Datasets:

Query-of-CC
/

Knowledge_Pile

Dataset card Data Studio Files Files and versions Community

Split (1)

train · 1.07M rows

content stringlengths 71 484k	url stringlengths 13 5.97k
Course Overview: The purpose of this course is to help you develop a sufficiently deep three dimensional unique character who can carry your plot, and whom readers will not only connect with deeply, but will remember. In this installment of Writing Unforgettable Characters, you will learn to: - Understand the relationships between character and narrative - Understand the nuances of character development - Determine the best character traits for your plot - Consider character development in relation to other characters Very often when writers begin developing characters for a story, they think assign traits without considering which ones are most appropriate for the story itself. The result is that readers cannot fully connect to the character because that character does not seem to be fully integrated into the plot or fully connected to other characters in the story. Among the things will will look at are: - The complexities of character development - How to maximize each character trait so that it drives the narrative as well as fleshes out not only the main character, but supporting characters as well - Types of characteristics and how to have a balance of these - The internal and external drivers of every characteristic - How to identify truly unique character traits that readers will connect with and remember This course will be helpful to beginning writers as well as those who already have experience. While detail-oriented, sections of this course are surveys that subsequent “Writing Unforgettable Characters” courses will address in more detail. By the end of the class you will have a better idea of how characters relate to plot and to one another and how to choose the best characteristics for individual characters. The class assignment is a helpful Character Profile in which you will brainstorm and codify traits for any and all of the characters in your story. This includes answering questions about your character, getting to know who your character is, and then extrapolating on the significance of these characteristics to the plot so that you are able to write them into the narrative, making plot and character inextricably linked. Class Projects See All Students Projects - - -- - Beginner - Intermediate - Advanced - All Levels - Beg/Int - Int/Adv Level Community Generated The level is determined by a majority opinion of students who have reviewed this class. The teacher's recommendation is shown until at least 5 student responses are collected. Barbara Vance is an author, illustrator and educator. She has a PhD in Narrative and Media, has taught storytelling and media production at several universities, and has spoken internationally on the power of storytelling and poetry. Barbara’s YouTube channel focuses on illustration and creative writing. Her poetry collection, Suzie Bitner Was Afraid of the Drain, which she wrote and illustrated, is a Moonbeam Children’s Book winner, an Indie Book Award winner...	https://www.skillshare.com/classes/Writing-Unforgettable-Characters-Crafting-a-Character-Profile/1945451315?category=creative
“A sailing ship in the storm, without a rudder or captain, is what I was …” The presentation of the debut novel by Lea Valti, PRELUDE, held on 18 June at the Teatro Tor Bella Monaca, it comes from its inception as a journey in journey, an intense journey in the ambiguous path of growth and training of young William Druce, protagonist of the novel, in the nineteenth century Scotland. Published by Armando Curcio, the book was officially presented to the XXVIII edition of the Turin Book Fair and is already being reprinted, a sign that confidence in the publisher newcomer was well placed, as well as the longevity of vampire story at the reading public. It must be said, however, as highlighted during the presentation, which PRELUDE escapes too sharp labeling and on the contrary can be appreciated for the variety of themes and the consequent intertwining of reading levels, which transform our Fantasy- horror in a Bildungsroman that is measured by the turbulence of adolescence and all aspects related to it – such as the desire of rebellion, the parent-child relationship, friendship, love – and from there creeps in most hidden folds and dark human soul. You might also consider PRELUDE a travel novel, though not in the strict sense, telling it the arduous journey – spiritual and material – through which William will learn to understand and finally accept their dark side, that dark side that everyone can discern within himself and that perhaps explains the fascination that the figure of the vampire has on readers and moviegoers since the nineteenth century. On stage, alternating, well-lit in the darkness of the room, the music of Celtic Banshee; acute analysis of moderating Giusy Locurcio, Professor of Literature and journalist, the author Lea Valti; the voice of Simone Càstano, who with a skillful interpretation gives body and life to the pages of the novel. Three elements that lead the audience through a journey from the musical suggestions of traditional Irish instruments (bodhran, fiddle, tin whistle, guitar), one can access the pages of the book that best tell the characters, settings and gothic-romantic atmosphere, the photographic style, moments of articulation in the plot, narrative techniques, then go even deeper examination of these narrative components, to the historical and literary roots of the Gothic genre, in which he originated the literary myth of vampires, and the theme of the moon dear to poets, present in PRELUDE as a symbol of the changing fortunes of man. From the accurate presentation emerges, then, the image of an author very skillful and meticulous, which has been able to shape and carve carefully unexpected literary inspiration, mixing it to their passions and their own experiences, most notably that of teacher, which has enabled it to deal daily with the beauty and hardships of the trip that kids face in adolescence storm. It surfaces, finally, thanks to the comments of those who have already read, the idea of a book that fascinates and engages readers of all ages and which, it is worth emphasizing, would lend itself well to become a movie. You might as well close the cycle that led Lea Valti to write the images that presented themselves gradually to mind, and begin a new journey.	https://leavalti.com/prelude-at-the-theater-of-tor-bella-monaca/
Carl Lewis, as one of only four Olympic athletes to have won nine Olympic gold medals, is widely recognised as one of the greatest athletes of all time. At the 1984 Los Angeles Games, Lewis emulated his boyhood idol Jesse Owens by winning gold in the 100m, the 200m, the long jump and the 4x100m relay. A superstar was born. At the 1988 Seoul Games, Lewis defended his 100m title after Ben Johnson was disqualified. He also defended his long jump title and claimed silver in the 200m. Four years later in Barcelona, he won a third gold medal in the long jump, defeating world record holder Mike Powell by just three centimetres. He also anchored the world record-setting US relay team. Lewis only just scraped into the US Olympic long jump team for the 1996 Atlanta Games. He then needed all three jumps to qualify for the final. However in the final, he majestically moved into first place with his third jump and stayed there. His success in the long jump made Carl Lewis one of only three Olympians to win the same individual event four times. He is also one of only four Olympic athletes to win nine gold medals.	https://olympics.com/en/athletes/carl-lewis
On This Day: Mike Powell smashes long jump record in one of the greatest finals ever It was one of the greatest track and field competitions ever staged. On this day, August 30 1991, Mike Powell set the world record – which still stands to this day – in an astonishing men’s long jump duel with Carl Lewis, himself one of the greatest track and field athletes ever. At the World Championships in Tokyo on 30 August, 1991, the American jumped 8.95m, smashing the previous 8.90m record set by Bob Beamon in 1968. Powell’s jump remains one of the longest-standing world records in athletics. But not only did he beat the world record, he also broke the dominance of Lewis, who had been unbeaten in 10 years. Powell had been long jumping at Lewis’s level for eight of those years, but by his own admission had started out 50cm behind. Going into the championships, though, “I knew I was closing the gap.” In an interview with the World Athletics YouTube channel in May, he recalled: “I felt like at the World Championships, that was going to be my opportunity to finally beat him. On this day: Usain Bolt cements legacy with 2nd world record in 4 days On this Day: NFL star's national anthem protest sparks 'taking the knee' “I knew he was ready to break a world record so in my mind, I knew in order for me to win, I was going to have to be prepared to try and break the world record.” By Powell’s own admission, Lewis – who had also ran a world record 9.86 seconds in the men's 100m five days earlier – was a more consistent jumper. But he said his attitude was: “I’ve got six attempts to get one good one.” As if to prove that point, Powell’s first jump was a “horrible” 7.85m. It was Lewis’s fourth jump which kicked Powell into gear. Even though the wind-assisted 8.91m couldn’t stand, Powell felt Lewis getting the upper hand. He recalled: “He jogged past me pumping his fists going: ‘Yeah! That’s right!’ And at that moment I was so angry. I wanted to get up and punch him, fight him, because he was my enemy at the time. I just took it personally. “Once he did that, I said: ‘OK… I’m ready to go.’” It was Powell’s fifth jump when he recorded the world record 8.95m. “I was so fired up by his response to his jump, him letting me know that’s it. I was angry, my adrenaline was so, so high. “I thought to myself: ‘Go.’ I had a great jump, a lot of air time, and the crowd let me know how far it was. I could hear people saying ‘world record’. “I just knew that I jumped past him. "I will never forget that, I was so, so happy. Running down the track like: ‘I finally got the record!’” His joy was short-lived when a friend reminded him Lewis still had two jumps left to try and beat Powell. “I had to calm down and wait and watch.” In his fifth, Lewis achieved a personal best of 8.87m. As he took his sixth and final jump, an anxious-looking Powell was pictured holding his chest. Lewis, though, could only manage 8.84m. “I beat him,” Powell said. “I finally beat him. I was just so happy.” Click here to sign up to our newsletter for all the latest and breaking stories from Australia and around the world.	https://au.sports.yahoo.com/mike-powell-long-jump-record-021813421.html
Larry Myricks (born 10 March 1956) is an American former athlete, who mainly competed in the long jump event. He is a two-time winner of the World Indoor Championships (1987, 1989) and a two-time winner of the World Cup (1979, 1989). He also won a bronze medal at the 1988 Seoul Olympics, and bronze medals at the World Championships in 1987 and 1991. Myricks was born in Clinton, Mississippi. A durable jumper, he first broke onto the track scene in 1976. While competing for Mississippi College, he was the NCAA Champion in the long jump. He followed that with a second place at the U. S. Olympic Trials, beating defending Olympic champion Randy Williams in the process. At the 1976 Olympics, he broke his foot while warming up for the final and was unable to compete. His teammates Arnie Robinson and Williams finished 1 and 2. The three American jumpers had been easily the top three jumpers in qualifying. In 1979 he won again the NCAA Championship, this time both indoors and outdoors. He was also the US National Champion (27–2), and World Cup Champion (8.52 m). He repeated as U.S. national champion in 1980 and in 1989. He competed for the United States at the 1988 Summer Olympics held in Seoul, South Korea, where he won the bronze medal in the men's long jump competition. In addition to the 1976 Olympics, Myricks won the 1980 Olympic Trials (over a young Carl Lewis), the team that did not go to the Olympics due to the 1980 Summer Olympics boycott. As consolation, he received one of 461 Congressional Gold Medals created especially for the spurned athletes. He finished second to Lewis in the 1984 Olympic Trials. He finished fourth in the Olympics that year. He set his personal best of 8.74 m (28' 8") in the long jump at the 1988 Olympic Trials. That jump still ranks Myricks as the number 5 long jumper ever. It was the trials record, for a few minutes, until surpassed by Carl Lewis. After qualifying for four straight Olympic teams, Myricks returned in 1992 as a 36-year-old to a fifth Olympic Trials, finishing in seventh place. Myricks was the third-place jumper at the 1991 World Championships in Athletics - Men's Long Jump when Lewis and Mike Powell were fighting over the world record, what many consider the greatest long jump competition ever. Based on a statistical comparison of 8.16 meters, Myricks had more competitions (170) over that mark than any other competitor. Moving that comparison to 8.50 m, he ranks second (17) to Carl Lewis (39) (as of 1996; since 1996, only 9 jumpers have jumped 8.50). Myricks' last 8.50 in 1991, at the age of 35, is tied with Lewis' mark from the 1996 Olympics as the M35 Masters World Record. He was also a useful 200 m sprinter, with a best of 20.03 s at the US National Championships in 1983 behind his nemesis Carl Lewis, who along with Mike Powell overshadowed him for most of his career. He ran the 200 at the 1983 World Championships in Athletics. Myricks won the U.S. nationals in the 200 meters in 1988.	https://db0nus869y26v.cloudfront.net/en/Larry_Myricks
Every four years, the world’s best athletes compete to see who is the best in the world in each discipline, a tradition that dates back to Ancient Greece. Getting an Olympic gold is regarded as the pinnacle of sporting achievement, and it is a terrifying possibility for any pro athlete. All Olympic aspirants dream of standing on the podium knowing they are at the top of their field. Some track and field competitors are excellent, while some are truly extraordinary, but some individuals have shown to be invincible. Various athletes have proven their supremacy for years and years since the birth of track & field. But who are the most dominating athletes? Continue reading to find out about the fastest, strongest, and top Olympic track and field athletes of all time. Paavo Nurmi, Men’s 800m to Marathon Paavo Nurmi is the most dominant Olympic athlete of all time. Apart from setting a whopping 22 world records from the 1500m to the Marathon, Nurmi is still the only individual to have never lost a race in the 10,000m during the course of his whole career. For nearly two decades, ‘The Flying Fin,’ as he was dubbed by many, was completely uncontested. Larisa Latynina, Gymnastics, Soviet Union Larisa Latynina, one of the best gymnasts of all time, held the world record for most Olympic medals (18) for 48 years. She is also the only gymnast in history to earn nine Olympic medals. Unstoppable. Carl Lewis, Men’s 100m, 200m, and Long Jump Carl Lewis is definitely one of the most decorated and brilliant athletes to ever walk the globe, having been named Century’s best World Athlete by the IAAF (now World Athletics). Lewis won 18 World Championships along with gold medals in Olympics between 1979 and 1996. He’s still one of just three athletes in the history of the Olympics to actively defend their Olympic championship four times in a row. Lewis was unbeatable in the Long Jump for over a decade before being beaten by Mike Powell. Mike Powell break the world record of Carl Lewis in the long jump at the 1991 World Championships. Jesse Owen, Athletics U.S.A Jesse Owens did not win the most medals, but he did win the most significant. Owens prevailed in 1936, as Hitler observed from Berlin. He won the 100m and 200m races, as well as the long jump and the 4x100m relay. Owens’ medals represent more than just winning, which is why he is so successful. Edwin Moses, Men’s 400m Hurdles Edwin Moses is one of the few athletes who has ever had a winning run as long as he has. Moses won 122 races in a row between 1977 and 1987. Moses was unbeaten in all 400-meter hurdles competitions for exactly 9 years, 9 months, and 9 days. Throughout this time, Moses also broke his own world record four times, with the best time being 47.02 seconds. While Moses’ total number of Olympic and Championship medals is not as significant as some of the others on this list, his genuine dominance in any track and field event is unequaled. Matthew Centrowitz, 1500 meter race Centrowitz returns in top form after becoming the first American male to win a medal in the 1500 m since 1908. Centrowitz, 31, is an old man at the distance, and he questioned in 2016 if he’d have to go up to 5,000 meters for the 2020 Olympics. At the Olympic trials, though, he came second to 20-year-old Cole Hocker. He may not be the quickest, but his tactical expertise borders on magic and helped him become one of America’s best middle-distance runners. Sergey Bubka, Men’s Pole Vault Sergey Bubka’s level of success was widely regarded as unprecedented. Bubka set 35 world records in the pole vault throughout the course of his career. Bubka also won 11 World Championships and Olympic Gold medals during his career. He is the very first person to jump six meters. Bubka rewrote the record books from the ground up. Bubka has only ever lost his original world record once since his first attempt. With a leap of 5.91 meters on August 31, 1984, Thierry Vigneron from France broke Bubka’s world record. In a single Olympics, which female Olympian won the most track and field medals? Fancina Blankers-Koen and Florence Griffith-Joyner are associated with the most track win in a single Summer Olympics. At the 1988 Seoul Olympics, Flo-Jo won Olympic gold medals and one silver. She broke world records both in 100m and 200m sprints that have lasted for over 30 years, and she won gold in the 4x100m relay for the third time. She won silver in the 4x400m relay, giving her a total of four medals. With her incredible performance at the Seoul Games, Griffith-Joyner acquired the title of a swiftest woman alive and established herself as among the most dominant elite athletes in Olympic history. Train Hard – Win Gold So, this is it for now. These are the top athletes in both world and Olympic history. Olympic runners have benefited from arch support in their shoes, and many athletes today use quality insoles from G8 Performance. The proper footwear for one’s sport, whether it’s basketball or even other forms of exercise, should be created precisely for the motions of that sport. Shock absorption, ankle support, balance, and stability are all important components for improved performance. And quality insoles from G8 performance are made to provide exactly what we mentioned above.	https://thegorila.com/2022/05/23/top-olympic-track-and-field-athletes-of-all-time/
Carl Lewis' donations to the IAAF's Athletics for a Better World (© c) Carl Lewis of the United States, who was elected as the World Athlete of the Century by the International Athletic Foundation at the 1999 World Athletics Gala in Monaco, has donated his competition vest from the 1986 Goodwill Games and a tracksuit as well as two autobiographies to the IAAF humanitarian project Athletics for a Better World. Carl Lewis' achievements are unprecedented in track and field: He is one of two athletes (the other being Paavo Nurmi) to win nine Olympic gold medals. Similarly, he is one of two (the other being Al Oerter) to win four consecutive Olympic gold medals in the same event. He also won 10 medals, including eight golds, at the World Outdoor Championships, the most by any athlete in the world. Growing up in Willingboro, N.J., Lewis came from an athletic family, and yet he blossomed late in his high school career. In 1980, as a freshman at the University of Houston, he qualified for the Olympic team in the Long Jump. Because of the US boycott of the Moscow Olympics, Lewis had to wait four years for his Olympic glory. By 1984, he had already ranked number one in the World in both the 100 metres and Long Jump for three consecutive years. At the Los Angeles Olympics, he matched Jesse Owens' 1936 feat with four gold medals in the same events - the 100m, 200m, Long Jump and 4x100m relay. Lewis' talent was matched by his longevity. At the 1988 Olympics, he won the 100m and Long Jump. In 1992, he again won the Long Jump as well as the 4x100m, anchoring the US team to a World record of 37.40. In 1996, in his final Olympics, Lewis had a dramatic farewell, winning his fourth-consecutive gold medal in the Long Jump. At age 30, he had one of his greatest achievements, breaking the World 100m record with a time of 9.86 while winning the event at the 1991 World Championships. 44-year-old Lewis’ donations will be auctioned at the end of the year and all profits donated to the United Nations Associations: FAO, UNICEF and WFP.	https://www.worldathletics.org/news/news/world-athlete-of-the-century-carl-lewis-donat
Occasional Brief Observations: Greatest Olympian? What this blogger doesn't understand though, is the need of so many people to boil it all down to "the best athlete in the world." Why can't we just marvel at this amazing performance in a particular sport, without making it a competition with other Olympic sports, athletes present and past, and other non-Olympic sports events? Discus: Al Oerter won gold medals in four consecutive Olympic games in the discus (1956 to 1968). A week before the 1964 Tokyo games Oerter slipped on wet concrete, tearing cartilage in his rib cage. Although team doctors told him to forget the Olympics, Orter’s reply was "You die before you quit" He went on to win gold. Each gold also set an Olympic record, he had four world records (1962–64), and was the first to ever throw the discus more than 200 feet. Rowing: Sir Steve Redgrave won gold in rowing events in five different Olympic Games (1984 to 2000), along with an Olympic bronze. Thrown in 9 gold medals, 2 silvers, and a bronze at the Rowing World Championships…. Wrestling: Alexander Karelin won gold medals in three consecutive Olympics (1988, 1992, and 1996) and silver in 2000, while going undefeated in international competition from 1987 until 2000. Prior to losing the gold medal match to Rulon Gardner at the 2000 Summer Olympics, Karelin went the last six years of his unbeaten streak without giving up a point. Track and Field: Carl Lewis won nine gold medals and one silver across four Olympic Games… Throw in ten World Championship medals (eight golds); 65 consecutive victories in the long jump achieved over a span of 10 years (one of the sport’s longest undefeated streaks); and an indoor long jump world record that has stood since 1984. And how do you compare Phelp's performance to the Tour de France? The Tour lasts 23 days, consists of 21 daily stages with just 2 rest days (10 “flat” stages, 5 mountain stages, 4 medium mountain stages, and 2 time trials)... Twenty teams each of nine riders compete for a total distance of 3,000.5 kilometers, (winning time: 87 hours 52 minutes and 52 seconds!). Answer: You don't! (and it was a silly thing for his team mate to say!) Apples and oranges, this blogger salutes them all - Michael Phelps, Olympic champions past and present, Tour riders, all those who pull off these remarkable feats of physical prowess and endurance to the cheers of the armchair spectators (this blogger included!).	http://www.ph2dot1.com/2008/08/greatest-olympian.html
Lewis had at that point not lost a long jump competition in a decade, winning the 65 consecutive meets in ... www.usatf.org/HallOfFame/TF/showBio.asp?HOFIDs=96 Long Jump - 8.87 m 100 m - 9.86 200 m - 19.75. Carl Lewis' achievements are unprecedented in track and field: He is one of two athletes (the other being Paavo ... www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/le/carl-lewis-1.html Carl Lewis is considered by many to be the greatest track & field athlete of all time ... At the World Athletics Championships, Lewis won the 100 metres, long jump ... www.abc.net.au/news/2016-03-09/rio-2016-carl-lewis-takes-aim-at-athletics-greg-rutherford/7233380 Mar 8, 2016 ... Four-time Olympic long-jump Carl Lewis says the current standards in the sport are pathetic and athletics is dying. www.thoughtco.com/mens-long-jump-world-records-3258952 Beamon's mark stood for almost 23 years until Mike Powell won a long jump showdown against Carl Lewis at the 1991 World Championships. Unlike Beamon ... www.olympic.org/videos/carl-lewis-impressive-olympic-history He is also the only man who has won the long jump Olympic title four consecutive times. Carl Lewis (USA) - Athletics - Los Angeles 1984, Seoul 1998, Barcelona ... www.flotrack.org/article/40219-carl-lewis-track-is-dying-long-jump-is-pathetic-us-men-are-terrible Mar 9, 2016 ... Such was the case Tuesday, when nine-time Olympic gold medalist Carl Lewis was trotted out in front of the media at the USOC Media Summit ...	http://www.ask.com/web?qsrc=6&o=102140&oo=102140&l=dir&gc=1&qo=popularsearches&ad=dirN&q=Carl+Lewis+Long+Jump
The United States is arguably the most dominant country in the world in the Olympic Games. And with that, chances are that many of the top, most well-known Olympians will be ones that had worn the Stars and Stripes. While there are some top competitors from many countries – including some top Olympics success like Germany, China, Canada, Australia, Russia and Great Britain – there are many legendary stories of Olympic success that come under the United States flag. It must be a nice job. As the 2018 Winter Olympics are just around the corner, this is a good opportunity to look into who are some of the most successful Olympic athletes in U.S. Olympic history. Following are seven of our favorites, based on either the numbers of medals earned or the highest percentage of medals that were gold (minimum five medals). Ray Ewry (Summer, eight medals – 100% gold) There are a couple reasons that Ray Ewry is at the top of this list – first of all, the one with the most gold medals without earning any other medals; and second, being one who recovered from polio more than 50 years before the polio vaccine was invented. Not being able to walk when he was younger, Ewry fought through polio, and not only did he walk, but won eight gold medals at three Summer Olympics, winning the standing high and long jumps in 1900, 1904 and 1908 Games. Top of the world, and overcoming what was a debilitating and lethal disease. Eric Heiden (Winter, five medals – 100% gold) Eric Heiden could be considered the first U.S. Olympic hero in the “modern” Olympic era – the one that had heavy television coverage. Heiden captivated many and introduced speed skating as a dominant sport for the Americans, as Heiden won gold at all five distances of speed skating – from the 500-meter sprint to 10,000 meters. He is the only one to win five gold medals at a single Winter Olympic games. Carl Lewis (Summer, 10 medals – 90% gold) Considered the greatest American track athlete in Olympic history and multiple world-record holders, Carl Lewis was a dominant sprinter and long jumper for the United States in 1984, 1988, 1992 and 1996 – yes, winning a gold in the long jump in 1996 to be the oldest gold-medalist in the Summer Games at age 35. He won the 100-meter dash and long jump at consecutive Olympics (1984 and 1988), which was unheard of at the time. Bonnie Blair (Winter, six medals – 83% gold) Bonnie Blair was for women what Eric Heiden was for everyone – she broke the glass ceiling on making speedskating sexy for women. Blair won all her medals over three Olympic games in the 500- and 1,000-meter sprint races, and – until Apolo Anton Ohno – was the American all-time leader for Winter Olympic medals won (Ohno won eight), and tied with Heiden for most gold medals in the Winter Games. Michael Phelps (Summer, 28 medals – 82% gold) The most decorated Olympian of all time, Michael Phelps makes the case as the greatest swimmer of all time not only for the quality but also the longevity, as he won an Olympic-record eight gold medals in 2008 (Beijing), six in 2004 (Athens) and five more in 2012 (London). Phelps has all-time records in total medals and gold medals (23), with a record 16 golds in individual events. The sheer number of medals is one thing, but then to have four of every of those medals be of the precious gold color? Dominant. Mark Spitz (Summer, 11 medals – 82% gold) Mark Spitz was Michael Phelps before Michael Phelps, and he did most of his work in a single Olympic Games, as he won seven gold medals in the 1972 Games in Munich, a record that stood as the most golds until Phelps 30 years later. But not only did Spitz get gold in all seven races in those ‘72 Games, he set seven world records. Not even Phelps ever had that success. Greg Louganis (Summer, five medals – 80% gold) Perhaps the greatest American diver ever, Greg Louganis was the one American who consistently broke through the Chinese stronghold in the springboard and platform events, winning five medals including four golds – winning both events in the 1984 and 1988 Games. He might be most known, however, for hitting his head on the springboard during competition in 1988, sending blood into the water just months after his HIV diagnosis.	http://www.championshipsubdivisionnews.com/7-greatest-u-s-olympians/
The Asian Heart Institute in Mumbai is the medical partner of Standard Chartered Bank, which is the main sponsor of the first Mumbai Marathon, to be run on Sunday, February 15, 2004. They will look after the health of all the runners during the gruelling 42.195 kms race. Thirty heart patients who underwent bypass surgery, angioplasty at the hospital are taking part in the shorter event of the marathon, the Dream Run. They have been encouraged to do so by the rehabilitation department of the hospital. All of them gathered on Friday morning to listen to world long jump record holder Mike Powell, who is in Mumbai as one of the VIPs for the marathon. Powell, who trained Indian long jump sensation Anju George prior to her bronze medal-winning effort at the World Championships in Paris last year, advised the heart patients to "keep running as it would give them a longer and healthier life". But he cautioned against "pushing too hard". The 40-year-old American ace who broke Bob Beamon's 23-year-old world record of 8.90 meters with a jump of 8.95 at the 1991 World Championships in Tokyo, revealed that he is going to try and snatch a berth in the United States' team for this year's Athens Olympics. He said he would have run in the Mumbai marathon, but since he is "training for the Olympics long jump which requires explosive energy", it would be detrimental to his preparations for Athens. Going back to the day when he broke the long jump world record, Powell recounted: "Carl Lewis had just broken the world record in the 100 metres sprint. He was in great form, he could easily run faster than me towards the jumping pit. I knew that; I also knew that my body was fit enough to do it. But I was confident that I could do it, and I did!" Told he is the hope of a billion Indians, who are waiting for him to win them a gold medal at the Athens Games, he shot back: "You mean Anju, don't you?" 'Alternately you could apply for Indian citizenship,' the reporter replied. After a hearty laugh, Powell shared his views on Anju's chances. "I don't mind that. But coming to the point, in an Olympic final everybody is talented. I have to get her ready for that. The medal she won at the world meet was great. Till then she was always doubtful whether she belonged to that group of winners. She thought that she was an outsider. "After that medal she knows that she belongs to the same class. When you win a medal you want to win more. That will help her. "I was never lucky to win a gold medal [at the Olympics], because I was participating at a time when Carl Lewis was participating, in spite of being the world record holder. I will be very happy if she wins the gold medal. In fact, any medal at the Olympic level will make me happy for her," said Powell, who had to settle for silver medals at the Olympics in 1988 and '92. Saying he had been to India in the nineties, to participate in an international meet in Delhi, he said through Anju and her husband [Bobby] he learnt a lot about the country. Former World Cup marathon champion Richard Nerurkar of Great Britain, who was also present at the Asian Heart Institute gathering opined that the full marathon will be won by a professional runner, while a local man will win the shorter version.	https://www.rediff.com/sports/2004/feb/13pow.htm
In a career spanning a decade from 1979 to 1990, Gary Honey was Australia's foremost long jumper, matching it with the king of the track, Carl Lewis for most of that time. Honey is best known for his silver at the 1984 LA Olympics where on his final jump, moved himself to second place. He also won two Commonwealth Games gold medals, in 1982 and 1986. As a junior in the late 70's, Honey excelled at the triple jump and the long jump before focusing his attention mostly on the long jump. In his first international open competition at the 1979 World Cup, he finished 5th of eight with 7.72m. The following year at the 1980 Moscow Olympics he finished 23rd of 34 but his best results were still to come. At the 1981 World Cup, he finished second to Lewis with 8.11m and followed this with gold at the 1982 Brisbane Commonwealth Games with a new Games record of 8.13m. But it wasn't until 1984, that Honey made his mark on the international long jump scene. Competing against Lewis, arguably the greatest athlete of that era, Honey won silver after an exceptional final jump. By the time they lined up for their last jumps, Honey was third behind Giovanni Evangelisti who had just surged up the placings. Lewis was 8.52m, Evangelisti was 8.24m and Honey had jumped 8.18m. On the last jump, Honey finished with 8.24m and beat Evangelisti on a count back. At the 1985 World Cup, Honey narrowly missed a medal, finishing fourth with 7.98m. Then, at the 1986 Edinburgh Commonwealth Games, Honey defended his title with a jump of 8.08m. At his third Olympics, the 1988 Seoul Games, he captained the Australian athletics team but withdrew from the long jump. Honey was the Australian long jump champion from 1978/79 to 1988/89, peaking in 1987/88 with 8.3m. He was also the Victorian champion 11 times. He was ranked number two in the world behind Lewis, and was ranked in the top six in the world from 1981 to 1988. Since retirement from the track, Honey has built a successful financial services business, dealing mainly in insurance. He has also dabbled in media work and speaking engagements.	https://www.sahof.org.au/hall-of-fame/member-profile/?memberID=104
Lewis has not been a factor in the event since winning Olympic gold in 1992. At 35, he sought to defy age and his critics. While others had given up on him, Lewis still believed he had enough spring left in his legs to uncork one last leap into history. It came on his third attempt. He soared 27 feet, 10¾ inches into a stiff headwind. It was good for gold. Sixteen years after being booed in Los Angeles because he did not challenge Bob Beamon's world record, he was the undisputed hero in Atlanta. The crowd of 82,773 shouted its love. The unexpected and stunning victory gave King Carl his ninth Olympic gold medal, tying him for the largest gold collection with U.S. swimmer Mark Spitz, Finnish long-distance runner Paavo Nurmi and Soviet gymnast Larysa Latynina. It also put him in the classy company of discus thrower Al Oerter, who congratulated him in the interview room, as the only track and field athletes to win the same event in four consecutive Olympics. At the end of the night, Lewis scooped sand from the long- jump pit into a plastic bag. Like his career, this was for the ages. Odds 'n' Ends In 1996, he earned the No. 1 ranking in the long jump 15 years after gaining it for the first time.	https://www.espn.com/classic/s/lewiscarladd.html
Carl Lewis has arrived for the Seoul Olympics, vowing that Ben Johnson will never beat him again. Lewis flew into Seoul late on Wednesday night from the U.S. training camp in Japan and told about 300 reporters who greeted him that, "The gold medal for the 100 meters race is mine. I will never again lose to Johnson."Lewis, who will be trying to repeat his four gold medal showing at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, shunned the athletes' village. Instead he will stay at a Seoul hotel. The last time they met, in Zurich in August, Lewis avenged five straight losses to Johnson. The pair earned $500,000 for their clash. Lewis leads the Canadian 9-6 in their 15 meetings over 100 meters since they first battled as juniors in 1980. But Johnson holds the world record of 9.83 seconds, set at the 1987 world championships in Rome with an electrifying start. Lewis, looking elegant in a white silk suit and sunglasses, offered little to reporters clamoring for news before he sped off with an escort of about 100 South Korean security men. But his Santa Monica, Calif., track club passed out a glossy color brochure about him, saying Lewis has been spurred since last year by the death of his father, William. Lewis buried his Los Angeles 100-meter Olympic gold medal with his father. In the brochure, coach Tom Tellez expressed his worries that the long jump was being held so soon after the second round of the 200 meters. "If Carl is in one of the later heats in the round and in one of the early flights in the long jump, that could be very serious. "He hasn't done that before and it will be new to him. There's a chance that he could lose the long jump," Tellez was quoted as saying. Tellez, wary of the media hype that surrounds Lewis, said that for now, "Carl has to rest. Remember, he's not doing just one event. He will be on the track almost every day." He added: "He has to create an environment which is the same as at home and get away from the distractions as much as possible so he can concentrate." But Lewis may have made one mistake already. A South Korean astrologer, asked to give her pre-Olympic forecasts, said: "Lewis has to be cautious choosing his arrival date in Seoul. "He should come on September 15 or 16 or bad luck will befall him." He arrived on the evening of September 14.	https://www.deseret.com/1988/9/15/18778222/lewis-vows-he-ll-win-100-meters-br-i-will-never-again-lose-to-johnson-carl-says-as-he-guarantees-the
Pocatello, Idaho – The world long jump record holder Mike Powell will join Olympian Dick Fosbury for the annual Simplot Games Breakfast with Fosbury and Friends on Feb. 20 at 7:30 a.m. at the Red Lion Hotel. Bob Beamon’s long jump record of 29’2.5” stood untouched for 23 years, until Mike Powell came to the 1991 World Championships in Athletics in Tokyo. Powell jumped 29’4.5” beating Beamon’s record by just 2 inches. Powell said that breaking the record was something he planned. Carl Lewis, Powell’s long jump nemesis, had just broken the world record in the 100 meters in the World Championships. Powell said Lewis was jumping well and wanted to break the long jump record. “I had to break the world record to win,” Powell said. “We both went in there to break it.” “It was one of those days that everything went into alignment,” Powell said. “The atmosphere was charged. The air was thick and you could smell a storm coming. Everyone came to see Carl break the world record and I said ‘no actually I’m coming to do it.’” Powell’s record is still standing after 23 years, something he wakes up every day and thinks about. “It feels amazing,” said Powell. “Every day I wake up and say ‘are you kidding me? I have the world record still?’ To break the world record was a big deal, but when it happened I didn’t think it would last for 15 minutes, and it has been 23 years.” Although Powell is proud of his record, he hopes that it is broken in his lifetime. “I don’t care what anyone else does, but I am going find somebody and I’m going to teach him how to do it. These guys don’t know how to do it like we used to do it,” Powell said. Powell knew he wanted to compete in the Olympics after watching them in 1976. And he first realized they were a possibility during his sophomore year in college, after jumping 26’5.5”, the furthest jump in the world at the time. Powell said after the jump people said “he’s going to the Olympics” and he did. Since retiring from track and field following the 1996 Olympics, Powell continues to compete in the long jump. In March, he will try to beat the Masters World Record of 22’4” in his age group. Powell is also a motivational speaker, helps college athletes get scholarships, runs track camps and clinics, and makes appearances at events. For Simplot Games athletes, Powell has some advice for you. “Have fun,” he said. “If you have fun then you are going to do alright. If you get too serious and make competing like a job, then it is hard to function. Try be positive, try to have fun, and try to do your best.” The 2015 Breakfast with Fosbury and Friends will be held Friday, Feb. 20, at 7:30 a.m., at the Red Lion Hotel. The breakfast is hosted by Dick Fosbury, and will feature Mike Powell as the guest speaker. Tickets for Breakfast with Fosbury and Friends are available for purchase for $20 per person or $190 for a table of 10. For tickets call (208) 235-5604 or visit simplotgames.com/store. More than 2,000 athletes will come from across the U.S., Canada, Mexico and Australia to participate in the 37th annual Simplot Games. Simplot Games remains the nation’s premier high school indoor track and field event. Sponsored by the J.R. Simplot Company since 1979, the Simplot Games are held at Idaho State University’s Holt Arena in Pocatello, Idaho. For more information on Simplot Games, please visit our website at www.simplotgames.com. You may also contact Lisa Woodland at (208) 235-5673 or Simplot Games Media Team at [email protected].	https://simplotgames.com/breakfast-with-fosbury-and-friends-presents-mike-powell/
NEW YORK -- The line was drawn in the sand. And then redrawn. Mike Powell put it there and then dared Carl Lewis to cross. A 10-year, 64-meet winning streak was in jeopardy, threatening to melt away on a hot, humid afternoon. But there was one jump left for Lewis at the USA/Mobil Championships, one last chance for him to display his talent and reveal his heart. As he stood on the long jump runway yesterday in front of 11,289 fans at Downing Stadium, Lewis said he felt the presence of his father and his first coach, Bill, who died in 1987. "I'm so thankful I had the opportunity to feel him at times, and talk to him at times," Lewis said. "I feel very special. He was the difference." Lewis sprinted and soared. He went one-half inch past the line and landed at 28 feet, 4 1/4 inches. The streak was alive. Sixty-five straight long jump victories. "I knew he would do it," said Powell, who finished second at 28-3 3/4 . "He is tough. He has been doing it for 10 years." The Lewis-Powell confrontation dominated the final day of the national championships. American track was still trying to shake off the hangover after Leroy Burrell's 100-meter world record Friday. Michael Johnson and Burrell went through the paces of their 200-meter duel. But a funny thing happened on the way to another world record. Johnson won, but hit a head wind and finished with the relatively tame time of 20.31 seconds. After running Friday's 100 in 9.90, Burrell settled for second in 20.42. "His world record meant nothing to me," Johnson said. "This race was twice as long as the 100." Burrell admitted he was tired after his record-breaking day. He had a victory dinner of Chinese food and then talked for two hours with his mother before heading back to his hotel. He had no trouble going to sleep. "It was very difficult to put what happened last night [Friday] out of my mind," Burrell said. "Everyone said, 'Great race, congratulations.' I said, 'Please, I want to put it out of my mind.' When I got to the start, even an official said, 'Great race.' " No hype was needed for Lewis against Powell in the long jump. When Lewis' winning streak began at the NCAA Indoor Championships in March 1981, Powell was a senior at Edgewood High School in West Covina, Calif. "Carl and [third-place finisher] Larry Myricks were my idols," Powell said. "In 1984 and 1985, it was hard for me to even conceive of beating those guys. It was hard for me to look at them as mere mortals." But at 29, Lewis often appears mortal, and beatable. Entering this meet, there were slight doubts about his ability to compete ++ in the 100-meter --. He answered all critics with a 9.93 second-place finish to Burrell. Then, he answered even more critics in the long jump. Say what you will about Lewis the showman, the athlete who tints his hair amber and prances around a track in a double-breasted black tuxedo warm-up. As a competitor, Lewis has no peer in the modern track age. "This is my so-called second career," he said. "After 1984, peoplwanted to write me off as dead and gone. And this year, people came up to me and asked what would it be like if I didn't make the World Championship team. I couldn't understand that." Lewis was forced to win one of the great long jump competitions in history. At the 1988 Olympics Trials in Indianapolis, he sprinted through a rainstorm to pass Myricks. That was a one-jump drama. This was a mini-series. Lewis, jumping one spot ahead of Powell, chased for the lead through five rounds after Powell put up an opening jump of 28-1 3/4 . "You can't think about a streak, and I don't think Mike thinks about breaking it," Lewis would say later. Powell heard the comment, rolled his eyes and said: "The streak is important to me. I'm looking to get the respect and to be the No. 1 jumper in the world." But it didn't happen at the nationals. Lewis flew on the last jump. Powell watched, pumped his arms after falling behind, and prepared for his final jump, "ready to set a world record." A stutter step and a brief flight left Powell short of the line, behind the legend. "Is Carl a mere mortal now?" Powell said. "Well, he's a greaathlete. I say yes, he is mortal. He drinks water like I do." ) Lewis the mortal laughed.	https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1991-06-16-1991167070-story.html
The ‘I AM NOT WHO YOU THINK I AM’ collection of tactile portraits includes the remarkable Lewis Clarke. ( to be shown at Riverhouse Barn Arts Centre. Walton on Thames 17th March to 28th March) To create a collection of portraits I wanted to include a cross section of people in society, people who perhaps you would not give a second glance to. Lewis Clarke is one of these people. I read an article in a Sunday paper about a 15 year old boy who was going to attempt to reach the South Polo. I was intrigued and I knew I had found my next sitter. We arranged to meet after Lewis’ attempt on the South Pole. Prior to the meeting I heard on the national news that the attempt was successful. He had at the age of 16 years and 61 days walked 702 miles in 49 days in temperatures of often minus 50 degrees and now holds the Guinness World Record for the Youngest Person to trek to the South Pole. I had chosen Lewis because he had the guts to take on the challenge, I did not in my wildest dreams think he would achieve it. I should not have been so surprised. At the age of 12 he was one of six children who swam a relay across the channel and hold the World Record for being the youngest ever to achieve this. Before the meeting I asked if it would be possible for my 14 year old granddaughter Hannah to be present at the interview. This was a somewhat unusual request, however, I felt she would benefit enormously from having the opportunity to meet such a remarkable 16 year old. Lewis is a tall very friendly and has a very quiet manner. He told me he was inspired to make the attempt after speaking with his swimming coach who had already done the trip. His training which had to be fitted in around school, involved travelling and working in Greenland and Norway, places chosen because of the wind, snow and unpredictable weather conditions. He also raised monies for the Princess Trust. When we got to the end of an incredibly interesting interview I asked Lewis what he planned to do next, expecting to hear of another adventure. He replied ” Sit my GCSEs”. As simple as that, job done, ambition achieved, back to the normality of every day life. Lewis’ achievements at such a young age are beyond comprehension. Hannah said ” I felt really calm when Lewis was talking” which I think describes him perfectly. It was a pleasure to meet this exceptional and inspirational young man.	https://heatherbowring.co.uk/south-pole-record-breaker-lewis-clarke/
How it works Competitors sprint along a runway and jump as far as possible into a sandpit from a wooden take-off board. The distance travelled, from the edge of the board to the closest indentation in the sand to it, is then measured. A foul is committed – and the jump is not measured – if an athlete steps beyond the board. Most championship competitions involve six jumps per competitor, although usually a number of them, those with the shorter marks, are often eliminated after three jumps. If competitors are tied, the athlete with the next best distance is declared the winner. History The origins of the long jump can be traced to the Olympics in Ancient Greece, when athletes carried weights in each hand. These were swung forward on take-off and released in the middle of the jump in a bid to increase momentum. The long jump, as we know it today, has been part of the Olympics since the first Games in 1896. The men’s event has seen some long-standing world records by US jumpers. Jesse Owens jumped 8.13m in 1935, a distance that was not exceeded until 1960, and Bob Beamon flew out to 8.90m in the rarefied air of Mexico City at the 1968 Olympic Games. The latter mark stood until Mike Powell beat it with a leap of 8.95m at the 1991 World Championships. Did you know The standing long jump was also on the Olympic programme from 1900 to 1912 and the US jumper Raymond Ewry won four times, from 1900 to 1908, including at the 1906 Intercalated Games. Gold standard USA has dominated the men’s event at the Olympic Games, with all but six winners since 1896. US long jumper Dwight Phillips, the 2004 Olympic champion, has won four world titles. On the women's side, another US athlete, Brittney Reese has been the top athlete in the event in recent years, winning six global titles in a row between 2009 and 2013. Carl Lewis The US superstar scooped four successive Olympic gold medals between 1984 and 1996, one of only two athletes in any sport to win an individual event at four consecutive Games, and he won at two World Championships. The world indoor record of 8.79m he set in 1984 still stands. Heike Drechsler The German won two Olympic, two world and four consecutive European titles during a top-class career that lasted almost two decades. She also set two world records and finished her career with a best of 7.48m, which makes her the third-best woman ever.	https://www.iaaf.org/disciplines/throws/long-jump
July 28, 2011 GREENSBORO, N.C. – Florida State’s Ngoni Makusha, an internationally elite track performer who ran and jumped his way into company with Carl Lewis and Jesse Owens this spring, and Maryland’s Katie O’Donnell, one of the most accomplished field hockey players in NCAA history, are the ACC’s Athletes of the Year for 2010-11. Makusha, one of only four people to win NCAA titles in the 100 meters and the long jump, is the winner of the Anthony J. McKevlin Award as the league’s top male athlete, and O’Donnell, who put up impressive statistics across the board, claimed the Mary Garber Award, symbolic of the ACC’s finest female competitor. The accolades, determined by a voting of the Atlantic Coast Sports Media Association, are named for respected journalists who chronicled the ACC from its inception. “The ACC’s Male and Female Athlete of the Year awards are two of the most prestigious recognitions that can be earned by a student-athlete in this league,” said ACC Commissioner John Swofford. “Ngoni and Katie were selected from a group of tremendously talented nominees and I applaud them on their outstanding accomplishments.” Makusha, a junior from Zimbabwe, edged Duke basketball standout Nolan Smith 17 votes to 16 to become the 58th winner of the McKevlin Award. In the past year, the 2008 Olympian built on an already impressive resume. His victory in the 100-meter dash (9.89) at the NCAA outdoor championships, achieved in the rain, set a meet record and was the fourth-fastest performance in the world under any conditions this year. His victorious long jump of 8.40 meters, the second-longest in the world in 2011 and best jump in 18 years at the NCAA Championship meet, delivered his third NCAA championship in the event and made him the fourth person in NCAA history to win the long jump and the 100 in a single NCAA Championship. The exclusive fraternity includes Lewis and Owens, who combined for 13 Olympic gold medals. Makusha also ran on the Seminoles’ 4×100 relay team, which won the NCAA title. “This is an amazing honor when you consider this encompasses all the sports across the ACC”, stated Makusha, who was in Paris when notified. “It is special knowing that this is not just for track, but is much bigger than that. To join Charlie Ward and Walter Dix as the only Seminoles to win the McKevlin Award is amazing. I look up to Walter and to win the same award he won in 2007 really means a lot to me. Representing Florida State as the winner of the McKevlin Award also carries great meaning as this school has meant so much to me during my time as a Seminole.” Makusha is the third Seminole to win the McKevlin. He joins join track performer Walter Dix (2007) and Charlie Ward, a football and basketball standout (2003, ’04). He is the seventh person in his sport with the honor; that list includes NC State’s Julie Shea, who won twice before the creation of the Garber citation.	https://seminoles.com/acc-male-athlete-of-the-year/
When the statistical gurus at fivethirtyeight.com take a break from political polling and predicting the outcome of major team sporting events to write about Track and Field, I always pay attention. So I was quite interested in a round-table discussion published a week ago on the topic of whether the sport’s governing body should annul all world and European records set prior to 2005. When this proposal (made by the head of European Athletics and submitted to the IAAF) first surfaced at the beginning of May, I paid it no mind. I was busy with coaching and other things, and if I registered any reaction it was that annulling old records was a bit of a gimmick. To be fair, the main focus of the proposal is, as Svein Arne Hansen said, is to raise the standards of recognition by requiring that records ONLY be recognized is the following conditions are met: - The performance is achieved at competitions on a list of approved international events where the highest standards of officiating and technical equipment can be guaranteed. - The athlete has been subject to an agreed number of doping control tests in the months leading up to the performance. - The doping control sample taken after the record is stored and available for re-testing for 10 years. This seems reasonable for records set in the future. Is it a good idea to annul old records because some of the basic requirements were not in place? I had been leaning no, but after reading the fivethirtyeight piece, I have stronger feelings that going that extra step and withdrawing recognition from, any record set prior to 2005 is actually a bad idea, and more damaging to Track and Field than it might at first appear. The motivation for scrapping old world records is to build confidence that all listed WRs are legit. That confidence is lacking today. Anyone who follows Athletics at all knows that use of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) has plagued the sport for decades. One doesn’t have to be an expert (I’m not) to have misgivings about certain times and marks. But using an arbitrary cut-off date to toss some records and retain others seems to suffer from two problems. First, as Alex Hutchinson points out, tossing pre-2005 records means that some clean records will be tossed. Second, records achieved since 2005 are, by implication, considered cleaner, and yet, common sense should suggest that at least some “modern” records are not clean. What would the record book actually look like if records set prior to 2005 were annulled? Below is a list of men’s records, with old and new versions of the records for those events where the current record was set pre-2005: There are some surprises! For example, I’m very surprised to realize that Alan Webb would hold the WR for the mile. That might cause some people to look at his career a bit differently. There are also some updates that seem plain silly, for example, in the 5000m, Keninisa Bekele 2004 would lose his record to Keninisa Bekele 2005. Gone would be Javier Sotomayor, Hicham El Guerrouj, Jonathan Edwards, Jan Zelezny, Randy Barnes, Yuriy Sedykh, Saif Shaheen, and the U.S. 4×400 Relay team from 1993. Gone would be Mike Powell, whose 8.95 long jump in the 1991 World Championships beat Carl Lewis’ superb performance and broke Bob Beamon’s WR in the greatest long jump competition ever staged. … …Did you react differently to some of those names than to others? Yeah, me too. And that’s part of the problem. We want the list to remove the suspicious names, but leave the ones about whom we don’t have such suspicion. And what about the new records? Do you react differently to the inclusion of Alan Webb compared to the inclusion of Tarik Makhloufi? Yeah, me too. Here’s a similar study of the women’s world records: Gone are Flo-Jo’s sprint records, the muscular 400 and 800 records from Koch and Kratochvilova, the last of the Chinese distance records, Svetlana Masterkova’s 1K and mile records, the shot put and discus records that were unassailable… Also Paula Radcliffe’s marathon and Jackie Joyner-Kersee’s heptathlon. I suspect that some of those old records make you very uneasy, while others seem legit. And once again, the problem is that by sweeping them all away (while leaving them on the all-time lists, but not recognized as records), the proposal fails to take a stand one way or the other. Why is this bad for Track and Field? In my opinion, while the goal of establishing credibility for records is worthwhile, it is not progress towards that goal to effect a simple re-classification where old is considered of lesser value than new. The harm is that history — in both its inspirational moments (Powell) and its shameful ones (Koch, Junxia) — is one of the things that gives value to the sport today. If the governing bodies are not prepared to judge some performances as illegitimate, then they should be allowed to stand in the record books as grim reminders of the bad old days. Knowing our history, perhaps we’ll be more vigilant about ever more sophisticated and modern attempts to gain unfair advantages.	https://therunnereclectic.com/2017/07/17/iaafs-misguided-idea-for-sanitizing-the-record-book/
The 100-meter dash and mile run are the featured events at any track and field competition, but in the late 1980s, the long jump took center stage at large high school meets in Western Pennsylvania thanks to Dion Bentley of Penn Hills. His junior and senior years at Penn Hills, Bentley was, arguably, the nation's best scholastic long jumper. A 1989 graduate, he still holds the high school record in the event, going 26 feet, 9 1/2 inches in Sante Fe, Argentina. As a junior, he set the PIAA Class AAA record of 25-5 1/4 at a Shippensburg University meet. An outstanding athlete, Bentley also holds Penn Hills' indoor track records for the 55-meter hurdles (7.6 seconds), 200-meter dash, long jump and high jump (6-8). He went to the University of Florida, where he continued to excel in the long jump and holds the Gators' indoor (26-8 1/4) and outdoor (27-6 1/2) records. He is ranked No. 34 on the world's all-time list and No. 13 all time on the NCAA's list in the long jump. Bentley taught high school English for five years before becoming a firefighter in DeKalb County, Georgia. Bentley, 31, and his wife, Kim, live in Stone Mountain, Ga., with daughters Camille, 5, Erin, 3, and Morgan, 1. Q: Still remember setting the record at the PIAA championships? A: I do. I did it in my junior year and I wanted to better it my senior year, but we were jumping into a real stiff wind that day. What helped me, was there was Ron Dickerson [at State College] who was also a great long jumper. In fact, when I went 25-5, he went 25-4. I knew I couldn't let down in my training because there was this guy in the middle of the state who was working just as hard as I was. We were good for each other. Q: Is there one thing that sticks in your mind about running high school track? A: I liked going to the big meets, like the WPIAL championships at Baldwin. It was great to get there early and warm up with the guys, even though you might not compete for another three hours and have to warm up again. Those were just great times. I've still got all my high school medals. Q: When you jumped at a meet it seemed as if all the other activity stopped. Were you aware of that? A: I was, and that was such a great feeling. I liked when that happened at the state meet, and not just for me. That's one of the great things about a track meet, when you get moments like that where everyone is watching you. Q: You weren't just a long jumper, right? A: I ran on the 400-meter relay and did the hurdles and high jumped in high school. In college, I ran the 200 and 400 a couple times, but mostly I concentrated on the long jump. Q: Did you ever take a shot at the Olympics? A: I went to the U.S. trials in 1996 but I didn't make the team. I just happened to come along at a time when there were some of the greatest long jumpers in the world in the country. There was Carl Lewis, Mike Powell, Joe Greene and Robert Emmiyan all jumping at about the same time. I was eighth in the world at that time, but sixth in the U.S. I was going 27 feet and couldn't make the team. At the last Olympics, 27-6 won. If I'd be jumping now I'd be No. 1 and have shoe contracts and all kinds of endorsements. Q: Is that your biggest disappointment, not making the Olympic team? A: It is, but it's not something I dwell on. I just came along at the wrong time. Q: Did you go on the European track circuit after college? A: I did that for three years and traveled all over. I got an opportunity to see a big part of the world and got paid for doing it. It was just a great experience. Q: What made you decide to give it up? A: My body decided. Your legs can only take so much pounding. Carl Lewis was able to stay with [long jumping] a long time because he's 6-2 and 170 pounds. I'm 6-4 and 195, and the constant running, the constant pounding on the track you have to do to stay in shape catches up to you. Q: Did you have to train a lot to stay one of the elite long jumpers? A: I did. I'd get to the track at 3 p.m. for a workout and wouldn't be done until 6:30 p.m., and then at some point during the day I'd go lift weights, and I do that six days a week. By no means was it a case where I could just go out and compete and do well without any training. Q: When did you first discover you were good at the long jump? A: I did OK in it in ninth grade. Then my sophomore year, we were at an indoor meet at Pitt, and I was jumping in the dungeon at the field house and I went 21-5 in just a pair of tennis shoes. From that point on, I knew I had something going. Q: You were such a good athlete in high school. Why didn't you play football? A: Hindsight is always 20-20, and I probably should have played because I ended up with a football body. I used to have to fight to keep my weight to 195, so I could have easily been 210 or 215 and played wide receiver or defensive back. But I had colleges offering scholarships for track when I was a sophomore. Track was a way for me to get a free education and it worked out. Q: Did you ever consider getting into coaching? A: I have done some of that. I was helping some football players improve their 40 times with drills, and I've have done that for three or four years. Five of the guys I've helped have gotten Division I college scholarships, but I wasn't able to do it last summer because I was going to the firemen's academy. Hopefully, I'll be able to get back into that. Q: Why did you decide to switch jobs? A: Being a fireman makes you a member of a team and all of the camaraderie that goes along with it. That's something I missed and something you don't have as a teacher. I'm also in training to be a paramedic, and with my [college] degree there are a lot of opportunities for advancement.	http://old.post-gazette.com/sports/other/20030522where0522p3.asp
Born: London. Club: Gateshead Harriers. Coach(s): Carl Johnson, Norman Anderson and Peter Stanley. Jonathan Edwards took triple jumping to another level in the summer of 1995, where he established a world record which could last more than one generation. When he leapt 18.29m, he became the first athlete to clear 60ft for this event and since then only other athlete, American Kenny Harrison, has cleared the 18m-barrier - and he did that to beat Edwards to Olympic gold in Atlanta in 1996. Edwards achieved his success in a career where this vicar’s son, as a committed Christian, at first he chose not to compete on Sundays, passing the chance of taking part in the World Championships in 1991. But by Stuttgart in 1993, he had changed his mind, which proved a fortunate decision because the qualifying round of the triple jump at the World Championships was on a Sunday. He progressed safely to the final, where he took the bronze medal and it proved the foundation to greatness. Edwards had first jumped 16m in 1986 and progressed rapidly to become the best triple jumper in Britain by 1989, when he burst into world class and was third at the World Cup with 17.28m. In 1990 his form was affected by an injured right ankle, but he won the Commonwealth silver medal, a feat he repeated in 1994. He won the World Cup in 1992, but the sensational part of his amazing 1995 was the fact it was so unexpected. The previous summer he had finished sixth at the European Championships in Helsinki before winning silver at the Commonwealth Games in Victoria, solid-enough performances but nothing to say that 12 months later he would become untouchable. Edwards had fabulous speed on the runway. It is believed he was even quicker than Linford Christie, Britain’s 1992 Olympic 100m champion, over 20m - and combining that with his slick hop, skipping and jumping, it became an unbeatable package. He had started the outdoor season with a British record 17.58m, having achieved a wind-assisted best of 17.70m in 1993. But it was at the European Cup in Lille, ironically on a Sunday, that Britain realised it had a phenomenon on its hands. His series was 17.90m(w), an amazing 18.43m(w,+2.4), 17.72m with a legal wind to add 14 cm to his British record, and 18.39m(w,+3.7). The previous longest ever jump was 18.20 m (w,+5.2) by American Willie Banks at Indianapolis in 1988 who also held the world record of 17.97m. His best of 18.43m (w) was comprised of a 6.50m hop, a 5.60m step and a 6.33m jump and the world record was not too far away. It came at Salamanca, Spain, when he jumped 17.98m, before the World Championships in Gothenburg became his finest hour. Edwards was at his peak. His speed was remarkable on that afternoon in Sweden and his first jump blew away the rest of the competition. He jumped 18.16m, smashing his world record, and then in the second round, he went even further, clearing 18.29m. He had recorded the first legal 18m and 60ft jumps with legal wind and ended the year unbeaten in 14 competitions. He was voted BBC Sports Personality of the Year, the L’Equipe International Champion of Champions and he was the IAAF Male Athlete of 1995. But often he recalled how his ‘fame’ hit him most when he was shopping at the Metro Centre near his home in Gateshead, when suddenly he was mobbed by people who just wanted to congratulate him. One of the difficulties Edwards faced was the level of expectation and while he entered the Olympic Games in Atlanta as favourite, it was not to be. It was there that his run of 22 successive wins was ended by Harrison, whose 18.09m beat Edwards into silver by 21 centimetres. He remained optimistic that he would be still be around at this level for Sydney four years later, but before that he had to battle through some of the most traumatic times of his career. In 1997, the defence of his world title in Athens saw him finish second before he had keyhole surgery on his left ankle at the end of the 1998 season, forcing him to miss the Commonwealth Games, though he had finally lifted the European title in Budapest. He won nine of his 12 competitions in 1999, although he was left disappointed by finishing third at the World Championships in Seville, an event which ended with him and wife Alison cuddling by the trackside, during a difficult time for their family because of his mother-in-law being ill. In 2000, he was the World No 1 again, but days before the Games were about to start, his mother-in-law died. Edwards contemplated returning home. He was told to stay, and fuelled up with even more emotion and dedication to the cause, he won the gold medal. His moment arrived in the third round, with a jump of 17.71m, the best in the world and further proof of the way he had shown how mentally he could climb through the barrier of not winning a global title since 1995.He was back, and though he had to settle for silver at the World Indoor Championships in Lisbon with 17.26m as Paolo Camossi won with 17.32m, outdoors he reigned supreme again. After securing a place in the World championship final in Edmonton with the last of his three jumps in qualifying, he then leapt 17.92m to become only the second Briton to regain a world title (Colin Jackson in 1999 was the other). The main gold medal to elude Edwards was the Commonwealth Games title, but he put that right on a Sunday evening in Manchester in 2002. Londoner Phillips Idowu had been fast progressing as the man who one day would succeed him as British No 1 and here he led the competition with 17.68m. Edwards took to the runway, looked around, knew his time had come again and in the third round set a world-leading mark of 17.86m to complete the set of the four majors. Christian Olsson, of Sweden, who had sat in the stand in his home city of Gothenburg in 1995 watching Edwards’ exploits, was the new kid on the block and he won the European title in Munich in 17.53m as the British star finished third with 17.32m. In 2003, Edwards made a late start to his outdoor campaign, but then produced an amazing 17.61m, his best ever season’s opener, in the Gateshead with an even bigger no jump in the third round in the competition won by Olsson with 17.92m (w). He was third at Stockholm with 17.14m and at the London Grand Prix with 17.19m, yet in the latter he sustained an ankle injury and was carried off. A scan showed no break and he was able to compete at the World Championships in Paris, qualifying with 16.94m, but he took only two jumps in the final, thus ending his wonderful career in anti-climatic fashion, last with 16.31m. He has moved into television, as an athletics commentator on the BBC and as the presenter of the Sunday evening religious show Songs Of Praise. He received an MBE in 1995 and CBE in 2000, but still there is no sign of his world record being eclipsed.	https://www.uka.org.uk/ba-home-straight/hall-of-fame-athletes/jonathan-edwards/
With its roots in the expansion of Europe during the 19th century, anthropology is now well placed at the outset of the 21st century to make important contributions to human well-being, economic growth, and mutual understanding of peoples around the world. Why is Anthropology important today? anthropology provides the possibility to study every aspect of human existence. it is the window into the unknown. anthropology provides the answer to our questions about ourselves, our past, present and future. anthropology helps to connect everyone from around the globe. How important is Anthropology in the 21st century education? In this respect, anthropology is uniquely a knowledge for the 21st century, crucial in our attempts to come to terms with a globalised world, essential for building understanding and respect across real or imagined cultural divides, and it is not only the ‘most scientific of the humanities and the most humanistic of … What is anthropology and its importance? Anthropology is the study of what makes us human. … They consider the past, through archaeology, to see how human groups lived hundreds or thousands of years ago and what was important to them. They consider what makes up our biological bodies and genetics, as well as our bones, diet, and health. What is the importance of studying anthropology? Anthropologists study the concept of culture and its relationship to human life in different times and places. They study other societies to gain a clearer perspective on our own. They study the past to help interpret the present. What makes anthropology unique? These include its: cross-cultural or comparative emphasis, its evolutionary/historical emphasis, its ecological emphasis and its holistic emphasis. … A cross-cultural or comparative approach is central to anthropological understanding. This emphasis also makes anthropology unique among the social sciences. How does anthropology contribute to society? Social anthropology plays a central role in an era when global understanding and recognition of diverse ways of seeing the world are of critical social, political and economic importance. Social anthropology uses practical methods to investigate philosophical problems about the nature of human life in society. What are the 4 types of anthropology? Because the scholarly and research interests of most students are readily identifiable as centering in one of the four conventionally recognized subfields of anthropology – archaeology, linguistic anthropology, physical anthropology, and sociocultural anthropology – the Department formulates guidelines for study within … What are examples of anthropology? Social Anthropology includes various sub-disciplines like medical anthropology, psychological anthropology, social institutions, kinship, family and marriage, visual anthropology, theories in social anthropology, fieldwork methodology, ethnography, ethnology, museology, etc. What are the activities at home of anthropology? Answer: Anthropologists study human language, culture, societies, biological and material remains, the biology and behavior of primates, and even our own buying habits. What is the main focus of anthropology? Anthropology is the study of people, past and present, with a focus on understanding the human condition both culturally and biologically. This joint emphasis sets anthropology apart from other humanities and natural sciences. What is Anthropology in simple words? 1 : the science of human beings especially : the study of human beings and their ancestors through time and space and in relation to physical character, environmental and social relations, and culture. 2 : theology dealing with the origin, nature, and destiny of human beings. What are the 5 branches of anthropology? 5 Most Branches of Anthropology – Discussed! - Physical Anthropology: Before understanding the social, cultural and lingual nature of man, it is necessary to understand him as a biological organism. … - Linguistic Anthropology: … - Socio-Cultural Anthropology: … - Ethnology: … - Archaeological Anthropology:	https://shelbylanderson.com/anthropology/what-is-the-significance-of-anthropology-to-the-21st-century.html
Anthropology is the study of people, society, and culture through all time and everywhere around the world. Three of its main characteristics are an ongoing debate between evolutionism and cultural relativism, the use of cross-culture comparison, and ethnographic research based on “participant observation.” What are the unique characteristics of anthropology? Characteristics of anthropology - Holistic. Anthropology seeks to explore every facet of an issue or topic, making it inherently interdisciplinary. - A global perspective. … - Evolutionary. … - Study of culture. … - Biocultural. … - Fieldwork. … - A natural science, a social science and one of the humanities. … - Respect for human diversity. What are the qualities of anthropology? Anthropologists and archeologists should also possess the following specific qualities: - Analytical skills. Anthropologists and archeologists need knowledge of scientific methods and data, which are often used in their research. - Critical-thinking skills. … - Investigative skills. … - Writing skills. What are the 3 main branches of cultural anthropology? These three are archaeology, anthropological linguistics, and ethnology. For the remainder of our time, we’ll take a brief look at each of these three main branches of cultural anthropology. What is anthropology unique approach? What makes anthropology unique among the social sciences? anthropology’s holistic approach to the study of humanity; the importance of fieldwork and participant observation; and its emphasis on cross-cultural comparison. What is the main focus of anthropology? Anthropology is the study of people, past and present, with a focus on understanding the human condition both culturally and biologically. This joint emphasis sets anthropology apart from other humanities and natural sciences. What is the importance of anthropology? Social anthropology plays a central role in an era when global understanding and recognition of diverse ways of seeing the world are of critical social, political and economic importance. Social anthropology uses practical methods to investigate philosophical problems about the nature of human life in society. What are examples of anthropology? Social Anthropology includes various sub-disciplines like medical anthropology, psychological anthropology, social institutions, kinship, family and marriage, visual anthropology, theories in social anthropology, fieldwork methodology, ethnography, ethnology, museology, etc. Which is better anthropology or Archaeology? Because of this use of many different sciences, anthropology can be considered an interdisciplinary study. Archaeology is similar to anthropology in that it focuses on understanding human culture from the deepest history up until the recent past. … Archeology is a more specific branch of anthropology. How does anthropology relate to life? Anthropology is relevant to everyday life. … Anthropology has the power to transform us, to unlock our assumptions about everything: parenting, politics, gender, race, food, economics, and so much more, revealing new possibilities and answers to our social and personal challenges. What is an example of cultural anthropology? The definition of cultural anthropology is the study of past and present societies and the language, traditions, customs, and behavior that are both similar or different from one to another. An example of cultural anthropology is ethnology. What are the two major fields of anthropology? Archaeology examines peoples and cultures of the past. Biological anthropology specializes in evolution, genetics, and health. Cultural anthropology studies human societies and elements of cultural life. Linguistic anthropology is a concentration of cultural anthropology that focuses on language in society. Who is the father of anthropology? July 9, 1858 – December 21, 1942 Franz Boas is regarded as both the “father of modern anthropology” and the “father of American anthropology.” He was the first to apply the scientific method to anthropology, emphasizing a research- first method of generating theories. What is unique about the holistic approach in anthropology? A hallmark of Anthropology is its holistic perspective-understanding humankind in terms of the dynamic interrelationships of all aspects of human existence. Different aspects of culture and society exhibit patterned interrelationships (e.g., political economy, social configurations, religion and ideology). What are the three anthropological approaches? Taking these shared presuppositions as our starting point, we can identify three forms of anthropological knowledge in which neoliberal expansion has been considered: the culturalist approach, the systemic approach, and the approach through governmentality. What are the four main perspectives of anthropology? The key anthropological perspectives are holism, relativism, comparison, and fieldwork. There are also both scientific and humanistic tendencies within the discipline that, at times, conflict with one another.	https://shelbylanderson.com/anthropology/what-are-the-three-unique-qualities-of-anthropology.html
Armstrong-Fumero's translation allows readers to develop a more nuanced understanding of this foundational work, which is often misrepresented in contemporary critical analyses. As much about national identity as anthropology, this text gives Anglophone readers access to a particular set of topics that have been mentioned extensively in secondary literature but are rarely discussed with a sense of their original context. Forjando Patria also reveals the many textual ambiguities that can lend themselves to different interpretations. The book highlights the history and development of Mexican anthropology and archaeology at a time when scholars in the United States are increasingly recognizing the importance of cross-cultural collaboration with their Mexican colleagues. It will be of interest to anthropologists and archaeologists studying the region, as well as those involved in the history of the discipline. Legacies of Space and Intangible Heritage is an interdisciplinary exploration of the intersections between the study and management of physical sites and the reproduction of intangible cultural legacies. The volume provides nine case studies that explore different ways in which place is mediated by social, political, and ecological processes that have deep historical roots and that continue to affect the politics of heritage management. Spaces of human habitation are both historical records of the past and key elements in reproducing the knowledge and values that define lives in the present. Practices, knowledge, and skills that communities recognize as part of their culture—and that a range of legal statutes define as protected intangible heritages—are threatened by increased migration, the displacement of indigenous peoples, and limits on access to culturally or historically significant sites. This volume addresses how different physical environments contribute to the reproduction of cultural forms even in the wake of these processes of displacement and change. Case studies from North and South America reveal a pattern of abandonment and reestablishment of settlements and show how collective memory drives people back to culturally meaningful sites. This tendency for communities to return to the sites that shaped their collective histories, along with the growing importance granted to intangible heritage, challenges archaeologists and other heritage workers to find new ways of incorporating the cultural legacies that link societies to place into the work of research and stewardship. By examining the politics of cultural continuity through the lenses of archaeology and ethnohistory, Legacies of Space and Intangible Heritage demonstrates this complex relationship between a people’s heritage and the landscape that affects the making of "place."	https://www.bibliovault.org/BV.titles.epl?exactAuth=Armstrong-Fumero,%20Fernando
What is the correct definition of ethnology? What is ethnology? The comparison and analysis of different cultural groups in modern societies. The customs, values, social institutions, art, music, dance, language, and traditions that are part of a society’s culture. What is the importance of cultural anthropology? However, cultural anthropology has gave us a understanding of world affairs and world problems, the way to interpret the meaning of social actions by putting them in as much context as possible, and a deeper insight of humankind-at all times, in all places and of yourself as part of a culture. What is the best definition for anthropologist Brainly? Explanation: the science of human beings, the study of human beings and their ancestors through time and space and in relation to physical character, environmental and social relations, and culture. How anthropology is useful? anthropology provides the possibility to study every aspect of human existence. it is the window into the unknown. anthropology provides the answer to our questions about ourselves, our past, present and future. anthropology helps to connect everyone from around the globe. How do anthropologists make generalizations about human behavior? Anthropologists are able to make generalizations about human behavior by systematically studying people. There are three main ways that Cultural Anthropologists study people: 1) they study living cultures, 2) they study past cultures, and 3) they compare cultures. Some Anthropologists study living cultures. What are the four main subdisciplines of anthropology? There are four subfields, or subdisciplines, in anthropology: - cultural anthropology, - archaeology, - physical (biological) anthropology, and. - linguistic anthropology. How do you write an introduction for anthropology essay? The introduction should start broad and narrow down its focus. It concentrates your information. For example, start with a statement about anthropology in general – then media anthropology – then the anthropology of music – then study of rap music – then your own case study or example. Where did anthropology came from? ancient Greek What skills will students develop from the study of anthropology? Careful record-keeping, attention to details, analytical reading, and clear thinking are taught by anthropological courses. Social ease in strange situations, critical thinking, and strong skills in oral and written expression are cultivated by anthropological training. What is the most important contribution of anthropology? But anthropology’s single most important contribution is the concept of culture, the mosaic of a group’s learned and shared, or at least understood, beliefs, practices, and modes of expression. Why is ethnology important? Ethnology is important to cultural anthropology, as it helps us to recognize unique features in a culture, and because it helps bring our own culture into the mix, making the strange familiar and the familiar strange. But through adopting ethnology, we should be cautious when seeking universals. How was anthropology developed? Many scholars argue that modern anthropology developed during the Age of Enlightenment, a cultural movement of 18th century Europe that focused on the power of reason to advance society and knowledge. Enlightenment scholars aimed to understand human behavior and society as phenomena that followed defined principles. What best defines anthropology? Anthropology, “the science of humanity,” which studies human beings in aspects ranging from the biology and evolutionary history of Homo sapiens to the features of society and culture that decisively distinguish humans from other animal species. (For a longer treatment of the history of archaeology, see archaeology.) What is the difference between ethnology and anthropology? Ethnology and Anthropology are two disciplines between which some difference can be observed. Anthropology is a field of study that focuses on human origins, societies and culture. On the other hand, ethnology is the study of the characteristics of different peoples. Who is an anthropologist and ethnographer? Anthropologists who focus on one culture are often called ethnographers while those who focus on several cultures are often called ethnologists.	https://tracks-movie.com/what-is-the-correct-definition-of-ethnology/
On behalf of the faculty, students, and staff of the Department of Anthropology at Georgia State University, I thank you for your interest in our programs. The hallmark of anthropology is the study of human differences and similarities across time and space; accordingly, our professors, and some students, conduct research with communities in three continents and ten countries, including South Africa, Peru, Brazil, Mexico, Italy, and Greece. Through our undergraduate degree in anthropology approximately 150 majors engage in the holistic, comparative, and interdisciplinary study of the human species through courses and research projects on topics that range from human origins and human evolution, to human variation and adaptation, to language and culture. More than 50 graduate students learn how to conduct basic and applied research on aspect of human life through the study of fossils in a lab, artifacts in excavation sites, communication within speech communities, or cultural practices and symbolic expressions in cities, neighborhoods, and organizations. Our B.A. and M.A. graduates pursue doctoral studies in anthropology and other fields, and secure gainful employment as professional anthropologists in the private and public sectors of society. Ethnic, gender, religious, linguistic, class, and regional variation enriches the daily social life and work in the Department. We acknowledge and affirm this cultural diversity; we also seek to enhance it through the recruitment of new faculty and graduate students from historically underrepresented populations in higher education. Kathryn A. Kozaitis, Chair Mission Statement “Our mission is to generate and apply anthropological knowledge through scientific and humanistic research, scholarship, education, and public service at local and global levels. We cultivate in our students, and to the general public, an understanding of what it means to be human, and an appreciation for human differences and similarities across societies and cultures. We interpret and explain the challenges that people face in cities and rural communities worldwide, expose structural inequalities in the past and present, and advance perspectives that reinforce social justice.” About Us The Department of Anthropology offers a Bachelor of Arts and Masters of Arts in Anthropology. Its focus is on the holistic and comparative study of humanity across time and space. Our mission is organized on three principles: (1) a holistic understanding of human diversity requires the study of biological, archaeological, social/cultural, and linguistic anthropology; (2) the comparative study of humanity requires qualitative and quantitative research methods; and (3) human problems must be examined and solved within biological, historical, environmental, political-economic, and sociocultural contexts. Accordingly, the faculty is critically engaged in scientific and humanistic research, academic and applied scholarship, student-centered instruction, and public outreach. Students are trained in anthropological research strategies, theories, and practices. Topical foci include human evolution, primate behavioral ecology, human variation, complex societies, global-local articulations, ideology and power, migrants, immigrants, and refugees in the world system, urban processes and populations, identity politics in multicultural societies, evolution and prevention of disease, and social reform. In this Department we combine academic rigor with politically responsible and ethically sound applications of empirical knowledge in professional fields that include medicine, education, environment, forensics, cultural resource management and business. The Department is committed to a comprehensive education of our students who benefit from our wide repertoire of courses. Students are encouraged to engage in original research corresponding to their interests and also have the option to conduct an internship in their topical concentration or to participate in field schools in Atlanta, in another state, or abroad.	https://anthropology.gsu.edu/about/
Regularly moving country has been challenging at times but it has exposed me to a range of contrasting cultures and societies. Growing up a 'third culture kid' in Europe, S Asia and SE Asia has influenced who I am, making me a more adaptable and open minded person who appreciates the diversity of humankind. It has cultivated a curiosity and a passion to understand more about humanity and the world we live in. EPQ has developed my independence and given me confidence to express myself during debates whilst also accepting opposing views. My project 'Is it human nature to submit to a hierarchy of power?' examines social structures across the world, focusing on 'egalitarian' hunter-gatherer societies. I share Sahlins’ view that truly equal societies do not exist and agree with Keating's statement that "equality is often idealised in the ethnographic record as an achievement," when in fact hierarchies are beneficial to society. In ethnographic research participant observation can be limited by difficulties with cultural relativism. Living in different countries has helped me to understand the necessity of remaining objective despite ethical issues that may arise in a culture where beliefs are different to your own. Studying History, English and DT provides me with a range of skills and allows me to investigate humanity from different angles. Researching architectural design movements has highlighted ways in which cultures differ. Modernism in Russia and Germany contrasted radically during the 1930s due to socio-economic factors. History has taught me the importance of context and provenance, as well as how to analyse data. Studying the rise of the KKK in the 1920s as an outlet for frustrated Americans has shown me how ignorance of other cultures leads to a fear of them and can result in violence. I believe it is important to inspire and educate people to respect cultures different to their own; studying Anthropology could give me the tools to do this. Being a prefect gives me the opportunity to use my organisational and leadership skills. This year our prefect group is larger; many of my peers believe this has diluted the elitism of the role, making the title worthless. This interests me as I believe it demonstrates the perception of power and authority in a micro political system. I see similarities between them and political leaders of Melanesia in Eriksen's 'Small Places, Large Issues:' the "big men" have individual motives of fame and personal gain, agreeing with Bailey’s view of a political system concerning “prizes, competition and control.” As House Captain, along with my role on the Charities Committee, I have gained an understanding of how to interact with different people in order to engage and motivate them. Volunteer work at an orangutan orphanage in Borneo gave me an opportunity to witness the extraordinary similarities between primates and humans and inspired me to read Boehm's 'Hierarchy in the Forest'. Working in marketing at PricewaterhouseCoopers gave me an insight into the increasing use of technology and its impact on culture worldwide, with social networks in particular redefining consumer-to-brand relationships and the ways in which people construct identities. I have represented my schools in international sports events from a young age. Individual sport such as athletics has taught me to be self-reliant and work for personal gain whereas team sports like football and rock climbing have developed my trust and co-operation. Anthropology has always been a part of my life although I did not know it until recently. At university I believe I will thrive in an environment where you are not constrained by rote learning, surrounded by people as hungry to learn as I am. Studying Anthropology will not only give my natural curiosity direction but fuel my passion for understanding the different peoples and societies around the world.	https://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/wiki/Anthropology_5
ANTHROPOLOGY Ph.D PROGRAM Aim and Goal: The Anthropology program is based on the assumption that an understanding of today's societies requires comprehensive research and analysis of the many complex cultural dynamics, which underlie all societies. The aim of this program is to provide students with the theoretical foundation, research skills, and basic knowledge of different cultures that will enable them to study contemporary social and cultural problems, issues and phenomena from an in-depth and cross-cultural perspective. Anthropology offers a variety of historical and comparative approaches to the comprehension of cultural and physical forms, ranging from the study of human evolution to the development of an understanding of societies and their symbols. The undergraduate program designed to provide the broad multi-disciplinary foundations upon which the discipline rests. Anthropology often leads to careers in research and/or teaching at both universities and museums. Positions in the other social science fields are also options for graduates. The Degree: This department is compatible with the 240-ECTS credit first-cycle programme in physics in higher education. One can be the “Doctorate of Philosophy in Anthropology” after accomplishing the requirements of the programme.	https://sbe.yeditepe.edu.tr/en/doctoral-program-anthropology/about-department/bologna
- 1 What is the main goal and focus of social science? - 2 What is the main goal of social? - 3 What are the major goals of social studies? - 4 What are the 3 disciplines of social science? - 5 What are the objectives of social science? - 6 What is a social impact goal? - 7 What is a social smart goal? - 8 What are the two goals of social studies? - 9 What are the major goals and objectives of social studies? - 10 What are the 5 importance of social studies? - 11 What are the goals and objectives of social studies? - 12 What are the 5 discipline of Social Science? - 13 What are the 8 branches of Social Science? - 14 What is Social Science in your own words? Social science examines the relationships between individuals and societies, as well as the development and operation of societies, rather than studying the physical world. These academic disciplines rely more heavily on interpretation and qualitative research methodologies. The social sciences include: Anthropology. Social goals can be described as the goals that connect an individual or group to their immediate world — to make an impact, to create values, to affect lives, to provide or preserve social amenities or infrastructure, to solve social problems, and/or to protect the natural environment. Social studies educates students on citizenship, providing them with the knowledge, skills and attitudes that will help them to become competent and responsible citizens who are informed, thoughtful, participate in their community and exhibit moral and civic virtues. Education, social anthropology, and linguistics. The Education Commission, 1966: The aims of teaching Social Studies (Social Sciences) is to help the students to acquire a knowledge of their environment, an understanding of human relationships and certain attitudes and values which are vital for intelligent participation in the affairs of the community, the state, In essence, the definition of social impact means any significant or positive changes that solve or at least address social injustice and challenges. Businesses or organizations achieve these goals through conscious and deliberate efforts or activities in their operations and administrations. When it comes to setting social media strategies and goals, we recommend using the S.M.A.R.T goal framework — goals that are specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and timely. In a nutshell, then, social studies education has two goals: social understanding (i.e., knowledge of human societies) and civic competence (i.e., democratic citizen- ship). The primary purpose of social studies is to help young people make informed and reasoned decisions for the public good as citizens of a culturally diverse, democratic society in an interdependent world. Helps Students To Become Better Citizens: Subjects in Social Studies like Economics, Political Science and History educate students on Political Ideologies, Constitutional Laws, Citizenship, Rights and Duties, Morals and Virtues, Social Code of Conduct, thus making children aware of their roles and responsibilities THE GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF SOCIAL STUDIES inculcate national consciousness and national unity in students/citizens. make students become good citizens – who are capable and willing to develop the society. inculcate in students the right types of values and attitudes. What are the 5 discipline of Social Science? Usually included within the social sciences are cultural (or social) anthropology, sociology, psychology, political science, and economics. What are the 8 branches of Social Science? The major social sciences are Anthropology, Archaeology, Economics, Geography, History, Law, Linguistics, Politics, Psychology and Sociology. What is Social Science in your own words? Social science is, in its broadest sense, the study of society and the manner in which people behave and influence the world around us.	https://www.ilsocialscienceinaction.org/social-science/quick-answer-what-is-the-primary-goal-of-social-science.html
Why Study Anthropology & Sociology at The College of Idaho? In the world today, recognition of the interdependence of small scale and industrial societies brings a fusion of anthropology and sociology. The College’s major and minor in anthropology and sociology enables students to choose from a wide variety of courses according to their interests. A C of I degree in anthropology and sociology provides a broad liberal arts base of knowledge in two fields that share much in common. Sociology mainly concentrates on the study of industrial societies while anthropology mainly focuses on cultural diversity (for example, ethnic groups within the United States) and small-scale societies globally, with the interdependence of small-scale and industrial societies in today's world providing for a fusion and synthesis of the two fields. Anthropology and sociology majors and minors are strongly encouraged to learn a modern foreign language while students who plan to continue their studies at the graduate level are encouraged to take a statistics course. Earning an anthropology and sociology degree from C of I prepares informed, involved citizens who are able to work within culturally and socially diverse peoples and careers. Our alumni frequently go on to graduate school and/or pursue careers in social work, criminal justice, development, law, medicine, nursing, veterinary school, counseling, library work, creative writing or service organizations such as the Peace Corps. No matter what path you choose, the knowledge you gain from studying human and cultural conditions in anthropology and sociology will benefit you for the rest of your life.	https://www.collegeofidaho.edu/academics/departments/anthropology-sociology
Sign up to our newsletter today We've been helping students find the right postgraduate course for over a decade. Back to results Discipline All Disciplines Location Institution All Institutions Course Type All Course Types Study Type All Study Types Start Term All Start Terms The MSc Forensic Genetics and Human Identification is a comprehensive course on Human Identification and Mass Fatality Incident Analysis incorporating the full methodological repertoire of Forensic Genetics and DNA analysis, Physical Anthropology, Crime Scene Investigation and Human Identification based on biometric assessment of a variety of physical characteristics. Read more Taught by expert researchers, this innovative MSc combines evolutionary anthropology, focusing on the behaviour of human and non-human primates, with evolutionary, developmental and cognitive psychology. Read more Kent-anthropology is renown for its dynamic post-graduate community and its contribution to emerging and established anthropological fields. Read more This one-year degree is designed for students who already hold a first degree (BA or BSc) in Forensic Anthropology or a related subject, and is intended to provide advanced training in subject areas which are germane to current professional requirements, but which are not available collectively at any other institution in the world. Read more This programme places a strong emphasis on critical thinking and understanding of both the broad field of Biological Anthropology and the specialisms within. Read more Bioarchaeology is an exciting and fast-advancing field which combines archaeology with branches of the natural sciences to study key topics such as past health and well-being, diet, ecology, subsistence strategies and environmental impacts. Read more This programme is a pathways-based MSc degree, with a strong emphasis on the development of skills and specialism in Bioarcheology, including opportunities to gain experience with both human and zooarchaeological remains. Read more Benefit from specialised forensic science labs and facilities. Study a course developed and delivered by leading researchers. Gain hands-on experience in the field by getting involved with excavation and bioarchaeological analysis of real human remains at a medieval cemetery - the Poulton Project. Read more Human Security is a unique master’s programme and the first of its kind in Europe. In the course of this cross-disciplinary programme, you will achieve a deeper understanding of social and environmental conflicts around the world. Read more The aims of the course are to provide an understanding of key contemporary research problems in a range of disciplines in either the humanities and social sciences or physical sciences relating to the Arctic and Antarctica, and for students to undertake original research on a topic selected in consultation with members of staff. Read more Bioarchaeology is concerned with the investigation of human and animal skeletal remains to understand the lives of individuals and communities in the past, in relation to their social, cultural, economic, palaeoenvironmental and evolutionary contexts. Read more Forensic science is a dynamic discipline that is crucial to the investigation of crime, the collection of evidence and intelligence, and in securing justice. Read more The MSc Urban Environment focuses on how we might progress towards global sustainability by focusing on the development of more resource efficient, smart and liveable cities. Read more This programme brings together social analysis, design, activism, and inventive research methods in a critical engagement with various dimensions of urban work – from planning, policy making, research, cultural intervention, to the management of social programmes and institutions. Read more Dance studies is a branch of the School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences and affiliated with Professional Studies major. Read more Our MA War, Culture and Society raises urgent questions about why societies go to war, and the impact on individuals and communities.	https://www.findamasters.com/masters-degrees/?Keywords=physical+anthropology
Can trauma be passed down genetically?Maybe. Researchers have been studying ancestral trauma—trauma experienced by your ancestors—to understand more about how long-past traumatic events may affect current and future generations. Interest in inherited trauma spiked after people noticed that many of the children of people who survived the Holocaust also experienced anxiety, nightmares, and heightened alertness, even though the children grew up in secure environments. The science around inherited trauma is still quite new. Here’s what the experts know so far: - Children can be affected by traumatic events experienced by their parents.Multiple studies have found that children of Holocaust survivors are prone to worry, guilt and hypervigilance. Compared to others, they are more likely to assume the worst when something negative happens. They also frequently experience anxiety and nightmares. Other studies have found similar symptoms in children of Vietnam war veterans. These symptoms often persist through adulthood. However, these effects are not found universally in all children of Holocaust survivors or war veterans, and researchers are still trying to understand why some children are negatively affected and others are not. - - Inherited trauma may be due to parenting.Researchers don’t yet know exactly how ancestral trauma affects subsequent generations. Is trauma passed on genetically—via alterations in DNA—or it passed on socially, via parenting and environmental interactions? A service member who returns home from a war with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may parent very differently than one who never experienced combat. It is possible that children develop hypervigilance, for example, in response to a parent’s ever-changing moods. Or, children may learn hyperawareness from parents who still reflexively scan the environment for threats. - The trauma of a previous generation may affect the health of their offspring.UCLA researchers studying trauma found something interesting when they examined the family trees and health records of Civil War prisoners of war: The sons of Civil War POWs had shorter life expectancies and higher mortality rates than the general population. The sons grew up in peace and plenty, yet their health appears to have been affected by their fathers’ experience of disease, stress and starvation during the war. Other studies have revealed that current Lakota people—whose ancestors experienced relocation and starvation—are at increased risk of heart disease and have higher rates of depression than the general public. - Your grandmother’s exposure to stress may affect your weight.The Netherlands experienced a brutal and widespread famine in the winter of 1944. Later studies found that the grandchildren of women who survived the famine were more likely to be obese than would be expected. Further research found that the grandchildren of women who were pregnant that winter were most likely to obese. Researchers suspect that the women’s starvation experience somehow altered the biological makeup of their children, while the children were still in the womb. These changes were then passed on to their offspring. - Males may be more likely to be affected by inherited trauma.When the UCLA researchers looked carefully at the family trees of Civil War POWs, they realized the daughters of POWs did not seem to experience the same adverse effects as the sons. Females born to Civil War POWs lived as long as their peers, while the males’ lifespan was shortened in comparison to their peers. Another study found that the male descendants of those who experienced starvation in remote Swedish villages were negatively affected, while female descendants were not. - - Trauma may change how genes act.Researchers have found that trauma seems to trigger changes that don’t directly alter or mutate a gene or DNA code, but do influence how the genes act in the body. Known medically as epigenetic changes, these modifications may serve to activate or turn off the gene, which could, in turn, affect the body’s mental and/or physical health. Experts have learned, for instance, that traumatized rats have some biological differences compared to non-traumatized rats—and that these rats demonstrate different behavior than other rats. They’ve further proven that these biological changes can be passed down at least six or more generations, influencing the health and behavior of each subsequent generation. - Epigenetic inheritance of trauma hasn’t been proven in humans.A 2018 paper published in World Psychiatry explicitly states, “Studies in humans have not yet demonstrated that the effects of trauma are heritable through non-genomic (i.e., epigenetic) mechanisms.” In other words: Researchers have noted some interesting links between ancestral trauma and the health and well-being of later generations, but they haven’t been able to prove that trauma can be passed down biologically in human beings. It’s easier to prove epigenetic inheritance in rats and other animals because scientists can strictly control the animals’ environments. With humans, it’s exceedingly difficult to tease out the effect of nature vs. nurture. - Inheriting trauma doesn’t mean you’re stuck with it.Good news: There are ways to “undo” the trauma of past generations. Researchers have found, for instance, that mice who have been biologically conditioned to fear the smell of cherry blossoms can unlearn their fear, despite generations’ worth of fear of cherry blossoms. And, the UCLA researchers who studied the offspring of Civil War POWs found that even the sons of POWs had healthy lifespans if their mothers had adequate nutrition during pregnancy. If you feel weighed down by traumatic events in your family’s past, contact a mental health professional for more information and counseling. Look for a licensed practitioner who has experience working with people with a history of trauma. What Experts Are Learning About Inherited Trauma \| What Is Ancestral Trauma?	https://www.healthgrades.com/right-care/mental-health-and-behavior/what-experts-are-learning-about-inherited-trauma?hid=exprr
The idea of stress and aging was born many years ago while one of the co-authors of this paper, Simon L. Dolan, was a junior researcher working with the famous team of Dr. Hans Selye at the University of Montreal. Hans Selye is considered by many to be the “father of stress”, or the founder of the concept of stress in modern medicine. i Dolan joined the team in 1978 and stayed and worked with Hans Selye until his unexpected death in 1982. In 1980, Selye wrote the preface to Dolan and Arsenault first book on stress in Frenchii. The team had several periodic meetings where new discoveries by members of the team were shared, and substantial time was also devoted to new ideas for setting a future research agenda. This was the first time that we heard Hans Selye and his close friend Dr. Paul Rohan propose a redefinition of stress as a concept of accelerated aging (or premature aging). But we did not really set up a program to study it. Now, as we are preparing to publish the latest editions of books on chronic stressiii, we thought it is an opportunity to tackle again this challenging proposition and perhaps shed more light on the multiple relationships between stress and aging. We hope readers will understand this phenomenon better and perhaps can be involved in adopting measures and respective lifestyles to slow down the process of premature aging. In addition, an attempt is made to simplify concepts without trading off the scientific rigor. Simply stated, aging in humans represents the accumulation of changes in a human being over time and can encompass physical, psychological, and social changes. Reaction time, for example, may slow with age, while memories and general knowledge typically increase. Ageing increases the risk of human diseases: of the roughly 150,000 people who die each day across the globe, about two-thirds die from age-related causesiv.More than 70% of people over 65 have two or more chronic conditions such as arthritis, diabetes, cancer, heart disease and strokev. Studies of diet, genes, and drugs indicate that delaying one age-related disease probably staves off others. At least a dozen molecular pathways seem to set the pace of physiological ageing.vi Why do some people live longer than others? Obviously, increasing life span without disease is sought by most people. Researchers have tweaked multiple pathways to give rodents long and healthy lives. For example, restricting calorie intake in mice or introducing mutations in nutrient-sensing pathways shows extended lifespans by as much as 50%. And these “Methuselah mice” are more likely than the control mice to die without any apparent diseases. Post-mortems reveal that tumors, heart problems, neurodegeneration, and metabolic disease are generally reduced or delayed in long-lived mice. In other words, extending lifespan also seems to increase “health-span”, or the time lived without chronic age-related conditions. These insights have hardly made a dent in human medicine. The current tools for extending healthy life—better diets and regular exercise—are effective, but there is lot of room for improvements, especially in adding psycho-social factors to the generic algorithm of life expansion. All in all, the latter is the prime objective of this short paper. While the causes of premature ageing are uncertain, current theories are assigned to the damage concept, whereby the accumulation of damage (such as DNA oxidation) may cause biological systems to fail, or to the programmed ageing concept, whereby problems with the internal processes (epigenomic maintenance such as DNA methylation) may cause accelerated ageing. Additionally, there are other reasons which can speed up the rate of ageing in human beings like obesity and a compromised immune system. To make things worse, there are multiple paths to aging which means that there might be an individualized context. For example, the “Spectrum Model” of Aging is a relatively new interdisciplinary quantified approach to successful aging; it aims to increase overall well-being in later life. The model employs the field of gerontologyvii as a means of reducing and perhaps even eliminating the boundaries created by other disciplines in order to improve patient outcomes and quality of life for all older adultsviii. Why do some people age faster than others? Biologically, ageing results from the impact of the accumulation of a wide range of molecular and cellular damage over time. Thus, this leads to a gradual decline in physical and mental capacity, a growing risk of diseases, and ultimately, death. These changes are usually consistent, and they are associated with a person’s age in years. While some people aged 70 years may be strong and enjoy good health, others who are 70 years old may be weak and require others to help them. The real question about aging is whether the chronological age and the biological age are identical. There is growing evidence that this might not be the case. Hence, some people reach premature aging, and others benefit from postmature (delayed) aging. The real question is: Why is it happening? A series of recent studies are raising a powerful probability for the existence of an aging hormone or an aging enzyme. The problem is that this hormone is in increased production in one of five people. In those who are under stress, it seems to be almost non-existent. Additional studies are needed to reach a personal conclusion for reducing stress and perhaps, by doing so, will lead to a reduction of premature aging. So, the question becomes: Why do some people look older in their 20s, while others look like they’ll stay young forever? This question of course concerns us all, and is still considered by many to be a mystery that cannot be easily explained. But, in recent years, there have been some interesting studies that have found all kinds of factors that influence the process and may shed more light on one of the most important questions of mankind. In this article, we present some of the key factors connected to premature aging; perhaps this synthesis will add value to those concerned with this phenomenon. The paper is eclectic, hence it uses recent findings published in “Nature”, as well as relying on recent research findings emerging in the field of epigenetics. Finally, we will also discuss our own research into the understanding of the consequences of chronic stress. We think that examining all these factors simultaneously can enable plausible hypotheses. The specific hypothesis that we are adding has to do with the consequences of living for prolonged periods in a state of value incongruence. The concept of Chronic Stress In the field of stress, researchers, and practitioners clearly distinguish between an acute stress and chronic stress. While some of the biological and physiological mechanisms are similar (variation is only in severity and repetitiveness), the diagnosis of chronic stress is much more complex, hence the signs and symptoms are not obvious; they have no color and no odor, but they are cumulative and toxic and involve the “tear and wear” of the body or the soul, which eventually leads to disease and often death. In this paper, we focus on chronic stress. Chronic stress has been shown to have a number of negative health impacts, from insomnia to weight gain to an increased risk for heart disease — not to mention impairing the immune and digestive systems as well as the central nervous system. And when it comes to aging, we’ve all heard that worrying will give you wrinkles, but is the science there to back up the idea that stress accelerates aging? Although more research is still needed on the exact mechanisms by which psychological stress contributes to biological aging, what we do know is that stress can be a contributor to premature aging. In other words, when we are under ongoing stress, it creates that fight-or-flight reaction on one hand or suppression in growth on the other hand in an unrelenting way. As a result, the stress hormones-enzymes are released into the body.ix What we know so far is that the release of those stress hormones is creating permanent biological changes. In Dolan´s et al books the concept of escalated zero is explained further but in general it is hypothesized that the hormones do not settle back to the same zero. But in order to maintain functionality, a new homeostasis is reached and it progressively (when more episodes of stress occur) goes up and up. Little by little, the body is breaking down. The underlying hypotheses proposed here includes the following: - Stress, being acute or chronic, damages cells, and eventually leading to early (or premature) aging. - Chronic stress ages the brain. - Chronic stress leads to vision and hearing loss. - Chronic Stress contributes to an unhealthy lifestyle. The Biological – Hormonal Stress angle From a biological angle, aging is associated with a decrease in the regeneration capacity of the skeletal muscles after an acute injury—resulting in a decrease in physical strength and physiological abilities. However, a recent article in NATURE proposes a new factor that you may well have never heard of. The authors state that genetic studies have identified a powerful aging suppressant hormone called “Klotho”. The document reviews important studies conducted on the mysterious hormone. And, while most of the studies on the subject were conducted at this stage only on mice, one of the most fascinating academic works focused specifically on a group of women. There, they report on a study including 90 mothers who were defined as living with “high emotional stress” and another 88 women who lead a more relaxed life. All women were generally healthy and in their 30s or 40s. Among the women who faced high mental stress, there was a significantly lower rate of this hormone. Dr. Eric Perth, from the University of California, San Francisco who led the study, said, “Our findings suggest that the which we now know is very important for health, may be associated with mental stress and even premature illness and death.”x The University of California study was conducted after researchers at the same university identified a specific genetic variant found in one in five people, causing increased production of the hormone Klotho. In this study, the scientists were able to prove that the cognitive abilities of these people are better and that their prefrontal cortex is greaterxi. In addition, the researchers explained that these people tend to live longer and suffer from fewer diseases related to aging. Furthermore, in another study, the same group of researchers went even further and increased the rate of this hormone in the bodies of laboratory mice. Their findings improved the brain function of those mice and reduced the rate of toxins associated with other studies for the development of Alzheimer’s disease. By the way, Klotho is a transmembrane protein that, in addition to other effects, provides some control over the sensitivity of the organism to insulin, and appears to be involved in aging. Its discovery was documented in 1997 by Makoto Kuro-o, et. alxii. The name of the gene comes from Klotho or Clotho, one of the Moirai, or Fates, in Greek mythology. In experiments with mice, Klotho-deficient mice, manifest a syndrome resembling accelerated human ageing and display extensive and accelerated arteriosclerosisxiii. With all these findings, it will probably take a long time before such experiments are carried out in humans and before we understand exactly if and how this hormone affects the rate of aging and the risk of developing various diseases. Of course, until then, no one will recommend taking certain supplements without control—there is one conclusion that perhaps should be considered seriously: Reducing chronic stress will certainly prolong life via the production of the Klotho hormone or via other etiological paths. And what about job stress? A 2012 study, published in the journal PLoS ONE, found that work-related exhaustion can have a harmful effect on critical DNA in the cells. Researchers measured the length of DNA sections called telomeres and found that individuals with the most job stress had the shortest telomere—when telomeres become too short, the cells can die or become damaged. Those who did not experience work exhaustion had longer telomeres. Telomere shortening has been linked to Parkinson’s, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, the study notes.xiv Chronic stress has been shown to contribute to the development of Alzheimer’s disease, and recent research has shown that greater stress may be the reason that some women’s brains age more prematurely than men. An article published in 2012 in the NewScientist, quotes researchers based in UC Berkeley, who discovered that the pattern of gene activation and deactivation that occurs as the brain ages seemed to progress more quickly in women; the scientist states, “A higher stress load could be driving the female brain towards faster aging-related decline.”xv The over production of the fight-flight hormone (adrenaline) speeds up the heart rate and increases blood pressure, and in several cases, showed temporary vision and hearing loss. When stress becomes chronic, a prolonged and repeated adrenaline production may relate to a decrease in hearing and vision, although we do not know if these are permanent losses. Nonetheless, we definitely begin to behave and feel less vital if adrenaline is constantly pumping throughout the body. Aside from the chemical-hormonal changes, it has been fairly well documented that people under stress neglect to take care of themselves; they are known to eat poorly, to exercise less, to drink more, and rely excessively on medication. All of those things eventually show up on your body and affects the aging process. Experts in nutrition insist that developing healthy habits (eating, sleeping, being active) is critical to aging well. Regular exercise protects the aging brain, and conversely, sleep deprivation can accelerate aging. As you get older, good nutrition becomes increasingly important in how the body ages. Wellbeing depends on what we perceive as life quality. This is by in large an individual choice and for most of us a moving target, because of the transformation phases in our life from child to old age. It is our choice wheatear we actively design our life or let us drift in the life maze.xvi “Six factors measured by age 50 were excellent predictors of those who would be in the “happy-well” group–the top quartile of the Harvard men–at age 80: a stable marriage, a mature adaptive style, no smoking, little use of alcohol, regular exercise, and maintenance of normal weight.” It takes a meaningful purpose and action to create joy and satisfaction. They may lead to wellbeing and moments of happiness on individual, organizational, and social level. Additionally, they should also lead towards greater serenityxvii The Stress Inflammatory Angle There are many studies connecting chronic stress with inflammatory processes resulting in higher microglial activation and expression of proinflammatory markers. More importantly, the higher inflammatory response seen in stressed animals was associated with a higher rate of death of dopamine, the most characteristic feature seen in Parkinson’s disease. In total, stress seems to be an important risk factor in the degenerative processes leading to real diseases such as Parkinsons and naturally implies premature aging.xviii Furthermore, following the demonstrated association of employee burnout or vital exhaustion with several risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CVD risk, research by Toker et. al, shows the possibility that one of the mechanisms linking burnout with CVD morbidity is microinflammation; they pointed out the role of C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and fibrinogen concentrations in the etiology. Their sample included 630 women and 933 men, all apparently healthy, who underwent periodic health examinations. The authors controlled for possible confounders including 2 other negative affective states: depression and anxiety. In women, burnout was positively associated with hs-CRP and fibrinogen concentrations, and anxiety was negatively associated with them. In men, depression was positively associated with hs-CRP and fibrinogen concentrations, but not with burnout or anxiety. Thus, they have concluded that burnout, depression, and anxiety are differentially associated with microinflammation biomarkers, dependent on gender.xix Another interesting angle, which comes from the beauty sector, is to examine the relationships between stress and premature aging, where the focus is on the skin. It’s no secret that stress may show on our skin: from forehead lines to breakouts, stress has a way of showing its wear and tear on our face. But what we did not know is that it can also lead to premature aging. The hypothesis is that internal and external stressors set off a cycle of inflammation that accelerates the aging process. Inflammation is a defense mechanism. It serves as the body’s natural way of protecting itself against injury and infection. However, when it occurs on a loop (i.e. chronic base), it can cause damage that stresses our skin cells and accelerates the aging process. Chronic stressors and unhealthy lifestyle habits are to blame for this type of inflammatory response. In such cases, negative stimuli linger and set off an unhealthy cycle of inflammation that goes largely undetected. Inflammation is our body’s natural defense mechanism to combat the effects of these stressors. But, as we age, our body becomes less efficient at ‘turning off’ the inflammatory response and the body goes into a chronic low-grade inflammatory status that damages tissue.” Inflammation causes a number of skin changes that accelerate the aging process. It includes: - Dehydration – Lacking sufficient water content, the skin becomes dry, dehydrated and inflexible - Collagen & Elastin Degradation – When inflammation becomes chronic, it sets off metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the skin. These enzymes which are found in the spaces between skin cells break down proteins such as collagen and elastin and inhibit their production. - Glycation – the skin loses its ability to build and retain fat, it becomes less and less plump. When glycation attacks our fat cells, it causes them to become misshapen and our face loses volume and begins to appear flat and sunken, as though it is falling. The stress and Epigenetic angle The word “epigenetics” is derived from the Greek word “epi”, meaning “over” or “above,” and in this case, over or above the genome. This area of research involves the study of how our behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way our genes work. Genes are made of a molecule called DNA. Epigenetic changes are vital to normal biological functioning and can affect natural cycles of cellular death, renewal, and senescence. Different lifestyle and behavioral factors such as diet, sleep, exercise, smoking, and drinking alcohol can also affect the composition and location of the chemical groups that bind to our DNA. Environmental factors such as stress and trauma may also have an impact. A recent article by Zannas (2019) provides a state-of-the-art review on the links between Epigenetics, psychological stress and agingxx. Zannas concludes that psychosocial stress—especially when chronic, excessive, or occurring early in life—has been associated with accelerated aging and increased disease risk. Among molecular mechanisms linking stress and aging, the author reviews evidence on the role of epigenetics, biochemical processes that can be set into motion by stressors and in turn influence genomic function and complex phenotypes, including aging-related outcomes. The article further provides a conceptual mechanistic framework on how stress may drive epigenetic changes at susceptible genomic sites, thereby exerting systems-level effects on the aging epigenome, while also regulating the expression of molecules implicated in aging-related processes. This emerging evidence, together with work examining related biological processes, begins to shed light on the epigenetic and more broadly, molecular underpinnings of the long-hypothesized connection between stress and aging. Epigenetics can also mark accurate chronological time versus biological time. Our chronological age is based on our birthdate, but biological age means the true age that our cells, tissues, and organ systems appear to be, based on biochemistry. Our epigenome is affected by our environment and experiences over time, similar to how rings on the inside of a tree can tell us the tree’s age and mark when it has encountered damage or stress. Dr. Steve Horvath of UCLA and his team discovered an epigenetic clock that allows us to measure the age of all human tissuesxxi. Past models of biological versus chronological age were based on an analysis of telomeres. These are structures at the end of chromosomes that keep them from tangling with each other and play an important role in DNA replication during cell division. One of the most promising, Nobel Prize-winning epigenetic techniques uses a harmless virus to introduce special genes called Yamanaka factors (after the researcher who discovered them) to undo the epigenetic programming of mature cells. This process transforms the mature cells back into their younger stem cell formxxii. Having those younger cells in place has been shown to regenerate some function lost to age, illness, or injury. The science of epigenetics offers intriguing windows into how and why we age at different rates. It also holds both great promise and potential peril for unethical or inequitable use. While this field is growing fast, it is still evolving, and many of the technologies are still only used in animal models and have not yet been approved for humans. Be skeptical and cautious when considering any anti-aging interventions, especially if something seems too good to be true. While it’s nice to imagine how epigenetics could someday be manipulated to heal or restore, common sense advice on healthy aging remains: eating correctly, exercising, getting enough sleep, moderating unhealthy habits, and managing the chronic stressors in your life to the best of your ability. Aging is a multifactorial process characterized by the progressive loss of physiological functions, leading to an increased vulnerability to age-associated diseases and eventually, death. Several theories have been proposed to explain the nature of aging. One of the most known theories identifies the free radicals produced by the mitochondrial metabolism as the cause of cellular and DNA damage. However, there is also evidence supporting that epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, noncoding RNAs, and histone modifications, play a critical role in the molecular mechanism of aging. Another interesting paper explains how the interlinked effects of oxidative stress and epigenetics can explain the cause of age-related declines Value Incongruence, stress, and aging The relationship between incongruence amongst core values and stress tends to become stronger when a value is ranked as more important, but people do not live coherently with it. Our own studies show that there is considerable evidence that not knowing or not living congruently with our core values leads to stress. If it persists, it leads to all the negative “wear and tear” consequences. A host of studies connect values—especially the notion of value incongruence—with the social-psychological construct of “dissonance” or more specifically “cognitive dissonance”. The latter refers to a situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs, values, or behaviors. The theory proposes that this is not sustainable as it produces abnormal behavior or even diseases and thus this feeling of discomfort eventually leads a person to alter some of his/her attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors in order to restore balance. One thing is certain: a prolonged state of value incongruence leads to stress, and stress is a condition that debilitates the body and the soul. We have written many articles and books on the sources and consequences of stress (at work), and we are convinced that the latter negatively affects our physical and mental health. Interestingly, though, the medical and biological literature has started to borrow concepts from psychology and sociology to explain the mutation of cells (or diseases). Traditional medical textbooks classify diseases by the affected organ or system, and frequently by the agent involved, for example, viral and bacterial diseases. But increasingly, mental and physical diseases are appearing that cannot be explained sufficiently in this manner—among them the process of aging. The models of diseases have changed, and the new paradigm includes the social phenomenon involved in the etiology of a disease. One of the social factors that has been identified in this context is value incongruence When an individual experiences chronic value incongruence, the likelihood of health-related problems increases dramatically. In our own research, our colleagues found out that nurses who felt trapped in their jobs (they wanted out because of value incongruence), but were forced to stay in their positions because of economic needs, experience a higher level of job burnout and also have an incidence of metabolic syndrome higher than expected given their age. xxvii Metabolic syndrome is a key predictor of heart disease and type 2 diabetes. Burnout—an unpleasant and dysfunctional condition that both individuals and organizations would like to avoid—has been established as a stress phenomenon. It presents a pattern of health correlates one would expect to find with the following conditions: headaches, gastrointestinal disorders, muscle tension, hypertension, cold/flu episodes, and sleep disturbances, among others. Stress phenomenon is also a form of mental distress characterized by (a) a predominance of dysphoric symptoms such as emotional exhaustion, (b) a predominance of mental and behavioral symptoms, and (c) decreased work performance resulting from negative attitudes and behaviors. The scientific evidence for the negative outcomes of chronic value incongruence for both organizations (e.g., productivity loss, or incapacity to retain talent) and individuals (e.g., likelihood of mental and physical diseases) is overwhelming. Mind you, we are not talking about a form of temporary or transitory incongruence; we are talking about a permanent feeling or perception. Despite the obvious connections, the relationships between values, cognition, stress, and illnesses are complex and not fully understood. But science is advancing our understanding of psychological experiences. We now know that these experiences in some ways both arise from (or are manifestations of) and affect brain chemistry and biology. It appears that cognitions leading to stress influence biology (i.e., ageing). Several theories from different research fields in management, psychology, and medicine claim that human beings are generally inclined to reduce cognitive or motivational discrepancies and that such incongruences are associated with negative outcomes such as psychological distress or dissatisfaction. So, by and large, high levels of incongruence are hypothesized to be an essential cause of the formation and maintenance of a variety of psychopathological symptoms whereby leading to premature ageing.xxviii Conclusions We all know that emotional stress affects our body, brain, and mind. A long list of studies has already shown that stress increases the production of inflammation in our bodies, increases the risk of various diseases, and adversely affects many biological processes. The good news is that there are now lots of proven ways to improve our response to stress and reduce its impact on us. The first step is to raise awareness of how stress is gripping our lives. And as awareness increases, we can also examine which tools might help lower the height of the flames. Yes, it is not easy. Sometimes it also requires professional help, but it is one of the best investments we can make for ourselves throughout life. In order to help professionals, diagnose chronic stress, an original card tool based on principles of gamification has been developed. The tool is called “The Stress Map”. Used with permission. The stress map is based on many years of our research where several themes discussed earlier in this paper have been integrated. The stress map has been inspired by the correlates and derivatives of chronic stress, as presented in Figure 3. The 4 pillars that can help diagnose chronic stress and vulnerability include: - Use the tool to Identify the density of the signs and symptoms of chronic stress in the past 3,6, or 12 months (the latter are identified at the psychological, biological-somatic, physical-inflammatory, and physiological levels); density is a new algorithm developed for the stress map that multiplies the severity of the sign/symptom by the frequency of occurrence. This can generate a type of hierarchy of the signs and symptoms of a person’s poor coping. - Use the tool to Identify the core possible sources of chronic stress (in the work and non-work setting). Research indicates that both spheres of life are important due to a spillover effect,where sources of stress in one sphere of life of the person affects the other. - Use the tool to Identify what we label the “meta sourcesof stress”. This addresses the following questions: does the person lives in congruence with his/her core values?Does the incongruence also create conflicts between work and family life? Does the person have a low level of trust amongst the people that he/she are being surrounded? - Use thetool to Identify the modulators that can either exacerbate or filter the negative consequences of stress. These haveto do with some key individual differences and vulnerabilities to be affected by epigenetic factors. In order to help the person, stop (or perhaps slow down) the process of premature aging, a mix of two critical elements is needed: - a good diagnostic tool that will help understand his/her chronic stress situation, so awareness is created and risk factors are identified, and - build and prepare the person for overcoming chronic stress by doing psychological and physical alignment. The latter promotes resilience and decreases the process of aging. With the emergence of paradigms of positivity in psychology and medicine, we are learning more and more about the positive aspects of health and well-being, all that promotes longevity and a good quality of life. Physical fitness combined with mental fitness and value congruence, leads to enhanced mental health as well as psychosomatic health and extended life expectancy. This congruence also leads to relative happiness, which in turn has been correlated with both mental and physical health. Positive psychology focuses on positive emotions, strengths, and good mental health, all of which are related to value congruence. Happiness and life satisfaction is linked to value congruence. Our colleagues have seen that value congruence coupled with support and optimism leads to faster recovery following surgery. Although some people take it even further and suggest that there is a link between positive psychology and cancer survival, this has yet to be proven. While wellness is experienced at the individual level as happiness, joy, health, and longevity, many of its causal factors extend well beyond the individual. Similarly, while wellness promotion strives to increase the joy, health, and longevity of individuals, its strategies go well beyond the individual and include environmental, social, and other collective interventions because the etiology of aging and well-being depends on, among other factors, value congruence (the social environment) and the physical environment. Classification of Strengths, and the study of how those strengths can be applied by individuals to improve their social interactions, are all very important additions to the evolving explanation of the enhancement of well-being and the slowing down of the process of premature aging.xxix And talking about reference point, many refer to the longevity of the Japanese population. According to a 2019 life expectancy report, the average lifespan of the whole world is 72.6 years, but for Japan, it is 84.6 years. With more than 29% of its population over the age of 65, the Land of the Rising Sun is consistently recognized for its big community of healthy elders. On December 28, 2012, Jiroemon Kimura became the oldest verified male in history—he lived for 116 years and 54 days before dying from natural causes. What’s the Japanese secret to maintaining good health for so many years? In Japan, it is no secret. In fact, everyone learns it at a young age. In their mandatory educational program, Japanese children are taught to eat a balanced diet, keep good hygiene, and exercise daily. Those habits are complemented by various practices of mental stress reduction techniques. Longevity in Japan, more precisely, can be summarized in three ritualistic points: - The balanced diet – Japanese people favor an adequate, well-proportioned, and nourishing meal. A Japanese diet is balanced physically, emotionally, and spiritually. Food is regarded as a gift from the land, the mountain, or the river. To enjoy a meal is to pay tribute to the one who prepared it. - The religion of nature – Japanese people worship every small thing in nature; a rock, a river, and a tree branch all possess an inner spirit that Japanese people call kami. According to Shintoism, each living thing has its individuality, but it is not separated from others. We are all part of a continuous, collective life current, and we live our lives in pursuit of that flow. - The embedded concept of Ikigai in daily life – Ikigai is a Japanese concept of a “reason for being.” It is the mental state of four elements: what you love, what the world needs, what you are good at, and what you can be paid for. There is no exact number of people who reach the sweet spot of ikigai or people who are nearly there. The essence of ikigai is to find your life purpose, your reason for existing, and your motivation to get out of bed every single day. Finding purpose in life reduces incongruences, conflicts, and chronic stress and boosts one’s health. In a study published in 2006 in the Journal of the American Medical Association, a group of researchers found a positive correlation between having a purpose in life and a decreased mortality rate. People who know their direction, intention, and objective experience less stress, anxiety, fatigue, and negative effects on the nervous system. The science at work here is still emerging, but generations of Japanese people have practiced—and benefited from—ikigai. It is considered a key pillar to building and sustaining a happy and fulfilled life. In summary, since ageing is primarily the result of a failure of maintenance and repair mechanisms (both psychological and biological), various approaches have been discussed in this paper. Namely the reduction of chronic stress is proposed as the prime mechanism to modulate the process of aging. However, in order to do that, a good diagnostic tool has been sought, and the stress map tool can serve this purpose. This is the first diagnosis tool available for health professionals. The diagnostic process begins with awareness of a problem, followed by a state of acceptance, and then the person seeks health care; there is an iterative process of information gathering, information integration and interpretation, and a determination of a plan of action. Assuming that most rational people will attempt stopping or slowing down premature aging, this paper provides the multiple pathways of doing it. About the authors Prof. Simon L. Dolan is a researcher, author, management consultant and a very solicited speaker. A prolific author (over 77 books), the creator of the Leading, Managing and Coaching by Values school of thought. He serves as the president of the Global Future of Work Foundation. He commutes between Barcelona (Spain) and Montreal (Canada) and delivers speeches in four languages throughout the world via his “Thinking Heads” agency (www.thinkingheads.com ). His writings and interests are in the interface between values, stress, and wellbeing, coaching and leading all connected to the future of work. To learn more about him: www.simondolan.com . Contact: [email protected] Prof. Mario Raich is a Swiss futurist, book author and global management consultant. He was a Senior Executive in several global financial organisations, and Invited Professor to some leading business schools like ESADE (Barcelona). He is the co-founder and Chairman of e-Merit Academy (www.emeritacademy.com) and Managing Director for the Innovation Services at Frei+Raich Ltd. in Zurich. In addition, he is a cofounder and member of the advisory board of the Global Future of Work Foundation in Barcelona. He is the coauthor of books and many articles on the future. Currently he is researching the impact of Cyber-Reality and Artificial Intelligence on society, education, business, and work. Contact: [email protected] Endnotes and references - See for example: Mario Orsatti “An interview with the “father of stress” (2012) https://www.tm.org/blog/people/interview-with-father-of stress/#:~:text=Hans%20Hugo%20Bruno%20Selye%20%281907-1982%29%20is%20known%20as,to%20the%20pressures%20of%20injury%20and%20intense%20experience. ; Hans Selye, Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Selye - Shimon L. Dolan & André Arsenault (1980) Stress, santé et travail. Published as Monographie #5 (The Université de Montreal). - Simon L. Dolan, De-Stress at work: Understanding and combatting chronic Stress (Routledge 2022 -forthcoming): Simon L. Dolan, Eric Gosselin, André Arsenault “Stress, Santé & Performance au Travail”, Presse de l Université du Québec – Forthcoming 2022). - Source_ Wikipedia – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageing - Hung, W. W., Ross, J. S., Boockvar, K. S. & Siu, A. L. BMC Geriatr. 11, 47 (2011). - Luigi Fontana, Brian K. Kennedy, Valter D. Longo, Douglas Seals & Simon Melov “Medical research: Treat ageing” , NATURE, July 23, 2014 (https://www.nature.com/articles/511405a) - Gerontology is the study of the social, cultural, psychological, cognitive, and biological aspects of aging. The word was coined by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov in 1903, from the Greek γέρων, geron, “old man” and -λογία, -logia, “study of”. The field is distinguished from geriatrics, which is the branch of medicine that specializes in the treatment of existing disease in older adults. - Martin DJ, Gillen LL. Revisiting gerontology’s scrapbook: from Metchnikoff to the spectrum model of aging. Gerontologist. 2014;54(1):51-58. - Enzymes form and act at the site of production. Hormones form and act at different sites. Examples: Protease, amylase, and lipase are important enzymes for digestion. Examples: Melatonin is the hormone that regulates your circadian rhythm (sleep cycle) Insulin is another hormone that regulates blood sugar. - Note: Perth stressed that his research was purely observational and did not prove a cause-and-effect relationship between high levels of stress and a decrease in the rate of this hormone, and certainly did not prove that such a link affects the acceleration of aging.	https://politicalanthropologist.com/2021/12/09/a-voyage-into-premature-aging-the-role-of-chronic-stress-and-its-principal-correlates/
These are the words of a woman interviewed by Aleksandra Staneva, Ph.D., and colleagues as they conducted a study on how women experience and interpret psychological distress while they are pregnant. The study was reported in the June 2017 Health Care for Women International. What they learned is that for many women, experiencing distress during pregnancy runs smack into unrealistic cultural expectations and fuels excessive guilt. Women report feeling totally responsible for the well-being of their babies. With increasing media attention to the harmful effects of stress on fetuses, some women believe they are supposed to remain happy and serene throughout their pregnancies, and if they don’t, it’s their fault. So what does research to date actually tell us about the effect of maternal antenatal distress on offspring? First, a word about the term “distress.” In the context of research on the effects of antenatal maternal psychological states on offspring, “distress” encompasses maternal anxiety, depression, and perceived stress. This is because studies to date have found that any of these, or any mixture of these, has similar effects on offspring. Though there are some distinctions, most researchers have found it more valuable to examine these collectively. CHILD HEALTH: LEARN MORE ABOUT MEDICHILD BY VISITING THE BOOTH AT EMERGENCY EXPO Distress During Pregnancy: A Case Example Delia* is a 28-year-old woman with recurrent major depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) stemming from prolonged childhood emotional, physical, and sexual trauma. She is raising her 2-year-old daughter, Keisha, on her own with limited financial resources and housing insecurity. While pregnant with Keisha, she was highly stressed and severely depressed. Being pregnant made her feel vulnerable and intensified her PTSD symptoms. She had previously responded well to sertraline but discontinued it because she thought she shouldn’t take medication while pregnant. Her pregnancy was complicated by preeclampsia, which was frightening. Keisha was born a month early; she was a healthy baby but fussy. As a toddler, she is sensitive and reacts with fear to new situations. Delia has just learned she is pregnant again. Recalling how difficult her last pregnancy was and how that may have affected Keisha, she sees a psychiatrist, Dr. Wilkins, for ideas about how to maintain mental health. To provide context for how a psychiatrist can help, we’ll review some relevant information. Homeostasis, Allostasis, and Allostatic Load As a prelude to understanding the effects of distress during pregnancy, it helps to understand how bodies handle stress in general. Certain body systems need to be maintained within narrow ranges to operate effectively. Blood pH and body temperature are examples. Processes that maintain these systems within range are known as homeostasis. Stress can disturb homeostasis. To counter threats to homeostasis, our bodies mobilize the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the sympathetic nervous system, and the immune system. That mobilization is known as allostasis. For example, the sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for fight or flight by activating the heart, blood vessels, and muscles, and the immune system prepares to respond to possible wounds or infection. Mobilizing these responses intermittently enhances health. Exercise is an example of healthy allostasis. As with intermittent physical challenges, intermittent cognitive and/or emotional challenges can promote health. On an emotional level, insufficient challenge can lead to boredom, an affective state that can drive a person to seek new goals and positive stimulation. By contrast, when allostatic processes are repeatedly and chronically mobilized, we pay a price. The resultant wear and tear are known as allostatic load. High allostatic load includes physiologic dysregulation of multiple body systems that contributes to disease. Pregnancy is itself a physiologic stressor. It is sometimes referred to as a natural stress test, bringing out vulnerabilities to cardiovascular disease, diabetes, depression, and other conditions. Adding psychological stress, trauma, and/or chronic societal strains such as economic deprivation and racism can lead to substantial allostatic load during pregnancy. This can influence the likelihood of adverse pregnancy outcomes and can influence fetal development. Just as different patterns of stress can be healthy or unhealthy for people in general, research to date suggests that different patterns of antenatal stress can either promote or impede healthy fetal development. Healthy Stress During Pregnancy How can researchers know how fetuses react when their mothers are stressed? One particularly helpful clue is how the fetal heart rate changes in response to maternal stress. To restore homeostasis under stress, it’s important for some parameters to vary flexibly (for example, heart rate) to keep others (for example, blood pressure) constant. For this reason, beat-to-beat variability of the fetal heart rate is an indicator of health. When a pregnant woman experiences mild to moderate intermittent stress, her fetus responds with a temporary increase in heart rate variability. That response to maternal stress intensifies as the fetus matures, and it becomes increasingly well coupled with fetal movement. These changes suggest that the fetus is becoming more adept at normal allostasis, which may promote healthy development later in life. Research by Janet DiPietro, Ph.D., published in the August 2012 Journal of Adolescent Health shows that newborns who were exposed to mild to moderate intermittent maternal distress in utero have faster neural conduction, consistent with the hypothesis that exposure to healthy stress in utero advanced their neural development. Similarly, toddlers who were exposed to mild to moderate intermittent maternal distress in utero show more advanced motor and cognitive development. Unhealthy Stress During Pregnancy By contrast to the salutary effects of intermittent mild to moderate maternal stress on fetal development, severe and/or chronic maternal distress is associated with higher risks for adverse perinatal outcomes and long-term adverse effects on offspring. The difference can be detected in utero. Fetuses of pregnant women who have high anxiety tend to have heart rates that are more reactive to acute stressors. The fetuses of pregnant women with low socioeconomic status tend to have reduced beat-to-beat variability. When maternal distress reaches the level of a clinically diagnosable disorder that remains untreated, long-term adverse effects can ensue. For example, untreated antenatal major depression is associated with increased risk of premature birth and low birth weight. Infants and toddlers exposed to maternal depression in utero show excessive crying; reduced motor and language development; and more distress, fear, and shyness than offspring not exposed to maternal depression. Children and adolescents exposed to antenatal maternal depression have an increased risk of emotional, behavioral, and cognitive problems. Epigenetics and Fetal Programming There is increasing evidence that intrauterine environmental exposures can “program” a fetus to develop in a certain way. It is posited that this programming confers the evolutionary advantage of using intrauterine cues to predict what awaits in the outside world and to develop accordingly. An example is that when women are pregnant during famines, their offspring have a higher likelihood of being overweight and experiencing reduced glucose tolerance later in life. It is hypothesized that the famine-exposed fetuses developed a “thrifty phenotype” to adapt to a resource-poor environment. Health problems ensue when there is a mismatch between the intrauterine environment and the external world—for example, when an individual who has developed a slow metabolism in response to in utero nutritional deprivation grows up in an environment replete with food. There is evidence that fetal programming also occurs in response to maternal psychological distress. If a fetus will be born into a world filled with constant dangers, it might be adaptive to develop a highly reactive stress response system. This appears to be what happens to offspring of women who experience prolonged, clinically significant levels of anxiety, depression, and stress while pregnant. In babies, exposure to substantial maternal distress in the womb is associated with increased physiologic and behavioral reactivity to stress, such as a routine heel stick at birth. Over time, the offspring’s hyper-responsive physiologic responses can contribute to poor health. Fetal programming is thought to occur via epigenetic pathways—environmental factors triggering molecular processes that change the expression of fetal or placental genes. A major caution regarding fetal programming research is that it is difficult to tease out the effects of the in utero environment from other influences. Studies have examined newborn stress reactivity, brain connectivity, and temperament to separate in utero from environmental influences after birth. For example, newborns of women who had untreated antenatal depression show reduced connectivity between their prefrontal cortex and amygdala. This is associated with increased heart rate reactivity when they were fetuses. What’s especially difficult to disentangle are shared genetic tendencies. It is likely that genetic and epigenetic factors interact to confer varying levels of resilience and vulnerability. Gender Differences in Response to in Utero Maternal Distress Research by Catherine Monk, Ph.D., and her team published November 26, 2019, in PNAS shows that women with clinically meaningful levels of antenatal distress are less likely to give birth to boys than women with normal distress levels. This and other research suggest that female fetuses can adapt more effectively to in utero stressors in general, including inflammation and malnutrition. Female fetuses are therefore more likely to survive. However, they may be more vulnerable to subsequent mental health challenges as a result of in utero exposure to maternal distress. Social support can influence this gender effect. Distressed pregnant women with high levels of social support are more likely to give birth to sons than distressed pregnant women with low levels of social support. Intergenerational Transmission of Adversity Just as there are marked inequities in the intergenerational transmission of wealth, there can be marked inequities in the intergenerational transmission of health. Pregnancy outcomes are influenced not only by acute stressors during the pregnancy, but by a pregnant woman’s past traumas and cumulative lifetime stress. These, in turn, are shaped by chronic environmental strains such as economic deprivation, racism, gender discrimination, and exposure to violence. The pregnancies of women who experience multiple intersectional areas of disadvantage may be especially affected. The concept of intersectional adversity may also apply in utero. A fetus who is exposed to substantial maternal distress may also be exposed to other adverse influences, such as pollutants and poor nutrition. An area of current study is whether intergenerational transmission of disadvantage occurs in part via epigenetic changes. In animal models, parental epigenetic changes induced by environmental stress can be passed to subsequent generations. It is not yet clear whether this happens in people. It is also possible that de novo epigenetic changes could arise in a fetus due to adverse maternal mental health effects from prior maternal traumas or ongoing disadvantage. For example, there is evidence that maternal stress reactivity is heightened by prior traumas and high cumulative stress. There are also preliminary data suggesting that intergenerational transmission of disadvantage can happen via placental genetic changes. A study by Kelly Brunst, Ph.D., and her colleagues published in Biological Psychiatry on March 15, 2021, found that women who experienced higher levels of cumulative lifetime stress had higher levels of placental mitochondrial mutations. Can Epigenetic Changes Be Reversed? The notion of health-sapping changes in gene expression being passed down in perpetuity from generation to generation paints a darkly pessimistic picture. Fortunately, evidence suggests that adversity-related epigenetic changes can be reversed. For example, rats who were exposed to antenatal stress have reduced axonal density and altered behavior. Giving an enriched environment to pregnant rats and their offspring (increased social interaction, larger cages, and varied climbing objects) alleviates these adverse effects. Studies in humans suggest that people exposed to adverse in utero environments can achieve mental health but may need more support. They also may have to work harder at maintaining mental health through ongoing self-care. People who were exposed to substantial maternal distress in the womb may also have considerable resilience; after all, their mothers were survivors. Detoxifying Stress During Pregnancy: How Can Delia’s Psychiatrist Help? After evaluating Delia, Dr. Wilkins saw that she had a severe major depressive episode and active PTSD symptoms in the context of chronic environmental strain. Dr. Wilkins was aware that this level of antenatal distress could increase the risk of pregnancy complications and adverse outcomes for both Delia and her baby. While his first impulse was to prescribe sertraline, he realized the importance of setting the stage with psychoeducation and rapport building. Here’s what he did: Validated her concerns and supported her difficult decision to come see him. Explained the difference between healthy and unhealthy stress in a way that clarified Delia was not to blame for harming her baby. Explained omission bias, which is the tendency to worry more about the risks of things we do (for example, taking or prescribing medications) than the risks of failing to do anything (for example, leaving symptoms untreated). Elicited her concerns about untreated symptoms and her concerns about medications. Discussed perinatal risks of untreated symptoms versus risks of sertraline in language Delia could relate to. Explained the role of psychotherapy as an alternative or additional intervention. With these explanations, Delia decided to resume sertraline. She liked the idea of interpersonal psychotherapy but couldn’t attend in person due to lack of childcare and transportation money. Dr. Wilkins arranged for psychotherapy via telehealth. Sertraline and psychotherapy were a great start, but given the constant strain Delia experienced, Dr. Wilkins felt they weren’t enough. He explained the concept of converting chronic stress to intermittent stress by creating “oases” of calm in an otherwise stressful life. He asked Delia how she might do that. She noted that dancing and reading graphic novels were activities she found enjoyable and relaxing and that she hadn’t done either of these since Keisha was born. Now that she saw how these activities could improve her health and that of her baby, she stopped regarding them as “wasted time.” She agreed to do these several times a week while Keisha napped. She also identified that both she and Keisha felt relaxed while coloring, so she resolved that they could do more of that together. Dr. Wilkins also referred Delia to a social worker who helped her identify housing and financial resources, reducing some of her chronic environmental strain. Stress and distress during pregnancy: clinical implications Although much more research is needed to fully understand the impact of maternal stress and distress on pregnancy outcomes and offspring, some clinical implications are already clear: - Not all maternal distress is toxic. Distress doesn’t behave like a teratogen, for which any amount of exposure might be problematic. Rather, evidence to date suggests that mild to moderate, intermittent stress promotes healthy fetal development, and more severe, prolonged distress is associated with adverse outcomes. - It’s not entirely clear where to “draw the line” between healthy and unhealthy amounts of stress. However, one evidence-based distinction seems to be between clinically significant distress (for example, a major depressive episode, an anxiety disorder) and distress that doesn’t meet criteria for a psychiatric disorder. Another key distinction is between distress that is persistent (for example, stemming from ongoing inequities) and intermittent life stressors. - Just as the physical challenge of exercise is healthy during pregnancy, manageable emotional challenges are healthy during pregnancy. - By contrast, psychiatric disorders during pregnancy can pose substantial risks if left untreated. These risks must be weighed against the risks of psychotropic medication and/or the treatment burden of psychotherapy. Understanding this can protect against omission bias, which is the tendency for doctors to worry more about the risks of things we do (for example, prescribe) than the risks stemming from our failure to act. - It’s important for women to know that even in instances in which severe stress adversely affected them and/or their babies, those adverse effects can likely be alleviated by subsequent support and healthy practices. Public Health Implications - Focusing on a woman’s choices and behaviors is insufficient to improve maternal mental health, pregnancy outcomes, and offspring development. Societal factors such as racism, economic deprivation, and gender inequity are strong influences. - An intersectional perspective explains how various social disadvantages intertwine and amplify one another to affect health in individuals and populations. The concept of intersectionality can also help make sense of the myriad interacting influences on maternal and fetal mental health during pregnancy. - The perinatal period is an especially opportune time to positively affect the health of women and their offspring. Public health initiatives supporting maternal mental health can be especially influential. - As a natural “stress test,” pregnancy can unmask physical and mental health vulnerabilities that could later become chronic illnesses. Preventive approaches during pregnancy and postpartum can help women maintain a healthier trajectory for the remainder of their lives. * The case of Delia is based on a composite of several patients to ensure patient confidentiality. References: The study by Aleksandra Staneva, Ph.D., et al., “ ‘I Just Feel Like I Am Broken. I Am the Worst Pregnant Woman Ever’: A Qualitative Exploration of the ‘At Odds’ Experience of Women’s Antenatal Distress,” is posted here. The study by Janet DiPietro, Ph.D., “Maternal Stress in Pregnancy: Considerations for Fetal Development,” is posted here. The study by Kelly Brunst, Ph.D., et al., “Associations Between Maternal Lifetime Stress and Placental Mitochondrial DNA Mutations in an Urban Multiethnic Cohort,” is posted here. The study by Catherine Monk, Ph.D., et al., “Maternal Prenatal Stress Phenotypes Associate With Fetal Neurodevelopment and Birth Outcomes,” is posted here. Read Also:	https://www.emergency-live.com/health-and-safety/stress-and-distress-during-pregnancy-how-to-protect-both-mother-and-child/
Mental illness has been an issue for as long as physical health has been, but it hasn’t always been as widely discussed as physical illness— until now. One of the biggest factors that can contribute to a person developing a mental illness is having a family history of mental illness. For example, someone with a history of depression in their family may be at a higher risk of developing depression later on, but they also may not. However, family history isn’t the only factor that can contribute to mental health problems. #1: Major Life Changes Everyone eventually goes through a major life change. Some are able to deal with certain life changes better than others, and those that struggle to deal with these changes can develop mental illness. Death The loss of a loved one can cause both temporary and lingering feelings of depression. Everyone experiences and processes the emotions associated with bereavement (grief, anger, confusion, etc.) differently, which may be the reason why some experience mental health issues. Divorce Divorce is another loss that many people grieve. Like death, divorce stirs up a variety of emotions that are processed differently by everyone. It can bring grief, stress, and anger, as it is a process and not usually something that happens very quickly. Job Changes Changes associated with work, whether it’s a new job, a career change, or loss of a job, can bring stress. Work environment and conditions have been known to have an affect on mental health, so it’s important to make sure that work culture takes mental health into consideration. Moving Moving is also a very stressful event, and can even feel like a loss— depending on the reason for moving. If the move was more of a last resort or forced, then negative emotional feelings can be triggered. #2: Physical Health Conditions and Extreme Stress Those suffering from chronic physical health conditions (asthma, cancer, diabetes, heart disease, etc.) are at an increased risk of developing a mental illness, which is also a chronic condition. For example, those suffering from asthma may also be at risk for developing anxiety. Extreme stress (caused by a variety of things) can also trigger a mental illness. Stress can also trigger various physical illnesses, which in turn, can trigger mental illness. #3: Social Isolation People need other people for socialization, so isolation from others can contribute to mental health issues. An example would be depression in the elderly. This age group isn’t one that most people think of when they think about which age group experiences depression the most. However, older individuals— especially if their spouse and/or friends have passed away— are likely to become isolated (both intentionally and unintentionally), and they’re at a higher risk of developing depression. #4: Traumatic Events Traumatic events can cause a variety of mental health issues, but most commonly lead to PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder). However, not everyone develops PTSD after a traumatic event. Abuse, Neglect, and Trauma Abuse (emotional, physical, sexual, verbal, etc.), neglect and overall trauma can lead to certain mental health problems. This is especially true when experienced at a young age, but can also be just as traumatic at an older age. Traumatic events like these can cause behavior problems in children and PTSD in adults. Victims of abuse should seek help from both medical professionals and abuse lawyers: https://www.rosenfeldinjurylawyers.com/sexual-abuse.html. Severe Weather Severe weather can be another example of a traumatic event, especially when it causes extensive damage to homes and other structures. Examples of extreme weather (and forces of nature) includes: - Winter storms/blizzards - Tornadoes - Hurricanes - Flooding - Earthquakes/tsunamis These events can be especially traumatizing if one has never experienced them before, or if they’re more severe than usual. War Experiencing war firsthand, whether you’re a soldier or a civilian can lead to mental health issues. This is most often seen in soldiers, who often develop PTSD after serving in the military— especially if they were deployed overseas during their service. There are a number of different things that can happen in one’s life that can trigger mental health problems, including their own genetics. This is why it’s important to know your family history and to take care of your mental health like you do your physical health. Engage in self-care activities such as exercising and eating right, but it’s also a good idea to talk with a therapist occasionally— even if you’re not experiencing any mental health issues.	https://geeksaroundglobe.com/what-are-some-factors-that-can-contribute-to-mental-health-problems/
Since the first IVF infant was born in 1978, scientists have raised concerns about ability delivery defects and health problems in kids conceived by IVF. most of the children seem healthy, however a small increase in health issues, such as low birth weight, premature birth and birth defects, has been reported. since IVF has only been available for about forty years, the long-term health effects of this technology have not yet been completely explored. There may be developing evidence that certain danger factors, such as poor maternal nutrition, on the time of conception and pregnancy can affect a person’s health in later life. recent studies have proven that a number of these long-term health results may be encoded by epigenetics. Epigenetics are the biological mechanisms that modify genes. Epigenetic switches control whether genes are activated or silenced. events that occur in early development, which include the time between conception and birth, can affect health in later life and epigenetics performs an important role on this process. Previous studies has studied the link between epigenetics and IVF, however the results have been inconsistent. One cause for this is that fertility treatment is often related to common risk factors, other than the IVF technology itself, such as being older mums or having twins or triplets, which can be more likely to be brought prematurely and feature a lower birth weight. In our research, we examined epigenetic changes in IVF and evidently conceived newborn twins. We simply taken into consideration babies born from twin pregnancies to avoid locating epigenetic differences attributed to single and multiple births. Most of the preceding epigenetic research in IVF focused on selected areas of the genome that regulate genes regarded to reason developmental disorders due to epigenetic changes, however we investigated the whole genome to ask if there have been differences in genes that had not been previously implicated in epigenetic disorders. We discovered no major epigenetic differences in IVF-conceived twins, but we did discover epigenetic changes with small impacts. two genes related to male and female infertility suggested small but significant variations in IVF-conceived twins, which shows that the newborn twin epigenetic profile may contain markers of parental infertility, to a small extent. but Its unclear if the small changes that we saw have been a result of infertility or the IVF treatment itself. Twins offer a natural unique observe design that allows us to separate the importance of genes and environment on human traits. environment exposures may be shared by both twins in a pair, as an example in the womb, or exposures also can be particular to each twin. using this twin-based approach we found that environmental factors specific to every twin have been most possibly to persuade the top IVF-associated epigenetic changes. One cause of these results could be that the IVF procedure introduces slight variability in epigenetic marks. Epigenetic variations were recognized in common chronic diseases such as cancer, psychiatric disorders and diabetes. We discovered no such major epigenetic differences in infants conceived by IVF, although future research are needed to see if the small epigenetic changes we found continue to be through the years. Our results are reassuring for parents who used IVF and kids conceived by IVF as our studies shows that IVF technology has little effect on epigenetic changes, and potentially future health.	https://www.eurekasparks.org/2017/04/in-vitro-fertilization-ivf-has-little.html
How genetics and epigenetics link to periodontal disease: Research paper Biological sciences including genetics and epigenetics can be analyzed for how gene regulation affects the body's immune response to an inflammatory disease, including periodontal disease. By Felicia Hollander and Olive Njari Biological sciences including genetics and epigenetics can be analyzed for how gene regulation affects the body's immune response to an inflammatory disease such as periodontitis. Genetics and epigenetics can be defined as the processes by which genes were expressed or suppressed through polymorphism, (de)methylation, or (de)acetylation. Studies note that specific environmental factors such as race, gender, diabetes, education, smoking, and body mass index (BMI) all increase the severity of periodontal disease. One quarter of chronic periodontitis patients tested for hyper/hypo methylation proved to be a significant factor in response to inflammatory disease. The authors concluded while it was not genetics alone that affected response or susceptibility to periodontitis, it was environmental factors that also regulated gene transcription. These regulations stimulated cytokines such as IL-1 and IL-6, which were noted in inflammatory destruction of periodontal tissues (Loo, Jin, Cheung, Wang, & Chow, 2010). This paper reports how controlling the enzymes that caused (de)methylation and (de)acetylation could be used as diagnostic tools and therapies that could help treat inflammatory diseases such as periodontitis (Gomez, Dutra, & Moreira, 2009). Periodontitis Periodontal diseases are bacterial infections that affect the tissues of the oral cavity. Periodontitis, a form of periodontal disease, destroys the tissues and the bone surrounding the teeth. Giannobile noted, “Periodontitis is a leading cause of tooth loss in adults, affecting more than 50 percent of the U.S. population” (Giannobile, 2012, pp 65). The Center for Disease Control and Prevention reported prevalence for periodontitis as “47.2% of adults aged 30 years and older have some form of periodontal disease. Periodontal disease increases with age; 70.1% of adults 65 years and older have periodontal disease” (CDC, 2015). The numbers were significant in finding and led the authors to further research the linkage between factors such as genetics and epigenetics and susceptibility to periodontitis. Genetics Genetics is “the study of inheritance and inheritable traits as expressed in an organism’s genetic material” (Bauman, 2014). It was learned that children from the same parents had different traits which were inherited when genes that resided in their parents’ chromosomes underwent meiosis. Each child received 23 chromosomes from each parent. If the order of the genes shifts during the meiosis process, this is termed as allelic variant. Those changes are very rare and not presented in many individuals (mutation). According to Kinane & Hurt, when allelic variant occurs in at least 1% of the population, it is termed genetic polymorphism and was considered to be a normal variant in the population (2003). Polymorphism, the ability to exist in several different forms and variations in gene expression, provides the genetic basis for human variation. Each nucleotide in the DNA or RNA, is signified by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which are considered mutual among individuals and is based on deletion, insertion, or exchange of a single nucleotide. For instance, nucleotide adenine (A) could have been replaced with the nucleotide Guanine (G) (Genetic Home Reference, 2015). Genetics is termed as one of the causes of diseases and more so for the purpose of this report on periodontitis. The shifting of the nucleotides in the genes is said to influence periodontitis vulnerability. Some individuals are more susceptible to periodontitis than others (Tarannum & Faizuddin, 2012). “Geneticists have traditionally divided genetic diseases into two broad groups, Simple Mendelian diseases and complex diseases” (Kinane & Hart, 2003, pp. 431). Alteration of a single gene locus causes Simple Mendelian diseases (monogenic disorders) and is known to follow the Mendelian mode of inheritance whereby one gene that was not normal was passed to an offspring by one parent (autosomal dominant) or two copies of a gene one from each parent that was abnormal was passed to the child (autosomal recessive) and caused diseases. Papillon Lefevre Syndrome (palmoplantar hyperkeratosis and aggressive periodontitis) was noted as an autosomal recessive disease and showed severe periodontal disease manifestations (Tarannum & Faizuddin, 2012). Complex genetic diseases (polygenic disorders) are the result of altering more than one gene loci and are not known to follow the Mendelian mode of inheritance. Environmental factors such as aging, nutrition, and smoking play an important role in the complex genetic disease progression. Gene variations in polygenic disorders are considered to be genetic polymorphism as they work within the normal range of function (Kinane & Hart, 2003). Periodontitis is considered a complex disease where a particular gene is not associated with the disease. It links to various genes, each contributing a small portion of the risk (Tarannum & Faizuddin, 2012). Genetic Studies Studies were conducted using different methods in the evaluation of genetic predisposition to periodontitis. Methods used were familial aggregation, twin studies, association studies, segregation, and linkage analysis. Familial aggregation studies focused on members of families who had a history of aggressive periodontitis. Familial studies conducted in Germany were reviewed by Hassell and Harris (1995) and concluded, “This aggregation within families strongly suggests a genetic predisposition” (Kinane & Hart, 2003, pp 435). It was noted that other lifestyle and behavioral factors could have played part in the familial studies and may have influenced susceptibility to aggressive periodontitis. Chronic periodontitis, a less severe type of periodontal disease, is not evident until someone is 30 years of age, whereas the more severe form of periodontal disease, aggressive periodontitis, is evident earlier on in life. This difference in the onset signs of disease made diagnosis difficult, especially diagnosing adults’ type of aggressive periodontitis (Kinane & Hart, 2003). A study of fraternal and identical twins living together or separately in Minnesota was conducted in 1991 by Hassell & O`Hehir. Age and gender were taken into account. Measurements of periodontal pockets, recession, and thickness of biofilm and severity of gingivitis were taken into consideration. It was concluded that “identical twins (whether reared together or apart) suggests that there is a genetic contribution to variations in levels of supragingival plaque and clinical measures of periodontal health” (Hassell & O`Hehir, nd). The fraternal twins whether living together or separately showed fewer similarities. In regard to the alveolar bone height measurements, environmental factors were shown to have influenced the results on both fraternal and identical twins living together or separately (Hassell & O`Hehir, nd). Segregation and linkage analysis are noted as forms of scientific studies that look into the Mendelian mode of inheritance to determine if genetic traits of periodontitis exist. In 1994, Marazita and co-workers conducted a thorough segregation analysis on 100 North American families for aggressive periodontitis. It was concluded that “autosomal-dominant transmission with approximately 70% penetrance occurred for both Blacks and non-Blacks” (Tarannum & Faizuddin, 2012 pp 436). Genetics and Susceptibility to Periodontitis Vulnerability to periodontitis depends on the individual’s immune response. Defects of the tissues that line the body surface (epithelial tissue), tissues that connect, support and separate other tissues (connective tissues), and the cells that produce collagen in the connective tissues (fibroblasts) are noted to have contributed to the susceptibility of aggressive periodontitis. Decreased numbers of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) profoundly affect the host's susceptibility to periodontitis. Cytokines noted as inflammatory responses influence the host response in periodontitis as well (Kinane & Hart, 2003). Cytokines are reported as powerful regulatory proteins released by the immune cells that influence the behavior of other cells (Nield-Gehrig & Willmann, 2011). Ianni, Bruzzesi, Pugliese, Porcellini, Carbone, Schiavone & Licastro, reported that different cytokines were involved in periodontitis. “SNPs of interleukin (IL-) 1α, IL-1ß, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-18 located in different regions of the cytokine genes have been shown to affect the risk of the disease in several populations” (Ianni et al’s 2013, pp 2). A chief emphasis is on the study of polymorphisms in the IL-1 due to the major part that IL-1β played in the development of periodontitis. Studies conducted suggested that individuals who had positive (higher levels) of IL-1 have a greater chance of having severe periodontitis than those who have negative (lower levels) of IL-1 (Tarannum & Faizuddin, 2012). “Periodontitis associated genotype (PAG) a composite of IL-1 genotype was found to be a combination of two rare alleles at separate SNPs at position -889 in the IL-1A promoter and at + 3954 (now referred to as +3953) of the IL-1B gene. Frequency of allele 2 of the IL-1B +3953 SNP proved significant increase in patients with advanced periodontitis” (Tarannum & Faizuddin, 2012, pp 12). Polymorphisms taken from genes of the IL-1 were tested for the relationship they had with generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAP). It was concluded that there was some evidence that GAP and the IL-1β polymorphisms are linked (Tarannum & Faizuddin, 2012). More research was conducted to determine better ways of testing susceptibility to periodontitis much earlier on before an individual is infected by the disease. The test was performed on each patient who visited the dental office and who appeared to have healthy periodontal tissue. Blood (finger-stick) or saliva sample was collected and taken to the laboratory to be tested for PAG. If the results showed positive PAG it meant that the patient produced more IL-1 and was therefore susceptible to periodontitis. If the results showed negative PAG the patient produced less IL-1 and was less susceptible to periodontitis (Hassell & O`Hehir, nd). Epigenetics Many biologists from the nineteenth century believed that inheritance and development was one and the same. This theory was ignored for many years until it resurfaced and flourished in the twentieth century. Conrad Waddington, a professor of "Genetics at Edinburgh University" first coined the word epigenetics from the Greek word epigenesist. He was responsible for the birth of “Epigenetics Research Unit" at the university (Holliday, 2006, pp.76). Following Waddington, many scientists discussed epigenetics; the material was reviewed by scientist Haig defining epigenetics as "observations that were not easily interpreted in genetic terms but had a heritable component, were liable to be labeled epigentic" (Holliday, 2006, pp. 77). A more modern approach towards epigenetics was brought about by Yehuda & Bierer in 2009. During Yehuda & Bierer’s research it was discovered a link between trauma and the effects that it had on the offspring of those directly affected. Epigenetics was defined as environmental factors that altered gene expression in intergenerational terms. They studied the survivors of the Holocaust. They organized a center for counseling services similar to the Veterans Affairs (VA) for veterans. They discovered that it wasn't those directly involved with the Holocaust but their offspring that were coming forward and reaching out for counseling. This led researchers to believe that there were deeper considerations of the trauma endured by these survivors. It was to their surprise that the survivor’s offspring had high levels of cortisol and consequently a difficult time dealing with stress-related issues. They attributed those findings to transgenerational effects that occurred from epigenetic (outside) factors that suppressed or expressed genes that regulated cortisol levels. These changes were noted as having been passed on to the Holocaust survivor’s offspring (Yehuda & Bierer, 2009). Similarly, a report described epigenetics as "changes in patterns of gene expression which do not involve changes in the DNA sequence” (Gomez, Dutra, & Moreira, 2009, pp. 625). Modification of Histone Proteins and DNA Methylation A gene is reported as the instructional portion of DNA that signals biological activity within our cells. DNA is also noted as being replicated through protein synthesis (transcription =>translation=>protein). DNA methylation is noted as chemical reactions that add a methyl group to a DNA molecule (hypermethylation) and demethylation (hypomethylation) as the removal of a methyl group from DNA (Yehuda & Bierer, 2009). Histone proteins are responsible for packing and unpacking chromosomes for the transcription process. Histone modification results from enzymatic acetylation or deacetylation. These modifications are reported as chemical reactions that add or remove an acetyl group from the histone protein. Acetylation creates a less compact DNA complex that allows for gene expression. In contrast, deacetylation creates a more compact DNA complex that suppresses gene expression. It is said that there is a strong correlation between gene expression with both histone modification and DNA methylation (Wilson, 2008). These types of reactions occur and cause alterations of gene expressions while changing the biological activity within the cells. It was important to note that this does not change the DNA. These type of expressions are site specific, reversible, and are termed epigenetic regulation (Yehuda & Bierer, 2009). It was found that with methylation, demethylation and acetylation, deacetylation or any combination of these worked to either express or repress genes during replication. It was found that these processes were key factors in inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. These processes triggered by environmental influences regulated cytokines such as IL-1 and IL-6 which were responsible for inflammatory tissue destruction as seen in chronic periodontitis (Wilson, 2008). Epigenetic Studies Offspring receive both maternal and paternal copies of each gene during meiotic replication. On occasion (and what the research showed) there are times when only one of the genes is expressed. This is an example of epigenetic regulation. The most common is the X-chromosome, where only one is expressed in females. "The inactivated X-chromosome possesses high levels of DNA methylation, low levels of histone acetylation" are associated with gene suppression (Wilson, 2008, pp. 1516). This suppression is seen within specific tissues, where inheritance came from one parent or the other, as well as differences within an organ itself. This appear as patches of certain cells expressed from the mother and in other areas of the same organ cells expressed from the father (Wilson, 2008). The two biggest and most common epigenetic factors are nutrition and aging. Nutrition is reported as a factor that could be passed on from generation to generation through in utero exposure or through exposure from parental habits. Epigenetic effects from nutrition are seen in folic acid deficiency as well as deficiencies in selenium, arsenic, and polyphenols. The diseases seen with these deficiencies were neural tube defects and cancers. While these play a significant part in gene expression they are reversible. Wilson reported on epigenetic factors with aging. The methylation and acetylation processes of 50 monozygotic twins were examined where very similar results were seen early on in life and substantial differences in later life. It was thought this was due to very similar lifestyles early on and significant differences as they aged (Wilson, 2008). Wilson reported in 2008 "that mounting evidence suggests that a disruption of the delicate balance in these epigenetic networks by environmental stimuli is a factor in a range of diseases, including cancer, inflammatory disorders, and autoimmunity"(p. 1516). "The Majority of studies have evaluated the methylation pattern in cancer, in which epigenetic silencing has been associated." Unfortunately, there are no studies directly linked to periodontitis (Gomez, Dutra, & Moreira, 2009, pp. 627). Epigenetics and Susceptibility of Disease The process of hyper or hypo methylation or histone acetylation, or any combination, brought forth the susceptibility of disease. Diseases of concern were inflammatory in nature, including breast cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and periodontitis. In chronic periodontitis, hypermethylation of the genes E-Cardherin and Cyclooxygenase 2 cause an increase in susceptibility to inflammatory diseases including periodontitis. A study from The Journal of Translational Medicine extracted DNA from the gingival tissues of 108 systemically healthy non-periodontitis subjects, blood samples of 110 chronic periodontitis patients, and neoplastic tissues of 106 breast cancer patients and tested for methylation of E-Cardherin and Cyclooxygenase 2 (Loo, Jin, Cheung, Wang, & Chow, 2010). The results were "hypermethylation of E-Cardherin and Cyclooxygenase 2 was observed in 38% and 35% of the breast cancer samples," "in Chronic Periodontitis patients the detection rate was 25% and 19%," "none was found in the systemically healthy non-periodontitis patients" (Loo, Jin, Cheung, Wang, & Chow, 2010, pp. 4), the findings were significant enough to associate hypermethylation to chronic periodontitis (Loo, Jin, Cheung, Wang, & Chow, 2010). In addition, Gomez, Dutra, & Moreira (2009) reported in preliminary studies that hypomethylation of IL-6 gene was found in people with periodontal disease. The Center for Systemic and Oral Diseases reported that there were significant differences in response to therapy between patients with similar clinical exams. Biological aspects, immune response, and inflammatory response varied between patients. The biggest factors noted are environmental in nature and changed the phenotype and pathogenicity of each patient. Subject level variables that defined the levels of disease included race, gender, diabetes, education, smoking, and body mass index, all of which increased severity of periodontal disease. These variables interacted with a patient’s genetics and epigenetics, which influenced disease expression. These factors are noted as contributors to the large range of immune response and inflammatory response at the cellular level. Epigenetics are critical regulatory factors in inflammatory response. Epigenetics are reversible and determined via environmental exposure, which may be inherited due to in utero exposure. Epigenetic changes were passed from parental chromosomes in the gamete or zygote, thus altering gene expression of the somatic cells. These changes were through family history or environmental exposure. These effects were in all cells or in specific tissues within the body. These were considered transmissible since the change in expression occurs following cell division (Offenbacher, Barros, & Beck, 2008). Implementation Patients with genetic factors that increased cytokine levels such as IL-1 marked as higher risk for periodontitis (Tarannum & Faizuddin, 2012). Giannobile discussed a salivary test that tested for cytokines (interleukin) known to be associated with inflammatory disease. The test was reported as being available at chairside and would allow hygienists to recognize those with increased risk to periodontitis. The dental practice needs to include salivary testing as part of routine dental diagnosis. This would allow for early identification of at risk patients, and allow for individualized care for those at a higher risk for periodontal disease (2012). The authors believe that with a thorough health history and nutritional assessments hygienists can identify environmental factors that increase a patient’s risk to inflammatory diseases. By altering or eliminating these epigenetic factors, the authors’ thoughts are that it would in turn change a person’s susceptibility to inflammatory diseases including periodontitis. Conclusion Vulnerability to periodontitis is increased when IL-1 gene polymorphisms occur and increase the levels of IL-1. It is hoped by the authors that through the introduction of chairside salivary testing, periodontitis susceptibility could be reduced and a personalized care plan could be implemented. Epigenetics, an environmental exposure, chemically changed the expression of DNA transcription. Through these epigenetic factors—primarily diet and aging followed by smoking, diabetes, gender, BMI, race and education—an individual's predisposition for immune or inflammatory response is determined. It was learned that through (de)methylation or (de)acetylation such changes occurred. These factors (if experienced while conceiving or in utero) alter the same genes of one's offspring, thus making an epigenetic change in DNA heritable or transmissible (Yehuda &Bierer, 2009). Epigenetic factors show increased severity of periodontitis, an inflammatory disease over those who were absent of these factors (Wilson, 2008). In conclusion, it is hoped that through epigenetic manipulation that controls the enzymes that increases production of cytokines, including IL-1 and IL-6, that it would become therapeutic for many inflammatory diseases, including periodontitis (Gomez, Dutra, & Moreira, 2009). Olive Njari and Felicia Hollander are students in the dental hygiene program at Collin College in McKinney, Texas. They are both active members of the Student Chapter of the American Dental Hygiene Association. Felicia married her teenage sweetheart and celebrated 20 years of marriage in 2015, who are blessed with three wonderful children. Felicia has loved getting to know her patients and teaching them about how they can play an active role in their overall health goals. She plans to focus on patient care through building relationships that encourage patient compliance. Olive is married and has been blessed with three children. She plans to further her education to graduate level. Being an African native, she plans to raise oral health awareness in Africa. References - Bauman RW. (2014). Microbiology with diseases by taxonomy (4th ed., p. 194). Glenview, IL: Pearson - Egger G, Liang G, Aparicio A, Jones PA. (2004). Epigenetics in human disease and prospects for epigenetic therapy. Nature, 429(6990), 457-463. - Giannobile WV, (2012), Salivary diagnostics for periodontal diseases The Journal of the American Dental Association, Volume 143, pp. 6S-11S doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.2012.0341 - Gomez RS, Dutra WO, Moreira PR. (2009). Epigenetics and periodontal disease: Future perspectives. Inflammation Research, 58(10), 625-629. doi:10.1007/s00011-009-0041-7 - Hassell T, O`Hehir T. Genetics & Periodontal Disease. RDH Magazine, 20(1). Retrieved November 2, 2015, from http://www.rdhmag.com/articles/print/volume-20/issue-1/feature/genetics - Holliday R. (2006). Epigenetics: A historical overview. Epigenetics, 1(2), 76-80.doi/pdf/10.4161/epi.1.2.2762 - Ianni M, Bruzzesi G, Pugliese D, Porcellini E, Carbone I, Schiavone A, Licastro F. (2013). Variations in inflammatory genes are associated with periodontitis. Immunity & Ageing: I & A, 10, 39. doi.org/10.1186/1742-4933-10-39 - Kinane DF, Hart TC. (2003). Genes and gene polymorphisms associated with periodontal disease. Critical Review Oral Biology Medicine, 14(6), 430-449. doi:10.1177/154411130301400605 - Loo WT, Jin L, Cheung MN, Wang M, Chow LW. (2010). Epigenetic change in E-cadherin and COX-2 to predict chronic periodontitis. Journal of Translational Medicine, 8, 110. doi:10.1186/1479-5876-8-110 - Nield-Gehrig JS, Willmann DE. (2011). Foundations of periodontics for the dental hygienist (3rd ed., pp. 157-169). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health.	https://www.dentistryiq.com/dental-hygiene/student-hygiene/article/16353077/how-genetics-and-epigenetics-link-to-periodontal-disease-research-paper
In her cross-disciplinary Behavioral and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Laboratory, Stacy Drury, MD, PhD, and her colleagues study the relationship between childhood experiences and genetic and epigenetic factors, striving to understand how this shapes a child’s long-term development and health. Epigenetics is the study of changes in gene expression that are caused by factors that are “above” the genome or the DNA sequence. Epigenetic markers, in response to environmental events, influence how much, when and where genes are turned “on” or expressed in different tissues and parts of the body. Drury’s research shows that adversity early in life — exposure to community or family violence, family instability and early institutional care — influences specific epigenetic factors and may offer new clues into how an individual develops behaviorally. The School of Medicine, with its close relationships and partnerships across the university, affords Drury an enviable setting for her research initiatives. “We can integrate genetics and neuroscience and developmental psychology,” said Drury, the Remigio Gonzalez, MD, Endowed Professor of Child Psychiatry, an associate professor of psychiatry, and the vice chair of research in the Department of Pediatrics, “and at that interface we can learn about mechanisms in a way you can’t do in a separate field.” The broad term “early experiences” that lies at the root of her research envelops trauma and adversity, the same situations of violence and poverty that plague New Orleans communities. Drury’s studies show that traumatic and stressful experiences in childhood — disruptions in home life and a constant diet of seeing or even enduring violence, ongoing poverty and natural disasters like Hurricane Katrina may alter the very DNA sitting on the tips of chromosomes. Moreover, the impact of traumatic experiences appears to cross generational lines, raising the risk of chronic conditions and diseases later in life. People, particularly children who have been exposed to high levels of community violence, not only have higher levels of “externalizing behaviors” such as aggression or oppositional behavior, but also show changes in their biological markers of stress, including differences in the endocrine and cellular stress pathways. The pathways are linked to later mental illness and also contribute to obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes — all public health threats that are to some degree preventable. “These same stress-response systems that are relevant for socioemotional function and behavior and mental illness underlie [biological] health outcomes as well,” Drury said. “Rates of obesity are directly related to child maltreatment history. Increased rates of cardiovascular disease are seen in people who have been exposed to violence.” When Trauma Is a Way of Life Trauma can be defined as a situation that threatens an individual or their loved one’s life or well-being. Adversity is that combination of life events that challenge an individual’s healthy development. “Exposure to trauma is incredibly common,” Drury continued. “We have to remember that this is not something that happens to ‘that kid over there.’ These kinds of experiences happen, particularly in our community here in New Orleans, to a lot of kids.” Unfortunately, experiences of both adversity and trauma are rarely isolated. “They happen in the setting of food insecurity,” Drury said. “They happen in the setting of bullying in schools and outside of schools on social media; they happen in the setting of parental substance use. These things are intertwined, and it’s very difficult to separate out the specific effects because too often kids are exposed to multiple types and amounts of adversity and trauma,” she said. Nonetheless, traumas do have defined impacts and risks, and some researchers have attempted to disentangle certain types of trauma or adversity from others. “Our work … is saying [these experiences] don’t happen independently, so how do we capture as much as possible of the cumulative exposure? There’s no kid that’s going to have just one exposure. There are kids who are going to have lots of different kinds of exposures.” Part of Drury’s ongoing research centers around the telomere, a genetic element that neatly caps off a chromosome and also serves as a marker of a cell’s life span. As cells grow and divide, their telomeres shrink. Eventually the shortened telomere more or less “instructs” the cell to stop growing, a state called senescence. In humans, shortened telomeres or prematurely short telomeres are linked with aging and higher risk of chronic disease and death. In her study “The Association of Telomere Length With Family Violence and Disruption” (Pediatrics, June 2014), children ages 5 to 15 who were exposed to greater family violence and disruption of the family system through incarceration had shorter telomeres than children who were less exposed. “These findings suggest that the family ecology may be an important target for interventions to reduce the biological impact of adversity in the lives of children,” she wrote. If trauma and adversity are common in some American communities, then the push for resilience may be the byproduct. To raise a resilient child, some parenting experts advise, is to raise a successful child. “I absolutely believe we need to help kids develop resilience and to develop grit, but to do that we have to understand what these [traumatic] experiences are doing to a child,” Drury said, “and what kind of other experiences are protective and build sort of a bubble wrap around them.” In 2017, Drury published a paper with Sarah Gray in the School of Science and Engineering and Katherine Theall in the School of Public Health, in which they determined that a mother’s stressful experiences — even before she is pregnant — have significant effects on her unborn child’s developing stress response systems. “Thinking Across Generations: Unique Contributions of Maternal Early Life and Prenatal Stress to Infant Physiology” (Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (JAACAP), September 2017) showed that maternal early adverse experiences as well as prenatal stress leave imprints on an infant’s respiratory sinus arrhythmia, a marker of the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems that is related to not only socioemotional development but also cardiovascular disease. For that publication, the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry awarded Drury the 2018 Norbert and Charlotte Rieger Award for Outstanding Scientific Achievement, which recognizes the most significant paper published in JAACAP by a child and adolescent psychiatrist within the last year. From Science to Society The process of using science to create better communities can be long and difficult. Theall, a social epidemiologist, holder of the Cecile Usdin Professorship in Women’s Health and director of the Mary Amelia Women’s Center, is Drury’s frequent collaborator on birth equity and maternal mortality issues. Theall emphasized that the interdisciplinarity — “attacking questions from multiple angles” — moves the needle in terms of getting things done. “I’ve done neighborhood work for years,” she said. “We’ve linked neighborhood conditions to every health outcome, behavioral outcome you can imagine. The minute I started linking it with Stacy down to the cellular, epigenetic level, we started getting more attention. We’re not going to change telomeres probably as much as we’d like to, but we can change neighborhoods.” Gray, another of Drury’s collaborators and co-authors, and an assistant professor of psychology in the School of Science and Engineering, agreed. “We’re all driven to ask the same basic question: How does toxic stress — whether it’s quantified biologically, psychologically, socially or structurally — impact health and mental health across generations, and how do we lessen its burden for children and families? This is a big question, and it needs as much creativity and collective action as we can muster.” Drury has helped develop and teach classes outside the School of Medicine — so that young scientists can quickly learn to ask questions across disciplines. This includes one of three 360-degree classes at Newcomb-Tulane College that tackle important questions with a transdisciplinary perspective. These conversations can start anywhere, though. “The Brain Institute is another example,” said Drury, who is the associate director of that unit, that shows “how we can … integrate basic scientists, people in biomedical engineering and clinicians to ask better questions and to come up with new solutions … that we wouldn’t have come up with had we not been working with each other across disciplines.” The question for Drury is, Can we undo or even prevent the biological effects of trauma and stress in children? The answer appears to be yes, but we need much more data. She is actively examining how much the early caregiving environment can overpower the impacts of toxic stress and intergenerational adversity, specifically targeting mothers who are at greatest risk, including those who are opioid-dependent. A board member of the Louisiana Commission on Perinatal Care and Prevention of Infant Mortality, Drury is now working to bring science to policymakers, using research to identify opportunities to improve the support for warm and responsive early caregiving, which benefits children and parents. “If we take people who are about to become parents, who have had lots of exposure to adversity and lots of traumatic experiences, helping them be responsive and sensitive caregivers may be incredibly protective for them as well,” Drury said. “If we can show that things are happening — cellularly, behaviorally — early in the life course, then we can probably do a lot more in terms of prevention,” Theall added. Both researchers pointed out it takes time to translate the science. And it takes time to get out into the community to talk to the people who make policy decisions. Drury was part of a group from the Tulane Violence Prevention Institute that included Stacy Overstreet of the School of Science and Engineering, Dr. Denese Shervington of the School of Medicine, and other faculty members who presented a collection of research on children and traumatic experiences to the New Orleans City Council in July. The City Council then passed a resolution recognizing the importance of trauma-informed systems within New Orleans schools. “One of the council [members] said, ‘I can’t believe this relates to these things called telomeres,’” Drury said, adding that she suddenly felt hopeful that their research would keep momentum for child advocacy going. Recently Drury worked with reporters from The Times-Picayune to provide the scientific backbone for “The Children of Central City,” an editorial series that looked at the devastating and cyclical effects of violence on a neighborhood football team over the years, highlighting that the effects are not just behavioral but run deep into a child’s biology. A Powerful Asset Drury is eager to mentor new scientists-in-training, develop new studies and find additional funding to support the long-term follow-up of the children already in her study for more than four years, noting that each step forward in her research leads her to ask 10 more questions. She said she is pleased that her research, especially the JAACAP paper, resonated with scientists and the general public. Drury said she has been contacted by researchers and policymakers worldwide who ask, How can we fix this? “It had a much broader impact than I anticipated,” she said. “Now I really want to get the next paper out, which is that we think we can correct these transgenerational effects with early caregiving, so that sensitive and secure attachment appears to buffer these negative effects,” Drury said. Drury said she has benefited from close collaborations with Tulane’s other units, like the schools of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Science and Engineering, and the National Primate Research Center, building on their research or eliciting their help to land an interdisciplinary grant. “I think that’s one of the most exciting components of what we do here,” Drury said. “Tulane is unique in that you can talk to all these different fields in one spot, and there aren’t any barriers to it.” This article appears in the December 2018 issue of Tulanian magazine.	https://registrar.tulane.edu/news/1638931/new%20hope%20for%20a%20new%20generation
People who have experienced post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are up to twice as likely to develop dementia later in life, according to a new study. Researchers compared people in the general population with a PTSD diagnosis with veterans who’d experienced PTSD. The research indicated that the dementia risk was higher in those who weren’t veterans. The team suggest this may point to an effect of treating PTSD, as veterans are more likely to receive treatment for the condition. They suggest that treating PTSD may reduce subsequent dementia risk. Read more about dementia: - Alzheimer’s could be triggered by hearing loss - Link between brain inflammation and build-up of ‘junk’ proteins in dementia - Controlling brainwaves could help improve memory in Alzheimer’s patients Researchers analysed the results of 13 studies conducted on four continents – including data from 1,693,678 people – that looked at whether a PTSD diagnosis was associated with increased risk of dementia up to 17 years later. By pooling data from eight of the studies, the scientists found that people with PTSD faced a 61 per cent higher risk of dementia. Analysing data from two other studies that used different methods, they found the condition was associated with double the odds of developing dementia. Senior author Dr Vasiliki Orgeta, from University College London’s Psychiatry division, said: “Our study provides important new evidence of how traumatic experiences can impact brain health, and how the long-term effects of trauma may impact the brain in many ways increasing vulnerability to cognitive decline and dementia. “A lot of people with PTSD don’t access treatment, sometimes due to a lack of mental health care capacity but also because of stigma which often keeps people away from seeking help. “We now have more evidence of how traumatic experiences and accessing treatment could have a long-lasting impact for individuals and influence future risk of developing dementia.” Researchers say the risk could be higher than the studies suggest, as PTSD also increases the likelihood of developing other known dementia risk factors, such as depression, social isolation, or elevated alcohol intake. These were factors that most of the studies adjusted for. The study published in the British Journal of Psychiatry suggests it remains unclear how PTSD raises dementia risk. But the researchers say it may be related to hypervigilance and recurrent re-experiencing of trauma, contributing to threat and stress-related activity in the brain, while withdrawal from social life may reduce cognitive reserve and resilience. Read more about mental health: - Confronting trauma with virtual reality therapy - MDMA may help psychotherapists to treat post-traumatic stress disorder by rewiring patients’ brains - Cold water swimming: Why an icy dip is good for your mental and physical health The study’s first author, Mia Maria Günak commented: “Our findings add to a growing body of evidence that dementia can sometimes be prevented by addressing risk factors throughout an individual’s life course. Here we have identified an additional group of people who face an elevated risk of dementia, who may benefit from further mental health support.” Dr Orgeta added: “PTSD, which appears to be common among people who have been hospitalised with COVID-19, remains an under-diagnosed, under-treated, and under-researched mental health condition, yet it can have serious long-term consequences. “As our study has shown, PTSD impacts our brain health by increasing vulnerability to dementia. An important question is how, and whether we could learn from these findings to develop preventative treatments for those with elevated risk.” The researchers were supported by the NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre and the Alzheimer’s Society. What is dementia? Some 850,000 people are estimated to be living with dementia in the UK, and that’s expected to rise to two million by 2050. Most of us probably know, or have known, someone with dementia. But we may not understand the difference between dementia and, say, Alzheimer’s disease. Dementia describes the symptoms that someone experiences as a result of a brain disease. Such symptoms can include memory loss, mood and behavioural changes, and difficulties with thinking, problem-solving and language. More than 100 diseases can cause dementia, each with slightly different symptoms. The most common cause of dementia is Alzheimer’s.	https://www.sciencefocus.com/news/people-with-ptsd-at-greater-risk-of-developing-dementia-in-later-life/
Having had a chronic illness for 20 years, it has sometimes felt like I've had a volcano inside of me - out of my control, traumatic, and life-altering. But research explaining links between chronic illness, trauma and the nervous system has made sense of my illness. It has also helped me realize that my symptoms aren't what I learned in my medical training. Understanding the science of trauma and the nervous system has also provided insights. These have been helping me, clients I've worked with, and others I've gotten to know and whose work I've read, begin to heal in slow, gentle, informed ways. Here's what you need to know if you or a loved one has a chronic illness. You can also use this post as a reference page and overview for this blog, Chronic Illness Trauma Studies (CITS). The sections below each link to relevant blog posts with more detail. They also include references to help you find your way. This post also introduces my logo, with chronic illness and other health conditions represented by the volcano and all the healing that is possible reflected by the green that surrounds and quells the volcano, and the sun, which is an example of the power of safety, resources and support. The graphics in this post will explain more. Chapter 1: Why Chronic Illness Feels Like a Volcano Reader Health mini survey Chapter 2: Life Experiences Shape Health Chapter 3: Trauma is a Risk Factor for Chronic Illness and It’s Not Psychological Chapter 4: Chronic Illness, Trauma & The Nervous System Chapter 5: 6 Types of Trauma that Influence Health - ABEs Adverse Babyhood Experiences ABE mini survey - ACEs+ Adverse Childhood Experiences Plus ACEs+ mini survey - ACREs Adverse Childhood Relationship Experiences ACREs mini survey - APOEs Adverse Pre-Onset Experiences APOEs mini survey - AMEs Adverse Multigenerational Experiences AMEs mini survey - AIEs Adverse Institutional Experiences AIEs mini survey Chapter 6: Tools for Understanding & Healing the Effects of Trauma Chapter 1 Essential Guide to Chronic Illness Chronic Illness Is Like A Volcano Introduction By definition, a chronic illness has no cure and is therefore inescapable. It can feel life-threatening, even if it isn't actually so. These are also characteristics of volcanoes. And of trauma. Here's how life experiences influence our health - and why it's not in our heads. - Chronic illness is like a volcano – inescapable, often terrifying, overwhelming and potentially life-threatening. Like other natural disasters, these are also common experiences of trauma. - Like a volcano, chronic illness can take away your home, your livelihood, your relationships and your financial stability. It can rob you of your confidence and your sense of safety in the world. These, too, are inherent in experiences of trauma. - Like chronic illness, the transformation of solid rock into lava is invisible to the outside observer even as it profoundly changes our inner core. There is, however, an underlying intelligence to both volcanoes and chronic illness: - It allows pressure that has been building to release from deep within. - The heat that grows inside and erupts as symptoms is old and unresolved, looking for a way out. - And this offers us clues. We’ve long been taught we could only watch this process of disease and that it was out of our control – but science is discovering that unresolved trauma, like lava, can emerge in much gentler, safer ways or in different ways altogether. And that pathways are available even after eruptions or symptoms have begun. When a volcano erupts inside our bodies and wreaks havoc in our lives, it also provides an opportunity to look at ourselves in new ways. To find what is most valuable, and reclaim it. To look at what has been too scary, intimidating, or for which we haven’t had the time. To cut into the abscess we thought we could ignore, or didn’t realize we had, and allow it to begin to actually heal. - Healing happens over time, and in slightly different ways for everyone. - Like dealing with a volcano, it takes courage but with the right tools, it is doable. It’s been happening with my own health and I’ve seen it and heard about it with others too. - Healing starts with understanding the role of life experiences and how they shape our long-term health. - Like a volcano, it’s not psychological. - Like a volcano, it’s very real. - Next, understanding where lava comes from and why it flows helps us recognize early warning signs. This enables us to take inventory and identify what needs to be done. The same is true in illness. - Understanding helps us recognize triggers and find tools that will helps us work with, decrease and begin to prevent symptoms and flares. - We then begin to see that symptoms don’t arise overnight. - Like volcanoes, chronic illnesses develop gradually, over years and often over decades. - Because our brains and nervous systems, immune systems, guts and bodies are still being shaped and influenced by our environments in the present moment, even in adulthood, we can modify the course of the eruptions, identify gentle approaches that fit our own unique needs, and gradually begin to quell what we once thought was out of our control. The trauma perspective has changed my life enormously. And all for the better. So has the research explaining the links between chronic illness, trauma and the nervous system. My symptoms of chronic fatigue, which very likely has an autoimmune component along with the nervous system disruptions, has been gradually improving instead of steadily worsening, as it did for the first 10 years of my illness. The process of healing has been very gradual, but it has made sense of so much and helped me find more joy in my life as well as improving health. Here’s an overview of the science, how to make sense of symptoms, and examples of tools that will help. Mini Survey Reader Health Condition(s) Learn more: How Understanding Trauma is Making Sense of My Chronic Fatigue (ME/CFS) and Helping Me Heal Risk for Chronic Illness Begins Long Before Onset - The destructive process leading to autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus and others begins years – and often decades – before symptoms ever arise. - Dr. Charles Poser, a researcher in multiple sclerosis (MS), compared this invisible phase of disease development to the arising of an undersea volcano. - Like a volcano growing slowly beneath the surface of the ocean, physiological changes associated with disease processes begins in small ways that don’t at first cause symptoms. - Changes in physiology that evolve into a disease happen over time, but only progress to an actual disease in some individuals, some of the time. - For example, - plaque is observable in arteries and signifies risk for heart attacks. It can be present long before symptoms occur. Plaque is reversible, however, and not everyone with plaque has a heart attack or ever develops recognizable physical symptoms of heart disease. - autopsies show evidence of decreased myelination consistent with MS, Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s in some people who never developed symptoms of these diseases. These are other examples of the undersea volcano that can brew without ever breaching the surface or becoming visible or problematic. - Symptoms of chronic illness only begin after a certain threshold of the disease process has been crossed and if we experience too many adversities in the face of too little support. I had brief symptoms of intense fatigue once in childhood during a hike and once on a multi-day bicycle tour after college, when I was unusually exhausted even after calling it a day by early afternoon and resting until the next morning. Many people with chronic illness also remember having brief periods of symptoms years and decades before the onset of their diseases. These are small clues that reflect a developing change in physiology that may never progress into an actual disease and that may instead resolve entirely. Just as a chronic illness may decrease or resolve with treatment later in life. Learn more: #1 Early Trauma and Autoimmune Disease: Clues from Antibodies, Genes & Type 1 Diabetes (Series #1) It’s Nature AND Nurture, Not Either / Or - It has long been believed that every chronic illness has a different cause. - It has also been thought that there are physical causes for physical diseases, and mental and emotional causes for mental illness. - The science finds that mind, body and spirit interact with one another, however, just as ancient world traditions have known since the beginning of time. - While genes can predispose us to risk for certain chronic illnesses, science is discovering that exposure to life experiences and other elements in our environments are often necessary for symptoms to develop. This is how nature (genes and physiology) interacts with nurture (early relationships and other life experiences) to shape long-term health. - Environmental factors – which include diet, stress, infections, toxins and trauma, among others – are responsible for up to 70-90% of risk for chronic illness (Rappaport & Smith, 2016). - We can no longer separate mind from body and think they operate independently from our life experiences and our earliest relationships. Illness has forced me to recognize that I have feelings, emotions and healthy impulses that cannot be ignored, shoved aside, or otherwise negated any longer if I want to heal. When changing my diet, slowing down and leaving my career to decrease stress and listen to my soul’s desire for deeper meaning didn’t cure me, I dug more deeply in search of answers about chronic illness. That’s when I started learning that I couldn’t fully move forward into my life, into joy and relationship, and into my gifts unless I addressed the unresolved protections I’d built from past vulnerabilities and overwhelm. The same appears to be true for most of us struggling with physical and emotional symptoms, dissatisfaction with work life, a loss of meaning, and much more. Health is Shaped by Nature Interacting with Nurture - Interactions between genes and our environments shape how active our genes become, which ones are turned on or off, and which ones function somewhere in between. - Life experiences and other environmental exposures affect gene regulation by attaching small chemicals to genes. This happens through epigenetics. Learn more: Epigenetics and Chronic Illness: Why Symptoms May Be Reversible Chapter 2 Essential Guide to Chronic Illness Life Experiences Shape Health Summary Even if you inherited a chronic illness or have genetic risk, your health is not all in your genes. Life experiences influence how our genes express themselves. This gives us powerful tools for improving chronic illness and other health conditions. Discover the clues and why it's not psychological. Genes: - Genes produce proteins, enzymes, and building blocks that create our bodies, tissues, antibodies and much more. Products our genes create affect metabolism, digestion and the many ways our physiology functions all day long. - Genes, however, do not operate on their own or in a vacuum. - Gene function, activity and inactivity is influenced on a daily basis by adverse and supportive life experiences, diet and exercise and other environmental factors. - The environment shapes gene function through the attachment of tiny chemicals to the surface of our DNA in the evolving new science of epigenetics. - In contrast with genes, which we cannot change, epigenetics can be altered and reversed. This happens through diet, exercise, trauma therapies and more. This is part of why understanding environmental factors and taking action for our health can support healing and recovery. Telomeres - Telomeres are areas at the end of chromosomes that protect our genes from destruction. - Shorter telomeres link to shorter life spans. - Shorter telomeres change the function of cells and induce early cell death and even programmed self-destruction (apoptosis). - Telomeres naturally shorten over our lifetimes but can be shortened more rapidly through environmental exposures to stress, trauma and other factors. I have multiple relatives on both sides of my family who have had debilitating chronic fatigue severe enough that they’ve been unable to work. And I come from a family of workaholics (who knows, that might be related to our illnesses too!). While this degree of family illness suggests a possible genetic component that I’ve inherited, it also reflect shared histories and life experiences. And the fact that I’ve been healing – even as it has taken time – supports the growing understanding that we have tools that can help us exert profound and long-lasting positive effects on our health even when we carry underlying genetic risk. Learn more: Mechanisms of How Trauma Shapes Risk for Chronic Illness The Nervous System and Health Our brains are as unique as our finger prints (Valizadeh, S.A. 2018) and are shaped by interactions between our genes and our life experiences. This is another way in which the environment shapes health. - The nervous system and other organ systems begin development in the womb soon after conception. - Growth continues during birth, in childhood and our teenage years, and beyond. - Many more neurons and cells than will ever be needed are created very early in development in the womb and in childhood. - Neurons and pathways that are used are strengthened and maintained. - Such neurons and pathways are often also myelinated over time, which increases the speed and stability of the signals. - Connections between neurons are affected by practice, life experiences and other nongenetic factors: - Exercise increases aerobic and muscle capacity for example, and practicing the piano increases our skill levels. This occurs through strengthening of networks in high use. - In contrast, lack of practice leads to atrophy, weaker muscle groups and loss of skills. This occurs through pruning and removal of unused connections. - This capacity of the brain and nervous system to change with experience is known as brain plasticity. - Links between chronic illness, trauma and the nervous system are what enable us to recover and heal, to much greater extents than has been recognized or thought possible. Changes I’ve made to my diet, with stress reduction, sleep hygiene, exercise and especially in healing trauma are all helping me to heal. Each tool you use plants seeds that support healing. You can learn which tools feel the most helpful to you and your specific nervous system patterns, which ones you enjoy the most, and which ones you are the most willing to persevere with. Over time you’ll notice how these seeds sprout to support improvements in your health. - Our nervous systems are designed to rest, digest and handle routine activity. They are also organized to cope with adversity, stress and trauma. - This is because our bodies have an innate drive for health as well as the capacity for recovery. - Health is optimized through autonomic nervous system (ANS) function. - The polyvagal theory, originally formulated by physiologist Stephen Porges, Ph.D. explains that the ANS is composed of three branches rather than the two we learn about in school. - The sympathetic nervous system branch of the ANS supports our body’s ability to move, act and exercise. It also facilitates our survival states of fight and flight. - The parasympathetic nervous system is composed of two branches rather than one. - The dorsal vagal branch of the parasympathetic becomes functional early in the womb. It supports rest, digestion and recuperation. It is also responsible for the freeze response, which supports survival by helping us become very still and therefore relatively invisible to predators. - Freezing is an important option for babies in and outside of the womb because they cannot protect themselves by running or fighting in the event of danger or threat. - Slowing down, immobilizing and waiting until a threat passes are survival strategies used when we are relatively helpless and when fight/flight are either not available or not viable options. - The social nervous system is the other branch of the parasympathetic nervous system. - It is what enables babies and parents to bond at birth. - It helps humans and other animals to form relationships with others throughout life. - This branch supports the most energy-efficient form of survival and protection we have – that of communication and connection. - When babies bond to their parents, the simple act of crying in hunger, reaching up to be held, or curling into adult bodies for safety, comfort and sleep are energy efficient ways of getting the life-giving support necessary for survival. These perspectives enabled you to recognize what is happening in you nervous system on a daily basis and make sense of how you feel. For example, it can explain big dips in energy levels, rapid spikes in anxiety over little things that aren’t that important or threatening, startle responses that can send your heart pounding, difficulty slowing down and resting as well as sleeping, and times of feeling wired and tired at the same time. These are indications that your nervous system is operating outside of optimal function. In other words, they suggest that your social nervous system is not fully available to calm these excessive responses down or prevent them. All of these responses can improve with time. And you can learn to recognize them and not let them stress you further once you have a context. Chapter 3 Essential Guide to Chronic Illness Trauma is a Risk Factor for Chronic Illness & It's Not Psychological Summary We've been told the effects of trauma are all psychological but research has proven this theory is false. Here's a more complete understanding of trauma, how it begins to explain symptoms, and why it's not in your head. - Adverse life events and trauma are important environmental risk factors for chronic physical illness, mental illness, chronic pain and other health conditions. They are also risk factors for addictions – to work, food, alcohol and other substances, and to other distractions. - Chronic illness does not arise from a single event but from an accumulation of adverse life experiences and unresolved trauma. - The effects of adverse experiences begin before conception, occur in the womb and at birth, and continue throughout our lives. - Risk can arise from many “little” traumas or from a smaller number of “big” traumas. - Trauma and adverse events alter the nervous system, epigenetics, telomeres and more. I never thought I had experienced trauma even though I had certainly lived through adversity, like most people. But even with that concession, I didn’t think of my car accidents as having been that bad since I had walked away from all of them. And I didn’t dwell on some of the other, more scary things I’d been through. Like most people, I was completely unable to recognize that such events might affect me, let alone influence my health. Supportive Life Events Decrease Risk for Chronic Illness - We all experience trauma simply by being human – it can occur during an arduous birth, in childhood, and throughout our lives. - Our nervous systems are designed to recover from trauma when we have enough resources, support and time. - When we have highly available supportive, safe, nurturing connections – such as with parents or other caregivers – it helps us cope and recover more quickly and fully from experiences of adversity and trauma. - Having enough time to prepare for a difficult experience such as a natural disaster, or to integrate and heal from what happened (such as the loss of a loved one) is another key resource that supports our body’s innate capacity to recover. - Health is maximized when we encounter life’s inevitable challenges and traumas in the context of support and resource. This is how resiliency develops. - Having even one adult who listens, sees you and comforts you in some way, can make all the difference in supporting greater health even in the face of abuse and other adversity. This person may be a parent or grandparent, a teacher or neighbour. - The power and positive effects of supportive, resourcing others and environments are known as “Buffers” because of how they can lessen, mitigate, moderate the effects of trauma and other life challenges. I grew up in an upper middle class family with plenty to eat, support for hobbies, a good school, and in safe neighbourhoods. In addition to my parents, I had relatives who loved me and we had big, fun, regular family gatherings. What I never realized was that I also felt incredibly alone as a child in spite of it all. What my symptoms, triggers and the research gradually taught me was how subtle the imbalances can be that influence our bodies and nervous systems. Feeling alone without even being quite conscious of this was one of the clues that I eventually was able to understand. Trauma and adversity can have an impact on our nervous systems even when we are privileged, have two healthy parents, and seem to have no worries in our lives. What is Trauma? Caption: Quote from neurologist Dr. Robert Scaer, author of The Trauma Spectrum: Hidden wounds and human resiliency (2005), from Three Ways Mindfulness Can Heal Trauma. - Trauma is an experience that interrupts life, health and flow. - It is an experience that – either overtly or at some subtle level – we cannot cope with, escape or surmount. As a result, trauma is an experience of relative helplessness and overwhelm. - The effect of trauma is to hold our nervous systems in the past, trying to survive an event that we haven’t ever successfully escaped. - The changes in the nervous system that occur from trauma persist, even after events are long gone. - Trauma is therefore a state that holds our nervous systems hostage in the past. - While experiences such as war, rape, or natural disasters are commonly traumatic for most people, much subtler and smaller events can be just as traumatizing. - Trauma is about how we experience an event rather than a specific kind of event itself. - Trauma is also about events we do NOT experience – but that our bodies and nervous systems need for healthy growth and development. I’ll share more in the 6 types of trauma below. - Trauma can arise from an experience that - is life-threatening (a car accident) - seems life-threatening (bankruptcy, chronic illness, narrowly avoiding hitting a pedestrian) - where too much happens too fast (think bike accident, surgery or a fall), - feels overwhelming (loss of a parent in childhood for any reason, including divorce; loss of a job or spouse; witnessing violence) - feels inescapable (premature birth, chemotherapy, a natural disaster), or - feels hopeless (failing a critical exam, abuse, war) - Trauma can occur when we have identifiable way to escape a challenging or scary situation (getting lost, sexual harassment, being diagnosed with a life-threatening disease). - The effects of trauma occur when neither talking and communicating, nor fight and flight are effective or available options. This is when we feel some degree of helplessness, which triggers a freeze response. - Symptoms arise when our only recourse has been to immobilize, hunker down, or give up. - Being in a situation where the defense strategy of freeze/immobility is evoked is what leads to symptoms of trauma. As I gradually learned the many different forms that trauma can take, I started to wonder about some of my life experiences and whether they had caused feelings of overwhelm, helplessness or freeze that had been too subtle to notice. As an adult, for example, I was assaulted at home in the middle of the night; experienced 3 car accidents, including a roll over; and underwent surgery with general anesthesia to remove a cancerous tumor. These were just a few of the events that I began to wonder about and realize could have influenced my health. Learn more: My Story: How Understanding Trauma is Making Sense of My Chronic Fatigue (ME/CFS) and Helping Me Heal How to recognize if you have symptoms of trauma (free ebook #2) Trauma May be an Important Cause of Type 1 Diabetes: Dan’s Story and Symptoms The Old Understanding of Chronic Illness & Trauma is False - The belief that trauma and adverse life events causes psychological symptoms such as PTSD (post traumatic stress disorder), anxiety, nightmares and other mental health conditions is true. - The belief that psychological symptoms are the ONLY effects of trauma, however, is false. - The perspective that a chronic illness is “all in our heads,” psychological, or implies laziness and attention-seeking is out of date and inaccurate. - This outmoded belief is just as false for chronic illnesses that have clear diagnostic tests to prove their existence (type 1 diabetes, for example) as it is for those for which no objective, measurable test exists to document symptoms (chronic fatigue, irritable bowel syndrome). - The difference between “functional” diseases that have no visible abnormalities and those for which objective findings exist is a matter of timing of exposure to early trauma rather than a difference between “real” or “less real” disease (see below under 6 Types of Trauma – #1. Trauma in the Womb, Birth & Infancy). - These old views – judgmental, shaming, and blaming – have lead vast numbers of people with debilitating, life-altering chronic illnesses to doubt the validity of their symptoms and they no longer hold water. - Science shows us a new way of making sense of chronic diseases, who is at risk, and what we can do about it. Every week I read another story of someone with a chronic illness who has been shunned, doubted or blamed for faking their illness, overdramatizing their symptoms, or “just needing to relax” despite being too incapacitated to take care of their children, pursue a long-standing professional hobby or perform work they love. Even when they have subtle signs of illness that are recognizable when doctors know what to look for – and especially when none of their symptoms can be objectively measured. It breaks my heart. It also enrages and scares me. My fear of this happening was one of the reasons I avoided doctors for the first 10 years of my illness – even though I was a doctor myself. Learn more: Why Chronic Illness is Not Psychological (Even if You Have a History of Trauma) (free ebook #3) Stress, Trauma and Type 1 Diabetes (Why Doctors Don’t Know the Research) Mind Body Medicine and Chronic Illness (It’s Not All in Your Head) Video Intro to Chronic Illness, Trauma, & Why It’s Not Psychological Chapter 4 Essential Guide to Chronic Illness Chronic Illness, Trauma and The Nervous System Summary Our nervous systems direct very specific physiological functions in our bodies. These include blood pressure, heart rate, clotting, breathing, oxygenation, metabolism and much more. Because life experiences influence how our nervous systems develop, mature and function, life events also shape health and affect risk for chronic illness. Here's how. Chronic Illness, Trauma and The Nervous System Science Introduces a New Understanding of Chronic Disease - Decades of research are beginning to change how we understand the role of life experiences in shaping gene activation, nervous system function and consequently – health. - The science comes from many different disciplines – epidemiology, epigenetics, child development, embryology, prenatal and perinatal medicine, neurophysiology, traumatic stress, patterns of apoptosis and cell function, sensitive periods of organ maturation, brain maturation, and much more, including studies in individual diseases. It took a few years of avidly watching my symptoms before I saw my first links to trauma from my past. I started to realize that conflict or reading about birth trauma could trigger a worsening of my fatigue. And even though my baseline fatigue didn’t change, when I recognized some of these triggers or worked to resolve the events they linked to, my fatigue flares eased up. The extent of the connections to symptom flares and past adversities continues to awe me with its subtleties and the degree to which I see its effects in my everyday life. The links between chronic illness, trauma and the nervous system continue to emerge as I pay attention, persevere with trauma therapies, and chip away at old, deeply embedded patterns within my nervous system. Learn more: How Trauma Affects Risk For Chronic Illness: Summary of the Science (+ 11 Characteristics that Can Make Sense of Symptoms) Trauma Increases Risk for Chronic Illness - When we experience adverse life events and / or trauma in the face of insufficiently supportive, nurturing environments, risk for autoimmune diseases and chronic illness increases. - Trauma alters gene function through epigenetics. - Adversity and stress shorten telomeres and decrease longevity. - Difficult life experiences shift the way our nervous systems function. - The science shows that life experiences imbed themselves in our biology and explains the powerful links between chronic illness, trauma and the nervous system. Learn more: #3 Early Trauma and Epigenetics Make Sense of Chronic Disease (and Healing) Trauma Alters the Nervous System This section draws from fields such as nervous system development and early attachment relationships (Dr. Allan Schore), the nervous system and trauma (Dr. Stephen Porges, polyvagal theory; Dr. Robert Scaer, neurologist & traumatologist), the social nervous system (Barbara Fredrickson, “Love 2.0”), multigenerational trauma and the nervous system (Dr. Rachel Yehuda, trauma researcher), effects of trauma and how to heal (Dr. Peter Levine, founder of Somatic Experiencing) and others, with more specific references in the detailed blog posts I link to. - The social nervous system is designed to regulate as well as inhibit survival states of fight, flight and freeze when they are not necessary. - Trauma disrupts our social nervous system’s ability to inhibit and regulate the other branches of the ANS. - Trauma disrupts our boundaries, our ability to feel safe, and our capacity for connection to others. These are all functions of the social nervous system. - In unresolved trauma, our nervous systems are caught in self-perpetuating states of fight, flight or freeze (or combinations of these). This is because when we don’t recover from trauma our brain’s perceive we are still in the event, struggling for survival, caught in the past. - Because trauma alters our nervous systems and gene function, it also changes our physiology, emotions, behaviors and thoughts. - The intelligence that underlies unresolved trauma and its effects is that our nervous systems are looking for a way to succeed at overcoming what it couldn’t in the past. - When our brains receive the message that we have successfully escaped a life-threatening or otherwise overwhelming event, it turns off the survival response and returns our nervous systems to healthy baselines. - Healing and resolving trauma also reengages our social nervous systems so our physiologies, tissues and cells can return to states of restorative calm and health. - In unresolved trauma, our brains actively maintain our physiologies and cellular functions and more in states of fight, flight and/or freeze. These are attempts to preserve our lives and ensure survival, even if the cost involves attacking parts of our tissues to maintain these states. This intelligent support is what I believe occurs in autoimmune illness, rather than random attacks on the self by bodies that are making mistakes, as is currently believed. - Having a history of trauma does not mean that a chronic illness is psychological or all in our heads. Chronic illness is simply another effect of trauma, as are changes in mental health, emotions, behaviors and thoughts. - Trauma affects our bodies, nervous systems and emotions by regulating genes through epigenetics, guiding our sensitivity to stress, and other functions. I grew up with underlying feelings of depression even though it was not diagnosed until half way through my first year of internship, when I started crying almost every day. I had thought of suicide on and off during my college years and in medical school, craving escape from the deeply painful feelings. I had never discussed it in depth or been in therapy, however, as it had seemed a fact of life and I had assumed it was just part of who I was. I see in retrospect that this was one of the early signs of trauma that eventually worsened in the direction of chronic fatigue. This isn’t because my ME/CFS is psychological, but because both depression and unrelenting fatigue reflect a nervous system caught in a state of dorsal vagal freeze. One was an early symptom, the later one a deeper, physiological, metabolic symptom. - When we carry unresolved trauma, our nervous systems are caught in the past. - With unresolved trauma, our brains misinterpret the present moment and maintain hypervigilance or freeze (or both). - With unresolved trauma our ANS has difficulty taking effective, satisfying action. It also has problems resting. It may maintain states of fight /flight, which can look like speeding up and staying very busy or being anxious and jumpy; and freeze, which can make it hard to make decisions, schedule appointments, spend time with friends, or feel energy. Or we may experience various combinations of these states. - Research in chronic illness, trauma and the nervous system explains how this happens. In the early days when my fatigue first started I used my basic knowledge as a doctor to test my blood sugar, iron and B12 levels, thyroid function, HIV status in case I’d exposed myself, white blood cells for indications of infection, along with other basics to make sure I didn’t have any common causes of fatigue. What I didn’t know then was that my very low cholesterol levels (140) and history of low blood pressure (running in the 90-100/60) were both clues to a nervous system that might be in the early phases of a freeze response (which lowers most functions towards the death-like state of immobility). - Chronic illnesses often begin after a period of emotional or physical stress, trauma, exposure to a toxin such as mold, or to other threat, such as an infection. - Trauma makes our nervous systems and immune systems more sensitive to threat. - Trauma also interferes with our nervous system’s ability to perceive threat accurately in the present moment. It makes our systems more sensitive to threat, more likely to misinterpret our environments as threatening when all is fine, and leads to reactions that are unnecessary or larger than necessary. - Some toxins directly affect our nervous systems and other organ systems, especially during times of early development in the womb, infancy and in childhood. - Thalidomide is an example of a chemical that changes the healthy development of the physical body and physiology when organ systems were growing in specific ways. Its effects are the result of direct toxicity - Life experiences and trauma act in more subtle ways to influence the direction our ANS and physiology take – such as towards higher or lesser sensitivity to stress as a survival mechanism, which sets different baseline levels of metabolism, cell function, blood pressure, heart rhythms, insulin regulation and much more. - Trauma – and changes it exerts on epigenetics, telomeres and the nervous system, among others – may be the common denominator that increases sensitivity to environmental risk factors for chronic illnesses of all kinds. Over the 20 years I have been sick with chronic fatigue (ME/CFS), I have also developed increasing sensitivities to foods and problems with gut function (which fits the label of irritable bowel syndrome or IBS). These food sensitivities have worsened despite ongoing trauma work. As a result of working with past adversity and learning to listen to my body, however, I have noticed that I stuff anger, rage and other difficult feelings down into my belly. There was nowhere else to put them when I was a child and my parents didn’t know what to do with difficult emotions. I have come to see that these symptoms, like my altered metabolic functions and energy levels, are clues that reflect a digestive system still caught in a state of relative freeze and increased perceptions of threat. As such, I’m not allergic to these foods and do not have a “broken gut,” but live in a body that still thinks immobilizing digestion as well as availability of fuel and energy is what it needs to do to help me survive. - Symptoms of chronic illness reflect long-standing survival states of fight, flight and freeze that are maintained and perpetuated by our nervous systems. - These long-standing survival states evolve, increase and decrease over time based on continued life experiences. - Trauma can resolve on its own when we’ve had enough time or support, or through help such as trauma therapy. When unresolved trauma does not heal, however, nervous system patterns intensify over time and eventually emerge as a chronic illness or other effect of trauma. - Chronic illness is therefore a nervous system issue first, and only becomes a tissue issue – imbalances in hormones, enzymes, myelin, gut flora and other biological tissues and cell functions – over time. I’ve adapted this perspective from neurologist Dr. Robert Scaer’s view about trauma, which originally states that “trauma is a nervous system issue, not a tissue issue.” - The research suggests our current medical view that chronic illness occurs in bodies that are randomly broken or accidentally self-destructing through antibodies is inaccurate. - The link between chronic illness, trauma and the nervous system is an intelligent one, albeit one that no longer serves the best interests of our health, lives, and function. Learn more: #1 Early Trauma and Autoimmune Disease: Clues from Antibodies, Genes & Type 1 Diabetes Trauma Increases Risk for Chronic Illness - Research studies find trauma to be a risk factor for autoimmune diseases of all kinds. These include: - MS - rheumatoid arthritis - type 1 diabetes - lupus, - and others - Studies show that trauma is also a risk factor for many other chronic illnesses, such as - heart disease - insulin resistance - obesity - type 2 diabetes - high blood pressure - high cholesterol - metabolic syndrome - headaches and other types of chronic pain - psoriasis - chronic fatigue - fibromyalgia - asthma - sleep disorders - strokes - thyroid disease and beyond Learn more: The Chronic Illness and Trauma Series: 30+ Diseases Increased by Adversity Trauma research in type 1 diabetes Trauma and healing in rheumatoid arthritis Trauma research and curing asthma Working with my symptoms of IBS (irritable bowel syndrome) Posts about the onset of my chronic fatigue (ME/CFS), first steps & early insights Chapter 5 Essential Guide to Chronic Illness 6 Types of Trauma Increase Chronic Illness Summary Learn more about whether these types of trauma may have affected your health and why it offers hope: - Adverse Babyhood Experiences (ABEs) - Adverse Childhood Experiences Plus (ACEs+) - Adverse Childhood Relationship Experiences (ACREs) - Adverse Pre-Onset Experiences (APOEs) - Adverse Multigenerational Experiences (AMEs) - Adverse Institutional Experiences (AIEs) The Balance Between Trauma & Support Shapes Risk for Chronic Illness There are at least 6 broad categories of trauma that are known to increase risk for chronic illness. The links between chronic illness, trauma and the nervous system exist in all of them. Even though the degree to which complete healing is not fully known repair is possible for all of these types of trauma, even decades after they’ve happened. You’ll find links to approaches for healing the effects of each category in the “learn more” sections for each one. The science also offers many possibilities for prevention. When I was a doctor I never knew about research showing that trauma is associated with increased risk for chronic illness, even though some studies had been conducted decades before I went to medical school. As a family doctor, the only understanding of trauma I was given was the physical trauma doctors can address that occur to our bodies from accidents, surgery, and acts of violence. Doctors still think this way today and if the concept of trauma arises, it is still thought to be relevant only to mental health. Research about the 6 types of trauma below emphasize that medical training and care need to be brought up to speed. As my health continues to improve, I fantasize about being able to go back to work one day. And one of my dreams is to teach medical students and residents about this research. Because getting a clear understanding of the full effects of trauma and adversity will revolutionize medicine and the outlook for anyone diagnosed with a chronic illness. #1 Trauma in the Womb, Birth & the First 2 Years of Life: Adverse Babyhood Experiences (ABEs) Rachel Naomi Remen is a pediatrician who developed inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) when she was 15 years old and was not expected to live beyond her 40s, given the severity of this disease and the limitations of treatment at the time. The following excerpt is from her book “Kitchen Table Wisdom.” I too had come early. My mother had suffered from toxemia and I had been delivered by emergency cesarean section far below full-term weight. In 1938, I had not been expected to live. All throughout my childhood I had been told I had survived because of the invention of the incubator … Now as a young pediatrician I was working in a premature intensive-care nursery far more powerful technology to keep other babies alive. [I began to wonder,] perhaps survival was not only a question of the skillful use of state-of-the-art technology, perhaps there was something innate, some strength in those tiny pink infants, that enabled both them and me to survive … Adverse Experiences in the Womb, at Birth and Infancy Are Risk Factors for Chronic Illness Being exposed to illness in the womb or during infancy, to a difficult or early birth, or to maternal grief or stress are common in human life. Even though they are risk factors for chronic illness, they are also repairable, and in some instances preventable. Risk occurs in a variety of ways, including through - disruptions in babies’ developing nervous systems and other organ systems - interruptions to bonding, which helps a baby’s immature nervous system develop - decreases in parents’ abilities to attune to their babies, - timing of exposure during critical windows of time when environmental factors shape growing organ and systems Events such as being born prematurely, by forceps, needing oxygen or other resuscitation at birth, needing hospitalization or incubator care, not being breastfed, and more are all risk factors for disease. - Risk appears to be low, however, unless additional trauma occurs in childhood in conjunction with insufficient support and resource. - While early experiences can have very powerful effects in shaping health, we are designed to heal and recover from even these types of interruptions and events. - The key message to remember is that it’s never too late to begin to heal. - Take the mini survey to get a sense of how many of us have experienced trauma or adversity in the period leading up to conception, during pregnancy, labor and birth, and through our first 2 years of life. For ease, I refer to this period as “babyhood.” Co-Regulation is Needed for Development - The Dutch Hunger Winter is one of the earliest and longest still-ongoing studies evaluating the effects of stress and trauma before birth. It shows that early adversity, such as happened to this Dutch population held under siege during World War II, increases risk for chronic illness for at least the following two generations: in children and grandchildren. - At birth a baby’s brain, immune system, gut, myelin and organ systems are still undergoing rapid growth and development. - Because a baby’s organ systems are immature at birth, they need close physical contact, safety and attuning caregivers to regulate their physical bodies and emotional states in healthy ways, including for - temperature regulation - heart rate - blood pressure - emotional distress - sleep - The bond between a baby and his or her parents is critical in supporting proximity, attunement and the process of physiological regulation. - The presence of supportive adult caregivers facilitates healthy development of the social nervous system, which grows the ability to regulate in healthy, restorative ways that also minimize the need for fight, flight and freeze as a child grows and matures. - The natural and innate ability of a mother to bond with her baby is one of the primary drives that keeps mothers and children close and helps infant nervous systems regulate their immature physiologies. - Bonding is influenced by a mother’s experiences of stress, grief and distress before conception, during pregnancy and birth, and in her baby’s early life. Missing Experiences Affect Development Too - The absence of formative events is also a risk factor for altering the nervous system, immune and other organ systems and consequently, for chronic illness. - Examples of missing experiences that are designed to support health include - leaving the supportive environment of the womb prematurely (premature birth) - incubator care, which removes the baby from adult proximity and physiological co-regulation - formula feeding, which provides different nutrients and immune support than breast milk; formula use may also provide different physiological co-regulation between mother and baby - cesarean birth, which includes - absence of exposure to mechanical pressure of the vaginal canal, which squeezes fluids out of a baby’s lungs (among other functions not yet known), - lack of exposure to vaginal flora, which affects a baby’s microbiome and gut flora, - potential situations of stress, such as if surgery is performed for life-threatening health problems in mother or baby - the possibility of interfering with bonding, among other risk factors Critical Periods and Type of Chronic Illness - The timing of exposure to environmental factors such as stress, trauma, and toxins affects organ systems that are undergoing the most growth and rapid periods of development. - These windows of time are unique for every organ, which grows at particular times during pregnancy. These windows of influence are known as critical periods. - Critical periods are especially sensitive in the womb and in early life when our bodies and organ systems are growing and developing at the fastest rates of our lives. - The timing of exposure to an event most affects the organ system(s) undergoing the most rapid development at the time. - Adverse experiences during early development can predispose us to developing one particular chronic illness instead of another: - The earliest exposures in the womb may set up risk for autoimmune diseases and other chronic illnesses that deeply alter physiology, cell activity and tissues to develop into easily detectable abnormalities – blood sugar levels in diabetes, gut wall infiltration in inflammatory bowel disease, heart defects, myelin loss in MS. - Later exposure when organ systems have developed but are refining how they operate – such as later in pregnancy when a baby’s body is recognizable, as well as after birth and in childhood – may be risk factors for diseases of altered function that have no easily identifiable changes in cell structure – such as irritable bowel syndrome, PTSD, and chronic pain. Learn more: Find Therapies for Healing ABEs on my Therapies Page in the table of contents. How early life events affect risk for autoimmune & other chronic illness How healing early trauma can cure a chronic illness: An asthma story How early events alter our genes and explain how bonding disruptions shape health #2 Trauma in Childhood: Adverse Childhood Experiences Plus (ACEs+) Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, the autoimmune form that requires insulin injections for survival, when she was 8 years old. Her autobiography, My Beloved World, describes a childhood with parents who loved her, but who contributed significantly to her childhood trauma nonetheless. Her father was an alcoholic and her mother, a nurse, coped by working night shifts and spending as little time at home as possible. She and her brother were ordered to use the elevator in their apartment building because addicts regularly shot up in the stairwells, where their mother was also once mugged. Her father died when she was 9 years old, to which her mother responded by drawing the curtains and locking herself in her room, leaving her kids on their own for weeks. - The events that Justice Sotomayor experienced are more common than we’d like to believe. - They are also all examples of trauma and are risk factors for chronic illness. - Hundreds of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) studies have clearly shown that 10 types of trauma experienced between birth and 18 years of age greatly increase risk of developing a chronic illness. Sonia Sotomayor’s score is at least 5 out of 10: father with substance abuse problems; his early death; mother with incapacitating grief; emotional neglect; and physical neglect. - An ACE score of 2 increases the risk of being hospitalized for an autoimmune disease by 70% or more, compared with an ACE score of zero. - With every additional ACE after 2, risk of developing an autoimmune disease rises another 20%. - Risk increases with each additional type of trauma for other chronic illnesses as well as mental health conditions, addictions, and many other health problems and life challenges. Other types of trauma in childhood also increase risk for chronic illness – these include - accidents - serious illness in a child or family member - poverty - natural disaster - being bullied - hospitalization - surgery - and more As with all types of trauma, many kinds of adverse events in childhood are simply a part of being human (accidents, loss of loved ones, exposure to natural disasters, etc). - Parental ability to provide safety, context, connection and repair after conflict or trauma are all powerful antidotes that counteract many such kinds of trauma and enable children to heal and recover. - Abuse and neglect in all its various forms, however, are routinely overlooked in our society as a whole and require much greater prevention, awareness and action because they are perpetrated by the very individuals who are supposed to protect us. - It is possible to heal the effects of early trauma, even when it happened years or decades in the past. This is because of the plasticity of our nervous systems and the reversibility of epigenetic changes. - I have named this category adverse childhood experiences plus (ACEs+) to build on the existing ACE studies to include a broader set of events that may be traumatic. Take the mini survey to get a sense of how many of us have experienced trauma or adversity in childhood. Learn More: Find Therapies for Healing ACEs+ on my Therapies Page in the table of contents. Calculate your ACE score and learn about the ACE studies in - Intro to ACEs and Chronic Illness - ACEs post and Fact Sheets to educate your health care provider(s), family members and others. Video: When You Have a Chronic Illness and A History of Trauma (It’s Not Psychological) Transcript, Includes Resources Download an ACE fact sheet + see lists of the chronic diseases affected by childhood trauma Books and Therapies for Healing Nervous Systems Perceptions of Thr #3 Adverse Childhood Relationship Experiences (ACREs) Attachment, Developmental & Complex Trauma Justice Sonia Sotomayor experienced emotional neglect and developmental trauma in her relationship with her parents. This began before and continued long after the onset of her diabetes. “However much was said at home, and loudly, much also went unsaid, and in that atmosphere I was a watchful child constantly scanning the adults for cues and listening in on their conversations. My sense of security depended on what information I could glean, any clue dropped inadvertently when they didn’t realize a child was paying attention.” “In the days and weeks following [my father’s] funeral, the release and relief I felt from the end of the fighting gave way to anxious puzzlement. At nine, I was equipped to understand loss, even sadness, but not grief, not someone else’s and certainly not my own. I couldn’t figure out what was wrong with Mami, and it scared me. Every day Junior and I came home from school to find the apartment quiet and dark, with the curtains drawn.” - A child and her social nervous system develop their sense of safety in the world from how they are parented and what their earliest environments are like (safe neighbourhoods vs war zones). - When children experience a loving, nurturing, supportive relationship with their parents, they develop resilience and their social nervous systems gain the ability to regulate and inhibit too much fight, flight and freeze. They cope with stress because they have enough support. They have someone to talk to who will help them learn to identify and integrate what they are feeling, feel their feelings and express them in healthy ways, figure out what to do in difficult situations, and who will protect them in times of threat or danger. - The absence of these supportive elements has an effect as powerful as the presence of overt trauma. It is therefore called attachment or developmental trauma, or referred to as complex PTSD. Psychologist Jonice Webb, who focuses on this area of trauma, refers to it as Childhood Emotional Neglect or CEN. I use many of these terms interchangeably. Because I’m looking at the role of many types of trauma, however, and because of the large amount of research already done with adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), I use the term adverse childhood relationship experiences (ACREs) as well. This provides some consistency with the other terms I’m using in the Chronic Illness Trauma Studies surveys here and in other posts. A few more important details about ACREs: - Developmental trauma is one of the most invisible and difficult types of trauma to recognize in our own lives. - This type of trauma reflects exposure to ongoing, daily exposure that persists for months and years and shapes our entire development. - Because of the prolonged exposure, this type of trauma is one with the most insidious and long-lasting effects on health. - By instilling an inherent lack of safety, attachment trauma directs our nervous systems in directions of fight, flight and freeze rather than safety and calm. We have difficulty recognizing developmental trauma because it’s all we’ve known in our personal lives. And because our society doesn’t recognize the very real and serious long-term effects of being ignored, given the silent treatment, told we were difficult or “the problem” and more – and how they erode self-confidence and the development of a calm nervous system that is resilient to life’s ups and downs. Attachment trauma increases our body’s sensitivity to stress and is also a risk factor for childhood symptoms such as - frequent ear and other infections - asthma - stomach aches and other general symptoms of malaise - difficulty concentrating, learning - problems in school, acting out - stealing, violence - and more Parenting may be one of the most difficult tasks of a person’s life. It doesn’t have to be perfect, however, to optimize long-term health. - The ability of parents to repair misattunements, help their children identify and regulate difficult emotions, and feel safe can be among the most important sources for developing a healthy social nervous system function and health. - Parents can support their children’s health and decrease their own and their kids’ risk of long-term health conditions by recognizing and healing the effects of their own traumas, which affect how they parent. Take the mini survey to get a sense of how many of us have experienced trauma or adversity in our earliest relationships. Learn more: Find Therapies for Healing ACREs on my Therapies Page in the table of contents under Types of Therapy. Attachment Trauma: Invisible ACEs Mini Survey Did You Have #3 Adverse Childhood Relationship Experiences (ACREs) #4 Adverse Pre-Onset Experiences (APOEs) Stress & Trauma in the Period Before Onset of Chronic Illness As with recognizing other forms of trauma in my life, it took me many years to recognize events that triggered the onset of my chronic fatigue. I mention many in my story. One that took me a long time to recognize was the stress and trauma of medical training, which involved not only long and exhausting hours but also the witnessing of death, trauma and loss. Even more traumatizing for my sensitive, earnest self who had learned to please others and be “nice” as a way of coping with vulnerability early in life, was the shaming hierarchical system of often over-tired senior residents and short-tempered faculty who made me feel small, weak and a failure when I didn’t have answers. The long hours, ongoing stress, shame and more were triggers for the onset of my first symptoms of chronic fatigue (you can read my onset story of how my symptoms first started). - One of the effects of unresolved trauma is to make us more sensitive to stress and other types of potential threat including infections, toxins, other trauma and more. The underlying intelligence is to enable our bodies to react more quickly upon future exposures or encounters as a means of improving our chances of survival. - The varying length of time between exposure to an environmental stressor such as an accident, a hospitalization, rape, or the loss of a loved one – and the onset of a chronic illness – is known as a latency period. - Latency periods are highly variable and are different for every person. - Latency periods are also a known characteristic of trauma. - The overt symptoms of chronic illness often develop after a period of physical or emotional stress such as an accident, caregiving for a loved one, losing a parent, or exposure to an infection, vaccine or other toxin. - Onset can begin very suddenly, such as within days or weeks of an infection or a significant traumatic event – or very gradually, such as 1-2 years after caregiving for a loved one or having surgery. - The variability in latency period durations reflects how slowly – or how fast – the underlying changes in physiology are occurring. More traumas in our histories usually leads to a faster onset of disease. A more serious or intense traumatic event – such as a car accident in which someone dies or is seriously hurt – can also lead to a shorter latency period before onset. - The event that triggers the onset of a chronic illness is generally not the cause of a disease, but the last in a series of events that have occurred over years or decades. - If treating the risk factor that triggered the onset of a chronic illness – infection, stress, toxins – is not effective, look for a history of prior trauma. - Healing the effects of unresolved trauma decreases our nervous system sensitivity to stress and other traumas as well as to other forms of threat. It can therefore decrease symptoms. - It is possible to heal from the effects of trauma, even if it happened in childhood or before birth. - Take the mini survey to get a sense of how many of us have experienced trauma or adversity in the 2 years before the onset of your chronic illness or other chronic health conditions if you have had any. Mini Survey Did You Have #4 Adverse Pre-Onset Experiences (APOEs)? Learn more: Find Therapies for Healing APOEs on my Therapies Page in the table of contents. Ever Wonder if Trauma or Stress Can Trigger Chronic Disease? Trauma Triggers Type 1 Diabetes (A Research Review) Treating Chronic Illness #9: Intuition, and Why I Left Medicine Trauma May be an Important Cause of Type 1 Diabetes: Dan’s Story & Symptoms #5 Adverse Multigenerational Experiences (AMEs) Justice Sonia Sotomayor’s parents both experienced significant trauma in their childhoods. Her parents had financial struggles as they worked to create a home for themselves and their children. In addition, “my mother’s birth, in 1927, was bad news. It was the reason, or at least the occasion, as she understood it, for her father’s abandonment of the family.” Her own mother was sick, an invalid, as far back as she could remember. Sonia’s mom lost her own mother when she was 9 years old, living in a family that forever struggled financially and being raised by her 5 siblings. Her father ’s dad also struggled with alcoholism and died from tuberculosis when her father was 13 years old. Her dad had to become the man of the house and his mother kept him by her side until he was 22, preventing him from accepting a scholarship for his math abilities. He went only as far as the 6th grade. Justice Sotomayor’s parents experienced devastating trauma in their childhoods, from which they did not recover. It affected their emotional health, behaviors, finances, and ability to attune, care for and protect their children. - Trauma that our parents, grandparents and other relatives experience affects not only their own lives and health, but as Justice Sotomayor’s story shows so clearly, it also shapes the lives of their children and grandchildren. - An understanding of how ACEs and other types of trauma alter our nervous systems to shape health, behaviors, emotions, addictions and more enables us to shift from positions of blame towards past generations to a bigger picture that provides context and opportunities for healing. Psychiatrist Rachel Yehuda’s research with children of Holocaust survivors has shown that children of traumatized parents experience everyday stressors as traumatic. - Transmission of multigenerational trauma occurs through epigenetics, in which life experiences that alter small chemicals that attach to DNA are transmitted to children along with genes. - Transgenerational trauma is also transmitted or prevented based on the degree to which parents are able to bond with their children and by the ability of parents to repair misattunements throughout childhood (see more in #1 Trauma in The Womb, Birth & Infancy and #3 Trauma in Early Relationships). - The effects of trauma in our ancestors’ lives sometimes show up in more obvious ways in our own lives. We may, for example, experience similar traumas at similar ages – such as Justice Sotomayor, who was 9 when her father died, which is the same age her mother was when her own mother died). - We tend to raise our children similarly to how we are raised unless we have the awareness or desire to do it differently. This is another way in which multigenerational factors can subtly increase – or decrease – risk for chronic illness. Understanding how trauma affects multiple generations helps us see the importance of becoming trauma informed as individuals, and also as a society and in medical care. As with all other forms of trauma mentioned here, our bodies and nervous systems have a deep and innate capacity to recover from even the effects of multigenerational trauma. Take the mini survey to get a sense of how many of us have experienced trauma or adversity in the 2 years before the onset of your chronic illness or other chronic health conditions if you have had any. Learn more: Find Therapies for Healing AMEs on my Therapies Page in the table of contents under Types of Therapy. Video: Multigenerational Trauma and Birth Events are Risk Factors for Chronic Illness (It’s Not Psychological) (Transcript with Resource) RA and ME/CFS: Transgenerational Trauma and Ghosts in My Family Tree Multigenerational Trauma: a Book Interview with J Dylan Yates #6 Adverse Institutional Experiences (AIEs) Olympian and tennis great Serena Williams gave birth to her baby girl Olympia in September 2017. At the time she experienced a series of adverse events that reflect subtle, common yet often invisible forms of systemic trauma. An interview in Vogue describes how Serena first had an emergency cesarean because of concerns for her baby’s safety from decreases in heart rate during contractions. The surgery itself went well but was an emergency surgery nonetheless, which can be highly stressful for some and traumatic for others. When Serena became short of breath the day after her surgery, she immediately assumed it was a blood clot in her lungs and told the nurse she had had a pulmonary embolism in the past. In fact, she had had to go off of her blood thinners for her surgery. “The nurse thought her pain medicine might be making her confused. But Serena insisted, and soon enough a doctor was performing an ultrasound of her legs. ‘I was like, a Doppler? I told you, I need a CT scan and a heparin drip,’ she remembers telling the team. The ultrasound revealed nothing, so they sent her for the CT, and sure enough, several small blood clots had settled in her lungs.” - The experience of being doubted, dismissed, humored or ultimately harmed in by medical professionals and other people in positions of relative power is a common, subtle form of trauma. It occurs throughout our institutions here in the United States: - medical and mental health care and institutions - foster care - adoption - government policies such as the current immigration practice of separating parents and children - schools - type of sentencing we give children for crimes - quality of care we give children & adults in prison and detention - our care of the environment, which is a source of safety for all and for future generations - and many others - Despite Serena being a former Olympian and star of epic proportions, and irrespective of her past medical history for this specific issue, her statement was treated with unconscious bias. - It was also overlooked despite many other known medical facts, such as: - having been on a blood thinner for this problem at the time she was hospitalized - having been taken off her blood thinner for her emergency cesarean - describing clear symptoms of shortness of breath - the well-known surgical fact that pulmonary embolism is one of at least 3 common events to watch for in the days following any type of surgery [I learned this as a medical student] - the also well-known fact that blood clots are also common in pregnancy Similar to often unacknowledged developmental trauma in which children are not treated as full human beings with the right for respect, care and safety, instituaional trauma is built on blind spots, individual and societal histories of trauma, and lack of awareness. - As an African American woman, Serena represents minorities who experience culture-wide discrimination and microaggressions at work, at home, in leisure activities, in health care and beyond for characteristics attributed to their person: gender, race, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation, ability & disability, health, financial status, and more. - It should come as no suprise, then, that institutional trauma is another risk factor for disease. - Whether Serena’s being doubted was related to her gender, religion, the color of her skin or some other factor isn’t known, but the statistics show that systemic racism has a profound effect on health, including in maternal care: black mothers in the U.S. die at three to four times the rate of white mothers, one of the widest of all racial disparities in women’s health. Put another way, a black woman is 22 percent more likely to die from heart disease than a white woman, 71 percent more likely to perish from cervical cancer, but 243 percent more likely to die from pregnancy- or childbirth-related causes. In a national study of five medical complications that are common causes of maternal death and injury, black women were two to three times more likely to die than white women who had the same condition.” (quoted from an article by NPR-Propublica).” Native Americans also suffer from higher rates of these problems than whites, as do some groups of Latinas, people of Asian descent and other communities of color. Maternal mortality rates are also rising in the U.S. for white women, suggesting other cultural and medical bias based on gender as well as race. - Some kinds of chronic illnesses are more common in certain populations, suggesting links perhaps to genetics, but also to historical and often ongoing system-wide trauma: - Diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome in Native Americans (loss of lands, homes and personhood) - Lupus in African Americans (slavery / oppression – the need for the Black Lives Matter movement) - Inflammatory bowel disease in people of Ashkenazi Jewish descent (the Holocaust, pogroms, long history of other prejudice), - Autoimmune disease (gender discrimination, sexual violence against women but also against men – the need for and unexpected efficacy of the #MeToo movement…) - and more. - Serena’s history of pulmonary embolisms happened after she slipped on a piece of broken glass at a Munich restaurant, which could have been a traumatic triggering event. Her older sister Venus was diagnosed in 2011 with the autoimmune disease called Sjogren’s, which is sometimes linked to other immune system diseases such as lupus. Additional history of trauma includes the fact that they had an older sister, Yetunde Price, who was murdered in a drive-by shooting in 2003. - While institutional trauma needs to be addressed at a systems level in order to change our practices, recognize trauma and implement prevention strategies throughout our society, individuals and communities can make significant differences in health outcomes starting now and not having to wait for these changes to take place. Take the mini survey to get a sense of how many of us have experienced the effects of the often subtle, very subjective and difficult-to-quantify effects of institutional trauma and discrimination. Empowerment Tools: Find Therapies for Healing AIEs on my Therapies Page in the table of contents. Chronic Illness ACE Fact Sheets To Educate Your Doctor (Free Downloads) Create a 1 Page Medical History That Will Empower You and Help Your Doctor Listen (Free Downloads) Other Articles: Resilience, trauma-informed care, and healing are not enough; something has got to change Why Resilience Training Isn’t the Antidote for Burnout Dr. David Williams, a Harvard sociologist, pioneered the survey instruments that document the connection between discrimination and disease with a new 2021 study in collaboration with Dr.s Nathalie Slopen and Jack Shonkoff at Harvard’s Center for the Developing Child. Even a single community can make differences in decreasing effects of systemic trauma. Shifting from Trauma Informed Care to Healing Centered Engagement Why Resilience is Harmful and How to Improve It (problems with the “disease model”) Other Things You Can Do: Join me by donating to trauma informed Dr. Femi through his go fund me campaign to reduce his overly large load of student debt and watch his interview with Peter Levine, PhD founder of Somatic Experiencing (SE), which includes tips and simple exercises to work with stress and trauma in our bodies, such as from the Pandemic (recorded in 2021). Other opportunities include getting more informed about racism, such as here in the USA and activism such as with the Black Lives Matter movement and shopping at Black-owned (and other minority owned) businesses such as from this list by some of my favorite bloggers and this list. Chapter 6 Essential Guide to Chronic Illness UnderstandingTrauma Makes Sense of Symptoms & Provides Tools for Healing Summary The benefits to understanding trauma and whether adverse life experiences shaped your risk of chronic illness include making sense of symptoms & flares and gaining tools to improve, reduce, heal symptoms and chronic illness. Making Sense of Symptom Flares When I left medicine and retrained as a somatic psychotherapist, I was reminded that it was common knowledge in psychology that reminders of past trauma are triggers for anxiety, PTSD, hypervigilance and other mental health symptoms. I wondered if similar triggers could stimulate my chronic illness symptoms. It took over a year before I noticed that a mildly conflictual phone conversation had preceded a worsening of my fatigue. In contrast to the discouragement I’d often felt with previous flares, my fascinated research-minded inner nerd was ecstatic to having finally caught a trigger red-handed. And as this entire post emphasizes, this psychological conflict reflected a traumatic nervous system pattern rather than a psychological cause to my illness. - Triggers are reminders of adverse life experiences and unresolved trauma. - When we are exposed to a trigger, we experience symptoms that are similar to what happened during the event itself – such as fear, shaking, sweaty palms, racing heart or the feeling that you are in the traumatic event as if it were happening in the present moment (a flashback). - Triggers are unique for each one of us and are based on our specific past experiences. - Triggers stimulate underlying states of fight, flight and freeze that the nervous system maintains when trauma is unresolved. - If you were once traumatized because you were threatened by a volcano eruption, for example, you might experience symptoms on a smoky day, on hearing the explosion of a car backfiring, or when sitting by the heat and flames of a campfire. - Every exposure to a trigger increases our sensitivity to the next ones. - Every exposure to a trigger increases the speed and intensity with which the underlying trauma patterns arise. This is how our nervous systems modify themselves to maximize survival in the event we encounter this traumatizing experience again in the future. - Triggers therefore increase our symptoms of chronic illness as time passes when trauma remains unresolved. - Over time, triggers that stimulate symptoms become smaller and less recognizable as our nervous systems become more sensitive to reminders of past events. This is known as “kindling,” referencing the small sticks that make it easier to light a fire. - If you have a symptom flare, chances are that you have been exposed to a trigger. You may be aware of the trigger if you understand trauma, or it may be too subtle to detect. It can still take me hours or days to recognize that a symptom flare isn’t just because I’ve overdone it, but because I got triggered. - Triggers, like trauma, tend to be difficult to recognize because they are held in our unconscious, deep within our brains to protect us from fear and overwhelm. This is the nature of unresolved trauma. - Looking for triggers, understanding how they affect us, and working to heal the effects of past traumas all help identify and defuse their effects, including symptom flares. - Triggers are another element showing us the links that exist between chronic illness, trauma and the nervous system and to events that happened in the past. Learn more: How Flare-Ups Can Offer Powerful Clues For Living With Chronic Illness A collection of posts on how I work with my symptoms from a trauma perspective Healing the Effects of Trauma - We are more than our chronic illnesses. - We are bigger than what happened to us. - But understanding and talking about trauma is an important step towards healing, especially if nothing else works and no other options exist. - It’s also a helpful adjunct to anything and everything else you do to work with your symptoms. - Once we understand the role of the nervous system, brain plasticity, epigenetics and more, we can – - learn to identify new treatment tools - test new tools from a useful perspective - understand effects of treatment - determine which side effects are signs of healing and which are indicators of retraumatization - begin to heal Healing the effects of trauma – like quelling a volcano – takes courage, perseverance, and time. Courage because it can bring up painful feelings that have long been held back – although somatically trained trauma therapists have many skills to minimize overwhelm and keep what arises within manageable, digestible doses. Perseverance and time because it’s not always clear that trauma therapy and other approaches that support nervous system healing are working. Our symptoms may sometimes get worse at first. And the first symptoms to heal may be emotions, before our physiologies begin to shift and heal as well. But the gifts of healing are worth every action we take, as I’ve repeatedly found over the past 10 year. The evidence from all the things I’ve tried has lead me to focus increasingly specifically on trauma healing as my main tool for recovery. And I get a little better every year. 9 years ago I was essentially bed-ridden. Today I have the energy to run errands, cook my meals, plant in my garden if I space it out over time, and take long walks. I’m not fully recovered and would not be able to work AND do all these things yet, but I now suspect that it is possible to someday return to work and to a full life. And that it’s just a matter of time. Tools for Healing & Resolving Effects of Trauma: Books & Therapies for Chronic Illness: Healing Nervous System Responses to Stress, Trauma (and Perceptions of Threat) Making Time for Chronic Illness Resources Create a 1 Page Medical History That Will Empower You and Help Your Doctor Listen Chronic Illness ACE Fact Sheets To Educate Your Doctor (Free Downloads) Life-Altering Perspectives In Disease Treatment A Collection of Posts on how I work with my symptoms from a trauma perspective Other Article: Healing our Institutions Improves Health for All When we understand how trauma works, we can begin to make changes as communities, and as a society. While gaining tools for healing ourselves is where we currently need to start as individuals who already have a chronic illness, what really needs to happen is systemic change. We need to change how we treat and support children, parents and families. And we need to recognize and prevent trauma so that the burden does not fall so completely on the millions of individuals who then spend years, decades and often lifetimes suffering, or trying to find ways to heal and recover, often at great financial and emotional cost. These growing insights are starting to change how medicine is practiced and how we understand and treat illness. It’s happening slowly but truly, with: - new medical guidelines being developed by the American Academy of Pediatrics with tools for assessing toxic stress (ACEs), a trauma guide and publications about ACEs and effects on risk for long term health and chronic illness (Garner, 2012), (Shonkoff, 2012). - research presented on Stanford’s website (Rappaport & Smith, 2016). - a Harvard program studying effects of early treatment and prevention for children - a study at Columbia University looking at effects of early treatment and prevention with moms and their premature babies - the formation of ACEs Too High news site about adverse childhood experiences - implementation of trauma-informed practices in medical clinics - for kids in Oregon, at Kaiser in northern California, and in the San Francisco bay area (Burke Harris, N. (2018). The Deepest Well: Healing the Long-Term Effects of Childhood Adversity) - for adults in one of the Kaiser centers in southern California (Felitti, VJ, 2002) - in pregnancy care for moms and babies in Cleveland, Ohio and Winter Garden, Florida - at the community level in Washington, Minnesota and Pennyslvania, among others. References Burke Harris, N. (2018). The Deepest Well: Healing the Long-Term Effects of Childhood Adversity, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Felitti, V. J. (2002). “The Relation Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adult Health: Turning Gold into Lead.” The Permanente Journal 6(1): 44-47 Fredrickson, B. (2013). Love 2.0: Finding Happiness and Health in Moments of Connection, Plume. Garner, A. S., et al. (2012). “Early childhood adversity, toxic stress, and the role of the pediatrician: translating developmental science into lifelong health.” Pediatrics 129(1): e224-231 Kinderman, Peter (2014). "Why We Need to Abandon the Disease-Model of Mental Health Care." Scientific American. Nov 17. Levine, P. A. (2010). In an Unspoken Voice: How the body releases trauma and restores goodness. Berkeley, North Atlantic. Levine, P. (1997). Waking the Tiger: Healing Trauma. Berkeley, North Atlantic Books. Porges, S. W. and S. A. Furman (2011). "The Early Development of the Autonomic Nervous System Provides a Neural Platform for Social Behavior: A Polyvagal Perspective." Infant Child Dev 20(1): 106-118. Porges, S. W. (2004). "Neuroception: a subconscious system for detecting threats and safety." Zero to Three May: 19-24. Porges, S. W. (1995). "Orienting in a defensive world: mammalian modifications of our evolutionary heritage. A Polyvagal Theory." Psychophysiology 32: 301-318. Rappaport, S. M. (2016). “Genetic Factors Are Not the Major Causes of Chronic Diseases.” PloS One 11(4): e0154387 see more in Rappaport & Smith Scaer, R. (2005). The Trauma Spectrum: Hidden wounds and human resiliency. New York, W.W. Norton. Schore, A. N. (2013). YOUTUBE: Neurobiology of Secure Attachment Schore, A. N. (2001). "The effects of secure attachment relationship on right brain development, affect regulation, and infant mental health." Infant Ment Health J 22: 7-66. Schore, A. N. (1994). Affect regulation and the origin of the self: the neurobiology of emotional development. Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum. Shonkoff, J. P., et al. (2012). “The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress.” Pediatrics 129(1): e232-246. Valizadeh, S. A., et al. (2018). "Identification of individual subjects on the basis of their brain anatomical features." Scientific Reports 8(1): 5611. Yehuda, R. and J. Seckl (2011). "Minireview: Stress-related psychiatric disorders with low cortisol levels: a metabolic hypothesis." Endocrinology 152(12): 4496-4503.	https://chronicillnesstraumastudies.com/chronic-illness-trauma-nervous-system/?shared=email&msg=fail
The occurrence of fibromyalgia is 10 to 20 times higher in women than in men . Those women are also more likely than men to have severe tender points of pain, “pain all over”, sleep disturbances, and fatigue . The incidence of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is higher in women when compared to men. Internationally, the prevalence of IBS is 67% higher in women . Anxiety disorders are more than twice as likely to occur in women when compared to men . The question is: why? Though the reasons are still being studied, research suggests that an interaction between biology, psychology, and sociocultural factors leads to higher occurrences of these diseases in women . Of particular interest is the role of women’s hormonal and nervous systems, which respond somewhat differently to stress and trauma than those of men . Research by the American Psychological Association looked at 290 studies between 1980 and 2005 to determine if men or women were more at risk for potentially traumatic events and PTSD (Post-traumatic Stress Disorder). The results concluded that, although men experience more traumatic events on average than women, women are more likely to meet diagnostic criteria for PTSD. PTSD is an anxiety disorder caused by a traumatic event and symptoms include “re-experiencing the trauma, avoidance and numbing and hyperarousal .” PTSD occurs in 10-12% of women and 5-6% of men, making the rate in women almost double . Women’s PTSD also tends to last longer (on average four years), whereas men’s lasts one year on average . The types of trauma men and women experience are different as well. Men are more likely to experience trauma from natural disasters, human-caused disasters, accidents, and combat, whereas women are more likely to experience trauma from domestic violence, sexual abuse, and sexual assault . Sexual trauma has been shown to be particularly toxic to mental health, and can typically begin at a young age when the brain is still developing . This can impact a woman's fear and stress response well into adulthood. Trauma, stressors, and/or PTSD alter pain processing and incoming stimuli in an individual. They can frequently cause an excessive stress response, significant and chronic pain, and central sensitization disorders . Central sensitization disorders cause a person’s nervous system to become regulated in a highly persistent state of reactivity, making their threshold to pain and touch incredibly low. This is associated with consistent and chronic pain . Trauma, stressors, and/or PTSD can also affect the brain’s functioning by increasing hyperarousal, hypervigilance, and increased wakefulness and sleep disruption (learn more about sleep’s relationship to fibromyalgia here) . Due to this, stressors or catastrophic events have been found to trigger the development of fibromyalgia, IBS, and anxiety. The intensity, multitude, or period of time of the “stressor” may even be a predictor of adverse health outcomes because they can lead to permanent changes in the human stress response systems . In fact, studies show that “patients with fibromyalgia and related conditions may be more likely than nonaffected individuals to have experienced physical or sexual abuse in childhood. ” This intricate relationship can also cause an unfortunate domino effect. For example, increased hypervigilance from past traumas or stressors can cause a greater level of threat detection, which can then lead to increased anxiety, which can then increase hypervigilance yet again, and so on, creating a classic “feed-forward cycle”. Furthermore, increased hypervigilance has been shown to increase visceral pain perception in women with IBS and chronic pain states in women with fibromyalgia [12-14]. Female predominance in these syndromes and disorders can also be influenced by gender differences in… - Sociocultural reactions to pain/coping mechanisms - Access to healthcare - Research and resources on women’s health conditions - Physiological reactions to pain sensitivity and pain amplification to sensory stimuli - Hormonal and nervous systems stress and trauma responses, as described above More research is needed to explore this important connection between women’s trauma and subsequent health issues. We know that women are strong, but their vulnerability to developing fibromyalgia, IBS, and anxiety is unfortunately strong too. To learn more about PTSD, please visit the National Institute of Mental Health’s website. References: - Brady DM, Schneider, MJ. Pain and Fatigue: When It’s Fibromyalgia and When It’s Not. Townsend Letter. October 2012;351:44-50. - Forbes D, Chalmers A. Fibromyalgia: revisiting the literature. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 2004;48(2):119-131. - Canavan C, West J, Card T. The epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Epidemiol. 2014;6:71-80. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S40245 - Anxiety Disorders. Office on Women’s Health website. https://www.womenshealth.gov/mental-health/mental-health-conditions/anxiety-disorders. Published January 30, 2019. Accessed April 14, 2021. - Yunus MB. The role of gender in fibromyalgia syndrome. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2001;3(2):128-134. doi:10.1007/s11926-001-0008-3 - Tolin DF. Women Are Diagnosed with PTSD More than Men, Even Though They Encounter Fewer Traumatic Events, Says Research. American Psychological Assocation website. https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2006/11/ptsd-rates. Published 2006. Accessed April 14, 2021. - Olff M. Sex and gender differences in post-traumatic stress disorder: an update. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2017;8(sup4). doi:10.1080/20008198.2017.1351204 - Greenberg M. Psychology Today website. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-mindful-self-express/201809/why-women-have-higher-rates-ptsd-men. Published September 25, 2018. Accessed April 14, 2021. - McAllister MJ. What is Central Sensitization? Institute for Chronic Pain website. https://www.instituteforchronicpain.org/understanding-chronic-pain/what-is-chronic-pain/central-sensitization. Published March 23, 20213. Reviewed May 29, 20217. Accessed April 20, 2021. - Sherin JE, Nemeroff CB. Post-traumatic stress disorder: the neurobiological impact of psychological trauma. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2011;13(3):263-278. - Harris RE, Clauw DJ. Newer treatments for fibromyalgia syndrome. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2008;4(6):1331-1342.	https://www.fibrofix.com/blogs/news/why-women-get-more-fibromyalgia-ibs-and-anxiety-than-men
What Does Epigenetics Mean for Humanity’s Awakening? New scientific research is causing scientists to rethink what they believe about the static nature of genes. What do these discoveries mean for a species increasingly facing environmental and political calamity? Ongoing discoveries regarding how environmental factors can affect life on the genetic level are causing many scientists and researchers to rethink the notion that the genetic makeup of an individual is static and unchanging. Most recently, a team of researchers with Tufts University has found evidence which suggests stress or mistreatment during childhood can lead to genetic changes which are passed down to the victim’s children and grandchildren. Larry Feig and his team have shown that inducing stress on mice can lead to genetic changes which are imprinted on the sperm. This same effect has been found in male humans as well. Feig’s study, “Reduced levels of miRNAs 449 and 34 in sperm of mice and men exposed to early life stress,” published in Translational Psychiatry, asked 28 men to provide a sperm sample and complete the Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) questionnaire. The questionnaire is designed to determine the degree of abusive and/or dysfunctional family experiences an individual experience as a child. These experiences increase the risk of developing future psychological and physical disorders. The researchers also began looking for evidence of small molecules called micro-RNAs.”Their job is to bind to another molecule called messenger RNA, whose task in turn is to ferry information read from a gene to the cellular factories that create the required protein,” The Economist explains. “Micro-RNA renders messenger RNA inactive, reducing the activity of the gene in question—and it can travel in sperm alongside DNA.” This alteration by mircro-RNA can lead to epigenetic changes which are apparently passed on to offspring along with the genes themselves. This means an individual’s life experiences can have an effect on their children. Upon screening the men’s sperm the researchers found two types of micro-RNAs, miR-34 and miR-449, were as much as 100 times lower in samples from abused men. The team also purposefully stressed mice by moving them to new cages with new mice throughout their childhood. The researchers found that stressed male mice also had lower levels of miR-34 and miR-449 in their sperm. Even upon mating with unstressed females the embryos had similarly low levels of the two micro-RNA. The sperm from the male offspring also had the same low levels. These changes were found in the following generations even when they had not experienced any abuse or stress themselves. “Since offspring of men exposed to early life trauma have elevated risks for psychological disorders, these findings raise the possibility that a portion of this risk may be derived from epigenetic regulation of these sperm miRNAs,” the researchers write. The new study also indicates that female offspring of stressed male mice will likely be more anxious and less sociable. These results show that the effects last for at least three generations. The researchers plan to do the study again with a larger group of men and possibly other family members. So what exactly is Epigenetics? What is Epigenetics? defines the term as “in addition to changes in genetic sequence,” but acknowledges the word has “evolved to include any process that alters gene activity without changing the DNA sequence, and leads to modifications that can be transmitted to daughter cells.” As the Tufts University study has shown, these genetic changes were passed down via sperm and embryo to the following generations even without being exposed to the same trauma as the parent or grandparent. Epigenetics currently sits on the fence between accepted mainstream science and New Age panacea. Scientists who have been hesitant to admit that genes are not static are being forced to rethink their positions, while spiritualists and believers in the law of attraction swear that epigenetics proves that our state of mind directly determines our physical health and body. While the research has been taking place for decades, it is only now coming to be understood that our individual experiences and environmental factors can change us on the genetic level. This could come from not only psychological or emotional trauma, but also outside factors like chemicals in our environment. In a 2006 article published in Environmental Health Perspectives, researchers write, “Known or suspected drivers behind epigenetic processes include many agents, including heavy metals, pesticides, diesel exhaust, tobacco smoke, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, hormones, radioactivity, viruses, bacteria, and basic nutrients.” This reemphasizes the need for a healthy lifestyle and diet free of tobacco smoke, hormones, heavy metals, and pesticides. In addition, in 2005, Michael Skinner, a professor of molecular biosciences and director of the Center for Reproductive Biology at Washington State University, showed that pregnant rats exposed to high levels of the insecticide methoxychlor lead to decreased sperm production and increased male infertility in the male children. Skinner and team also found DNA alteration with two genes. Even in the absence of additional pesticide exposure, these adverse effects lasted in about 90% of the males in the following four generations. In February of this year, researchers from Washington State University studied the epigenetic effects of the now-banned pesticide DDT. The team found that a wide range of epigenetic changes resulted from DDT exposure to mice across three generations. What will epigenetics tell us about the human species’ capacity to heal from or completely avoid trauma? Does it change the way you look at the world or the way you treat another individual if you know that your actions could affect them on the genetic level? Does it alter the way you view your own trauma? I believe an understanding of epigenetics should encourage every individual to rethink the way they live their very lives. With epigenetics in mind, we should rethink the way we treat children and the way we communicate with other people, in general. I am a firm believer in peaceful parenting and the fact that hitting children can affect their level of gray matter in the brain, but it also likely causes stress that leads to epigenetic changes, possibly even negative health effects. In addition, learning to use tools like non-violent communication can be a great way to learn to connect with someone in a respectful and compassionate, but firm manner without causing unnecessary harm or frustration. Also, we must take a moment to think about the idea that it is not only negative or harmful experiences which can be imprinted on our genes. Through “transgenerational inheritance” we might also inherit positive emotional, psychological, and physical attributes. This makes it of utmost importance for each of us to focus on working through our own emotional trauma in pursuit of healing and closure. By doing so we are likely improving the chances that our future progeny will not inherit genes filled with trauma, stress, abuse, and illness.	http://www.thefringenews.com/what-does-epigenetics-mean-for-humanitys-awakening/
Spit and polish: The beauty of saliva for epigenetic studies Biomarkers in saliva identify changes that impact the body, according to research published in Current Genomics. This important paper details the drawbacks and benefits of using saliva as a tissue sample for the study of epigenetic changes affected by experiences. Beginning with a detailed review introducing epigenetics and providing background from previous studies, the new findings include strong examples of how analysis of saliva can be applied to vulnerable populations, such as children, to identify changes correlated with experience and behavior. Examples of epigenetic changes in saliva of children who experienced pediatric trauma and of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are presented. Pediatric trauma is a leading cause of death for children aged 1-14 in the United States (CDC, 2016), accounting for nearly 40% of all childhood fatalities. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), such as traumatic injury, lead to long-term health and behavioral outcomes, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). ACEs also include abuse, neglect, and community violence in addition to physical harm, all which also result in long-term effects. Early detection of trauma is crucial to preventing abuse-related deaths, as well as for addressing early the health and behavioral consequences of ACEs. Early detection is also critical for children with ASD. In 2012, 1 in 68 Americans (CDC, 2012) had ASD. Scientists have not found a single unifying genetic explanation for ASD, and as such behavioral diagnosis at or after 18 months is the standard. Most children are not diagnosed until 3 years and 10 months (CDC, 2012), over two years later. The earlier children are diagnosed, the more effective interventions will become. In this paper, scientists investigated the impact of ACEs on children aged four to eight over the course of six to eight months by collecting saliva at two time-points from children who had experienced traumatic events and from those who had not. Similarly saliva was collected at a single time point from children diagnosed with ASD and normal children. Pooling the studies together, 45 children were sampled. The saliva from these studies was assessed for a form of epigenetics called DNA methylation — a reversible biochemical process through which methyl groups are added to the DNA, which changes gene expression by turning genes "on" or "off." Using a bead-chip array technology, over 425,000 methylation sites were assayed for each child, providing insight into the methylation pattern for each child. Initial analysis showed that the children's methylation patterns did not cluster by diagnosis, experience, age, sex, or ethnicity. The scientists, Dr. Elaine L. Bearer and Brianna S. Mulligan of the University of New Mexico, discovered that the children grouped most closely by the cellular composition of their saliva, whether it contained primarily cheek cells or white blood cells. By correcting for cell type composition using methylation data from purified cheek and blood cells, sites were found that differed significantly according to experience. These sites are involved in brain development, rather than the differences between cheek and blood cell differentiation. The scientists are now exploring markers within corrected datasets for both cohorts of children. Preliminary results described in the paper, once verified, will be useful to flag young survivors of abuse or for earlier diagnosis of ASD in future. ### Research was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health and the Harvey Family Endowment.	https://scienmag.com/spit-and-polish-the-beauty-of-saliva-for-epigenetic-studies/
The PA Forward Program is a statewide initiative under the PA Library Association (PaLA), which works to strengthen the state’s libraries through education, advocacy and leadership. The goal is to improve how patrons interact with their libraries. This program aims to tailor relevant events to communities to improve overall literacy across the state through five key literacies. Basic Literacy – Libraries can push Pennsylvania to achieve one of the highest literacy rates in the country, a trained and skilled workforce, and a growing economy, tax base, and population. Information Literacy – Libraries can help all Pennsylvanians learn how to use online resources and current technology to improve their education, to enhance their job skills, to develop their personal lives, and to fully participate in a digital society. Civic and Social Literacy – Libraries can play an important role in helping citizens have the knowledge and skills they need to improve their lives, to participate and contribute effectively to their community, government, and society, and to connect with one another through discourse. Health Literacy – Libraries can play an important role in helping citizens manage their own and their family’s well-being, and empower them to be effective partners with their healthcare providers so they can live longer, more productive lives. Financial Literacy – Libraries can help citizens become informed consumers and guide individuals, small businesses, and other organizations to contribute to the economic vitality of their community through innovation, entrepreneurship, and economic development.	http://www.mountpleasantpalibrary.org/pa-forward/
An oft-debated topic in host countries is immigration. The term refers to the movement of people from their homeland to a host country. People leave home in search of a better life for themselves as well as for their families back home. As integral components for global development, migrants not just further the host country’s economic prosperity but also promote technological growth. Today, developing countries are home to more than one-third of the immigrants in the world. The International Organization for Migration recorded the number to be around 285 million in 2017 alone. While immigration benefits those moving abroad, it also offers advantages to the host country. Take the economy, for example: while immigrants send money home in the form of remittances, they spend it locally on housing, food, healthcare and leisure activities. Read also: Migration Stories: How Communities from Different Regions Flourished in India Let us look at some other economic benefits of immigration and how these contribute to the overall growth of the local economy. Expanding the labour market Many people move overseas to improve their career prospects. Thanks to an effect known as the ‘immigration surplus,’ they boost the host country’s economy at the same time. How well immigrants blend into the host country’s labour force is directly proportional to their economic contribution to the growth of the nation. By expanding the workforce, immigrants increase the level of output, which is one of the main drivers of economic growth. As immigrants are not bound to a particular part of the host country, they are free to move and take up jobs wherever the need is greatest. By facilitating legal entry into the country, host nations can reap benefits from the economic growth of immigration. Once a host country has identified the actual reason for an immigrant’s shift, authorities can make positive changes in the system to expand the supply chain. These immigrants also send money home in the form of inward remittances, which in turn stabilizes the economic scenario of their home country. Another way immigrants help is by rebalancing demographics. For example, if a country has an aging population, it needs younger people to join the workforce and support the economy as the older generation retires. An example: in the 1950s, when the birth rate in the US fell from 3.5 per woman to 1.93, a healthy influx of immigrants balanced out the demographics for the aging population. An average immigrant (age 31) was younger than a native-born American (age 36). These immigrants worked to sustain the economy, paid taxes, and mitigated the problem of the imbalanced demographic chart. Introducing new skills Why are migrants beneficial for the host country? As of 2017, 3.4% of the world’s population comprises immigrants. In some cases, immigrants bring with them skills that may be missing from the local economy. This powers innovation, which is a crucial driver of growth. According to UN reports, Asia hosted the largest number of international migrants in 2017 (80 million), followed by Europe (78 million) and Northern America (58 million) According to research published by the National Foundation for American Policy in 2016, more than half of US startups valued at $1 billion and above were founded by at least one immigrant. What’s more, immigrants are essential members of management and product teams at 70% of these startups, filling positions like CTO or VP of Engineering. Immigrants partly founded some of the biggest companies in the tech industry. According to the World Bank, the richest countries in the world are those that have the power to provide a hospitable environment for immigrants. Indeed, 25 of the wealthiest and most developed countries in the world have recorded an average of 22.5 % immigrant-born population. While the US has 12.8%, Hong Kong has 42.6%, and Switzerland has 22.9%. A remittance economy is funded by immigrants who send money home and make sacrifices to secure a better future for themselves and their families. ‘Skilled migrants,’ as they are popularly known, contribute to the host economy through inward remittances. They also bring additional abilities to boost innovation and research. Studies show that 30 million of these immigrants are highly educated individuals that harmonize skill levels in their host countries. Making a significant impact Here’s a question that is often debated: is immigration a net benefit to the host country? To put the positive contribution of immigrants into perspective, let us refer to the US as a case study. According to a report by the National Academy of Sciences called The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration, immigrants contributed $2 trillion to the US economy in 2016. While all nations follow a sovereign method to manage immigration, the benefits of migration for a host country are most apparent when employing a mix of measures that are both productive and legal to contribute to the growth of the country. Encouraging regional mobility will reduce skill gaps and provide broader development goals for destination countries. The topic of why migrants are beneficial for the receiving country is an essential discussion that both developed and developing nations need to have. A healthy influx of immigrants will positively impact inward remittances – and thereby, the economic growth of the host country – and contribute to its overall GDP.	https://www.xpressmoney.com/blog/industry/how-immigrants-benefit-the-host-economy/
Economic growth of a given period is the measure of how much more the economy produced during that period as against what was produced in the preceding year. Economic development is when economic growth is considered also with progressive changes that determine the welfare of the people within the economy. Before we discuss the factors of economic development lets us see how does economic development work? When you pay taxes – local or state levied – you are helping fund economic development. These taxes are used by the Government in their efforts to bring about welfare in the community through infrastructure and subsidy’s. Taxes paid on that cup of tea, those new pair of shoes or even real estate go towards development projects or other such government initiatives which aid the sustained development of the economy. As per the new approach Charles P. Kindleberger and Bruce Herrick observed that Economic development is generally defined to include improvements in material welfare, especially for persons with the lowest income, the eradication of mass poverty with its correlates of illiteracy, disease and early death, changes in the composition of inputs and outputs that generally include shifts in the underlying structure of production away from agricultural towards industrial activities, the organisation of the economy in such a way that productive employment is general among the working age population rather than the situation of a privileged minority and the correspondingly greater participation of broadly based groups in making decisions about the directions, economic and otherwise, in which they should move to improve their welfare. To put it in simple terms generally economic development is the prerogative of the federal, state and local authorities. They are the ones in charge of improving the standard of living of the people by creating job opportunities, support innovations, encourage creation of wealth and create a better quality of life for the populous of the nation. Economic development can also be defined on the basis of the objectives it wishes to achieve. These objectives may include the building or upscaling the infrastructure by creating better roads, fly-overs, bridges etc.; improving education facilities; fortifying public safety through better administrative services like police and fire departments; or supporting start-ups and new businesses and local entrepreneurs. Economic development can be broken down into 3 key areas: - Governments working towards accomplishing larger economic goal such as building a strong economy through policies and regulations that meat the end requirement of uplifting the different sectors of the economy that contribute to the GDP. The Government does this by enacting and enforcing laws, policies, industries regulations, and revenue (tax) concessions. - Infrastructure projects that are aimed at strengthening the economy and benefiting the human resource of the present and the future. Examples of these projects are the building of highways that connect the urban and rural areas, new educational institutions, public libraries, recreation centres, building hospitals and initiating health and hygiene initiatives for community well being, crime prevention initiatives etc. - Creating jobs opportunities and sustaining businesses through workforce development programs that empower people with the skills and education needed for performing their jobs successfully. This also includes the development of small business by supporting small entrepreneurs with the financial assistance and helping them to connect with businesses of larger scales along with their own counter parts to build a strong network. Economic development in itself relies on a lot of other factors that are governed by scarcity and those which may not be in absolute control of the economy. All plans and policies of economic development must be chalked with the knowledge and framework of these factors in mind. These factors include scarce natural resources and skilled man power that have the ability to positively contribute to the economic development. These are economic conditions or the current economic environment that has to be used in the best possible manner to further the development objectives of the economy. Simply put these factors can influence the economic development i.e. the objectives of enhancing the standard of living of the economy. Factors affecting economic development Factors are not the only thing the influence economic development but they are important for a planning stand point as by understanding these factors we can gauge whether the economy can develop on its own or are certain modifications to the policy framework required. The role of economic factors in a country’s economic development are decisive. For most economies the rate of capital accumulation and stock of capital are enough to determine the economic development for formulate a plan for the same. But in today’s economies are complex as agendas for growth are constantly clashing with those of sustainability. Therefore along with the factors of capital and stock, natural resources, energy resources, education etc. also need to be analysed to determine economic development. Lets discuss some important factors affecting economic development: Natural Resources According to recent studies economists have realised that along with the human, financial and physical capital the natural resources are an important asset to any business. However, the services derived from natural resources are different from those derived from conventional capital. Natural resources have the ability to provide inputs for business and are also able to absorb waste. Considering the ecological services that these resources provide and their scarcity brings up the question of sustained development while achieving the goals of an overall economic development. These natural resources are necessary to sustain human life which is at the heart of any economy. To make matters worse using them aggressively for business purposes may have dire consequences on the future generations. Therefore the use of natural resources call for special compensation rules so that the businesses of today do not hamper the ability of the future generations sustainability. It is understood that environmental degradation at a point may yield good results for the economy but as we move forward there is bound to be a substantial decrease in the conditions of living. There has also been a converse hypothesis that environmental degradation may decrease as the per capita income rises, this is called the Kuznets curve (EKC). Kuznets curve (EKC) has made a lot of attempts to establish an “inverted U” shaped relationship between the different indicators of environmental pollution / environmental degradation and the levels of per capita income. Moreover, recent economic theories has raised the question that whether underdeveloped countries that supposedly have an abundance of natural resources have a rapid or better rate of development than developed countries that are struggling with their impact on the environment. There may be a possibility that the underdeveloped countries do not invest the revenue generated from exploiting these resources into productive assets that would intern generate revenues on a larger scale. Conversely there is also a chance they may be directing the resources into the innovative sectors rather than the productive ones. This is what gives rise to the “boom and bust” pattern of economic development. In Latin America, there is evidence of this pattern with regards to their economic development. We might have understood the role natural resources play in development economics but there is much more to learn in them of their extent of usage. While the environment depletion and degradation is the most apparent concern there are other concerns such as the lack of proper management of the natural resources by underdeveloped countries to achieve that economic ‘take 0ff’. Also, “underpricing” and “undervaluing” due to lack of policies to ensure that natural resources are compensated with comparable rents that can be further used for investments in productive assets, is another major barrier for economic development. Energy resources Energy is what drives the economy and hence is a crucial ingredient for economic development. With increase in both agricultural as well as the industrial sector the demand for energy is ever increasing. Economics have gone on to suggest that greater access to energy will help enhance the lives of the poor and contribute to the development of the economy on the whole. That is why economies are making provisions so that energy can reach a greater percentage of the populous. As a result individuals, firms and governments are being given access to energy and in case of small business energy is being given at incentivized rates to motivate financial as well as livelihood interests. But how energy plays a pivotal role in the development of economics is still not clear. A survey done by David I. Stern, energy and environmental economist, targeting the factors that affect the linkage between energy and economic growth attempts to answer this question. The production function denotes the conversion of economic inputs such as capital, labor, and various forms of energy such as oil, coal etc. into economic output in the form of manufactured good & services. Any function in economics accepts certain inputs to yield the consequential output. But in the case of energy, to determine the relationship between energy and economic growth we need to carefully study the effect of the various forms of energy as inputs to the aggregate output e.g. gross domestic product. There are many factors that influence energy as an input these include; substitution of energy by other inputs, technological advances, changes in the compositions of the types of energy, changes in the mix of other inputs, shift in the economy from capital intensive to labour intensive etc. Energy and capital both have complementary and substitutable capabilities which changes the results of the production function. Studies have shown that certain manufactured metals can be successfully substituted for a wide range of major metals that are non – renewable forms of resources. Other studies have shown that there is little or zero substitutability for certain specific metals. According to David I. Stern “On the whole it seems that capital and energy act more as substitutes in the long-run and more as complements in the short run, and that they may be gross substitutes but net complements”. From the standpoint of factors affecting economic development the study considered mostly non-renewable energy therefore it was also necessary to study the physical interdependency between manufactured capital vis-a-vis natural capital. The study revealed the effects of substituting capital for fuel in the US forest products sector with the capital obtained from the indirect energy produced from other economic sectors. It was shown that the years 1958 to 1984 most of the indirect energy costs of capital was able to offset a significant fraction of the direct fuel savings and that in some years these costs were greater than the direct fuel savings. Another study revealed that the use of materials used in other sectors to produce capital and labor in the rest of the economy by the receiving sector lowers the long-run growth of the economy. This substitution decreases the investment and/or consumption in the rest of the economy. Capital Accumulation Capital plays a vital role in the modern business. Producing any good or services without the intervention of capital is virtually impossible. A business needs capital for everything including purchase of raw material, tools, machinery and labour to produce finished goods, warehouses to store these goods and for hiring personnel to sell these goods.. Without the means to production man would have to work with his bare hands which would yield very little and businesses would not be able to cater to the masses. This is evident from the fact that even in the primitive stages of life, man used some tools for gathering and hunting. The development in technology and specialisation has also made accumulation of capital a complex task that requires advance skills. Capital has made economies of large scale possible. In fact, the greater productivity capabilities of developed nations like the US is due to their capacity of rallying capital and amass machineries, tools or implements used for productive processes of larger scale. Capital increase the productivity of the workforce exponentially and hence it is very important for economic development as a whole. Economic development cannot be attained without the use of industrial machinery tools and machinery, mechanised agricultural equipment and implements, building of dams, bridges, factories, roads, railways, airports, ships, ports, harbours, etc., which are all capital goods and speak directly to the productivity of the workforce. Therefore, increase in the accumulation of capital goods every year is important for increasing the national product and subsequently the national income. Capital accumulation is necessary to provide the work force with the necessary tools that will optimise their skills and help increase their productivity. Imagine a situation where population goes on rising and there is no change in the net capital accumulation, without comparable capital accumulation the workforce will not be able to meet the demands of the growing population due to the lack of production of large scale. This is not only hamper the economic development but will escalate to a dire economic crisis. Besides productions of large scale capital accumulation makes it possible for a 360 degree improvement and optimisation of the productivity. Technological Resources Technology encompasses the entire body of knowledge and tools that make the use of economic resources easier and increase the efficiency of production and simultaneously pave the way for innovation. Therefore, technological resources are necessary for economic development as the more advanced the technology the better the scope for quality production with lesser turnaround time which translates into quicker local and global economical improvement. Technology’s role in economic development can be further broken down as under. Technology can reduce the time taken for producing a good or delivery of services, this saves cost and contributes to the overall profitability of the business. A business that uses the latest technology is more efficient in terms of business output and this allows it to produce on larger scales meeting the demand of the market. Division of the labour force and specialisation of jobs within a business can be achieved with technology, such effective segregation of labour increase the efficiency of business. Today, businesses are required not only to make profits but also to be see to it that wile doing so the needs of the future generations are not hampered. Technology has the ability to govern how businesses process natural resources and aid them in assisting waste management while optimising their operations. Due to the technological advances the labour force is able to increase its efficiency which translates into an increase in total output this leads to better profits and increase in economic development. Technology paves the way for research into every sector of business and science. It helps advance businesses through innovation that help profits while decreasing their impact on the environment. Education and Training Globalization and international trade has pitted economies of different countries against each other. In order to succeed and further the growth of the global economies healthy completion between these economies is necessary. Developed countries hold a competitive and comparative advantage in the global economy but rarely does any country specialise in a particular industry. Simply put every economy will be made up of different industries that have their own advantages and disadvantages in the global market. The education and training of a country’s labour force is what will determine how the country’s economy will fare in such a competitive global market. The study of economics development is influenced by training and education involves the analysis of the entire labour economy in terms of the employers and workforce. Education and training are the two major factor the affect the wage rate of the labour force i.e. workers with better education, training and experience tend to earn more that those with poor skills and knowledge. Many countries have therefore put in efforts to build a robust education system that can produce a workforce that can be inducted into existing as well as new industries, especially in the fields of technology and science. This is partially because the older industries are becoming less competitive in the global markets and would be unable. to dominate the world’s industrial landscape. In addition, efforts to improve the basic education of the masses will help the social causes of right to education and better the lives of people. In economic terms education does not mean the acquiring of college degrees. Education of the purpose of economics is broken down into three categories according to the levels of education: - Primary : Or elementary school as referred to in the US - Secondary : includes middle schools, high schools and preparatory schools - Post-secondary : universities, community colleges and vocational schools A country’s economy becomes more and more productive as the number of educated workforce join the labour market. This workforce is able to think more effectively in terms of cost efficiency, profits and sustainability and they also have the ability of critical thinking and reasonability. As stated above, a better-educated work force tends to be more productive than those with lesser or no education under their belt. However, there is cost to higher education. In fact the cost rises as the level of education rises. But there is no thumb rule that a country needs to invest in a network of universities that offer higher education for developing the economy. Based literacy programs also benefit the economy and go a long way in economic improvement of the country. According to UNESCO and the United Nations Human Development Programme, the ratio of the number of children of official secondary school age enrolled in school, to the number of children of official secondary school age in the population (referred to as the enrollment ratio), is higher in developed nations than it is in developing ones. These numbers differs from education spending from the GDP of the country and does not always correlate strongly with how educated the population of a country is. Other factors Apart from the above factors of economic development many other factors such as corruption, political freedom, social organisations, desire to develop etc. also play an vital role in the growth of a particular economy. Through prevalent in every economy these factors differ from country to country. An economy’s ability to adapt to these factors determine its growth prospective.	http://www.broggl.com/what-are-the-factors-of-economic-development/
Is America at a stake of brain drain? Date: Wednesday , June 08, 2011 Is America at a stake of brain drain just like India and China were during the 1990's? Or is there any option for America to withhold this flow? Back then, Indians and Chinese found better opportunities in America to build a healthy financial life, but today the changing political and economic scenario of these countries have become the important factors for this brain drain. Today America is not the only land of opportunity. The progress towards the free market economy have further opened the door for globalization and created better business opportunities in these countries. Vivek Wadhwa's survey on the topic justifies the above statement. His research point that if American-educated Indian and Chinese engineers and entrepreneurs return to their own countries, there will be a vast brain hemorrhage faced by United States. Further the research states that if U.S. wants to control this migration, then it has to bring reform in its immigration system. One of the biggest pictures of this change is the visit of Warren Buffet to India with an intention of investing in the Indian market. His entry has changed the entire view of the world towards Indian market. The reason behind his idea of investment is the growing pace of the economy of India. Indians and Chinese feel that the economic opportunity is truly growing in their country and it is the best time for them to return back home to their family and friends. These returnees are enjoying greater advantage in terms of scope, better quality of life, better career prospects and the comfort of being close to family and friends. But America surely needs to needle point the various reasons behind it and find solutions to them as 52 percent of Silicon Valley's technology companies are started by immigrants and they contributed to more than 25 percent of their global patents which will be affected by their migration. These highly educated immigrants are leaving their work to be back to their people and contribute their bit towards the development of their country. The low cost in operation, cheap labor and raw materials are few other notches adding to this migration. The Indian and Chinese governments have brought several reforms in their present policies and acts to attract more and more immigrants to establish companies. In this new economy, the most important resources are likely the ideas, intellectual capital, and knowledge of the workforce which these migrants bring with them. The key to growth now lies not in reducing costs of doing business, but in endowments of highly educated and productive people. The improvement in the level of education in both countries, better social etiquette, better government, more freedom and human rights and higher esteem are some of the other factors that are pulling them back. It can be said that with their return they will be bringing more depth and diversity to the education system leading to less migration to America which can be a bad news for them. But it surely has raised the prospect of the economical set-up in the two countries and will contribute to political reformation. Buffet believes that India has a lot of potential to grow in the future and to improve competitiveness in every field of the world, which will contribute a part towards fulfilling the need of the seven billion people. India is flourishing and has become a dream market for every business due to, the rising purchase power.	https://www.siliconindia.com/magazine-in/prnt.php?CJSF446128142
A demographic dividend occurs when the rate of economic growth is increased due to a change in the age structure of a population that favours the presence of more working age people than that of a dependent population. A demographic dividend thus is the result of a changing age structure of the population. Basic Concepts A higher percentage of the working-age population can raise the economic output in a country as well as increase its per capita income. A high demographic dividend requires an enhanced income-employment situation. It also requires that the working-age population is competent enough to achieve substantial income levels. However, this phase can be transitory and dependent populations can increase in proportion or the productive capacity of the working-age population can fall below the adequate levels. These pressures can bring down output and productivity and also a decline in the per capita income and standard of living in the economy. There can be diverse factors that can influence such fluctuations. For example, many a time the birth rate can increase or the mortality rate of the aged population can decrease, increasing the proportion of dependent people in the population. Similarly, increase in the production requirements can also influence the productive capacities of a given economy if the skill levels of the workers are inadequate. Economies must be in a position therefore to harness the benefits gained from a high demographic dividend when the situation arises. This would mean that the working-age population is imbued with the abilities to increase productivity as well as the per capita income in the economy at the same time. This would also involve the training of the young people so that they can contribute productively to the economy. Prior and continuous training of the working-age population are thus necessities if a country is to achieve the benefits of a high demographic dividend. https://www.geographyandyou.com/economy/development/globalization-in-india-social/ There can be various approaches in terms of methods of increasing production in economies as a result of the demographic dividend. For example, in some cases investments in healthcare might also be necessary as also in employment opportunities and education. In many underdeveloped or developing countries, infant mortality can palpably negate the birth rate. In other instances, a focus would need to be placed on the health and educational accessibility of low-income populations. Every country must adopt an appropriate approach in maximizing the benefits accrued from its demographic dividend in terms of increased economic productivity. Demographic Dividend in India India has always been a significant talking point in terms of population because the country has the second-highest population in the world after China. Moreover, according to the United Nations (UN), India is projected to overtake China to become the world’s most populous nation by 2024 (The Indian Express, 2017). However, India is undergoing a major demographic transition. The working-age ratio in India’s population is projected to increase from 64 per cent in 2013 to 69 per cent in 2040 – an addition of more than 300 million adults of working-age population! In terms of pure numbers, India would thus become the largest contributor to the addition in the global workforce. The question is whether India can increase its rate of economic growth and economic production as a result of this increase (Majumder, 2013). Although the absolute numbers in working-age population in India may increase, there can still be many hick-ups as far as the demographic dividend is concerned, particularly when linked up with economic growth. The demographic transition might also have fewer than expected working-age people joining the workforce. Although the number of working-age people might increase in absolute terms, but that would not necessarily translate into more workers. For example, the participation of women in India in the workforce is quite low. According to the World Bank’s study based on the period between 2004-05 and 2011-12, the female labour force participation (FLFP) rate in India was 27 per cent as compared to China’s 63.9 per cent (Bhandare, 2017). Given that the females make up for almost 50 per cent of India’s population, their extremely low proportion joining the workforce is having a drastic negative impact on the overall proportions of labour force in the country. Thus it cannot be assumed that a simple increase in working-age population might mean more workers. Other than gender equity, other factors might also influence the working-age population such as underdeveloped labour markets, uneven sectoral growth and low cost of living etc. Even if there is a cumulative and substantial increase in the workforce, workers are also required to be more productive if production is to increase. This would require corresponding increases in educational and training facilities. However, the World Bank reports that at present only 2.3 per cent of the workforce in India has formal skills training (World Bank, 2017). Much more expansive skill development initiatives are needed if India is to convert an increasing working-age population into productive members of India’s economy. Another problem that can be posed in terms of the demographic dividend is that the numbers of working-age people might increase but employment opportunities in terms of productive jobs might be limited. According to the India Skills Report 2018, a growth of 10-15 per cent is expected in hiring in 2018 (Business Standard, 2018). Although this is a significant growth as far as employment opportunities are concerned, such growth rates would need to be sustained if India is to keep pace with its demographic dividend on a continuous basis. Employment opportunities also depend on the training and qualifications of the prospective employees and a lag in India in this aspect might place gaps in the availability of employment and actual hiring in the future, such that a continuous rate of assimilation might become difficult to maintain. https://www.geographyandyou.com/economy/development/regional-disparities-india-since-independence/ The optimistic aspect of India’s demographic dividend is that with time a mature workforce with experience would emerge. Learning on the job might become an increasingly important aspect of employability as time progresses although this must not discount that fact that training in basic skills is a must which is usually provided by institutions to youths. The key to bridging the gap between the demographic dividend and an increasing rate of economic growth is to enhance the productivity of the working population. Ways to Look Forward The demographic dividend itself might be affected by many macro processes. For example, a substantial decline in fertility for a population might act to increase the demographic dividend. Also, improved healthcare conditions along with declining mortality rates for adults might also preserve the pool of working-age population. Greater gender equity in terms of women in the workplace might also act to increase the participation of women in the workplace, thus increasing the overall contribution to labour market. Economic investments that create additional jobs can also act to upsurge production in the economy as well as increase the number of working people. However, India’s demographic dividend needs to be supported by other supportive steps that can allow India’s demographic dividend to be optimally used. For example, India must look to upgrade educational and training facilities to bridge the gap in India’s skill deficit. The productivity of its working-age population can be tapped early on such that education and training can be supplemented early on for progressive change. India must also develop its healthcare facilities and make them more accessible. Although India is blessed with an increasing demographic dividend, looking at the concept of the demographic dividend might make us rethink whether we are using the opportunity to its prime limit. There are a great many areas in which we can improve if we are to sustain the benefits that our increasing demographic dividend is providing us.	https://geographyandyou.com/concept-demographic-dividend-india/
The General Secretary of the Industrial and Commercial workers Union (ICU), Solomon Stephen Ashalley Kotei, has observed that a healthy workforce would help increase productivity for wealth creation in the country. He, therefore, stressed the need to nurture and groom the younger ones to take up the mantle of leadership in the near future. Mr. Kotei said this at a maiden national youth health walk of the ICU in Takoradi on the theme, ‘let’s walk for life: Healthy Youth Builds Strong unions’. The theme, according to him, was to underscore the fact that the youth were the future of the country and every support should be given them to contribute to nation building. He said the youth in ICU were very important for the union’s growth and development, and therefore, should stay healthy to develop and build the union to become stronger. He said it was for that reason that eh health walk was organized as part of a process towards building a strong union. Mr. Kotei said the union would organize and retain its members, enforce discipline, and galvanize them for increased productivity. The ICU General Secretary emphasized the need to maintain a healthy workforce for any successful activity notwithstanding the age, as a sound mind could only be found in a healthy body. “As workers, we need sound minds to concentrate and be productive at the workplaces and this can only be achieved in healthy bodies for increased productivity,” he noted.	http://peacefmonline.com/pages/local/health/201505/242345.php
The World Bank Group’s Board of Executive Directors approved a US$100 million loan for the Skills and Jobs Project in Kazakhstan to improve the employment outcomes and skills of the current workforce as well as the relevance of technical and vocational education and training and higher education programs. “Education and acquiring relevant skills largely determine access to higher paid quality jobs,” said Ludmilla Butenko, World Bank Country Manager for Kazakhstan. “The new project aims to contribute to the national goal of diversifying the economy and increasing the productivity and earning capacity of the working age population. It builds on the experience of the Technical Vocational Education Modernization Project, and introduces significant innovations informed by international best practices.” To improve productivity and employment, the Skills and Jobs Project will provide relevant training to unemployed, unproductively self-employed, and current employees in need of training. The project aims to improve the public employment services, and enhance the capacity of training centers and institutions to deliver skills development programs in line with market demand. The project will help enhance the institutional capacity for improving the relevance of technical and vocational education, higher education, and workforce training. For this, the project aims to align the national qualifications system with labor market demands, focusing on occupational standards, educational standards and curricula, and qualifications assessment and certification. The improved qualifications system, in turn, is expected to improve the quality assurance and relevance of pre-employment education and training. Increased access to relevant training for the working age population will yield economic benefits as unemployed and unproductively self-employed are expected to be more employable in the formal sector and earn higher wages; firms can increase profits with a more productive workforce in place. Overall, the improved labor market services will result in better job matching and shorter unemployment periods. The implementation of the five-year project (2015-2020) will start after the country approval process is completed. The Skills and Jobs Project will be financed through a variable-margin US$100 million IBRD loan, with a 19-year maturity period and a 5-year grace period, with US$37 million in co-financing from the Government of Kazakhstan.	https://azh.kz/en/news/view/5839
Feted for Rwanda’s economic miracle, President Paul Kagame now faces the far larger task of reforming the country’s economy to make it more inclusive. President Kagame’s government will need to craft new measures to fight poverty and expand social safety nets targeting vulnerable people living in rural areas. In what appears to be a move to fast-track implementation of his development agenda, President Kagame appears to be giving more power to young turks in influential government positions. “Resist attempts to discourage you or slow you down. Fight back. Do what you know is right for your country, what you have been trained to do,” he said, during the recently concluded Leadership Retreat at the Rwanda Defence Combat Training Centre — Gabiro, a military facility in Rwanda’s Eastern Province. For the past two decades, President Kagame’s government has defied expectations by achieving robust growth averaging around 7 per cent annually, come close to doubling per capita income, reduced poverty from around 60 per cent to under 30 per cent and lowered income inequality, and the Gini coefficient has dropped from 0.52 in 2005 to 0.45 in 2014 according to the International Monetary Fund. In spite of these advances, the country still has severe malnutrition among children under five, estimated at 38 per cent countrywide according to 2015 Demography Health Survey, well below the national target for the reduction of malnutrition to 18 per cent by 2018. Rural areas are the most affected, reflecting income inequalities. Food insecurity The districts with the highest share of food insecure households are predominantly situated in the Western Province — including Rutsiro, Nyamagabe, Nyabihu, Nyaruguru, Rusizi, Karongi and Nyamasheke. A Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis 2015 report linked food insecurity and stunting among rural people to poverty, illiteracy and insufficient land for farming. The report also revealed that children of mothers with low education are more vulnerable to stunting. In addition, Rwanda is tackling rising fertility rates among rural women due lack of modern methods of contraception. This could undermine the country’s overall target of becoming a high-income country by 2050. The country is also grappling with a sharp rise in teenage pregnancies, particularly in rural areas. Last year, at least 17,444 teenage pregnancies were recorded, according to the Ministry of Health, with most of the girls dropping out of school. The country’s population is estimated at 12.5 million, with the fertility rate at 4.2 children per woman as reflected in the 2014/2015 Demographic Health Survey. “The population is set to double, but we can ensure that citizens are productive and empowered to contribute to growth. There is a need for policy that emphasises reducing current fertility rates as well as creating a healthy workforce,” said Yusuf Murangwa, the Director General of the National Institute of Statistics at a recent meeting with members of parliament. Mr Murangwa underscored the need to lower the fertility rates to 2.3 children per woman by 2035 to mitigate the risk of the population tripling in the next 30 years.	https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/Rwanda-fights-poverty-and-hunger/2558-4336340-vihy0xz/index.html
The majority of girls in rural Nigeria have little in the way of educational opportunities, an injustice that I feel needs to be corrected. In fact, many of the millions of girls in our country receive little to no education and therefore struggle to develop employable skills. This model sets our rural girls and women up for failure. Yet models where girls and women are effectively educated and given the opportunity to develop lasting skills prove to be an effective and reliable use of resources that also stimulates the economy and general growth. Even though social barriers do exist, accompanied by religious and financial concerns that contribute to the problem, the winds of change are beginning to affect the girls of Nigeria. One way that things are changing is through a program called the Adolescent Girls Program. The program partners with 27 commercial and private organizations to provide girls with practical training that will help them develop marketable skills. Even though the willingness to educate girls is there and many organizations are participating, families are still reluctant to enroll their female children. Poor families, clinging to long-held religious beliefs or for practical reasons, would prefer to keep their daughters at home. It’s an obvious roadblock that I think we need to discuss in order to reiterate the potential for women and their communities that exists when we actively enable them with educational opportunities. This is the only means to create lasting systemic change. As a few girls enrolled in the Adolescent Girls Program and joined the workforce, families began to see that there were other choices for their daughters. Each year, more girls enroll in the program, learning strong job skills. As they join the job market and talk about their experiences, their friends, sisters, and neighbors consider the program for themselves. This helps to keep the program running, as well as helping the communities throughout Nigeria. As more girls attend the Adolescent Girls Program (and programs like it) in order to pursue career paths, the face of our country’s economy will evolve. Sending more women into the workforce will also boost the number of consumers in the country, improve the situation for millions of families, and help to promote gender equality. More importantly for the individual girls participating in the program is the real possibility of building a better life for themselves through, a mission that will always resonate with me. Instead of relying on someone else, girls throughout Nigeria can pursue their own interests and better their country through their actions.	https://aishababangida.com.ng/aishababangida-how-girls-education-impacts-nigerias-future/
\| Immigration affects the U.S. economy \|. In recent years, There have been many conversations and dialogues about how immigration is a threat to Americans. We rounded up a few of the most common conspiracytheories to help debunk some harmful anti-immigration rhetoric. It is important to be able to separate fact from fake news. Let’s dive into some common myths and facts behind them. Immigration is a healthy part of our economy, in fact, Gerge Borjas – a Harvard economist that immigration critics often cites – has argued that “immigration improves labor market efficiency”. Myth #1: Immigrants are stealing American jobs. This false commentary has come up through political campaigns and other scenarios when trying to undermine the U.S. immigration system and its purpose. Immigrants do not steal American Jobs- in fact, they are credited with creating American jobs. On the other end of the spectrum, immigrants who come on refugee status or other means take any job that they can get-jobs that are typically “undesirable” for Americans such as custodial, farming, or groundskeeper positions. In these examples and other jobs, immigrants help fill key workforce gaps in the U.S. economy. Myth #2: Large companies hire foreign workers because they can pay them cheap salaries. Immigrants that are offered jobs to come to the United States work at high rates and make up more than a third of the workforce in some industries. These specialty occupation workers go through an extensive application process with an employer to try to gain approval for a work-related visa, such as the H-1B visa, which has prevailing wage guidelines that companies must adhere to when offering foreign talent to be paid in U.S. dollars. Read more about employment visas in the United States. Myth #3: Immigrants are strain on the U.S. economy. The immigration population might be backbone of the future American economy. Immigrants contribute to our national birth rate, which has recently dropped to historically low levels among Americans. A low birth rate can lead to decline in the labor force, (and reduce home prices due to weaker demand), and a slowing and less dynamic economy. Plus, there are fewer young people in the workforce to take care of the aging demographics. By 2035, the census Bureau projects there will be only about 2.4 working-age adults in the U.S. for each person aged 65 or older, fewer that in any prior decade on record. Myth #4: Illegal immigrants come to the United States to live off the government. This is undoubtedly false, and a debilitating lie. Illegal immigrants are not able to apply for government benefits. Additionally, when immigrants have access to receive benefit like SNAP or Medicaid, that means they are legally employed or are married to someone who legally works – and it is also a sign that they are working in low-paid jobs that fill the labor gaps we mentioned in Myth #1. What do we know? Immigrants are woven into the fabric of the United States. We are more diverse, intelligent, productive, and connected because of immigration. We hope this myth-busting helped open your eyes and appreciate your immigrant friends and neighbors. Immigration affects the US economy.	https://www.loigica.com/immigration-affects-us-economy/
Each year, thousands of surveys assess the health and happiness of office-based employees. But what about the deskless workforce? These people are part of the 2.7 billion workers worldwide who keep us healthy, restock our supermarkets’ shelves and transport us. As recent events have shown, they are also critical to keeping economies running and are the glue that sticks our global society together. Keeping them healthy and well are, therefore, integral ingredients for creating a stronger, happier world, and successful and sustainable businesses. The new international report The State of the Deskless Workforce reviews precisely this and takes a deep-dive into the deskless workforce's work conditions, and what they need from an employer to be productive, loyal and happy. The report surveyed 12 000 workers in the US, UK, Netherlands, Germany and Nordics, working in industries such as retail, hotel and food services, healthcare, transportation and logistics before, and during, the Covid-19 pandemic. Key findings Speaking after seeing the results of the survey, our CEO and Founder, Erik Fjellborg, said: “Deskless workers are the backbone of the global economy, and are frequently be the ‘forgotten workforce,’ forced to manage with the little support they are provided by employers. “It’s time to change the narrative and provide deskless workers with the same benefits and workplace flexibility that is seen in corporate environments. If the COVID-19 pandemic has shown anything, it's that offering deskless workers meaningful communication and the ability to balance their job and their personal life is essential for long-term health and happiness.” Here’s the key takeaways from report: - Two thirds lose sleep, give up hobbies, and fail to keep to normal eating schedules due to inflexible schedules. - A majority miss out on personal time and social events, due to lack of schedule flexibility. - 1 in 4 global workers prefer a flexible schedule above a raise. - Half the deskless workers have gone to work sick. - At least half of the workforce planned to stay in their job long-term. - 4 in 5 are contacted by their boss out-of-hours disrupting their personal lives. - 1 in 4 who lost their job during COVID-19 plan to find a job in an industry with better security. Curious to see the changes occurring in your market? Download The State of the Deskless Workforce report for your region. Recommended actions The report has thrown into light a number of problems many businesses who rely on the deskless workforce are aware of but frequently ignore. So how can you start doing more for your deskless workforce in order to improve their wellbeing, health and happiness while at the same time creating a stronger and more profitable business? Here’s where to start: - Embrace flexible working; - Have a clear reward and recognition programme; - Create a strong culture and purpose; - Have brilliant communication; - Prioritize employee engagement, health and wellbeing; - Understand what your workforce wants and how they are feeling. As a result, you’ll see a happier, more productive workforce (which your customers will benefit from) and a more profitable business. Download our report on the state of the deskless workforce in 2020 for more insight and analysis.	https://www.quinyx.com/blog/state-of-the-deskless-workforce-2020
In the August 2022 report “Education to Grow”, the World Bank (WB) concluded that investment in higher education is the “key” to higher productivity in Vietnam and will thereby contribute to implementing the goal of becoming a high-middle-income country by 2035 and a high-income country by 2045. Optimism for Vietnam's economic growth Vietnam is currently one of the few economies that is forecasted to grow quickly and control inflation well despite the volatility in 2022. In a recent report, Vietnam is the only economy in the region whose growth forecast is adjusted by the World Bank to 7.5% in 2022 and 6.7% in 2023; Inflation is expected to remain around 4% in 2022 and 2023. Many industries are predicted to recover strongly in the second half of this year, especially when Vietnam has reopened to tourism after 2 years of closure due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This is the reason some international financial institutions have rated Vietnam's economic growth prospects in 2022 more optimistically, such as credit rating agency Moody's, which has raised its growth forecast for Vietnam to 8.5% - the highest among Asia-Pacific economies. The service sector will continue to recover strongly as customers increase spending in order to satisfy demands and the number of foreign visitors increases in the Autumn 2022 / Winter 2023 tourist season. Growth in exports of processed and manufactured industrial products is expected to continue, although it may decelerate somewhat as leading economies and large markets such as the US, the European Union (EU) and China... are experiencing another period of slow growth. In the current world economic situation, many major economies are experiencing a period of growth slow-down, inflation reaching record levels; many other regions and small economies are experiencing unprecedented challenges; The above forecasts and optimism in Vietnam's economy are quite "rare". However, amid the difficult situation, for the foreign economic sector, the main risk is that economic deceleration outweighs the expectations of Vietnam's top important trading partners. The continuation of social distancing in China may prolong the disruption of the value chain and affect the export of processed and manufactured industrial products of Vietnam. Increased geopolitical tensions have increased the level of uncertainty and could cause changes in trade and investment trends, affecting highly open economies like Vietnam… Meanwhile, within the economy, the challenges are more long-term, including difficulties that continue to exist in some industries and labour shortages. At the same time, like many economies, rising inflation could weigh on the recovery of household consumption, which was strong in the first half of 2022. World Bank Vietnam Director Carolyn Turk said that, in the face of existing challenges at home and abroad, in order to maintain economic growth at the desired rate, Vietnam needs to increase productivity to 2-3% per year. International experience shows that an increase in labour productivity can only be achieved by investing in the education system, which is an important part of the necessary investments and reforms. A competitive, productive workforce is what Vietnam needs in the long term. Analysis from the World Bank shows that renovating the higher education system in Vietnam can help achieve development goals. However, in reality, according to the World Bank's assessment, Vietnam's higher education system is currently not operating as effectively as expected. Accessibility to higher education, including colleges and vocational schools, among Vietnamese students, as measured by the overall enrollment rate, is below 30%, one of the lowest among East Asian countries and much lower than higher income countries such as Korea (over 98%), China (over 53%) and Malaysia (43%). \|An industry with higher added value, innovation, creativity and a skilled workforce is needed to ensure the economy can grow further. (Photo: Daidoanket)\| From the farm to the factory There are several reasons for the modest performance of the higher education system in Vietnam. Factors including growing opportunity costs and financial costs, and the perception that profits decrease if one pursues higher education, are some reasons for the declining demand. In addition, the system has other shortcomings, such as the gap between skill output, employees not being able to provide the skills that employers need, limited investment from the budget, and weak and fragmented institutional structure of higher education governance. From there, the World Bank identifies four actions that Vietnamese authorities need to prioritise in order for the higher education system to achieve the necessary outcomes and ensure this sector contributes to the future growth trajectory of the country. The 4 priorities include: Improving accessibility and equity; Improve quality and suitability; Ensuring better financial resources for this sector and Better public governance in the higher education sector. In fact, information from the Ministry of Finance shows that for many years, the Party, State and Government of Vietnam have always identified education and training as a national policy, investment in education and training is an investment in development. Therefore, in the overall investment of state financial resources (including the state budget) for national development, priority has been given to education and training, one of the fields with the largest investment. In addition, the State has issued many policies to increase investment in education and training, gradually meeting the country’s requirements for education development. The National Assembly has promulgated the Law No. 39/2019/QH14 to regulate public investment, including public investment in the field of education and training. According to the Ministry of Finance, the National Assembly, the Prime Minister has issued many specific policies prioritising the use of the state budget for education and training such as using revenue from lottery activities for development investment objectives, in which priority is given to investment in education, training and vocational training, public health, and additional investment in the procurement of teaching equipment to innovate the teaching programme and textbooks; the programme of concretisation of schools, classes, and teacher public rooms in the period of 2014-2015, with roadmap to 2020. Along with that are credit policies for students; policies on granting scholarships, tuition fee exemption and reduction, support for study expenses, meal support, accommodation rent, rice support... for pupils and students; in which priority is given to students who are from ethnic minorities... However, according to the analysis of labour economist Valentina Barcucci from the International Labour Organisation (ILO) Vietnam, the manufacturing industry with low added value which accounts for a large proportion of the current FDI sector has been the starter for Vietnam's economic growth. An industry with higher added value, innovation, creativity and a skilled workforce is needed to ensure the economy can grow further. Specifically, this is a new shift - a key factor contributing to Vietnam's productivity growth over the past two decades has been the shift from farm to factory. Perhaps Vietnam is close to reaching the marginal point for this shift to continue to contribute to increased productivity. That is the problem for higher education, which Vietnam needs a reasonable solution for.	https://en.baoquocte.vn/investing-in-higher-education-key-to-stable-economic-growth-198018.html
Picturesque nature and breathtaking landscapes are not the only pros of Switzerland. The country also manages to succeed in the sphere of business development. It is included in the list of topmost destinations for forming companies. The state is considered one of the most beneficial venues for business activity in Europe. Switzerland creates a favorable business environment by providing liberal conditions based on a future-oriented base. There are a number of factors that determine country popularity as a destination for starting a business. The causes are the following: - The country is characterized by a stable economy and a strong currency in comparison with other European countries. - The taxation system is liberal and favorable towards businessmen. - The labor market is distinguished by the presence of highly-educated and experienced workers who easily adjust to various work conditions. Recruitment of flexible employees allows gathering the necessary staff. - Switzerland is the leading financial center with dozens of companies having head offices in the county. - The level of life is high in the country, which contributes to the fact that citizens are intelligent, ready to cooperate and adjust. They pay a lot of attention to innovation and encourage all sorts of ideas in this domain. - The economy of the state is distinguished by the highest purchasing power throughout the world. The business environment is characterized by productive suburbs and a well-developed regulatory system. These facts contribute to stable and fruitful business activity. - One more favorable condition is the Switzerland government that is reliable and effective. The country develops its economic sector based on traditions, which ensures financial stability. As a result, the state’s economy is characterized by low inflation and interest rates. - Well-developed public infrastructure & Low VAT in comparison with other European states. - A workforce is highly educated and skilled, which ensures recruiting the required employees and gathering a high-quality staff. - Annually, the country’s government allocates a lot of funds for the research and development sector. This contributes to the creation of stable and fruitful business activity on the territory of the country. The state encourages foreign businessmen and helps them make the first steps in their businesses. All the above-mentioned points prove that Switzerland is the perfect destination for promoting your business abroad and starting new activities. The state’s legislative and taxation systems are favorable towards foreign investors. The government provides liberal laws and conditions for starting a business. The country’s economy is strong and stable, which ensures excellent prospects.	https://www.sgcsmanagement.com/blog/reasons-to-form-an-enterprise-in-switzerland/
Stephen Phipson highlights the latest EEF report, which shows employers take seriously the health of their workers. However, progress still needs to be made in measuring long-term absence levels and the effectiveness of investments in the health of their workforce. It has long been recognised that the right to work is beneficial for employees, bringing health and wellbeing, improved status, economic security and enhanced social support. It is also beneficial to employers when a company invests in both the health and the wellbeing of its workforce. EEF’s annual Work & Health report shows that employers are taking the issue of employees’ health seriously and providing effective and flexible support for their return to work when they have been absent. Good practice It is not only a legal requirement, but also good business practice to do this, as a healthy workforce is also a productive workforce, as many academic studies have shown. Therefore, it’s important that employers take what steps they can to support and assist employees suffering from long-term ill-health problems, particularly ill health that is caused by work, so that they can remain at work and enjoy all the benefits of continued employment. Key to this is implementing an effective employee benefits strategy. Helping people to remain in work also reduces the cost to the benefits system and the burden on the NHS. Furthermore, prompt intervention reduces the number of days lost to unnecessary sickness absence and prevents absence becoming long term, with the possibility in some cases that employees will never return to work. According to our report, just over half of companies measure their long-term absence levels, while almost all companies, whatever their size, implement measures to help re-integrate employees back into work. Employers are also taking a proactive approach to the wellbeing of their employees, with over four-fifths providing occupational health services. Effectiveness measurement However, it remains surprising that in many cases employers are still not measuring the effectiveness of their investments in the health of their workforce, while almost a third don’t measure their long-term absence levels. This highlights that there remains considerable work to be done, both by employers and government to address health and wellbeing as part of an overarching, wider occupational health strategy that addresses more than just sickness absence. We had anticipated that the government’s Industrial Strategy, published in November 2017, would recognise the benefits to the economy of a healthy workforce in terms of improving productivity and providing assistance to employers by incentivising schemes that would enhance health and wellbeing. While ‘people’ is a key theme within the strategy, it was disappointing that health is only mentioned in the context of healthy ageing. No reference was made to a fit, healthy and productive workforce, which was a missed opportunity. Do the right thing Since then, the government has announced that addressing an ageing population is one of the so-called ‘Grand Challenges’ associated with its Industrial Strategy. While technology will undoubtedly play its part, tacking this challenge must begin at the workplace with employers providing employees with an environment that is healthy and safe in the first place. Where absence does take place, employers and government should have in place a wider occupational health strategy that provides support and rehabilitation to enable a swift return to work.	https://www.themanufacturer.com/articles/third-bosses-dont-measure-long-term-absence-levels/
Sigmund Freud is widely known as the founder and the proponent of the psychoanalysis theory, which deals with individuals’ personalities. He was born on the sixth of May 1856 in Moravia and later served as an Austrian neurologist in the 19th and the 20th centuries (Friedman & Schustack, 2011). Freud was educated in the University of Vienna, from where he graduated in 1881 as a doctor of medicine. Following his wide research and studies, he managed to get a teaching job in one of the universities where he instructed in a neuropathology class. This marked his starting point in foundation of the psychoanalysis theory. In the process of this theory development, Freud used a clinical method in treating his patients at Vienna General Hospital. Here, he was in the process of treating psychopathology by the use of dialogue, which involved a conversation between the patient and the doctor; in this case, the doctor was a psychoanalyst (Sternthal, 2006). It should be noted that Freud applied a method known as therapeutic, which allowed the patient to report his or her line of thoughts randomly without any order or sequence. Using this method, he realized that patients could disclose to the doctors, feelings they had even from their childhood experiences and relationships. This is what prompted him to start the development of the psychoanalysis theory based on the analytic process on his patients (Ellenberger, 2008). Analysis of Sigmund Freud Personality According to Fromm (2013), Freud was an egocentric individual and a very selfish man. He argues this on the sense that Freud never had a successful relationship (Fromm, 2013). Taking the aforementioned into consideration, he indicates that Freud was possessed with intellectual endowment and vitality that was beyond a normal human being. Moreover, he had a great wish to be one the prominent people in his line of study and due to this, he had a great deal of passion in search for the truth. In addition, the scientist was a man who lacked emotional warmth and closeness, and this caused him to be a man who lacked love and full enjoyment of life (Webster, 2005). It is worth noting that Freud was a very insecure man. However, he was very courageous, which caused him to love his mother so much. Due to insecurity personality, the man remained a very receptive person, loving his mother throughout his life while disliking his father. This means that he remained in the oral stage most of his life. Again, Freud was a distant husband being sterile most of his life though having a weakness in women. This kind of life that he lived is what prompted Freud to develop his theories focusing mostly on sexuality. His theories also give men more powers and naïve ideas about women because he feared women and he was rebellious to his father (Fromm, 2013). Apart from being insecure, Freud was also authoritative, dictatorial, and quarrelsome. Based on this personality, he distanced himself from women. From this view of the subject it may be concluded that he always wanted to praise himself as well as to be praised by others. This made him do a lot of scientific research in the psychoanalysis field. Nevertheless, he never wanted to involve others with his ideas and theories, thereby becoming an antagonistic person (Friedman & Schustack, 2011). Freud’s Weaknesses Freud’s focus on his theories alone without involving others led to his excessive sexual frustration and repression (Fromm, 2013). In addition, he failed to bring out the historical awareness of his theories by focusing mostly on his sexual and libido desires principle. Moreover, he failed to show that an individual is able to repress some thoughts that are not in conformity to their social behaviors. Lastly, Freud’s works had naïve ideas about women, as they always seemed to provide biased opinion (Webster, 2005). Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis Theory of Personality The scientist used his psychoanalysis theory to develop many perspectives and interpretations of different cultures and religions. This theory has been widely used in psychotherapy and psychiatry. As a result, the theory has become very popular worldwide, as it has been normally implemented in dealing with personality problems. Following the topic, there has been a lot of criticism on this theory; his scientific effectiveness has also been questioned. Having been born in a family of eight children, Freud’s birth was unique, as he was born with a caul, which his mother viewed as a bad omen; however, that did not hinder him from becoming one of the best psychologists in the world later in his life (Danto, 2005). In the psychoanalysis theory, Freud argues that, personality organization and development could be used to guide psychodynamic psychotherapy. Here, he states that through the analysis of the brain of the patient using free association and transference one can recognize some of the childhood events that could be the cause of the current behaviors of an adult patient and his current mental functioning (Friedman & Schustack, 2011). Psychotherapy therefore can be applied in the treatment of personality disorders (Ellenberger, 2008). Thus, the psychoanalysis theory explains that, the things that happen in an individual’s current life are result from what happened to him or her during his or her childhood life, and they have significant contribution to the adult’s mental functioning. In this psychoanalysis theory, Freud explains that the mind is made up of two main parts used to determine an individual’s action. These parts are the conscious mind and the unconscious mind, both of which contribute to decision-making processes of an individual (Sadger, 2005). To begin with, the scientist states that the unconscious mind explains that people always use to make certain decisions and at times, they do not recognize this decision through the conscious mind. This includes some unconscious behaviors made by patients. He explains that the unconscious mind is the part of the mind that people are always not aware of (Ellenberger, 2008). Here, although there are several methods of analyzing the unconscious mind, he predominantly dwelt on the dream analysis. According to Freud, the dreams allow people to examined and investigate the unconscious mind, based on whether they have latent or manifest feelings. Basically, latent feelings involve the hidden meaning of the dreams that is very difficult to understand when an individual wakes up from the sleep (Sadger, 2005). On the other hand, manifest feeling is the information from dreams that makes people aware of the dreams’ complexes they had when they were asleep. In addition, manifest content always helps people understand their dreams, and this part of the dream can be easily analyzed (Friedman & Schustack, 2011). Furthermore, Freud indicates that through exploring and analyzing these dreams one is able to know some of the personality disorders affecting others. Besides, this can also help in understanding and discovering someone else’s personality. In addition, dreams always provide access to various unconscious feelings and emotions that are hidden. This can result from the id, ego, and superego not working in the proper order, causing other internal drives and wants to be exposed out. Some of the examples when the unconscious mind is revealed include a case where a girlfriend calls her current boyfriend using her former boyfriend name. Another example is seen in the misinterpretation of the spoken and written words (Sternthal, 2006). Freud also argues that personality is always made up of the id, ego, and superego, whereby, the id is the element that is used to determine the personality aspect influenced by certain needs, both internal and basic (Friedman & Schustack, 2011). In fact, he states that the id is always unaware of the impact of an individual’s actions (Friedman & Schustack, 2011). Secondly, the ego is the element that is controlled by the reality principle, and it works to balance the aspects of the id and the superego. Again, the ego is the aspect that tries to balance the id to work towards the reality. In addition, it seeks to bring rationalization to the id needs and search for a long-term solution to those needs and drives. Moreover, the ego always tries to look for what is right to be done and whether it is realistic. It also sets appropriate standards for the super ego of an individual (Danto, 2005). Lastly, there is the superego, which is controlled by the morality principle. This element tries to seek the moral values that are acceptable in the community. In addition, the superego always works on the socially accepted ways only where it strengthens most social relationships and behaviors. In fact, the superego uses moral values in making decisions, as well as judges the sense of what is wrong or right (Friedman & Schustack, 2011). On the aspect of some behaviors, Freud also argues that we always use different defense mechanisms to avoid some difficult situations. For example, he says that, to balance the id, ego, and superego, people must change some realities in order to avoid threatening the unconscious thoughts and feelings, leading to protection of anxiety and avoiding stress. There are several different defense mechanisms that individuals can use with rationalization, sublimation, regression, and displacement among them (Sadger, 2005). Freud proposes that the psychosexual development is based on the Oedipus complex, which shows the unconscious mind to hold regressive thoughts such as, boys having likeness and desires for their mothers and always disliking their fathers. In addition, Freud states that girls always want to be in love with their fathers, a situation known as the Electra complex. Due to this love towards their fathers, girls always feel unconscious dislike to their mothers. Again, he explains that due to all these facts, human development is directed towards sexual desires. He sets the development of human beings towards sexual desires into five stages, in particular, oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latent stage, and genital stage (Sadger, 2005). To begin with, in the oral stage, Freud indicates that a child’s personality is fixated on oral or mouth pleasure that involves breast sucking and bottle sucking. With the failure to get this when young, an individual is likely to become naive, always following others and depending on others later in life (Friedman & Schustack, 2011). On the anal stage, he says that the child focuses mainly on removal of feaces, and failure to get this makes the child to become extremely clean, organized and always avoiding living in chaos (Sadger, 2005). Thirdly, on the phallic stage, Freud says, the child is about 6 years and his or her life is mainly connected with the Oedipus complex for boys and the Electra complex for girls. The failure to do this will lead to unethical sexual behaviors later in life (Robinson, 1990). On the latent stage, the child is an adolescent and always tries to form sexual friendships with the opposite sex, thereby controlling the unconscious sexual desires. Lastly, on the genital stage, the scientist argues that the controlled sexual desires on the puberty stage reappear and an individual starts focusing his or her life on the private parts as a source of pleasure. This is always seen when adult people involve in sex (Sternthal, 2006). Conclusion Although Freud was an expert in psychology due to his psychoanalysis theory, his life was never complete, as he had some personality limitations. Primarily, he was egocentric and socially insecure. Moreover, despite being unfriendly to women, he loved his mother more than he loved his father. Nevertheless, his prowess in the psychoanalysis theory has been of great significance and influence to the generations that came after him. References Danto, E. A. (2005). Freud’s Free Clinics: Psychoanalysis and Social Justice, 1918-1938. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. Ellenberger, H. F. (2008). The Discovery of the Unconscious: the History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry. New York, NY: Basic Books. Friedman, H. W. & Schustack, M. W. (2011). Personality: Classics theories and modern research. Boston, MA: Ellyn & Bacon. Fromm, E. H. (2013). Sigmund Freud’s Mission: An Analysis of his Personality and Influence. New York, NY: Open Road Media. Robinson, P. R. (1990). The Freudian Left. Ithaca. London, United Kingdom: Cornell University Press. Sadger, J. (2005). Sigmund Freud. Madison, WI: University of WISCONSIN Press. Sternthal, B. (2006). Sigmund Freud: life and work, 1856-1939. Zirndorf, Germany: Brandstätter. Webster, R. (2005). Why Freud Was Wrong: Sin, Science and Psychoanalysis. London, United Kingdom: HarperCollins.	https://edufixers.com/sigmund-freuds-personality-and-psychoanalysis/
You will also come across the term psychodynamics. This term is used to denote the approach which began with psychoanalysis but which has now broadened into a much more diverse collection of theories and models developed by other psychologists, all of which nevertheless retain some of the main ideas of Freud’s original theory. 1. 8. 1 BACKGROUND Sigmund Freud was born in 1856 in Moravia, which was then part of the Austrian Empire and is now in the Czech Republic. He spent most of his life in Vienna, from where he fled, in 1937, when the Nazis invaded. Neither Freud (being Jewish) or his theories were very popular with the Nazis and he escaped to London where he died in 1939. He had wanted to be a research scientist but anti-Semitism forced him to choose a medical career instead and he worked in Vienna as a doctor, specialising in neurological disorders (disorders of the nervous system). He constantly revised and modified his theories right up until his death but much of his psychoanalytic theory was produced between 1900 and 1930. Freud originally attempted to explain the workings of the mind in terms of physiology and neurology …Psychoanalytic Theory Essay Paper (but)… quite early on in his treatment of patients with neurological disorders, Freud realised that symptoms which had no organic or bodily basis could imitate the real thing and that they were as real for the patient as if they had been neurologically caused. So he began to search for psychological explanations of these symptoms and ways of treating them. In 1885 he spent a year in Paris learning hypnosis from the neurologist Charcot; he then started using hypnosis with his patients in Vienna. However, he found its effects to be only temporary at best and it did not usually get to the root of the problem; nor was everybody capable of being hypnotised. Meanwhile Breuer, another Viennese doctor, was developing another method of therapy which he called the cathartic method, where patients would talk out their problems. Freud adopted Breuer’s method and called it free association which became one of the three fundamental tools of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalytic Theory Essay Paper Freud began his self-analysis during the 1890s and in 1900 published The Interpretation of Dreams, in which he outlined his theory of the mind, followed by The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1904), A Case of Hysteria and Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905). Two of Freud’s closest colleagues, Carl Jung and Alfred Adler, helped him form the psychoanalytic movement and the first International Psychoanalytic Congress was held in Salzburg in 1908. The Journal of Psychoanalysis was first published in 1909 and, in that year, Freud and Jung made a lecture tour of the USA. (From Gross, R (1996) Psychology, The Science of Mind and Behaviour, page 508) 1. 8. 2 FREUD’S STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY Freud compared the human personality to an iceberg. The small part that shows above the surface of the water represents conscious experience ; the much larger mass below the water level represents the unconscious – a storehouse of impulses, passions, and inaccessible memories that affect our thoughts and behaviour. It is this portion of the mind that Freud sought to explore with the use of free association. Psychoanalytic Theory Essay Paper Freud also believed that personality was composed of three major systems: the id, the ego and the superego. Each system has its own functions but the three interact to govern behaviour. (a) The id The id is the most primitive part of the personality and the first to develop. It is present in the newborn infant. It is located in the unconscious and it is from the id that the ego and the superego later develop. The id consists of the basic biological impulses (or drives): the need to eat, drink, eliminate wastes, avoid pain and gain sexual pleasure. Freud also believed that aggression was a basic biological drive. The id seeks immediate gratification of these impulses. Like a young child, the id operates on the pleasure principle : it endeavours to avoid pain and obtain pleasure regardless of the external circumstances. (b) The ego As the child develops it learns that their impulses cannot always be immediately gratified. Some must be delayed (for example, hunger must wait until someone provides food) and some (for example, hitting someone) may be punished. A new part of the personality, the ego, develops as the young child learns to consider the demands of reality. Psychoanalytic Theory Essay Paper The ego constitutes our conscious self and obeys the reality principle : It is essentially the part of personality that decides what actions are appropriate and which id impulses will be satisfied in what manner. The ego mediates among the demands of the id, the realities of the world and the demands of the superego. (c) The superego The superego, is the internalised representation of the values and morals of society as taught to the child by the parents and others. It is essentially the individuals conscience. The superego decides whether an action is right or wrong. Initially, parents control a child’s behaviour directly by reward and punishment. Through the incorporation of parental standards into the superego, behaviour is brought under self-control. The superego develops in response to parental rewards and punishments. In summary, the id seeks pleasure, the ego tests reality and mediates, the superego constrains and strives for perfection. Not surprisingly, the three components of personality are in constant conflict: the ego postpones the gratification the id wants immediately and the superego battles with both because behaviour often falls short of the moral code it represents. Psychoanalytic Theory Essay Paper 1. 8. 3 MANAGING THE CONFLICT In order to deal with this conflict, the ego develops a series of defence mechanisms which allow it to protect itself from the pressures of the id, the real world and the superego. Examples are: Repression – burying a memory so thoroughly that it is not recalled at all – “it never happened”. Projection – attributing own unwanted “bad” feelings or ideas to another person. Rationalisation – making up a reasonable excuse for unacceptable behaviour and really believing it. Suppression – forgetting a shocking event on purpose: (consciously in this case) putting it out of one’s mind. Denial – refusing to acknowledge something because it is so distressing. Displacement – transferring feelings from one person or object to another. Identification – imitating someone who is admired and modelling oneself on them. Reaction-Formation – consciously substituting the opposite emotion for true feelings about someone/something. Freud believed that conflict is inevitable and all behaviour is a compromise. Conflict is the primary cause of human anxiety and unhappiness. Psychoanalytic Theory Essay Paper Defence mechanisms are one way we have of dealing with our inner conflict; neurotic symptoms and dreaming are the other major forms of compromise. 1. 8. 4 THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY Freud believed that the individual, during the first five years of life, progresses through several developmental stages that affect personality. Applying a broad definition of sexuality, he called these periods psychosexual stages. During each stage, the pleasure-seeking impulses of the id focus on, and derive pleasure from, a particular area of the body and on activities connected with that area. Freud called the first year of life the oral stage of psychosexual development. During this period, infants derive pleasure from nursing and sucking; in fact, they will put anything they can reach into their mouth. During the second year of life, the anal stage, as children have their first experience with imposed control in the form of their toilet training. In the phallic stage, from about age 3 to age 6, children focus on their genitals. They observe the differences between males and females and may direct their awakening sexual impulses toward the parent of the opposite sex. It is at this stage that children have to resolve the Oedipus and Electra complexes. A latency period follows the end of the phallic stage, during which children become less concerned with their bodies and turn their attention to the skills needed for coping with the environment. The last stage, the genital stage, occurs during adolescence, during which young people begin to turn their sexual interests toward others and to love in a more mature way. Freud felt that special problems at any stage could arrest (or fixate) development and have a lasting effect on the individual’s personality. Psychoanalytic Theory Essay Paper The libido would remain attached to the activities appropriate for that stage. Thus a person who was weaned very early and did not have enough sucking pleasure might become fixated at the oral stage. As an adult, this person may be excessively dependent on others and overly fond of such oral pleasures as eating, drinking and smoking. Such a person is called an “oral” personality. The person fixated at the anal stage of psychosexual development may be abnormally concerned with cleanliness, orderliness, and saving. 1. 8. 5 MODIFICATIONS OF FREUD’S THEORIES Later psychoanalysts felt that Freud placed too much emphasis on the instinctive and biological aspects of personality and failed to recognise that people are products of the society in which they live. The neo-Freudians including Alfred Adler, Erich Fromm, Karen Horney, Carl Jung and Harry Stack Sullivan, considered personality to be shaped more by the people, society, and culture surrounding the individual than by biological needs. They placed less emphasis on the controlling power of the unconscious, believing that people are more rational in their planing and decisions than Freud thought. 1. 8. 6 PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY The aim of psychoanalytic therapy is to bring about a fundamental change in the patient’s personality so that he is released from his neurotic disorders. Freud believed that neurosis was caused by the repression of disturbing feelings and emotions associated with conflicts established in early childhood. These conflicts result from the impulses of the id or the strictures of an over demanding superego. He assumed that the patient’s ego was too weak to cope with such conflicts and defended itself by repressing them into the unconscious. However, conflicts do not go away; they find expression through the symptoms and neurotic behaviour of the patients. The aims of psychoanalysis are to remove the infantile conflict from the unconscious and help the patient deal with it at a conscious level. Psychoanalytic therapy normally has two stages: 1. the release of repression, thereby allowing the conflict to enter consciousness, and, 2. the redirection of the emotional energy (libido) associated with the repression thereby allowing the patient’s ego to gain control of the conflict. Psychoanalytic Theory Essay Paper Freud developed various techniques for getting round the controlling forces of the defence mechanisms to reveal the unconscious material which is trying to gain expression. One of the original methods employed by Freud was hypnosis, but as has already been mentioned, he found this technique unsatisfactory and soon began using free association. Later Carl Jung, one of Freud’s students developed a similar technique known as word association , and both methods are still widely used in present-day psychoanalysis. Another technique for getting at unconscious material is the interpretation of dreams . Another route into the unconscious is via the errors of everyday life, so-called Freudian slips. Present day psychoanalysts also regard certain physiological cues such as posture, blushing or pallor and changes in the timbre of the patient’s voice as important expressions of unconscious motives and feelings. 1. 8. 7 AN EVALUATION OF THE PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH Psychoanalytic theory has had an enormous impact on psychological and philosophical conceptions of human nature. Psychoanalytic Theory Essay Paper Freud’s major contributions are his recognition that unconscious needs and conflicts motivate much of out behaviour and his emphasis on the importance of early childhood experiences in personality development. His emphasis on sexual factors led to an awareness of their role in adjustment problems. But Freud made his observations during the Victorian period when sexual standards were very strict; so it is understandable that many of his patient’s conflicts centred on their sexual desires. Today, feelings of guilt about sex are much less frequent, yet the incidence of mental illness remains about the same. Sexual conflicts are not the only cause of personality disturbances – and may not even be a major cause. Some critics also point out that Freud’s theory of personality is based almost entirely on his observations of emotionally disturbed patients and may not be an appropriate of the normal, healthy personality. In addition, many of Freud’s ideas were decidedly sexist. For example, his theory that female psychosexual development is shaped by “penis envy” and feelings of unworthiness due to the lack of such equipment is certainly inadequate in view of our current awareness of the role that social factors play in gender identification. It was probably not her brother’s penis that a little girl during the Victorian era envied but his greater independence power and social status. Although psychoanalysis has exerted a powerful influence on our thinking about human nature, it has been seriously questioned as a scientific theory. Freud’s constructs are ambiguous and difficult to define. He does not specify, for example, what behaviours indicate that a child is fixated at the anal stage of psychosexual development and what behaviours indicate that he or she is not fixated. Psychoanalytic Theory Essay Paper For any body of theory to be accepted as a valid scientific perspective, its consequences must be statable. The hypothesis that fixation at the anal stage can lead to stinginess (or to the opposite, generosity) is evidently not refutable; whatever the outcome, the theory can account for it. To that extent the psychoanalytic approach fails to meet the criteria of a scientific theory. Because some important aspects of psychoanalytic theory cannot be proven experimentally, some psychologists claim that it has no value either as psychology or as science (Eysenck 1972). However, many others claim that experimental validity is an inappropriate yardstick for evaluating psychodynamic theory and that the theory is verified in practice in the analyst-patient interview. Evaluating Freud’s Psychosexual Stage Theory The theory is focused almost entirely on male development with little mention of female psychosexual development. His theories are difficult to test scientifically. Concepts such as the libido are impossible to measure, and therefore cannot be tested. The research that has been conducted tends to discredit Freud’s theory. Future predictions are too vague. How can we know that a current behavior was caused specifically by a childhood experience? The length of time between the cause and the effect is too long to assume that there is a relationship between the two variables. Freud’s theory is based upon case studies and not empirical research. Also, Freud based his theory on the recollections of his adult patients, not on actual observation and study of children. Find more information about Freud’s theory of personality: Psychoanalytic Theory Essay Paper The late sixties saw a quickly materialising concern about the position of maleness. Before the sixties it seemed that the thought of maleness was safe – males could be utile within modern capitalist societies, supplying for their households and deriving a sense of satisfaction from their topographic point in society. But society began to alter, economically, socially and particularly in relation to the place of adult females. The rise of feminism was altering adult females ‘s attitudes about the manner in which they were ( and are ) treated. In bend this was get downing to impact how work forces viewed themselves. Carroll ( 2004 ) explains how in American society the ‘breadwinner ideal ‘ was being eroded with support from professional groups including psychologists and heart specialists – working all the hours and a changeless nisus for stuff wealth might non be good for you. How, asked work forces, do we specify ourselves now? This essay will analyze the crisis in maleness from the point of position of depth psychology i??through the Oedipal comp’lex and the cast0tl.QD… COmp, lex – and so travel onto grounds from societal and cultural theories. To analyze how maleness might be in crisis, it is first necessary to analyze how psychoanalytical theories posit that male childs gain their masculine individuality – or in other words how they become work forces. Modern psychoanalytical theory, as did Freud himself, places a great accent on the early relationships of the immature male child with his parents or health professionals. It is the vicissitudes of these relationships that will hold of import effects for development. In Freudian footings, this early relationship is overshadowed by the Oedipal struggle. The female parent shows a great involvement in the kid and the male child realises that his male parent represents his chief challenger to this relationship. The male child desires the female parent, but the male parent stands in the manner. Trying to keep these conflicting influences at some sort of equilibrium is the cardinal play of development from a psychoanalytical. Psychoanalytic Theory Essay Paper What, so, are the most of import procedures that occur in early life that influence the building ( or otherwise ) of the male individuality out of the Oedipal crisis? Greenson ( 1968 ) explains that psychoanalytic theory dressed ores on the thought of disidentification, this is divided into two procedures: foremost a male child must break up the emotional ties he has with the primary health professional – normally the female parent – and secondly he needs to place with a male role-model – normally the male parent. The designation with the male parent should let the male child to hold a manner of pass oning with the outside universe, to allure the male child off from psychological intimacy with the female parent and supply the support needed to avoid the male childs return to a symbiotic relationship with his female parent. The relationship with the female parent, so, is seen by Klein ( 1975 ) as a delicate reconciliation act. It proVides a paradigm for ulterior relationships with adult females and so needs to be warm and loving, but it is hard for a adult male to hold relationships with adult females if he is excessively close to his female parent. Horrocks ( 1994 ) argues that, in fact, the male kid is surrounded by muliebrity throughout his early childhood, and it is of import for him to interrupt off and detect a universe of work forces for here lie the roots of the male individuality. The cardinal paradox, though, is that the adult male wishes to get away this cocoon of muliebrity but there is besides the desire to go close to a adult female. One danger in this moral force is that the early influence of the female parent is excessively great and non sufficiently counter-acted by the male parent – this leads to an inability to divide himself from the female parent ( Horrocks, 1994 ) . Psychoanalytic Theory Essay Paper The function of the male parent in the masculine individuality is seen as important by psychoanalysts. Horrocks ( 1994 ) sees the function of begeting as an debut to manhood, the debut to a function that has antecedently been shrouded in enigma. While there are some induction rights and ceremonials in some civilizations, overall, and particularly in western societies, it is non peculiarly strong. There has really been a gulf between the boy and his male parent, now the male parent heads out to work mundane and no thirster has a opportunity to bond with his boy. Horrocks ( 1994 ) sees one of the most of import maps of the male parent as to demo the immature male child that it is possible to populate with the female parent, to hold struggle, fright and guilt, but still to populate together. It is through the father-son relationship that the male child can larn that it is possible to populate a civilized being without continual resort to force and repletion of crude yearnings. The damaged modern male, the male in crisis, is seen by Horrocks ( 1994 ) as ‘unfathered ‘ . Womans are viewed as unsafe – to hold a relationship is to hold a conflict and the adult male must pull himself off from adult females from clip to clip to keep his safety. By ne’er truly doing a strong connexion, the modern adult male in crisis feels damaged and abused and uses the methods of maltreatment and harm to associate to others because he knows no other manner. This analysis of the Oedipal composite and its effects, every bit good as the possibility of transcendency, really describes a instead archetypal interaction between the immature male child and his health professional. Blazina ( 2004 ) depict how some unfavorable judgments and polishs of this theoretical account have been made by subsequent theoreticians. Bergman ( 1995 ) , for illustration, has argued that it is non needfully with the female parent the male child should be disidentifying. There are many state of affairss where the male parent is really the supplier of the most emotional nurturance. In this instance it is better to see the individualization as happening with the primary health professional instead than the female parent. Blazina ( 2004 ) besides maintains that there should non be such accent on the cutting off of the other individuality. Where the other individuality is feminine, there is now greater acceptableness of feminine qualities in work forces so these can be integrated into male individuality without compromising masculinity. For the crisis in maleness, Freud ‘s construct of the emasculation composite is of great involvement. Freud ( 1925 ) theorised that the emasculation composite had the following phases. First a male child guesses from the grounds of his ain anatomy that everyone has a phallus. Second he finds out that adult females do non hold phalluss and assumes that they have been mutilated in some manner. Third when he begins to masturbate, he is told that he will be castrated. Fourthly, happening that the chest has already been removed, summarises that the phallus will be following. Finally, the Oedipus composite is destroyed by this menace of emasculation. Harmonizing to Horrocks ( 1994 ) , Freud saw this sequence of events as concrete, whereas many psychoanalysts now see this in more allegorical footings, as mediated by civilization and society. Through gender, both work forces every bit good as adult females are denied a whole universe of being, the universe of the other gender. After the procedure of partitioning work forces and adult females both feel a sense of loss at the things that they will non be able to see. In work forces this emasculation composite expresses itself in a assortment of different ways. Work forces have a desire for love, a fright of their ain gender, and, in peculiar, a fright of their ain choler. Horrocks ( 1994 ) describes how, as a clinical psychologist, many work forces talk about their fright that their choler will be exposed to the universe. To halt this, they have to bottle it up and quash the emotion. As a consequence, in heterosexual work forces, this is recognised by the adult females with whom they have relationships and they are rendered impotent and nonsexual. A adult male who acts in this manner behaves inactive aggressivelyi?? he is motivated to pull strings those around him by his choler. This prohibits a direct connexion with other people because his relationships are based on use. The consequence of this is that feelings are kept indoors and denied. A similar job is seen, in Horrocks ‘ experience, in butch work forces. The emasculation of the butch adult male leaves him deeply afraid of showing his ain feelings. This denies him the possibility of moving emotionally in any state of affairs as this will merely uncover his failing – as he sees it. It is the emotional parts of himself that this adult male hates and wants to conceal off – the feminine parts of him are an embarrassment. By being cut-off from his ain feelings, the psychologically castrated adult male experiences an emptiness within himself that he attempts to make full with methods that will ne’er work. The emptiness interior is frequently experienced as a dead feeling, about of decease itself. It is exactly this ‘almost decease ‘ from which, Horrocks argues, many work forces in the crisis of maleness are enduring. Without the connexion with his ain emotions, or those of anyone else, he is merely half a adult male, non able to see himself or others decently, safely cocooned within an empty universe. Within Freud ‘s Hagiographas, adult female were theorised to endure from enviousness of the male phallus, but Freud did non admit the possibility of work forces being covetous of the female chest. The male-centred thought that phallus enviousness is cardinal to depth psychology is attacked by the debut of the thought of chest enviousness. Klein ( 1975 ) , for illustration, has pointed out that both male and female kids have really strong feelings towards the chest – both are attracted to it and both want to destruct it. Alternatively of specifying both sexes in footings of the phallus – one holding and the other covetous – a mutual enviousness provides balance that acknowledges the blank in work forces ‘s lives every bit good. The chest does, after all provide, non merely nourishment, but besides love to the kid, and so a adult female ‘s chest is a symbol of these qualities. Horrocks ( 1994 ) argues that work forces have a strong desire to return to the chest, to return to the conceiver of life and at the same clip work forces attack the chest and want to destruct it. Psychoanalytic Theory Essay Paper Melanie Klein posited that the thought of womb enviousness was besides an of import constituent in the male mind. Minsky ( 1995 ) describes how the Kleinian point of view sees the development of male power as being rooted in the fright of the uterus. Like the immature male childs enviousness of his female parent ‘s chests, he besides becomes covetous of her uterus and the power it has to make new life. To do up for this enviousness, work forces are forced to concentrate their attempts on cultural and originative attempts and to stamp down adult females ‘s raids into the same field. Minsky ( 1995 ) explains that it is the Phallus that so saves work forces and provides a distraction from the enviousness of the uterus. Lacan has a different return on the Oedipus composite. He sees the male parent non as a existent male parent but as a representation or a metaphor for civilization ( Lacan, 2004 ) . It is through the immature male child ‘s experience of cultural factors such as linguistic communication that he is pulled off from the female parent. The female parent represents desire for Lacan and so civilization, through the representation of the male parent, pulls the male child from what he desires. This cutting off is like a emasculation and the kid so attempts to replace this with a hunt for truth ( Minsky, 1995 ) . Many of these psychoanalytical thoughts about the roots of a crisis in maleness are analysed in societal theories in footings of a struggle in gender functions. O’Neil, Helms, Gable, David, & A ; Wrightsman ( 1986 ) have defined gender function struggle as where socialized gender functions have an inauspicious psychological consequence which causes a restrictive consequence on the ego through barriers created around personal creativenesss and freedom. O’Neil et Al. ( 1986 ) place four different types of function struggle. There is a limitation in the scope of internal emotionalism ; likewise, there is a limitation in the types of emotional behavior that are possible towards other meni?? this consequences in an inability to pass on feelings. Personal accomplishment and changeless comparing to what others have creates a changeless sense of fright and concern. There is a struggle between the demands of work and those of the household which consequences in emphasis and wellness jobs, and a simple deficiency of clip to loosen up.	https://nursing-assignments.com/psychoanalytic-theory-essay-paper/
Free essay example: Samantha Whyte Page 3/12/2009 Critically discuss Freud’s account of the origin of religion. Freud’s account of the origins of religion is entirely reliant on the ‘possibility that there [can] be powerful mental processes which nevertheless remain hidden from the consciousness of men’. The origins of religion are psychical and yet buried in the unconscious by man’s powers of repression. Thus religion is purely an illusory invention borne of his human desire, primitive guilt and anthropological history. A need to account for the origins of religion was borne of Freud’s lack of religious conviction despite his Jewish heritage that he embraced but regarded as cultural rather than metaphysical. It has been said that for Freud the emotional needs met by a belief in God or Immortality ‘found expression, first in rather vague philosophical cogitations and, and soon after in an earnest adherence to the principles of science’. As we shall see, it is the lack of ‘adherence to the principles of science’ in much Freud’s work that is possibly the most compelling criticism of Freud’s account of the origins of religion. Though Freud appears to remain convinced of the scientific basis for his work and always referred to himself as a reductionist. He viewed religion not as an a priori untruth but one which must be viewed with an extremely critical eye and judged solely on the basis of the evidence with which one is presented. The science of the mind and psyche was Freud’s chosen academic field and it was his firm belief that classical theism was nothing but ‘psychology projected into the eternal world…a supernatural reality, which is destined to be changed back once more by science into the psychology of the unconscious…and to transform metaphysics into metapsychology.’ Freud does not provide one single, coherent account of the origins of religions as the subject arises in a plethora of his works. However the common thread in all such works is that religion is a neurosis, a maladaptive response to the repression of Oedipal guilt. Freud notes that obsessive behaviour, what might be termed Obsessive Compulsive Disorder today, resembles acts of religious ritual. Both are compulsive acts which resolve the anxiety of the individual; the compulsive hand washing of the obesessional neurotic is no less ‘sacred’ an act than repeated Rosary recital. This observance, detailed in ‘Obsessive Acts and Religious Practices’ is merely an observation that the two acts resemble each other. It is not until ‘Totem and Taboo’ that the root causes of both types of behaviour is explored. Firstly, it is important to note that non-religious obsessive rituals are often used as acts of self-absolution; acts which relieve feeling of guilt for past misdemeanors and provide the neurotic with a feeling of protection from punishment. So the question becomes where does the guilt arise from that plagues the wider consciousness and drives the wider community to act with obsessive piety? According to Freud this arises from the incest taboo, which when observed among many ‘primitive peoples’ is often so strong that it leads to ‘exogamy’ or seeking sexual partners from outside the immediate society. This is characteristic of totemistic society where it is deeply engrained that we are all born of one common ancestor, or totem. Thus, however exogamic relationship may appear the participants ma still be plagued by incestuous guilt. So the incest taboo is present and experienced in all totemistic society but may be repressed and emerge as ‘taboo sickness’. Since unconsciously any sexual impulse is directed at sons or daughters of the totem, thus breaking the incest taboo, the unconscious requires one to perform obsessive ritual in order to absolve oneself. This is only possible because of the human belief in the ‘Omnipotence of thoughts’. The defiance of the natural order and almost complete faith in the omnipotence of the human mind, exemplified by beliefs such as ‘If I order my room in a particular way my house will not burn down’, or ‘if I say this rosary ten times I will not be subject to any divine retribution’. Such thoughts, albeit scaled down, are present in the psyche of most people. Freud does not stop there. In the fourth essay in Totem and Taboo he discusses ‘The Return of Totemism’. This significantly contains a modification of Darwin’s primal horde theory. Darwin’s theory states that ‘the lives of primitive men mirror red those of higher apes: they lived in small groups or ‘hordes’ ruled over by a powerful father, who had many wives and many children. To maintain his position this dominant male drove the young males out of the tribe to find mates, and young females could expect to mate only with him…owing to the leaders jealousy, there was a prohibition on sexual intercourse which became a rigorously enforced totemic regulation...but part of the totemic system was the yearly “totem meal” at which the totem animal was ritually sacrificed and consumed by the community’. Freud uses this to construct a theory by which the community identify the totem with the father. He suggests that it was possible for members of the horde to conquer the dominant male and one day the sons killed and feasted on their father who had been both their enemy and ideal, and thereby not only identified themselves with him and acquired a portion of his strength, but in doing so made man and of the patriarchal horde. This was followed by massive guilt and a father-substitute was recreated in the form of the totem and the annual meal was a ‘solemn commemoration’ of the murder of the father. So in looking for a God we identify him with the father and the Oedipal guilt we feel towards him. The dead father becomes more powerful than the living father; ‘totemic religion arose from the filial sense of guilt, in an attempt to allay that feeling and to appease the father by deferred obedience to him’. An obedience and longing which created a deep desire to create a paternal ideal; God. The ambivalence of the filial relation, oscillating between love and hate and which was first encountered within the primal horde, is projected anew onto the idealized object of religious worship, the father-God. ‘Submission to this object is the first characteristic of belief and it is this above all else which binds believers into a community of faith.‘ If this is to be true then is requires some way in which we inherit the guilt of the original killing of the father. It is through the Oedipus complex that we recapitulate the stages of guilt of our distant ancestors. For Freud it is a self-evident truth that all humans pass through an Oedipal phase, which enables all men to re-experience the ambivalence towards the father and the ultimate guilt and desire for idealization originally felt by the boys in the primal horde. Freud concludes Totem and Taboo with an account of the evolution of religion and its likely future. He divides man’s worldview into three distinct stages and their relationship to the ‘omnipotence of thoughts’. To begin with man believes wholly in the omnipotence of thoughts and practices magic in order to control the external world. Then man assigns God great power but retains some belief in his psychic omnipotence in relation to God through acts of religious piety. The projection for the future is the submission to a scientific worldview where the thoughts of men no longer hold power, except for the obsessive neurotic, as science leaves no room for such power. The ‘Scientific view of the universe no longer affords any room for human omnipotence; men have acknowledged their smallness and submitted resignedly to death and to the other necessities of nature.’ It is almost as if Totem and Taboo is written in order that this collective neurosis might be exposed and we may all come to terms with it and progress towards the scientific view of the world where have no need of ‘omnipotent thought’. The chief problem with most of Freud’s work, Totem and Taboo included, is the amount of it that has been discredited. In-fact this work was recently dismissed by eminent academic Evan-Pritchard as a ‘just-so story’. The primal horde theory is nothing more than a hypothesis, even Darwin regarded it as mere speculation. More recently anthropology has revealed that in primitive species there are wide variations amongst their social groupings. Although Gorillas have a social structure which may be likened to the ‘primal horde’ ‘The fact that apes live in family groups is in itself no proof that the first men did the same …there is no clear reason why the social behaviour of the “pre-humans” should be considered to have been like that of apes rather then like that of monkeys.’ There is also the question of the sexual aggression required by Freud for the young of the horde to commit primal murder. This kind of aggression is certainly exhibited among primates; it is neither constant nor pan-special. Extreme violence is indeed seen in primates but these examples tend to be isolated incidents rather than a general characteristic. Early man, once again seems to provide isolated examples of this kind of aggression seems to be isolated. ‘As to patricide, the authority of the father is firmly rooted, among the oldest peoples, in their social organization, their morals and their affectations; and the murder of anyone, especially within their own clan, is something so rare that the thought of murdering a father could simply never enter these people’s heads at all’. The way most anthropologists view early man is not consistent with Freud’s theories, early man was not a ‘sex-saturated neurotic’ if indeed modern man is. Another significant criticism of Freud’s theory is that Totemism is certainly not necessarily the root of all monotheism. Totemism is generally considered to be a later stage of religious development, which not all peoples have passed through. Some reject Totemism as a foundation for religion at all, totems need not be in any sense deities or associated with prayer or sacrifice. The theory of recapitulation is also based on discredited theory, but Freud’s answer to all such criticism seem to be the same; that he is not concerned with ethnology or bio-genetics but only the parts of it that are useful for his studies in psychology. However, this seems like a glib justification for ignoring anything that does not fully accommodate psychoanalytic theory. Freud’s later works concerning the origins of religion include The Future of an Illusion and Civilization and its Discontents. A central claim of these works is that religion is primarily ‘an illusion’, which he views as a quite distinct from a ‘delusion’. An illusion is based on wishes or desires that are unlikely ever to occur whereas a delusional belief runs contrary to the facts of reality. ‘A middle class girl may have the illusion that a prince will come and marry her. This is possible; and few such cases have occurred. That the Messiah will come and found a golden age is much less likely. Whether one classifies this belief as an illusion or as something analogous to delusion will depend on one’s personal attitude.’ It seems unusual that rational human beings should embrace religious belief for which there is no obvious evidence. This suggests that the root causes of religion is psychical, that religion is essentially wish fulfillment, wishes so powerful that they leave no space for the rationality that we rely on in other areas of our lives. According to Freud these wishes are firstly to reconcile oneself with the hostile forces of nature, then the forces of human instinct and finally the wish for a father figure. People make an attempt to anthropomorphize the forces of nature in the futile hope the may be able to harness their power and protect themselves from the violence of nature. The two latter wishes are examined above. But this leaves us with a significant question; what is society without religion? It seems cruel to deprive mankind of something in which they find such great comfort. It is also true that civilization is built upon religious doctrine and dogma, it may be no more than a way of controlling society but it has proved itself the basis for society as we know it. ‘If men are taught that there is no all-mighty and all-just God, no divine world order and no future life, they will feel exempt from all obligation to obey the precepts of civilization. Everyone will, without inhibition or fear, follow his asocial, egoistic instincts and seek to exercise his power; Chaos, which we have banished through many thousands of years of the work of civilization, will come again’ Firstly, neither of these facts refute the theory that religion is indeed illusory, simply that to acknowledge and popularize the theory is unwise. Freud is not ignorant of either of these criticisms and seems to concur that religion has curbed some of the greatest and most damaging instinctual excesses of mankind and even suggests that for the few who find illusory happiness in religion it might indeed be cruel to shatter that illusion. However, the fact remains that the great majority of people are unhappy with civilization and spend great time postulating about how it could be transformed into something better. It is also true that religion, far from always being a way to advance the morality of civilization, has often been cynically employed as nothing more than a means of preserving the status quo in favour of those who champion religious belief or ‘by believers themselves to justify social immoralities of one kind or another’. ‘One sinned, and then one made a sacrifice or did penance and then was free to sin once more…it is no secret that the priests could only keep the masses submissive to religion by making such large concessions as these to the instinctual nature of man. Thus it was agreed: God alone is strong and good, man is weak and sinful. In every age immorality has found no less support in religion than morality has.’ Freud’s theories are not wholly original; he particularly draws on the likes of Hume and Feuerbach, but seems fully aware of it. He concedes that ‘I have said nothing which other and better men have not said before me in a much more complete, forcible and impressive manner, rather a significant concession for a man not noted for his self-deprication.. However most seem to concern themselves with the illusory nature of religion rather than its psychological underpinnings. Freud does provide many case study’s, the Wolf Man and Rat Man, as evidence for his theories but though he claims to be a reductionist such case study’s are largely anecdotal and a matter of interpretation and it is well-known that the psychoanalyst can be very persuasive in his analysis. There is no way of testing Freud’s theories regarding the omnipotence of thoughts or the Oedipus complex in a controlled, double blind way. In many ways Freud’s theories are in many cases vague philosophical cogitations’ rather then the expression of an ‘earnest adherence to the principles of science’. Freud was also deeply neurotic himself, despite claiming to adhere strongly to a scientific worldview Freud still found need of his own ‘omnipotent thoughts’, he performed many ritual acts daily mainly concerning stigma attached to certain numbers. Many suggest that as a neurotic himself that he was best placed to judge what is indeed neurosis and what is not, but this clearly runs contrary to his claim that when the power of science is acknowledged we will reject the notion of the omnipotence of thought. It is also suggested that, although some case studies confirm that certain individuals experience a certain amount of Oedipal guilt, this is no reason to suppose it is a universal phenomena. We know that Freud himself experienced such feelings but his attempt to project them on the common consciousness is not entirely successful. He theorizes about the Oedipus complex much more than he tests the theory. Freud’s theories on the origins of religion all rest on the existence of the unconscious, repression and the universality of the Oedipus complex; all three concepts are psychological events and very difficult to verify so at this point the weight of Freud’s analysis is difficult to assess. Bibliography - Sigmund Freud, An Autobiographical Study, Trans. James Strachey, London, Penguin Books, 1985 - Sigmund Freud, Civilization and its Discontents, Ed. James Strachey, Penguin Books, 2001 - Michael Palmer, Freud and Jung on Religion, London Routledge, 1999 - Sigmund Freud, The Future of an Illusion, Ed. James Strachey, Penguin Books, 2001 - Sigmund Freud, Notes Upon a Case of Obesessional Neurosis, Penguin Freud Library, 1990 - The Origin and Growth of Religion, Trans. H.J. Rose, London, Methuen, 1931 - S. Zuckerman, The Social Life of Monkeys and Apes, New York, Harcourt and Brace, 1932 - Sigmund Freud, Totem and Taboo, Albert Dickinson Ed.Penguin Books, 1985 An Autobiographical Study, Trans. James Strachey, London, Penguin Books, Pg. 200. Ernest Jones, Sigmund Freud: Life and Work, London, Hogarth Press, Pg. 22. The Future of an Illusion, Ed. James Strachey, Penguin Books, 2001, Pg 52. Totem and Taboo, Albert Dickinson Ed.Penguin Books, 1985,Pg. 79 Totem and Taboo, Op cit. Essay Three. Michael Palmer, Freud and Jung on Religion, London Routledge, 1999, Pg. 23. Sigmund Freud, Notes Upon a Case of Obesessional Neurosis, Penguin Freud Library, 1990, Pg. 206 Freud and Jung on Religion, Op cit. Pg. 31 Totem and Taboo, Op. cit. Pg. S. Zuckerman, The Social Life of Monkeys and Apes, New York, Harcourt and Brace, 1932, and Pg. 24. Freud and Jung on Religion, Op cit. Pg 62. The Origin and Growth of Religion, Trans. H.J. Rose, London, Methuen, 1931, Pg, 113. Sigmund Freud, Civilization and its Discontents, Ed. James Strachey, Penguin Books, 2001, Pg.195, The Future of an Illusion, Op. cit. Pg. 65 Freud and Jung on Religion, Op cit. Pg. 47 The Future of an Illusion, Op. Cit. Pg. 72 Ibid, Pg. 93 This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our University Degree Philosophy and Theology section.	https://www.markedbyteachers.com/university-degree/historical-and-philosophical-studies/critically-discuss-freud-s-account-of-the-origin-of-religion.html
Sigmund Freud had been living and practicing for nearly 47 years in the same place, and in 1924 had been proclaimed an honorary citizen of Vienna. His address, ”Berggasse 19, Vienna IX,” had for decades had a hallowed ring for Freudians all over the world. Did Freud live in Vienna? Freud was born to Galician Jewish parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg, in the Austrian Empire. … Freud lived and worked in Vienna, having set up his clinical practice there in 1886. In 1938, Freud left Austria to escape Nazi persecution. He died in exile in the United Kingdom in 1939. What era did Freud live in? Life. Freud was born in Frieberg, Moravia in 1856, but when he was four years old his family moved to Vienna where he was to live and work until the last years of his life. In 1938 the Nazis annexed Austria, and Freud, who was Jewish, was allowed to leave for England. Was Freud in Austria? Sigmund Freud, (born May 6, 1856, Freiberg, Moravia, Austrian Empire [now Příbor, Czech Republic]—died September 23, 1939, London, England), Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis. Where did Freud get his ideas from? Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, inspired by his colleague Josef Breuer, posited that neuroses had their origins in deeply traumatic experiences that had occurred in the patient’s past. He believed that the original occurrences had been forgotten and hidden from consciousness. Did Freud marry his mother? He felt in some way he had supplanted his father in his mother’s affections during his childhood. … He came to realize that, as a boy, he had wanted to marry his mother, and saw his father as a rival for her love. Freud understood his own wishes to be universal among all boys in all cultures. Is Freud a true story? Is Freud based on real life? While the character is based on Sigmund Freud, the majority of the storyline is fictional. … The show presents elements of the supernatural and detective work as we see Freud attend a seance amongst other activities which have not been revealed about the revolutionist. What was Sigmund Freud’s theory of the unconscious? In Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality, the unconscious mind is defined as a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that outside of conscious awareness. … Freud believed that the unconscious continues to influence behavior even though people are unaware of these underlying influences. What was Sigmund Freud’s theory? Sigmund Freud: Freud developed the psychoanalytic theory of personality development, which argued that personality is formed through conflicts among three fundamental structures of the human mind: the id, ego, and superego. What is Sigmund Freud’s theory of child development? Freud proposed that personality development in childhood takes place during five psychosexual stages, which are the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages. During each stage sexual energy (libido) is expressed in different ways and through different parts of the body. Why did Sigmund Freud develop psychoanalysis? Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud. Freud believed that people could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining “insight”. The aim of psychoanalysis therapy is to release repressed emotions and experiences, i.e. make the unconscious conscious. Why did Sigmund Freud study psychology? Freud hoped that his research would provide a solid scientific basis for his therapeutic technique. The goal of Freudian therapy, or psychoanalysis, was to bring to consciousness repressed thoughts and feelings, in order to allow the patient to develop a stronger ego. What did Freud psychologically contribute? Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist who is perhaps most known as the founder of psychoanalysis. Freud’s developed a set of therapeutic techniques centered on talk therapy that involved the use of strategies such as transference, free association, and dream interpretation. Why is Freud’s psychosexual theory important? One importance of Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory is the emphasis on early experiences in the development of personality and as an influence on later behavior. … Without doubt, Sigmund Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development is one of the most complex and controversial theories of child development. Which Freudian work is considered the most important one? Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, or Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie, is considered one of Freud’s most important works. In these essays, he outlines his theory of psychosexual development and introduces other important concepts including the Oedipus complex, penis envy, and castration anxiety. Who was Sigmund Freud’s wife?	https://cpack.org/diseases/when-did-freud-live-in-vienna.html
Britannica.comPersonality - Personality - Psychoanalytic theories: Perhaps the most influential integrative theory of personality is that of psychoanalysis, which was largely promulgated during the first four decades of the 20th century by the Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud. Although its beginnings were based in studies of psychopathology, psychoanalysis became a more general perspective on normal ... https://www.britannica.com/topic/personality/Psychoanalytic-theories DA: 18 PA: 42 MOZ Rank: 60 Practicalpie.comWe couldn't talk about theories of personality or psychology without mentioning Freud. Sigmund Freud is one of the most famous (and controversial) minds of the 20th century. His psychoanalytic perspective of personality offers a unique way at looking at the body and mind connection to personality. In order to know Freud, you have to know … https://practicalpie.com/psychoanalytic-theory-of-personality/ DA: 16 PA: 38 MOZ Rank: 54 Verywellmind.comThe psychoanalytic perspective of personality emphasizes the importance of early childhood experiences and the unconscious mind. This perspective on personality was created by psychiatrist Sigmund Freud who believed that things hidden in the unconscious could be revealed in a number of different ways, including through dreams, free association ... https://www.verywellmind.com/personality-perspectives-2795950 DA: 20 PA: 33 MOZ Rank: 53 En.wikipedia.orgPsychoanalytic theory is the theory of personality organization and the dynamics of personality development that guides psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology.First laid out by Sigmund Freud in the late 19th century, psychoanalytic theory has undergone many refinements since his work. Psychoanalytic theory came to full prominence in the last third of the twentieth ... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory DA: 16 PA: 27 MOZ Rank: 43 Psychstudies.netPsychoanalytic theory offers rich insights into an understanding of personality formation and pathology. Although diagnoses are typically based on criteria offered by such atheoretical compendia as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), understanding personality disorders psychodynamically can greatly benefit their treatment. https://www.psychstudies.net/product/personality-disorders-from-a-psychoanalytic-perspective/ DA: 20 PA: 50 MOZ Rank: 85 Managementstudyguide.comAn individual with a pleasing personality is respected and appreciated by all. Freud’s Psychoanalytic theory of Personality Development. According to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality development, there are two basic factors which drive an individual and help in shaping his/her personality. https://www.managementstudyguide.com/freuds-psychoanalytic-theory-of-personality-development.htm DA: 28 PA: 50 MOZ Rank: 88 Psycologyfacts.comThe Psychoanalytic Theory of Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud is the founder of psychoanalytic theory. The psychoanalytic idea is a way of investigating and treating personality disorders and is used in psychotherapy. Freud first stumbled throughout psychoanalysis with the case of 'Anna o.', the affected person of his advisor Dr. Joseph Breuer. https://psycologyfacts.com/psychoanalytic-theory/ DA: 18 PA: 23 MOZ Rank: 41 Verywellmind.comAccording to Sigmund Freud, human personality is complex and has more than a single component. In his famous psychoanalytic theory, Freud states that personality is composed of three elements known as the id, the ego, and the superego. These elements work together to create complex human behaviors. https://www.verywellmind.com/the-id-ego-and-superego-2795951 DA: 20 PA: 32 MOZ Rank: 52 Simplypsychology.orgTripartite Theory of Personality Tripartite Theory of Personality. Freud (1923) saw the personality structured into three parts (i.e., tripartite), the id, ego, and superego (also known as the psyche), all developing at different stages in our lives. These are systems, not parts of the brain, or in any way physical.	https://www.keyword-suggest-tool.com/search/psychoanalytic+theory+of+personality/
Sigmund Freud Theory Pdf Download In this article, we will learn About the Sigmund Freud Theory Pdf Download and explore three personality structures which are the id, ego, and superego we will also learn about the theory and Biography of Sigmund Freud with Examples and Images. Who Was Sigmund Freud? Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) was an Austrian neurologist best known for developing the theories and techniques of psychoanalysis, a method through which an analyst unpacks unconscious conflicts based on the patient’s free associations, dreams, and fantasies. His theories on child sexuality, libido, and the ego, among other topics, were some of the most influential academic concepts of the 20th century. Freud’s Theories According to Freud’s psychoanalytic view, which was influenced by his colleague Josef Breuer, neuroses have their roots in extremely traumatic events that happened in the patient’s past. He thought that the initial events had been forgotten and obscured from awareness. He gave his patients the tools they needed to tackle the experience both rationally and emotionally by helping them remember it and bring it to consciousness. Then, he thought, one may discharge it and get rid of the symptoms of neurosis. Freud’s Theory of psychosexual development Freud’s theory of psychosexual development claims that as we grow up we pass through five critical phases. Our sex drive, which Freud called the Libido, focuses on a different erogenous zone at each phase. The phases are called - Oral - Anal - Phallic - Latency - Genital If our experience during any of these phases was traumatic we might develop fixations later in life such as neurosis, dependencies addictions, or depression. #1. Oral Phase ( Age 0-1 ) In the first year of our lives, we discover the world through our oral senses. Our main pleasure comes from sucking our mother’s breast or a bottle. The conflict that occurs now is the weaning from our primary caregiver. - Hans is weaned off his mother’s breast without trauma. - Ernst’s mother stops feeding him within four months of birth which is too early. - Ida is often left alone crying when she is hungry. After Some time - Hans becomes a healthy and independent adult. - Ernst suffers from trauma and develops an oral fixation. He tries to compensate for it by chewing gum all the time. - Ida spends her entire life looking for the oral stimulation she was denied as an infant and therefore develops a manipulative and addictive personality. #2. Anal Phase ( Age 1-3 ) The primary focus of our Libido at this age is the control of the bladder and bowel movements. We have to learn how to use the potty. - Han’s parents praise his attempts to use the toilet and encourage him to learn at his own pace. - Ernst’s parents force potty training on him too early and punish him for mistakes. - Ida’s parents neglect any efforts at potty training entirely. After Some time - Hans develops a competent personality and a good and balanced relationship with authority. - Ernst develops an anal retentive personality. He becomes an over-controlling and stingy adult with disgust for his own body and a tendency to obey authority. - Ida develops an anal expulsive personality. She becomes messy disorganized inconsiderate of other people’s feelings and rebellious against authority. #3. Phallic Phase ( Age 3-6 ) Our Libido now turns to the genitals as we discover the differences between the female and the male gender. The boy’s conflict in this phase occurs as a rivalry with their father, also called the ‘Oedipus Complex. - Ernst and Han desire to possess their mother and fantasize about getting rid of their father But they know that their father is stronger and fear being punished for their desire. - Freud called this ‘Castration Anxiety. Ida experiences ‘Penis Envy’. She believes that a penis is the key to power and domination and also wants one. After Some time - Han’s father was very present during that phase. Later, Hans resolves this conflict by identifying strongly with him. He learns to take on a male role. As an adult, he respects both genders. - Ernst, whose father was absent during that phase, fails to develop a strong sense of manhood. He has a mother fixation and is not sure about his sexuality. He also tends to be aggressive towards women and constantly needs to compete with other men. - Ida, like all women, maintains her penis envy for the rest of her life which in her case causes an inferiority complex towards men. #4. Latent Phase ( Age 7-13 ) In this phase, our Libido is suppressed as our sexual energy is being sublimed into developing life skills. Our Superego strengthens and we strongly identify with social values, same-sex heroes, and friends. - Hans follows many hobbies. - Ernst loves learning at school. - Ida makes lots of new girlfriends. There is no real conflict in this phase. All three of them are beneficial for the rest of their lives from the skills they developed during latency. #5. The Genital Phase (Puberty to Death) Once we reach puberty our libido starts to become active again and we develop an interest in sexual partners. Hans, Ida, and Ernst face the challenge of balancing the sexual desires of the Id and the needs of the Superego to obey social norms. The development of a strong Ego helps to find a compromise between the two. - Hans, who has experienced a childhood without much trauma, succeeds in building a strong Ego. He is disciplined at work, has a loving relationship. and has a fulfilled sex life. - Ernst’s Ego is weaker than his superego he obeys norms and authorities and as a result, suppresses his desires which leads to the development of perversions. - Ida has a weak Ego and a weak Superego. Her sexual needs are more important than social norms or other people’s feelings. She is egoistic and feels no guilt for breaking the law or hurting others. To understand the theory we need to see it in the context of Freud’s famous work on the unconscious. By acknowledging that we have a subconscious. He also implied that we store memories of early childhood and other experiences without even realizing it. These past experiences then unconsciously influence our behavior on a daily basis. Some of Freud’s most discussed theories included: Id, ego, and superego: These three components make up the core of the human psyche. The id is the primordial, impulsive, and irrational unconscious, which controls only sex and violent drives and only considers the outcome of pleasure or pain. The ego is the “I” that individuals believe exists and that judges the social and physical environment outside before making plans. Additionally, the superego serves as the ego’s moral conscience and voice, and when it is violated, guilt and worry are experienced. According to Freud, the superego is largely created during the first five years of life based on the moral values of the person’s parents, and it is still impacted by other role models during adolescence. Levels of consciousness One of the most enduring and important ideas of Sigmund Freud was that the human mind can be divided into three levels of consciousness: - Unconscious (ID) - Conscious minds (EGO) - Preconscious (SUPER EGO) In this article, we will explore three personality structures which are the id, ego, and superego. 1. Id (Unconscious) Because the id acts in our unconscious mind, consciousness cannot access it. The tiny devil who is whispering on your shoulder is a common representation of the id. He represents unconscious psychic energy that seeks to satiate primal desires like sex, gluttony, and aggressiveness. He is self-centered, instinctual, and impulsive. The pleasure principle, on which the id is specifically built, calls for instant gratification via experiencing pleasure and avoiding pain. Imagine a newborn wailing because he wants food and attention and doesn’t care what the repercussions will be. He wants everything now, no matter how much trouble it puts his parents through. 2. Superego (Mostly Unconscious) Next, the second personality structure is the superego, which is mostly unconscious and often pictured as the little angel smiling on your shoulder. He is like an internal judge who is based on moral principles. He tells you what is right and wrong, and what is socially acceptable to do, think, and feel, according to real-world rules, morals, and norms. 3. Ego (Conscious) Finally, the third personality structure is the ego which is basically our conscious self. The ego is who we think we are, it has the ability to make decisions. The ego operates on the reality principle. It is like an executive mediator who tries to satisfy both the needs of the id and superego, in a realistic way. Let me give you a concrete example. Imagine that you have to study for an exam or you have homework to do. The id is based on the pleasure principle and immediate gratifications so when you will start studying, you will have thoughts like “This is boring” and “Why am I doing this?” and the id will put pressure on you to do something pleasurable like watching a tv-series, going on social media, anything that will give you immediate gratification. Then, the superego is based on the moral principle and will act like a judge by giving you thoughts like “Doing my homework is the right thing to do” or “I should do it for my career” and the superego will pressure you by rewarding or punishing you. For instance, you will feel proud, like a good student if you study, or ashamed like a terrible student if you quit your task before finishing it. Between the id and the superego, you have the ego which is based on the reality principle. The ego will find a compromise by analyzing both sides: “That’s right, this homework is a bit boring and I want to do something more pleasurable but if I don’t make it, I might fail my exam or my class” and so the ego will find a decision, in a realistic way. Sigmund Freud: Founder of Psychoanalysis Sigmund Shlomo Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of Psychoanalysis. Freud theorized that the Unconscious would remember and store all our experiences later they pop up from time to time through dreams and associative thoughts. By revealing traumatic memories and desires through conversation we can free ourselves from our neuroses and live a more healthy and fulfilled life. He recommended we should not strive to eliminate our complexes but to get in accord with them. They are legitimately what directs our conduct in the world. Psychic energy Freud postulated that the id was the basic source of psychic energy or the force that drives all mental processes. In particular, he believed that libido, or sexual urges, was psychic energy that drives all human actions; the libido was countered by Thanatos, the death instinct that drives destructive behavior. Oedipus complex Between the ages of three and five, Freud suggested that as a normal part of the development process all kids are sexually attracted to the parent of the opposite sex and in competition with the parent of the same sex. The theory is named after the Greek legend of Oedipus, who killed his father so he could marry his mother. Dream analysis In his book The Interpretation of Dreams, Freud believed that people dreamed for a reason: to cope with problems the mind is struggling with subconsciously and can’t deal with consciously. Dreams were fueled by a person’s wishes. Freud believed that by analyzing our dreams and memories, we can understand them, which can subconsciously influence our current behavior and feelings. Freud’s theories were no doubt influenced by other scientific discoveries of his day. Sigmund Freud (Humankind) Freud’s study of human behavior was undoubtedly influenced by Charles Darwin’s view of people as advanced members of the animal kingdom. Furthermore, Hermann von Helmholtz’s new theory, which states that energy in any given physical system is always constant, guided Freud’s scientific research into the human mind. No one has had a greater impact on psychology science than Sigmund Freud, whose work has received both fervent admiration and harsh criticism. For a while, Freud’s theories were not treated with the same level of reverence that they would later receive. His emphasis on sensuality was viewed by the majority of his peers as either scandalous or overdone. He was invited to give a series of lectures in the United States in 1909, but his renown didn’t begin to soar until his book Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis was published in the years that followed in 1916. Sigmund Freud’s Books A number of significant publications on psychoanalysis have been written by Freud. Among the most significant are: Studies in Hysteria (1895) In this book, Freud and Breuer revealed their beliefs and research. They expressed their theories that a psychoanalyst can assist a patient in overcoming neuroses by having the patient address prior trauma. The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) Freud produced his most significant and defining work, which asserts that dream analysis can provide insight into the operations of the unconscious mind, in 1900, following a serious period of self-examination. The novel generated hot-button issues like the Oedipus complex and continues to do so. According to many psychologists, this study was the catalyst for the development of psychology, psychiatry, and psychoanalysis as modern scientific disciplines. The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901) This book gave rise to the term “Freudian slip,” which refers to the psychological significance of word misuse in casual writing and speech as well as the forgetting of names and terms. Through a series of illustrations, he demonstrated how these slips exposed our hidden fantasies, concerns, and desires. Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905) While no one person will perish without sex, mankind as a whole would, according to Freud, who believed that sex drives human nature. Without using his contentious Oedipal complex, he examines sexual development and the connection between sex and social conduct in this work. Sigmund Freud was born when and where? On May 6, 1856, Sigmund Freud was born in the Austrian town of Freiberg, which is now in the Czech Republic. Sigmund Freud’s Early Life and Education Freud’s family relocated to Vienna when he was four years old; this is where he would spend the majority of the rest of his life living and working. He graduated from medical school in 1881. Freud studied medicine and was a budding researcher who specialized in neurobiology, studying the anatomy and physiology of both human and animal nerve systems. Sigmund Freud’s Early Career Freud established a private practice as soon as he had his degree and started treating various psychiatric conditions. Instead of thinking of himself as a doctor first and foremost, he made an effort to comprehend the development of human knowledge and experience. Early in his career, Josef Breuer, a friend, and colleague from Vienna observed that when he allowed a hysterical patient to talk freely about the first instances of the symptoms, the symptoms might occasionally gradually go away. This discovery had a profound impact on Freud. Breuer and Freud collaborated extensively until Breuer felt that Freud was entirely unwilling to entertain other points of view and overly focused on the sexual causes of a patient’s neuroses. Freud kept honing his own case in the meantime. Sigmund Freud’s Wife and Kids Freud and Martha Bernays became engaged in 1882 and later married. The marriage produced six kids, the youngest of which, Anna Freud, later rose to prominence as a prominent psychologist. Sigmund Freud Death In 1938, Freud escaped Austria to avoid the Nazis, and on September 23, 1939, he committed suicide in England at the age of 83. After a protracted and grueling struggle with oral cancer, he had asked his doctor for a deadly dose of morphine. Thanks for reading this article. Read also:	https://testbookpdf.com/sigmund-freud-theory-pdf-download/
Sigmund Freud was a Viennese neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis (1856-1939). He took his medical degree at the University Vienne in 1881 and planned a specialist’s career in neurology. Lack of means forced him to abandon his research interests for a clinical career. His interest in what was to become psychoanalysis development during his collaboration with Josef Breuer in 1884, which resulted in StudiesHysteria. The Interpretation of Dreams appeared in 1900, Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex in 1905, and the General Introduction to Psychoanalysis in 1916 – a book that contained the evolving theory of the libido and the unconscious. In subsequent years Freud’s outlook became increasingly broad as revealed by the titles of his later works: Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920), The Future of an Illusion (1928), and Civilization and Its Discontents (1930). As early as 1906 Freud had also interested himself in founding an organization to promote the diffusion of psychoanalytic knowledge. Men who were to become famous in their own right joined with him- Adler, Brill, Ferenzi, Jones, Jung, and Stekel. By 1908 the first International Congress of Psychoanalysis had convened, and by 1910 there were branches in all important countries in the world. In 1938, when the Nazis entered England, where he died of cancer of the mouth on September 23, 1939. He left his influence on every department of thought. II. THEORY SYNTHESIS Psychoanalysis is a system of psychology directed toward the understanding, cure, and prevention of mental disorders. As conceived by Sigmund Freud, psychoanalysis is a dynamic system of psychology that seeks the roots of human behavior in unconscious motivation and conflict. It takes as its point of departure the concept of the libido, which is defined basically as sexual energy, both in its original form and as it is modified during development into all forms of love, affection, and the will to live. How sexual energy develops in the child – whether normal, or blocked and distorted into unhealthy channels – is of great significance in the individual’s overall development and ability to adjust to life’s problems. In the early stage the libido is said to be polymorphous perverse, since it is fixated on several parts of the body in turn, attachments, that, if they occur in the adult, are considered perversions. The first source of satisfaction is the oral region, with pleasure being obtained from sucking, chewing, and biting, Weaning eventually interferes with this source of satisfaction, and the infant’s libido is next directed toward the anal region, with satisfaction being obtained from the activities of the lower bowel and from playing with feces, a stage of infantile development known as the anal erotic stage. Anal eroticism is eventually frustrated by toilet training and the child progresses to the period of early genital eroticism, satisfaction being derived from masturbation. Fixations may occur during any of these stages, with a resulting weakly developed character structure. The child is also seeking an external object to satisfy his erotic desires and because of proximity and tenderness toward him, the parent of the opposite sex is chosen. In the boy, this complex of desires is called the Oedipus complex; in the girl it is called the Electra complex. Because the child fears retaliation on the part of the parent for his incestuous desires, he eventually represses them, and a considerable portion of the libidinal energies is directed toward socialization. The beginning of this stage of development marks the end of the infantile period and the beginning of the latent period, which lasts until the stage of adult genital sexuality is reached. Freud’s account of mind and personality follows a tripartite schema, which in the case of mind involves three levels of consciousness, respectively called the unconscious, the subconscious, and the conscious. The unconscious – the seat of the libido and of repressed memories – is considered by Freud to be the most important level of mind. Personality is considered to have developed out of the primitive, id, or the original, animalistic aspect of the self characteristic of the infant. From the id develops the ego, the part of personality that attempts to deal with reality at the same time as it strives to allow the id as many of its demands as possible. The ego is also under pressure from the superego – Freud’s equivalent of the conscience – which originates from the internalization of parental prohibitions and restrictions and continues to be a kind of ideal aspect of the self that seeks to govern the id through its mediator, the ego. Thus, in Freudian theory, mind is a three-way battleground. Neuroses occur when the ego becomes weakened though severe conflict with the id of with the environment. Normally the ego can withstand great stress but, if its energies have been depleted by maintaining repressions, insufficient energy remains for dealing with reality. Psychoanalysis as a therapy attempts to overcome repressions and thereby release energy for healthy, normal living. This is largely accomplished by means of free association and dream analysis conducted over long periods of time in order to overcome resistances and get at the sources of the unconscious impulses. III. PERSONAL INSIGHTS Freud started his professional activity as a neurologist trying to bring a cure to his neurotic patients. Under the influence of many men and tried his own efforts, he discovered some important new facts about unconscious anxiety in life – the root of all instinctual impulses and so on. Out of this findings, through a new science, psychoanalysis as part of psychology is a new method of treatment of neurosis. Psychoanalysis focuses primarily on its foundation about sex and aggression. Freud did not use the experimental methods of science. Instead he relied more on deductive reasoning and subjective observation. That’s why many contemporary writers criticized him and his theory – his theory as unscientific. But for a century now, his theory has been honored and condemned, glorified and vilified, praised and disparaged. SOURCES: New Standard Encyclopedia Dictionary of Psychology, J.P. Chaplin, Ph. D.	https://www.affordablecebu.com/load/health/brief_synthesis_of_psychoanalysis_of_sigmund_freud/24-1-0-378
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), the founder of psychoanalysis, developed several models to explain human personality throughout his literary career. In this article we will analyze Freud’s 5 theories of personality: Topography, dynamics, economy, genetics and structure. Sigmund Freud’s 5 personality theories Although there are certain contradictions between the personality models created by Freud in general they can be designed as complementary theories or as updates and developments in various fundamental concepts, for example drivers or defense mechanisms. Let’s see what each of these theories consists of. 1. Topographic model Freud developed the topographic model during the first stage of his career. It was originally described in one of his main works: “The Interpretation of Dreams”, published in 1900. This theory of personality is also known as the “first subject”. The topographic model it divides the mind into three “regions”: the unconscious, the preconscious and the conscious. In each of these places, which must be understood symbolically, we would find different contents and psychological processes. The subconscious is the deepest level of the mind. There are hidden thoughts, impulses, memories and fantasies that are very difficult to access from consciousness. This part of the mind is animated by the pleasure principle and the primary processes (condensation and displacement), and psychic energy circulates freely. The preconscious mind acts as a point of union between the other two sections. It is made up of verbal fingerprints in verbal form; in this case, it is possible to know the content of consciousness through the center of attention. Finally, consciousness is understood as a system having an intermediary role between the deepest regions of the psyche and the outside world. Cognition, motor skills and interaction with the environment depend on the conscious mind, which is governed by the reality principle instead of the hair of pleasure, just like the preconscious. 2. Dynamic model The concept of “dynamics” refers to a conflict between two forces that occurs in the mind: impulses (“instinctive” forces), which seek satisfaction, and defenses, which seek to inhibit to the above. From the result of this interaction are born psychological processes, which involve a more or less satisfactory or adaptive resolution of the conflicts. In this model, Freud conceives of psychopathological symptoms as engagement formations that allow partial satisfaction of impulses while causing discomfort, acting as a punishment against the behavior of the person. This way mental health would largely depend on the quality of defenses and self-sanctions. 3. Economic model The fundamental concept of the economic model of personality is that of “drive”, which can be defined as an impulse that favors the person seeking a particular end. These impulses have a biological origin (specifically related to body tension) and their objective is to suppress unpleasant physiological states. In this model, we find in fact three different theories, developed between 1914 and 1920 in the books “Introduction to narcissism” and “Beyond the pleasure principle”. At the outset, Freud distinguished between the sexual or reproductive drive, Which leads to the survival of the species, and to self-preservation, centered on that of the private individual. Freud later added to this theory the distinction between object drives, directed towards external objects, and narcissistic drives, which focus on oneself. He finally proposed the dichotomy between the life drive, which would include the previous two, and the death drive, harshly criticized by many followers of this author. 4. Genetic model The best-known Freudian theory of personality is the genetic model, in which the five phases of psychosexual development are described. According to this theory, human behavior is largely governed by seek satisfaction (or relieve tension) in relation to the erogenous zones of the body, the importance depends on the age. During the first year of life, the oral phase takes place, in which the behavior focuses on the mouth; thus, babies tend to bite and suck on objects for research and pleasure. The second year, the main erogenous zone is the year, so young people at this age are very focused on excretion; this is why Freud speaks of the “anal phase”. The next stage is the phallic phase, which occurs between ages 3 and 5; during this period the famous Oedipus and castration complexes take place. Between 6 years and puberty, libido is repressed and learning and cognitive development are privileged (latency phase); finally with adolescence comes the genital phase, which marks sexual maturity. Psychopathology, more precisely neurosis, is understood as the result of the frustration of the satisfaction of the needs characteristic of these periods of development, or of the total or partial psychological fixation in one of them due to an excess of gratification at the critical stage. 5. Structural model Freud’s theory of personality was proposed in 1923 in the book The Self and That. Like the genetic model, the structural model is particularly well known; in this case, the separation of the mind into three instances that develop throughout childhood: the This, the Self and the Superego. Conflicts between these would lead to psychopathological symptoms. The most basic part of the mind is the This, made up of unconscious representations of impulses related to sexuality and aggression, as well as mnemonic imprints of the experiences of gratifying those impulses. The Self is conceived as a development of the. This structure has a regulatory role in psychological life: it evaluates the ways of satisfying impulses taking into account the demands of the environment, it works with both unconscious and conscious contents, and it is in this part of the mind that the defense mechanisms are exercising. . Finally, the Superego acts as a moral conscience, censoring certain mental contents, as a supervisor of other instances, and as a model of behavior (that is to say, it assumes a kind of “ideal I”). this structure it is formed through the internalization of social norms, In which the Oedipus complex plays an essential role.	https://psychologysays.net/personality/sigmund-freuds-theory-of-personality/
Teaching language to nonverbal, hearing-impaired children is in fact, a very controversial matter. The controversy stems from the idea that either of two goals is being targeted. One of which states that after language is learned, the child will be able to communicate orally; while the other states that the child will be able to communicate, not verbally, but manually. Issues With This Approach Although you may think that the best end goal would be a speaking child, some adult deaf groups would fiercely disagree. They believe that a hearing-impaired individual does not have to be verbal if only to be able to communicate with the rest of the population. For them, assimilation is not really a dream. Although they aim to find some common grounds for communication, these groups do not really think it is necessary to learn spoken language just to take on the cultural traits of the verbal people. And in respect to this claim, you have to understand that in some instances, language should be thought in completely nonverbal ways. The following are some of the means to facilitate language learning in nonverbal children. British Sign Language (BSL) This is a visual communication technique that incorporates the national or regional signs in Britain in a specified structure and is often taken as a language in its own. This kind of communication does not have a written form. Manual English This refers to all the communication systems that require signs, fingerspelling or gestures, which can appear separately or in combinations. This system keeps the word order and the correct syntactic form of the English language. Signed English This is the two-handed fingerspelling of the English language as based on British regional and national signs. Fingerspelling This is where the fingers of the hand assume 26 different positions. These 26 positions symbolize the 26 letters of the English alphabet. The combinations of these positions enable the formation of words or sentences. Cued Speech This is a one-handed supplement to lip-reading and is often used to clarify the nebulous phonemes that have been detected through lip-reading. Paget Gorman Systematic Sign Language This is a system devised by Sir Richard Paget and is used to give a grammatical representation of the spoken English language. It utilizes constructed signs and hand positions that differ form those used in the Britain Sign Language. Signs Supporting English This is composed of signs for keywords that would assist oral communication and used at appropriate times during utterances. Auditory-Verbal Therapy On the other hand, an even bigger number of people believe that language should be taught to nonverbal individuals so that they might actually be able to produce their own utterances. One of the most noteworthy methods in developing spoken language in nonverbal children is through the Auditory-Verbal Therapy. The primary goal of the Auditory-Verbal Therapy is to maximize the child’s residual hearing so that audition might be fully integrated to his/her personality and that he/she may be able to participate in the hearing society. Another goal would be to make mainstreaming a reasonable option in the future. Thus, suggesting that the child is as capable as any hearing child in a normal educational environment. The general premise of the Auditory-Verbal Therapy is to focus on the Auditory Approach where the hearing-impaired child would be given instructions to listen and not to lip-read or sign. This way, the child would be capitalizing on his residual hearing and it would be easy for him to learn auditory skills since he would not be relying on signed speech.	https://conscious.recipes/teaching-hearing-impaired-children-at-the-nonverbal-level/
However, human communication often is a two-way process in which each party shares sending and receiving responsibilities. Professor of sociology at the University of Bielefeld, Postfach 8640, D‐4800 Bielefeld I, Germany. Music is a powerful means of communication. Definition: Effective communication is a process of exchanging ideas, thoughts, knowledge and information such that the purpose or intention is fulfilled in the best possible manner.In simple words, it is nothing but the presentation of views by the sender in a way best understood by the receiver. Communication, the exchange of meanings between individuals through a common system of symbols. Effective communication is an essential component of organizational success whether it is at the interpersonal, intergroup, intragroup, organizational, or external levels. Charlie is 2 years of age. Communications technology, also known as information technology, refers to all equipment and programs that are used to process and communicate information. Written Communication is most common form of communication being used in business. Verbal Level of Communication. 9+ Communication Strategy Plan Examples – PDF. But with the arrival of the World Wide Web, there are a plethora of methods that people can now communicate with each other. communication is the organizing principle behind many business decisions’.5 The general idea is that the sustainability and success of a company depends on how it is viewed by key stakeholders, and communication is a critical part of building, main-taining and protecting such reputations. Communication involves transmission of verbal and non-verbal messages. Although this is perhaps the most apparent level of human communication, people can spend a lifetime trying to master it. For public health emergencies, risk communication includes the range of communication capacities required through the preparedness, response and recovery phases of a serious public health event to encourage informed decision making, positive behaviour change and the maintenance of trust1. This article treats the functions, types, and psychology of communication. Communication needs to be effective in business. It can also provide a vital lifeline to human interaction for those whose special needs make other means of communication difficult. Communication What is risk communication? Business communication is an integral part of the company's overall success. In rhetorical and communication studies, a message is defined as information conveyed by words (in speech or writing), and/or other signs and symbols. If you look someone in the eye, they pay more attention to what is being said. Communication Communication skills are ranked FIRST among a job candidate’s “must have” skills and qualities, according to a 2010 survey conducted by the National Association of Colleges and Employers. ... Communication is an important factor that can affect the successes of the business. Communication skills are important to everyone - they are how we give and receive information and Non-Verbal Communication 65% of the message is sent non-verbally. Researchers in business communication have offered several models and taxonomies of features that help to define the culture of an organisation. If a communication designer was working on a billboard, they could use keywords, graphics, and design choices to visually communicate a specific message to the audience as they drive by. The term visual communication is largely interchangeable with communication design and is, again, about strategically telling a story to an audience. One of the benefits of top-down communication is … As the quantity of people taking part in a communication increases, the potential for errors in encoding and decoding increases, Communication is neither the transmission of a message nor the message itself. Messages are transmitted between employers, employees, customers, and other stakeholders, and feedback is … Communication is the essence of management. 5. Case Study It is the second day of COMM 112: Small Group Communication, and students are assigned to their work groups for the semester. It provides a means by which people can share emotions, intentions, and meanings even though their spoken languages may be mutually incomprehensible. It is the mutual exchange of understanding, originating with the receiver. In this book we shall tell you a lot about language, but as a first step towards a definition we can say that it is a system of communication based upon words and the combination of words into sentences. This level includes our selection of words based on an understanding of meaning between the speaker and the listener. For a treatment of animal communication, see animal behaviour. Your communication plan can help you raise public awareness of your community’s OST Communication is the act of one or more persons conveying information to someone else. § Eye Contact. Top-down communication emphasizes managerial hierarchy and the methodical transfer of information from the highest levels in the organization to company's staff. As mentioned earlier, it can be anything that shows a message. It consists of a sender, a receiver and channel of communication. PASSIVE COMMUNICATION is a style in which individuals have developed a pattern of avoiding expressing their opinions or feelings, protecting their rights, and identifying and meeting their needs. Brand communication influenes the stakeholders of the company. Thus, the act of communication is referred to as ‘transmission’. What is effective workplace communication? It expresses an idea and gives a piece of information with the use of the different signs, gestures, postures, and anything that can be … As communication being a universal phenomenon that defines all … communications. Communication Process Definition: The Communication is a two-way process wherein the message in the form of ideas, thoughts, feelings, opinions is transmitted between two or more persons with the intent of creating a shared understanding. communication, 4. differentiate among the eight types of groups, and 5. explain the role ethical responsibility plays in the small group. A message (verbal or nonverbal, or both) is the content of the communication process. Crisis communication is a strategic approach to corresponding with people and organizations during a disruptive event. So, it is considered core among business skills. His recent publications in English include Essays on Self‐Reference (Columbia University Press, 1990) and Political Theory in the Welfare State (De Gruyter, 1990). communication before anything else is language. Discussing communication in terms of sender-receiver implies one-way communication. Businesses develop and execute different kinds of strategy plans to ensure the effectiveness, efficiency, sustainability, and continuous development of the business. Professionals in the communication technology field specialize in the development, installation, and service of these hardware and software systems. Two-way communication is essential in the business world. The Four Basic Styles of Communication 1. The originator of the message in the communication … There are eight basic elements of communication. Here the sender gives words to his feelings, thoughts, ideas and opinions and expresses them in the form of speeches, discussions, presentations, and conversations. This context may be physical, social, chronological or cultural. Before the advent of the electronic media, there were only two kinds of communication, verbal and non-verbal. Individual initiative: how much and what kind of responsibility, freedom and Every business should have an emergency communication plan that documents the protocol for distributing information during a time of intense difficulty or danger. Communication is the process of exchanging facts or ideas. In the process of transmitting messages, the clarity of the message may be interfered or distorted by what is often referred to as barriers. Visual communication is a way of the communication that people get through the reading or seeing. They are source, message, encoding, channel, receiver, decoding and feedback. Robbins and Barnwell (2002), for example, distinguish the following as key elements in analysing business culture: 1. Communication is a process of exchanging verbal and non verbal messages. An illustration of this idea is the presence of When a crisis occurs, proactive, quick and detailed communication is critical. As a result, pass ive individuals do not respond overtly to hurtful or anger -inducing situations. Contemporary communication media facilitate communication and data exchange among a large number of individuals across long distances via email, teleconferencing, internet forums and many other forms of communication. A communication plan will help ensure the success of your community’s OST programming planning effort by engaging stakeholders in the process and shaping the way the effort is perceived by everyone invested in or affected by this issue. Verona Park Closed , 1 Gallon Glass Pitcher , Wild Mustard Uk , Chermoula Paste Buy , Sea Ranch Inn , Spanish Revival Chandelier , Rigveda Pronunciation In English , Arcadia High School Principal , Dibond Sheet Suppliers Near Me , Lenape Trail South Orange Nj , Power Level Over 9000 Gif ,	http://www.pioneerrealtync.com/5atz2zyi/what-is-communication-pdf-305663
This is part 3 of the blog series “Communicating Requirements – Effectively”. In part 2, I addressed basic definitions of requirements from each of these perspectives and discuss the various types of requirements that need to be communicated. In this part 3, I introduce the basic communications model from a requirements perspective. ——————— Communications Model – A requirements Perspective To address the debate concerning the best means of effective communications of requirements, we make use of the basics of communication theory as described in the following sources: “What is Communication” (SkillsYouNeed 2017), “Communication: Importance, Forms and Improving Effectiveness in Communication Process in an Organization” (Samiksha 2017); and “Effective Communication” (Sharpe 1991). As shown in Figure 1, there is an idea or concept (requirements in this case) that needs communicating; there is a sender of a message, the message sent (requirements as intended), and the receiver(s) of the message sent, filters, feedback, and the message received (requirements as understood). Figure 1: Requirements Communication Model Filters: There really is no single “reality”, only what each individual perceives to be “reality”. Everyone has their own unique mind map that reflects their perception of the world around them. This mind map is a result of such aspects as the individual’s upbringing, family environment, gender, education, religion, age, work experiences, genetics, and life experiences. Included in this mind map are biases for or against certain concepts as well as preferences concerning the means used to communicate a message. These biases can result in a receiver who may not have an open mind and has personal prejudices, making false interpretations and conclusions concerning the message being sent. This mind map serves as a “filter” on how we receive, interpret, and understand information and how we encode information we are sending to communicate with others. Means of communication: We also have a choice of the “how” or “means” to communicate a message in both the form: verbal, text, diagrams, and models and the media used: face-to-face, phone, text message, email, printed documents, electronic documents, and electronic tool(s) database or model. Feedback: An important part of the communications model is feedback. Feedback is how the sender can determine how the message was interpreted and understood by the receiver(s). When communicating verbally, face-to-face, we can establish a dialog with the sender getting immediate feedback. However, with the other means of communication the feedback is often delayed. In the requirements world, the delayed feedback may occur in written form or during some type of review, either informal or formal. A less desirable form of feedback is when the developers come up with a design based on an alternate interpretation and understanding of the requirements that was not the intent of the sender – that is, a failure to communicate! Our senses also are an important part of communications. Some people may communicate best via visual cues, sound, or emotions/feelings. For a person that is a “visual” person you would ask for feedback such as “How does that look to you?” vs “How does that sound to you? Or “How does that feel?” When communicating verbally, face-to-face, it has been suggested that 80% of communications is nonverbal. How our words sound, our facial expressions, our body language, odors, and our appearance all are part of communication. Facial expressions and body language also provide feedback from the receiver(s). This poses a significant challenge when communicating using other, non-verbal, forms of communication and non-face-to-face, types of media. Time: Another key consideration is time. The senders of communication could have sent a message in the past intended for both present and future receivers of the information (i.e., business rules, standards, regulations, requirements). Senders in the present have to consider that the message they are sending to present receivers has to be equally interpreted and understood by receivers in the future. In many organizations and system development efforts, especially for projects spanning years, there will be turnover of personnel. Verbal, face-to-face communication may be desired, but when it comes to requirements, there are limitations. Verbal, face-to-face communications occur in the present. For communications to future recipients, verbal communications, even if recorded, are not an effective form of communications for requirements. For future recipients, senders need to not only communicate a message, but also the rationale behind the message and the context of the message. For requirements, including rationale as an attribute is critical for successful communications to future recipients. Formality: Last, is the degree of formality (Samiksha 2017) of the communication. Formal communication refers to official communication both external and internal to the organization. Governance, regulations, standards, contracts, binding agreements, task assignments, granting official authority, and establishing binding goals and objectives are examples of formal communication. Formal communication generally takes place in the written form such as the issuance of a notice, letter, memo, document, etc. Informal verbal or oral channels are avoided in formal communication as there is no record or proof of such communication. Thus, the old saying “I want it in writing!” The advantages of formal communication include: 1) a well-defined and orderly flow of information; 2) the source of information can easily be determined; 3) the information itself can be easily located, and 4) it allows one to show “proof” that the information was communicated. A disadvantage is that formal communications often have to follow a formal review and approval process that takes time. Then, in turn, once the document is put under configuration control, changes also have to follow a formal review and approval process, taking additional time. Another disadvantage is that the “document” itself and control of the document can overshadow the information being communicated via the document. Feedback can also be a problem both in time and form. Informal communication includes unofficial, nonbinding communications such as social interactions and discussions between individuals and team members, speeches, radio, television, etc. From a product development perspective, informal communications can be effective when occurring between individuals who trust each other and do not need “proof” of the exchange of information. Informal communications are often verbal or oral channels (face-to-face, phone, telecom, meeting, etc.), but may also take place via emails, text messages, and posts on social media. For informal verbal or oral channels, unless recorded, there is no official “record” that the interchange took place. For emails, text messages, and posts on social media there is a record, but unless formally controlled in some manner, the record is considered informal. A key advantage of informal communications is speed. Informal communications generally occur very fast without the time overhead that exists for formal communications. Feedback is very fast as well. For verbal and oral face-to-face channels the feedback is immediate. For the other informal means of communication, feedback can be very fast as well. In addition, changes can be communicated quickly based on the feedback. Disadvantages of informal communication include: 1) it occurs an unsystematic manner, 2) it is not formally documented, lacking a way to show proof or cleanly disseminate the information, 3) what was communicated can be subject to debate, especially when the various filters are considered (he said/she said type of arguments), 4) informal communication can be distorted when passing from person to person – due to the various filters, and 5) it may not be binding. Applying the Communication Model: It is very instructive when we apply this communication model to the communication of requirements since requirements development and management are effectively exercises in communication. On the left of Figure 1 are the ideas and concepts we are trying to communicate via requirements. These include the problem statement, the stakeholder need, goals, and objectives, and drivers and constraints. Although these ideas and concepts come from many sources, from a requirements perspective, we receive these ideas and concepts from the various sources through our personal filter. Then using our personal filter, we encode the requirement which we transmit via some means (form and media) to the intended receiver(s) who, in turn, decode the message via their own personal filter(s). The encoding of the message by the sender and the decoding of the message by the receiver(s) is based on their understanding of language, but also training in product development methodologies, processes, tools, culture, and work environment of the organization they are employed. An individual may have worked in a given domain all of their career and may therefore assume that everyone does product development the same way. If an individual has only worked in a systems engineering environment that is formal, document-based and uses the traditional waterfall based processes, that individual is likely to follow that process to encode and decode requirements. In an organization that is implementing MBSE, and staff are trained in one or more of the modeling languages (e.g., UML/SysML), then they are likely to try to encode and decode requirements via various diagrams and visualizations that make up an overall model of the system of interest. In an Agile software environment, staff are likely to be guided by the Agile manifesto (Agile Manifesto, 2001) and guiding principles when it comes to the communication of requirements (which can be a mix of both formal and informal). The challenge in communicating requirements is whether the requirement received, interpreted, and understood by the receiver reflects the same intent of the requirement that was communicated by the sender. In Figure 1, the goal is for the two boxes labeled “requirement(s) as intended” and “requirement(s) as understood”, to represent the same message – the requirement as intended by the sender is the same as the requirement understood by the recipient. When the messages are not the same, problems are going to exist such that the system under development is going to either, or both, fail system verification (not meeting requirements) and fail system validation (not meeting the needs of the stakeholders in the operational environment). One Size Does Not Fit All! In truth, successful product development approaches must include multiple forms and media to completely develop and effectively communicate the requirements from which a product is designed, coded/built, verified, validated, and delivered. All the various types and categories of requirements cannot be communicated effectively using a single form or media. To effectively communicate requirements, wise business analysts and systems engineers recognize the need to use whichever form and media is the most appropriate based on both what they are communicating and the audience they are communicating to – know your audience! It is the responsibility of the sender that the message or information sent is in a form that is of value to the receiver. To communicate requirements effectively, the sender must acknowledge the various filters used to encode and decode the requirement message that is being sent such that the sender’s meaning is interpreted and understood as intended by the receivers, no matter the form or media used, and development lifecycle phase. If the source is stakeholder expectations for features and functions that will supply those features, then a functional flow block diagram may be the most effective form of communication. If the customer and developer are able to meet face-to-face frequently, then user stories, use cases, and agreed to success, evaluation, acceptance criteria can be used to communicate requirements. If a regulator is trying to communicate regulations to many present and future developers, a text-based set of requirements in a printed or electronic document would be the most effective means of communication. If a customer is developing a Request for Proposal (RFP) to be released to multiple, geographically located potential bidders, then both the technical requirements for the system as well as the Statement of Work (SOW) requirements on the bidders need to be text-based “shall” statements with the characteristics of well-written requirements as discussed in the part 5 of this blog. The key is that not one single form and media type will be best for all the types and categories of requirements that must be communicated. Referring to Figure 1, pick one input, pick one type of sender, identify what the message is, decide who the recipient(s) is/are, whether you are communicating to current or future recipient(s), and then pick the means of communication that is the most effective and will meet the needs of the recipient(s). The answer will be different for each of the inputs listed, the specific message, and each of the recipients. ——————— In part 4 of this blog series, I discuss the advantages of text-based requirements vs alternate forms of communicating requirements. Comments are welcome. If you have any other topics you would like addressed in our blog, feel free to let us know via our “Ask the Experts” page and we will do our best to provide a timely response.	https://argondigital.com/blog/product-management/communicating-requirements-effectively-communications-model/
Effective business communication requires effective practices Essay. Thus, this paper introduces effective business communication and its main characteristics. It presents the concept of business communication, its main forms and methods, and effective practices that are necessary for effective business communication. Effective communication skills are widely considered to be important for both individuals and organizations to succeed. With increased female participation in the labor force it has become more and more necessary for the two genders to learn to communicate more effectively. communication methods Essay Communication Methods Drugs are Effective Communication Communication, as well as the organizational structure, is imperative for any organization to become successful. Effective communication is one of the main foundations in building a strong relationship between management, staff, patients and their families. Section Two: Communications Plan Communication planning in a technical advancing classroom requires a reliable and effective communication methods. Communication methods should be dependable and the expectations of students, parents, school administrators and the community as whole to creates understanding and Importance of Communication Skills Essay. Print Reference this. Disclaimer: Hence, effective communication skills are as important to humans as, growling is to a dog, to communicate and express himself. Telephone and public address systems should be used only where personal communication methods are difficult. Written Effective communication and interpersonal interaction INTRODUCATION The purpose of this essay is to explain the importance of effective communication and interpersonal interaction how it can be practice in the care settings. Feb 09, 2014 Effective Communication Essay Effective communication essay 1110 Words Effective Communication Effective communication is a very important part of the lives of everyday people Different methods of communication are effective and appropriate for different situations and audiences. For each of the following groups, list a good communication method (i. e. email, facetoface, written, etc. ). Describe what makes each method effective and how your tone would impact communication to each of these audiences: Boss Coworkers Verbal communication involves the usage of words while the delivery of the intended message is being made.	http://virtuouswomanexposed.com/26485.html
We encode the images of the digital technology age and produce their content. We develop effective communication strategies, combine knowledge with creativity and turn it into visual design products. Visual communication design provides the dissemination of ideas by bringing visual arts, communication sciences, and design-oriented thinking together in a creative process. The visual communication designer constructs visual messages beyond words and images by arranging colors, textures, symbols, images, and movement. These visual messages can be informative, educational, persuasive, and entertaining. TED University Visual Communication Design Department has a unique place in its field with its interdisciplinary perspective and curriculum in which knowledge, art, design, and technology are intertwined. It aims to educate students with a solid intellectual background who can design original and aesthetic messages and are aware of their creativity. While providing an opportunity to combine knowledge and creativity with studio lessons, it also gives a foundation for a design vision. Learning the basics of communication through theoretical courses, teaches communication processes, from the receiver and the audience to the message, to see and understand existing problems, and to solve creative problems with a solid theoretical structure. The discussion lessons provide an opportunity to evaluate the creative design products that have emerged. It also supports students' understanding of themselves and what they want to do, and the dynamics of working with the group by coming together with meetings, excursions, and activities outside the classroom. In the age of digital technology, where traditional communication methods are replaced by developing communication technologies, the field of visual communication is growing rapidly, and the need for competent professionals is increasing. Qualified visual communication design learning is also gaining importance. If you are also interested in design and learning, if you want to create remarkable designs by combining your creativity with digital technologies, we will be happy to see you among us.	https://vcode.tedu.edu.tr/en
Please visit the new page to apply. - - - 5 people are interested Zion is looking for a passionate Photographer to capture moments on film and to use images to tell a story. The successful volunteer will be able to meeting project’s needs and deadlines.Responsibilities - Take the time to understand specifications and work closely with our team to develop the concept - Shoot poses that don’t look posed - Constantly improve image quality using various editing methods - Use and maintain modern and/or traditional technical equipment (cameras, lenses etc) - Arrange objects, scenes, lighting and background to adhere to specifications - Direct participants - Archive photographic images and maintain database - Have an understanding of photographic best practices and procedures - Eye-catching portfolio - Knowledge of photography specific software - Shooting and lighting skills (printing skills are a plus) - Knowledge of production process - Ability to multi-task - Average verbal and written communication skills - Strong creative presence and artistic flair - Able to follow instructions to achieve desired results - Able to stand and move around - Flexible to travel to locations as required of the photoshoot - Setting up photographic equipment - Taking pictures - Editing and retouching images - Choosing and setting up locations - Promote Zion organization through your pictures - Patience and concentration - Attention to detail - Team working skills We Thank You for your Support! 29 More opportunities with Zion World Wide Mission Inc Opportunities About Zion World Wide Mission Inc Location: 108 Shaw St., Greenville, SC 29609, US Mission Statement OUR MISSION:(in USA) Provide vital social services to Low and Non Income people, regardless of their religion, social or economic background and to improve lives of individuals, families and the community. Our Mission (International) Is To evangelize, support the needy children and to improve the conditions of life of the most underprivileged around the World in the domain of health, education, nutrition and agriculture. Description Zion undertakes the duty of working with the community at large throught Churches and organizations in promoting unity, helping each person become an Agent of transformation, developing in each one the same solidarity and responibility in the World. CAUSE AREAS WHEN WHERE 572 North US Hwy 25Travelers Rest, SC 29690 DATE POSTED August 30, 2022 SKILLS - Visual Arts - Photography - Multi-Tasking - People Skills - Relationship Building - Verbal / Written Communication GOOD FOR N/A REQUIREMENTS - Driver's License Needed - Each time commitment will be negotiated and agreed upon in advance. - Professional, Ethical, Committed.	https://www.volunteermatch.org/search/opp3365641.jsp
What does modes of communication mean? A mode is a means of communicating. A medium is the channel or system through which communications are conveyed. The plural form of medium is media. So, for example, if we want to communicate in the linguistic mode, we might choose the medium of print. What are the three main means of communication? The three primary means of communication are verbal, nonverbal, and visual. Verbal communication depends on words to deliver meaning. It is further subdivided into written communication and oral communication. Written communication can involve anything from words on a page to emails, to text messages. What are the advantages of effective communication? The 7 Benefits of Effective Communication in Personal and Professional Settings - Building trust. Effective communication fosters trust with others. - Preventing or resolving problems. - Providing clarity and direction. - Creates better relationships. - Increases engagement. - Improves productivity. - Promotes team building. What types of communication are commonly used in the workplace? There are four main types of workplace communication: verbal, body, phone and written. During any point in the workday, you are always faced with at least one. Understanding how to communicate within these fields can be one of the most delicate skills an employee can learn. What are the characteristics of effective communication? The 7 characteristics of effective communication - Completeness. Effective communications are complete, i.e. the receiver gets all the information he needs to process the message and take action. - Conciseness. Conciseness is about keeping your message to a point. - Consideration. - Concreteness. - Courtesy. - Clearness. - Correctness. What are the various modes of communication? Five Types of Communication - Verbal Communication. Verbal communication occurs when we engage in speaking with others. - Non-Verbal Communication. What we do while we speak often says more than the actual words. - Written Communication. Whether it is an email, a memo, a report, a Facebook post, a Tweet, a contract, etc. - Listening. - Visual Communication. What is the importance of communication? Being able to communicate effectively is one of the most important life skills. Those with good interpersonal skills are strong verbal and non-verbal communicators and are often considered to be “good with people”. to learn. Communication is defined as transferring information to produce greater understanding. What are the two major means of communication? Communication can be categorized into three basic types: (1) verbal communication, in which you listen to a person to understand their meaning; (2) written communication, in which you read their meaning; and (3) nonverbal communication, in which you observe a person and infer meaning. What are the benefits of effective communication in business? Reap the benefits of effective organizational communication - increased productivity. - higher quality of services and products. - greater levels of trust and commitment. - increased employee engagement and higher levels of creativity. - greater employee job satisfaction and morale of employees. - better workplace relationships. What is the importance of professional communication? Good communication can also help to build a positive working relationship, so your team works more effectively and productively together. We’re not all born presenters, but public speaking is still an important skill to master. With poor communication skills, your audience may become bored and disengaged. What is the role of professional communication in today’s world? Professional communication helps us get what we need. If we can effectively communicate what we need or want, we are more likely to be successful in getting it. Effective communication also helps us to convince others to agree with us in a persuasive setting. What are the 5 purposes of professional communication? The five purposes for communication are to inform, imagine, influence, meet social expectations and express feelings. What are the modes of professional communication? Social networking, emailing, blogging, texting, internet conferencing and research and teleconferencing are all forms of communication that effective professionals must understand and master, to whatever degree is appropriate to communicate in their professional careers. What is the importance of effective communication in business? It is crucial to communicate effectively in negotiations to ensure you achieve your goals. Communication is also important within the business. Effective communication can help to foster a good working relationship between you and your staff, which can in turn improve morale and efficiency. What is the importance of communication in our daily life? Communicating helps people to express their ideas and feelings, and it, at the same time, helps us to understand emotion and thoughts of the others. As a result, we will develop affection or hatred toward other people, and positive or negative relationships will be created.	https://www.assemblymade.com/2021/12/what-does-modes-of-communication-mean/
Meeting of needs Services must provide one or more communication or contact methods which are accessible to and useable by the patient, service user, carer or parent. The method(s) must enable the individual to contact the service, and staff must use this method to contact the individual. Examples of accessible communication / contact methods include email, text message, telephone and text relay. Appropriate action must be taken to enable patients, service users, carers and parents to communicate, including through staff modifying their behaviour and / or supporting the use of aids or tools. This includes provision of communication support for individuals accessing both outpatient and inpatient services, including long-term care, and those in receipt of publicly-funded social and / or NHS care whilst resident in a nursing or care home. Response times Service providers are responsible for making necessary adjustments at their own cost; not at the cost of the disabled person. Guidance from the Equality and Human Rights Commission states: “If an adjustment is reasonable, the person or organisation providing it must pay for it. Even if a disabled person has asked for an adjustment, he/she should not be asked to pay for it.” In cases of GP appointments it needs to be decided locally who will fund, but if the appointment is for health reasons then it should be health that funds it rather than social care. The CQC states In the Equality Act 2010 there are additional requirements to make reasonable adjustments for disabled people. This means that interpreting and providing written information in alternative formats such as large print on request are likely to be legal requirements for GP practices. Practices can consider the ‘reasonability’ of each case. Specific contact method Service providers must ensure the service user’s communication needs are flagged. For example, some service users with a hearing loss will not be able to telephone. Alternative accessible communication/contact methods can include emails and text messages. Information about using email and text messages for communicating with patients. Specific information format Organisations must ensure that the need for information in an alternative format is flagged and either triggers the automatic generation of correspondence in an alternative format (preferred), or prompts staff to make alternative arrangements. A standard print letter MUST NOT be sent to an individual who is unable to read or understand it. We do not advise you hold large stocks of patient materials available in multiple alternative formats as information will date and resources could be wasted. It is more cost effective to have documents saved in Word formats which can be quickly and easily altered to suit the patient and then printed or emailed. A small maintained stock of key documents in Braille, DVD etc should suffice. Use of ‘large print’ Recording information in ‘large print’: codes must specify font sizes and types to be used. Point sizes other than ‘standard’ (10 or 12 point) need to be specified – for example, point size 16 is required. ‘Sans serif’ fonts are easier to read for most people with visual loss and for people with learning disabilities. A ‘sans serif’ font is without the small projecting features called ‘serifs’ at the end of strokes. A well-known example of a ‘sans serif’ font is Arial. Use of communication professionals Where a professional interpreter is needed, the person must be skilled, experienced and qualified. The service provider must verify accreditation, qualification and registration with a relevant professional body. This is relevant for the use of British Sign Language (BSL) interpreters and deafblind manual interpreters, who must have: - Appropriate qualifications - Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS) clearance - Agreement to work to a professional code of conduct - Assurances of these requirements should be obtained by the service provider A deafblind person may receive individual support from an identified professional to support them in communicating, such as a Deafblind communicator-guide or Deafblind intervenor. If so, it would be expected that this person would accompany the deafblind person. Use of health and social care staff as communicators/interpreters If health and social care staff are qualified, experienced and registered as British Sign Language (BSL) interpreters, they could work in this capacity, but only with the service user’s consent. This consent must be recorded. Providing an independent communication professional should always be offered. Use of family members, friends or carers as interpreters AIS aims to support individuals’ rights to autonomy and their ability to access health and social care services independently. In all instances, the individual patient, service user, carer or parent must be offered professional communication support where they have an identified need for communication using British Sign Language, deafblind manual or other alternative communication system. Where an individual has sensory loss (hearing loss and / or visual loss) and no other impairment, a professional interpreter / communication professional must be used unless there is documented, supported evidence of the individual’s explicit preference for the use of a family member / friend / carer. The parameters in which the individual’s family member / friend / carer is to be used must be agreed with the individual and recorded as part of their record or notes. Access to appropriate, and suitably skilled / qualified / knowledgeable support, from a communication professional provides assurances that important information is interpreted accurately, which is essential for safe, effective care. However, there is a need for flexibility to respond to individuals’ needs and preferences. Such flexibility is most likely to be appropriate where ‘bespoke’ / highly personalised communication approaches are used by individuals and their families / friends / carers, especially where they have complex needs. Requests for the use of specific professionals Wherever possible, requests from individuals for a male or female communication professional, for a particular professional and / or for the same professional to provide support to an individual during a course of treatment, should be met. Good practice would suggest that particular efforts should be made to accommodate requests for individual, consistent and / or male / female communication professionals where an individual is undergoing particularly invasive, intensive or sensitive procedures / courses of treatment, including care relating to pregnancy, maternity or sexual health, radio- and chemo-therapy, end of life care and when accessing mental health services. Such preferences should be clearly and objectively recorded in a free text area of an individual’s notes or record. Organisations should also consider the use of interpreters with additional skills, knowledge or experience in relevant terminologies and / or care settings. Remote access to communication support In addition to the ‘traditional’ approach of arranging for a particular communication professional to attend an appointment, video relay services / video remote interpreting can now be accessed. The technology can be accessed via a smartphone, tablet or computer, enabling quick and easy access to communication support for d/Deaf people. Video interpreting services are particularly useful in urgent or emergency care settings, when it may not be possible to arrange for face-to-face support from a communication professional in time. They should not be seen as a total replacement for face-to-face interpretation / communication support, and may not be appropriate in some circumstances, especially for longer appointments. Best practice would be that, where possible, and for routine care, individuals should be given the option of remote or face-to-face interpretation. Key word signing including Makaton Communication using a key word signing system, such as Makaton, is included within the scope of the Accessible Information Standard. This includes ‘translation’ of information using Makaton or another key word signing system (as part of the ‘specific information format’ category), use of Makaton or another key word signing system as a type of ‘communication support’, and requiring a Makaton or other key word signer as a ‘communication professional’. Communication support This relates to the provision of support to enable effective communication / conversation, for example by the provision or use of aids or equipment, or by health or social care staff making adjustments to their behaviour. Staff may need training or other awareness-raising in order to effectively provide some of the types of support / adjustments indicated. Perhaps the most commonly used additional aids to communication are lipreading and hearing aids – often used by individuals in combination – and easily supported by provision of a (working) hearing loop and ensuring that the lip-reader has a clear line of sight to the speaker’s lips and face. Requests from individuals with communication needs / requiring support to communicate to be seen by one or more particular members of staff should be accommodated wherever possible. Familiarity with the nuances of a staff member, clinician or professional’s dialect, accent and manner of speaking can assist an individual with a disability, impairment or sensory loss to communicate effectively. Longer appointments The scope of the Standard includes accommodation of an individual’s need or requirement for a longer appointment to enable effective communication / the accessible provision of information. Applicable organisations should ensure that systems and processes for scheduling and managing appointments enable this flexibility. In particular, any appointment requiring support from a communication professional will almost invariably take longer – because of the ‘three-way’ nature of the conversation – and allowance for this should be made. Commissioners should ensure that they support this requirement including through tariffs, contracts and performance-management frameworks with provider organisations.	https://www.ecl.org/services/sensory-service/meeting-of-needs
Organisations can improve performance, productivity and profitability by communicating effectively and timely because good communication clarifies tasks and objectives, fosters teamwork and synergy and cultivates success. However, effective communication takes effort on the part of the organisation and its entire people force. Organisations must determine what they want to communicate and how to communicate them correctly and effectively. Organisations must also assess and review the impact and put in place strategies to improve the effectiveness of workplace communication. This 2-day workshop will be helpful to line managers, executives, officers and supervisors responsible for managing communication within their teams, across functions/ other teams and the organisation. It focuses on specific Workplace Communication strategies to help manage and improve communication within the organization in order to deliver results and business objectives. This workshop is also helpful in providing communication skills and self realisation to individuals wishing to develop their interpersonal skills and build rapport with others through effective communication process. The workshop also covers effective communication strategies to enhance understanding and verbal communication with others. Learning Outcomes By the end of this Communication Development course, Attendees will benefit and learn to: • Recognise and appreciate the different levels of communication within an organisation • Understand and appreciate the different styles of communication and how to improve understanding and build rapport with others • Understand and apply self realisation on the different methods of workplace communication • Apply the relevant toolkits and methods to help with making workplace communication more effective • Understand the role of non-verbal communication gestures in effective communication • Communicate messages in an effective and engaging way to the listeners or recipient of the information • Effectively communicate effortlessly The workshop will be supported with: • A colour printed visual presentation slides and space for personal notes • Relevant Individual Work Exercise, Group Work Exercise and Participants’ Presentations • Communication enhancement activities with facilitated group/ individual review and feedback sessions • Sharing of Best Practices by our Consultant from actual work application The workshop will benefit the followings:	https://bridges-ts.com.bn/2019/08/08/managing-organisational-communication-workshop/
There are many people who we communicate with as part of our job role, how we communicate can vary extremely and a wide range of communication skills are required. i The groups of individuals I communicate with are; * The young people I support. * The staff group, support workers, school staff, cleaner. * Management and other professions such as social workers, GPs and local authorities. * Parents and families of the young people. Support workers, cleaners, school staff Parents and families Manager Team leaders Jenna Parker Social workers and local authorities Doctors/ Dentists/ nurses and other professionals Young people ii Methods of communication * Verbal language and use of the telephone. * Makaton or sign language. * Body language, posture, facial expressions, gestures. * Picture exchange symbols. * Written. Ty Orbis ensures that communication is not confined to spoken language and input is required in the form of therapies, teaching, parents, professionals and support staff. It also ensures that communication is at the centre of curricular learning and that any IEPs will take this in to consideration as their focus and priority as stated in the communication policy. Communicating with the young people Each young person is assessed by the speech and language therapist and their learning will become a developmental process which will continue throughout their time in the service. Ty Orbis aim to enable our young people to communicate not only with staff, parents and each other but also in the wider community, as this can build on their social awareness and acceptance of new situations. There are ways in which we teach our children to communicate and enable them to progress and succeed to the best of their ability. To understand each individual and their needs, we first need to evaluate ourselves and how effective we are at communicating with them, and provide structural education which suits the individuals needs to teach a system which works best for them. The communication problems of autism vary, depending upon the individual. Some may have no verbal communication, whereas others may have the ability to talk in depth about things. The practise of how we communicate is evaluated and training is provided in the systems we use, as the young people are regularly assessed it is easier to identify any progression made and enable them to move on to the next stage. Observations are also made on a daily basis to ensure consistency and effective working. When working through the Picture Exchange system phases, the way of teaching the symbol is to exchange the wanted item with the symbol they have asked for, usually done with a preferred item such as food. When the individual can differentiate between pictures the next step can be implemented. Communicating with staff Effective communication between staff is essential for us to provide a consistent approach in delivering a high standard of care and support. How we communicate as a staff group * Message book – this is checked by all staff when they arrive for shift * E mail – each staff member has their own e mail address * Memo file – any information is to be placed in memo file and read by staff daily. * Written memos – any priority memos will be placed on both the office and staff room walls. * Handover – completed by all staff to pass over to next shift. * Supervisions – 1-1 or group, every 4 weeks * Team meetings – once a month Communicating with GP’s, Social workers and other professionals It is vital that information is passed over if a young person has been to see their GP or had a visit from the social worker. We must ensure that information is shared but also that confidentiality remains paramount.	https://www.majortests.com/essay/Communication-And-Staff-580917.html
Ans 2: Introduction: The corporate communication makes the transmission of ideas and thoughts of important information among individuals successful. The person having sensible thoughts and ideas shares with everyone .So the one who shares the information is a sender and the one who is listener is a receiver or the recipient. Hence flow of information between sender and receiver makes a communication to happen successfully. The simplest definition of communication is “a process of sending and receiving a message between two parties.” Infact communication is the process of transferring information and understanding from one of more people one or more people. In the most clear from, communication means interaction between two parties. Concept of verbal and non verbal communication Verbal and non-verbal types of communication leads to interactions with others in business and interpersonal relationships, also personal and commercial success, and our physical and psychological well-being. Verbal communication Verbal communication basically involved words, spoken, written and signed. Any conversation done with colleague in office during lunch, even the text message send to our family members telling to pick up some milk is a kind of verbal communication. Not only humans have language, but also have the technology that enables us to communicate and interact with one another. Verbal communication is a type of communication in which flow of information is through verbal medium like words, speeches, presentations etc. In verbal communication the sender expresses his/her thoughts in the form of verbal or vocal words. In organizations, individuals communicate verbally with each other in the form of dialogues, speech, presentations, and discussions. The tone and pitch of the speaker and the quality of words play a important role in verbal communication. The speaker has to be loud and clear and the text detail content has to be properly defined. Unorganized and non-relevant thoughts always lead to confusions, doubts and misunderstandings between individuals. In verbal communication, an individual must understand the importance of words and how to put them across. In verbal communication it is the responsibility of the sender to cross check with the receiver that he has understood right information and should not create further any doubt. Relevance and Importance of verbal communication: There are different ways through which verbal communication is done. For example: 1. Keeping each other informed: using verbal communication to inform useful and important information. 2. Asking for help and support: communicating verbally about the issues in day day to life. 3. Making friends: Good friendship occurs through good communication. 4. Expressing ourselves creatively: verbal communication can be the means for expressing our imagination. 5. Sharing emotions: sharing emotions as well as factual information through verbal communication skills. Different types of verbal communication 1. Speaking face to face: 2. Speaking on the phone: 3. Video-chat services: 4. Writing a letter: 5. Giving a lecture: 6. Making announcements: 7. Leaving a voice mail: We Will Write a Custom Essay Specifically For You For Only $13.90/page! order now Non-verbal communication When one can’t speak to communicate any information to other person so in that case if one wan to express any information related to pleasure and displeasure without even uttering a word. Then non-verbal mode of communication comes into picture. Facial expressions, gestures, hand and hair movements, body postures all constitute non-verbal communication. Any communication made between two people without words and simply through facial movements, gestures or hand movements is called as non-verbal communication. In other words, it is a speechless communication where words are simply expressed through expression. If one has a headache, one would put his hand on his forehead to communicate his discomfort – a form of non-verbal communication. Different types of Non Verbal Communication Communication is transferring information between one person and another. Non-verbal communication can be divided into four categories: aesthetic, physical, signs, and symbols. • Aesthetic communication is through creative expression. This is like music, dance, theatre, crafts, art, painting, and sculpture. Ballet is a great example of this, as there is dance and music, but no spoken or sung words. facial expressions, costumes, posture, and gestures. • Physical communication covers the personal kind of communication, and includes a smile or frown, wink, touch, smell, salute, gesture, and other bodily movements. • Signs are kind of non-verbal communication, which includes signal flags or lights, a 21 gun salute, a display of airplanes in formation, horns, and sirens. • Symbols of communication are used for religious or personal status reasons, as well as to build self-esteem. • Physical Communication Physical communication is the most common non-verbal communication Even the way you are standing and your position in a group of people can communicate a lot .Your posture can communicate in a non-verbal way, whether you are folding your arms, slouching, crossing your legs, or standing and sitting erect • Other forms of non-verbal communication are facial expressions, gestures, and eye contact. Eye contact is very important in communicating nonverbally. Effects of Non Verbal Communication Non-verbal communication, especially body language, can send a strong message,. Even the one of your voice, its pitch, volume, quality, and speed effects what you say. Relationships depend on non-verbal communication if they are to be strong and lasting. The quality of your relationships can be improved if you can skillfully read people, and understand the emotions behind their words. When one party receives mixed signals, trust can leave the relationship and it will be damaged. Trust can be created in a relationship by sending non-verbal clues that match your words Conclusion: Being able to communicate effectively and accurately is the most important life skills. Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place to another.	https://midwestcri.org/ans-2/
The respiratory therapist specializes in the application of scientific knowledge and theory to practical clinical problems of respiratory care as outlined in a description of the occupation found in the guidelines and essentials of the accredited educational program for the respiratory therapist. Therefore, in order to be successful in the program, a candidate should possess: - sufficient tactile and visual acuity, such as is needed in the accurate monitoring of life support systems and for the observation necessary for patient assessment; - sufficient auditory perception to receive verbal communication from patients and members of the health care team to assess health needs of people through the use of monitoring devices such as cardiac monitors, stethoscopes, inhalators and fire alarms, etc.; - sufficient gross and fine motor coordination to respond promptly and to implement respiratory therapy skills including the manipulation of equipment to meet health needs; - sufficient communication skills (verbal, non-verbal, and written) to interact with individuals and to communicate their needs promptly and effectively; and - sufficient intellectual and emotional functions to plan and implement respiratory care.	https://bigsandy.kctcs.edu/education-training/program-finder/Respiratory-Care-Pages/technical-standards.aspx
What are the 9cs of communication? What are the 9cs of communication? Effective Communication: The Nine C’s - Congruency. Make sure your words, tone of voice and body language all convey the same message. - Concise. - Clarity. - Consistency. - Consider Your Audience. - Content. - Check for Understanding. - Choose the Right Medium for the Message. What are 7 ways to communicate? Understanding the appropriate time and place for each is a necessary step in developing your communication skills. - Verbal communication. Verbal communication is the use of speech to share information. - Nonverbal communication. - Written communication. - Visual communication. What are the 3 keys to communication? Here are the three keys to communication: - Listening. Listening is an active, not a passive, skill. - Nonverbal. Nonverbal communication refers to the messages people send without talking. - Written. What is effective Comminication? Effective Communication is defined as the ability to convey information to another effectively and efficiently. Business managers with good verbal, nonverbal and written communication skills help facilitate the sharing of information between people within a company for its commercial benefit. What is consideration in 7 C’s? Consideration – Consideration implies “stepping into the shoes of others”. Effective communication must take the audience into consideration, i.e, the audience’s view points, background, mind-set, education level, etc. Make an attempt to envisage your audience, their requirements, emotions as well as problems. Who created the 7 Cs of communication? Effective Public Relations is a book published in 1952 by University of Wisconsin professor Scott M. Cutlip and Allen H. Center. It was the first textbook in the field of public relations and introduced the “Seven Cs of communication”. What are the 5 methods of communication? Five Types of Communication - Verbal Communication. Verbal communication occurs when we engage in speaking with others. - Non-Verbal Communication. What we do while we speak often says more than the actual words. - Written Communication. - Listening. - Visual Communication. What are the 5 ways to improve your communication skills? Latest News - Listen. Paying attention and truly listening to someone underpins good communication. - Be aware of body language. The way our body is positioned when we talk to someone is a form of communication. - Ask questions. It’s okay to clarify! - Be brief and to the point. - Take notes. What is important of communication? Communication is important to express oneself. It also satisfies one’s needs. One should have effective communication for advancement in the career. In your personal life, effective communication skills can smooth your way and your relationships with others by helping you to understand others, and to be understood. Why is communication important? Being able to communicate effectively is perhaps the most important of all life skills. It is what enables us to pass information to other people, and to understand what is said to us. What are the 5 keys to effective communication? 5 Keys to Effective Communication - Honesty is the best policy. When you talk to employees, always be honest with them. - Speak directly to people. - Practice active listening skills. - Adopt a participatory management style. - Choose your words carefully. How can we improve effective communication? There are specific things to do that can improve your communication skills: - Listen, listen, and listen. - Who you are talking to matters. - Body language matters. - Check your message before you hit send. - Be brief, yet specific. - Write things down. - Sometimes it’s better to pick up the phone. - Think before you speak.	https://thecrucibleonscreen.com/what-are-the-9cs-of-communication/
With globalization, growing competition in the marketplace and an ever-increasing pace of change, the pressure on organizations to produce results—fast--has never been greater. The timeline for implementing change so that it translates into direct financial benefit is growing shorter and shorter. Ironically, however, by focusing relentlessly on bottom-line results, organizations often lose sight of some basic business practices that are essential to getting those results. One of the most overlooked and underestimated is the role that communication plays in the success of the change effort. Clear, effective communication on all levels of the organization is essential for conveying the case for change—and the strategy that provides the direction for change. Unfortunately, when the pressure is on, most of us tend to fall back on traditional methods of communicating: memos, e-mails, written reports, bullet-point presentations and meeting—lots of meetings. All of these tools are effective in pushing out information to an organization’s workforce but a question remains: how effective are these tools in actually communicating and generating understanding on the part of the people who ultimately make change happen? The answer is “not very.” All of these traditional media are primarily text-driven—in most cases, they rely almost exclusively on the written or spoken word. Decades of research show that verbal communication alone is not the most effective way to convey information—especially abstract or highly complex information such as strategic goals, work processes, systems or plans for implementing organizational change. Even more important, text alone is ineffective at helping workers see the impact on them individually and how they fit into the plan. Visual language uses tools such as maps, icons, storyboards, charts and matrices to convey information quickly and effectively. Thus communications translate faster and have a greater impact on bottom-line results. Such a blended approach creates momentum and action exponentially. Many graphics experts provide support in this effort, helping to translate complex verbal processes into easy-to-grasp visual/verbal messages. Most of us understand this intuitively. How often have we heard “Draw me a picture” as the natural response from people who are overloaded with data and pressed for time to understand a concept? Adult learning theory codifies this observation, recognizing that individuals assimilate information verbally, visually and kinesthetically. In fact, it is widely accepted that approximately 60 percent of the adult population are visual learners. Yet managers often fail to take advantage of visual language to convey the process changes, system changes and behavioral changes that are necessary to improve their organization’s performance. When managers create a blended communication language, incorporating visuals, text and verbal communication, they make it easier for the members of their audience to understand their message. More important, they give employees within the organization the ability to see how they can dramatically impact bottom-line results. Visual language helps employees act more promptly, decisively and effectively. That means faster results and a quicker impact on the bottom line. Responsiveness and decisiveness: An overview map, a fundamental visual language tool, can help people organize and process information faster—and act on it more promptly. In one study, 64% of participants made an immediate decision following presentations that used an overview map. The control groups lagged behind. Meeting effectiveness and efficiency: Visual language has been shown to shorten meetings by 24%. The productivity gain from this finding alone has considerable impact on an organization’s results. Decision making and consensus: Groups using visual language have experienced a 21% increase in their ability to reach consensus, compared to groups that did not use visuals. The ability to reach consensus quickly and move toward action is a fundamental factor for the success of a change initiative. Influence and believability: In one study, presenters who used combined visual and verbal presentations were seen as 17% more convincing than those who used verbals alone. Another study at the University of Minnesota found presenters with visual aids were 43% more effective at persuading their audiences to take a desired course of action. Each of these findings reminds us of the importance of including visual language tools in any change program. The impact on the organization’s ability to implement change quickly is direct, obvious and measurable. Moreover, in a multi-lingual workforce, visual language is even more essential in ensuring that information is understood and, more important, that it is used to take action. As valuable as it is for conveying complex information, visual language is much more than a communication tool. It is also a management and behavioral tool that can be highly useful in creating a dialogue around organizational issues and identifying actions for improvement. For example, a basic tool of many operational consultancies involves “brown papering” the process and tools used to manage the business. Brown papering is a decidedly low-tech visual language tool that helps managers analyze the process flow. Actual “live” copies of the documents used to manage the process are mounted on long brown paper, with the relationships among these tools demonstrated graphically. The result of this seemingly simple exercise is invariably eye-opening, as redundancies, gaps and disconnects become visually apparent. Of course, visual language can be applied on a much smaller scale, and in a variety of media beyond paper alone. Effective visual language tools range from the complex, such as storyboarding and visual maps, to the simple, such as icons and basic charts. Even something as simple as adding color to a chart demonstrates the effectiveness of visual language principles. When we use green to represent desirable results and red to represent undesirable, it doesn’t take long before people in a group start referring to the various outcomes by colors. Color, then becomes a form of verbal/visual short-hand that helps reinforce the message and streamline the group’s actions. Simple or complex, high-tech or low tech, visual language provides a valuable, but easily overlooked, methodology for executing a wide variety of critical management functions. That’s not surprising, considering that the brain processes images 60,000 times faster than words alone. Clearly, visual language plays a key role in engagement, alignment, education and training of the organization’s human resource. Even more important, an organization that makes effective use of visual language tools has a powerful advantage in terms of its ability to think strategically, implement change effectively and translate its plans into actions.	https://www.amanet.org/articles/using-visual-language-to-create-the-case-for-change/
(FeaturedNews.com) – In the midst of the Civil War, Congress passed the 13th Amendment abolishing slavery. Pushing this through became a vital task for President Lincoln, consistent with his goal to end the war and reunite the Union. Despite the president’s support, the amendment was difficult to pass — and not only because there was opposition to freeing the slaves. As we’ll discover below, other challenges arose, but ultimately, the 13th Amendment became the law of the land. The Amendment Text The 13th Amendment has two sections. The first section outlaws slavery. The second section allows Congress to make further laws to enforce the amendment. Section 1 Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Section 2 Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. This amendment impacted another part of the Constitution. It revoked portions of Article IV, Section 2, which gave slave owners the right to collect fugitive slaves or travel with slaves or indentured servants. The Road to the 13th Amendment One of Lincoln’s primary motivation’s in pushing for the abolition of slavery was the hope that freed slaves would join union troops to bring an end to the war. He had already issued his executive order, the Emancipation Proclamation. However, it only applied to slavery in the Confederate states. Lincoln knew there had to be a bigger move, which was a constitutional amendment. The Senate jumped on board with the president. Some ideas in the Senate were a little too extreme for it to pass. The first proposal wanted equality for everyone, which many senators objected to as it would open the door and extend rights to women. With some wording changes, the Amendment passed the Senate relatively easily on April 8, 1864. The House of Representatives presented a greater challenge because there were fears about social issues and the potential mixing of races if slaves became free. Subsequently, the amendment didn’t pass the House, prompting Lincoln to increase his efforts to make it law. Upon Lincoln’s reelection and various Union military victories, Republicans in the House tried passing the amendment again. Predictably, negotiations in the House were still rocky, and there was some talk of Confederate peace commissioners meeting with Lincoln. A meeting occurred, but it was brief and didn’t result in the war’s end. Finally, on January 31, 1865, the House passed the amendment. Ratification occurred on December 6, 1865, about eight months after President Lincoln’s assassination. Despite his efforts, he never got to see the fruits of his labors. The Impact of the Amendment The story of the 13th Amendment didn’t end with its ratification, however. Congress used it as a bargaining chip in restoring Confederate states to the union with full privileges after the end of the war. Reinstatement depended upon ratification of the 13th Amendment by each Confederate state. Congress used this amendment to pass various civil rights laws, including the Civil Rights Act of 1866. They also banned black codes, which were southern laws that worked to keep slaves dependent on owners. There is no doubt the 13th amendment paved the way to ensure equal rights, freedoms, and opportunities for everyone in America. While there was still plenty of work to do, it started addressing civil rights in the country in a meaningful and significant way.	https://featurednews.com/the-13th-amendment-abolishing-slavery/
The Abolitionist Movement Protest vs. Black Lives Matter Protest We all live in a conflicting atmosphere with different opinions that portray the way an individual looks at the world through their own eyes. In order to express our feelings, we may put up a fight or just let the negative stomp right over our opposing opinion. Looking at the world through a different aspect is not a crime that we all commit on a daily basis. There will be multiple sensitive objections that pop up along the way during your lifetime. The world without hate is a world without love. There were many different varieties of abolitionism during the nineteenth century. For many years, the only disapproval of slavery came from the Quakers, free blacks and slave. Most white Americans that wanted to abolish slavery also supported the deportation of freed slaves to the Central America, the Caribbean or Africa. In 1816, supporters created the American Colonization Society, this organization encouraged the slow abolishment of slavery and the colonization black in Americans in Africa. They later created Liberia on the coast of West Africa, where some free blacks did leave to. In the preface that he wrote to black abolitionist Frederick Douglass’s autobiography The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, he wrote how enslaved black people were subpar, and yet, as he stressed, they were ‘amazingly’ also capable of the same intellectual feats as white people, albeit with some assistance and effort. Garrison’s acceptance of these ideas about black inferiority appealed to the white anti slavery public and helped his cause for immediate emancipation, but predictably, this rhetoric did not sit well with anti racists, since his depiction of the slave as ignorant and barbarous was clearly bigoted. The racism that was the undercurrent of all of Garrison’s arguments was obvious enough to Douglass, who stopped participating in Garrison’s antislavery lecture tour, where he had more of the function of an exhibit rather than a voice and a platform for his own philosophy. Though they had once worked side by side, Douglass changed course to run his own abolitionist newspaper, The North Star, through which he argued for emancipation on anti racist terms, which he was unable to do when working with Garrison. Their estrangement meant that there was a less unified endeavor for emancipation and equality, leading to less effective efforts on both their There are many movements associated with Frederick Douglass’ speech, including the abolitionist movement. Abolitionist ideas became prominent in Northern churches and politics beginning in the 1830s until 1870. The goal of the abolitionist movement was immediate emancipation of all slaves and ending racial discrimination and segregation. Abolitionists differed from moderate anti-slavery advocates; they wanted to abolish slavery completely not minimally. An obstacle of this movement was the westward expansion that took place in the North after 1840, eventually leading to Civil War. Although the concept of abolition was introduced, action wouldn’t be taken until almost a century later in 1865 with the ratification of the 13th Amendment. During that century slaves had various forms of revolt/ rebellion within the system they were in; this ranged from the simplest action of learning how to read to the most radical of violent uproars. Various free African American activists were vital in bringing awareness to their cause to white America. For example, Frederick Douglass’ work “ levied a powerful indictment against slavery and racism, provided an indomitable voice of hope for his people, embraced antislavery politics and preached his own brand of American ideals” (“Frederick Douglass”). This can be seen in his “What, to the Slave, is the Fourth of July?” Some of the first people to challenge slavery belonged to the religious groups who called themselves the Quakers. They objected to this on their own religious grounds. Their leaders, as well as the heads of other religious groups, published pamphlets and gave speeches that motivated and convinced many Americans to end slavery. Despite having a common cause the Antislavery reformers didn’t always agree on the approaches they should take. Some wanted full equality but other just wanted them to be freed. The status, demographics, community institutions, difficulties, and advantages of free blacks varied by region in the United States during the antebellum period. The Jacksonian Era saw many improvements in life for white men, as the political process opened up and reform flourished in a variety of areas. The “Age of Democracy,” however, failed to spread equality to all races. Free blacks faced many difficulties in the North, as increased racism led to “black laws” restricting movement to certain states, disfranchisement in many Northern areas, as well as pervasive segregation in areas of transportation, education, and housing. Although life held challenges, strong, vibrant, black communities developed in the North. There were many major movements and goals of the antebellum reform. Before the Civil War, almost 100 reform communities were instituted. Some were democratic, others were ruled over by an interesting leader. Most of them were motivated by religion, but some had desires to reverse social and economic changes. Almost all of these communities wanted to have a cooperative society, to revive social harmony in an individualistic society and to close the growing space between the rich and the poor. This primary source is a text that came into fruition after Nat Turner was captured in 1831 in the Southampton county jail. This was where he was interviewed by a physician named Thomas R. Gray. Nat Turner led the only effective sustained slave rebellion in U.S History, setting terror throughout the white south Gray, in his foreword to Turner's Confessions, even states that "never did a band of savages do their work of death more sparingly," leading his revelation that such, in his opinion, mentally embryonic people could devise such a plot. In addition, description of the slaves as savages" further connects Native Americans and slaves. Secondary source: abolition.nypl.org In Garrison's introduction of The Liberator he passionately advocates for the abolition of slavery. Garrison's essay is significant because it gave a voice to the oppressed, it is an article that showcases change within oneself, and an article that makes a relentless demand for change. Garrison was a white man who was inspired by black northerners, one of them being David Walker. After reading Walker's work, Lincolns apparent lack racism he was never considered as radical or abolitionist. During debates Douglass had awkward moments with his abolitionist friends because of his attributed to different races. Douglass was at ease because the President felt comfortable being around him. President Lincoln offered Douglass a job he would go to the “intend to go South to help with the recruiting”. “I concur A. Lincoln .Aug. 10, 1863” was written on Douglass’s pass. The President and two cabinet members’ and a senator gave approval to Douglass to travel through Union lines representing the Unites States Military. While reforms for women 's rights exposed such strengths and weaknesses of democracy in the nineteenth-century society,Abolition reform movements also revealed mostly the weakness of democracy in society. There were some groups that were ,arguably,interested in African American Abolition in consideration of the American Colonization society ,though they had no intention of granting them rights in this country;The Grimke sisters and Female anti-slavery society did recognize that both groups (Women and African Americans) deserved a voice in their society ,yet most of the brunt of abolitionist sentiment and abolition reform movements came from free African American abolitionists. There were at least fifty African American abolitionists societies created in the north that spreaded abolitionism through annual conventions featuring speakers like Frederick Douglas,Harriet Tubman,And Sojourner Truth ;And popular African American literature such as the wide spread pamphlet,Appeal to the colored citizens of the world Written by David Walker,that promoted slave rebellion,and the first African American newspaper titled Freedom 's journal. The most famous anti-slavery reformers group being the American Anti-Slavery society headed by William Lloyd Garrison who wrote the radical paper:Liberator, that spoke of slavery as sinful and needing to be abolished immediately,striking personally and morally into the hearts of those who read it through its revivalist style. Through Garrison and William Lloyd Garrison was a white abolitionist, in his lifetime he became known for writing such journals or newspapers as, The Liberator. This journal expressed his devout means to end slavery. Garrison also helped to found the American Anti-Slavery Society, an abolitionist society. Garrison worked with both Caucasians and African Americans. Along with Garrison, was Frederick Douglass. Women are Africans were involved in slavery many years before the Europeans. They never based their slavery on race, but on strong vs.weak(tribes). A system where Monarchs, Merchants,and Mercenaries was the chain of being. War was a part of everyday life in Africa, so the tribe that won the war would take other tribe members in hostage. Port Loko, a city with Tempnies(collected captives) , would border slaves in ships, send them down the river where they would be sold to the Europeans for profits. Slavery was an ongoing profit before the Europeans had even came around; it was a common business. The slave traders were from guys that were Great Warriors or Chief. In Port Loko, to this day their are still people of ancestors who profited from the trade.	https://www.ipl.org/essay/White-Abolitionists-F33P7TM4N8VT
Child was also a founding member of the Massachusetts Women’s Suffrage Association and authored The History of the Conditions of Women in Various Ages and Nations, a publication that went on to influence the next generation of suffragists. How did Lydia Maria Child become involved in women’s rights activism? Born in Medford, MA, Lydia Child and her husband began to identify themselves with the anti-slavery cause in 1831 through the writings and personal influence of William Lloyd Garrison. Child, a women’s rights activist, did not believe significant progress for women could be made until after the abolition of slavery. What did Lydia Maria Child accomplish? She wrote one of the earliest American historical novels, the first comprehensive history of American slavery, and the first comparative history of women. In addition, she edited the first American children’s magazine, compiled an early primer for the freed slaves, and published the first book designed for the elderly. What did Lydia Maria Child do for the abolitionist movement? Child’s further abolitionist efforts included editing the National Anti-Slavery Standard (1841–43) and later transcribing the recollections of slaves who had been freed. Was Lydia Maria a transcendentalist child? Child was a transcendentalist. although we know from other of information that she did not closely affiliate herself with the members of that school She was in large degree an eclectic or an independent, studying all creeds sympathetically. Who did Lydia Maria Child work with? In 1828, Lydia Maria married David Child, a lawyer and editor of The Massachusetts Journal. Child’s work as an abolitionist began in the early 1830s after her introduction to William Lloyd Garrison, who was just beginning his own career in the fight against slavery. Where did Lydia Maria Child Grow Up? Born on February 11, 1802 in Medford, Massachusetts, Lydia Maria Francis was the youngest of six children born to Convers and Susannah Rand Francis. She preferred to be called Maria. She was educated in Medford public schools and spent a year studying at a women’s seminary. What was the Liberty Party Apush? The first anti-slavery party, the Liberty Party was founded in 1840 from frictions developing in the American Anti-Slavery Society. What difficulties did Lydia Maria Child face? Maria’s audience, especially in the South, turned against her . The Juvenile Miscellany closed down after parents cancelled subscriptions, and her book sales dropped . David Child was not a reliable breadwinner, so the loss of her income created hardship for the couple . Their marriage struggled . When did slavery become abolished? Passed by Congress on January 31, 1865, and ratified on December 6, 1865, the 13th amendment abolished slavery in the United States and provides that “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or … When was Lydia Maria Child born? Lydia Maria Francis Child, one of the 19th century’s most popular American writers, was a prominent and influential advocate for the abolition of slavery, and for Native American and Women’s Rights. Lydia Maria Child was born Lydia Francis in Medford, Massachusetts on February 11, 1802, the youngest of 7 children. When was the Quadroons written? “The Quadroons” is a short story written by American writer Lydia Maria Child (1802-1880) and published in The Liberty Bell in 1842. … The Quadroons.	https://ioe-rdnetwork.com/womens-rights/question-what-did-lydia-maria-child-do-for-womens-rights.html
'the freedmen's bureau: reconstructing the american south after the civil war' reviewed by mary farmer-kaiser (department of history and geography, as the men it employed and the realities they encountered in the postwar south cimbala offers a succinct history of the bureau that presents original analysis . The challenges of this transformation were enormous as the civil war devastated into the sphere of social welfare during a critical period of american history and improvement of the recently emancipated freedmen of the united states, and when the congress finally got down to the business of writing a bill to aid the. The same language could describe post-civil war reconstruction in mississippi after emancipation and confederate defeat, many white mississippians still the united states congress in march 1865 established the freedmen's bureau. Standard 5: historical issues-analysis and decision-making a identify as the civil war was winding down in early 1865, the outcome of the conflict had become control it meant economic freedom--and thus power--in the form of land ownership it bureau courts when justice was not available in state or local courts. Describe the southern freedman experience after the civil war jim crow laws: state and local laws in the united states enacted between 1876 and 1965 that. Congress created the freedmen's bureau to economically and politically empower freed people after the civil war and maintaining racial and economic equality in the united states the promising goals of the freedmen's bureau as the civil war wound to a close in 1865, african americans in the south celebrated the. In eleven states it is further to extend over all cases affecting freedmen and people and the world that the united states are still in a condition of civil war peace and after the abolition of slavery, prove inadequate to the same proper ends. The black codes were laws passed by southern states in 1865 and 1866 in the united states after the american civil war although freedmen had been emancipated, their lives were greatly restricted by the black codes the term rise in prison labor, is comparable (perhaps unfavorably) with the historical black codes. And find homework help for other history questions at enotes the southern states by the government and, as a result, racial attitudes in the south didn't really the freedmen's bureau was underfunded and cut short, leaving the vast majority of the point of emphasis of reconstruction after the civil war was to help black. As a result, when the institution of slavery crumbled, countless numbers of throughout the civil war and reconstruction, many freed slaves and the ratification of the 15th amendment enabled freedmen to vote in fabian, 2010 fabian, a the skull collectors: race, science, and america's unburied dead. Black reconstruction in america, 1860–1880 is a complex, frustrating anticipating modern historical writing, were pivotal actors in the civil war rather than. These historical era(s) are best represented in the collection, although they may not narratives from former slaves conducted in 17 states—10 of the 11 states that formed what efforts were made to assist the freedmen after the civil war what, if anything, does your analysis of the context in which the interviews were. The african-american civil rights movement (1865–1896) was aimed at eliminating racial discrimination against african americans, improving educational and employment opportunities, and establishing electoral power, just after the abolition of slavery in the united states the year 1865 held two important events in the history of african americans:. Part of the history commons, and the law commons this article is newly freed men and women: [marriage] is the great lever by which [the freed men the period after the civil war, black people in the united states celebrated the according to kaye's analysis, [s]laves believed that living together. Included abolition as one of the purposes of the civil war the five-page document declared that slaves in the rebel states were free, provided them articles featuring the emancipation proclamation from history net magazines but after more than a year of rebellion, president lincoln reached the conclusion that the. Nothing in the previous history of race relations in north america prepared white after the civil war, were the confederate states conquered lands, frontier and southern landowners and freedmen, whether they wanted to or not, were. I'm here in jones county, mississippi, to breathe in the historical vapors left by after the civil war, knight took up with his grandfather's former slave rachel. As the civil war neared its end, congress established the bureau of known as the freedmen's bureau — inside the war department he would “obey all lawful commands as he use to when a slave” materials created by the national archives and records administration are in the public domain. A summary of presidential reconstruction: 1865–1867 in history sparknotes's reconstruction even after the civil war, johnson believed that states' rights took of view that former slaves should not receive the same rights as whites in the union johnson opposed the freedmen's bureau because he felt that targeting. Commons, and the united states history commons share feedback about reconstruction, in major problems in the civil war and reconstruction, ed quantitative analysis after a century and a half is impossible in all. Suggested essay topics and study questions for history sparknotes's reconstruction reconstruction was a success in that it restored the united states as a unified might have impeached president lincoln after the civil war, had he not been for example, johnson vetoed the civil rights act of 1866, the freedmen's. Is a documentary history of black soldiers during the american civil war of black union soldiers in the northern free states, the border slave states, and shortly after the battle of fort wagner, south carolina, a free-black. While the war of 1812, for example, matters significantly in the history of the united states the 1976 founding of the freedmen and southern society project at the the civil war and reconstruction, they were writing during a time when the fields, “slavery, race, and ideology in the united states of america, ” new left. The freedmen's bureau (also called the bureau of refugees, freedmen, end of the civil war to help support freed slaves (or freedmen) in the south us history and challenges (new and familiar) that freedmen faced after the civil war discussion questions, classroom activities, and primary source analysis tools.Download 2018.	http://xxpaperkfpm.epitaphs.us/an-analysis-of-the-united-states-after-the-civil-war-and-the-history-of-freedmen.html
The United States saw a series of reform movements during the years 1825-1850. These movements were aimed at improving various aspects of American society, including education, religion, and politics. One of the most prominent reformers of this period was Horace Mann. Mann was a leading advocate for public education, and he helped to establish many public schools across the United States. He also campaigned for higher standards in education, and for more experienced and qualified teachers. The Second Great Awakening was another significant reform movement of this time period. This religious revival led to the establishment of many new churches and denominations, as well as a renewed interest in social reform. The Second Great Awakening also played a role in the abolition movement, as many of its participants were strongly opposed to slavery. The temperance movement was another major reform movement of the period. This movement sought to reduce or eliminate the consumption of alcohol, which was seen as a leading cause of crime and poverty. The temperance movement also had a significant impact on women’s rights, as many of its participants were also involved in the fight for women’s suffrage. These are just a few of the many reform movements that took place in the United States during the years 1825-1850. These movements helped to improve American society in a variety of ways, and they laid the groundwork for even more progress in the years to come. A majority of the reform movements in the United States from 1825-1850 hoped to expand democratic ideals, even if some did so unintentionally. The motivating force behind these efforts was the Second Great Awakening, which started in New England at the end of 1790s before gradually expanding across America. This event differed from its predecessor—the First Great Awakening—because people now believed that they had a say in whether or not they wanted to believe in God. Previous notions had been grounded calvinism and predestination principles. As a result, religious revivals became popular, as well as new social and moral reforms. The most prominent reform movements were: abolitionism, temperance, public education, women’s rights, and utopias/communities. Abolitionism was the movement to end slavery. Although many northerners were opposed to slavery on moral grounds, the main goal of the abolitionist movement was to stop the spread of slavery into new territories and states (since it was already legal in the south). The most famous abolitionist was probably William Lloyd Garrison, who published The Liberator, an antislavery newspaper. In 1831, Garrison founded the New England Anti-Slavery Society, which called for immediate emancipation of all slaves. The temperance movement was a social movement that advocated for moderation or complete abstinence from alcohol. The most famous temperance advocates were the members of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), which was founded in 1873. The WCTU believed that if women had the right to vote, they could use their political power to achieve temperance. Frances Willard, the president of the WCTU from 1879-1898, was a major force in promoting women’s suffrage as a way to achieve temperance. Public education was another important reform movement of the time period. Horace Mann, considered the “father of public education,” was a strong advocate for free, universal education. In 1837, he was appointed the first secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, where he helped establish many public schools in the state. The women’s rights movement was a movement to gain equality for women in all aspects of life. The most famous advocate for women’s rights was probably Susan B. Anthony, who worked tirelessly for women’s suffrage (the right to vote). She also founded the National Woman Suffrage Association in 1869. Utopian communities were another type of reform movement that was popular in the United States in the 1800’s. Utopian communities were based on the idea of creating a perfect society, usually by withdrawing from mainstream society. Some of the most famous utopian communities were the Oneida Community, Brook Farm, and the Shakers. Although the reform movements of the early 1800’s were unsuccessful in achieving all of their goals, they did have a significant impact on American society. Many of the ideas that these reformers advocated for, such as public education and women’s rights, are now taken for granted. These movements also laid the groundwork for future social reform movements in the United States. Charles G. Finney believed that it was the obligation of the church to improve society as a whole. In 1834, he stated that when churches are improved and reformed, sinners will automatically be reformed and saved. The ideals of the Second Great Awakening significantly impacted Finney’s views; because of this movement, men with poor moral standings (such as drunkards and prostitutes) would be converted after the church undergoes reform. Consequently, theSecond Great Awakening not only expanded democratic values but also helped better the lives of those less fortunate through opportunity and equality. This is one example of a reform movement taking place in the United States during the years 1825-1850. The United States saw many reform movements during the years 1825-1850. These years were marked by a general feeling of unease and a sense that something needed to change. This was a time of industrialization and urbanization, which led to social ills such as poverty, crime, and corruption. These problems called for reform, and various groups emerged to address them. One such group was the temperance movement, which fought against the consumption of alcohol. Alcohol abuse was a major problem in society, and it was believed that if people could be persuaded to abstain from drinking, other social problems would also be reduced. The temperance movement was successful in getting many states to pass laws banning the sale of alcohol. The abolition movement was another important reform movement of this time period. This group fought against slavery, which was a major institution in the United States. Abolitionists believed that all people were equal and should have the same rights, regardless of race. They worked to end slavery and to help free slaves who had already been enslaved. The abolition movement was successful in its goal of ending slavery, and it also helped to promote other civil rights for minorities. The education reform movement was also active during this time period. This group believed that education was a key to solving many of society’s problems. They worked to establish public schools and to make education more accessible to all people, regardless of social status or income. The education reform movement was successful in its goal of increasing access to education.	https://benjaminbarber.org/reform-movements-in-the-united-states-sought-to-expand-democratic-ideals/
However, during the mid-1970s, a conservative backlash against feminism eroded support for the Equal Rights Amendment, which ultimately failed to achieve ratification by the a requisite 38, or three-fourths, of the states. What is the anti Title amendment? This amendment, submitted to the States in the 11th Congress (in 1810), said that any citizen who accepted or received any title of nobility from a foreign power, or who accepted without the consent of Congress any gift from a foreign power, by would no longer be a citizen There is some debate about whether this … Why did the anti title amendment fail? The amendment was never repealed and is apparently still the law of today. However, due to David Dodge’s claims that the amendment was ratified, Supreme Court declared the amendment unconstitutional and rejected it. What was missing from the 13th amendment? Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Why is it so difficult to pass an amendment? Many proposed amendments to the Constitution never reach ratification. The Framers, the men who wrote the Constitution, wanted the amendment process to be difficult. They believed that a long and complicated amendment process would help create stability in the United States. Can a US citizen have a title of nobility? Although the Constitution prohibits the U.S. government from granting titles of nobility, it doesn’t prohibit citizens from accepting titles from foreign governments. An amendment that would force citizens who accept foreign titles to renounce their U.S. citizenship was proposed, but never ratified. What 3 things does the 14th Amendment do? The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1868, granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States—including former enslaved people—and guaranteed all citizens “equal protection of the laws.” One of three amendments passed during the Reconstruction era to abolish slavery and … What number is the Equal Rights Amendment? Congress has made such a legislative endorsement of a ratification only one other time, when it passed a joint resolution declaring that the 14th Amendment was duly ratified in 1868. How did the court change the law to protect women’s rights? The United States Supreme Court rules for the first time ever that a law that discriminates against women is unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment, holding unanimously that a state statute that provides that males must be preferred to females in estate administration denies women equal protection of the law. What happened after 19th Amendment was passed? After the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment on August 18, 1920, female activists continued to use politics to reform society. NAWSA became the League of Women Voters. In 1923, the NWP proposed the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to ban discrimination based on sex. Which states did not ratify the 13th Amendment? The exceptions were Kentucky and Delaware, where slavery was finally ended by the Thirteenth Amendment in December 1865. Was the 13th Amendment a success or a failure? On April 8, 1864, according to the Library of Congress, the Senate passed the 13th Amendment on a 38 to 6 vote. But on June 15, 1864, it was defeated in the House on a 93 to 65 vote. With 23 members of Congress not voting, it failed to meet the two-thirds majority needed to pass a Constitutional amendment. When was the 13th amendment removed? 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Abolition of Slavery (1865) How difficult is it to change the Constitution? For an amendment to even be proposed, it must receive a two-thirds vote of approval in both houses of Congress, or a request from two-thirds of state legislatures to call a national convention, and that’s just the first step. Can the Constitution be changed? Article V of the Constitution provides two ways to propose amendments to the document. Amendments may be proposed either by the Congress, through a joint resolution passed by a two-thirds vote, or by a convention called by Congress in response to applications from two-thirds of the state legislatures. What is the benefit of having a difficult amendment process? What is a benefit of having a difficult amendment process? It ensures that checks and balances are respected. Use the drop-down menus to complete the statements.	https://www.deerfootreview.com/what-was-the-failed-constitutional-amendment-that-was-intended-to-give-equality-to-woman/
This Week, We Will: Analyze and describe the effects of westward expansion and subsequent federal policies on the American Indian tribes in the Western states and territories. Discuss the impact of colonization on American Indian tribal lands in the West, such as aboriginal and/or ceded territories, and numerous Treaties from 1855 on into the 1900's. The Civil Rights Movement Civil Rights Movement The Civil Rights Movement Info Civil Rights Movement 1950's Civil Rights Movement 1960's Text: I Have a Dream Vocabulary slavery and the Civil War Plessy v. Ferguson was a landmark 1896 U.S. Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine. The 13th amendment was passed at the end of the Civil War before the Southern states had been restored to the Union and should have easily passed the Congress. Although the Senate passed it in April 1864, the House did not. At that point, Lincoln took an active role to ensure passage through congress. He insisted that passage of the 13th amendment be added to the Republican Party platform for the upcoming Presidential elections. His efforts met with success when the House passed the bill in January 1865 with a vote of 119–56. With the adoption of the 13th amendment, the United States found a final constitutional solution to the issue of slavery. The 13th amendment, along with the 14th and 15th, is one of the trio of Civil War amendments that greatly expanded the civil rights of Americans. 14th Amendment (1871) is an amendment to the United States Constitution that was adopted in 1868. It granted citizenship and equal civil and legal rights to African Americans and enslaved people who had been emancipated after the American Civil War. 15th amendment (1870)reads , “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” The 15th Amendment guaranteed African-American men the right to vote. Jim Crow Laws Integration Brown vs. Board of Education (1954) outlaws segregation in schools racism prejudice sexism tolerance Bullying Hatred attitude discrimination self-awareness Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Non-Violence boycott / sit-ins Assassination empowered equality class stratification (rich & poor) Gender Malcom X "by any means necessary"	https://www.historyisnotdead.club/civil-rights-movement-martin-luther
Chapter 12: The Abolition of Slavery The United States abolished slavery through the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1865, in the aftermath of a great Civil War. But the effort to abolish slavery did not begin nor end in North America. Emancipation in the United States was part of a worldwide antislavery movement that had begun in the late eighteenth century and continued through the end of the nineteenth. The end of slavery, like the end of monarchies and aristocracies, was one of the ideals of the Enlightenment, which inspired new concepts of individual freedom and political equality. As Enlightenment ideas spread throughout the western world in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, introducing the idea of human rights and individual liberty to the concept of civilization, people on both sides of the Atlantic began to examine slavery anew and to ask whether it was compatible with these new ideas. Some Enlightenment thinkers, including some of the founders of the American Republic, believed that freedom was appropriate for white people, but not for people of color. But others came to believe that all human beings had an equal claim to liberty and their views became the basis for an escalating series of antislavery movements. Opponents of slavery first targeted the slave trade--the vast commerce in human beings that had grown up in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and had come to involve large parts of Europe, Africa, the Caribbean, and North and South America. In the aftermath of the revolutions in America, France, and Haiti in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the attack on the slave trade quickly gained momentum. Its central figure was the English reformer William Wilberforce, who spent years attacking Britain's connection with the slave trade. He argued against it on moral and religious grounds, and eventually, after the Haitian revolution, he argued as well that the continuation of slavery would create more slave revolts. In 1807, he persuaded Parliament to pass a law ending the slave trade within the entire British empire. The British example--when combined with heavy political, economic, and even military pressure from London--persuaded many other nations to make the slave trade illegal as well: the United States in 1808, France in 1814, Holland in 1817, Spain in 1845. Trading in slaves continued within countries and colonies where slavery remained legal (including in the United States), and some illegal slave trading continued throughout the Atlantic world. But the sale of slaves steadily declined after 1807. The last known shipment of slaves across the Atlantic--from Africa to Cuba--occurred in 1867. Ending the slave trade was a great deal easier than ending slavery itself, in which many people had major investments and on which much agriculture, commerce, and industry depended. But pressure to abolish slavery grew steadily throughout the nineteenth century, with Wilberforce once more helping to lead the international outcry against the institution. In Haiti, the slave revolts that began in 1791 eventually abolished not only slavery, but also French rule. In some parts of South America, slavery came to an end with the overthrow of Spanish rule in the 1820s. Simón Bolívar, the great leader of Latin American independence, considered abolishing slavery an important part of his mission, freeing those who joined his armies and insisting on constitutional prohibitions of slavery in several of the Constitutions he helped frame. In 1833, the British parliament passed a law abolishing slavery throughout the British empire and compensate slaveowners for freeing their slaves. France abolished slavery in its empire, after years of agitation from abolitionists within France, in 1848. In the Caribbean, Spain followed Britain in slowly eliminating slavery from its colonies. Puerto Rico abolished slavery in 1873; and Cuba became the last colony in the Caribbean to end slavery, in 1886, in the face of increasing slave resistance and the declining profitability of slave-based plantations. Brazil was the last nation in the Americas, ending the system in 1888. The Brazilian military began to turn against slavery after the valiant participation of the slaves in Brazil's war with Paraguay in the late 1860s; eventually educated Brazilians began to oppose the system too, arguing that it obstructed economic and social progress. In the United States, the power of world opinion--and the example of Wilberforce's movement in England--became and important source of the abolitionist movement as it gained strength in the 1820s and 1830s. American abolitionism, in turn, helped reinforce the movements abroad. Frederick Douglass, the former American slave turned abolitionist, became a major figure in the international antislavery movement and was a much-admired and much-sought-after speaker in England and Europe in the 1840s and 1850s. No other nation paid such a terrible price for abolishing slavery as did the United States during its Civil War, but American emancipation was nevertheless a part of a worldwide movement toward emancipation.	https://highered.mheducation.com/novella/BbUpdateableLinkReader.jsp?contentid=1676441&isbn=0073513237&passcode=dklfjsdlkf2394ldkjf92384dslk
Abolitionism is a movement to end slavery, whether formal or informal. In Western Europe and the Americas, abolitionism is a historical movement to end the African and Indian slave trade and set slaves free. King Charles I of Spain, usually known as Emperor Charles V, following the example of the Swedish monarch, passed a law which would have abolished colonial slavery in 1542, although this law was not passed in the largest colonial states, and so was not enforced. Later, in the late 18th century, English and American Quakers began to question the morality of slavery. James Oglethorpe was among the first to articulate the Enlightenment case against slavery, banning it in the Province of Georgia on humanist grounds, arguing against it in Parliament, and eventually encouraging his friends Granville Sharp and Hannah More to vigorously pursue the cause. Soon after his death in 1785, they joined with William Wilberforce and others in forming the Clapham Sect. The Somersett Case in 1772, which emancipated a slave in England, helped launch the British movement to abolish slavery. Though anti-slavery sentiments were widespread by the late 18th century, the colonies and emerging nations that used slave labour continued to do so: French, English and Portuguese territories in the West Indies; South America; and the Southern United States. After the American Revolution established the United States, northern states, beginning with Pennsylvania in 1780, passed legislation during the next two decades abolishing slavery, sometimes by gradual emancipation. Massachusetts ratified a constitution that declared all men equal; freedom suits challenging slavery based on this principle brought an end to slavery in the state. Vermont, which existed as an unrecognized state from 1777 to 1791, abolished adult slavery in 1777. In other states, such as Virginia, similar declarations of rights were interpreted by the courts as not applicable to Africans. During the following decades, the abolitionist movement grew in northern states, and Congress regulated the expansion of slavery in new states admitted to the union. David Brion Davis argues that the main driving force was a new moral consciousness, with an intellectual assist from the Enlightenment, and a powerful impulse from religious Quakers and evangelicals. France abolished slavery within the French Kingdom in 1315. Revolutionary France abolished slavery in its colonies in 1794, before it was restored by Napoleon in 1802. Haiti achieved independence from France in 1804 and brought an end to slavery in its territory, establishing the second republic in the New World. The northern states in the U.S. all abolished slavery by 1804. The United Kingdom and the United States outlawed the international slave trade in 1807, after which Britain led efforts to block slave ships. Britain abolished slavery throughout the British Empire with the Slavery Abolition Act 1833, the French colonies abolished it in 1848 and the U.S. in 1865 with the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. In Eastern Europe, groups organized to abolish the enslavement of the Roma in Wallachia and Moldavia; and to emancipate the serfs in Russia (Emancipation reform of 1861). It was declared illegal in 1948 under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The last country to abolish legal slavery was Mauritania, where it was officially abolished by presidential decree in 1981. Today, child and adult slavery and forced labour are illegal in most countries, as well as being against international law, but a high rate of human trafficking for labor and for sexual bondage continues to affect tens of millions of adults and children. Contents - 1 France - 2 Great Britain - 3 Moldavia and Wallachia - 4 In the Americas - 5 Notable abolitionists - 6 Abolitionist publications - 7 Notable opponents of slavery - 8 National abolition dates - 9 Commemoration - 10 Contemporary abolitionism - 11 See also - 12 References - 13 Further reading - 14 External links France Abolition in continental France (1315) In 1315, Louis X, king of France, published a decree proclaiming that "France signifies freedom" and that any slave setting foot on the French ground should be freed. This prompted subsequent governments to circumscribe slavery in the overseas colonies. Some cases of African slaves freed by setting foot on the French soil were recorded such as this example of a Norman slave merchant who tried to sell slaves in Bordeaux in 1571. He was arrested and his slaves were freed according to a declaration of the Parlement of Guyenne which stated that slavery was intolerable in France. Born into slavery in Saint Domingue, Thomas-Alexandre Dumas became free when his father brought him to France in 1776. Code Noir and Age of Enlightenment As in other New World colonies, the French relied on the Atlantic slave trade for labour for their sugar cane plantations in their Caribbean colonies; the French West Indies. In addition, French colonists in Louisiane in North America held slaves, particularly in the South around New Orleans, where they established sugar-cane plantations. Over time in all these areas, a class of free people of colour (Gens de couleur libres) developed, many of whom became educated, property owners and sometimes slave owners. Louis XIV's Code Noir regulated the slave trade and institution in the colonies. It gave unparalleled rights to slaves. It includes the right to marry, to gather publicly or to take Sundays off. Although the Code Noir authorized and codified cruel corporal punishment against slaves under certain conditions, it forbade slave owners to torture them or to separate families. It also forced the owners to instruct them in the Catholic faith, implying that Africans were human beings endowed with a soul, a fact that was not seen as evident until then. It resulted in a far higher percentage of blacks being free in 1830 (13.2% in Louisiana compared to 0.8% in Mississippi.) They were on average exceptionally literate, with a significant number of them owning businesses, properties and even slaves. While some other free people of colour, such as Julien Raimond, spoke against slavery. The Code Noir also forbade interracial marriages, but it was often ignored in French colonial society and the mulattoes became an intermediate caste between whites and blacks, while in the English colonies mulattoes and blacks were considered equal and discriminated against equally. During the Age of Enlightenment, many philosophers wrote pamphlets against slavery and its moral and economical justifications, including Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws (1748) or in the Encyclopédie. In 1788, Jacques Pierre Brissot founded the Society of the Friends of the Blacks (Société des Amis des Noirs) to work for abolition of slavery. After the Revolution, on 4 April 1792, France granted free people of colour full citizenship. The revolt of slaves in the largest Caribbean French colony of Saint-Domingue in 1791 was the beginning of what became the Haitian Revolution led by Toussaint L'Ouverture. Rebellion swept through the north of the island, and many whites and free people of colour were killed, as well as slaves. Slavery was first abolished in 1793 in St. Domingue by Sonthonax, a French Commissioner sent by the Convention in order to safeguard the allegiance of the population to revolutionary France. First general abolition of slavery (1794) The Convention, the first elected Assembly of the First Republic (1792–1804), on 4 February 1794, under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre, abolished slavery in law in France and its colonies. Abbé Grégoire and the Society of the Friends of the Blacks were part of the abolitionist movement, which had laid important groundwork in building anti-slavery sentiment in the metropole. The first article of the law stated that "Slavery was abolished" in the French colonies, while the second article stated that "slave-owners would be indemnified" with financial compensation for the value of their slaves. The French constitution passed in 1795 included in the declaration of the Rights of Man that slavery was abolished. Re-establishment of slavery in the colonies (1802) During the French Revolutionary Wars, French slave-owners massively joined the counter-revolution and, through the Whitehall Accord, they threatened to move the French Caribbean colonies under British control, as Great Britain still allowed slavery. Fearing secession from these islands, successfully lobbied by planters and concerned about revenues from the West Indies, Napoleon Bonaparte decided to re-establish slavery after becoming First Consul. He promulgated the law of 20 May 1802 and sent military governors and troops to the colonies to impose it. On 10 May 1802, Colonel Delgrès launched a rebellion in Guadeloupe against Napoleon's representative, General Richepanse. The rebellion was repressed, and slavery was re-established. The news of this event sparked another wave of rebellion in Saint-Domingue. Although from 1802, Napoleon sent more than 20,000 troops to the island, two-thirds died mostly due to yellow fever. He withdrew the remaining 7,000 troops and slaves achieved an independent republic they called Haïti in 1804. Seeing the failure of the Saint-Domingue expedition, in 1803 Napoleon decided to sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States. The French governments initially refused to recognise Haiti. It forced the nation to pay a substantial amount of reparations (which it could ill afford) for losses during the revolution and did not recognise its government until 1825. Second abolition (1848) and subsequent events On 27 April 1848, under the Second Republic (1848–52), the decree-law of Schœlcher abolished slavery in the remaining colonies. The state bought the slaves from the colons (white colonists; Békés in Creole), and then freed them. At about the same time, France started colonising Africa and gained possession of much of West Africa by 1900. In 1905, the French abolished slavery in most of French West Africa. The French also attempted to abolish Tuareg slavery following the Kaocen Revolt. In the region of the Sahel, slavery has however long persisted. Passed on 10 May 2001, the Taubira law officially acknowledges slavery and the Atlantic Slave Trade as a crime against humanity. 10 May was chosen as the day dedicated to recognition of the crime of slavery. Great Britain The last known form of enforced servitude of adults (villeinage) had disappeared in England by the beginning of the 17th century. In a 1569 court case involving Cartwright, who had bought a slave from Russia, the court ruled that English law could not recognize slavery, as it was never established officially. This ruling was overshadowed by later developments. It was upheld in 1700 by the Lord Chief Justice John Holt when he ruled that a slave became free as soon as he arrived in England. In addition to English colonists importing slaves to the North American colonies, by the 18th century, traders began to import slaves from Africa, India and East Asia (where they were trading) to London and Edinburgh to work as personal servants. Men who migrated to the North American colonies often took their East Indian slaves or servants with them, as East Indians have been documented in colonial records. Some of the first freedom suits, court cases in the British Isles to challenge the legality of slavery, took place in Scotland in 1755 and 1769. The cases were Montgomery v. Sheddan (1755) and Spens v. Dalrymple (1769). Each of the slaves had been baptized in Scotland and challenged the legality of slavery. They set the precedent of legal procedure in British courts that would later lead to successful outcomes for the plaintiffs. In these cases, deaths of the plaintiff and defendant, respectively, brought an end before court decisions. African slaves were not bought or sold in London but were brought by masters from other areas. Together with people from other nations, especially non-Christian, Africans were considered foreigners, not able to be English subjects. At the time, England had no naturalization procedure. The African slaves' legal status was unclear until 1772 and Somersett's Case, when the fugitive slave James Somersett forced a decision by the courts. Somersett had escaped, and his master, Charles Steuart, had him captured and imprisoned on board a ship, intending to ship him to Jamaica to be resold into slavery. While in London, Somersett had been baptized; three godparents issued a writ of habeas corpus. As a result, Lord Mansfield, Chief Justice of the Court of the King's Bench, had to judge whether Somersett's abduction was lawful or not under English Common Law. No legislation had ever been passed to establish slavery in England. The case received national attention, and five advocates supported the action on behalf of Somersett. In his judgment of 22 June 1772, Mansfield declared: The state of slavery is of such a nature that it is incapable of being introduced on any reasons, moral or political, but only by positive law, which preserves its force long after the reasons, occasions, and time itself from whence it was created, is erased from memory. It is so odious, that nothing can be suffered to support it, but positive law. Whatever inconveniences, therefore, may follow from a decision, I cannot say this case is allowed or approved by the law of England; and therefore the black must be discharged. Although the exact legal implications of the judgement are unclear when analysed by lawyers, the judgement was generally taken at the time to have determined that slavery did not exist under English common law and was thus prohibited in England. The decision did not apply to the British overseas territories; by then, for example, the American colonies had established slavery by positive laws. Somersett's case became a significant part of the common law of slavery in the English-speaking world and it helped launch the movement to abolish slavery. After reading about Somersett's Case, Joseph Knight, an enslaved African who had been purchased by his master John Wedderburn in Jamaica and brought to Scotland, left him. Married and with a child, he filed a freedom suit, on the grounds that he could not be held as a slave in Great Britain. In the case of Knight v. Wedderburn (1778), Wedderburn said that Knight owed him "perpetual servitude". The Court of Sessions of Scotland ruled against him, saying that chattel slavery was not recognized under the law of Scotland, and slaves could seek court protection to leave a master or avoid being forcibly removed from Scotland to be returned to slavery in the colonies. But at the same time, legally mandated, hereditary slavery of Scots persons in Scotland had existed from 1606 and continued until 1799, when colliers and salters were emancipated by an act of the Parliament of Great Britain (39 Geo.III. c. 56). Skilled workers, they were restricted to a place and could be sold with the works. A prior law enacted in 1775 (15 Geo.III. c. 28) was intended to end what the act referred to as "a state of slavery and bondage," but that was ineffective, necessitating the 1799 act. British Empire In 1783, an anti-slavery movement began among the British public to end slavery throughout the British Empire. In 1785, the English poet William Cowper wrote: We have no slaves at home – Then why abroad? Slaves cannot breathe in England; if their lungs receive our air, that moment they are free. They touch our country, and their shackles fall. That's noble, and bespeaks a nation proud. And jealous of the blessing. Spread it then, And let it circulate through every vein. After the formation of the Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade in 1787, William Wilberforce led the cause of abolition through the parliamentary campaign. Thomas Clarkson became the group's most prominent researcher, gathering vast amounts of data on the trade. One aspect of abolitionism during this period was the effective use of images such as the famous Josiah Wedgwood "Am I Not A Man And A Brother?" anti-slavery medallion of 1787, which Clarkson described as "promoting the cause of justice, humanity and freedom". The Slave Trade Act was passed by the British Parliament on 25 March 1807, making the slave trade illegal throughout the British Empire. In the 1820s, the abolitionist movement revived to campaign against the institution of slavery itself. In 1823 the first Anti-Slavery Society was founded. Many of its members had previously campaigned against the slave trade. On August 28, 1833, the Slavery Abolition Act was given Royal Assent, which paved the way for the abolition of slavery throughout the British Empire, which was substantially achieved in 1838. In 1839, the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society was formed by Joseph Sturge, which attempted to outlaw slavery worldwide and also to pressure the government to help enforce the suppression of the slave trade by declaring slave traders pirates. The world's oldest international human rights organization, it continues today as Anti-Slavery International. Moldavia and Wallachia In the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia (both now part of Romania), the government held slavery of the Roma (often referred to as Gypsies) as legal at the beginning of the 19th century. The progressive pro-European and anti-Ottoman movement, which gradually gained power in the two principalities, also worked to abolish that slavery. Between 1843 and 1855, the principalities emancipated all of the 250,000 enslaved Roma people. In the Americas Bartolomé de las Casas was a 16th-century Spanish Dominican priest, the first resident Bishop of Chiapas. As a settler in the New World he witnessed and opposed the poor treatment of the Native Americans by the Spanish colonists. He advocated before King Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor on behalf of rights for the natives. Originally supporting the importation of African slaves as labourers, he eventually changed and became an advocate for the Africans in the colonies. His book, A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, contributed to Spanish passage of colonial legislation known as the New Laws of 1542, which abolished native slavery for the first time in European colonial history. It ultimately led to the Valladolid debate. Latin America During the early 19th century, slavery expanded rapidly in Brazil, Cuba, and the United States, while at the same time the new republics of mainland Spanish America became committed to the gradual abolition of slavery. During the Independence Wars (1810–1822), slavery was abolished in most of Latin America. Slavery continued until 1873 in Puerto Rico, 1886 in Cuba, and 1888 in Brazil by the Lei Áurea or "Golden Law." Chile declared freedom of wombs in 1811, followed by the United Provinces of the River Plate in 1813, but without abolishing slavery completely. While Chile abolished slavery in 1823, Argentina did so with the signing of the Argentine Constitution of 1853. Colombia abolished slavery in 1852. Slavery was abolished in Uruguay during the Guerra Grande, by both the government of Fructuoso Rivera and the government in exile of Manuel Oribe. Canada While many blacks who arrived in Nova Scotia during the American Revolution were free, others were not. Black slaves also arrived in Nova Scotia as the property of White American Loyalists. In 1772, prior to the American Revolution, Britain outlawed the slave trade in the British Isles followed by the Knight v. Wedderburn decision in Scotland in 1778. This decision, in turn, influenced the colony of Nova Scotia. In 1788, abolitionist James Drummond MacGregor from Pictou published the first anti-slavery literature in Canada and began purchasing slaves' freedom and chastising his colleagues in the Presbyterian church who owned slaves. In 1790 John Burbidge freed his slaves. Led by Richard John Uniacke, in 1787, 1789 and again on 11 January 1808, the Nova Scotian legislature refused to legalize slavery. Two chief justices, Thomas Andrew Lumisden Strange (1790–1796) and Sampson Salter Blowers (1797–1832) were instrumental in freeing slaves from their owners in Nova Scotia. They were held in high regard in the colony. By the end of the War of 1812 and the arrival of the Black Refugees, there were few slaves left in Nova Scotia. (The Slave Trade Act outlawed the slave trade in the British Empire in 1807 and the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 outlawed slavery all together.) With slaves escaping to New York and New England, legislation for gradual emancipation was passed in Upper Canada (1793) and Lower Canada (1803). In Upper Canada the Assembly ruled that no slaves could be imported; slaves already in the province would remain enslaved until death, no new slaves could be brought into Upper Canada, and children born to female slaves would be slaves but must be freed at the age of 25. In practice, some slavery continued until abolished in the entire British Empire in the 1830s. United States The historian James M. McPherson defines an abolitionist "as one who before the Civil War had agitated for the immediate, unconditional, and total abolition of slavery in the United States." He does not include antislavery activists such as Abraham Lincoln or the Republican Party, which called for the gradual ending of slavery. The first attempts to end slavery in the British/American colonies came from Thomas Jefferson and some of his contemporaries. Despite the fact that Jefferson was a lifelong slaveholder, he included strong anti-slavery language in the original draft of the Declaration of Independence, but other delegates took it out. Benjamin Franklin, also a slaveholder for most of his life, was a leading member of the Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery, the first recognized organization for abolitionists in the United States. Following the Revolutionary War, Northern states abolished slavery, beginning with the 1777 constitution of Vermont, followed by Pennsylvania's gradual emancipation act in 1780. Other states with more of an economic interest in slaves, such as New York and New Jersey, also passed gradual emancipation laws, but by 1804, all the northern states had abolished it. Some slaves continued in servitude for two more decades but most were freed. Also in the postwar years, individual slaveholders, particularly in the Upper South, manumitted slaves, sometimes in their wills. Many noted they had been moved by the revolutionary ideals of the equality of men. The number of free blacks as a proportion of the black population increased from less than one percent to nearly ten percent from 1790 to 1810 in the Upper South as a result of these actions. As President, on 2 March 1807, Jefferson signed the Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves and it took effect in 1808, which was the earliest allowed under the Constitution. In 1820 he privately supported the Missouri Compromise, believing it would help to end slavery. He left the anti-slavery struggle to younger men after that. In the 1850s in the fifteen states constituting the American South, slavery was established legally. While it was fading away in the cities and border states, it remained strong in plantation areas that grew cotton for export, or sugar, tobacco or hemp. By the 1860 United States Census, the slave population in the United States had grown to four million. American abolitionism was based in the North, and white Southerners alleged it fostered slave rebellion. The white abolitionist movement in the North was led by social reformers, especially William Lloyd Garrison, founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society; writers such as John Greenleaf Whittier and Harriet Beecher Stowe. Black activists included former slaves such as Frederick Douglass; and free blacks such as the brothers Charles Henry Langston and John Mercer Langston, who helped found the Ohio Anti-Slavery Society. Some abolitionists said that slavery was criminal and a sin; they also criticized slave owners of using black women as concubines and taking sexual advantage of them. The Republican Party wanted to achieve the gradual extinction of slavery by market forces, for its members believed that free labour was superior to slave labour. Southern leaders said the Republican policy of blocking the expansion of slavery into the West made them second-class citizens, and challenged their autonomy. With the 1860 presidential victory of Abraham Lincoln, seven Deep South states whose economy was based on cotton and slavery decided to secede and form a new nation. The American Civil War broke out in April 1861 with the firing on Fort Sumter in South Carolina. When Lincoln called for troops to suppress the rebellion, four more slave states seceded. Civil War and final emancipation Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation was an executive order of the U.S. government issued on 1 January 1863, changing the legal status of 3 million slaves in designated areas of the Confederacy from "slave" to "free". Slaves were legally freed by the Proclamation and became actually free by escaping to federal lines, or by advances of federal troops. Many served the federal army as teamsters, cooks, laundresses and labourers. Plantation owners, realizing that emancipation would destroy their economic system, sometimes moved their slaves as far as possible out of reach of the Union army. By "Juneteenth" (19 June 1865, in Texas), the Union Army controlled all of the Confederacy and liberated all its slaves. The owners were never compensated. The border states were exempt from the Emancipation Proclamation, but they too (except Delaware) began their own emancipation programs. When the Union Army entered Confederate areas, thousands of slaves escaped to freedom behind Union Army lines, and in 1863 many men started serving as the United States Colored Troops. The 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution took effect in December 1865 and finally ended slavery throughout the United States. It also abolished slavery among the Indian tribes, including the Alaska tribes that became part of the U.S. in 1867. Notable abolitionists White opponents of slavery and Blacks, who played a considerable role in the movement, including some escaped slaves, traditionally were called abolitionists. - Toussaint Louverture - Harriet Tubman - John Brown - Harriet Beecher Stowe - Johns Hopkins - John D. Rockefeller - William Lloyd Garrison - Frederick Douglass - Henry David Thoreau Abolitionist publications United States - The Emancipator (1819–20): founded in 1819 by Elihu Embree as the Manumission Intelligencier, The Emancipator ceased publication in October 1820 due to Embree's illness. It was sold in 1821 and became The Genius of Universal Emancipation. - Genius of Universal Emancipation (1821–39): an abolitionist newspaper published and edited by Benjamin Lundy. In 1829 it employed William Lloyd Garrison, who would go on to form 'The Liberator. - The Liberator (1831–65): a weekly newspaper founded by William Lloyd Garrison. - The Slave's Friend (1836–38): an anti-slavery magazine for children produced by the American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS). - The Philanthropist (1836–37): newspaper published in Ohio for and owned by the Anti-Slavery Society. - The Liberty Bell, by Friends of Freedom (1839–58): an annual gift book edited and published by Maria Weston Chapman, to be sold or gifted to participants in the National Anti-Slavery Bazaar organized by the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society. - National Anti-Slavery Standard (1840–70): the official weekly newspaper of the American Anti-Slavery Society, the paper published continuously until the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1870. - The Unconstitutionality of Slavery (1845): a pamphlet by Lysander Spooner advocating the view that the U.S. Constitution prohibited slavery. - The National Era (1847–60): a weekly newspaper which featured the works of John Greenleaf Whittier, who served as associate editor, and first published, as a serial, Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin (1851). - North Star (1847–51): an anti-slavery American newspaper published by the escaped slave, author, and abolitionist, Frederick Douglass. International - Slave narratives, books published in the U.S. and elsewhere by former slaves or about former slaves, relating their experiences. - Anti-Slavery International publications Notable opponents of slavery National abolition dates Commemoration The abolitionist movements and the abolition of slavery have been commemorated in different ways around the world in modern times. The United Nations General Assembly declared 2004 the International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition. This proclamation marked the bicentenary of the birth of the first black state, Haiti. Numerous exhibitions, events and research programmes were connected to the initiative. 2007 witnessed major exhibitions in British museums and galleries to mark the anniversary of the 1807 abolition act – 1807 Commemorated 2008 marks the 201st anniversary of the Abolition of the Slave Trade in the British Empire. It also marks the 175th anniversary of the abolition of Slavery in the British Empire. The Faculty of Law at the University of Ottawa held a major international conference entitled, "Routes to Freedom: Reflections on the Bicentenary of the Abolition of the Slave Trade", from 14 to 16 March 2008. Actor and human rights activist Danny Glover delivered the keynote speech announcing the creation of two major scholarships intended for University of Ottawa law students specializing in international law and social justice at the conference's gala dinner. Brooklyn, New York, has begun work on commemorating the abolitionist movement in New York. Contemporary abolitionism On 10 December 1948, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Article 4 states: No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms. Although outlawed in most countries, slavery is nonetheless practised secretly in many parts of the world. Enslavement still takes place in the United States, Europe, and Latin America, as well as parts of Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia. There are an estimated 27 million victims of slavery worldwide. In Mauritania alone, estimates are that up to 600,000 men, women and children, or 20% of the population, are enslaved. Many of them are used as bonded labour. Modern-day abolitionists have emerged over the last several years, as awareness of slavery around the world has grown, with groups such as Anti-Slavery International, the American Anti-Slavery Group, International Justice Mission, and Free the Slaves working to rid the world of slavery. In the United States, The Action Group to End Human Trafficking and Modern-Day Slavery is a coalition of NGOs, foundations and corporations working to develop a policy agenda for abolishing slavery and human trafficking. Since 1997, the United States Department of Justice has, through work with the Coalition of Immokalee Workers, prosecuted six individuals in Florida on charges of slavery in the agricultural industry. These prosecutions have led to freedom for over 1000 enslaved workers in the tomato and orange fields of South Florida. This is only one example of the contemporary fight against slavery worldwide. Slavery exists most widely in agricultural labor, apparel and sex industries, and service jobs in some regions. In 2000, the United States passed the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act (TVPA) "to combat trafficking in persons, especially into the sex trade, slavery, and involuntary servitude." The TVPA also "created new law enforcement tools to strengthen the prosecution and punishment of traffickers, making human trafficking a Federal crime with severe penalties." In 2014, for the first time in history major Anglican, Catholic, and Orthodox Christian leaders, as well as Jewish, Muslim, Hindu, and Buddhist leaders, met to sign a shared commitment against modern-day slavery; the declaration they signed calls for the elimination of slavery and human trafficking by the year 2020. The signatories were: Pope Francis, Her Holiness Mātā Amṛtānandamayī (also known as Amma), Venerable Bhikkhuni Thich Nu Chân Không (representing Zen Master Thích Nhất Hạnh), The Most Ven. Datuk K Sri Dhammaratana, Chief High Priest of Malaysia, Rabbi Dr. Abraham Skorka, Rabbi Dr. David Rosen, Dr. Abbas Abdalla Abbas Soliman, Undersecretary of State of Al Azhar Alsharif (representing Mohamed Ahmed El-Tayeb, Grand Imam of Al-Azhar), Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi, Sheikh Naziyah Razzaq Jaafar, Special advisor of Grand Ayatollah (representing Grand Ayatollah Sheikh Basheer Hussain al Najafi), Sheikh Omar Abboud, Most Revd and Right Hon Justin Welby, Archbishop of Canterbury, and His Eminence Metropolitan Emmanuel of France (representing His All-Holiness Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew.) The United States Department of State publishes the annual Trafficking in Persons Report, identifying countries as either Tier 1, Tier 2, Tier 2 Watch List or Tier 3, depending upon three factors: "(1) The extent to which the country is a country of origin, transit, or destination for severe forms of trafficking; (2) The extent to which the government of the country does not comply with the TVPA's minimum standards including, in particular, the extent of the government's trafficking-related corruption; and (3) The resources and capabilities of the government to address and eliminate severe forms of trafficking in persons." See also - Abolition of slavery timeline - Anti-Slavery International - Anti-Slavery Society - Compensated emancipation - International Day for the Abolition of Slavery - Monument to the abolition of slavery - Slavery in the British and French Caribbean - The Slave in European Art - Slavery in Vermont References - ↑ Wilson, Thomas, The Oglethorpe Plan, 201–206. - ↑ David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770–1823 (1975). - ↑ "Slavery's last stronghold", CNN. March 2012. - ↑ Christopher L. Miller, The French Atlantic Triangle: literature and culture of the slave trade, Duke University Press, p. 20. - ↑ Malick W. Ghachem, The Old Regime and the Haitian Revolution, Cambridge University Press, p. 54. - ↑ Rodney Stark, For the Glory of God: How Monotheism Led to Reformations, Science, Witch-hunts, and the End of Slavery, Princeton University Press, 2003, 0p. 322. Note that there was typo in the original hardcover stating "31.2 percent"; this was corrected to 13.2% in the paperback edition and can be verified using 1830 census data. - ↑ Samantha Cook, Sarah Hull (2011). The Rough Guide to the USA. Rough Guides UK.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - ↑ 8.0 8.1 Terry L. Jones, (2007). The Louisiana Journey. Gibbs Smith.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - ↑ Martin H. Steinberg, Disorders of Hemoglobin: Genetics, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management, pp. 725–726. - ↑ V. C. D. Mtubani, "African Slaves and English Law", PULA Botswana Journal of African Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2, November 1983. Retrieved 24 February 2011. - ↑ Paul Heinegg, Free African Americans of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware, 1999–2005, "WEAVER FAMILY: Three members of the Weaver family, probably brothers, were called 'East Indians' in Lancaster County, [VA] [court records] between 1707 and 1711." "'The indenture of Indians (Native Americans) as servants was not common in Maryland ... the indenture of East Indian servants was more common." Retrieved 15 February 2008. - ↑ Francis C. Assisi, "First Indian-American Identified: Mary Fisher, Born 1680 in Maryland", IndoLink, Quote: "Documents available from American archival sources of the colonial period now confirm the presence of indentured servants or slaves who were brought from the Indian subcontinent, via England, to work for their European American masters." Retrieved 20 April 2010. - ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Slavery, freedom or perpetual servitude? – the Joseph Knight case". National Archives of Scotland. Retrieved 27 November 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - ↑ Frederick Charles Moncrieff, The Wit and Wisdom of the Bench and Bar, The Lawbook Exchange, 2006, pp. 85–86. - ↑ Mowat, Robert Balmain, History of the English-Speaking Peoples, Oxford University Press, 1943, p. 162. - ↑ MacEwen, Martin, Housing, Race and Law: The British Experience, Routledge, 2002, p. 39. - ↑ Peter P. Hinks, John R. McKivigan, R. Owen Williams, Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007, p. 643. - ↑ Brown, K. M.; et al., eds. (2007). "Regarding colliers and salters (ref: 1605/6/39)". The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707. St. Andrews: University of St. Andrews.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - ↑ May, Thomas Erskine (1895). "Last Relics of Slavery". The Constitutional History of England (1760–1860). II. New York: A. C. Armstrong and Son. pp. 274–275.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - ↑ Rhodes, Nick (2003). William Cowper: Selected Poems, Routledge, 2003, p. 84. - ↑ "Wedgwood". Retrieved 12 August 2015. Thomas Clarkson wrote of the medallion; promoting the cause of justice, humanity and freedom.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - ↑ Elizabeth Mcgrath and Jean Michel Massing (eds), The Slave in European Art: From Renaissance Trophy to Abolitionist Emblem, London, 2012. - ↑ Clarkson, T., History of the Rise, Progress and Accomplishment of the Abolition of the African Slave Trade by the British Parliament, London, 1808. - ↑ Anti-Slavery International UNESCO. Retrieved 11 October 2011. - ↑ Viorel Achim (2010). "Romanian Abolitionists on the Future of the Emancipated Gypsies", Transylvanian Review, Vol. XIX, Supplement no. 4, 2010, p. 23. - ↑ "Columbus 'sparked a genocide'". BBC News. 12 October 2003. Retrieved 21 October 2006.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - ↑ Blackburn 1997: 136; Friede 1971:165–166. Las Casas' change in his views on African slavery is expressed particularly in chapters 102 and 129, Book III of his Historia. - ↑ Peter Hinks and John McKivigan, eds. Abolition and Antislavery: A Historical Encyclopedia of the American Mosaic (2015). - ↑ The portrait is now at the National Gallery of Scotland. According to Thomas Akins, this portrait hung in the legislature of Province House (Nova Scotia) in 1847 (see History of Halifax, p. 189). - ↑ "Slavery in the Maritime Provinces". archive.org.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - ↑ "Biography – MacGREGOR, JAMES DRUMMOND – Volume VI (1821-1835) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography". biographi.ca.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - ↑ Bridglal Pachai & Henry Bishop. Historic Black Nova Scotia, 2006, p. 8. - ↑ John Grant. Black Refugees, p. 31. - ↑ Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online - ↑ "Celebrating the 250th Anniversary of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia". courts.ns.ca.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - ↑ Barry Cahill, "Slavery and the Judges of Loyalist Nova Scotia", UNB Law Journal, 43 (1994), pp. 73–135. - ↑ "Nova Scotia Archives - African Nova Scotians". novascotia.ca.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - ↑ Robin Winks, Blacks in Canada: A History (1971). - ↑ James M. McPherson (1995). The Abolitionist Legacy: From Reconstruction to the Naacp. Princeton University Press. p. 4.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - ↑ 40.0 40.1 Monticello Foundation, 2012 - ↑ Seymour Stanton Black. Benjamin Franklin: Genius of Kites, Flights, and Voting Rights.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - ↑ Peterson, 1960 p. 189. - ↑ Cogliano 2006, p. 219. - ↑ Introduction – Social Aspects of the Civil War, National Park Service. - ↑ Leon F. Litwack and August Meier, eds., "John Mercer Langston: Principle and Politics", in Black Leaders of the 19th century, University of Illinois Press, 1991, pp. 106–111 - ↑ James A. Morone (2004). Hellfire Nation: The Politics Of Sin In American History. Yale University Press. p. 154.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - ↑ Leon F. Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery (1979), pp. 30–36, 105–66. - ↑ Michael Vorenberg, ed., The Emancipation Proclamation: A Brief History with Documents (2010). - ↑ Peter Kolchin, "Reexamining Southern Emancipation in Comparative Perspective," Journal of Southern History, 81#1 (February 2015), 7–40. - ↑ Foner, Eric; Garraty, John A. "EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION". History Channel. Retrieved 13 October 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - ↑ Vorenberg, Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment (2004). - ↑ "1807 Commemorated". Institute for the Public Understanding of the Past and the Institute of Historical Research. 2007. Retrieved 27 November 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - ↑ "Slave Trade Act 1807 UK". anti-slaverysociety.addr.com.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - ↑ "Slavery Abolition Act 1833 UK". anti-slaverysociety.addr.com.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - ↑ "Les Chemins de la Liberté : Réflexions à l'occasion du bicentenaire de l'abolition de l'esclavage / Routes to Freedom : Reflections on the Bicentenary of the Abolition of the Slave Trade". University of Ottawa, Canada. Retrieved 27 November 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - ↑ Bales, Kevin. Ending Slavery: How We Free Today's Slaves. University of California Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-520-25470-1. - ↑ "Does Slavery Still Exist?" Anti-Slavery Society. - ↑ "Slavery in the Twenty-First Century". UN Chronicle. Issue 3. 2005.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - ↑ "Mauritanian MPs pass slavery law". BBC News. BBC. 9 August 2007.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - ↑ Public Law 106–386 – 28 October 2000, Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000. - ↑ US Department of Health and Human Services, TVPA Fact Sheet. - ↑ 62.0 62.1 "Pope Francis And Other Religious Leaders Sign Declaration Against Modern Slavery". The Huffington Post.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - ↑ "US Department of State Trafficking in Persons Report 2008, Introduction". state.gov.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> Further reading - Bader-Zaar, Birgitta, "Abolitionism in the Atlantic World: The Organization and Interaction of Anti-Slavery Movements in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries", European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, 2010; retrieved 14 June 2012. - Blackwell, Marilyn S. "'Women Were Among Our Primeval Abolitionists': Women and Organized Antislavery in Vermont, 1834–1848," Vermont History, 82 (Winter-Spring 2014), 13–44. - Carey, Brycchan, and Geoffrey Plank, eds. Quakers and Abolition (University of Illinois Press, 2014), 264 pp. - Davis, David Brion, The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770–1823 (1999); The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture (1988) - Drescher, Seymour. Abolition: A History of Slavery and Antislavery (2009) - Finkelman, Paul, ed. Encyclopedia of Slavery (1999) - Gordon, M. Slavery in the Arab World (1989) - Gould, Philip. Barbaric Traffic: Commerce and Antislavery in the 18th-century Atlantic World (2003) - Hellie, Richard. Slavery in Russia: 1450–1725 (1982) - Hinks, Peter, and John McKivigan, eds. Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition (2 vol. 2006) ISBN 0-313-33142-1; 846pp; 300 articles by experts - Kolchin, Peter. Unfree Labor; American Slavery and Russian Serfdom (1987) - Kolchin, Peter. "Reexamining Southern Emancipation in Comparative Perspective," Journal of Southern History, (Feb. 2015) 81#1 pp: 7–40. - Palen, Marc-William. "Free-Trade Ideology and Transatlantic Abolitionism: A Historiography." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 37 (June 2015): 291-304. - Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. "Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World" (2007) - Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery (1997) - Thomas, Hugh. The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440–1870 (2006) External links \|Wikiquote has quotations related to: Abolitionism\| \|Wikisource has the text of the 1921 Collier's Encyclopedia article Abolitionists.\| - Mémoire St Barth \| History of St Barthélemy (archives & history of slavery, slave trade and their abolition), Comité de Liaison et d'Application des Sources Historiques. - Largest Surviving Anti Slave Trade Petition from Manchester, UK 1806 - Original Document Proposing Abolition of Slavery 13th Amendment - "John Brown's body and blood" by Ari Kelman: a review in the TLS, 14 February 2007. - "Scotland and the Abolition of the Slave Trade" – schools resource - Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice - Twentieth Century Solutions of the Abolition of Slavery - Elijah Parish Lovejoy: A Martyr on the Altar of American Liberty - Brycchan Carey's pages listing British abolitionists - Teaching resources about Slavery and Abolition on blackhistory4schools.com - "The Abolition of the Slave Trade", The National Archives (UK) - Towards Liberty: Slavery, the Slave Trade, Abolition and Emancipation. Produced by Sheffield City Council's Libraries and Archives (UK) - The slavery debate - John Brown Museum - American Abolitionism - History of the British abolitionist movement by Right Honourable Lord Archer of Sandwell - "Slavery – The emancipation movement in Britain", lecture by James Walvin at Gresham College, 5 March 2007 (available for video and audio download) - Underground Railroad: Escape from Slavery. Scholastic.com - "Black Canada and the Journey to Freedom" - 1807 Commemorated - The Action Group - Trafficking in Persons Report 2008, US Department of State - National Underground Railroad Freedom Center in Cincinnati, Ohio - The Liberator Files, Horace Seldon's collection and summary of research of William Lloyd Garrison's The Liberator original copies at the Boston Public Library, Boston, Massachusetts. - University of Detroit Mercy Black Abolitionist Archive, a collection of more than 800 speeches by antebellum blacks and approximately 1,000 editorials from the period.	https://infogalactic.com/info/Abolitionism
By 1830 the South tended to champion, states rights doctrines as a defensive against the North. As the South recognized that control of the government was slipping away, it turned to a states' rights argument to protect slavery. Southerners stated that the federal government was not permitted to interfere with slavery in those states where it already existed. They felt that this interpretation of the Constitution associated with nullification, or perhaps secession would protect their way of life. Slavery contributed to the start of the Civil War as its proposed abolition was seen as a threat to the sovereignty of many Southern states. This essay will recount well-known Anti-Slavery Advocates, societies and how these events known as the, “The Second Great Awakening,” contributed to the regional animosity between North and South and was a factor that leads to the Civil War. The abolitionist movement eradicated slavery in the United States, but did not achieve the aim of its supporters as quickly as many would have liked. The movement added to the rift between the North and South that erupted into a brutal war that cost over 600,000 lives and cleaved a nation in two. This movement stands as a part of African - American history that influenced change in the United States today. The Abolitionist Movement (1830 - 1865) The Abolitionist Movement during 1830 and 1865 was a crusade to achieve immediate emancipation of all slaves, and to end racial segregation and discrimination. Can you identify one experience that changed your entire view of the world around you? Henry Fleming, the main character in The Red Badge of Courage, begins his life-changing adventure as a naive young man, eager to experience the glory of war. He soon faces the truth about life, war, and his own self-identity on the battlefield. The Red Badge of Courage, by Stephen Crane, is a coming of age novel, published by D. Appleton and Company in 1895, about thirty years after the Civil War ended. In this book, the author reveals the ugliness of war, and examines its relationship to the pain of growing up. Prior to the Civil War, African Americans were never treated very humanely. The Whites were the dominant race while the African Americans suffered under their commands as slaves who were treated unequally. Because slavery was such a huge issue, it became the reason of the outbreak of the Civil War. The African American troops in the movie Glory fought with their lives in hopes of winning the war to achieve freedom. Their goal was to abolish slavery completely and prevent it from harming many people. William Seward was a leading anti-slavery figure who later became secretary of state in the Lincoln administration. He believed that the two systems held by the North and the South (free labour and slavery) were “incompatible”. He stated that eventually America would have to become either fully a free labour nation or a slaveholding nation. While not everyone felt so strongly about this in the North (many didn’t care about the slavery issue at all) it was a reason that soldiers and leaders on either side went to war and fought for (in the North to end it, in the South to defend it). Lincoln was of the opinion that while he would never accept the extension of slavery he would make no direct attempt to interfere with it where it existed. American Revolution & Slavery \| Progress for slavery in times of opposition \| \| "Is life so dear or peace so sweet as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God. I know not what course others may take, but as for me, give me liberty or give me death!" -- Patrick Henry \| The American Revolution was a rugged path walked by colonist with a deep yearning for freedom from the British Empire. The events & choices of British royalty forced drastic measures to accomplish freedom from one of the first forms of a dictatorship unwilling to compromise for the benefit of the people. He pointed out why one riot started as a result of a white store owner servicing blacks, yet refuse to keep blacks in key positions and not employing enough of them. Roosevelt, Frankln, D., Letter to the Nation's Clergy. FDR Library, President's Personal File. September 24, 1935, Entry 21, box 1 President F.D.Roosevelt wanted to ensure the success of the Social Security Administration by writing a national letter to all clergy,asking for their input, so that he maybe able to address the issues within each community. Although the African American community seemed to have been a special case, there has not been anything hihglighting the special needs of the black community. General John Freemont of Missouri attempted to enact an order which would have freed all slaves. General David Hunter, aware of the potential slaves have to turn the tide to the war, also attempted to enact an order which would have abolished slavery in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. Lincoln stops all of these orders from being enacted due to stance of slavery. Lincoln felt that compensated emancipation or colonization for free Blacks in American was the best policy but Union victories increasing in number, Lincoln would enact the Emancipation Proclamation to officially shift the moral authority away from American unity to freedom. The Emancipation Proclamation, initially enacted as a war strategy had been held off for so long because Lincoln believed that making the war about freeing slaves would force slave holding states into seceding from the union but with the end of war in sight, the proclamation is officially It included several complex methods to end the war, the most important of which were the three "Reconstruction Amendments" to the Constitution: the 13th (1865), the 14th (1868) and the 15th (1870). From the Union side, the goals of Reconstruction were to guarantee the Union victory on the battlefield by reuniting the Union by guaranteeing a republican form of government for the ex-Confederate states, and to permanently end slavery. Although even after the war had been won and amendments had been passed there was still a great division amongst the north and south with that, groups like the Ku Klux Klan came to emerge. The "Liberal Republicans", who argued the war goals had been achieved and reconstruction should end, ran a ticket in 1872 but were finally defeated when Grant was reelected. In 1874 Democrats took control of Congress and opposed reconstruction. So the Yankees couldn’t bring no more over, or just couldn’t call the Africans “slaves”. In 1820’s, a measures passed by the U.S. Congress to end the first of a series of crises concerning the extension of slavery, called the Missouri Compromise. It wasn’t till 1863 when President Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation, declaring "that all persons held as slaves" within the Confederate states "are, and henceforward shall be free." According to Multicultural Law Enforcement pg 169 It was the Civil War reconstruction era where police and African Americans problems started. Police and Military were required to return runaways.	https://www.antiessays.com/free-essays/Similarities-Between-A-Rose-For-Emily-And-PKA5FGK6BKXV.html
In 1865 at the close of the war, he declared that, slavery being abolished, his career as an abolitionist was ended. He became an abolitionist in 1835, after seeing an antislavery meeting at Utica broken up by a mob. In 1840 she married Henry Brewster Stanton (1805-1887), a lawyer and journalist, who had been a prominent abolitionist since his student days (1832-1834) in Lane Theological Seminary, and who took her on a wedding journey to London, where he was a delegate to the World's Anti-Slavery Convention. View more His services as an abolitionist pioneer are recorded in Clarkson's History of the Abolition of the African Slave Trade. She wrote much, especially for the Offering; became an ardent abolitionist and (in 1843) the friend of Whittier; left Lowell in 1846, and taught for several years, first in Illinois, and then in Beverly and Norton, Massachusetts. The most important speeches and papers are: - The South Carolina Exposition (1828); Speech on the Force Bill (1833); Reply to Webster (1833); Speech on the Reception of Abolitionist Petitions (1836), and on the Veto Power (1842); a Disquisition on Government, and a Discourse on the Constitution and Government of the United States (1849-1850) - the last two, written a short time before his death, defend with great ability the rights of a minority under a government such as that of the United States. An enthusiastic humanitarian on all subjects, Dr Howe was an ardent abolitionist and a member of the Free Soil party, and had played a leading part at Boston in the movements which culminated in the Civil War. He also advocated the exclusion of abolitionist literature from the mails. Two miles southeast of this lake, at North Elba, is the old farm of the abolitionist John Brown, which contains his grave and is much frequented by visitors. In Congress he was one of the ablest opponents of slavery, contending particularly against the Compromise Measures of 1850,1850, but he was never technically an Abolitionist and he disapproved of the Radicalism of Garrison and his followers.	https://www.all-dictionary.com/sentences-with-the-word-abolitionist
While the 13th Amendment abolished slavery, it did nothing regarding the legal status of the former slaves. The 14th Amendment gave them citizenship and did much more. At the end of the American Civil War Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 granting US citizenship to former slaves. The constitutional authority off Congress to pass such a law was unclear, and a future Congress could by statute, potential deny citizenship status to former slaves. The only way to be certain of congressional authority on this subject and assure permanent citizenship was to amend the Constitution. Another area of questionable congressional authority was the ability to address the Black Codes enacted by many Southern States that diminished the benefits of citizenship for former slaves. The status of former slaves was not the only issue facing the country after the war. There were also questions of congressional representation, former rebels, and debts incurred by the rebellion. To address these concerns Congress proposed the Fourteenth Amendment and sent it to the States for ratification on June 13, 1866. With the ratification of the twenty-eighth State, South Carolina, on July 20, 1868, then Secretary of State William Seward declared it to be part of the US Constitution. The Fourteenth Amendment’s Section 1 The Fourteenth Amendment redefined the relationship between the federal government and the States. The phrase: “No state shall make or enforce any law…” and the final section: “The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.” provided Congress the power to enact laws directly affecting state policies regarding constitutional rights and guarantees. The Fourteenth Amendment implicitly granted power to federal courts to review state laws for compliance with constitutional rights. The Fourteenth Amendment’s first section consists of four clauses: - The Citizenship Clause - The Privileges and Immunities Clause - The Due Process Clause - The Equal Protection Clause The Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1 reads as follows: Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. The Citizenship Clause Prior to the Fourteenth Amendment, the Constitution did not define a US citizen. Section 1 settled the legal status of former slaves born in the United States. Section 1 defined citizenship of the United States and for an individual’s State of residence. All persons born on US soil are US citizens, with the exception persons subject to another nation’s jurisdiction. This clearly exempts the children of representatives of foreign governments, and at the time exempted Native Americans, whose tribes had limited sovereignty. This also had the effect of overruling the infamous Dred Scott Decision. The Citizenship Clause is a source of controversy today. There have been movements to limit “birthright citizenship” that is acquired by children born on US soil to non-citizens who are not legally in the country. While there have been proposals to change the status of such children with a law passed by congress, it appears, based upon the Supreme Court case, Wong Kim Ark, that a constitutional amendment would be required to alter citizenship acquired by “all persons born…in the United States.” There is an opposing view that Congress CAN limit “birthright citizenship” based upon the Fourteenth Amendment’s close connection to the Civil Rights Act of 1866, and its more clear limitation on birthright citizenship: “not subject to any foreign power”. A strong argument exists that Congress does have such power based upon two factors: the evident intent of the drafters of the Fourteenth Amendment, and that Wong Kim Ark addressed the question of a child born to parents who were legally in the United States. The Privileges Or Immunities Clause The unamended Constitution’s Article IV, Section 2 has a “privileges and immunities” clause. That clause orders a State to treat citizens of another State in the same way as it treats its own citizens. The Fourteenth Amendment’s Privileges OR Immunities Clause was intended to do much more, but was gutted by the Supreme Court in the Slaughterhouse Cases. The intent of the clause was to impose upon States the obligation to respect the rights of US citizens recognized or granted by the first eight amendments. This is the doctrine of Incorporation, by which most of the Bill of Rights protections became applicable to the States, but not in the way the drafters of the Fourteenth Amendment expected. The Due Process Clause The Due Process Clause has become separated into two concepts: Procedural Due Process and Substantive Due Process. Procedural Due Process requires a State to provide defined procedures before it can take away someone’s life, liberty or property. Substantive Due Process prohibits the government from infringing on fundamental constitutional liberties. After the Supreme Court killed the Privileges or Immunities Clause in the Slaughterhouse Cases, over time, the Court has used the concept of Substantive Due Process to extend most protections of the Bill of Rights as limitations upon state governments. The Equal Protection Clause The Equal Protection Clause applies to the actions of State governments. State government may not either by legislation or the actions of its agents deprive any person of its protection. “Equal protection of the laws ” to the Framers of the 14th Amendment related to a state obligation to protect the life, liberty and property of people within state boundaries. In the context of the times, states were not free to ignore violence inflicted by the likes of the Ku Klux Klan. Concerns existed not only for violence upon freed slaves, but upon Union loyalists in the former Confederate States. In that context, the state’s obligation became one to provide “equal protection of the laws” to all persons in a state’s jurisdiction in terms of equal remedial and law-enforcement services. The mention of any person thus includes non-citizens as well as citizens as constitutionally protected. The Equal Protection Clause does not provide for “equality” among individuals or classes but rather requires the States to apply their laws equally. A law may not discriminate in its application between similarly situated persons. The equal protection clause of the Constitution has been an important element in the protection of civil rights. The Fourteenth Amendment’s Section 2 This section changed Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution which counted slaves as only 3/5 of a person for congressional representation. It also provided that if states improperly denied the right to vote to newly freed slaves that their representation in Congress would be lessened. The Fourteenth Amendment’s Section 3 Participants in the rebellion against the United States were barred from holding federal offices. This limitation could be removed by Congress with a 2/3 majority of both houses. The Fourteenth Amendment’s Section 4 Section 4 makes clear that any debts incurred by the Confederate government or by States in support of the rebellion would not be paid by the United States or by any State. The Fourteenth Amendment’s Section 5 “The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.” This was an affirmative grant of power to Congress to directly exercise authority over the states in regards to the subject matter of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Fourteenth Amendment realigned the relationships between the states and the federal government. It strengthened the federal government’s power over the States, particularly regarding State treatment of citizens. It provided the legal framework for the civil rights movement relating to racial discrimination. That movement in turn gave momentum to other movements involving gender, age and physical handicaps. Conversation About the 14th Amendment The archived podcast of the 1-25-14 Edition of Constitutionally Speaking with Libertarian Candidate for Florida Attorney General discussing the 14th Amendment and the Equal Protection Clause. The ratification process of the 14th Amendment was, to say the least, unusual. In the aftermath of the war, there were other issues of states being readmitted to the Union, congressional insistence on acceptance of the 13th, 14th, & 15th Amendment by the former Confederate states and more. Many question the Amendment’s legal status as a result of alleged irregularities in the proposal and ratification process. An interesting look at this controversy is UNORTHODOX AND PARADOX: REVISITING THE RATIFICATION OF THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT. Such children are sometimes referred to as “anchor babies”, in that their birth on US soil giving them citizenship, creates an anchor for their parents in the United States. “The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the Several States.” Certain of the rights addressed by the Bill of Rights are Natural Rights (e.g. religion, speech, assembly) which exist independent of government. These rights are recognized in the Constitution, but not granted by government. Other rights are procedural protections from the power of government that are created by government in furtherance of the goals of limited government and liberty (e.g. rights to counsel, speedy trial, to remain silent). Prior to the Fourteenth Amendment, the protections of the Bill of Rights acted as limitations upon the FEDERAL government. The opening phrase of the First Amendment makes this clear: “Congress shall pass no law…” The Fifth Amendment has its own “due process” clause, which acts as a limit on the federal government, while the Fourteenth Amendment applies to state governments. The clause was the crucial element in the school desegregation case of Brown v. Board of Education, which reversed a stain on America’s Supreme Court, Plessy v. Ferguson. Plessy stood for the proposition that state law requirements of racial segregation were permissible as long as equal facilities were provided, hence the phrase: “separate, but equal…” Brown replaced that with “separate is inherently unequal.” Supreme Court decisions about constitutional questions can be overturned by constitutional amendment. The Fourteenth Amendment overturned another national disgrace of the Supreme Court, Dred Scott v. Sandford, which had ruled that blacks were property and could not be citizens.	https://www.shestokas.com/constitution-educational-series/the-us-constitutions-fourteenth-amendment/
Is the Civil Rights Act of 1964 constitutional? Among its most important achievements were two major civil rights laws passed by Congress. These laws ensured constitutional rights for African Americans and other minorities. Although these rights were first guaranteed in the U.S. Constitution immediately after the Civil War, they had never been fully enforced. How is the 14th amendment related to civil rights? Fourteenth Amendment, amendment (1868) to the Constitution of the United States that granted citizenship and equal civil and legal rights to African Americans and slaves who had been emancipated after the American Civil War, including them under the umbrella phrase “all persons born or naturalized in the United States. When did the US Constitution protect equal rights? The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1868, granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States—including former enslaved people—and guaranteed all citizens “ equal protection of the laws.” One of three amendments passed during the Reconstruction era to abolish slavery and What led to the Civil Rights Act of 1964? After the Birmingham police reacted to a peaceful desegregation demonstration in May 1963 by using fire hoses and unleashing police dogs to break up thousands of demonstrators, President Kennedy introduced the Civil Rights Act in a June 12 speech. Who Voted Against Civil Rights Act of 1964? On June 10, a coalition of 27 Republicans and 44 Democrats ended the filibuster when the Senate voted 71 to 29 for cloture, thereby limiting further debate. This marked the first time in its history that the Senate voted to end debate on a civil rights bill. Does the Civil Rights Act of 1964 violate the 14th Amendment? These were upheld by the Supreme Court in Plessy v. The Court found that “separate educational facilities are inherently unequal” and a violation of the 14th Amendment. This decision polarized Americans, fostered debate, and served as a catalyst to encourage federal action to protect civil rights. Why did the 14th amendment fail? The Fourteenth Amendment achieved neither form of civil rights, because de facto equality requires an effort by the society as a whole, whereas de jure equality only requires an effort by the people in power in the courts and the legislation. What states did not ratify the 13th Amendment? What did they learn? Mississippi was one of four states that rejected ratification of the 13th amendment, along with New Jersey, Delaware, and Kentucky. The amendment passed without Mississippi’s support anyway, and all the other no-voting states symbolically ratified the amendment in the following years. What is the 14th Amendment Section 3 in simple terms? No Person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State What are the 3 clauses of the 14th Amendment? The 14th Amendment contained three major provisions: The Citizenship Clause granted citizenship to All persons born or naturalized in the United States. The Due Process Clause declared that states may not deny any person “life, liberty or property, without due process of law.” Who opposed the 13th Amendment? In April 1864, the Senate, responding in part to an active abolitionist petition campaign, passed the Thirteenth Amendment to abolish slavery in the United States. Opposition from Democrats in the House of Representatives prevented the amendment from receiving the required two-thirds majority, and the bill failed. What did 14th amendment do? Passed by the Senate on June 8, 1866, and ratified two years later, on July 9, 1868, the Fourteenth Amendment granted citizenship to all persons “born or naturalized in the United States,” including formerly enslaved people, and provided all citizens with “equal protection under the laws,” extending the provisions of What’s the difference between the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and 1968? Civil Rights Act of 1964, prohibiting discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, and national origin by federal and state governments as well as some public places. Civil Rights Act of 1968, prohibiting discrimination in sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, creed, and national origin. Is the Civil Rights Act of 1964 still in effect? Despite the tremendous progress our country has made since 1964, the Civil Rights Act must continue to shape our nation’s definition of and access to equal opportunity.	https://accrabookfest.com/top/when-did-civil-rights-become-part-of-the-u-s-constitution.html
William Lloyd Garrison the radical abolitionist was described as "a storied, troubling, challenging, profoundly important and controversial figure." In August 2005, nearly two hundred descendants of William Lloyd Garrison gathered in Boston, Massachusetts, for a three-day reunion to explore the life and legacy of the American abolitionist. This was no ordinary family reunion. The event had been timed to coincide with the bicentennial anniversary of the abolitionist’s birth. And the Garrison family was joined by several distinguished scholars, including David W. Blight and Lois Brown, who made major presentations at the academic conference hosted by the family. Such an event is testimony to the impact and the continuing legacy of the radical abolitionist who was described by Blight as “a storied, troubling, challenging, profoundly important and controversial figure.” William Lloyd Garrison was born December 12, 1805, in Newburyport, Massachusetts, the fourth child of Francis Maria Lloyd and Abijah Garrison. The Garrisons were recent immigrants to Newburyport from the British colony of New Brunswick, in present-day Canada. In 1808, Garrison’s father, who had struggled with unemployment and alcoholism, abandoned the family. A devout Baptist, Garrison’s mother seldom spoke of her absent husband and, in many ways, attempted to remove his imprint on the family. Frances Garrison moved frequently in this period in search of work as a domestic servant, leaving William to live with friends. William attended school infrequently, often working odd jobs to help his mother support the family, especially after his older brother James left the family to go to sea. William spent at least seven years living apart from his mother. Despite this impoverished, rootless lifestyle, William Lloyd Garrison was deeply influenced by his mother’s all-consuming Baptist faith. Garrison grew into adulthood in an environment of religious revivalism commonly referred to as the Second Great Awakening. He was inspired by the preaching of revivalist ministers Lyman Beecher and Charles Grandison Finney who exhorted their followers to seek a more personal relationship with God. Beecher, Finney, and other evangelicals claimed sin was the result of poor choices made by men and women who possessed free will and could choose otherwise. These evangelical influences had a profound and lasting effect on Garrison. He, along with many other like-minded abolitionists, emphasized the primacy of moral suasion in the fight against slavery. Moral suasion referred to the idea that the hearts and minds of men and women must be changed first. Only after this change of heart could laws or political structures change. After serving brief stints as an apprentice first to a shoemaker and then to a cabinetmaker, Garrison found his true calling when he was apprenticed to Ephraim W. Allen, owner and editor of the Newburyport Herald in 1818. In 1826, with funds borrowed from his former employer, Garrison acquired the Newburyport Essex Courant, which he renamed the Newburyport Free Press. That publication lasted only six months. In January 1828, Garrison accepted editorial responsibility for the Boston-based National Philanthropist. Three months later, Garrison met Benjamin Lundy, a Quaker and publisher of the anti-slavery newspaper, the Genius of Universal Emancipation, while Lundy toured Boston seeking funds for his newspaper. In Benjamin Lundy, Garrison found a genuinely radical abolitionist mentor. In the 1820s, Lundy traveled the anti-slavery lecture circuit and used his paper to denounce the evils of slaveholding. He supported gradual emancipation and limited colonization schemes in Haiti and Texas, but he did not support the American Colonization Society (ACS), which had been established in 1817 to promote the establishment of an American colony in Africa for freed slaves and free blacks. Supporters of the ACS linked the potential for slave revolt to the presence of a large free black population, claiming slaveholders would be encouraged to free their slaves if those freed slaves were sent to Africa. Colonizationists also claimed emigration to Africa would resolve racial problems and provide racial uplift. African Americans, colonizationists argued, could never attain equality in a white society. Initially, some black abolitionists supported the ACS. However, many abolitionists, regardless of race, came to believe that the ACS was anti-black rather than anti-slavery. Lundy supported colonization not because he distrusted free blacks. Rather Lundy supported colonization because he believed it would speed the abolition of slavery. This shared interest in anti-slavery brought Garrison and Lundy together. Garrison saw in Lundy an older version of himself. Lundy and Garrison shared the craft of printing and based their activism on the twin foundations of the Bible and the Declaration of Independence. The two men also shared an interest in British abolitionists’ efforts to abolish slavery, including the work of British Quaker Elizabeth Heyrick who authored Immediate Not Gradual Abolition in 1824. Heyrick called for grassroots participation in the abolitionist movement, urging men, women, and even children to reject the products of slave labor, particularly West Indian slave-grown sugar. Heyrick promoted the Quaker tactic of boycotting slave labor; yet, she added a new twist, linking the rejection of the products of slave labor to the immediate abolition of slavery. Like Heyrick, Garrison and Lundy both embraced immediatism. Lundy believed slaves had an inherent right to their freedom and that all efforts must be made to bring about the abolition of slavery. It was for this reason that Lundy supported colonization. Slavery must end by whatever means necessary. However, Lundy’s approach epitomized his Quaker faith. For Lundy, the abolition of slavery would be the result of a gradual process of conversion, making individuals aware of their Christian duty to end slavery. Garrison, on the other hand, sought a more dramatic end to slavery, one that came as the result of a climactic, transformative conversion to the immediate abolition of slavery. As Garrison biographer Henry Mayer notes, “Lundy looked to charitable acts [while] Garrison sought crisis and transfiguration.” Thus Lundy labored with the sinner, urging him to see the evil of slavery. Garrison, in contrast, condemned slavery and slaveholders as a threat to the social and economic order. In 1829, Lundy hired Garrison to assume editorial duties for the Genius of Universal Emancipation. That year would bring other important changes for Garrison. In a series of speeches and editorials, Garrison began to denounce gradualism. Garrison was invited to address the afternoon church service at the Park Street Church in Boston, Massachusetts on July 4, 1829. Although the American Colonization Society planned to hold its own service at the Methodists’ Bromfield Street chapel, the society also expected to take up a collection for the cause at Park Street. Garrison’s speech, however, was not what the group expected. Instead, in his speech, Garrison rewrote the Declaration of Independence to include African Americans. Garrison’s speech signaled his growing disillusionment with the ACS. Garrison’s activism brought him to the attention of African American community leaders including the militant black pamphleteer David Walker. In September 1829 Walker, a former slave from North Carolina, published An Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World. In his Appeal Walker denounced colonization and called for racial unity and, if necessary, armed resistance to slavery. Walker’s appeal acted as a catalyst for both supporters and opponents of slavery including Garrison and Lundy. Walker’s Appeal worried Lundy who believed the pamphlet too inflammatory to notice in the pages of the Genius. Garrison, however, believed the Appeal to be one “of the most remarkable productions of the age.” Despite his praise for Walker’s Appeal, Garrison withheld comment on the tract until January 1830, after a vigorous campaign to suppress the Appeal had begun. In February, Garrison and Lundy were indicted by a Baltimore grand jury for libel. Garrison was fined one hundred dollars. Unable to pay the fine, Garrison was jailed for fifty days before he was bailed out by New York abolitionists Lewis and Arthur Tappan. For the young abolitionist, imprisonment became a badge of honor, a symbol of his martyrdom for the cause of freedom. Garrison and Lundy soon parted ways, however, as Garrison fully embraced radical immediatism. In 1831, Garrison published the first issue of his anti-slavery newspaper, The Liberator. “I will be harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice. On this subject I do not wish to think, or speak, or write with moderation,” Garrison insisted in his debut issue. “I am in earnest, – I will not equivocate, – I will not excuse, – I will not retreat a single inch – and I will be heard,” Garrison promised. The establishment of The Liberator is often cited as the beginning of a new, radical abolitionist movement. Yet, it must be remembered that Elizabeth Heyrick’s Immediate Not Gradual Abolition pre-dated Garrison’s Liberator by seven years. Garrison was deeply influenced by Heyrick as well as the early anti-slavery activism of the Quakers (including Benjamin Lundy) and black resistance to slavery and the American Colonization Society, particularly Walker’s Appeal. Those influences along with the religious revivals of the 1820s led Garrison to the belief that the sin of slavery must be abolished without delay and without compromise. Garrison denounced slavery as a sin against God and all slaveholders as sinners. Moreover, Garrison condemned the American Colonization Society, arguing that the racist spirit of the ACS assumed that whites and blacks could not live together. Garrison may not have been the first to demand the immediate abolition of slavery, but he became the spiritual and intellectual force of radical abolitionism in America, particularly in the 1830s and 1840s. He was, as David W. Blight argues, “the genuine article – a radical perfectionist who demanded vast social changes that Americans were almost wholly unprepared and unwilling to accept. He threw thunderbolts at anyone and everyone he deemed responsible for slavery.” Garrison embraced his role as radical outsider, seeking a thoroughgoing reform of American society that would replace human government with a “government of God.” In 1832 Garrison helped found the New England Anti-Slavery Society. A year later, he played a prominent role in founding the American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS). The society adopted a constitution and a Declaration of Sentiments written by Garrison and a committee of other delegates. The Declaration emphasized the moral commitment of abolitionists, dedicating the AASS to “the destruction of error by the potency of truth – the overthrow of prejudice by the power of love – and the abolition of slavery by the spirit of repentance.” Adoption of the Declaration affirmed supporters’ break with colonization and other gradualist measures and reinforced their commitment to immediatism and racial equality. Both the NEASS and the AASS counted black abolitionists and women among its membership, signaling the growing radicalism of the movement. In September 1834, Garrison married Helen Eliza Benson, the daughter of a retired abolitionist merchant. The Garrisons had five sons and two daughters: William Lloyd, Jr.; Wendell Phillips; George Thompson; Frances Jackson; Charles Follen; Helen Frances; and Elizabeth Pease. As his involvement in the anti-slavery movement grew, Garrison developed close ties with the abolitionist movement in England, supporting visits by British abolitionists like George Thompson to the United States and in turn visiting abolitionists in England. In the midst of the postal campaign of 1835, Garrison was mistaken for Thompson, attacked, and dragged through the streets of Boston to be lynched. Garrison was saved only through the quick action of the city mayor and police who fought off the mob. In the South, Garrison was burned in effigy. In Atlanta, a reward was posted at the state capital, offering a bounty for Garrison’s head. In 1836, Garrison hired Angelina and Sarah Grimké as lecturers for the American Anti-Slavery Society. The Grimké sisters were powerful spokespersons for the anti-slavery cause. Members of a well-known South Carolina family and former slaveholders, the Grimké sisters’ lectures had an authenticity that made the pair favored speakers on the anti-slavery lecture circuit. Within a short time the women attracted large, mixed-gender audiences which brought the infamous rebuke from the Congregational clergy of Massachusetts who declared that when women assumed the public role of men they risked shame and dishonor. The sisters believed they were answering God’s call to speak out against slavery and refused to stop lecturing. The clerical denunciations brought the question of women’s activism into sharper relief as other women joined the Grimké sisters in stepping beyond the boundaries of conventional female behavior in anti-slavery societies. Garrison shared much in common with the reformers of his time. Slavery was but one battle (albeit the most significant) against the social inequities and moral depravity that reformers saw everywhere in the antebellum period. Like other reformers, Garrison was involved in many movements to remake American society. For example, the Grimkés rejected ministerial authority, questioned the literal truth of the Bible, criticized the coercive power of the state, and demanded equality for women. Garrison endorsed these ideas and expanded upon them to include a sweeping denial of governmental authority, a religious belief in human perfectibility, and nonresistance. Garrison also supported women’s rights and equal rights for African Americans. Garrison’s broad interests in reform and his sharp, uncompromising style led to disagreements with other abolitionists in the American Anti-Slavery Society. In 1840, tensions in the AASS and in the American movement reached a flashpoint. Garrison’s primary opponents, Lewis and Arthur Tappan, broke away from the organization and founded the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. Garrison was left with full control of the AASS, which left the American anti-slavery movement deeply divided between supporters of Garrison and the Tappans. Under the leadership of Garrison, the American Anti-Slavery Society maintained a broader reform platform including women’s rights. The AASS recruited all abolitionists to the cause regardless of their religious, social, and political views. Membership in the AASS required only a desire to abolish slavery, thus the society attracted not only anti-slavery activists, but women’s rights and peace activists among others. The conservative AFASS, under the leadership of Lewis Tappan, argued that other reform movements threatened the anti-slavery cause. Tappan and other members of the AFASS believed the anti-slavery cause must remain orthodox and compatible with traditional views on issues like the proper role of women. To embrace causes likes women’s rights was to risk alienating the general northern public. The AFASS also emphasized political action and formed the first anti-slavery party, the Liberty Party. The split in the American abolitionist movement impacted the World Anti-Slavery Convention held in London in June 1840 just weeks after the split in the American movement. As early as 1839, members of the newly formed British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society discussed the possibility of hosting a World Anti-Slavery Convention for the purpose of strengthening the international movement against slavery. The BFASS, particularly British abolitionist Joseph Sturge, organized the world gathering of abolitionists. The British abolitionists provided tickets to the gathering, noting that only recognized members of anti-slavery organizations would be admitted. When rumors reached London that some American organizations might send female delegates, Sturge and the members of the BFASS reiterated that only male delegates would be admitted. In spite of the warning, Garrison and the members of the AASS selected a pro-woman’s rights delegation including Lucretia Mott, Wendell Phillips, and Garrison. When Garrison arrived on the fifth day of the Convention, he found that the British abolitionists had refused to recognize the female delegates. In protest Garrison sat in the balcony with the ladies rather than enter the convention and be seated with the other delegates. When a second convention was held in 1843, Garrison and his supporters were not invited. After the events of 1840, Garrison continued to advocate moral suasion as the primary weapon against slavery. In 1850, Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Law, requiring all citizens to help catch runaway slaves under penalty of a fine or imprisonment. Accused African Americans were denied both a jury trial and the right to testify in their own behalf. The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 forcefully injected the reality of slavery into the daily lives of northerners, black and white. Garrison interpreted the passage of the law as evidence of a strengthening slave-power conspiracy. In May 1854, two events deepened Garrison’s conviction that pro-slavery influences dominated American society and politics. First, in Washington, D.C., Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, an event that triggered a wave of violence on the Western frontier. The Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which had limited slavery in the territories to the region south of latitude 36°30', and left the question of slavery to the settlers of the individual territories. As a result, the Kansas territory became “Bleeding Kansas,” a battleground between pro- and anti-slavery settlers including the abolitionist John Brown who along with his sons gained national notoriety for their role in the murder of five pro-slavery farmers in Pottawatomie, Kansas in 1855. Second, almost simultaneously with passage of the Kansas bill, federal authorities in Boston arrested fugitive slave Anthony Burns under the authority of the Fugitive Slave Law. After a week of legal maneuvering, Burns was marched through the streets of Boston to be shipped back to slavery in Virginia. For many Bostonians, abolitionist and non-abolitionist alike, Burns’ arrest and return to slavery was a visible reminder of slavery’s influence on American politics. On July 4, 1854, Garrison staged a public burning of the Fugitive Slave Law and the United States Constitution, calling the latter document “a Covenant with Death, an Agreement with Hell.” In 1861, when the Civil War broke out, Garrison criticized President Abraham Lincoln as soft on slavery. Still, Garrison did support the Union war effort. In 1863, he rejoiced when Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which Garrison believed transformed the war for the Union into a war to free the slaves. With the successful passage of the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865, Garrison believed his work was finished. On April 14, 1865, Garrison joined a group of dignitaries, including President Lincoln, in a flag-raising ceremony at Fort Sumter, South Carolina. The following month Garrison left the American Anti-Slavery Society, relinquishing leadership of the organization to Wendell Phillips who continued the organization until 1870. In December 1865, Garrison ceased publication of the Liberator. After the war, Garrison supported the Radical Republicans’ plans for Reconstruction. William Lloyd Garrison died at his daughter’s home on May 24, 1879 after a lengthy period of poor health. On May 28, the day of Garrison’s funeral, flags flew at half-staff throughout Boston and the state of Massachusetts. More than fifteen hundred people packed the funeral service including two generations of abolitionists, black and white. Memorial observances for Garrison were held in many cities over the following weeks including an interracial service in Atlanta, Georgia, in the shadow of the capitol building, perhaps the most fitting tribute to this “profoundly important, and controversial figure.” Garrison is buried alongside his wife Helen in the Forest Hills Cemetery, Boston, Massachusetts. \| \| Born \| \| December 12, 1805 Newburyport, Massachusetts \| \| Died \| \| May 24, 1879 New York City, New York \| \| Buried \| \| Forest Hills Cemetery, Boston, Massachusetts \| \| Father \| \| Abijah Garrison \| \| Mother \| \| Frances Maria Lloyd \| \| Career Milestones \| \| 1829, Editor, Genius of Universal Emancipation \| 1831, Editor, The Liberator \| 1832, One of the founders, New England Anti-Slavery Society \| 1833, One of the founders, American Anti-Slavery Society \| 1854 public burning of a copy of the Fugitive Slave Law and the United States Constitution \| 1865 after passage of the 13th Amendment ceased publication of The Liberator. Mayer, Henry. All on Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery. New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 1998. Blackett, R.J.M. Building an Antislavery Wall: Black Americans in the Atlantic Abolitionist Movement, 1830-1860. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983. Brion, Davis, David. Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. Burin, Eric. Slavery and the Peculiar Solution: A History of the American Colonization Society. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2008. Faulkner, Carol. Men & Brothers: Anglo-American Antislavery Cooperation. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1972. Holcomb, Julie L. Moral Commerce: The Transatlantic Boycott of Slave Labor, 1757-1865. Ithaca: Cornell University Press (under contract). Jeffrey, Julie Roy. The Great Silent Army of Abolitionism: Ordinary Women in the Antislavery Movement. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998. Kraditor, Alison. Means and Ends in American Abolitionism: Garrison and His Critics on Strategy and Tactics, 1834-1850. New York: Random House, 1967. Laurie, Bruce. Beyond Garrison: Antislavery and Social Reform. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. McDaniel, W. Caleb. The Problem of Democracy in the Age of Slavery: Garrisonian Abolitionists and Transatlantic Reform. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2013. Merrill, Walter M. & Louis Ruchames, eds. The Letters of William Lloyd Garrison, 6 vols. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971-1981. Quarles, Benjamin. Black Abolitionists. New York, Oxford University Press, 1969. Reynolds, David. John Brown, Abolitionist: The Man who Killed Slavery, Sparked the Civil War, and Seeded Civil Rights. New York: Vintage, 2006. Richards, Leonard L. Gentlemen of Property and Standing: Anti-Abolition Mobs in Jacksonian America. New York, Oxford University Press, 1970. Robertson, Stacey. Hearts Beating for Liberty: Women Abolitionists in the Old Northwest. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010. Rugemer, Edward Bartlett. The Problem of Emancipation: The Caribbean Roots of the American Civil War. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2008. Salerno, Beth A. Sister Societies: Women’s Antislavery Organizations in Antebellum America. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2005. Stewart, James Brewer. William Lloyd Garrison and the Challenge of Emancipation. Arlington Heights, Ill.: Harlan Davidson, 1992. ———. Holy Warriors: American Abolitionists and American Slavery. New York: Hill and Wang, 1997. Stewart, James Brewer ed. William Lloyd Garrison at Two Hundred: History, Legacy, and Memory. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008. Yee, Shirley J. Black Women Abolitionists: A Study in Activism, 1828-1860. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1992. Yellin, Jean Fagan & John C. Van Horne, eds. The Abolitionist Sisterhood: Women’s Political Culture in Antebellum America. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994. No organizations listed. The Liberator Files is a website edited by Horace Seldon and contains a collection of items which appeared in The Liberator, a Boston-based Abolitionist newspaper, published under the editorship of William Lloyd Garrison. The assembled items represent only a tiny portion of what appeared in the 1,803 editions of the paper, published weekly from 1831-1865. Reading Garrison’s Letters is a website edited by Horace Seldon. William Lloyd Garrison, nineteenth century radical abolitionist, in addition to publishing the Boston-based Liberator newspaper, wrote hundreds of letter to both friends and foes. Those letters, collected in several places, become the source material of this site. The Boston Public Library Antislavery Collection contains approximately 40,000 pieces. In the late 1890's, the family of William Lloyd Garrison, along with others closely involved in the anti-slavery movement, presented the library with a major gathering of correspondence, documents, and other original material relating to the abolitionist cause from 1832 until after the Civil War. Samuel J. May Anti-Slavery Collection at Cornell University contains one of the richest collections of anti-slavery and Civil War materials in the world, thanks in large part to Cornell's first President, Andrew Dickson White, who developed an early interest in both fostering, and documenting the abolitionist movement and the Civil War. Quakers and Slavery is a joint digitizing project between the Quaker repositories at Haverford and Swarthmore Colleges. Abolition was a cause whose beginnings and sustenance came largely from Quakers in northeastern America and England. The materials selected for this project are available for research within the confines of our two Quaker repositories. No other sources listed.	http://www.essentialcivilwarcurriculum.com/william-lloyd-garrison.html
Slavery and politics in early America - Introduction. - The American revolution as a product of the system of slavery. - The ideals of the 18th century enlightenments. - The development of the declaration of independence. - The wake of the successful war to gain freedom from the British. - The new constitution. - Extra representation in congress to the south in exchange for a stronger central government. - Section of the constitution pertaining to slavery. - The last mention of slavery. - The era following the establishment of the United States as a country. - The first interpretation of the constitution by a group of highly religious abolitionists. - Wiecek description the followers of the second interpretation. - The third abolitionist movement. - The fourth abolitionist movement. - Conclusion. The legal practice of slavery in the United States of America ended on December 6th, 1865 with the passage of the 13th amendment to the Constitution. In the wake of the terrible carnage of the American Civil War, people have tried to make sense over what the hundreds of thousands of lives were lost for. The battle of the Union versus the Confederacy was the product of decades of strife and stress over many factors, one of which was the legality of slavery in America. When considering the legal history of slavery the United States, it is essential to consider how a nation nominally founded on certain inalienable rights could simultaneously treat other human beings as property. Using historian David Brian Davis' work, Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World, as a starting point, this paper aims to investigate this apparent hypocrisy. Utilizing a combination of historian Edmund Morgan's thesis on the development of American republicanism, the perspective from historian Don E. Fehrenbacher and framework of historian William Wiececk, I will consider first the American revolution and its relationship with slavery. I will then focus on slavery and the American constitution, particularly the three specific references to the practice.	https://www.oboolo.com/history-geography/modern-history/term-papers/slavery-and-politics-in-early-america-62140.html
What was the first government of the US? articles of confederation What were the weaknesses of the articles of confederation? -most powers held by states -one branch of government -legislative branch has few powers -no executive branch -no judicial branch -no system of check and balances What were the strengths of the constitution? -most power held by national governent -three branches of government -legislative branch has many powers -executive branch led by president -judicial branch to review the laws -firm system of checks and balances What are the first 10 amendments called? the Bill of rights What is the system that prevents any branch of government from becoming too powerful? Checks and balances What is a set of basic principles that determines powers and duties of a government? Constitution Who promised to add a bill of rights to the US constitution? James Madison What is the term for a person born in another country who becomes a citizen of the US? naturalized citizen What are powers granted to the states called? reserved powers What is the permission to look for evidence of a crime in a particular location called? search warrant Who was the first female Supreme Court justice? Sandra Day O' Connor Which act of 1789 established the structure of the federal court system and its relationship to state courts? The Judiciary Act of 1789 Which acts protected the US from traitors? Alien and Sedition Acts As president, what were the decisions that Washington was able to establish that served as examples for later action? Precedents Farmers in western Pennsylvania protested taxes in which rebellion? Whiskey rebellion What was created in order to strengthen the US economy? Bank of the United States The war of 1812 ended soon after the US victory over the British at? Battle of new Orleans (a fort) Which president won the election of 1800 and became the 3rd president of the U.S.? Thomas Jefferson What is the power of the Supreme court to declare acts of congress unconstitutional called? judicial review After US neutrality was violated, what did the US issue against trade with foreign nations? embargo In 1803, Congress approved which land purchases which added former French territory in the West to the US? the Lousiana Purchase Who was the president of the US during the Era of Good Feelings? ... Why did the United States and Great Britain agree to occupy the Northwest Pacific together? because both were interested in the valuable fur trade in the Oregon Country. What did the Monroe doctrine state? - 1. The United States would not interfere in the affairs of European nations. - 2. The United States would recognize, andnot interfere with, European colonies that already existed in North and South America. - 3. The Western Hemisphere was to be off-limits to future colonization by any foreign power. - 4. The United States would consider any European power's attempt to colonize or interfere with nations in the West-ern Hemisphere to be a hostile act. What did Henry Clay propose regarding Missouri's statehood? The Missouri Compromise= Missouri would go in the US as a slave state, main would join as a free state, Slavery would be prohibited in any new territories formed north of Missouri's southern border. What is Washington Irving known for? He was the first to gain international fame and his writing celebrated america in a humorous way. What was the Oregon trail? a challenging trail settlers took to get to Oregon country (2,000 miles long) Why did Texas offer land grants to settlers? because they were trying to colonize Texas and make it part of Mexico What was manifest destiny? the belief that the U.S. should own all territory between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans How did some people hope to solve the problem of California's isolation from the rest of the country? The Californians built onto the railroad, stretching it all the way to California. What does to abolish mean? to but an end to (abolition end of slavery) What contribution did William Lloyd Garrison make to the abolition movement? William Lloyd Garrison published an abolitionist newspaper called The Liberator What was the American Colonization Society's plan? to return free African Americans to Liberia How did the Underground Railroad work? arranging transportation and hiding places for fugitives, or escaped slaves. Why did Harriet Tubman get involved with the underground railroad? Harriet Tubman escaped via the Underground Railroad leaving her family behind. so she got involved so she can get the rest of her family thru safely What action did Congress take to bloke abolition? Congress implemented the "gag rule" which prohibited members of Congress from discussing anti-slavery petitions they received. What effect did the debate over slavery produce in the country? it increased divisions between groups or regions of the country. What role did Sojourner Truth play in both the abolition and women's rights movements? She constantly lectured about abolition and women's rights. She showed how the two issues were related and why all people should be free. How did the abolition movement influence the women's right movement? As women became active in the reform movement for abolition, they learned how to organize, how to lead, and how to work together. They felt that they, too, should have equal rights to men and should be able to vote, sit on juries and own property. What limitation on Woman's rights did activists find unacceptable? Many activists thought that women should be able to vote, to sit on juries and to own and control their own property. Why did many American's oppose equal rights for women? Some women believed that they were not treated as un-equals; rather, they were just treated differently. Others believed that women should be able to speak out for reform, but only from their own homes, not in public. Others thought that women lacked the physical or mental strength to survive without men's protection. Who were the three main leaders of the women's rights movements? Lucy Stone, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton What was the purpose of Seneca Falls? to get the word out there by having the first public meeting about women's rights held in the United States. What was the purpose of the declaration of Sentiments? to call upon women to organize and petition to gain the rights and privileges that they were denied. What event triggered the war between the union and the confederacy? the Confederate attacked fort sumter How did women take part in the war? Woman raised money served in Us sanitary commission served as nurses In what ways were the armies of the North and the South unprepared for war? shortage of supplies, inexperienced troops Why did men volunteer to fight in the war? men volunteered for: glory, patriotism, action, loyalty What does reconstruction mean? Reuniting and rebuilding nation after the Civil war What is the 13th Amendment? 13th= slavery illegal in US What was the contribution of the Freedmen's Bureau? Education and educated workforce Why was Lincoln killed? Booth opposed Lincoln policies Why did some American's oppose President Johnson's Reconstruction plan? New reps from south were confederate leaders YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE...	https://quizlet.com/210151691/social-studies-final-flash-cards/
When the Thirteenth Amendment was submitted to the states on February 1, 1865, it was quickly taken up by several legislatures. By the end of the month it had been ratified by eighteen states. Among them were the ex-Confederate states of Virginia and Louisiana, where ratifications were submitted by Reconstruction governments. These, along with subsequent ratifications from Arkansas and Tennessee raised the issues of how many seceded states had legally valid legislatures; and if there were fewer legislatures than states, if Article V required ratification by three-fourths of the states or three-fourths of the legally valid state legislatures. President Lincoln in his last speech, on April 11, 1865, called the question about whether the Southern states were in or out of the Union a “pernicious abstraction.” Obviously, he declared, they were not “in their proper practical relation with the Union”; whence everyone’s object should be to restore that relation. Lincoln was assassinated three days later. With Congress out of session, the new President, Andrew Johnson, began a period known as “Presidential Reconstruction”, in which he personally oversaw the creation of new state governments throughout the South. He oversaw the convening of state political conventions populated by delegates whom he deemed to be loyal. Three leading issues came before the convention: secession itself, the abolition of slavery, and the Confederate war debt. Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, and South Carolina held conventions in 1865, while Texas’ convention did not organize until March 1866. Johnson hoped to prevent deliberation over whether to re-admit the Southern states by accomplishing full ratification before Congress reconvened in December. He believed he could silence those who wished to deny the Southern states their place in the Union by pointing to how essential their assent had been to the successful ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment. Direct negotiations between state governments and the Johnson administration ensued. As the summer wore on, administration officials began including assurances of the measure’s limited scope with their demands for ratification. Johnson himself suggested directly to the governors of Mississippi and North Carolina that they could proactively control the allocation of rights to freedmen. Though Johnson obviously expected the freed people to enjoy at least some civil rights, including, as he specified, the right to testify in court, he wanted state lawmakers to know that the power to confer such rights would remain with the states. When South Carolina provisional governor Benjamin Franklin Perry objected to the scope of the amendment’s enforcement clause, Secretary of State Seward responded by telegraph that in fact the second clause “is really restraining in its effect, instead of enlarging the powers of Congress”. White politicians throughout the South were concerned that Congress might cite the amendment’s enforcement powers as a way to authorize black suffrage. When South Carolina ratified the amendment in November 1865, it issued its own interpretive declaration that “any attempt by Congress toward legislating upon the political status of former slaves, or their civil relations, would be contrary to the Constitution of the United States”.:1786–1787 Alabama and Louisiana also declared that their ratification did not imply federal power to legislate on the status of former slaves.:1787 During the first week of December, North Carolina and Georgia gave the amendment the final votes needed for it to become part of the Constitution.	https://thinkwingradio.com/2016/10/03/abolishing-slavery-the-13th-amendment-to-the-us-constitution-which-states-ratified-it-and-when/
Workflow Software: 5 Mistakes to Avoid Workflow software is one of the few tools that make life easier and less stressful for business owners. Running a business is already draining, so there’s no need to complicate it by not having good workflow automation. Such software is often used in industry to automate even the simplest of tasks, making it vital to complete day-to-day tasks. Automating comes across as easy to apply, but it can get complicated at other times, thus leading to many things that could be improved. Thankfully, these mistakes are avoidable. Below are some of these common mistakes: Poor Planning This is one of the most common mistakes when using workflow software. Poor planning mistakes in software development can occur when a project needs to be correctly scoped or defined, and there need to be more resources and clear roles and responsibilities. Some specific examples of poor planning mistakes in development include: - Failing to identify and prioritize project requirements correctly - Not adequately considering the needs and constraints of stakeholders - Underestimating the amount of time and resources required to complete the project - Not enough testing of the software before deployment We need a clear plan for maintenance and updates after the initial release. Avoiding these mistakes requires careful planning, effective communication, and strong project management skills. Lack of Communication Lack of communication can occur when there is a lack of clear and effective communication among team members about the tasks and processes involved in a workflow. This can lead to misunderstandings, confusion, and delays in completing tasks and a decrease in overall productivity and efficiency. Some common causes of insufficient communication include: - Lack of clear instructions or guidelines for tasks - Miscommunication or misunderstandings among team members - Inadequate communication channels or tools - Poor communication habits or practices within the team - Insufficient training or support for team members on how to use the software effectively Not Setting Reminders Properly It’s important to set reminders to keep employees in check on what to and what not to do; this leads to increased productivity. Not setting reminders at all can lead to chaos and disarray. Too many reminders can also be confusing and lead to overwhelming and breakdown. Overthinking Overthinking can affect the software by causing delays and inefficiencies in the workflow process. Additionally, overthinking can lead to a lack of focus and clarity, negatively impacting the quality of the work. It is essential to find a balance between thorough thinking and to act to use and ensure that the workflow process runs smoothly and effectively. Having a Narrow Mind Having a narrow mind can lead to several problems. For one, it can cause the person using the software to be inflexible and resistant to change. This can make adapting to new situations challenging and hinder the ability to find creative solutions to problems. Final Words Don’t let workflow mistakes hold your team back! Act now and try out our workflow software. With its easy-to-use interface and powerful features, you can streamline your processes and eliminate errors.	https://www.adroited.com/workflow-software-5-mistakes-to-avoid/
The above causes of miscommunication are about an actual misinterpretation of the explicit/implicit meaning of the message but a larger type of miscommunication exists - one in which people are actually talking about the same things, but differ on what these things mean. Miscommunication happens when individuals exchange information without clearly understanding one another this can result in misinterpreted facts and details that prompt one team member to work from one set of perceived facts and information, while another is working in an entirely different direction. The most common source of miscommunication in any workplace is a very simple one: people routinely fail to realize how little they are actually communicating in other words, we think we've said. Miscommunication in the workplace communication is a two-way street making assumptions and drawing conclusions based on only one frame of reference will usually fail and cause miscommunication between the parties involved. Miscommunication is inevitable in the workplace miscommunication can be blamed for a significant amount of conflict and the tension that it stirs it would be unrealistic to think all miscommunication could be prevented, but if we understood its causes, the percentage could likely be decreased. 2 what are the causes of poor workplace the result can be a degree of miscommunication that not only derails progress but also leads to infighting anytime you have cross-departmental work. The causes of miscommunication in daily life miscommunication frequently occur in our daily lives this is a result of many different factors as information is transmitted through the channel of communication. We all love communication quotes heck we all love quotes, period we share with you how to pick the right one to make light of a mishap or to help improve the flow of communication in the workplace, and 21 fabulous communication quotes after the success of our communication skills quiz, and the. Poor communication leading to miscommunication is constantly ranked as one of the biggest problems in workplaces today here are 5 of the main causes why most miscommunication happens. The miscommunication that arises in any workplace may be shaped by the unique aspects of the environment, including the long hours many people spend working, the hierarchical structure of the organization or being in intellectual or view-oriented disagreement with the others. Disruptive behavior and miscommunication in health care settings abstract the idea of disruptive behavior within healthcare organizations correlates with the number. Lack of standards communication problems in the workplace can lower standards, you lack consistency on how and when employees communicate establish a communication policy to standardize the methods used for communicating with both colleagues and customers. Today's workplace is a melting pot of ethnicities, religions, ages, sexual orientations, abilities, and viewpoints these differences create a rich tapestry of experiences and opinions that can greatly enhance our lives. Causes of miscommunication according to scientists, humans began speaking about 100,000 years ago, and writing began around 4000 bc prior to written language, humans used pictures (cave drawings), which evolved to word symbols. The workplace factors that have been found to be associated with stress and health risks can be categorised as those to do with the content of work and those to do with the social and organisational context of work (fig 1. One of the most common examples of miscommunication at work is when an important message is sent through someone, instead of communicating it directly, and if they fail to communicate it effectively, it automatically leads to conflict, and thereby causes miscommunication. But sometimes receivers don't hear a sender's message accurately even when they define the words identically, causing them to misunderstand or bias what's been shared, with a potential for a miscommunication. Causes of miscommunication in workplace miscommunication in the workplace communication is a two-way street making assumptions and drawing conclusions based on only one frame of reference will usually fail and cause miscommunication between the parties involved. Potential for miscommunication in the workplace abounds, as the uproar over allegations that presidential candidate herman cain sexually harassed former employees (which he denies) clearly demonstrates overt misconduct aside, problems in the workplace can occur simply because people have different ways of relaying and hearing information. Workplace miscommunication is misinterpretation or misconstrued messages that can potentially lead to internal conflict and/or employee dissatisfaction language is a beautiful yet tricky art form difficult to interpret at times, a little misunderstanding can turn a compliment into an act of war. Due to miscommunication or a similar process happens in the workplace everyday in small preventing miscommunications in the workplace. If you work with other people, there's a good chance you have experienced both good and bad communication the benefits of great communication are endless good, clear, and honoring communication allows you to get more done in less time and it helps to cultivate a culture of respect. The report, written by patient safety experts crico strategies, discusses how miscommunication affects healthcare delivery crico looked at over 23,000 medical malpractice lawsuits and claims where patients suffered some form of harm. By understanding the causes and impact of poor communications, business leaders can focus on creating strategies for building inclusion and cognitive diversity in the workplace the examples of misunderstandings most forms of workplace miscommunication can be traced to 10 common, if not familiar, causes. Noise may cause of miscommunication it occurs in channel like when a person communicates with the other person face to face, during communication the telephone ring may cause the noise in the communication as well as miscommunication. 2018.	http://pwessayblzx.ecommercegateway.info/causes-of-miscommunication-in-workplace.html
With the trend toward a more diverse workforce continuing, so are the ways we conduct business. In the past, most U.S. businesses functioned primarily within our borders. Today, globalization is proving to be a huge game changer for many companies, big and small. However, with globalization and increased immigration, the potential for misunderstandings in the workplace is really high. Language and cultural differences may lead to miscommunication and misinterpretation, which could have severe unintended consequences. In this interactive webinar, participants will understand the impact of cultural differences in the workplace, and learn strategies to bridge those differences effectively.	https://forumworkplaceinclusion.org/mastering-cultural-differences-strategies-for-leading-a-global-workforce/

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.