ( n + 1 ) {\displaystyle UnearnedInterest(u)={\frac {f\times k(k+1)}{n(n+1)}}}
where u {\displaystyle u} is the unearned interest for the lender, k {\displaystyle k} is the number of repayments remaining (not including current payment) and n {\displaystyle n} is the original number of repayments.
Figure 1 is an amortized table for gradual repayment of a loan with $500 in interest fees.
## History
Prior to 1935, a borrower might have entered a contract with the lender to repay off a principal plus the pre-calculated total interest divided equally into the monthly repayments. If a borrower repaid their principal early, they were still required to pay the total interest agreed to in the contract. Many consumers felt this was wrong, contending that if the principal had been repaid for in one-third of the loan term, then the interest paid should also be one-third.
In 1935, Indiana legislators passed laws governing the interest paid on prepaid loans. The formula contained in this law, which determined the amount due to lenders, was called the "rule of 78" method. The reasoning behind this rule was as follows:
A loan of $3000 can be broken into three $1000 payments, and a total interest of $60 into six. During the first month of the loan, the borrower has use of all three $1000 (3/3) amounts. Hence the borrower should pay three of the $10 interest fees. At the end of the month, the borrower pays back one $1000 and the $30 interest. During the second month the borrower has use of two $1000 (2/3) amounts and so the payment should be $1000 plus two $10 interest fees. By the third month the borrower has use of one $1000 (1/3) and will pay back this amount plus one $10 interest fees.
This method above would be called 'rule of 6' (achieved by adding the integers 1-3), but because most loans around 1935 were for a 12 month period, the Rule of 78s was used.
In the United States, the use of the Rule of 78s is prohibited in connection with mortgage refinance and other consumer loans having a term exceeding 61 months. On March 15, 2001, in the U.S. 107th Congress, U.S. Rep. John LaFalce (D-NY 29) introduced H.R. 1054, a bill to eliminate the use of the Rule of 78s in credit transactions. The bill was referred to the House Committee on Financial Services on the same day. On April 10, 2001, the bill was referred to the Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit, where it died with no further action taken.
In the UK, as part of the Consumer Credit Act of 2006, the Consumer Credit (Early Settlement) Regulations 2004 (SI 2004/1483) which does away with the Rule of 78 in consumer credit lending was issued and brought into effect on 31 May 2005.
## Precomputed Loan
The Rule of 78s deals with precomputed loans, which are loans whose finance charge is calculated before the loan is made. Finance charge, carrying charges, interest costs, or whatever the cost of the loan may be called, can be calculated with simple interest equations, add-on interest, an agreed upon fee, or any disclosed method. Once the finance charge has been identified, the Rule of 78s is used to calculate the amount of the finance charge to be rebated (forgiven) in the event that the loan is repaid early, prior to the agreed upon number of payments. It should be understood that with precomputed loans, a borrower not only owes the lender the principal amount borrowed, but the borrower owes the finance charge as well. If $10,000 is lent and the precomputed finance charge is $3,000, the borrower owes the lender $13,000 at the time the loan is made, whereas a simple interest borrower owes the lender only the $10,000 principal and monthly interest on the unpaid principal.
A simple explanation would be as follows: suppose that the total finance charge for a 12-month loan was $78.00. This figure is representative of the sum of digits by adding the numbers together, i.e., 12,11,10,9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1 = 78. If a person repaid a consumer loan after 3 months, the financial institution would not charge interest the sum of the "remaining" digits... i.e., 9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1 = $45.00, and would only retain the first three numbers... 12,11,10 or $33.00. Thus the consumer's benefit is less than if it were divided equally by 12 months ($6.50 per month), but is equal to the amount of interest that would be saved under the simple interest method.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_78s
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Minimum area of a Polygon with three points given
Given three points of a regular polygon(n > 3), find the minimum area of a regular polygon (all sides same) possible with the points given.
Examples:
Input : 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 Output : 1.00 By taking point (1.00, 0.00) square is formed of side 1.0 so area = 1.00 .
One thing to note in question before we proceed is that the number of sides must be at least 4 (note n > 3 condition)..
Here, we have to find the minimum area possible for a regular polygon, so to calculate the minimum possible area, we need to calculate the required value of n. As the side length is not given, so we first calculate the circumradius of the triangle formed by the points. It is given by the formula
R = abc / 4A
Where a, b, c are the sides of the triangle formed and A is the area of the triangle. Here, the area of the triangle can be calculated by Heron’s Formula.
After calculating circumradius of the triangle, we calculate the area of the polygon by the formula
A = nX ( sin(360/n) xr2 /2 )
Here r represents the circumradius of n-gon (regular polygon of n sides).
But, first we have to calculate value of n . To calculate n we first have to calculate all the angles of triangle by the cosine formula
cosA = ( b2+c2-a2 ) / 2bc
cosB = ( a2+c2-b2 ) / 2ac
cosC = ( a2+b2-c2 ) / 2ab
Then, n is given by
n = pi / GCD (A , B, C )
Where A, B and C are the angles of the triangle . After calculating n we substitute this value to the formula for calculating area of polygon .
Below is the implementation of the given approach :
C++
Java
Python3
C#
Output:
1.00
Time complexity : O(log(min(A,B,C)))
Auxiliary Space : O(1), since no extra space has been taken.
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https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/minimum-area-polygon-three-points-given/?ref=lbp
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Looking to get faster at solving the 3x3 Rubik's Cube? Here we outline and give tips to learn the ZZ Speed Cubing Method.
What is ZZ?
ZZ, named after it's creator Zbigniew Zborowski, is known for its low movecount and high TPS (turn per second) solving style, along with no rotation of the cube once solving. It shares similar solving technique to CFOP, but has an extra step at the start known as "EOLine", which leads to F2L (first two layers) being easier to solve. It's also well known for its heavy algorithm usage, with numerous subsets for both last layer and influencing last layer with the last pair, thanks to the oriented edges in the EOLine step.
Steps
EOLine, EOCross and Variations
EOLine is the original first step of ZZ proposed by its creator, where the solver orients all edges and solves the front and back edges on the D (bottom) layer. This allows for a rotationaless solve and for more options in the final layer as explained below.
EOCross is similar to EOLine, where edges are oriented, but a full CFOP-style cross is solved instead.
An edge is defined as oriented if it can be solved using only R, L, U and D face turns. If an edge cannot be solved using these face turns then it is a misoriented or 'bad' edge.
http://cube.rider.biz/zz.php?p=eoline
F2L
After EOLine, a 3x2x1 block on both the left and right faces. This can be done without rotations since all edges are oriented.
After EOCross, the first two layers can be solved similarly to CFOP. Since the edges were oriented in the first step, this can also be done without any rotations.
Last Layer
Last layer has a lot of solving options thanks to the orientation of the edges in the first step, meaning that there will always be a "cross" on top of the U layer.
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https://speedcubeshop.com/a/blog/what-is-the-cfop-speed-cubing-method-cfop-method-overview
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The Rubik's Cube can be very frustrating and may seem next to impossible to restore to its original configuration. However, once you know a few algorithms, it is very easy to solve. The method described in this article is the layer method: first you solve one face of the cube (first layer), then the middle layer, and finally the last layer.
Familiarize yourself with the Notations at the bottom of the page.
Choose one face to start with. In the examples that will follow, the color for the first layer is white.
Solve the cross. Find the side with the white square in the center and put it on top. Set into position the four edge pieces that contain white. (You should be able to do this by yourself without needing algorithms.) All four edge pieces can be placed in a maximum of eight moves (five or six in general).
Place the cross at the bottom. Turn the cube over 180° so that the cross is now on the bottom.
At the end of this step, the first layer should be complete, with a solid color (in this case, white) at the bottom.
Place the four edges of the middle layer. Those edge pieces are the ones that do not contain yellow in our example. You need to know only one algorithm to solve the middle layer. The second algorithm is symmetrical to the first.
If the edge piece is in the middle layer but in the wrong place or with the wrong orientation, simply use the same algorithm to place any other edge piece in its position. Your edge piece will then be in the last layer, and you just have to use the algorithm again to position it properly in the middle layer.
Permute the corners. At this step, our goal is to place the corners of the last layer in their correct position, regardless of their orientation.
Locate two adjacent corners that share a color other than the color of the top layer (other than yellow in our case).
Turn the top layer until these two corners are on the correct color side, facing you. For instance, if the two adjacent corners both contain red, turn the top layer until those two corners are on the red side of the cube. Note that on the other side, the two corners of the top layer will both contain the color of that side as well (orange in our example).
Do the same with the two corners at the back. Turn the cube around to place the other side (orange) in front of you. Swap the two front corners if needed.
Permute the edges. You will need to know only one algorithm for this step. Check whether one or several edges are already in the proper position (the orientation does not matter at this point).
If all the edges are in their correct positions, you are done for this step.
Note : performing twice one of these algorithms is equivalent to performing the other.
If all four edges are incorrectly positioned, perform one of the two algorithms once from any side. You will then have only one edge correctly positioned.
If all four edges are flipped, perform the "H" pattern algorithm from any side, and you will have to perform that algorithm one more time to solve the cube.
Congratulations! Your cube should now be solved.
This is the key to the notations used.
The pieces that compose the Rubik's Cube are called Cubies, and the color stickers on the cubes are called facelets.
Not all cubes have the same color schemes. The colors used for these illustrations is called BOY (because the Blue, Orange and Yellow faces are in clockwise order).
The 3D View, showing three sides of the Cube: the front (red), the top (yellow), and the right side (green). In Step 4, the algorithm (1.b) is illustrated with a picture showing the left side of the cube (blue), the front (red) and top (yellow).
The Top View, showing only the top of the cube (yellow). The front side is at the bottom (red).
For the top view, each bar indicates the location of the important facelet. In the picture, the yellow facelets of the top back corners are on the top (yellow) side, while the yellow facelets of the top front corners are both located on the front side of the cube.
When a facelet is grey, it means that its color is not important at the moment.
The arrows (blue or red) show what the algorithm will do. In the case of the algorithm (3.a) for instance, it will rotate the three corners on themselves as shown. If the yellow facelets are as drawn on the picture, at the end of the algorithm they will be on top.
The axis of the rotation is the big diagonal of the cube (from one corner to the corner all the way on the other side of the cube).
Blue arrows are used for clockwise turns (algorithm (3.a)).
Red arrows are used for counter-clockwise turns (algorithm (3.b), symmetrical to (3.a)).
For the top view, the light blue facelets indicate that an edge is incorrectly oriented. In the picture, the edges on the left and right are both incorrectly oriented. This means that if the top face is yellow, the yellow facelets for those two edges are not on the top, but on the side.
For the move notations it is important to always look at the cube from the front side.
Rotation of the front side.
How long does it typically take to solve a Rubik's cube?
If you are just starting out, aim to get down to two to three minutes. Then once you get some practice, go below two minutes. That is around where you should get after a few days of practice. Always try to be faster though -- the world record is 6.54 seconds!
What is the fastest way to solve a Rubik's cube?
The "layer method" described here is intended for beginners. There are faster methods that are more difficult to learn, the Fridrich method being the most popular among world-class speedcubers.
I'm seeing blue squares where the diagram shows yellow, but everything else is the same. What should I do?
Japanese-style Rubik's cubes reverse the position of the blue and yellow faces compared to Western-style Rubik's cubes. Follow the instruction as though these colors were switched on your cube.
What is meant by "Ri"?
Rotate the right face of the cube a quarter turn, anticlockwise. R means turn the right face a quarter turn clockwise, and the i means "inverse".
Without setting white first, how do I solve all the colors in time?
Start solving the cube with ANY face (yellow, green, blue, red, orange, or white). The algorithm doesn't change.
How can I make the white cross?
To make the white cross, you need to align the edge to the center piece of the white center along with the center piece of the second color. For example, the white and blue edge piece will come in between the white and blue center.
I didn't understand what is meant by, swap one with two and three with four. Can you elaborate?
You need to do the algorithm so that the front corners and back corners swap at the same time.
How do I get under a minute? My best time is one minute, twenty-two seconds. I am trying to learn CFOP, but it's going slowly.
Work at it progressively. Since you know the basics, work on mastering F2L, then using your usual method to solve the last layer. Mastering F2L should get you below a minute, then you can focus on the orientation and permutation steps which tend to take the longest to master.
Is there any other easier way of doing it, or is this it?
This is the easiest method available. Just allow yourself to memorize the algorithms.
In the last layer, I'm not able to locate two adjacent color corners. What should I do?
Look for any two corners of the same color. Once you find them, should they not be adjacent, perform the algorithm once to align them, then rotate the cube 90 degrees and perform it again to align them correctly.
How do I make a white cross with a Rubik's Cube?
When solving the last layer, how can I put the orange corner in the front layer if it is in the top layer?
What are the moves of algorithms?
How do you solve a triangle Rubik's cube?
How do I swap palettes on a Rubik's cube?
Practice. Spend some time with your cube to learn how to move pieces around. This is especially important when you are learning to solve the first layer.
Know the colors of your cube. You must know which color is opposite which, and the order of the colors around each face. For instance, if white is on top and red in front, then you must know that blue is on the right, orange in the back, green on the left and yellow at the bottom.
For those interested in speed cubing, or those who simply don't like how hard it is to turn pieces, it is a good idea to buy a DIY kit. The pieces of speedcubes have rounder inner corners and DIY kits allow you to adjust the tension, making it a lot easier to move pieces. Consider also lubricating your cube with a silicon based lubricant.
You can either start with the same color to help you understand where each color goes, or try to be efficient by choosing a color for which it is easier to solve the cross.
Locate all four edges and try to think ahead about how to move them into position without actually doing it. With practice and experience, this will teach you ways to solve it in fewer moves. And in a competition, participants are given 15 seconds to inspect their cube before the timer starts.
In the algorithms (2.a) and (2.b) used to permute corners of the top layer, you execute four moves (at the end of which all bottom layer and middle layer cubes are back in the bottom and middle layers), then turn the upper layer, and then execute the reverse of the first four moves. Therefore, this algorithm does not affect the first/bottom and middle layers.
For the algorithms (4.a) and (4.b), note you are turning the top layer in the same direction that you need to turn the three edges.
For the algorithm (5), Dedmore "H" Pattern, a way to remember the algorithm is to follow the path of the flipped edge on the top right and the pair of corners around it for the first half of the algorithm. And then for the other half of the algorithm, follow the other flipped edge and pair of corners. You'll notice that you perform five moves (seven moves if counting half turns as two moves), then half turn the top layer, then reverse those first five moves, and finally half turn the top layer again.
Solve the first layer corner along with its middle layer edge in one move.
Learn algorithms to orient the last layer corners in the five cases where two (3.a/b) algorithms are necessary.
Learn algorithms to permute the last layer edges in the two cases where no edge is correctly positioned.
Learn the algorithm for the case where all last layer edges are flipped.
The layer method is just one of many methods out there. For instance, the Petrus method, which solves the cube in fewer moves, consists in building a 2×2×2 block, then expanding it to a 2×2×3, correcting edge orientation, building a 2×3×3 (two layers solved), positioning the remaining corners, orienting those corners, and finally positioning the remaining edges.
Progress even further. For the last layer, if you want to solve the cube fast, you will need to do the last four steps two by two. For instance, permute and orient the corners in one step, then permute and orient the edges in one step. Or you can choose to orient all corners and edges in one step, then permute all corners and edges in one step.
Speedcubing.com - algorithms, videos, cube solvers, world records and ranking.
Beginner Solution to the Rubik's Cube.
Solution for solving the Rubik's Cube step by step illustrated method.
Petrus Method illustrated with java animations.
How to solve a Rubik's cube at the official Rubik's Cube website.
To solve a Rubik's cube, first orient the cube so the white square is in the center of the side that's facing up. Then, rotate the white squares on the edges of the cube so they form a cross with the center white square. Next, with the white cross facing up, rotate the different faces of the cube until the center square is the same color as the square above it on each of the side faces. Once you've done that, bring a white corner square up to the same face as the white cross. Repeat the process with the other 3 white corners so the entire upper face of the Rubik's cube is white. Now, find an edge piece on the bottom face that doesn't have a yellow square in it, and rotate the cube until a square in that color is in the center of the front face. After that, rotate the bottom face in either direction. From there, rotate the cube until the top two layers on each side face are the same color. Then, turn the cube so the upper face has a yellow square in the center. Next, turn the edges until there's a yellow cross on the upper face. When you're finished, bring all of the yellow corners up to the upper face so the entire face is yellow. Once you've done that, rotate the upper face until one edge piece matches the color of the center square on the face it's touching. Now, line up the remaining 3 edge pieces. Finally, rotate the corners so they're in the correct positions. If you want to learn how to read Rubik's cube notations, keep reading the article!
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 17,605,520 times.
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https://www.wikihow.com/Solve-a-Rubik%27s-Cube-(Easy-Move-Notation)
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How to Solve the Rubik’s Cube
Solving a Rubik’s Cube takes patience, practice and plenty of trial and error. Break the process into the following stages for better results.
SOLVE THE WHITE CROSS
Start by holding the Rubik’s Cube with the white center piece on the top face. Then try to make a white cross as shown in the video above.
SOLVE THE WHITE CORNERS
Next, try to get the rest of the white squares to the top face.
SOLVE THE MIDDLE LAYER
Hold the cube so that the white layer is on the bottom. Now, try to make the middle layer’s colors match.
SOLVE THE TOP FACE
With the white face still on the bottom of the cube and the middle layer solved, try to solve the top blue face.
SOLVE THE FINAL LAYER
With the solved blue face on top, finish the cube by solving the final layer.
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https://scoutlife.org/hobbies-projects/funstuff/160981/how-to-solve-the-rubiks-cube/
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The Center of Research and Education Computing Software (CRECS) consists of several interdependent Java projects with total size more than 100,000 lines (TLOC). Most of the projects are not final applications but flexible frameworks. All the frameworks are aimed at the same goal (the main but not the only goal): they help developers of computational and other research software to focus on algorithmic complexity and not to waste their time for routine works at user interface creation (ALES project), at program data management (ADAM project) and even at basic math algorithms implementation (ANum project).
For example, in ANum project, algorithms of solving algebraic and differential equations (AMathSys framework) or algorithms of multi-criteria ranking (ADSM framework) are extremely extensible so that a new algorithm can be implemented by writing several dozens lines of code (about 10% from the total code used during solution process). Final applications from the educational NumLabs project are good examples of the efficiency of the frameworks used there: about 85 percent of total NumLabs code is reusable i.e. is imported from the frameworks (this percentage is very high despite very complicated mathematical algorithms implemented in NumLabs itself).
Among other important goals achieved in ANum project we should mention solving mathematical problems with uncertain (fuzzy) numbers by the same algorithmic code as used with ordinary “crisp” numbers).
Now software from CRECS can be useful at least for universities (teaching applied mathematics or teaching development of computational programs) and for researchers from various domains (they can use mathematical libraries “as is” or by writing derived algorithms, and they can rapidly develop user interfaces for their own computational applications).
There are also some other projects to be published on CRECS in the future. They are frameworks aimed at development of database-oriented applications (AXIS project) as well as specific intellectual information systems based on those frameworks.
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http://crecs.ru/soft/about
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Munich, Germany, October 5-7, 2015.
http://www.wmnc2015.com/
SCOPE:
Smart Sensor protocols and algorithms make use of several methods and techniques (such as machine learning techniques, decision making techniques, knowledge representation, network optimization, problem solution techniques, and so on), to establish communication between network devices. They can be used to perceive the network conditions, or the user behavior, in order to dynamically plan, adapt, decide, take the appropriate actions, and learn from the consequences of their actions. The algorithms can make use of the information gathered from the protocol in order to sense the environment, plan actions according to the input, take consciousness of what is happening in the environment, and take the appropriate decisions using a reasoning engine. Goals such as decide which scenario fits best its end-to-end purpose, or environment prediction, can be achieved with smart protocols and algorithms. Moreover, they could learn from the past and use this knowledge to improve future decisions.
In this workshop, researchers are encouraged to submit papers focused on the design, development, analysis or optimization of smart sensor protocols or algorithms at any communication layer. Algorithms and protocols based on artificial intelligence techniques for network management, network monitoring, quality of service enhancement, performance optimization and network secure are included in the workshop.
This conference edition once again targets to gather researchers from academia and industrial sectors to present analytical research, simulations, practical results, position papers addressing the pros and cons of specific proposals, and advances in sensor protocols and algorithms. The topics suggested by the conference can be discussed in term of concepts, state of the art, standards, deployments, implementations, running experiments and applications.
TOPICS OF INTEREST:
Authors are invited to submit complete unpublished papers, which are not under review in any other conference or journal, including, but are not limited to, the following topic areas:
- Reasoning and learning techniques for sensing environment pollution
- Smart route prediction in vehicular sensor networks
- Smart data aggregation in vehicular sensor networks
- Smart multimedia network protocols and algorithms for WSNs
- Application layer, transport layer and network layer cognitive protocols
- Cognitive radio network protocols and algorithms
- Automatic protocols and algorithms for environment prediction
- Algorithms and protocols to predict data network states
- Intelligent synchronization techniques for sensor network protocols and algorithms
- Smart sensor protocols and algorithms for e-health
- Software applications for smart algorithms design and development in WSNs
- Dynamic protocols based on the perception of their performance
- Smart protocols and algorithms for Smartgrids
- Protocols and algorithms focused on building conclusions for taking the appropriate actions
- Smart Automatic and self-autonomous WSNs
- Artificial intelligence applied in protocols and algorithms for WSNs
- Smart security protocols and algorithms in WSNs
- Smart cryptographic algorithms for communication in WSNs
- Artificial intelligence applied to power efficiency and energy saving protocols and algorithms
- Smart routing and switching protocols and algorithms in WSNs
- Cognitive protocol and algorithm models for saving communication costs
- Any kind of intelligent technique applied to QoS, content delivery, network Monitoring and network mobility management
- Smart cooperative protocols and algorithms WSNs
- Problem recognition and problem solving protocols for WSNs
- Genetic algorithms, fuzzy logic and neural networks applied to WSNs
IMPORTANT DATES:
Submission deadline: 17th of July 2015
Author notification: 14th of August 2015
Camera-ready version: 27th of August 2015
Workshop Dates: 5-7th of October 2015
SUBMISSION GUIDELINES:
Authors are invited to submit original and unpublished papers. Papers presenting original and unpublished work are invited and will be evaluated based on originality, significance, technical soundness, and clarity of exposition.
All submissions should be written in English. Authors guidelines can be found at:
http://jlloret.webs.upv.es/sspa2015/cfp.html
The IEEE LaTeX and Microsoft Word templates, as well as related information, can be found at:
http://www.ieee.org/portal/pages/pubs/transactions/stylesheets.html.
Only PDF files will be accepted for the review process and all submissions must be done through EDAS. To submit a paper, please click on the following link:
https://edas.info/newPaper.php?c=19893&track=71089
SPECIAL ISSUES:
The extended version of selected papers will be invited to submit to a Special Issue on Smart Protocols and Algorithms in the International Journal Network Protocols and Algorithms (1943-3581). Network Protocols and Algorithms is an online international journal, peer-reviewed, indexed by many prestigious data bases and published by Macrothink Institute.
COMMITTEES:
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http://www.wikicfp.com/cfp/servlet/event.showcfp?eventid=46719©ownerid=26385
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In today’s world natural language processing is an important field because human generated content carries a huge amount of information. However these are unstructured data which can be messy and ambiguous thus making NLP challenging. Humans speech with their colloquial usage and social context often complicates the linguistic structure the machine would need to understand the intent of a speech. The rule based approach that was followed earlier in NLP was rigid and often had issues understanding the nuances of human speech. From this perspective the developments in Deep Learning in NLP have led to algorithms that are more flexible and have handled the unstructured and ambiguous data more gracefully than earlier approaches. The approaches are more cognitive and focus on understanding the intent of the speech from several examples fed into the model rather than the interpretation based on rules.
What is transfer learning in NLP?
Now imagine if the algorithms had a way to use the knowledge it gained from solving a task and applying that gained knowledge to solve a related but different problem. Pre-trained language models in NLP help us in doing exactly that and in the field of Deep Learning this idea is known as transfer learning. These models enable data scientists to work on a new problem by providing an existing model they can leverage to build upon to solve a target NLP task. Pre trained models have already proven its effectiveness in the field of Computer Vision. It has been a practice in Computer Vision to train models on the large image corpus such as Image Net that enabled the model to be better at learning the general image features such as curves and lines and then fine tune the model to the specific task. Due to the computational costs involved in training on such a large data set, the introduction of Pre Trained models came in as a boon for those who wanted to build their models accurately but faster and didn’t want to spend time on training on the generic features needed for the task in question.
Where can transfer learning be applied?
Applications of Transfer learning in NLP depends mainly on 3 dimensions
- If the source and target settings deal with the same task
- The nature of the source and target domains
- The order of learning for the tasks
Transfer learning are being broadly applied across these NLP tasks, but are not limited to these:
- Text Classification
Example: Spam filtering in emails, Theme based document classification, Sentiment Analysis
- Word Sequence
Example: Chatbots, POS tagging, Named entity recognition
- Text Meaning
Example: Topic modeling, Question answering, Search etc
- Sequence to Sequence
Example: Machine translation, summarization, Q&A systems etc
- Dialog Systems
Example: Chatbots
How does pre trained models help in these NLP tasks?
Pre trained models essentially address the deep learning issues associated with initial training of the model development. Firstly, these language models train on large initial data sets that help capture a language’s intricacies thus overcoming the need for the target task data set to be large enough to train the model on the intricacies of the language. This indirectly helps in preventing overfitting and better generalization performance. Secondly, the computational resource and time for solving a NLP task is reduced as the pre-trained model already understands the intricacies of the language and just needs fine tuning to model the target task. Thirdly, the datasets involved in training these initial models meet industry’s quality standards thus vetting the need for quality check. The model also allows you to achieve the same or better performance even when the target data set has a low amount of labelled data. Lastly, most of these pre trained models are open source and its availability to the industry to build on.
What are some of its business applications?
Considering the benefits associated with transfer learning achieved through pre trained models. Business areas where these pre trained models can improve the performance includes:
- Grouping documents by a specific feature as in Legal discovery
- Enhancing results for finding relevant documents or relevant information on documents – Self Serving Tech Support
- Improving Product response tracking in campaigns through better sentiment analysis of the reviews
- Enhancing customer interactions with chatbots
- Summarizing technical documents or contracts
- Improving community management of online contents
What are the available Open Source Models and Frameworks
Some of the models and frameworks that are open source and available to work with includes:
- ULMFiT ( Universal Language Model Fine-tuning )
- ELMO ( Embeddings from Language Models )
- BERT ( Bidirectional Encoder Representations )
- XLNet
- ERNIE ( Enhanced Representation through kNowledge IntEgration)
- BPT ( Binary Partitioning Transformer)
- T5 ( Text To Text Transfer Transformer )
The above list is not exhaustive and there are many developments in this field. Depending on the need of the business and the target task in question we can always utilize these pre trained models for performing the target NLP task efficiently.
How is the model applied to a target task?
Let us take a look at the application and the architecture of a pre-trained model for a text classification task such as Click Bait Detection using Universal Language Model Fine-tuning (ULMFiT). We can utilize the data for click bait detector problem from Kaggle. This data set consists of labeled articles, where each article consists of a label and body. The target task is to predict whether it is clickbait or article. ULMFiT developed by Jeremy Howard and Sebastian Ruder at its core consist of 3 layer AWD- LSTMs. Their approach consists of three stages:
- Language Model Pre Training
In the first stage they trained their initial language model on WikiText-103 data set, which is a large general domain corpus that has more than 100 million tokens. The LM consists of an embedding layer, 3 layer AWD-LSTM and finally a softmax layer. After the pretraining stage the model can predict the next word in a sequence. At this stage the model’s initial layers have been trained on the general features of the language such as the sentence structure. This LM is available to us as the pretrained model via fastai library.
- Language Model Fine Tuning
In the second stage, the LM will be fine tuned on the target dataset i.e in our case the Clickbait data set. The Clickbait data set has a different distribution than the initial LM data set. The entire dataset without labelled data would be the input to the model. Hence fine tuning of the LM will ensure the nuances pertaining to the target data set is also learnt. Here the architecture is similar to the initial LM. The layers will be fine tuned by Discriminative Fine-Tuning with slanted triangular learning rates. Discriminative fine-tuning allows us to tune each layer with different learning rates instead of using the same learning rate for all layers of the model. For adapting its parameters to task-specific features, the model quickly converges to a suitable region of the parameter space in the beginning of training and then refine its parameters. This results in a slanted triangular distribution of learning rates. At this stage the initial layers would have generic information on the language while subsequent layers will have target specific features such as the usage of tenses etc.
- Classifier Fine Tuning
In the final stage, the fine tuned LM’s architecture is modified to include two linear blocks – ReLU and softmax activation. ReLU activation is used in the intermediate layer while the softmax for the last layer. Each block uses batch normalization and dropout. Concat pooling ensures the last hidden state is concatenated with a max-pooled and a mean-pooled representation of the hidden states throughout time. Fine tuning needs to be performed very carefully to ensure the benefits of the LM pre training are not lost. Hence the layers of the model are gradually unfrozen and fine tuned for an epoch starting from the outer softmax layer. This gradual unfreezing and concat pooling ensures the model doesn’t fall prey to catastrophic forgetting. After all the layers have been unfrozen and fine-tuned, the model is ready for predicting the click bait.
Conclusion
Pre-trained models in NLP is definitely a growing research area with improvements to existing models and techniques happening regularly. Pre-trained models currently use fine tuning as a way to transfer learning and build new models. Explorations on other methods that could optimize the model building process is an area where research is progressing towards. Research on models for non English content is also an area of interest for many researchers. Research in these areas will definitely enable data scientists to solve known NLP tasks more efficiently without the overhead of deep learning issues.
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https://www.latentview.com/blog/transfer-learning-in-nlp/
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Is ZZ faster than CFOP?
No one can say that CFOP is objectively faster than ZZ or vice versa.
One may be faster than another for a specific person, but that doesn’t mean it is actually faster overall.
Also, trying to find meaning by looking at heavily skewed statistics is a bad idea..
What is ZZ method in Rubik’s Cube?
This page or section is an undeveloped draft or outline. The ZZ Method or Zbigniew Zborowski Method is a fast method for solving the Rubik’s Cube created in 2006. It consists of three different steps: EOLine (Edge Orientation Line), F2L (First Two Layers), and LL (Last Layer).
How many algorithms are in ZZ?
ZZ-Zipper: One of 614 L5CO algorithms followed by L5EP is used to solve last slot and last layer. Alternatively, the last D-layer corner can be solved earlier or Conjugated CxLL can be used in order to achieve 2-look LSLL in 54 algorithms.
What is the best 3×3 method?
Fridrich methodFridrich method : Advanced solution for Rubik’s cube 3×3 This is the fastest and the easiest Rubik’s cube solving method. Most of the world fastest speedcubing athletes use the Fridrich method to solve the Rubik’s cube. It is the key to solve the cube under 20 seconds or even 10 seconds if you really master the method.
Is it possible to solve Rubik’s Cube?
It took Erno Rubik (the inventor of the Rubik’s Cube) one month to learn how to do a Rubik’s Cube. … Getting help with solving the Rubik’s Cube is not cheating. There are 42 Quintillion possibilities, but only one correct solution. Hence without knowing how to solve a Rubik’s Cube it is nearly impossible.
Who invented ZZ method?
Zbigniew ZborowskiThe ZZ Method is a modern speed solving method and was invented by Zbigniew Zborowski who published it in 2006 . This method was selected because it is a more modern method than the previous two methods and it only uses three different moves for the majority of the solution.
What is the fastest cubing method?
Rubik’s Cube solution with advanced Fridrich (CFOP) method. The first speedcubing World championship was held in 1982 in Budapest and it was won by Minh Thai (USA) with a 22.95 seconds solution time. Since then the methods have evolved and we are capable of reaching solution times below 6 seconds.
What is a +2 in cubing?
A lot of people who learn how to solve the Rubik’s Cube don’t do much more than simply learning a beginner method. … However, some people want to take the cube even further by introducing the element of time. Speedcubing or speedsolving is the name given to the hobby that incorporates speed and solving.
How many f2l algorithms are there?
41 differentF2L Algorithms Page There are 41 different variations for solving the corner-edge pieces in the F2L step. Many of these cases are very similar to each other (mirrors) and therefore use similar solutions. The variations are divided into groups according to where the corner & edge pieces are located in the Rubik’s cube.
What Speedcubers use?
CFOP methodThe CFOP method is used by most speedcubers.
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https://8266235.com/qa/quick-answer-what-is-zz-method.html
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By Elizabeth Spain at October 27 2018 01:34:33
If the process is instantiated frequently and the instances are homegeneous, it is possible to create great process models that dramatically increase the efficiency of the process. The best way to ensure process improvement is to generate an environment in which people are motivated, enthusiastic and passionate about process management. Most of the time, knowledge processes are collaborative. By performing a process collaboratively it is possible that each task is carried out by the most specialised, experienced and knowledgeable worker in that specific area. Having a net of relations within the organization is a very important asset for people executing knowledge processes.
In mathematics, method of solving a problem by repeatedly using a simpler computational method. A basic example is the process of long division in arithmetic. The term algorithm is now applied to many kinds of problem solving that employ a mechanical sequence of steps, as in setting up a computer program. The sequence may be displayed in the form of a flowchart in order to make it easier to follow. As with algorithms used in arithmetic, algorithms for computers can range from simple to highly complex.
It is a good idea to choose a champion for each tool who will master its use. Assign owners to processes Choose a person with leadership skills and the appropriate level of responsibility and influence and make him/her accountable for continuous improvement of the process. Give him/her a clear objective to achieve and an incentive to reach the goal. Encourage feedback for process improvement To ensure that the flow of information between executors and the process owner is fluid, encourage people to contribute to process enhancement through incentives. Use your imagination to reward contributors (consider not only monetary incentives).
It is extremely important to continuously improve knowledge processes, by creating an environment through which they can evolve. This can only be achieved through coordination of diverse disciplines such as knowledge management, change management, expectations management, etc... It is crucial to establish an adequate process context (the combination of technologies, procedures, people, etc... that support the processes). The process context must incorporate feedback mechanisms, change evaluation procedures, process improvement methods and techniques and must be flexible, in order to be able to incorporate enhancements in an agile but controlled way.
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http://www.cordovaalumni.com/plastic-bottle-manufacturing-process-flow-chart/accutek-packaging-equipment-the-solution-for-all-your-bottling-and/
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Random Search and Grid Search for Function Optimization
Function optimization requires the selection of an algorithm to efficiently sample the search space and locate a good or best solution.
There are many algorithms to choose from, although it is important to establish a baseline for what types of solutions are feasible or possible for a problem. This can be achieved using a naive optimization algorithm, such as a random search or a grid search .
The results achieved by a naive optimization algorithm are computationally efficient to generate and provide a point of comparison for more sophisticated optimization algorithms. Sometimes, naive algorithms are found to achieve the best performance, particularly on those problems that are noisy or non-smooth and those problems where domain expertise typically biases the choice of optimization algorithm.
In this tutorial, you will discover naive algorithms for function optimization.
After completing this tutorial, you will know:
The role of naive algorithms in function optimization projects.
How to generate and evaluate a random search for function optimization.
How to generate and evaluate a grid search for function optimization.
Let’s get started.
Random Search and Grid Search for Function Optimization Photo by Kosala Bandara , some rights reserved.
Tutorial Overview
This tutorial is divided into three parts; they are:
Naive Function Optimization Algorithms
Random Search for Function Optimization
Grid Search for Function Optimization
Naive Function Optimization Algorithms
There are many different algorithms you can use for optimization, but how do you know whether the results you get are any good?
One approach to solving this problem is to establish a baseline in performance using a naive optimization algorithm.
A naive optimization algorithm is an algorithm that assumes nothing about the objective function that is being optimized.
It can be applied with very little effort and the best result achieved by the algorithm can be used as a point of reference to compare more sophisticated algorithms. If a more sophisticated algorithm cannot achieve a better result than a naive algorithm on average, then it does not have skill on your problem and should be abandoned.
There are two naive algorithms that can be used for function optimization; they are:
Random Search
Grid Search
These algorithms are referred to as “ search ” algorithms because, at base, optimization can be framed as a search problem. E.g. find the inputs that minimize or maximize the output of the objective function.
There is another algorithm that can be used called “ exhaustive search ” that enumerates all possible inputs. This is rarely used in practice as enumerating all possible inputs is not feasible, e.g. would require too much time to run.
Nevertheless, if you...
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http://next.gr/news/news/25253/random-search-and-grid-search-for-function-optimization
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Initialization Algorithms for Coupled Dynamic Systems
Abstract: In this master thesis the consistent initialization problem is studied and three different algorithms were developed regarding the subject area - a graph algorithm used for solving the initialization problem, a parallel algorithm to enable parallel computations when solving the initialization problem and lastly a genetic algorithm used as a preprocessing stage for parallelization. The thesis is based on the Python package PyFMI, a high-level package developed by Modelon AB for working with models compliant with the FMI standard. The algorithms were tested on test cases consisting of several synthetic examples as well as in a simulation of a real industrial physical model. The analysis based on these test cases showed that the graph algorithm outperformed previously algorithms in terms of optimization, a speedup was achieved when using the parallel algorithm and the genetic algorithm was able to further increase the speedup factor.
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https://www.essays.se/essay/17505e9648/
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Abstract: In this paper we solve the cell formation problem with different variants of the simulated annealing method obtained by using different neighborhoods of the current solution. The solution generated at each iteration is obtained by using a diversification of the current solution combined with an intensification to improve this solution. Different diversification and intensification strategies are combined to generate different neighborhoods. The most efficient variant allows improving the best-known solution of one of the 35 benchmark problems commonly used by authors to compare their methods, and reaching the best-known solution of 30 others.
Abstract: The Balanced Academic Curriculum Problem (BACP) is considered an optimization problem, which consist in the assignment of courses in periods that form an academic curriculum so that the prerequisites are satisfied and the courses load is balanced for students. The BACP is a constraint satisfaction problem classified as NP- Hard. In this paper we present the solution to a modified problem BACP where the loads can be the equals or different for each one of the periods and is allowed to have some courses in a specific period. This problem is modeled as an integer programming problem, for which had been obtained solutions for some of their instances with HyperLingo but not for all. Therefore, we propose the use of evolutionary strategies for its solution. The results obtained for the instances of the modified and the original BACP, proposed in the CSPLib, showing that with the use of evolutionary strategies is possible to find the solution for instances of the problem that with the formal method is not possible to find.
Abstract: The Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) has been studied over five decades. The goal of CVRP is to minimize the total distance travelled by vehicles under the constraints of vehicles’ capacity. Because CVRP is a kind of NP-hard problem, a number of meta-heuristics have been proposed to solve the problem. The objective of this paper is to propose a hybrid algorithm combining Combinatorial Particle Swarm Optimization (CPSO) with Simulated Annealing (SA) for solving CVRP. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can be viewed as an effective approach for solving the CVRP.
Abstract: We present a method for three-dimensional surface registration which utilizes a Genetic Algorithm (GA) to perform a coarse alignment of two scattered point clouds followed by a slight variation of the Iterative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm for a final fine-tuning. In this work, in order to improve the time of convergence, a sampling method consisting of three steps is used: 1) sample over the geometry of the clouds based on a gradient function to remove easily interpolating singularities; 2) a random sampling of the clouds and 3) a final sampling based on the overlapping areas between the clouds. The presented method requires no more than 25% of overlapping surface between the two scattered point clouds and no rotational or translational information is needed. The proposed algorithm has shown a good convergence ratio with few generations and usability through automated applications such as object digitalization and reverse engineering.
Abstract: The integration of Swarm Intelligence (SI) algorithms and Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) might be one of the future approaches in the Evolutionary Computation (EC). This work narrates the early research on using Stochastic Diffusion Search (SDS) – a swarm intelligence algorithm – to empower the Differential Evolution (DE) – an evolutionary algorithm – over a set of optimisation problems. The results reported herein suggest that the powerful resource allocation mechanism deployed in SDS has the potential to improve the optimisation capability of the classical evolutionary algorithm used in this experiment. Different performance measures and statistical analyses were utilised to monitor the behaviour of the final coupled algorithm.
Abstract: Improving building standards and facility services in residential buildings is one major effort for future energy savings. Due to current facility standards and tightened legal restrictions, automated air ventilation (AVS) can contribute large potentials towards energy consumption downsizing. Yet another savings potential can be achieved by providing homogenous media allocation in central heating systems. (Szendrei, 2010) One major effort for energetic optimisation is seen in the integration of AVS and space heating systems in building automation frameworks. As heating losses by window airing refer to faulty user behavior, the parameters: room temperature Jr and indoor air quality (IAQ), expressed by CO2-concentration and relative humidity, are possible subjects for building automation. Building-automation bus systems ensure a holistic energy management and control while maintaining thermal comfort at high level. Since the interferences between space heating, air ventilation and building physics are highly complex, integrative support- and management systems are required. In this paper the effort of transferring heat from intermediate high temperature level zones (IHTL), such as bathrooms and kitchens into long term medium temperature level zones (LMTL) by using air ventilation systems with heat recovery is presented (D. Szendrei and Worms, 2011). Furthermore the implications of hydraulic homogenous mass flows regarding heat energy savings are named as examples for support- and management system design. After naming all relevant energetic parameters, the design of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) with respect to the presented energetic application is presented. In section 3 we present all relevant input data, required for energetic optimisation, and the basic neural algorithm. As an example, the automatic adjustment of set temperatures for space heating in residential buildings is described.
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http://ecta.ijcci.org/Abstracts/2011/FEC_2011_Abstracts.htm
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In the digital world, news is consumed through different methods. It can be categorized according to the value it has on the audience, such as timeliness, exclusivity, or shareability. Depending on its value, news can be useful or unhelpful. Here are some types of news: *Exclusive story: This kind of news is generated exclusively by the news organisation. *Surprise story: A surprise story has a certain element of surprise, which makes it interesting and shareable.
Content analysis of news values
A content analysis of news values is an important method for examining the meanings of news stories. This analysis is especially helpful for journalists and media practitioners. It is central to understanding the mediated world of news audiences. The study presented here uses a new approach to the analysis of news values that uses digital technologies. It highlights a number of implications for journalism research.
The method can be used to test and refine theories of news values. One such theory is the theory that stories have multiple values. However, this theory only provides explanations for a small proportion of news values. In addition, there can be arbitrary factors that can change a story’s news value. For example, a storyline may be scrapped at the last minute, or a newsroom might replace a story that already exists with another, potentially more important one.
Timeliness
In a news cycle, timeliness means that information is available at a specific moment. Timeliness can be important in many ways. It can be crucial when a job application is due, a news broadcast station is in need of an anchor, or an important announcement is due. Timeliness of news is also a key attribute of a news capsule, a digital platform that collects and publishes news stories, photos, documents, and press releases.
In the 19th century, the telegraph transformed the process of reporting from a series of sequential events into a continuous impulse. This led to the development of a daily news cycle, which combines news reports with breaking news. This cycle shaped the ethos of timeliness and drove newsrooms to structure their operations to produce ever-more-timely news.
Exclusivity
Exclusivity in news can be useful for news organizations and readers, but it also has its risks. The news organization must be able to justify its use of exclusive content. In addition to this, the news organization must be able to commercially exploit the story. If a story is too exclusive, it can lead to duplication.
For example, a 24-hour news channel needs to be able to keep the screen buzzing with activity. For this, it is important to define an exclusivity hierarchy. News channel executives are aware of the changing rules of the game and recognise that they need to develop some guidelines for exclusive news reporting.
Shareability
The shareability of news is a powerful measurement of its impact on readers. It can be calculated by looking at the headline and other elements of a news story. Shareable stories are those that have an emotional component and are easy to understand and spread. For this reason, newsrooms should use analytics and create stories that have a high shareability score.
One way to increase the shareability of news stories is to make them more visually appealing. People often share stories that include pictures or video content. This increases the shareability of the news story online. Historically, England and Wales has banned the use of photography.
Relativity to human activity
The Relativity of News to Human Activity addresses the question of the nature of time and the relative importance of human activity and experience. It is an enduring question, one that has no easy answer, and is essentially the same as the question of gravity and physics. The solution lies in the principles of relativity presented by Albert Einstein in his revolutionary theory of relativity.
One of the most mind-boggling aspects of Einstein’s theory of relativity is the idea that time bends relative to motion. For example, if two objects collide, they will send shockwaves through outer space, or gravitational waves. This causes time to slow down. It can be observed through experiments, such as comparing astronauts’ time in space to their time on Earth.
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https://middletonbrewing.net/the-content-analysis-of-news-values/
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Organizations don’t function effectively without trust. Success, even survival in your business is dependent on trust. It is for this reason that I’ve chosen Trust - The Foundation for Remote Working Relationships as this month’s topic, especially during this pandemic. To start, let’s establish what it means to trust, why it’s so important, and how to achieve it.
What does it mean “to trust”?
“To trust” is believing in the reliability, truth or ability of someone or something. A great example of how trust manifests in the workplace is through delegation and accountability. Successful delegation entails much more than simply transferring tasks to direct reports or other employees. Rather, it refers to the transfer of the responsibility and authority that is needed to produce the desired outcomes. It is this reason that so many managers and leaders fail to delegate effectively...TRUST! Having accountability meetings via Zoom or Google Meetings enable proof of work and productivity for the leaders that struggle with delegation!
Often, it is nothing more than strongly held beliefs that block leaders from delegating effectively. The often think that:
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I don’t trust employees to do the job as well as I can.
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I believe it will take me less time to do the work than to delegate.
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I don’t believe my employees have adequate motivation and commitment to quality.
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I don’t believe that delegation will give me job security.
Why is it important to trust?
In the example of delegation, trust is very important. In the examples above, several barriers to effective delegation from managers and leaders stem from a lack of trust. The leader’s role is to lead and manage others, not do the work for them.
With trust and effective delegation , leaders, and their teams can experience these benefits:
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Freeing up leader’s time for planning, organization, and decision-making
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Leaders get to practice developing and growing employees
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Encourages trust and open communication flow within your organization
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Opens processes and decisions to different opinions/insights
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Builds team morale and spurs creativity
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Gives your team a sense of community and belonging even as remote workers at this time
How do you achieve trust?
There are many ways to achieve trust in the workplace, but all take work and dedication. Trust, especially in the context of people’s livelihood (i.e. the workplace), is not something that is readily given - it must be built and developed. When beginning to work on increasing trust, it is important to have a foundation of emotional intelligence. Once this skill is achieved, other practices such as mentorship, receiving feedback from employees, leading by example, etc. will help solidify trusting professional relationships.
Of the many approaches to building trust in the current remote workplace, the most effective ones allow for clear demonstration of these key elements of trust by you as a leader:
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Reliability
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Openness
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Acceptance
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Relatability
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Responsibility
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Honesty
In the month of August, we will dissect and discuss each of these key elements.
If you’re looking for ways to increase trust within your workforce but aren’t sure where to start, I can help. Contact me!
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https://marthaforlines.com/trust-the-foundation-for-remote-working-relationships
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I’m happy to announce the appointment of Lauren Brown as Quartz’s special projects editor.
In this role, Lauren will lead editorial projects that are key priorities as we expand the newsroom and company, such as series of articles and new coverage areas and formats we experiment with. She will take on special projects aimed at building our readership, and be a liaison with our sales and marketing colleagues around editorial initiatives.
Lauren has been deputy Ideas editor since before the launch of Quartz, bringing focus and creativity to building up that stream of content. She has been especially key in initiating Ideas coverage in areas such as education, management, and health. Lauren is a “doer” in the best sense of the term, employing an entrepreneurial approach to getting things done and taking on projects beyond the strict remit of Ideas. That has included spearheading special projects such as our recurring series on high-growth companies and helping launch our management and lifestyle coverage.
Lauren has worked closely with many reporters in the newsroom on news and enterprise stories with smart ideas and shareability at their core. She excels at working across different teams to get stuff done—a fitting and necessary skill in her new role. Lauren will continue to work with reporters and outside contributors in areas such as education, work and careers, and health. And she’ll work closely with Paul on keeping up the great momentum for Ideas. Lauren will report to me in this role.
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https://talkingbiznews.com/1/quartz-names-special-projects-editor/
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Quartz names special projects editor
Quartz editor in chief Kevin Delaney sent out the following staff promotion on Wednesday:
I’m happy to announce the appointment of Lauren Brown as Quartz’s special projects editor.
In this role, Lauren will lead editorial projects that are key priorities as we expand the newsroom and company, such as series of articles and new coverage areas and formats we experiment with. She will take on special projects aimed at building our readership, and be a liaison with our sales and marketing colleagues around editorial initiatives.
Lauren has been deputy Ideas editor since before the launch of Quartz, bringing focus and creativity to building up that stream of content. She has been especially key in initiating Ideas coverage in areas such as education, management, and health. Lauren is a “doer” in the best sense of the term, employing an entrepreneurial approach to getting things done and taking on projects beyond the strict remit of Ideas. That has included spearheading special projects such as our recurring series on high-growth companies and helping launch our management and lifestyle coverage.
Lauren has worked closely with many reporters in the newsroom on news and enterprise stories with smart ideas and shareability at their core. She excels at working across different teams to get stuff done—a fitting and necessary skill in her new role. Lauren will continue to work with reporters and outside contributors in areas such as education, work and careers, and health. And she’ll work closely with Paul on keeping up the great momentum for Ideas. Lauren will report to me in this role.
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https://talkingbiznews.com/they-talk-biz-news/quartz-names-special-projects-editor/
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Your business has questions. Your data has the answers. When you get asked to build a report, the request typically comes in the form of a question.
The question might be something like:
- Which products are my top sellers?
- Who are my highest value prospects?
- Which marketing campaigns have been the most successful?
- How satisfied are my customers?
Real-time reporting gives you insight into sales trends, marketing campaigns, customer engagement, and team performance.
Visually analyze your data and create insightful reports and dashboards to track your key performance indicators (KPIs). Export or publish these reports (csv, xls, pdf, html, or png) for collaboration with your colleagues.
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https://www.customtravelsolutions.com/reports-dashboards/
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How Aqua Data Studio contributes to the Delivery of a Successful Data Fabric
What is Data Fabric?
The idea of a “Data Fabric” started in the early 2010’s. Forrester first used the term in their published research in 2013. Since then, many papers, vendors, and analyst firms have adopted the term. The goal was to create an architecture that encompassed all forms of analytical data for any type of analysis with seamless accessibility and shareability by all those with a need for it.
Further details and an insightful whitepaper are available on IderaDataFabric.com
How does Aqua Data Studio contribute to Data Fabric?
Aqua Data Studio is a toolset that supports the DBA in this deployment process. This is an essential element for Data Integration Engineers that write SQL scripts or utilize a data migration tool to move data and Data Analysts that build scripts and reports to visualize the data for consumption by other key stakeholders.
Want to find out more about IDERA Data Fabric?
For a wider understanding of the IDERA Data Fabric and to understand how key technologies are combined within a single framework to deliver improved efficiency and cost, improved availability, improved security and governance, and reduced risk we invite you to watch the webinar, presented by Claudia Imhoff, or you can request a copy of Claudia Imhoff’s whitepaper.
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https://www.aquafold.com/aquafold-data-fabric/
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When your mission is to be better, faster and smarter, you need the best people driving your vision forward. You need people who can create focused marketing strategies that align with business goals, who can infuse their creativity into groundbreaking campaigns, and who can analyze data to optimize every tactic along the way.
Aman Dayal
Founder
B.Tech ICT and MS from Carnegie Mellon University in Embedded Software Engineering, after his stint working in the telecom sector in the US, he returned to India to his family business. With a keen interest and passion for technology, he leads the InfoSystems, Seed and Crop Care divisions at Dayal .
Naveen Kumar Singhal
Founder
Naveen is B.E. (CSE) and MBA having 25 years of rich experience in Strategic Planning, Business Development, Key Project Management, New Initiatives, Strategic Alliances, IT / ITES / Telecom Solutions / ERP / MIS development and Implementation, System Analysis and Software Implementation.
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http://www.dayalinfosystems.com/our-team/
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Are you a talented CRM Executive with Customer Loyalty & Retention experience?
One of the UK's fastest growing retailers is looking for a CRM Executive to join their thriving Marketing team in London. The successful candidate will be responsible for managing all customer activation and retention strategies as well as driving repeat purchase. The company is experiencing major growth at the moment so it is the perfect role for someone with strong analytical skills and a creative mind-set who wants to make a visible impact.
Key Responsibilities of the CRM Executive
Key Skills of the CRM Executive
If you have proven CRM AND Email experience dealing with loyalty and retention campaigns, and would like to work for a growing retail business that celebrate diversity and creativity, then please apply with your CV today.
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https://www.emrrecruitment.co.uk/job/crm-executive-jobid-1629901
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Marketing Math (MKTG 1044)
Learners will explore the quantitative elements of starting, running, and marketing a business. Understanding how to calculate break even costs, analyze profit-and-loss, monitor key performance indicators for both digital and traditional marketing campaigns, and being able to present this data to non-financial audiences is a key element in any marketer’s success. Throughout this course, learners will explore the fundamentals of math for marketing and gain better insight into the rationale behind quantitative marketing decision making.
Course code: MKTG 1044
Credits: 3.0
Length: 45.0 hours
Course outline: view https://www.vcc.ca/vccphp/courseoutline?subject=MKTG&number=1044
* Fees are approximate and subject to change. Students are required to pay any applicable fee increases. Fees listed are for domestic students. For international programs, visit VCC International.
† This information is intended as a guideline only. Program and course details are subject to change with the approval of VCC's Board of Governors.
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https://www.vcc.ca/international/programs/courses/mktg-1044/
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The world we live in is continually changing. To make the world a better place tomorrow, you need to invent practical solutions today. The very concept of design and technology is about incorporating practical ideas and technology with creative thinking to build products and systems that can meet human needs. Students learn today’s techniques and contemplate the technologies of the future. They also learn to think creatively taking into account the impact of their designs on the technical, cultural, health, emotional, social, and environmental issues. Another aspect of the learning is that the pupils spent time for quality analysis of present and past technologies and their various effects. Taking a cue from all the elements, students learn to innovate.
Key concepts of design and technology
Following are the key aspects that assert the importance of learning design and technology. It is essential to understand these concepts by the students to broaden their skills and knowledge.
Problem solving skill
Problem solving is the key concept of any design and technology studies. The students at the various stages of course identify the needs, analyze the issues, do the research, generate specifications, create a range of alternative solutions, select the best solution, develop a production plan and evaluate the outcome of their designs.
Designing and production
During the course, students understand that the design has environmental, technical, aesthetic, economic, and social impacts. While designing, they take into account all these aspects along with the impact of the products on the quality of life. They also explore how the products were designed in the past and in the present and find ways to better that for the future.
Cultural impacts
The design of the product is also dependent upon the needs, ethics, beliefs, and values of the designers and the users. They are also influenced by the local traditions. Hence, design and technology also involve developing ideas based on lifestyle.
Read More About : Famous Design And Technology Books
Creativity
Creativity is nothing but the connecting link between the existing concepts, new design, and the technical knowledge that collaborates to innovate the new product or process.
Communication
The design and technology involves a lot of brainstorming and group discussion activities right from the initial stages of the project. The students need to undergo research about the design issues that may include a lot of reading and discussions.
Critical evaluation skills
Students acquire this essential skill while evaluating the existing products and processes and their impact on various aspects like technology, economy, environment, and the production processes. Critical evaluation is an essential skill that facilitates creative innovation.
Following are five web technology books that detail the impact of design and technology in developing an innovative product.
Best five web technology books
Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy
Cathy O’Neil reveals in her book about how the mathematical model of Big Data is creating a world of discrimination. She says that the model may be fair in theory, but in reality, the model is unregulated and incontestable. Read more about the dark side of Big Data in this shocking prose.
Inspired: How to Create Tech Products Customers Love
Marty Cagan’s inspiring book tells about how successful tech companies develop products differently from regular companies. He has detailed about the techniques used by major companies like Google, Facebook, Amazon, and many others in developing into successful firms. The book is primarily directed to the product managers who are working on developing successful products.
Observing the User Experience: A Practitioner’s Guide to User Research
The book focuses on the need for following the user’s experience to bridge the gap between the user needs and the product needs. Whether this observation helps the creators to produce what the user requires is the premise of the book. In one of his chapters, he emphasizes the importance of user experiences to develop better products.
Rocket Science Made Easy
A humorous take on to get rid of complicated outlook on life and bring around simplicity. The book is a collection of witty short stories that helps people to look around their problems in a simple way. The book is hilarious, and the author knows how to communicate ideas in a heartfelt way.
Design Sprint: A Practical Guidebook for Building Great Digital Products
Design Sprint is an excellent book that shows you how to reduce the risk of failure with design thinking implementation in the development stages. With many apps releasing daily, it is challenging to stay ahead of the competition. The design sprint process allows you to make a prototype of your design and test the design in a short span.
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https://www.aliensandalibis.com/the-importance-of-learning-design-and-technology/
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Rescuing tigers rather than playing politics, deviating from the primary goals has been the pattern in the past decades. Upcoming Tiger Summit in September to address the prime concerns, past mistakes and lessons learnt.
Source: Mongabay
Contrary to the primary goals set for tiger conservation, the intervention of politics has dissuaded tiger ranged countries from achieving significant goals. However, the planned Global Tiger Summit in September is set to address mistakes made, analyze new projects, funding, and management plans.
Source: Mongabay
Image Credit: Pexels.com
Every problem has a solution, every solution needs support.
The problems we face are urgent, complicated, and resistant to change. Real solutions demand creativity, hard work, and involvement from people like you.
Stay in the know.
Be ready to act.
To keep up to date with our latest news, events, marches,
campaigns and fundraising activities.
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https://gmfer.org/shout-out-to-all-tiger-ranged-countries-and-stakeholders-to-lead-tiger-conservation-sans-politics/
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Throughout your Visible Learning journey your school will learn to use various assessment tools to identify key areas of improvement. Initital baseline data is gathered against which progress can be measured. Then, working in collaboration with a certified Visible Learningplus consultant, schools and districts will use the results from capability assessments to identify the key elements to focus on during ongoing professional development.
Consultants conduct half-day site visits at least once per year to collect and analyze baseline capability data. It is the very first thing your school should do when embarking on your Visible Learning journey.
The evidence gathering tools embedded in the Visible Learningplus School Impact Process provide you with robust and tangible information about your impact, including what is successful, what areas need be developed further, and what progress is being made over time. Dowload the Evidence Gathering Tools Overview to learn more!
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https://us.corwin.com/en-us/nam/evidence-gathering-tools
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No matter what kind of script someone finds themselves to be in the middle of making, it’s a monumental task for any person to achieve. Considering not many people get to complete it to any degree, it’s remarkable to hit the finish button on a script, let alone sell one. Although selling a script is as difficult it is, it’s even more difficult for a script to be made and to become successful afterward.
With this list of achievements tied toward making a script, TV scripts are arguably the most challenging form of script to do. Considering they're not just an hour's worth of material, but needs to have enough of a story and interesting characters for it live on seasons to come. People are only interested in making a TV script if it has the potential for longevity.
Since every script for television is needed to have the element of longevity in mind, this is the primary reason why it's such a complicated matter to achieve. Luckily enough, there are plenty of excellent TV series that screenwriters can analyze and see what makes them great. Since learning from others is the best way to become the best at anything, every screenwriter should do this.
With the subject of writing for TV in mind, The West Wing was an excellent political drama created by Aaron Sorkin that lasted for seven seasons. Considering most shows don’t make it to a seventh season, this is a monumental accomplishment for any show to achieve. Nonetheless, down below, we’re going to discuss what made The West Wing pilot so special and how it can help you as a screenwriter.
Photo credit: IMDb
Sarcastic Dialogue
Today, Aaron Sorkin is regarded as a mastermind of dialogue for a multitude of reasons. Characters drive practically every script Sorkin has written with excellent, witty, and sometimes sarcastic dialogue. Considering The West Wing is Sorkin’s most notable works from early in his career, this is where Sorkin’s dialogue respect stemmed from.
The West Wing's use of dialogue in its pilot helps audiences understand the relationship between characters. It helps us realize a character's tone and how they communicate, rather than just an actor spewing out lines. Virtually every scene in the pilot is filled with incredible dialogue that genuinely separated it from most television series at the time.
Basically, a story can't properly function without a good deal of dialogue. Since dialogue is such a fundamental role for a story to thrive, it makes sense why Sorkin takes such an intense ordeal for perfecting his dialogue. Without it, you wouldn't have much of a story. An example of this in the pilot is when Sam Seaborn is at a bar with a journalist Billy, and the two are having a witty conversation back and forth to one another. It's brilliant, entertaining, and a perfect representation of what's to come for the rest of the series.
Walk and Talk
Besides having great dialogue, the pilot utilizes where characters are talking to help set the mood for the show. For example, there's a ton of conversations held between characters while they're walking through the west wing. Considering we all imagine the west wing of the white house to be incredibly busy, conversations held while walking helps us picture that.
Rather than having characters sit and discuss what they were thinking about, Sorkin understood the importance of the show’s appearance. With that same example as earlier, Sam Seaborn and Billy are talking in a bar. We get a sense of unwinding and a bit relaxing between two from a very crazy time in the west wing.
Make the Audience Interested
With a story like The West Wing, practically every person who watches the show will be immediately interested in it. Since it takes such a mostly unknown world to the public with a relatable character at the forefront, it helps understand how people in those positions of power are just people too.
Relatability is vital for any script to utilize, and since The West Wing did it so well, it’s easy to say why the show was as successful as it is. The pilot was fantastic in every possible sense from the acting, writing, story, and much more. Taking all of these elements and pushing them scene by scene helps keep the audience more heavily interested.
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https://www.goldenscript.net/post/writing-for-tv-the-west-wing-pilot
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Craft Transvalued: The Pottery of James Whitney
Malnic, Braden J
URI:
https://hdl.handle.net/1920/10803
Abstract:
Craft is the act of perfected attention, absolute skill, with which the maker brings her/his rhythms to bear on the means, whether material or words, that will bring out, find out the form. Craft enables the object to do exactly what it wants to do whether it be pot or a poem or both. When we willfully – with our senses and our intellect – transform that which is essentially ephemeral, temporal, and transitory by giving it form, we enter the state of art, the state of poetry. (Page 13.) Rose Slivka, The Object as Poet on the occasion of an exhibition at the Renwick Gallery December 15, 1976 – June 26, 1977 The art-craft dialectic, and its concerns with developing oppositions and defining intentions (in which time, process, and material became a common denominator in determining the value of both) has obfuscated a poetic and metaphysical notion of craft. By investigating the filmmaker/ potter James Whitney (1921-1982) as a case study in how notions of converging artistic pursuits were conceived around expanding interests in artistic techniques, mysticism and perception, this paper identifies how inherent in craft, and its language at the time, was a connectivity and relatability that invited appropriation and interpretation. The meaning of process was two-fold for Whitney: learning how to make pottery and how the direct experience of making craft affected oneself. He found spiritual and artistic commonalities with potters like M.C. Richards who strove to synthesize her understanding, personal experience, and cross-genre methodologies in her work. More so, Whitney’s own practice as a filmmaker, and his varying interests topics like alchemy and perception become part of Whitney’s own potting. Whitney focused his creativity on pottery after he made his most-celebrated film Lapis (1963-1966). His shift to crafting tea bowls, Raku pots, and expressive ceramics, in Los Angeles in the 1960s and 70s, is more than a biographical anecdote. This paper examines Whitney’s stated reasons for making pottery, how other contemporaries had considered his decision, and elements of his film Dwija (1973), which is identified as being created with his own experiences with studio craft in mind.
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https://jbox.gmu.edu/handle/1920/10803
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Parks and recreational areas are a necessary and welcome part of our lives for exercise, sightseeing or tranquil reflection. Often, these havens are in need of fundraising too. Holmes, Radford & Avalon has worked throughout the Midwest developing programs to ensure that these local, state or national facilities have enough capital to continue providing their much-utilized services.
Our campaigns have benefited such recreational entities as:
We have instituted a number of successful fundraising elements for these groups, including capital campaigns, feasibility studies, community foundations, annual funds, major gifts campaigns and strategic planning. Some of the specific organizations we have helped include:
Our approach to solving fundraising challenges of parks and recreational facilities is the same as for health care institutions, social service organizations and other groups: Learn your key messages and goals, seek out potential donors, and form a unifying bridge between the two that all sides can find fulfilling and inspiring.
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http://holmesradford.com/our-clients/recreation-animals-and-parks
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At their core successful organizations, campaigns, and projects are successful planners. This is a trusted digital plan template that has been used by many organizations and strategists. Designed to combine, planning and strategy into one document. This updated version adds additional elements to better align with the digital engagement cycle and project budgets.
Author of “The Digital Plan” presents the core Digital Project Planning template and it’s core elements. Plus an updated visual mapper designed to be used without onboarding new software.
We’ll be digging into the blueprint, visual mapper, and these key areas:
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https://centerfordigitalstrategy.com/courses/digital-project-planning-blueprint-on-demand-class/
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When developing ontologies, knowledge engineers and domain experts often use predicates that are vague, i.e., predicates that lack clear applicability conditions and boundaries such as High, Expert or Bad. In previous works, we have shown how such predicates within ontologies can hamper the latter's shareability and meaning explicitness and we have proposed Vagueness Ontology (VO), an OWL metaontology for representing vagueness-aware ontologies, i.e., ontologies whose (vague) elements are annotated by explicit descriptions of the nature and characteristics of their vagueness. A limitation of VO is that it does not model the way vagueness and its characteristics propagate when defining more complex OWL axioms (such as conjunctive classes), neither does it enforce any kind of vagueness-related consistency. For that, in this paper, we expand VO by means of formal inference rules and constraints that model the way vagueness descriptions of complex ontology elements can be automatically derived. More importantly, we enable the efficient execution of these rules by means of a novel meta-reasoning framework.
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https://abdn.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/towards-a-meta-reasoning-framework-for-reasoning-about-vagueness-
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