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Abstract
In this paper, we present an architecture following a novel animation authoring pipeline seamlessly supporting performance capture and manual editing of key-frames animation. This pipeline allows novice users to record and author sophisticated facial animations in a fraction of the time that would be required using traditional animation tools. This approach paves the way towards novel animation pipelines which seamlessly merge the roles of the animator and the actor. The second contribution is a method assessing a facial retargeting system, we conducted a user study where participants assessed the emotions conveyed by the facial expression displayed in the control and the authored animation. Contrary to existing evaluation methods, it factors out possible misinterpretations of the intended emotion and focuses on assessing the retargeting quality.
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https://eprints.eudl.eu/id/eprint/2154/
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Summary:
1a: Currently very little is known about the genetic causes of longevity and of common age-related diseases. As many common diseases have complex genetics, this remains a hard problem. Additionally, it is suspected that genetics of common diseases often interact with the environment and lifestyles in complex ways. In order to help focus future research on age-related diseases, we propose to use the UK Biobank data to identify tissues and cell-types most associated with particular age-related diseases by triangulating genomic variation, parental lifespan, and environment.
1b: By identifying tissues associated age-related diseases or healthy aging, we will provide clues to researchers where to focus future effort. As such, this research addresses basic underlying information leading to improvements in common disease diagnosis as well as prevention and treatment. By focusing on common age-related diseases, the benefit will be wide-spread throughout society.
1c: Specifically, we will use patient genotypes along with information about their lifestyle and family health histories to look for patterns of genetic variation associated age-related diseases in a way that identifies which tissues may play a part in the progression of those diseases. We will do this by using novel statistical methods we are developing. By looking for obvious as well as non-obvious associations these results may lead to research in new directions in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
1d: We would like to access the full cohort with genotypes.
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https://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/2016/12/identifying-varianttissue-interactions-in-age-related-diseases/
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Radiocarbon dating effects
However, there are a number of other factors that can affect the amount of carbon present in a sample and how that information is interpreted by archaeologists.
Bioturbation by crabs, rodents, and other animals can also cause samples to move between strata leading to age reversals.
In contrast to relative dating techniques whereby artifacts were simply designated as "older" or "younger" than other cultural remains based on the presence of fossils or stratigraphic position, 14C dating provided an easy and increasingly accessible way for archaeologists to construct chronologies of human behavior and examine temporal changes through time at a finer scale than what had previously been possible.
The application of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) for radiocarbon dating in the late 1970s was also a major achievement.
Shells of known age collected prior to nuclear testing have also been dated ( to ascertain the effects of old carbon (i.e., local marine reservoir effects). However, the most common materials dated by archaeologists are wood charcoal, shell, and bone. In brief, radiocarbon dating measures the amount of radioactive carbon 14 (14C) in a sample.
Radiocarbon analyses are carried out at specialized laboratories around the world (see a list of labs at: When a biological organism dies, the radioactive carbon in its body begins to break down or decay.
Alone, or in concert, these factors can lead to inaccuracies and misinterpretations by archaeologists without proper investigation of the potential problems associated with sampling and dating.
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https://play-chess.ru/radiocarbon-dating-effects-1480.html
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A preliminary study on the synthesis and characterization of novel biochar-based fertilizers
Negative environmental impacts of intensive agriculture are often associated with low nitrogen (N) use efficiency. Different slow-release fertilizers have been proposed to improve N use efficiency and reduce associated losses, like the case of biochar-based fertilizers. The main objective of the present study was to produce and characterize novel biochar-based fertilizers that could reduce the total N-losses in agricultural soils. A common residue in Mediterranean cropping systems, olive tree pruning, was chosen as feedstock to produce slow pyrolysis biochars at 400 and 800°C. Three different activation treatments were applied to both biochars: 1) ultrasonic treatment at room temperature, 2) 5% H2O2 (1:25 ratio) during 1,5 h at 80°C and 3) 40% HNO3 (1:25 ratio) during 1 h at 80°C. Activated biochars were supplemented with N either by 2 M urea or 2 M ammonium sulfate at 80°C. After each treatment N-enriched biochars were washed three times with deionized water and dried overnight. The results showed that biochar-based fertilizers from 400°C biochar presented more nitrogen retention capacity than 800°C biochar. Furthermore, HNO3 activation was the most effective treatment to facilitate the incorporation of N from urea and ammonium sulfate. Moreover, urea was more effective than ammonium sulfate, reaching N values in the biochar-based fertilizers up to 7.0%. Further studies are being carried out to chemically and agronomically characterize the new biochar-based fertilizers and their suitability as slow-release fertilizers.
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https://www.ishs.org/ishs-article/1317_1
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This new volume in the series Emerging Infectious Diseases of the 21st Century is a novel book on the role of microbes in the pathogenesis of common and disabling non-infectious diseases. New insights have emerged over the past several years suggesting that our commensal microflora of the gut is extremely important in regulating physiological and immune functions of the body. Covered are the perturbations of the normal composition of our endogenous microbiota, influenced by diet and genetic predispositions, as well as the mechanisms to produce common disorders such as obesity, diabetes, irritable bowel syndrome, colon cancer, and atherosclerotic vascular diseases. Also explored is the evidence suggesting that predisposition to increasingly common afflictions such as asthma and multiple sclerosis is influenced, in combination with our genetic composition, by early life exposure to environmental microbes and the time of onset of common viral infections. Chapters provide the most recent information on these disorders with regards to epidemiology, current concepts on pathogenesis and mechanisms of their biology, recent research and data on the role of microbes, analysis of their validity, and conclusive remarks and areas for future research.
The Role of Microbes in Common Non-Infectious Diseases is an excellent resource for both physicians and investigators from a broad range of disciplines that will help to stimulate new concepts of disease pathogenesis, and lead to the unraveling of their mechanisms of diseases and to novel treatments.
About the Author
Ignatius [Bill] Fong is a Professor of Medicine at the University of Toronto and he is an author/ editor of 8 previously published books on Infectious Diseases. His research interests include topics in clinical infectious disease, HIV infection, and microbial-induced or -associated atherosclerosis.
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https://rd.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-1-4939-1670-2
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Cross-cancer genome-wide analysis of lung, ovary, breast, prostate and colorectal cancer reveals novel pleiotropic associations.
Publication Type:Journal Article
Source:Cancer research, Volume 76, Issue 17, p.5103-5114 (2016)
Abstract:
Identifying genetic variants with pleiotropic associations can uncover common pathways influencing multiple cancers. We took a two-staged approach to conduct genome-wide association studies for lung, ovary, breast, prostate and colorectal cancer from the GAME-ON/GECCO Network (61,851 cases, 61,820 controls) to identify pleiotropic loci. Findings were replicated in independent association studies (55,789 cases, 330,490 controls). We identified a novel pleiotropic association at 1q22 involving breast and lung squamous cell carcinoma, with eQTL analysis showing an association with ADAM15/THBS3 gene expression in lung. We also identified a known breast cancer locus CASP8/ALS2CR12 associated with prostate cancer, a known cancer locus at CDKN2B-AS1 with different variants associated with lung adenocarcinoma and prostate cancer and confirmed the associations of a breast BRCA2 locus with lung and serous ovarian cancer. This is the largest study to date examining pleiotropy across multiple cancer-associated loci, identifying common mechanisms of cancer development and progression.
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https://sharedresources.fredhutch.org/publications/papers/cross-cancer-genome-wide-analysis-lung-ovary-breast-prostate-and-colorectal
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Many Connections between the pentagram and Christianity have been found. From adorned jewelry, amulets, and even battle attire with pentagrams, before the cross was introduced. This was not only because the pentagram was associated with the five wounds of Christ, but also because it could be drawn in a single stroke, through one continuous Stroke, representing beginning and end Alpha and Omega as one.
Sometime in the 12th century the christians rejected the pentagram , due to misinterpretations of symbols and ceremonial magicians the pentagram later became associated with satanism. Satanism however is an upside down pentagram or two points often inside a double circle.
Thats just the Christian viewpoint, the pentagram can be found in many other religions!
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https://www.triplegoddessboutique.com/post/the-pentagram-explained
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The future for genetic studies in reproduction.
Montgomery GW., Zondervan KT., Nyholt DR.
Genetic factors contribute to risk of many common diseases affecting reproduction and fertility. In recent years, methods for genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revolutionized gene discovery for common traits and diseases. Results of GWAS are documented in the Catalog of Published Genome-Wide Association Studies at the National Human Genome Research Institute and report over 70 publications for 32 traits and diseases associated with reproduction. These include endometriosis, uterine fibroids, age at menarche and age at menopause. Results that pass appropriate stringent levels of significance are generally well replicated in independent studies. Examples of genetic variation affecting twinning rate, infertility, endometriosis and age at menarche demonstrate that the spectrum of disease-related variants for reproductive traits is similar to most other common diseases. GWAS 'hits' provide novel insights into biological pathways and the translational value of these studies lies in discovery of novel gene targets for biomarkers, drug development and greater understanding of environmental factors contributing to disease risk. Results also show that genetic data can help define sub-types of disease and co-morbidity with other traits and diseases. To date, many studies on reproductive traits have used relatively small samples. Future genetic marker studies in large samples with detailed phenotypic and clinical information will yield new insights into disease risk, disease classification and co-morbidity for many diseases associated with reproduction and infertility.
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https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/publications/421074
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QUIZ: Could Your Culinary Chops Cut It in a Professional Kitchen?
On Cooks vs. Cons, only the competitors themselves know what kind of culinary background they're bringing to the battle before them; not even the judges or host Geoffrey Zakarian have been told who's a professional cook and who's a kitchen con artist. The panel, like viewers at home, can only guess the contestants' skill levels, but by watching their use of ingredients and their expertise (or lack thereof) with the tools they handle, the judges and fans alike can begin to deduce who are the masters and who are the novices among the group.
Now it's your turn to learn what level of kitchen proficiency you would bring to the competition. Do you have what it takes to be worthy of the professional title, or are you a cooking con artist? Take the quiz below to find out. Tune in to Cooks vs. Cons on Thursdays at 9|8c.
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https://www.foodnetwork.com/fn-dish/shows/2016/03/quiz-could-your-culinary-chops-cut-it-in-a-professional-kitchen
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Close relationships are full of paradoxes and double standards. For example, people want their partners to be exciting and fun, but predictable at the same time. Along the same line, people want to share their feelings with a partner, while also maintaining some sense of privacy.
When it comes to the use of deception in a romantic relationship, paradoxes abound. The latest research on deception in romantic relationships highlights some of the paradoxes that exist.
Obligatory Rules – my partner should always tell me the truth.
Discretionary Rules – my partner should have some flexibility about what he or she wants to share with me.
While people more strongly endorsed obligatory rules, people simultaneously valued discretionary rules. In short, people want it both ways.
The study also investigated how well couples understood each other with respect to their rules about the use of deception. That is, are people aware of their partner’s rules about the use of deception? And do couples actually understand each other?
For relational scholars the results were not surprising.
Perceived agreement (thinking a partner was on the same page) was higher than actual agreement (being on the same page), which was higher than understanding (being aware that you are in agreement or not).
In short, people think they understand their partner’s rules about using deception, more than they actually share the same rules. And people think they understand their partner’s rules about deception, more than they actually understand what is going on.
This lack of accuracy, however, is useful. People, who thought they understood their partner, but failed to see things accurately, had less conflict than those who actually understood where their partner was coming from.
Perception, not accuracy, is what helps make a relationship work.
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https://blog.truthaboutdeception.com/2013/06/13/perception-matters/
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Topics:
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https://quotes-lover.com/quotation/you-do-ill-to-praise-but-worse-to-censure-what-you-do-not-understand/
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Great singers have offered their wisdom and insight throughout the history of the singing art with varying levels of success. In most cases, their efforts have caused greater confusion than clarity. Jerome Hines’s book Great Singers on Singing is amusing reading for the pedagogue and the scholar of voice.
As a teacher, I MUST be on guard and not fall into the trap of thinking that just because someone is a professional singer – even a celebrated one – that their advice is Gospel. This is the logical fallacy of the argument from authority.
This logical fallacy states that:
A is an authority on a particular topic.
A says something about that topic.
A is probably correct.
Logical fallacies are not a compelling approach to vocal pedagogy. What singers SAY they feel often contradicts what is ACTUALLY happening. I watched a one-hour masterclass with a famous mezzo whose advice to all vocalists was ‘more space.’ What this woman understood of the pharynx, the superior, middle, and inferior constrictors was obviously dubious. There is a LIMITED amount of space in the human throat and head.
Young impressionable singers (and teachers) see the manifestations of idiosyncratic singers and often believe that by imitating them they will gain some greater technical skill. But true artists don’t imitate each other. Just because ‘a famous singer does it’ is shoddy logic and bad pedagogy.
Here are some celebrated singers and their ‘quirks’:
In closing, no less an authority on the body than F.M. Alexander wrote:
“It is well known that different people will get a different conception of the same word, spoken or written, and from the same gesture, showing that conception is dependent upon the nature of the impressions taken through the sensory mechanism which controls the functioning of the cells (receptors and conductors) of the eyes and ears, etc. The conception likewise of what is happening within ourselves is dependent upon impressions which come to us through the sense of feeling (sensory appreciation) upon which we must rely for guidance in carrying out our daily activities. When our sensory appreciation is deceptive, as is the case more or less with everyone today, the impressions we get through it are deceptive also. The extent of this deception depends largely upon the extent to which our manner of use has been put wrong and the nature and degree of the faulty guidance of deceptive feeling. When a certain degree of misuse has been reached, the deceptiveness of these impressions reaches a point where they can mislead us into believing that WE ARE DOING SOMETHING WITH SOME PART OF OURSELVES WHEN ACTUALLY WE CAN BE PROVED TO BE DOING SOMETHING QUITE DIFFERENT. This is equally true of the things we believe we think, which more often than not are things we feel.”
Alexander, F. Matthias. “The universal constant in living.” (1946).
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https://petersenvoicestudio.com/2015/04/20/but-the-professionals-do-it/
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Electing a judge for the Santa Clara County Superior Court is usually more about comfort level than name recognition. To put it bluntly: People prefer female judges. That might be why an unknown attorney named Alex Cerul listed his first name as Alexis on the ballot for the June 5 primary. Cerul, a staff attorney for the county, faces the battle-tested Paul Colin out of the District Attorney’s office. With more than 35 judges endorsing Colin in the race, one would think the deputy DA is a shoo-in to replace the retiring Jerome Brock on the bench (he got Brock’s endorsement). But insiders think Cerul has a shot based on “The Ritchie Effect,” named after the shocking 2008 upset scored by Superior Court judge Diane Ritchie. In 2008, prosecutors Jay Boyarsky, Lane Liroff and Tim Pitsker all fell in the runoff to Ritchie, who was (un)known for representing disgruntled Taco Bell employees. (Liroff came in second but again lost to Ritchie in the following election.) But another judgeship race worth watching—even though we know you won’t—that actually features a real woman is the fight to replace the crusty yet well-respected Neal Cabrinha, who is also retiring. Even though Cynthia Sevely‘s stock has fallen since her beloved former boss Dolores Carr got the boot as DA, she is the de facto frontrunner for now—all despite her rep for being a pessimistic misanthrope. Family (law) guy Steven Pogue will see what he can do to snag some of Sevely’s votes, while Bob Camors is making another run for a seat after having his hat handed to him by Julia Alloggiamento in 2010. Camors has expertise in high tech after working in Palo Alto for years, but this time the Vietnam vet might want to resist wrapping his resume in an American flag to persuade voters. That red, white and blue shtick may work for politicians, but the only colors judges should be known for are black and white.
3 Comments
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I hereby endorse Alexis Cerul for Santa Clara Superior Court Judge.
I’ve known Cerul for years, and aside from his many years working in the criminal courts assisting sitting judges, he is an upstanding citizen, with great integrity, who is dedicated to bettering his community. Although we are both lawyers, I know Cerul first and foremost as a good neighbor who is active in making our Northside San Jose neighborhood a better place to live.
(By the way, I’ve known Jay Boyarsky for many years, too, and I supported his judicial candidacy a few years back. So, I have no political axe to grind with the DA’s office in expressing my support for Cerul.)
Although he goes by Alex, my understanding is that Cerul’s full first name is Alexis. I’m positive he used it in pulling papers with the registrar of voters out of respect for the judicial office. Similarly, I use Donald on formal legal documents rather than Don, which I prefer in every day life.
In short, Cerul’s first name should be a non-issue. The suggestion that Cerul is somehow attempting to mislead the electorate is an unseemly smear—the sort of thing that dissuades many good people to get involved in the political process.
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Since his Cal Bar status shows him listed as Alexis Cerul, then that is the name he should use on the ballot.
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Dear “The Fly” you poor poor soul… yet again you fail at establishing that you are the fly on the wall – seeing and hearing all sorts of juicy information – again, we are able to confirm that you simply imagine things then post them as if they are fact.
First, you imagine that a woman is more electable to the bench than a man. Then you see that someone with the first name of “Alexis” is running for Judge.
After some very minimal investigation you determine and that “Alexis Cerul” is a man and can honestly report that as a fact.
Then the imagination runs wild causing you to say that Cerul is using “Alexis” as his first name to fool voters into voting for him because they are more likley to vote for a woman (or at least a feminine sounding name) for judgeships? That is just kooky!
It seems that Alexis Cerul’s real first name is really “Alexis”!!! and you once again have fallen victim to an overactive imagination.
Please DO NOT attempt to investigate Mayor Reed’s ethics violations or any other violations that may come to light. We would not want the truth to be tainted by the product of your fertile imagination and your lack of a credible body of investigative work.
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https://www.sanjoseinside.com/politics/2_15_12_santa_clara_county_superior_court_judge_cerul_colin_brock_ritchie/
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But if an identical or a similar mark is registered for heterogeneous goods, then recognizing a well-known sign may or may not play a role. Everything will depend on whether the owner of a well-known mark can prove in court that the use of a well-known mark by another person with respect to heterogeneous goods and services indicates a connection between him and the owner of a well-known mark and whether his interests will be harmed by such use.
Of course, the official recognition of a mark that is well known in some situations is almost the only reason for filing a claim for cancellation of an identical or similar mark. But in court, and the fun begins. Our courts are absolutely not ready, either morally or intellectually, to analyze such a difficult situation as «does the other person use this sign in relation to such goods and services to indicate a connection between them and the owner of a well-known sign and whether his interests will be harmed by such use». It is unlikely that judges in such cases think about such concepts as «erosion and weakening of the mark». And it is unlikely that in some cases they really want to fulfill the obligation entrusted to them by law to protect by all means the rights and legitimate interests of the owner of the mark.
The judges believe that to answer this question it is necessary to conduct a forensic examination, and of a general nature, not in the field of intellectual property. But in fact, only an expert in intellectual property can comprehensively assess the harm that a well-known sign can do by another person. Moreover, if we take into account the wording of Art. 41 of the Economic Procedural Code of Ukraine, which states that «in order to clarify the issues that arise during the consideration of a business dispute and require special knowledge, the economic court appoints a forensic examination», what special knowledge can an expert possess in these cases without specialization in the field of intellectual sphere? So it turns out that the conclusions of the examination are unlikely to be complete to answer this question.
If we talk about the comparison of goods that are heterogeneous, and are produced or sold, then, of course, their quality will be decisive. However, such a concept as quality is complex and can be very controversial, and even conducting technical expertise may not give any results. Moreover, to compare the quality or technical indicators of heterogeneous goods, to put it mildly, is impossible. And what about the situation with services? And if the owner of a mark, identical or similar to a well-known mark, does not produce any goods, then what can we talk about then? You can, of course, wait three years from the date of registration of such a mark and sue on the basis of non-use of the mark. But this has nothing to do with good fame.
Thus, in court decisions regarding the question «whether the use of a well-known mark by another person in relation to such goods and services indicates a connection between them and the owner of a well-known mark and whether his interests will be harmed by such use» cannot and will not take into account many subtleties intellectual property for several reasons, including the lack of sufficient knowledge and experience of judges in this area, and the lack of additional legal regulation of the protection of well-known signs And the absence of any practice is relatively well-known marks in Ukraine in general.
Many foreign experts in the field of intellectual property hold the opinion that well-known signs should not be given absolute protection, i.e. A well-known mark can be registered in the name of different persons for heterogeneous goods. But why, then, at all, introduce the concept of a «well-known sign» into theory and practice? It turns out that the only and decisive advantage of such recognition should be absolute security, otherwise there is a real threat of erosion of a well-known sign. Today, the advantage of recognizing a mark that is well-known in Ukraine is that a well-known mark can be protected even without registration or filing an application in Ukraine, although in such cases well-known trademarks should be protected by experts who carry out an examination of the application for goods. sign.
In almost all countries, the rules on the protection of well-known signs are identical to Art. 6 bis Convention. For example, in the Russian Federation, the Law «On Trademarks, Service Marks and Names of Metrics of Origin of Goods» states that «if a well-known trademark recognizes an already registered trademark, the legal protection of such a well-known trademark also applies to goods that are not homogeneous with those in respect of which he is recognized as well-known, provided that the use of this trademark by the other person in relation to the specified goods will be associated by the consumers with the right holder and m Jet infringe its legitimate interests». Consumers’ association with the copyright holder can be established only by a public opinion poll.
In the United States, for example, federal law protects well-known marks from violations or registrations by other persons of a similar mark with respect to identical, similar, homogeneous and even heterogeneous goods and services if there is a likelihood of confusion, regardless of whether the major mark is registered or not. In the case of a trial, the court takes into account many factors, including: the strength of a well-known mark, including the level of recognition of a mark on the market, distribution channels of goods, including the similarity or difference between consumers, the degree of attentiveness and caution that buyers show when choosing goods or services, why the respondent chose a well-known mark for their goods and / or services, etc.
Many countries, including China and Japan, adhere to the rule that when a person uses someone else’s well-known mark or sign similar to him, and such use does not mislead consumers, but takes advantage of the reputation of a well-known, this constitutes an act of unfair competition.
Damage to the interests of a well-known mark in respect of heterogeneous goods requires judicial proof in all countries of the world, including also European countries, but the level of the courts of most countries is certainly not comparable to ours. Although, as practice shows, initiating the abolition of an objectionable trademark in court, it makes sense to speak also about unfair competition.
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https://kip.ua/?news=well-known-trademarks-the-third-part&lang=en
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SB College of allied sciences has recognized by the Govt. of Karnataka and as well as affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences. This is one college that turn out extremely useful and well trained para medical graduates who support the clinicians in medical colleges, hospitals and clinics not only in India but all over the world. In the hi-tech world of modern health care, the need for a team approach in curing illness and sustaining life is essential and it takes people with varying skills and expertise to make up the team. Advanced complex instrumentation and equipment require technocrats not only to operate but also to care and maintain them as well. These experts have to possess a strong scientific foundation and be able to perform at a much higher level than the traditionally trained technicians of the past.
Allied Health Professions are a distinct group of health professionals who apply their expertise to prevent disease transmission, diagnose, treat and rehabilitate people of all ages and all specialties. Together with a range of technical and support staff they may deliver direct patient care, rehabilitation, treatment, diagnostics and health improvement interventions to restore and maintain optimal physical, sensory, psychological, cognitive and social functions.
Vision
To be a centre of excellence in education and research foster innovation and build socially responsible leaders and entrepreneurs
Mission
- To enable students develop critical thinking and instill a culture of continuous learning through enlightened learning partnerships.
- To equip students to serve as a valuable resource for the industry and the society at large.
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https://www.sbcollege.edu.in/allied-health/about-us
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I’ve just finished reading a book about which Bill Gates said,
“One of the most important books I’ve ever read – an indispensable guide to thinking clearly about the world”.
It’s certainly one of the most important books I have ever read.
This book,
‘FACTFULNESS, TEN REASONS WE’RE WRONG ABOUT THE WORLD – AND WHY THINGS ARE BETTER THAN YOU THINK’, by Hans Rosling, with Ola Rosling (Hans’ son) and Anna Rosling Rönnlund (Ola’s wife),
it has not only changed my understanding of the world, my worldview, it has, so clearly, informed me as to why my understanding was wrong, why most people’s understanding is wrong – the reasons make SO much sense – AND it has opened my mind to such an extent that I feel that I must evangelise the work of the authors. The work, the effort, which has gone into producing this book is glaringly obvious. The information which is presented as fact is backed up with data supplied by the world’s most respected data sources.
Hans Rosling, who, tragically, passed away on 7 February 2017, at the age of 68, was (quoting from the book) “a medical doctor, professor of international health, and a renowned public educator. He was an advisor to the World Health Organisation and UNICEF and he cofounded Médecins Sans Frontières in Sweden and the Gapminder Foundation. His TED talks have been viewed more than thirty-five million times, and he was listed as one of Time magazine’s one hundred most influential people in the world. Hans died in 2017, having devoted the last years of his life to writing this book”.
‘Factfulness’: “Ola Rosling and Anna Rosling Rönnlund, Hans’ son and daughter-in-law, are cofounders of the Gapminder Foundation, and Ola its director from 2005 to 2007 and from 2010 to the present day. After Google acquired Trendalyzer, the bubblechart tool invented and designed by Anna and Ola, Ola became head of Google’s Public Data Team and Anna became the team’s senior user-experience (UX) designer. They have both received international awards for their work”
SO much depends on getting the message of this book out there, so much depends on getting the lessons out to the world’s decision-makers, our futures, the future of the planet, our children’s, our grandchildren’s, our great grandchildren’s futures depend on it!
The FACT is that there are such fundamental misunderstandings about the world, misunderstandings and incorrect beliefs in the minds of those who have, quite literally, our futures in their hands, that:
if we do not get the truth out there,
if we do not manage to get the truth acknowledged and accepted,
if we do not manage to show people, especially those who have our futures in their hands, if we do not manage to show them WHY they are so misinformed,
if we do not manage to show them how to stop being misinformed,
the future is bleak – AND IT NEED NOT BE!!
This book was recommended to me by a member of staff in a bookshop through which I was wandering recently. As soon as I opened it and saw what was on the inside cover, I knew that I was about to enter an Aladdin’s Cave. I hope that Ola and Anna will be ok with me photographing what is on the inside cover of the book and including it in this blog review. I am doing it in the hope – and belief – that it will encourage people to buy the book which, in turn, will help to propagate the messages and lessons.
I appreciate that, even when you click, and zoom in, on the photo, it’s not very clear.
Look, if you can, at the photo of the ‘World Health Chart’ (above):
Contrary to what most people believe, ‘only’ a small minority of the world’s countries are in the ‘Income Level 1’ (0 – approx $2,800 GDP per capita, $/year price adjusted) area. There are fewer countries in ‘Income Level 1’ than in ‘Income Levels 2 (approx $2,800 – $8,000 GDP per capita) or 3 (approx $8,000 – $26,000 GDP per capita) or 4 (approx $26,000 to $96,000 GDP per capita)’. The majority of the world’s countries are in the ‘Income Levels 2 and 3’ area.
In the ‘World Health Chart’, there are also 7 ‘Lifespan’ sections: only a minority of the world’s countries are in the bottom 3 sections, ie those representing the poorest lifespan numbers. The majority of the world’s countries are in the 3rdand 2nd highest lifespan sections.
What is important to note is that, compared to what this chart would have looked like 100 years ago – even 25 years ago – the movement of countries out of ‘Income Level 1’ and the lower lifespan sections, the movement into the higher ‘Income Level’ sections and higher ‘Lifespan’ sections, is FACT and UNARGUABLE.
I was shocked – blown away – by the brilliance of this ‘world health chart’, by its clarity and what it told me – AND what it did tell me is this: I thought, before I read this book, that I had a relatively good understanding of the world but, now that I have read the book, I realise that I was SO wrong.
This book told me how wrong I was and, importantly, WHY I was so wrong. That point, the ‘WHY’ I was so wrong, is SO important: if I don’t understand WHY I was so wrong, so misinformed, I might be able to understand what I have been getting wrong up to this point in my life but I will be misled in the future.
I don’t think I’m giving too much away by saying that the reason why we misunderstand the world, it goes a lot deeper than why we might think it is:
before I read this book, if I’d just accepted that my worldview was wrong, I’d have assumed that the media and politicians were mostly to blame – the words ‘fake news’ come to mind. The question is: do journalists and politicians deliberately mislead us or are they also misinformed? If they, all, many or some of them, are misinformed, why are they so ignorant of the truth? How have they also been misled!
Why are the vast majority of us so ignorant of the truth, of reality?
The author has identified a number of human instincts, inherent instincts, which ‘kick in’ when ‘news’ is presented to us (and, of course, these instincts ‘kick in’ when news editors and journalists et al are deciding what news to present to the public). These instincts colour the way we see and read the news or, rather, how we understand it, how we sift through it, how we filter it, and what we extrapolate from it, what we conclude. These instincts cause us to over-react, to over-dramatise, and because the news media is a commercial operation, is a business, it is obviously going to filter all of the news in its possession so that it delivers to us only the news which it knows we are going to react to, only the news which it knows will press on one or more of our instinct ‘nerves’.
If I haven’t whetted your appetite yet, maybe the following will do it.
The author, in the book’s introduction, asks a number of questions: the ‘Gapminder Test’. ‘Gapminder’ was founded by the author and Ola and Anna. Gapminder website:
“Gapminder is an independent Swedish foundation with no political, religious or economic affiliations. Gapminder is a fact tank, not a think tank. Gapminder fights devastating misconceptions about global development. Gapminder produces free teaching resources making the world understandable based on reliable statistics. Gapminder promotes a fact-based worldview everyone can understand. Gapminder collaborates with universities, UN, public agencies and non-governmental organizations. All Gapminder activities are governed by the board. We do not award grants. Gapminder Foundation is registered at Stockholm County Administration Board.”
The ‘Gapminder Test’:
‘Factfulness’: “Gapminder worked with Ipsos, MORI and Novus to test 12,000 people in 14 countries. Their polls were conducted with online panels weighted to be representative of the adult populations. The test was conducted in Australia, Belgium, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Japan, Norway, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States”.
Two of the 13 questions:
WHAT IS THE LIFE EXPECTANCY OF THE WORLD TODAY (ie, what is the average life expectancy of people IN THE WORLD today)?
A: 50 years
B: 60 years
C: 70 years
I WAS SHOCKED TO LEARN THAT IT IS ‘C’, 70 YEARS. Considering how many people I thought lived in extreme poverty with no education, poor hygiene, very little food, undrinkable water etc., I thought it would be 50 years, 60 MAX.
Another question:
HOW MANY OF THE WORLD’S 1-YEAR OLD CHILDREN TODAY HAVE BEEN VACCINATED AGAINST SOME DISEASE?
A: 20%
B: 50%
C: 80%
Again, the answer shocked me (even though I knew it had to be higher than I was thinking because of the title of the book!). The answer is ‘C’, 80%.
Thinking Africa, thinking South America, thinking of them how I thought they were (thought they were BEFORE I read this book!), thinking of so many areas of the world, thinking of the amount of people I THOUGHT were living in areas without medicine, I was shocked to learn that the answer is 80%.
Ok, so my view of the world was wrong but what about global decision-makers, what about the ‘experts’? Surely, they are better informed than me!
The author:
“I have tested audiences from all around the world and from all walks of life: medical students, teachers, university lecturers, eminent scientists, investment bankers, executives in multinational companies, journalists, activists, and even senior political decision makers. These are highly educated people who take an interest in the world. But most of them – a stunning majority of them – get most of the answers wrong. Some of these groups even score worse than the general public; some of the most appalling results came from a group of Nobel laureates and medical researchers. It is not a question of intelligence. Everyone seems to get the world devastatingly wrong.
Not only devastatingly wrong, but systematically wrong. By which I mean that these test result are not random. They are worse than random: they are worse than the results I would get if the people answering my questions had no knowledge at all.
Imagine I decide to head down to the zoo to test out my questions on the chimpanzees. Imagine I take with me huge armfuls of bananas, each marked either A, B, or C, and throw them into the chimpanzee enclosure. Then I stand outside the enclosure, read out each question in a loud, clear voice, and note down, as each chimpanzee’s “answer”, the letter on the banana she next chooses to eat.
If I did this, (and I wouldn’t ever actually do this, but just imagine), the chimps, by picking randomly, would do consistently better than the well-educated but deluded human beings who take my tests. Through pure luck, the troop of chimps would score 33% on each three-answer question, or four out of the first 12 on the whole test. Remember that the humans I have tested get on average just two out of 12 on the same test.
What’s more, the chimps’ errors would be equally shared between the two wrong answers, whereas the human errors all tend to be in one direction. Every group of people I ask thinks the world is more frightening, more violent, and more hopeless – in short, more dramatic – than it really is.”
This is, of course, shocking but why does it matter, you might ask?
It matters predominantly because time, money and expertise are limited resources and if these resources are directed and invested in the wrong areas, if they are not directed and invested in the areas in which they are needed most:
1) people who are suffering will continue to suffer needlessly, in poverty, in sickness, in thirst and hunger, in so many tragic ways;
2) time, money and expertise which should be addressing climate change and environmental issues will be misdirected which could have a cataclysmic result;
3) global ignorance will continue to spark unrest/war;
4) there will be missed commercial and financial opportunities, which, if they were taken:
a) would benefit the companies making the investments;
b) would benefit the employees;
c) would benefit the local and national economy through the ‘multiplier effect’, i.e. the employees would spend some of their income, for example, in shops which might then expand their operations, employ more staff who would spend their income in the retail economy and so on…
d) would benefit the institutional shareholders;
e) would benefit, for instance, pensioners who do well financially when the companies in which their money is invested thrive;
f) would benefit the countries in which they are established by virtue of tax receipts;
g) would benefit countries in which they expand, again by virtue of tax receipts;
h) would benefit workers currently living in poverty in countries in which companies invest, thereby helping to raise more people out of poverty.
5) worry and stress will dominate our lives to an unnecessary extent.
FURTHERMORE, IGNORANCE FUELS ARROGANCE, INTOLERANCE, RACISM, BIGOTRY AND HATRED. If people were less stressed about the world, about the state of the world, if people weren’t blaming other people for situations which don’t actually exists, there would be more harmony in the world.
If our understanding of the world, our worldview, reflects reality, it we learn to control our inherent instincts when reading the ‘news’ AND propaganda, it will be more difficult for populist demagogues to mislead us.
In summary, if it wasn’t for this global ignorance, the world would be a better place!
The work spearheaded by Hans Rosling, with the invaluable assistance of his son, Ola, and daughter-in-law, Anna, is outstanding and is critically and globally important.
Hans’ life was tragically cut short. He had so much invaluable work still to do but I have no doubt that he’ll have been at peace in the knowledge that Ola and Anna would:
continue his, and their, work;
keep his legacy alive;
perpetuate his legacy;
continue to educate;
bring more and more people to the cause of breaking down the walls of ignorance which separate the lives we live from the lives which we could, and should, be living now and in the future.
EVERYONE MUST READ THIS BOOK!
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https://kobygould.com/factfulness-ten-reasons-were-wrong-about-the-world-and-why-things-are-better-than-you-think-by-hans-rosling-with-ola-rosling-and-anna-rosling-ronnlund/
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When somebody wishes to end up being a specialist translator, there are certainly some abilities that the individual must have in order to be successful in this type of job. Therefore, we point out here for your advantage the translation skills that a specialist translator demands.
1 Advanced level of expertise of the language
It is not feasible to execute the translation of a piece of product or details if a person does not comprehend what the material or info is saying. Hence, if a person does not possess a full understanding of a particular type of text, this could cause the individual potentially providing a misconception of the text. This then would be extreme, as this would certainly indicate that the translation of the message would certainly be inaccurate. That is why it is critical for a specialist translator to be able to understand the complete definition of the message. This calls for an advanced level of understanding of the particular language that is being equated, which implies that the translator needs to have as very closely an indigenous degree of understanding as feasible.
2 Superior skills in composing
In order to be a top quality translator, it is critical for an individual to have remarkable skills in writing. This implies that the person can not just be satisfied with having the ability to create like a routine individual. The professional translator must be able to create with a high standard of expert competence in the designated language that is being converted. This implies that the individual must have a deep comprehension of the masterful means to express ideas in written kind. Also, it is genuinely essential to be able to write in a wide spectrum of styles due the reality that the specialist translator will certainly be subjected to various styles of texts, such as official language, promotional language, laid-back language, technical language, marketing language along with lawful language.
3 Excellent knowledge of the culture
A translator that is truly good at what she or he does will certainly have a good expertise pertaining to the culture of the languages that are being attended to in the process of the translation. This implies that the translator must possess a deep comprehension concerning the cultural elements of the resource language in addition to a deep understanding of the cultural aspects of the assigned language. When there is a deep level of understanding in relation to the distinctive variations concerning the societies of both the source language as well as the designated language, this will certainly cause providing notifies in such cases that the text will certainly not operate optimally or will certainly experience a decrease in the desired influence when it is translated in a specific manner.Übersetzungsbüro is a good place to learn this skill
4 Reliable skills in research
When it involves the amazing world of translation, an expert translator must undoubtedly possess reputable abilities in conducting research. This implies that the specialist translator will certainly be continuously performing research in regard to the way something is worded, the option of vocabulary, the history details regarding numerous types of info, the jargon of particular subjects and the definitions of words and also expressions. A translator who takes part in carrying out huge quantities of research study often understands how to do so in an effective manner.
5 Profundity
An expert translator will apply the usage of profundity in all scenarios. That implies that the professional translator takes care to stick to his or her piece of translation job throughout until completion. The person will certainly take note of all the information. The expert translator will certainly not let any kind of mistakes slide via and also will present the operate in good condition. This implies that the person will certainly constantly assess the work in a complete manner and will certainly be able to make great choices in regard to where there require to be some changes made to give a higher level of efficiency for the general sense of the text that has actually been converted from the source language right into the marked language. The specialist translator, consequently, will be able to make good choices when identifying which vocabulary options to make use of along with which frameworks of expression to make use of. Furthermore, a specialist translator is willing to consult from an additional employee in order to gain aid in challenging situations during the translation procedure, since occasionally two minds are better than one.
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https://www.hrgiger.info/the-translation-abilities-a-professional-translator-needsand-ubersetzungsburo-passion-of-freelance-translator/
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Most serious martial artists consider Sun Tzu's Art of War to be required reading. It is a martial art for the mind that can be practiced and applied with the physical aspects of training and competition.
One of the key ingredients for the individual martial artists is Sun Tzu's discussion on deception. Deception causes the deceived to take action that is otherwise not in their best interest. That means, for example, that the block high when they should have blocked low because you made it appear you were striking high.
Sun Tzu describes psychological skills of deception, positioning, and energy conservation that the masters learn to apply to fighting through many years of experience. The application of these ideas, whether learned from Sun Tzu or through experience, explain why older fighters often defeat younger, more agile upstarts, even after those upstarts have attained black belts. It takes time to learn this higher level of martial arts thinking and how to apply it. Sun Tzu's ideas, when taken to heart, can accelerate that process.
As written, Understanding Sun Tzu on the Art of War will improve the ability of the martial artist to think while fighting and use his or her mind to win the physical fight. The companion card deck provides a tool for training and drilling the mind just as you would train and drill the body. When the idea in the cards come to you without thinking, just as you might block or move in a fight without thinking, then you will see your fighting move to a higher level.
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http://artofwarsuntzu.com/MartialArts.htm
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The Magic Of Housemaid.
Summary
A housekeeper, likewise called a housemaid, is actually a person employed through a family to care for the cleansing team of the residence. The housemaid may additionally in some cases perform the various other cleaning tasks. Usually, in a loved […]
A housekeeper, likewise called a housemaid, is actually a person employed through a family to care for the cleansing team of the residence. The housemaid may additionally in some cases perform the various other cleaning tasks. Usually, in a loved ones, there is a single housemaid. She is usually in charge of performing the home kitchen, cleaning and also depleting.
Home cleaning is described as the method of sustaining as well as organizing the facilities of a house. The maid must be actually capable of sorting as well as keeping the waste, bring in the beds, supplying the creatures, and also even more. информация
For a housekeeper to become able to do all these tasks, she needs to be knowledgeable and need to possess the capability to carry out all of them well. In the USA, housemaids generally have 2 kinds of licenses: a residential permit as well as a business license. The most usual certifications needed for housekeeping projects in the USA are actually the following: a high school diploma or even the equivalent, an university level, some kind of license, and also on-the-job instruction. Because caretakers require to know brand new cleansing approaches as well as strategies, training is actually incredibly crucial.
To execute their project obligations effectively, maids should be capable of dealing with numerous jobs and also should be actually qualified of adhering to directions. The job summary of a caretaker additionally requires that she needs to be able and actually toned to move approximately along with much ease.
There are many types of housekeeping positions offered in the USA. For example, some maids are actually employed on a hourly manner, while others focus on a regular basis. Those who work full time will commonly make a greater salary than housekeepers who merely work part time. In relations to educational requirement, housemaids might be taught up to the degree level, while some require just a senior high school learning. A lot of caretakers may start as nannies or housemaids who are actually after that advertised to a routine worker.
A maid can decide on to have her very own career or she may go into a housekeeping role with another provider or individual. When she possesses her very own occupation, she will possess extra adaptability concerning her hours and also working problems. For house cleaners that determine to go into a housekeeping job with one more provider, she needs to make certain that the business she is helping has plans on hours and job hours. It is actually likewise necessary for caretakers to become capable to communicate efficiently along with her employer. Maids must also have the ability to sustain a higher level of customer care, because a lot of housemaids count on references as well as referral advertising and marketing.
A maid, unlike a nanny, is actually a boss of the treatment of a home’s house cleansing team. The housemaid can easily also in some cases do other cleaning duties for the home. If you are looking at choosing a caretaker for your home, there are some traits that you need to understand ahead of time to create the experience as pleasant as feasible.
Your caretaker task explanation will be various relying on whether you live in a house or a rental apartment or condo. Commonly, a caretaker is paid by the hr, yet you might manage to haggle an once a week salary based upon what you as well as the housekeeper may mutually set. For example, if you possess a huge family members as well as your kids usually tend to overcome each time they would like to urinate, this can be a factor in selecting an once a week wages price. Various other aspects that may be combined in to your pay feature expertise, tidiness and the maid’s personal features. Just before tapping the services of a caretaker, you ought to speak with your prospective housekeeper and also obtain a concept of her or his tastes and also skill-sets. Свързана уеб страница
Cleaning is actually not just about cleansing; it is actually likewise regarding the required repairs and also upkeep of your house. A maid will need to have to become prepared to deal with a variety of conditions varying coming from coping with hatreds sanitising as well as food preparation. As a maid, you will definitely be in charge of performing the necessary repairs and servicing around the house. You might be actually accountable for executing important repair work such as changing the sunlight bulb, washing the windows as well as altering the locks.
When tapping the services of a maid, it is likewise important to consider just how competent she or even he remains in regards to housekeeping materials, devices and sanitation. This includes the use of certain cleansing tools, including vacuum cleaners and also cleansing resources. Preferably, you should both have the ability to give the needed information to ensure that your home keeps sanitary and also tidy.
If you are organizing to work with a house cleaner, you should take the time to investigation how a maid’s roles vary coming from a basic housekeeping job summary. Housemaids usually have slightly various responsibilities than a cleaning lady. While maids typically conduct cleaning responsibilities, house cleaners typically do light-toned cleansing, laundry washing roles and washing items (like toilet tissue as well as cleaning products). General housekeeping obligations are what the majority of people consider when they think of caretaker obligations. These responsibilities consist of being sure floorings, spaces and entries are tidy, cooking dishes, vacuuming and cleaning. A caretaker’s general housekeeping responsibilities are typically the most typical, thus if you are actually looking for a housemaid you should consider what the traditional obligations of a house cleaner locate and also are actually somebody who possesses the capabilities and also potentials to fulfill these obligations. интернет сайт
The common tasks of housemaids commonly depend on the employer. Standard obligations feature washing floorings, bathtubs, home kitchen, restrooms, stairs, and outdoors patio and also pool cleaning. Maids that have sufficient experience will often be actually able to deliver their clients with a detailed cleaning record and they can typically encourage various other solutions their employer’s provide, such as insect management and standard home cleaning.
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https://www.parody-pages.com/2021/04/11/the-magic-of-housemaid/
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In case you didn’t believe me because I’m not, er, someone like Francis Chan.
Actually Chan approaches the issue differently than I typically do, but his teaching is spot-on and it’s exactly why I want you to hear it.
I spend more time talking about different kinds of demons – anger, unworthiness, rebellion, fear, etc. – and how they operate and manipulate you, usually working primarily in your subconscious.
Chan’s focus is on how the enemy uses things that masquerade as light to entice people into demonic deception, and his examples are both powerful and familiar:
I especially found the example compelling of people trying to talk to their dead loved ones, precisely because it’s the sort of thing that’s so sentimental that almost no one is willing to tell you there’s anything wrong with it.
Coincidentally, the very warning against this that Chan cites from Deuteronomy was in my reading this morning, and it’s precisely because God is a jealous God, and doesn’t want us seeking our wisdom, comfort or satisfaction from any other source. The same goes for people who pray to saints or pray to Mary. You don’t need to do that. You just pray to God in the name of Jesus Christ. When you choose to pray to someone else, you’re detracting from the glory of God, and there will be consequences in the form of demonic influence over your mind, because you’ve rejected what Jesus told us about His own sufficiency.
Also very powerful is his explanation about how everyone is not necessarily a Christian just because they claim to be. The example he cites, of Mormons, is an excellent one but it’s not the only one you can use. You’re a Christian when you adhere to the Word of God and obey it in your life. If you don’t do that, then calling yourself a Christian is meaningless.
Here is my one quibble: He says at the outset that Christians cannot be possessed by demons because we have the Holy Spirit. There are some who believe that’s flat-out not true, becausee you can be indwelt by the Holy Spirit but ignore His power and seek your own agenda, in which case God could still give you over to the wiles of the enemy.
What I know is that demonic enemies will still try to speak to your mind even if you are indwelt with the Holy Spirit – in fact, especially then – and you still have to make a decision to live by the Spirit and not by the flesh. If that were not true, then no Spirit-filled Christian could or would ever sin, and we know that’s not the case.
It may be that they can’t fully possess you, but if they can still confuse, deceive, tempt and mislead you, then I’m not sure it’s wise to suggest to Christians that they have nothing to concern themselves with about demons. There is still a lot of damage demons can do to you even if you are indwelt with the Holy Spirit, because it’s still your decision whether to follow the lead of the Spirit.
And the deceptions take the form of the kinds of things Chan talks about here, especially becoming influential with people who don’t really know the Word of God, or don’t live their lives as if it has authority over them.
Great teaching, in an easy-to-listen-to style that is one of the reasons Chan has made such a difference in his ministry.
Thanks for reading, but don’t leave yet! The only way we raise money to keep this site operating is by selling you books, which you can find in the column to the right of this one – along with summaries and links to order signed hard-copies or digital downloads. We will never charge for the content here, but by all means, check out these books! They’re gritty and challenging spiritual warfare stories that will probably surprise you, and they’ll keep us knee-deep in Tiger tickets and Caffeine-Free Diet Coke!
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http://www.dancalabrese27.com/2018/07/11/video-francis-chan-preaches-pretty-much-what-ive-been-saying-for-15-years-about-demons/
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Kitchen Academy, was a for-profit college in Hollywood, California. It was a branch of the California School of Culinary Arts.
Academics
The former Kitchen Academy – Hollywood was a professional culinary arts Program where students could earn a Professional Culinary Arts Diploma. It was purchased by Cordon Bleu which subsequently shut down..
Students can earn a diploma in Professional Culinary Arts in as little as 30 weeks through the Accelerated Training System. They study for five terms and are able to begin cooking the first day of the classes. Once the students have successfully completed the program, they should be qualified for a culinary or hospitality entry-level position.
Admission
Prospective students must possess a high school diploma or equivalent, complete admission documents and pass the Wonderlic Scholastic Level examination with a 13 or higher test score.
Campus
The facilities consist of industry-current equipment and workstations, including:
- Kitchen labs
- A multi-purpose room for classes, school and public events, orientations and more
- Student area and resource center
- Conference, break and copy/workrooms
A maximum of 32 students in a class was maintained, with a maximum 16:1 student to instructor ratio.
Accreditation
Kitchen Academy was formerly accredited by the Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools (ACICS). In 2016, the United States Federal government revoked all accreditation privileges from the ACICS.
References
- ↑ Kapherr, Holly V. "Why the demise of all 16 Le Cordon Bleu culinary schools may not be such a loss after all". Orlando Weekly. Retrieved 2019-05-16.
- ↑ Kitchen Academy
- ↑ Kitchen Academy, Admission Archived April 1, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ "ACICS Loss of Accreditation Recognition". Retrieved 2017-04-10.
External links
This article "Kitchen Academy" is from Wikipedia. The list of its authors can be seen in its historical and/or the page Edithistory:Kitchen Academy. Articles copied from Draft Namespace on Wikipedia could be seen on the Draft Namespace of Wikipedia and not main one.
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https://en.everybodywiki.com/Kitchen_Academy
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A production possibilities frontier defines the set of choices society faces for the combinations of goods and services it can produce given the resources available. The shape of the PPF is typically curved outward, rather than straight. Choices outside the PPF are unattainable and choices inside the PPF are wasteful. Over time, a growing economy will tend to shift the PPF outwards.
The law of diminishing returns holds that as increments of additional resources are devoted to producing something, the marginal increase in output will become smaller and smaller. All choices along a production possibilities frontier display productive efficiency; that is, it is impossible to use society’s resources to produce more of one good without decreasing production of the other good. The specific choice along a production possibilities frontier that reflects the mix of goods society prefers is the choice with allocative efficiency. The curvature of the PPF is likely to differ by country, which results in different countries having comparative advantage in different goods. Total production can increase if countries specialize in the goods they have comparative advantage in and trade some of their production for the remaining goods.
Glossary
allocative efficiency
when the mix of goods being produced represents the mix that society most desires
comparative advantage
when a country can produce a good at a lower cost in terms of other goods; or, when a country has a lower opportunity cost of production
law of diminishing returns
as additional increments of resources are added to producing a good or service, the marginal benefit from those additional increments will decline
production possibilities frontier (PPF)
a diagram that shows the productively efficient combinations of two products that an economy can produce given the resources it has available.
productive efficiency
when it is impossible to produce more of one good (or service) without decreasing the quantity produced of another good (or service)
Review Questions
- What is comparative advantage?
- What does a production possibilities frontier illustrate?
- Why is a production possibilities frontier typically drawn as a curve, rather than a straight line?
- Explain why societies cannot make a choice above their production possibilities frontier and should not make a choice below it.
- What are diminishing marginal returns?
- What is productive efficiency? Allocative efficiency?
Critical Thinking Questions
- During the Second World War, Germany’s factories were decimated. It also suffered many human casualties, both soldiers and civilians. How did the war affect Germany’s production possibilities curve?
- It is clear that productive inefficiency is a waste since resources are being used in a way that produces less goods and services than a nation is capable of. Why is allocative inefficiency also wasteful?
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https://nigerianscholars.com/tutorials/choice-in-a-world-of-scarcity/choice-in-a-world-of-scarcity-summary-2/
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Copyright notice: This material may be used freely for academic and commercial purposes provided that the author (Tilman Slembeck) and the web source (www.slembeck.ch) are fully quoted.
You will learn that all of the 10 statements in this quiz are largely incorrect in the light of economic theory and the relevant empirical evidence. Since the statements involve popular and wide-spread misperceptions about the economics of globalization (sometimes even violating fundamental economic tenets), I have labeled the respective statements as fallacies.
The more goods and services a country exports and the less it imports, the better it is for the economy of that country.
A nation’s wealth (or economic welfare / standard of living) depends on its ability to produce goods and services, not on its export surplus.
When an economy grows and the country gets richer, this can happen only at the expense of some other country (or countries) that become poorer.
Overall, economic activity is not a zero-sum game. Economic growth (including global growth) is based on gains from specialization and trade. Hence, all parties involved with an economic transaction must benefit from it (called a positive-sum game or win-win-situation). Otherwise the losing party would refrain from the transaction.
The wealth of some kings and conquerors in the past may possibly be explained by theft and robbery, i.e. by redistribution. However, this cannot explain the wealth of today’s rich nations which rests upon high productivity, international division of labor, and international trade.
Only the rich and strongly developed countries can participate in and benefit from globalization, since the poor and less developed countries are too weak to profit from globalization.
In less developed countries there often exist some areas of production with an absolute advantage in costs of production (as compared to most developed countries). Poor countries always gain from specializing in the production of these fields of production.
In every case even the poorest countries have a comparative (or relative) advantage in the production of some goods or services as compared to all other countries. Under free trade poor countries can always benefit from their comparative advantage through specialization and trade (see also question 7).
Globalization is a process in which rich countries enrich themselves by exploiting poor countries more and more.
Voluntary exchange must always be beneficial for all involved parties (i.e. it must be a win-win situation). A country will engage in globalization (by specializing in certain goods and services and trading them internationally) only if the country benefits from doing so (see question 2).One may criticize that the gains from trade are not necessarily split symmetrically, so that richer countries may profit more from trade than poorer countries - who’s profit may be smaller (but not zero – else they would not trade).
This is a valid argument in favor of reducing the market power of some countries or (more often) of global companies dominating some markets. However, it is not a cogent argument against globalization - but in favor of strengthening competition in order to limit market power (see also question 6).
The effect of globalization is that the poor become even poorer while the rich always get richer.
Quite the opposite is true. Many international studies have shown that the number of people with low or very low incomes has decreased significantly and steadily over the last decades. If the global economy is able to sustain its current rate of growth, then the portion of the world population who lives on less than $1 a day is expected drop to a new low of 12.5% by 2015, down from 27.9% in 1990 and 21.1% in 2001. This would more than halve the portion of people in severe poverty in the course of 25 years.
The biggest success in reducing poverty through globalization is probably the case of China where millions of people have improved their economic situation as a result of the country’s opening up. According to World Bank data the portion of their population who lives on less than $1 per day declined to 16.6% in 2001, down from 33% in 1990. It is projected that the rate may drop as low as 3% by 2015.
Thus, the observation that incomes have grown faster in rich countries than in poorer countries (i.e. a widening gap in global incomes) does not mean that poorer countries become poorer. The latter is true only for a few unfortunate countries in Sub-Sahara Africa suffering from dictatorial regimes and wars.
A main reason why less developed or poor countries suffer from globalization – and, thus, cannot benefit from it – is that globalization leads to ruinous competition. Therefore, poor countries will benefit from restrictions on global competition.
Again, the opposite is correct. When countries are said to “suffer” from globalization this is most often the result of a lack of competition and of the openness of markets. This happens when developed countries (e.g. in North America or the European Union) protect their markets from “cheap imports” from less developed countries, e.g. in the markets for agricultural goods.
In this vein, open markets and increased global competition is the best remedy against multinational companies that use their market power against producing countries in some markets, e.g. for raw materials, coffee, fruits, cacao etc. (see also rationale for question 4).Thus, it is in the general interest of less developed countries to foster global competition and the openness of markets.
International trade should be restricted since its enormous increase over the past decades severely harms poor developing countries.
Free trade is a prerequisite for a producer or country to benefit from the gains of specialization (see also rationale for question 3). Theoretically and empirically a positive relationship between the openness of markets (and countries) and economic growth is evident and well founded.
Foreclosure of markets or countries is devastating for economic growth and living standards (see e.g. Cuba and North Vietnam). There is no example where a country’s economic opening has lead to economic decline. Quite to the contrary, China’s opening has contributed to its strong growth in the past decade. Any restrictions on trade (e.g. import tariffs and import quota) reduce the gains from trade and specialization, thereby harming producers and consumers likewise.
Globalization is a relatively young phenomenon that has emerged only recently.
International trade has existed for thousands of years, e.g. in Asia or the Roman Empire. Following the expeditions of Marco Polo, Vasco da Gama, Christopher Columbus and others, trade between the colonies and Europe developed on a larger scale over several centuries. Powerful trading companies emerged as the first multinationals (e.g. the British East India Company, 1600 - 1858).
Between 1650 and about 1850 there existed a triangular trade system between Europe, Africa and the Caribbean / the Americas. Textiles, metal ware, firearms and gunpowder, wool and cotton cloth, linens, knives, beads, jewelry, brandy and rum were shipped from Europe to Africa to be exchanged for slaves who were then brought to the Americas. Goods produced in the New World (such as sugar, molasses, fruit, hardwood, tobacco, furs, indigo, fish) were transported back to European ports.
A more recent development (starting after World War II) is the emergence of global or multinational companies that not only trade but produce internationally. Also a newer phenomenon is the existence of global brands (such as Coca-Cola). These developments have been fostered by enormous reductions in costs for transportation and communication, and by reduced trade barriers (advanced by the GATT / WTO in the 20th century).
The rich developed world is able to maintain its wealth and high living standards only if other countries remain poor (since rich countries can profit from the cheap products coming from the third world and continue to exploit poor countries).
Under free trade all countries benefit from the gains from specialization and trade unleashed by globalization. These gains do not require some countries to remain poor. The fact that most specialization and trade occurs between highly developed countries shows that the existence of poor countries is not a prerequisite for other countries to improve economically.
Globalization leads to a shift of production towards “low wage” countries. Therefore, the “high wage” countries of the western world are running out of labor to the effect that unemployment will increase dramatically and persistently.
The western “high wage” countries will be able to maintain employment by focusing their production on goods and services where they have a comparative advantage. The latter may be based on higher productivity, a higher rate and level of innovation, and a higher level of knowledge or human capital.
The more flexible the western labor markets (and employees) are, the easier it will be for “high wage” countries to cope with the changes in the global production patterns, and the lower is the risk for unemployment to rise.
The above answers may be somewhat short. If you want to read more on the economics behind globalization, here is a short list of some literature on this topic.
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http://www.slembeck.ch/Globalization-Quiz2.html
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So far, we have gone over key topics of economics that have focused generally on microeconomic phenomena. Here, we turn to more macroeconomic matters that occur on the level of national economies.
Production Possibility Frontier (PPF)
In the field of macroeconomics, the production possibility frontier (PPF) represents the point at which a country’s economy is most efficiently producing its goods and services and, therefore, allocating its resources in the best way possible. There are just enough apple orchards producing apples, just enough car factories making cars, and just enough accountants offering tax services. If the economy is not producing the quantities indicated by the PPF, resources are being managed inefficiently and the stability of the economy will dwindle. The production possibility frontier shows us that there are limits to production, so an economy, to achieve efficiency, must decide what combination of goods and services can and should be produced.
Let's turn to an example and consider the chart below. Imagine an economy that can produce only two things: wine and cotton. According to the PPF, points A, B and C – all appearing on the PPF curve – represent the most efficient use of resources by the economy. For instance, producing 5 units of wine and 5 units of cotton (point B) is just as desirable as producing 3 units of wine and 7 units of cotton. Point X represents an inefficient use of resources, while point Y represents the goals that the economy simply cannot attain with its present levels of resources.
As we can see, in order for this economy to produce more wine, it must give up some of the resources it is currently using to produce cotton (point A). If the economy starts producing more cotton (represented by points B and C), it would need to divert resources from making wine and, consequently, it will produce less wine than it is producing at point A. As the figure shows, by moving production from point A to B, the economy must decrease wine production by a small amount in comparison to the increase in cotton output. However, if the economy moves from point B to C, wine output will be significantly reduced while the increase in cotton will be quite small. Keep in mind that A, B, and C all represent the most efficient allocation of resources for the economy; the nation must decide how to achieve the PPF and which combination to use. If more wine is in demand, the cost of increasing its output is proportional to the cost of decreasing cotton production. Markets play an important role in telling the economy what the PPF ought to look like.
Consider point X on the figure above. Being at point X means that the country's resources are not being used efficiently or, more specifically, that the country is not producing enough cotton or wine given the potential of its resources. On the other hand, point Y, as we mentioned above, represents an output level that is currently unattainable by this economy. But, if there were a change in technology while the level of land, labor and capital remained the same, the time required to pick cotton and grapes would be reduced. Output would increase, and the PPF would be pushed outwards. A new curve, represented in the figure below on which Y would fall, would then represent the new efficient allocation of resources.
When the PPF shifts outwards, we can imply that there has been growth in an economy. Alternatively, when the PPF shifts inwards it indicates that the economy is shrinking due to a failure in its allocation of resources and optimal production capability. A shrinking economy could be a result of a decrease in supplies or a deficiency in technology.
An economy can only be producing on the PPF curve in theory; in reality, economies constantly struggle to reach an optimal production capacity. And because scarcity forces an economy to forgo some choice in favor of others, the slope of the PPF will always be negative; if production of product A increases then production of product B will have to decrease accordingly.
Trade, Comparative Advantage and Absolute Advantage
Specialization and Comparative Advantage
An economy may be able to produce for itself all of the goods and services it needs to function using the PPF as a guide, but this may actually lead to an overall inefficient allocation of resources and hinder future growth – when considering the benefits of trade. Through specialization, a country can concentrate on the production of just a few things that it can do best, rather than dividing up its resources among everything.
Let us consider a hypothetical world that has just two countries (Country A and Country B) and only two products (cars and cotton). Each country can make cars and/or cotton. Suppose that Country A has very little fertile land and an abundance of steel available for car production. Country B, on the other hand, has an abundance of fertile land but very little steel. If Country A were to try to produce both cars and cotton, it would need to divide up its resources, and since it requires a great deal of effort to produce cotton by irrigating its land, Country A would have to sacrifice producing cars – which it is much more capable of doing. The opportunity cost of producing both cars and cotton is high for Country A, as it will have to give up a lot of capital in order to produce both. Similarly, for Country B, the opportunity cost of producing both products is high because the effort required to produce cars is far greater than that of producing cotton.
Each country in our example can produce one of these products more efficiently (at a lower cost) than the other. We can say that Country A has a comparative advantage over Country B in the production of cars, and Country B has a comparative advantage over Country A in the production of cotton.
Now let's say that both countries (A and B) decide to specialize in producing the goods with which they have a comparative advantage. If they then trade the goods that they produce for other goods in which they don't have a comparative advantage, both countries will be able to enjoy both products at a lower cost. Furthermore, each country will be exchanging the best product it can make for another good or service that is the best that the other country can produce so quality improves. Specialization and trade also works when several different countries are involved. For example, if Country C specializes in the production of corn, it can trade its corn for cars from Country A and cotton from Country B.
Determining how countries exchange goods produced by a comparative advantage ("the best for the best") is the backbone of international trade theory. This method of exchange via trade is considered an optimal allocation of resources, whereby national economies, in theory, will no longer be lacking anything that they need. Like opportunity cost, specialization and comparative advantage also apply to the way in which individuals interact within an economy.
Absolute Advantage
Sometimes a country or an individual can produce more than another country, even though countries both have the same amount of inputs. For example, Country A may have a technological advantage that, with the same amount of inputs (good land, steel, labor), enables the country to easily manufacture more of both cars and cotton than Country B. A country that can produce more of both goods is said to have an absolute advantage. Better access to quality resources can give a country an absolute advantage as can a higher level of education, skilled labor, and overall technological advancement. It is not possible, however, for a country to have an absolute advantage in everything that it produces, so it will always be able to benefit from trade.
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https://www.investopedia.com/university/economics/economics2.asp
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The comparative advantage is a theory that explains how the world economy is affected by availability of productive resources within a country. It is simply the situation where a country cannot provide everything for itself hence import them from the other countries that have the required resources in large amount. Therefore, it gave rise to the opportunity cost, which is among the fundamental aspects of production. This means that when the opportunity cost is low the country is said to have a comparative advantages in the production sector.
There is an assumption that the comparative advantage of a country takes place in a one-factor economy. The comparative advantage plays a big role in determining the pattern, which is recommended or suitable for the international trade. The key factor for a one-factor economy is the productivity of labor in a variety of industries normally referred to as the unit labor. The concept of unit labor refers to the inverse of production. In the fig. 3-3, the increase in the production of cheese in an hour means that the unit labor requirement is relatively low.
The available resources in the economy of a given country are always limited hence influencing or limiting the level or what is to be produced. Therefore, there are introduction of trade-offs that demand for production of one particular product over the others. The economic resources determining the number of goods that can be produced in a one-factor economy. In a business perspective, people try to maximize their profits or earning thus serving as a tool to determine the supply and the relative price of the two goods in a competitive market.
Using two distinct goods in a one-factor economy would mean that the opportunity cost of the two products is equal to their unit labor requirement ratios. In other terms, one country may be having a high productive of a given product whereas the other experience high productivity levels of the other product. This assumption is supported by the argument that comparative advantage requires the four factors of production.
In this context, the relative price of the two products is determined by the competitive equilibrium of supply and demand. It is very essential to monitor the relationship between different market shares. In fig. 3-3, the market share deals with the production of cheese and wine. One country exports the product (cheese) and in return, it would be able to import the other product (wine) and vice versa. The relationship between the two markets needs to be compared together since it would be unreliable to evaluate them in isolation. The general equilibrium analysis of the two markets would indicate the relative price during and after the trading activities.
The suitable ways of monitoring, the trends of the two markets are by focusing on their relative demand and supply along with the quantities of the two goods. This implies that a major concern would be on the number of Cheese in the supply or in demand, which would be divided by the amount of the other product (wine). The world general equilibrium has it that the relative demand curve that is denoted by RD and relative supply curve denoted by RS in fig 3-3 are equal. Their point of intersection is used to show the relative price of the world. The diagram indicates that the sales of cheese would be minimal when there is a drop in the relative price whereas the increase above the intersection point the labor would the same but would increase it supplies.
Work cited
Hunt, Shelby D., and Robert M. Morgan. "The comparative advantage theory of competition." The Journal of Marketing Ed (2000): 1-15.
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https://www.wowessays.com/free-samples/example-of-theoretical-foundations-of-comparative-advantage-course-work/
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Labor productivity is the rate of output per worker within a specified unit of time. Economists and statisticians track labor productivity to determine the relative strength of an economy. For any period of time, the level of productivity is determined by two broad factors: capital equipment and applied technical efficiency.
To see how this works, consider a laborer painting three identical walls. For the first two walls, he only has a 4-inch paintbrush but in between painting the first and the second, he learns a more efficient brush technique. This allows him to paint the second wall more quickly, which increases his productivity. His capital equipment did not change; he used the same paintbrush, but his technical efficiency improved.
In between painting the second and third wall, the laborer replaces his paintbrush with a paint sprayer. He can still use the same technique, but the sprayer distributes his paint faster. In economic terms, he has better capital equipment.
Increasing Technical Efficiency
There are many factors that can influence technical efficiency. Improved muscle memory or learning new techniques can improve productivity; economists call this specialization. A laborer might raise his productivity by receiving better education or training. Some factors, such as motivation, are more difficult to control and predict.
Improving Capital Equipment
Tools are incredibly important determinants of productivity. It is easier to dig a ditch with a hydraulic-powered tractor than with a small shovel. Unfortunately, no capital goods can be built or improved without delaying present consumption because capital tools do not directly produce revenue and cannot immediately be consumed. This is why businesses rely on savings, investment and loans while researching and improving their capital infrastructure.
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https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/031815/what-determines-labor-productivity.asp
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How has international trade affected China's economic development?
I want to first talk about the controversy over China's trade practices.
supporting its exporters and manipulating its exchange rate?
How does comparative advantage result in greater efficiency of production in China?
And, who are the winners and losers from trade?
So talk about some of the dynamic impacts of trade on growth.
competitiveness as wage costs increase and factor prices change.
And what is the government role in this process?
So is China manipulating an exchange rate?
fairly substantial trade surpluses with the United States.
And this has been blamed in the US for the loss of US manufacturing jobs.
terms of higher unemployment, lower wages, the need for more government assistance.
The accusation has been that the Chinese currency is undervalued.
which makes Chinese goods cheaper when they're sold in the US.
And this is a price that US producers have difficulty competing with.
So they just charge very low prices.
Even below the cost of production.
And this, of course, is not something that other countries can compete with.
of at capacities which are really above what the market probably should dictate.
we can see that it was held fixed at a bit over eight RMB per dollar since 2000.
starting in 2006, that has gradually appreciated.
the difference in inflation in the two countries.
a devaluation of the Chinese currency in the 2000s.
the Japanese exchange rate has been relatively steady.
with the United States increased during the 1990s and early 2000s.
And then, started to fall following the great financial crisis.
A similar pattern holds for the rest of the world, not including Asia.
But for Asia, the blue line, we see a very different pattern.
somewhat offsetting the pattern with the US and other parts of the world.
into surplus in the most recent period, even with Asia as well.
which is contrast to earlier experience.
why it is not manipulating it's currency.
So the first is a matter of strategy.
China's goal is not to manipulate the exchange rate.
Chinese producers, and to commit to a non-inflationary monetary policy.
as money was flowing out due to the crisis.
to stay competitive with these other Asian countries but it didn't.
just make the global economic shock of the Asian financial crisis even worse.
this showed that it wasn't trying to take every opportunity to devalue its currency.
the amount of imports is also increased quite dramatically in China.
So it's clearly not being protectionist.
And this is even at the prevailing exchange rates.
But we still see a big increase in Chinese imports.
Taiwan, other Asian countries to China through foreign invested firms.
doesn't really represent a global change in the trade going to China.
that has comparative advantage in the same types of goods.
Chinese exports if you tried to reduce those imports to the US.
frequent exchange rate adjustments really create speculation.
out of China based on that speculation.
to foreign trade, there's also the issue about foreign openness to Chinese trade.
barriers in the US and Europe.
kind of limiting the amount of Chinese exports.
to advanced countries, and how this affects international trade.
can be hurt by higher prices of exports.
the domestic market or if they rely on imported inputs.
some worse off when the economy is more integrated into the global markets.
efficiency triangles which capture the gains from trade.
demand diagram for a good that's produced in China.
a supply curve, what produces are willing to produce at different prices.
the market price in a world of Autarky.
So, this is the PA on this figure.
that are now at different points on both the demands curve and the supply curve.
that's going to be this QSW, the quantity supplied.
that's going to be the quantity demanded.
are being exported from China to the rest of the world.
Well, what are the benefits and gains of trade?
Economists usually calculate consumer surpluses and producer surpluses.
the value that consumers put on the good and the actual price they have to pay.
consumers in the market, based on the equilibrium market price.
Now if you shift to the world price, how do these triangles change?
Well at that price, the consumer surplus shrinks.
facing higher prices are going to be less well off, but producers gain quite a bit.
In fact the gain to producers is even more than the loss to consumers.
which is the efficiency triangle that reflects the gains from trade.
the productivity of producers in the future.
things from their customers about the way to produce goods of better quality.
the quality of exported products.
higher quality goods being able to import higher quality materials and components.
in creating incentives for innovation and thus productivity grow.
Chinese firms to continue to innovate and increase productivity.
the possible things that domestic producers can produce competitively.
Now, what about China's international competitiveness today?
when comparative advantage is changing over time.
wages have been going up very fast.
requires that new industries develop, and that industries are upgraded.
benefits to other sectors of the economy that they don't internalize.
And that could justify government support of those sectors.
And so the question is, what should be the role of industrial policy?
taking advantage of kind of the dynamics of comparative advantage?
others are very critical of this.
saying the government should not try to pick winners and losers.
It should stay out of that game and just support the market.
is still a very live debate in China today.
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https://pt.coursera.org/lecture/econtransform1/3-3-trade-and-development-HJfYm?authMode=login
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Presentation top top theme: "#1 What is Production? production is the procedure by which resources are revolutionized into helpful forms. Resources, or inputs, describe anything provided."— Presentation transcript:
You are watching: The process by which resources are transformed into useful forms is
1 #1 What is Production? production is the procedure by which resources are reinvented into helpful forms. Resources, or inputs, describe anything noted by nature or previous generations that can be used directly or indirectly to satisfy human wants. Funding resources human resources natural resources The economic Problem: Scarcity and an option
2 #2 Three an easy Questions Every culture has some mechanism or mechanism that transforms that society’s scarce resources into useful goods and services.
3 #3 Three an easy Questions The mechanics of decision do in a larger economy are complex, yet the kind of decision that have to be make are nearly identical… all societies have to decide: What will be produced? how will it it is in produced? who will gain what is produced?
4 #4 Specialization, Exchange and Comparative advantage David Ricardo emerged the concept of comparative benefit to explain the services of expertise and free trade. The concept is based upon the ide of opportunity cost: Opportunity cost is the which we offer up or forgo, once we do a decision or a choice. Follow to the concept of vain advantage, field of expertise and totally free trade will benefit all commerce parties, even those that might be absolutely much more efficient producers.
5 #5 pure Versus Comparative benefit Colleen has actually an absolute benefit in logs and also in food since she can produce much more logs and an ext clothing in someday than invoice can. Usage the idea of Opportunity cost to recognize who has actually a comparative advantage in logs and also in food. Output per day of work-related LogsFood Colleen10 Bill48
6 #6 The opportunity expenses can it is in summarized together follows: because that logs: Colleen: 10 logs prices 10 Food 1 Log cost 1 Food Bill: 4 logs costs 8 Food 1 Log cost 8/4 = 2 foods items For Food: Colleen: 10 Food prices 10 Logs 1 Food cost 1 log in Bill: 8 Food expenses 4 Logs 1 Food price 4/8 = 1/2 Logs Conclusion: calculation per job of occupational LogsFood Colleen10 Bill48
7 #7 mean that Colleen and Bill each want equal numbers of logs and bushels of food. In a 30-day month castle (each separately) can produce: day-to-day Production lumber (logs) Food (bushels) Colleen10 Bill48 Monthly manufacturing with No Trade timber (logs) Food (bushels) Colleen150 Bill80 Total230 A. B. Comparative advantage and the gains From trade
8 #8 Comparative benefit and the profit From trade By specializing ~ above the communication of compare advantage, Colleen and also Bill can produce more of both goods. Monthly manufacturing with specialization Wood (logs) Food (bushels) Colleen27030 Bill0240 Total270 C. Monthly production with No Trade wood (logs) Food (bushels) Colleen150 Bill80 Total230 B.
9 #9 Monthly usage after field of expertise Wood (logs) Food (bushels) Colleen170 Bill100 Total270 D. Monthly manufacturing with expertise Wood (logs) Food (bushels) Colleen27030 Bill0240 Total270 C. To finish up v equal quantities of wood and also food ~ trade, Colleen can trade 100 logs because that 140 bushels of food. Then: Comparative advantage and the benefit From trade
10 #10 Recap: Comparative advantage and the profit From profession According to the concept of vain advantage, field of expertise and cost-free trade will benefit all trading parties, even those that may be absolutely an ext efficient producers. Is Colleen better off ? Is Bill far better off ?
11 #11 Weighing Present and Expected Future Costs and also Benefits: resources Goods and also Consumption Goods customer goods room goods produced for current consumption. Funding goods are items used to produce other items or services over time. Invest is the procedure of using sources to produce brand-new capital. Funding is the build-up of ahead investment. Due to the fact that resources room scarce, the opportunity price of every investment in capital is forgone current consumption.
12 #12 The Production possibility Frontier The production opportunity frontier curve has a an adverse slope that suggests the trade-off that a culture faces in between two goods. The slope of the ppf is additionally called the marginal price of transformation (MRT). The production opportunity frontier (PPF) is a graph that shows every one of the combinations of goods and services that can be created if every one of society’s resources are used effectively
13 #13 The Production possibility Frontier Points within of the curve space inefficient: suggest H is inefficient: sources are either unemployed, or are supplied inefficiently. Point F is desirable due to the fact that it yields more of both goods, yet it is not attainable provided the amount of resources available in the economy.
14 #14 The Production possibility Frontier allude C is among the feasible combinations of goods developed when sources are completely and efficiently employed.
15 #15 The Production opportunity Frontier A move along the curve illustrates the concept of possibility cost: In order to increase the production of capital goods, the manufacturing of customer goods will need to decrease.
16 #16 The law of increasing Opportunity price The concave shape of the production opportunity frontier curve reflects the law of enhancing opportunity cost. As we increase the manufacturing of one good, us sacrifice progressively more of the other.
17 #17 PPF’s for Colleen and Bill Note: remember that Colleen and Bill like to have actually equal amounts of Food and also Logs
18 #18 economic Growth financial growth is an increase in the total output of the economy. That occurs as soon as a culture acquires brand-new resources, or when it learns to produce an ext using currently resources. The main sources of financial growth room capital accumulation and technological advances.
19 #19 financial Growth To boost the manufacturing of one good without decreasing the manufacturing of the other, the PPF curve must transition outward. From allude D, the economic climate can choose any combination of output in between F and G. Outward shifts that the curve represent economic growth.
20 #20 economic Growth no every sector of the economy grows in ~ the exact same rate. In this historic example, productivity rises were more dramatic for corn 보다 for wheat over the 50-year period.
21 #21 The Economic trouble The financial problem: given scarce resources, how, exactly, execute large, facility societies go about answering the three straightforward economic questions? economic systems room the basic arrangements do by cultures to fix the economic problem. They include: Command economic climates Laissez-faire economic climates Mixed systems
22 #22 The Economic problem In a command economy, a main government either directly or indirectly sets output targets, incomes, and also prices. In a laissez-faire economy, literally from the French: “allow (them) come do,” separation, personal, instance people and firms go after their very own self-interests there is no any central direction or regulation. The central institution the a laissez-faire economic situation is the free- market system. A sector is the school through i m sorry buyers and sellers interact and also engage in exchange.
23 #23 Laissez-Faire Economies: The cost-free Market consumer sovereignty is the idea the consumers ultimately dictate what will certainly be developed (or no produced) by selecting what to acquisition (and what no to purchase). Free enterprise: under a totally free market system, individual producer must figure out exactly how to plan, organize, and coordinate the manufacturing of products and also services. The distribution of calculation is additionally determined in a decentralized way. The lot that any type of one household gets relies on that income and also wealth. The an easy coordinating mechanism in a complimentary market system is price. Price is the amount that a product sells because that per unit.
See more: Which Type Of Doctor Treats The Largest Range Of Ailments? Choosing Health Services Flashcards
It mirrors what society is willing to pay.
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"Economies that sign free trade agreements tend to see an increase in their overall growth rates of about 0.6 percent annually during the first five years after implementation ? gross domestic product is about 3 percent higher at the end of five years as a result of an agreement" (DR-CAFTA).
Trade liberalization is becoming more prevalent around the globe. Many argue its shortcomings and benefits for all parties involved, but none can argue the theoretical and empirical evidence arguing for free trade between specializing nations. Although no model perfectly represents what truly happens in the real world, it can begin to show the direction in which a nation needs to follow to benefit from free trade. Developed countries are practically guaranteed to benefit from free trade, but it is also true the developing countries benefit. With financial help in the form of investment and the formation of regulations and policies, developing countries can benefit just as much from trade as already developed countries.
Economic Models for Trade:
Ricardian Model
To fully understand free trade, it is important to understand the modern economic models that attempt to explain it and show its significance. The most basic model for trade is the Ricardian Model, developed by David Ricardo. By using the idea of comparative advantage, the Ricardian model begins to shape the theory that trade between nations is in fact desirable. This model starts with a straight line representing the production possibilities for two goods within a nation. The straight line covers the assumptions that consumers have no preference between imported and domestic goods, and that there is perfect competition between these two countries and each country has a fixed ...
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https://www.freecasestudysolutions.com/case-study-A-Case-For-Trade-Liberalization-In-Developing-Countries.aspx
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The major components of the respiratory system are the bronchi, the larger conducting airways that begin at the end of the trachea and go into the lung; the bronchioles, the more narrow airways that branch from the bronchi; and alveoli, tiny air sacs located at the end of the bronchioles where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place -- the respiratory zone. Blood carries oxygen from the respiratory zone to cells and returns carbon dioxide to the respiratory zone for disposal via exhalation.
Videos (3)
Topics
Questions
- Q What does breathing have to do with my cells?
- Q How can I tell if my lungs are healthy?
- Q What is deep abdominal breathing?
- Q How can I strengthen my lungs?
- Q What is the role of oxygen in my body?
- Q What is the role of the diaphragm in my body?
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https://www.sharecare.com/health/respiratory-system-parts/what-major-parts-respiratory-system
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Besides, Where is surfactant located in the lungs?
Pulmonary surfactant is a complex and highly surface active material composed of lipids and proteins which is found in the fluid lining the alveolar surface of the lungs.
Accordingly, How does surfactant work in alveoli?. It is established that pulmonary surfactant reduces surface tension at the air–water interface in the alveoli, thereby preventing collapse of these structures at end-expiration. In this manner, surfactant reduces the work associated with breathing.
Similarly one may ask, What covers the inside of the alveoli?
The alveoli consist of an epithelial layer of simple squamous epithelium (very thin, flattened cells), and an extracellular matrix surrounded by capillaries. The epithelial lining is part of the alveolar membrane, also known as the respiratory membrane, that allows the exchange of gases.
Which part of the alveoli produce surfactant?
The pulmonary surfactant is produced by the alveolar type-II (AT-II) cells of the lungs. It is essential for efficient exchange of gases and for maintaining the structural integrity of alveoli.
Why would alveoli collapse without surfactant?
Without normal surfactant, the tissue surrounding the air sacs in the lungs (the alveoli) sticks together (because of a force called surface tension) after exhalation, causing the alveoli to collapse.
What is surfactant example?
Sodium stearate is a good example of a surfactant. It is the most common surfactant in soap. ... Other anionic surfactants include dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DOSS), linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LABs) and alkyl-aryl ether phosphates.
What prevents alveoli from sticking together?
At the very end of the airways are tiny air sacs called alveoli. ... These alveoli are coated with a substance called surfactant, which is made up of certain fats and proteins. By coating the alveoli, surfactant prevents these sacs from sticking together when we breathe out, making breathing easier.
What happens in the alveoli?
The alveoli are where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of breathing in and breathing out. Oxygen breathed in from the air passes through the alveoli and into the blood and travels to the tissues throughout the body.
Can damaged alveoli be repaired?
This indicates irreversible expansion and damage to the alveoli, or air sacks. "The body is no longer able to repair the destroyed structures," explains Dr. Dr. Melanie Königshoff, head of the Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration (LRR) at the Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) of Helmholtz Zentrum München.
Is soap a surfactant?
Soaps and detergents are made from long molecules that contain a head and tail. These molecules are called surfactants; the diagram below represents a surfactant molecule. ... The detergent molecules also help to make the washing process more effective by reducing the surface tension of the water.
What increases the production of surfactant?
Surfactant secretion can be stimulated by a number of mechanisms. Type II cells have beta-adrenergic receptors and respond to beta-agonists with increased surfactant secretion . Purines, such as adenosine triphosphate are potent stimulators of surfactant secretion and may be important for its secretion at birth.
What is the use of surfactant?
Surfactants play an important role as cleaning, wetting, dispersing, emulsifying, foaming and anti-foaming agents in many practical applications and products, including detergents, fabric softeners, motor oils, emulsions, soaps, paints, adhesives, inks, anti-fogs, ski waxes, snowboard wax, deinking of recycled papers, ...
What happens if the alveoli have insufficient surfactant?
When there is not enough surfactant, the tiny alveoli collapse with each breath. As the alveoli collapse, damaged cells collect in the airways, which makes it even harder to breath. These cells are called hyaline membranes. Your baby works harder and harder at breathing, trying to re-inflate the collapsed airways.
How many alveoli are there in the lungs?
There are about 600 million alveoli in your lungs and if you stretched them out, they would cover an entire tennis court.
Which lipid acts as lungs surfactant?
Phospholipids are the major lipid component of surfactant, especially dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) (19, 20).
How does fluid in the alveoli affect gas exchange?
Pulmonary edema occurs when the alveoli fill up with excess fluid seeped out of the blood vessels in the lung instead of air. This can cause problems with the exchange of gas (oxygen and carbon dioxide), resulting in breathing difficulty and poor oxygenation of blood.
How does water move across the membrane of the alveoli in the lungs?
Oxygen and carbon dioxide, dissolved in water, are exchanged by diffusion in the lungs: oxygen moves down a concentration gradient from the air in the alveoli to the blood. carbon dioxide moves down a concentration gradient from the blood to the air in the alveoli.
What keeps baby lungs from sticking?
The baby's blood gets oxygen in these tiny air sacs. the alveoli in the lungs. This coating makes it easier for the alveoli to expand during breathing. It also keeps the alveoli from collapsing and sticking together when air leaves the lungs.
Why do alveoli not collapse?
Alveoli do not readily collapse into one another because they are suspended in a matrix of connective tissue “cables” and share common, often perforated walls, so there can be no pressure differential across them.
What happens to the alveoli of surfactant is not produced in a newborn baby What name is given to this condition?
RDS occurs when there is not enough surfactant in the lungs. Surfactant is a liquid made by the lungs that keeps the airways (alveoli) open. This liquid makes it possible for babies to breathe in air after delivery.
What are two examples of surfactants?
Sodium stearate is a good example of a surfactant. It is the most common surfactant in soap. Another common surfactant is 4-(5-dodecyl)benzenesulfonate. Other examples include docusate (dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate), alkyl ether phosphates, benzalkaonium chloride (BAC), and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS).
What is a good surfactant?
Dish soap is used as a surfactant, both when washing dishes and applying herbicide to plants. ... Water is repelled by oil or grease on dishes, but when soap is added the hydrophobic tail attaches to the oil while the hydrophilic head attaches to the water.
What are the types of surfactants?
The answer is yes, there are four different types of surfactants which are nonionic, anionic, cationic, amphoteric. These surfactants differ in composition and polarity. Surfactants also known as surface active agents, are used to lower the surface tension between liquids.
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https://instantattention.com/is-surfactant-on-the-inside-or-outside-of-the-alveoli
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Browse the article Is it harmful to breathe 100-percent oxygen?
Your lungs are basically a long series of tubes that branch out from your nose and mouth (from trachea to bronchi to bronchioles) and end in little thin-walled air sacs called alveoli. Think of soap bubbles on the end of a straw, and you'll understand alveoli. Surrounding each alveolus are small, thin-walled blood vessels, called pulmonary capillaries. Between the capillaries and the alveolus is a thin wall (about 0.5 microns thick) through which various gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen) pass.
When you inhale, the alveoli fill with this air. Because the oxygen concentration is high in the alveoli and low in the blood entering the pulmonary capillaries, oxygen diffuses from the air into the blood. Likewise, because the concentration of carbon dioxide is higher in the blood that's entering the capillaries than it is in the alveolar air, carbon dioxide passes from the blood to the alveoli. The nitrogen concentration in the blood and the alveolar air is about the same. The gases exchange across the alveolar wall and the air inside the alveoli becomes depleted of oxygen and rich in carbon dioxide. When you exhale, you breathe out this carbon dioxide enriched, oxygen-poor air.
Fluid accumulates in the lungs.
Gas flow across the alveoli slows down, meaning that the person has to breathe more to get enough oxygen.
Chest pains occur during deep breathing.
The total volume of exchangeable air in the lung decreases by 17 percent.
Mucus plugs local areas of collapsed alveoli -- a condition called atelectasis. The oxygen trapped in the plugged alveoli gets absorbed into the blood, no gas is left to keep the plugged alveoli inflated, and they collapse. Mucus plugs are normal, but they are cleared by coughing. If alveoli become plugged while breathing air, the nitrogen trapped in the alveoli keeps them inflated.
Such high oxygen pressures can be experienced by military SCUBA divers using rebreathing devices, divers being treated for the bends in hyperbaric chambers or patients being treated for acute carbon monoxide poisoning. These patients must be carefully monitored during treatment.
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https://science.howstuffworks.com/question493.htm/printable
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What are the 6 organs of the respiratory system?
Nose
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs-alveoli
where does gas exchange occur?
alveoli of the lungs
what do the passage ways in the lungs do to upcoming air?
purify, humidify and warm the incoming air.
what is the only visible part of the respiratory system?
the nose
where does air enter through?
external nostrils (nares)
what does the interior of the nose consist of?
nasal cavity divided by a nasal spetum
where are the olfactory receptors located?
mucosa on the superior surface
what does the repiratory mucosa do?
moisten air and trap incoming foreign particles
what are the projections of the lateral walls called?
Conchae
What do the conchae do?
increase surface area, increase air turbulence within the nasal cavity.
what are the cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavities called?
sinuses
the nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the what?
the palate
What is the anterior hard palate made of?
bone
what is the posterior soft palate made of?
muscle
sinuses are located in what 4 bones?
frontal bone
sphenoid bone
ethmoid bone
maxillary bone
what are the 3 functions of the sinuses?
lightens the skull
act as resonance chambers for speech
produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity
what is another name for the pharynx?
The throat
what are the common passage ways for food and air?
the oropharynx and laryngopharynx
what is the pharynx?
the muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx.
What are the 3 regions of the pharynx?
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
what tubes open into the nasopharynx?
pharyngotypmpanic tube
what are the names of the 3 tonsils of the pharynx?
pharyngeal tonsil
palatine tonsils
lingual tonsils
what is another name for pharyngeal tonsil?
adenoids
what is another name for the voice box?
larynx
what does the larynx do?
routes air and food into proper channels and plays a role in speech
what is the voice box/larynx made up of?
eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon shapped flap of elsatic cartilage.
what is the spoon shaped flap that helps make up the larynx?
epiglottis
what are the 4 structures of the larynx?
thyroid cartilage
epiglottis
vocal folds (true vocal cords)
glottis
What is the thyroid cartilage made up of?
hyaline cartilages
what is the name of the thyroid cartilage that protrudes anteriorly?
adams apple
what does the epiglottis do?
protects the superior opening of the larynx
routes food to the esophagus and air toward the trachea
when swallowing, the epiglottis rises and forms a lid over the opening of the larynx.
what do the true vocal cords or vocal folds do to create sound?
vibrate with expelled air
what is the glottis?
opening between vocal cords
what is the trachea known as?
the windpipe
how long is the trachea?
4 inches
what is the trachea?
tube that connects larynx with bronchi
what are the walls of the trache reinforced with?
c shaped hyaline cartilage
what is the trachea lined with?
cilated mucosa
what does the trachea expel?
mucus loaded with dust and other debris, away from the lungs.
what is formed by the divison of the trachea?
main/primary bronchi
where does the main bronchi enter the lung?
at the hilum
the right bronchus is ______, ______ and _______ than left.
wide, shorter, and straighter
the bronchi subdivides into smaller and smaller what?
branches
What occupies most of the thoracic cavity?
the lungs
Where does the heart occupy?
the central portion called the mediastinum
Where is the apex?
near the clavicle (superior portion)
what does the base rest on?
the diaphragm (inferior portion)
each lung is divided into lobes by the _______?
fissures
how many lobes does the left lung have?
two
how many lobes does the right lung have?
three
what covers the outer surface of the lungs?
serosa
what covers the lung surface?
pulmonary (visceral) pleura
what lines the walls of the thoracic cavity?
parietal pleura
pleural fluid fills the area between layers of pleura, why?
to allow gliding
the pulmonary and parietal pleura layers resist being what?
pulled apart
All but the smallest of the bronchial/respiratory tree divisions have __________ _______ in their walls.
reinforcing cartilage
what are the 5 divisions of the bronchial tree divisons?
primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
tertiary bronch
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
what are the structures of the respiratory zone?
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli (air sacs)
what is the only site of gas exchange?
alveoli
What is the respiratory membrane also known as?
air-blood barrier
what is the respiratory membrane?
thin squamous epithelial layer that lines alveolar walls.
what do thealveolar pores connect?
neighboring air sacs
what do pulmonary capillaries cover?
external surfaces of alveoli
on one side of the respiratory membrane there is air and on the other side is ?
blood flowing past
Gas crosses the respiratory membrane by _______.
Diffusion
during gas exchange, what enters the blood and what enters the alveoli?
oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide enters the alveoli.
What do alveolar macrophages do and what are they known as?
known as dust cells and add protetion by picking up bacteria, carbon particles and other debris.
what is surfactant?
a lipid molecule
what does surfactant do?
coats gas- exposed alveolar surfaces.
What are the 4 events of respiration?
pulmonary ventilation
external respiration
respiratory gas transport
internal respiration
which event of respiration is commonly known as breathing?
pulmonary ventilation. (moving air in and out of the lungs.
which event of respiration is the gas exchange etween pulmonary blood and alveoli?
external respiration
during external respiration, what is loaded into the blood and what is unloaded from the blood?
oxygen is loaded and carbon dioxide is unloaded.
what happens during respiratory gas transport?
oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported via the blood stream, to and from tissues.
What happens during internal respiration?
gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in systemic capillaries.
volume changes during pulmonary ventilation lead to ________ changes, which lead to the flow of ______ to equalize pressure.
pressure, gases
what are the 2 phases of pulmonary ventilation?
inspiration and expiration.
what happens during inspiration?
what happens during expiration?
inspiration-inhalation- flow of air into lungs
expiration- exhalation- air leaving lungs.
during inspiration what contract?
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
how does the thoracic cavity change during inspiration?
the size increases
external air is pulled into the lungs due to what 2 things?
increase in intrapulmonary volume
decrease in gas pressure
what is the largely passive process which depends on natural lung elasticity?
expiration
during expiration, as muscles relax, air is?
pushed out of the lungs
during expiration, air is pushed out of the lungs due to what 2 things?
decrease in intrapulmonary volume and increase in gas pressure.
force expiration can occur mostly by what?
contracting internal intercostal muscles to depress the rib cage.
normal pressure within the pleural space is always?
negative
differences in the lung and pleural space pressures keep the lung from __________?
collapsing
What can nonrespiratory air/gas movements be caused from?
relfexes or voluntary actions.
what are examples of nonrespiratory air/gas movements? 5
cough and sneeze, crying, laughing, hiccup, yawn.
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https://www.easynotecards.com/notecard_set/12082
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The respiratory system (called also respiratory apparatus, ventilatory system) is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for the process of respiration in an organism. The respiratory system is involved in the intake and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the environment.
In air-breathing vertebrates like human beings, respiration takes place in the respiratory organs called lungs. The passage of air into the lungs to supply the body with oxygen is known as inhalation, and the passage of air out of the lungs to expel carbon dioxide is known as exhalation; this process is collectively called breathing orventilation. In humans and other mammals, the anatomical features of the respiratory system include trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, and diaphragm. Molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide are passively exchanged, by diffusion, between the gaseous external environment and the blood. This exchange process occurs in the alveoli(air sacs) in the lungs.
A complete, schematic view of the human respiratory system with their parts and functions. Suitable to use for showing an example of human respiratory system for students.
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http://www.mznet.my/index.php/mechanism-of-external-respiration-lung-system.html
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Picture of the Lungs
The lungs are a pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the chest (thorax). The trachea (windpipe) conducts inhaled air into the lungs through its tubular branches, called bronchi. The bronchi then divide into smaller and smaller branches (bronchioles), finally becoming microscopic.
The bronchioles eventually end in clusters of microscopic air sacs called alveoli. In the alveoli, oxygen from the air is absorbed into the blood. Carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, travels from the blood to the alveoli, where it can be exhaled. Between the alveoli is a thin layer of cells called the interstitium, which contains blood vessels and cells that help support the alveoli.
The lungs are covered by a thin tissue layer called the pleura. The same kind of thin tissue lines the inside of the chest cavity -- also called pleura. A thin layer of fluid acts as a lubricant allowing the lungs to slip smoothly as they expand and contract with each breath.
Lung Conditions
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Damage to the lungs results in difficulty blowing air out, causing shortness of breath. Smoking is by far the most common cause of COPD.
Emphysema: A form of COPD usually caused by smoking. The fragile walls between the lungs' air sacs (alveoli) are damaged, trapping air in the lungs and making breathing difficult.
Chronic bronchitis: Repeated, frequent episodes of productive cough, usually caused by smoking. Breathing also becomes difficult in this form of COPD.
Pneumonia: Infection in one or both lungs. Bacteria, especiallyStreptococcus pneumoniae, are the most common cause.
Asthma: The lungs' airways (bronchi) become inflamed and can spasm, causing shortness of breath and wheezing. Allergies, viral infections, or air pollution often trigger asthma symptoms.
Acute bronchitis: An infection of the lungs' large airways (bronchi), usually caused by a virus. Cough is the main symptom of acute bronchitis.
Pulmonary fibrosis: A form of interstitial lung disease. The interstitium (walls between air sacs) become scarred, making the lungs stiff and causing shortness of breath.
Sarcoidosis: Tiny areas of inflammation can affect all organs in the body, with the lungs involved most of the time. The symptoms are usually mild;sarcoidosis is usually found when X-rays are done for other reasons.
Obesity hypoventilation syndrome: Extra weight makes it difficult to expand the chest when breathing. This can lead to long-term breathing problems.
Pleural effusion: Fluid builds up in the normally tiny space between the lung and the inside of the chest wall (the pleural space). If large, pleural effusions can cause problems with breathing.
Pleurisy: Inflammation of the lining of the lung (pleura), which often causes pain when breathing in. Autoimmune conditions, infections, or a pulmonary embolism may cause pleurisy.
Bronchiectasis: The airways (bronchi) become inflamed and expand abnormally, usually after repeated infections. Coughing, with large amounts of mucus, is the main symptom of bronchiectasis.
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM): A rare condition in which cysts form throughout the lungs, causing breathing problems similar to emphysema. LAM occurs almost exclusively in women of childbearing age.
Cystic fibrosis: A genetic condition in which mucus does not clear easily from the airways. The excess mucus causes repeated episodes ofbronchitis and pneumonia throughout life.
Interstitial lung disease: A collection of conditions in which the interstitium (lining between the air sacs) becomes diseased. Fibrosis (scarring) of the interstitium eventually results, if the process can't be stopped.
Lung cancer: Cancer may affect almost any part of the lung. Most lung cancer is caused by smoking.
Tuberculosis: A slowly progressive pneumonia caused by the bacteriaMycobacterium tuberculosis. Chronic cough, fever, weight loss, and night sweats are common symptoms of tuberculosis.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): Severe, sudden injury to the lungs caused by a serious illness. Life support with mechanical ventilation is usually needed to survive until the lungs recover.
Coccidioidomycosis: A pneumonia caused by Coccidioides, a fungus found in the soil in the southwestern U.S. Most people experience no symptoms, or a flu-like illness with complete recovery.
Histoplasmosis: An infection caused by inhaling Histoplasma capsulatum, a fungus found in the soil in the eastern and central U.S. Most Histoplasma pneumonias are mild, causing only a short-lived cough and flu-like symptoms.
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (allergic alveolitis): Inhaled dust causes anallergic reaction in the lungs. Usually this occurs in farmers or others who work with dried, dusty plant material.
Influenza (flu): An infection by one or more flu viruses causes fever, body aches, and coughing lasting a week or more. Influenza can progress to life-threatening pneumonia, especially in older people with medical problems.
Mesothelioma: A rare form of cancer that forms from the cells lining various organs of the body with the lungs being the most common. Mesotheliomatends to emerge several decades after asbestos exposure.
Pertussis (whooping cough): A highly contagious infection of the airways (bronchi) by Bordetella pertussis, causing persistent cough. A boostervaccine (Tdap) is recommended for adolescents and adults to prevent pertussis.
Pulmonary hypertension: Many conditions can lead to high blood pressurein the arteries leading from the heart to the lungs. If no cause can be identified, the condition is called idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Pulmonary embolism: A blood clot (usually from a vein in the leg) may break off and travel to the heart, which pumps the clot (embolus) into the lungs. Sudden shortness of breath is the most common symptom of a pulmonary embolism.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): A severe pneumonia caused by a specific virus first discovered in Asia in 2002. Worldwide prevention measures seem to have controlled SARS, which has caused no deaths in the U.S.
Pneumothorax: Air in the chest; it occurs when air enters the area around the lung (the pleural space) abnormally. Pneumothorax can be caused by an injury or may happen spontaneously.
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https://www.nkojomensah.com/2015/04/health-center-learn-about-your-lungs.html
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Cranberry and Walnut Living Sourdough Bread
A fruity twist to our regular, plain sourdough loaf, this nutty bread offers a sweet and refreshing taste to the palate.
The healthiest and the most nutritious bread in the world delivered freshly baked to your home. Baked the good old traditional way using German baking techniques, these sourdough loaves are hearty, fresh and full of flavour. Made with real ingredients for real taste and health.
Please note that we deliver only freshly baked breads on order. We take upto 48 hours for all orders placed before 12 noon. For orders placed after 12 noon, we will take upto 72 hours for delivering the bread.
Kindly note that the bakery is closed on Sundays and Mondays for maintenance.
PLEASE NOTE THAT DUE TO AN EXTREMELY HIGH VOLUME OF ORDERS, THERE IS A SLIGHT DELAY IN THE DELIVERY TIMELINES.
WEIGHT: 430g.
INGREDIENTS: Wheat Flour, Whole Wheat Flour, Salt, Cranberries and Walnuts.
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https://livingfood.co/collections/living-sourdough-bread/products/cranberry-and-walnut-living-sourdough-bread
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Before I became SAVEUR’s test kitchen manager, I baked professionally for years, first as a pastry chef, later as a bread baker. And while I rarely miss the strange hours, persistent floury cough, and largely basement-dwelling existence, there are a few things from that time in my life that I remember fondly. Tarte tatin for breakfast. Riding my bike home to Harlem after my overnight baking shift at Per Se, as the sun rose over Central Park. The sound of a batch of hot baguettes, crusts crackling with steam. The shattery outer shell and silken, buttery interior of an oven-hot croissant. And watching, hypnotized, as a shaggy mess of flour and eggs transformed into silky, golden brioche dough.
Truthfully, it is not practical to make most types of bread at home. Crusty rustic loaves can take days to create, and unless scheduled into a professional bakery’s daily rhythm, the time and effort involved in making a loaf or two just doesn’t make sense—particularly for the average busy family with a decent neighborhood bakery nearby.
Brioche, however, is well worth the effort. The process is inevitably sensual—even using a stand mixer (which I encourage you to do), one can’t help but interact with the dough as it evolves from a sticky batter to a smooth, glossy putty. At that point, its elastic stage, the dough is ready to swallow up more butter than one would think possible. On paper, the dough should be practically pourable, and yet, with a gluten structure so well developed it could support a small footbridge, it somehow isn’t. Mixed properly, brioche dough cleans the sides of its own bowl and clings to the paddle of the mixer.
For an exhaustive guide on making and using brioche dough at home, there’s no one better to consult than bakers Paul Allam and David McGuinness. The chefs at the head of Sydney’s celebrated Bourke Street Bakery have made a name for themselves by turning out crispy sourdough loaves, cozy sweets, and savory Australian-style hand pies, the likes of which Aussies have been queueing up around the block for since 2004. Brooklyn-based cookbook author and Australian expat Hetty McKinnon waxes nostalgic about BSB (so called by area locals): “For a decade, we lived around the corner from their original bakery, on Bourke Street in Surry Hills. In Sydney, they really changed the definition of bread—suddenly, fresh sourdough became our everyday norm.” Bourke Street’s sweet and savory options are equally beloved, and their inspired viennoiseries—the category of baking that falls midway between bread and pastry: think danishes, croissants, and brioche—is executed with finesse and whimsy.
The Bourke Street Bakery cookbook, which focuses exclusively on the bakery’s sweets, includes six different brioche variations that, mercifully, don’t require an obsessively maintained sourdough starter. But Allam (originally the savory half of the Bourke Street team) agrees with me that one ought not leave this versatile dough to the realm of pastry alone.
The mother dough moves easily between sweet and savory, making as much sense braided into an Italian-style Easter loaf or fried into BSB’s sugared chocolate donuts as it does blind-baked in tiny retro tart tins and filled with duck liver mousse. “Brioche is one of those things that can work beautifully on both sides of a main meal. It is perfect with pâté and crudité to begin with and devastatingly decadent to end a meal as a sweet treat too,” says Allam.
Once mixed, brioche dough can be fermented and baked like any bread, though professional bakers typically chill it overnight in the fridge. The buttery dough firms up while it ferments, making it easier to shape into any number of sweet or savory treats. The rich dough requires none of those steam-hacking tricks necessary for crispy baguettes and pain de campagne; baked in an ordinary oven, it forms a tender, matte crust on its own; for more richness or shine, a bit of cream or egg wash can be brushed over the surface before baking.
Today, Allam is gearing up to open the first Bourke Street Bakery in the U.S., in New York. But if you want to bring a bit of the of the bakeshop into your own kitchen, Bourke Street’s straightforward brioche recipe is a great place to start.
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https://www.saveur.com/case-for-baking-brioche/
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British Community Supported Baking pioneer, Dan McTiernan, writes about this solution to not all local communities being large (or willing) enough to make a conventional high street bakery viable.
My journey into baking has been concurrent with the birth of the Real Bread Campaign. My wife Johanna and I decided to start The Handmade Bakery the same month the Campaign was launched and as we were coming rapidly upon our second anniversary in November 2010, I wanted to reflect on that journey, what it has meant for us as a family, how the bakery has affected our community and how that sits within the wider movement of which the Real Bread Campaign is at the vanguard.
The prelude to starting the bakery was for me a couple of years of upheaval. We moved to Marsden, a small Pennine village in West Yorkshire knowing almost nobody and with Johanna nine months pregnant. I started a new job as a communications officer for an environmental charity in Bradford which meant a three-hour commute every day on the train. The work was interesting and I hoped it would prove useful. It had been my intention since leaving a career in television to search for something to do that did little harm to the world and if possible actually contributed positively.
The arrival of our son was wonderful and terrifying in equal measure and consistently exhausting. He brought another layer of meaning to every choice we made as a family and by consequence a deepening responsibility.
Work made me increasingly aware of dangers we faced both environmentally and societally and this began to take its toll. My long commute gave me plenty of time to think and those thoughts gradually became bleaker as I observed grim faced commuters travelling to and from - what I didn't know - but it seemed blindingly obvious to me that whatever it was, it wasnít bringing them much joy.
I sat at home and did the calculations. I added up what we spent on fruit and veg per year at the supermarket, and then worked out how many fewer hours I could work per week if I grew my own veg at home - space and skill dependent - in order to balance that equation. I calculated that it came to a day and a half per week. The more I looked around at my fellow commuters, the more I began to question our collective sanity. We were working to consume and that seemed out of balance with a basic human need to wrest back control and to activate the producer latent within us all.
Then my family bought me a bread making course at River Cottage as a Christmas present which became the catalyst for the decision that changed our family's life completely.
Being from a rural Finnish family, Johanna had been a keen home baker since childhood. Her family had a sourdough starter at least fifty years old and baked large flat rye loaves in woodfired ovens regularly. Half of my course had been spent with Aidan Chapman, then at Townmill Bakery, and his zeal for slow fermented bread and for baking as a way of life charged me up somewhere deep at my core.
We stopped buying bread and baked all of our own at home. Friends started commenting on how tasty it was and before long we were baking for them too. Johanna had been starting to think about getting back into work and wanted a new direction. It was she who saw the potential and meaning of what we were doing and stated one day in a moment of inspiration that she wanted to start a bakery.
We had no money, no equipment and no premises. Through work I had come across a model that helped producers in similar situations start up veg businesses and made the link between Community Supported Agriculture and what we wanted to do. We decided to try a subscription model for a bakery in which members of our community would pay, sometimes as much as 12 months in advance, for bread which we would bake for them each week. We decided to call it Community Supported Baking (CSB). A week later we came across Andrew Whitley's lecture for Howies' DO series on the Internet, in which he advocated just such a system as the premise for a revival of small community bakeries. Johanna contacted him immediately and it seemed destined to be.
We launched the CSB, baking loaves two at a time in our Ikea oven at home. Our village welcomed The Handmade Bakery with open arms. By investing in the bakery's future our customers were also making the fledgling transition from consumer to co-producer. When we got to seven hours per bake we knew that our domestic oven had had it...
Still without any capital to speak of, we approached the owner of our local Italian restaurant. He had a decent pizza oven and was more than happy for us to hire the restaurant during the day to bake from when it was otherwise closed. Our capacity was now a dozen loaves at a time.
For the first month or so we kneaded 130 loaves each Saturday by hand. A 350 quid investment in a Hobart mixer via eBay made life substantially easier.
At last I had found work that had explicit meaning. We use organic ingredients and artisan techniques to create nutritious and satisfying loaves of bread for the community in which we live. And as customers leave clutching warm loaves to them, they have smiles on their faces. A few months later I took the plunge and jacked in my other job and made the five-minute commute my only one.
The bakery has revolutionised my life. It has meant we can share our son's care more equitably and it means that Johanna and I can work together sharing our enthusiasms and stresses as producers and creators of a collective destiny rather than simply as begrudging workers/consumers.
In its own premises for over a year now, the bakery is set up as a worker co-op which now employs nine people in one way or another. We bake 1100 loaves per week and are coming rapidly to our 50,000th loaf. We now teach others to bake at home and run an 'how to start a community bakery' course as well.
Built around the politics and ethics of cooperative working, organic agriculture and community scale business, The Handmade Bakery has been an inspiration to me personally, has strengthened our family, and has hopefully inspired our community and other groups of people around the UK trying to bring Real Bread home.
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https://www.sustainweb.org/realbread/articles/jun19_bringing_home_bread/
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On a recent, overcast Friday morning in Tampa’s historic Ybor City, people streamed out of La Segunda Central bakery with steaming cups of café con leche, little white bags carrying guava-filled pastries and breakfast sandwiches on freshly baked bread. Many were also carrying what the bakery is famous for: traditional three-foot-long loaves of Cuban bread, based on a recipe that’s more than 100 years old.
At the helm of La Segunda is Copeland Moré, whose great-grandfather, Juan Moré, is credited with bringing his Cuban bread recipe to Ybor City in the early 20th century. Born in Catalonia, Spain, Juan fought in the Spanish-American war in Cuba and it was there that he developed a taste for authentic Cuban bread. Following the cigar boom in Ybor City, then known as “the cigar capital of the world,” Juan moved to Tampa in the early 1900s and brought his recipe with him.
In an interview, Copeland confessed that a lot of the history is lost from his great-grandfather’s early days in Ybor City, but according to La Segunda’s website, Juan joined a local co-op of Ybor City bakers and cigar makers to open three bakeries. Of the three, La Segunda on Eighth Avenue survived. Juan bought it and opened his doors in 1915 with the bread recipe he learned in Cuba.
Not much changed at La Segunda through 1970, aside from two moves, the second of which landed the bakery at its current location on 15th Street in 1960. In 1970, Copeland’s dad and his dad’s cousin came into the family business and wanted to open another bakery featuring a café with pastries. Moré Bakery had the family’s blessings and proved to be very successful — so successful that they were invited to come back to La Segunda and bring their café and pastries with them to operate under one family roof.
That sense of family is as important today as it was in decades past. “It’s a great place to be with good people in a family environment,” Copeland said of the bakery. “We try and keep it in the family as much as we can, and we want the staff to feel a part of the family.” That staff now totals around 70, including 30 or so bakers, many of whom have been with La Segunda for more than 20 years. A second location will open in nearby South Tampa this summer.
With no air conditioning, the bakery can prove challenging for La Segunda’s seasoned bakers. They keep records of humidity and temperature, both of which can rise quite high during summers in west central Florida. “They need to watch the bread to see what needs to be done,” Copeland said. “Good bakers know — there are a lot of decisions being made.”
While decisions are made daily, the recipe, which dates back to 1915, doesn’t change: flour, sugar, salt, palm oil, water, yeast and a palmetto leaf are still the only ingredients that go into La Segunda’s Cuban bread. “It’s vegan,” Copeland noted.
The baking process is the same, too, though a few modern conveniences such as industrial-sized electric mixers and dough scalers have been added over the decades to increase production without affecting quality. The bread dough goes through three proofing stages: one in the mixer, another after it has been scaled and the third after it has been rolled out and palmetto-leafed. Just before going into the oven, the dough is placed in front of oscillating household fans to dry the outside a bit so that the finished loaves come out of the oven with that signature crunch.
While Cuban bread is the only acceptable vehicle for any authentic cubano sandwich, it’s often eaten on its own, too — slathered with butter and enjoyed with a cup of café con leche, or used to sop up a filling bowl of black beans and rice.
There’s a lot of lore around the palmetto leaf placed atop each loaf of bread before it goes into the oven, but according to Copeland, the leaf does not add any flavor to the bread. It is “a tradition of the baking process,” he said. The leaf scores the bread, creating the natural, signature split down the middle.
The bakery, which operates 24 hours a day, averages 18,000 loaves of Cuban bread a day. While many locals and visitors to Ybor City and Tampa enjoy its baked goods, the bakery business accounts for just 25% of La Segunda’s business — the remaining 75% is wholesale.
When the Columbia Restaurant, the oldest restaurant in Florida with an outlet in Ybor City, began expanding and opening new locations in the 1990s, management approached La Segunda to bake bread for their restaurants. Today, La Segunda Cuban bread is found in restaurants all across the U.S., from Florida to Washington State.
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https://mic.com/articles/187189/in-the-home-of-the-cuban-sandwich-this-tampa-bakery-has-mastered-the-most-important-ingredient
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I ordered some Low Carb Bread from Julian Bakery a few weeks ago. It was Friday, July 1st to be exact. I just got it on Tuesday of this week (July 19th). Partly their fault, partly my request.
They weren’t able to ship it within a week of my order, and I was traveling the week they wanted to finally send it – so I asked them to hold off until the Monday I returned.
They baked it and shipped it, and it arrived the next day. I’m not sure why that couldn’t happen the week I ordered it…
First, I wouldn’t recommend ordering low carb bread online in the heat of the summer. Especially if you live on the opposite coast like I do. Julian Bakery is in La Jolla, CA and I am in middle TN. My bread arrived hot, and sweating inside it’s plastic wrapper – so I had to immediately remove it, cool it down, and rewrap it.
I ordered two different loaves:
Smart Carb #1 Bread (1 Net Carb) – $7.99
Smart Carb #2 (Cinnamon Raisin) (2 Net Carbs) – $7.99
The cheapest shipping option was UPS 2nd Day Air for $18.95 (more than my order 😛 lol), bringing my total order to just under $35 for only two loaves of bread…
I decided it was worth it, even though I wasn’t craving bread at all after almost 90 days on a low carb diet. But I did want to test it out since so many of my friends asked me about it.
When I took it out of the bag to dry it out, I could tell right away that it was “crumbly”. Especially the Smart Carb #1 (their most popular “regular bread”).
The Cinnamon Raisin low carb bread didn’t seem quite as crumbly. So the next morning when I woke up hungry, I popped a couple of slices into the toaster and then lathered them with butter.
Not bad. Maybe if I close my eyes, tune out the whole world, and concentrate… I’m pretty sure I can taste pine needles in there. Still, it’s edible, and it made an easy breakfast in a pinch.
If you want to know the honest truth, I’d rather spend 30 bucks on a Quest Bars or something else I LIKE. But that’s just me. If you’re on a low carb diet, and you are truly craving bread… check out The Great Low Carb Bread Company instead. It’s MUCH better! It actually tastes like bread, instead of the yard.
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https://www.travelinglowcarb.com/443/low-carb-bread-julian-bakery/
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Richard O'Connell owns Mueller & O'Connell's Bakery in Abbeyleix, not far from his family home in Cullahill, County Laois. The midlands artisan bakery sells real bread and baked goods, available in their stylish café/shop, but also in various locations around Laois and Offaly.
Richard's mum would bake bread every day at home, so it is no surprise perhaps to his siblings and family that he has found himself opening this business. However, Richard followed a career in accounting and it is only since retiring that he has followed his passion for food and opened the bakery with his business partner.
His ethos is to make real bread and pastries in the bakery fresh every day, use as many local ingredients as possible and to create a cosy space for customers to enjoy it in. They even serve their own coffee which is roasted locally, but it's his sourdough bread that brings customers back to the shop again and again. Now that sourdough has seemingly taken over the world, we decided to check in on Richard's sourdough tips to make sure we're baking perfect bread.
READ MORE: Darina's lemon tart
Richard's top sourdough tips for making perfect bread:
- If you are starting out on your sourdough journey, then visit your nearest artisan bakery and ask them for some sourdough starter. A jam jar full will be enough to get you going. This will get you up and running quickly. You can always try to get your own starter going at a later stage.
- Patience is important – good sourdough bread needs lots of time (36 hours plus for good
properly fermented loaves). It usually does not take kindly to being rushed.
- Because it takes so long, you need to fit the making of sourdough bread into your life. This is one of my most important sourdough tips. Before we opened the bakery, I used to make my sourdough bread weekly to be ready for baking on Saturday morning. My schedule was: first feed the starter on Thursday evening, second, feed on Friday morning before going to work; mix the dough, knead, rest and into bannetons on Friday night; into the fridge overnight and then bake on Saturday morning.
- Making sourdough bread, especially at home, is not an exact science, so don’t be too hard on yourself if your loaves do not look or taste exactly the same as the one in your local bakery, or the one you made last week, or the week before! Every loaf is a unique creation and will taste amazing.
READ MORE: Black pudding sandwich with blue cheese
Read more The O'Connell Family Story
Visit the Mueller & O'Connell Bakery website here.
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https://foodandwine.ie/guides/sourdough-tips
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The bakery was located in the same building as the Café Oasis. The entrance door was located on Dr. Rosen Street. Bread was baked daily in a wood-burning brick oven. Both loaves and rolls were available and were first sold directly at the bakery. Later on the bread was sold at the Colmado Sosúa.
Bruno Codik was Sosúa’s official baker. He lived close to the bakery, making it easier to start work at 3 in the morning every day. It is worthwhile to mention that the town’s most famous pastry baker was Selma Wellisch.
© 2011 - Sosúa Virtual Museum.
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http://www.sosuamuseum.org/private-page/panaderia-sosua-bakery/
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This weekend's baking: Tartine Basic Country Bread & Maggie Glezer's Sourdough Challah as a pan loaf
The Basic Country Bread from Tartine Bread is among my favorites, but I haven't baked it in a while. After my positive experience with Central Milling's "Organic Fine Whole Wheat" flour used to make the whole wheat bread from BBA, I wanted to try it in the Tartine BCB. In summary, it was wonderful.
I shaped the loaves as bâtards and proofed them in cotton-lined brotformen. They were baked on my baking stone with my usual steaming method, rather than in cast iron dutch ovens. My starter was very frisky this weekend, and the loaves got somewhat over-proofed. The bloom suffered, but I got great oven spring and the crumb structure was nice. The crust was crunchy, and the flavor was delicious as always.
I have made Maggie Glezer's "own" challah in the sourdough version several times. (See Sourdough Challah from "A Blessing of Bread") I really like the mild sourdough tang on top of the honey sweetness and eggy richness of this bread. Today, for the first time, I baked the challah as pan loaves. I decided to do this both to save a little time - this recipe requires a good 9 hours all together on the day the bread is baked - and because my plan was to use the bread for toast and french toast.
I divided the dough into six equal parts and shaped each as a round. Each pan got three rounds. When I was a child, the local Jewish bakery made what they called "egg bread" in this shape. I don't know if they used the same dough they shaped as braided challot, but the recipe for egg bread in Greenstein's Secrets of a Jewish Baker is less enriched than his challah.
The 470 g of dough in each pan turned out to be too little to fill the pans after the dough had tripled in volume. Consequently, the profile of the loaves is less high than what I had intended, even with very good oven spring. Otherwise, I count this a success.
Happy Baking!
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http://www.thefreshloaf.com/node/24956/weekend039s-baking-tartine-basic-country-bread-amp-maggie-glezer039s-sourdough-challah-pa
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We deal now with the baker, white capped and overalled. What are the ingredients required for bread-making? Flour, water, salt (to give it flavour) and yeast. If flour was made into dough with water and salt only, and the dough baked, the result would be a flat, solid and hard loaf that nobody would like.
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First, the baker mixes his dough-just the right amount of flour, water (which must be of the right temperature), salt and yeast. The mixture is left to stand in a warm place in its container or 'trough', and so to ferment and rise. When it has well risen, it is 'knocked back'. This means that it is thoroughly re-kneaded. The extra mixing helps to give it just the right degree of firmness, and also makes the yeast cells work harder and better. Then the knocked-back dough is left to stand, ferment and rise once more. When the dough has risen, it is divided into pieces of the right weight either by hand or machine. Another method of making bread dough, is the 'no time' method. This is achieved by mixing the flour, water, salt and yeast together with a bread improver that accelerates the dough development and does not need the dough to be 'knocked back'. After dividing into pieces, and given a rest period the pieces of dough are moulded into the loaf shape required. This can be done by hand or by a special machine. Next, the moulded pieces of dough are put into tins almost, but not quite, ready for the oven. The dough must be given its last chance to rise before it reaches the oven, and here usually a pause of three-quarters of an hour is necessary.
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Then the loaves go into the oven for about three-quarters of an hour of baking. The dough soon becomes warm; the tiny gas bubbles expand until their 'walls' become firm, and so the loaf rises into its finished shape. The heat of the oven steams the inside and bakes the outside into a hard crisp crust. How attractive do the loaves look now, and what a lovely smell of new baked bread! Before the loaves can be sold, they must first be cooled slowly; to do so quickly would spoil the bread. After cooling, they are often sliced and wrapped before being sent to the Dispatch department and loaded into the baker's van.
Many of the tasks in the bakery are now done by machine-mixing the dough, dividing, and moulding it into loaf shapes. Some of the larger plant bakeries have huge 'travelling' ovens, where the moulded loaves in tins are carried on a moving belt very slowly into and through the oven-dough as they enter, baked loaves as they emerge the other end. We should remember, however, that the baker is a craftsman, with or without his machines, and has always been so.
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https://www.botham.co.uk/bread/baker1.htm
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Lom Bakery is probably Norway's best bakery - situated in the National Park Village of Lom. Master baker Morten Schakenda makes all his breads using only natural ingredients and wood-fired ovens. You can buy freshly baked baguettes, cinnamon twists and rustic loaves by the score, but there are also delicious pastries and sandwiches, and the crispy pizzas.
The Bakery in Lom is well known for its fluffy and tasty cinnamon buns. In the summer season there are often long queues outside the doors of the small bakery. But both the pastries and the experience are worth waiting for.
For the baker in Lom, it's not about making things easier, but real. The wood-fired oven is the glowing heart of the bakery. The heat, smell and smoke rising from the pipe are an important part of history for the bakery. You will discover it in the crust of the bread and the taste. Besides, the bakery in Lom uses local produce from small suppliers.
So sit down and relax by the waterfall while enjoying a cup of coffee and a real piece of bread or a bun.
The bakery in Lom also organizes baking courses.
The Bakery in Lom is located right next to the river Bøvra in the centre of Lom. The bakery is easily accessible from the tourist information center where you will also find parking.
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https://www.visitjotunheimen.com/food-and-drink/the-bakery-in-lom-p4265893
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It’s almost nine o’clock in the morning, and the yeasty smell of bread baking floats out over the river Urumea, which cuts through the center of San Sebastián, Spain. It’s not an atypical European panorama–baguettes tucked under arms and the smell of a bakery around every corner. Until, that is, you reach the source of the smell.
Five heavy-duty shipping containers sit in what was once a sad, gravelly plaza in front of the main train station of the city. In this small space, before occupied solely by napping backpackers and a gang of beggars gathered around a concrete fountain, these gray metal containers are now pumping out over 500 loaves of artisan sourdough bread daily. There’s one catch: after three months, the heavy metal doors of this pop-up bakery were shuttered on September 30 and San Sebastián went back to normal.
In a country where buying your daily bread is a ritual for everyone from college students to retirees, the absence of artisan bread is pretty shocking. In San Sebastián itself, before The Loaf, there was truly only one other baker making bread that tastes like bread, bread that doesn’t have to be sold fresh out of the oven to be edible. Bread consumption is still high, but surprisingly a good loaf is nearly nonexistent. This can be attributed to the industrialization of the Spanish bread industry in the 20th century, which placed profit over pan. However, in Biarritz, France, a mere twenty-five miles away, artisan loaves are still common.
This lamentable state of things was unacceptable to a certain trio of bon vivants. Andoni Munduate, Xabier de la Maza, and Nacho Bueno met at college, and soon thereafter formed The Glutton Club, a group devoted to living the gastronomic good life. From that was born their marketing consulting firm, DeliFunArt, and then another, La Salsera. After translating and publishing The Handmade Loaf by Australian master baker Dan Lepard, they spotted a hole in the marketplace. So they flew Dan over, got him an apartment overlooking San Sebastián’s famous Concha bay, and put him to work.
Dan Lepard, an accomplished baker, author, and columnist for The Guardian, brought to The Loaf his passion for real bread, bread that tastes of yeast and fermentation, bread that our forefathers might recognize. With Dan’s passion and taste buds leading the way, flour was sourced not from an industrial plant or France, but from mills in Cataluña and Navarra. The bakery opened its doors on July 1, with two loaves on offer, the Classic (70% sourdough) and the Extreme (100% sourdough). They sold out as quickly as the line of awaiting Basques could be served.
Since that first week, hectic and with production of bread increasing daily, the bakers (which include chefs that moonlight at three-Michelin-star restaurant Martín Berasategui) have gone on to experiment with flavored breads (honey and beer), a superb pan de molde (sandwich bread), and baked goods as well. Baking classes are also given on a weekly basis.
Lepard and the team at The Loaf have faced challenges: health inspections that severely restricted what the bakery could offer in the way of food and drink, and stifling heat (natural in August in a twenty by twenty foot space) that not only makes work unpleasant but interferes with fermentation. But Lepard views them as a sort of innovating force. “You have to flip every challenge life throws at you, otherwise you go down,” says Lepard. “That single thought carried us through some of the trickiest moments I’ve ever faced baking, and helped us bake better than I ever thought possible.”
When the baking-off happens, it’s impressive to watch. Sourdough loaves are pulled out of the retarder proofer, where they are nestled between soft white cloth. Baker’s assistants and Lepard, who works every day at the bakery, gently but swiftly lift the unbaked loaves and place them on the peel, tap them back into shape, and swipe a blade, or lame, across the top, shoving them six by six into the three-tier bread oven. It’s so fast that if you blink you miss it. The loaves get occasional steam treatments during the first 15 minutes, and as they finish baking the oven door is left open so they can form their gorgeous crust.
Once the loaves are pulled out with the same military-like efficiency, they are sold to awaiting customers. Lepard is often there, telling the eighty-year-old woman why it will taste different from bread she is accustomed to, and convincing the tattooed hipster that the Extreme loaf is actually better the next day. It’s obvious that Lepard is part of what has made this project a success: he refuses to don the pretension of some bakers, preferring to use layman’s terms and share his knowledge with anyone who is hungry for it.
The future of The Loaf is uncertain–it may be reincarnated as a bricks-and-mortar bakery or go on a glutenous (or gluttonous?) tour. What is certain is that the summer of 2012 will go down in the city’s gastronomic history as the Summer of Bread, and the inhabitants of San Sebastián have a new-found appreciation for the flavor of real bread that’s going to be hard to satiate.
The Loaf: Pan EXTREME from The Loaf on Vimeo.
Get baking and stock up on these great books:
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http://kimsunee.com/the-loaf-a-pop-up-bakery-in-spain/
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It was over forty-five years ago Old Mr Brennan baked the first loaves of Brennans Bread in our one room bakery in Fumbally Lane, Dublin. We’re now one of the largest bakeries in Ireland and are still very much a family affair, with Old Mr Brennan’s family still overseeing the recipes and baking skills he perfected.
Their motto is ‘Today’s Bread Today’ and that means the bread you see on the shop shelf every day will have left the bakery early that morning.Brennans Bread is made fresh every day with top-quality ingredients, so it is fresh and tasty for you. It's also naturally low-fat with no added sugar and no artificial preservatives. Read the story below and learn about how The Farmer, The Miller, and The Baker all work together to bring you your fresh Brennans Bread everyday.
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http://all-restaurant.net/en/company-153163.html
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One of our favourite loaves from our Bakery and a bestseller in our farmshops. The mixed seeds give this versatile bread incredible flavour, texture and nutrition.
Join us for one of our Artisan Bread Making and learn how to create your own sourdough starter and either begin or expand your home-baking journey. Our tutors will guide you through the importance of texture, kneading, proving and of course the all important baking, so that you can leave us confident to be able to recreate delicious loaves at home.
METHOD
Mix the tepid water with the flours, seeds and salt in a medium bowl. Bring together, then take out of the bowl and knead for 5 minutes.
Add the sourdough starter* and knead for a further 5 minutes until you have a smooth elastic dough. Shape the dough for a bulk prove and place in an oiled bowl. Cover with a clean, damp tea towel, leave to prove in a warm place for around an hour or until the dough is one and a half times its original volume.
When the dough has proved, shape into a bloomer* and place in to a banneton* (or if you don’t have a banneton, a casserole dish or a 1lb loaf tin will do), cover and leave to prove again for a further hour somewhere warm.
(NB: if you have time, you can achieve a far superior result by proving the dough slowly, so two 8 hour proves in the fridge will give you a better bread)
Preheat the oven to 240°C. With a baking stone inside.
After the second proving, uncover and allow to air for 10 minutes – this oxidisation will prevent sticking. If using a banneton, remove the dough by turning it onto a paddle* and place onto the baking stone* in the pre-heated oven. Alternatively, put the shaped dough in a lined loaf tin or a casserole dish with the lid on.
Bake for 30-35 minutes.
For an extra crunchy crust, you can create steam by adding a handful of ice to the bottom of your preheated oven when the loaf goes in.
DISCOVER MORE ABOUT OUR ARTISAN BREAD MAKING COURSES
Glossary of terms:
Sourdough starter
An essential part of traditional breadmaking. This time-honoured method does require care, feeding and attention, but your efforts will be rewarded with loaves that last longer, have better texture, more flavour and are easier to digest. All students of our Artisan Bakery course at the Cookery School receive their very own sourdough starter to take home, or you can ask your local artisan bakery for some, or even make your own at home with organic flour, tepid water and plenty of patience!
Banneton:
A basket made from natural materials such as cane. Used for proving and shaping loaves, not for baking them.
Bloomer:
To achieve this rustic loaf shape, after needing ensure the crease of the dough is underneath and to fold in the ends so they are round. Make diagonal slashes in the top of the dough for the classic bloomer look.
Paddle:
Also known as a peel, a shovel-like tool used to slide loaves of bread (as well as pizzas, pastries and other baked goods) into and out of the oven.
Baking Stone:
A portable cooking surface used in baking, typically made of stone, ceramic or salt. The porous nature of the baking stone absorbs moisture, giving a crispier crust.
Want to keep up-to-date with Daylesford?For our latest news, information on our events, and recipes straight to your inbox, subscribe to our mailing list.
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https://daylesford.com/cookeryschool/recipes/7-seed-sourdough/
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Nanas Sweets Bakery LLC in Hammond, Indiana offers delightful baked goods that we have made from scratch. You can rest assured that we only use the finest ingredients for all of our products, which include specialty cakes, bread loaves, and cupcakes. Browse through our selection below, and if you have any comments or questions, please feel free to contact us.
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https://nanassweetsbakery.com/product-gallery
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Garlic Rosemary Bread- The Easy Way!
Posted by Customer Service on 2/27/2014 to Garlic Recipes
Is there anything better than the smell of fresh baked bread on a cold winter day? Thanks to a major breakthrough by Jim Lahey of the Sullivan Street Bakery, anyone, and I mean anyone, can easily bake fabulous loaves at home. Following is an adaptation of his now famous recipe. Don't be scared; you can do it.
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https://www.garlicfestival.com/blog_archive_2_2014.html
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My first artisan bread
I have dabbled at bread baking for years, never dreaming I could produce anything resembling Bay Area bread, especially my favorites from Acme Bakery in Berkeley. Some months ago I bought Artisan Bread in Five Minutes a Day. I baked their version of Corn Rye with caraway seeds. It was quite good, though too dense and heavy. I knew my search was far from over.
A couple of weeks ago I discovered The Fresh Loaf.com. I knew I was finally home. I read, printed and watched several videos on the site. I especially concentrated on Floydm’s Primer for the New Baker. This morning I finally baked my first REAL Artisan bread.
Using Floydm’s course as my guide, I baked Zolablue’s version of Pierre Nury’s Rustic Light Rye. With all the time involved, I decided to double the recipe and to bake four loaves. I used a sourdough starter that I had prepared a week ago for the levain. With some hints from a couple Dmsnyder’s posts, the results are pictured below. My wife and I couldn’t resist tasting a slice before the bread had cooled down all the way. It has a nice sourdough tang and with a pat of butter is better than any cake!
As FloydM has said, shaping the loaves is not easy. Although the taste and my sense of accomplishment were great, the crumb was somewhat heavy and the loaves a bit on the compact side. In tapping to see if they were fully baked, I never did get a hollow thunk sound. My instant read thermometer was at 202 after 30 minutes. I would appreciate any suggestions to improve my results. In the meantime I’ll go make myself another sandwich!
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http://www.thefreshloaf.com/node/8609/my-first-artisan-bread
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More and more people across the globe are turning vegetarian, and there is a growing trend towards vegan bakery also. The majority of vegetarians do not partake of eggs too. There is a gap in the market that needs to be addressed. The student may bake at home to fuel their passion or even start a venture that fills the market gap.
A simple tweaking of recipes can create the most delicious baked goods like loaves of bread, cookies, cake, and pastries without the use of egg. These turn out equally delicious, and perfection is needed to eliminate the essential baking staple-eggs from the recipe. The challenge is met by this course, and the Home Baker becomes equipped to make a vast range of eggless baked goods.
What is Bake & Baking?
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https://www.ibcablr.in/eggless-home-baking-course/
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An experiment at CERN has demonstrated a new way of accelerating electrons to high energies—one that could dramatically shrink the size of future particle accelerators and lower their costs.
The technique is the latest entrant in a hot race to develop a technology called plasma wakefield acceleration. The method uses waves in plasma, a soup of ionized atoms, to push electrons to ever-higher energies over distances much shorter than those required in today’s particle accelerators. Several laboratories have demonstrated plasma wakefield acceleration using two different approaches; most teams use laser beams to create the plasma waves needed. The latest work is the first to show that protons can also induce the waves and achieve electron acceleration—a technique that may have advantages over the others because protons can carry high energies over long distances.
In this case, researchers diverted protons that would usually be fed into the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, Europe’s particle-physics lab near Geneva, Switzerland, and instead inserted them into the wakefield accelerator, called the Advanced Wakefield Experiment (AWAKE). The machine worked as expected and created a consistent beam of accelerated electrons. “That, for us, was a major achievement,” says Matthew Wing, a physicist at University College London, who is deputy spokesperson for AWAKE. “It essentially says that the method works, and it’s never been done before.” The work is described in Nature on August 29.
In AWAKE’s first experimental run in May, the team accelerated electrons to energies of 2 gigaelectronvolts (GeV) over 10 metres. In principle, a much larger version of the experiment that took protons from the LHC’s main ring—rather than from its lower-energy sibling—could push electrons to energies of teraelectronvolts (thousands of GeV) in a single, kilometres-long stage, Wing says.
Proton ‘wakes’ were first proposed as a potential method of accelerating electrons less than ten years ago. “It’s really impressive that here we are—in a few years, it’s gone from nothing to a really significant experiment,” says Mark Hogan, a physicist at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory in Menlo Park, California, who works on a plasma wakefield experiment there.
Conversely, in a plasma wakefield accelerator, electrons move inside a mixture of electrons and positive ions instead of empty space. Until now, there were two established methods for achieving this acceleration. One is laser-driven, where a laser’s oscillating electric field pushes the plasma’s electrons sideways, whereas heavier, positive ions respond more slowly and essentially stay in place. The resulting separation of positive and negative charges greatly amplifies the laser’s electric field. This can create small regions in the waves where electric fields reach up to 100 billion volts per metre—1,000 times greater than achieved by conventional acceleration. Researchers then inject bunches of electrons that are strategically timed to ‘surf’ inside those regions and gain energy.
Several labs have been working on the laser technology, which does not require large infrastructure but is limited in the energies that it can impart to the injected electrons within a single plasma stage. In principle, the electrons from one such accelerator could be fed into another one, ramping energy up at each step, says Wing.
Hogan and others at SLAC have pioneered another plasma wakefield acceleration technique, which produces plasma waves using separate bunches of electrons. One bunch is inserted into the plasma and creates the first wave by repelling the plasma’s electrons away. Another bunch follows in its wake; while the first bunch transfers energy to the plasma, the second takes some of that energy back and accelerates. In 2007, Hogan and his colleagues showed that they could impart to electrons as much energy within 1 metre of plasma as SLAC’s historic linear accelerator did down its entire path of 3 kilometres.
AWAKE takes protons from a 6-kilometre ring at CERN called the Super Proton Synchrotron—which normally feeds the particles into the LHC’s main, 27-kilometre ring—and shoots them down a 10-metre-long cell filled with rubidium plasma. A specially built smaller accelerator produces electrons that are inserted in the protons’ wake. The acclerator achieved beam energies of 2 GeV and upgraded versions of this set-up might produce electrons with energies of up to 100 GeV, says Wing. Energies in even the 50-GeV range could be useful for experiments in which electrons are shot at a fixed target, Wing adds.
In many applications, energies that are simply very high will not be enough, Rosenzweig and others warn. Beams must also be high quality—for example, with regard to how electrons in each bunch differ in energy from each other and how tightly packed they are. The accelerated electrons could in turn be used to produce high-intensity laser light. This application could create more-compact versions of instruments, such as free-electron lasers, that are used in other scientific fields to probe materials and molecules.
This article is reproduced with permission and was first published on August 29, 2018.
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https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/cerns-pioneering-mini-accelerator-passes-first-test1/?error=cookies_not_supported&code=0de2f847-8aeb-42b6-9ddb-1771ac2f07dc
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Alpha rays are helium nuclei since they have two protons and no electrons. They are He 2+ ions. However we have learnt that helium has highest ionization energy and an extremely large amount of energy is needed for it to form an ion. According to this, it is not possible for a dipositive cation of helium to exist, however it does . What could be the reason?
Answer:
First of all Alpha particle is not a doubly ionized Helium Atom. It is emitted from the nucleus of a discintegrating atom.
The energy required to peel off the two electrons is not too much as compared to the energy involved in the alpha particle emission which is a nuclear reaction. Alpha particles are normally emitted as a part of radio active disintegrations, emitted by naturally unstable nuclei or artificially instabilized nuclei.
The ionization energy of helium is discussed in the purview of the energy required to remove the electrons. Helium is having a stable duplet electronic configuration which makes it a stable atom. But the energy considerations in nuclear reactions are very much different and higher.
The first ionization energy of helium is 2372.3 kJ/mol and the second ionization energy is 5250.5 kJ/mol
16 MeV = 16×1.6×10-13 J per nucleus 2.56 x 10-12 J per nucleus
which makes of the order of 1010 kJ per mol of Helium. This is evidently a huge amount compared to that of the ionization energy.
Basically there are a number of differences between chemical reactions and nuclear reactions.
1. In chemical reactions the electrons are taking part in reactions whereas in nuclear reactions the nucleons (protons and neutrons) are involved
2. In nuclear reactions the energy involved is very much large as compared to that in chemical reactions
3. The identity of the element dioes not change in chemical reactions whereas the identity is changed in most of the nuclear reactions.
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be used as a source for energy generation in space? Can Gamma Rays in space become the source for generating energy using Pair Production process? EM radiation >1.02 MeV enery, Pair Production is the dominant absorption process.
(Posted By Chintan Shah)
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How do the protons fly almost at a speed of light in LHC at CERN?
How do the prortons fly almost at a speed of light in LHC at CERn.What gives them so much acceleration?please clarify…If i want to study Particle physics in future what qualifications I would need.I want to be a scientist at CERN?Please clarify.
Posted by Nabasindhu DAs
Response from AskPhysics Team
Hi! First of all we would like to congratulate you on your wish and dream to join CERN.
The acceleration of protons are done by huge particle accelerators.
The Currently active machines are:
Two linear accelerators generate low energy particles. Linac2 accelerates protons to 50 MeV for injection into the Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB), and Linac3 provides heavy ions at 4.2 MeV/u for injection into the Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR).
The Proton Synchrotron Booster increases the energy of particles generated by the proton linear accelerator before they are transferred to the other accelerators.
The Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR) accelerates the ions from the ion linear accelerator, before transferring them to the Proton Synchrotron (PS). This accelerator was commissioned in 2005, after having been reconfigured from the previous Low Energy Antiproton Ring (LEAR).
The 28 GeV Proton Synchrotron (PS), built in 1959 and still operating as a feeder to the more powerful SPS.
The Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS), a circular accelerator with a diameter of 2 kilometres built in a tunnel, which started operation in 1976. It was designed to deliver an energy of 300 GeV and was gradually upgraded to 450 GeV. As well as having its own beamlines for fixed-target experiments (currently COMPASS and NA62), it has been operated as a proton–antiproton collider (the SppS collider), and for accelerating high energy electrons and positrons which were injected into the Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP). Since 2008, it has been used to inject protons and heavy ions into the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).
The On-Line Isotope Mass Separator (ISOLDE), which is used to study unstable nuclei. The radioactive ions are produced by the impact of protons at an energy of 1.0–1.4 GeV from the Proton Synchrotron Booster. It was first commissioned in 1967 and was rebuilt with major upgrades in 1974 and 1992.
REX-ISOLDE increases the charge states of ions coming from the ISOLDE targets, and accelerates them to a maximum energy of 3 MeV/u.
The Antiproton Decelerator (AD), which reduces the velocity of antiprotons to about 10% of the speed of light for research into antimatter.
The Compact Linear Collider Test Facility, which studies feasibility issues for the future normal conducting linear collider project.
The LHC is the world’s largest and highest-energy particle accelerator
The collider is contained in a circular tunnel, with a circumference of 27 kilometres (17 mi), at a depth ranging from 50 to 175 metres (160 to 574 ft) underground.
Prior to being injected into the main accelerator, the particles are prepared by a series of systems that successively increase their energy. The first system is the linear particle accelerator LINAC 2 generating 50-MeV protons, which feeds the Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB). There the protons are accelerated to 1.4 GeV and injected into the Proton Synchrotron (PS), where they are accelerated to 26 GeV. Finally the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) is used to further increase their energy to 450 GeV before they are at last injected (over a period of 20 minutes) into the main ring. Here the proton bunches are accumulated, accelerated (over a period of 20 minutes) to their peak 7-TeV energy, and finally circulated for 10 to 24 hours while collisions occur at the four intersection points.
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http://www.askphysics.com/tag/electronvolt/
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Welcome to the Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) of the Nordic Particle Accelerator Program (NPAP) and the fascinating world of particle accelerators!
The Introduction to Particle Accelerators course is the first in our NPAP series. It explains how a particle accelerator can produce light with wavelengths as short as one Angstrom. It also explains how the ESS facility can generate a massive flux of neutrons by accelerating protons and allowing them to collide with a tungsten disc.The first modules teach the fundamentals of linear and circular accelerators, which are required to understand other types of accelerators, such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN in Geneva. We describe the LHC and provide an overview of the elementary particle physics it is used for. We continue by introducing some novel concepts for future particle accelerators, such as plasma-driven accelerators.
The second MOOC in the series is titled "Fundamentals of Particle Accelerator Technology (NPAP MOOC)," and it includes four modules: The Radio Frequency (RF) System of Accelerators; Accelerator Magnet Technology; Beam Diagnostics; Vacuum Techniques Fundamentals The third MOOC is titled Medical Applications of Particle Accelerators and includes four modules: An overview of the course and radiotherapy; Part I of proton therapy; Part II of proton therapy; and the production of medical radionuclides.
Syllabus :
1. Accelerators for Synchrotron Light
- Where does light come from?
- Which type of light do we need?
- Introduction to synchrotron accelerators
- How does an accelerator for synchrotron radiation work?
- The evolution of accelerators for synchrotron light
2. Photon light sources and MAX IV
- Electromagnetic spectrum
- Discovery of synchrotron radiation
- General characteristics of synchrotron radiation
- Bending magnets radiation
- Wigglers and undulators
- Free Electron Lasers
- Configurations. SASE and seeding
3. Spallation sources and ESS
- Basics of neutron scattering science
- Neutron spallation sources
- The basics of ESS
- Challenges for the ESS accelerator
- The ESS Accelerator
- How to observe the ESS beam
- To avoid melting the target
4. Particle Colliders
- Introduction to Particle Colliders
- Going into matter, the standard model
- Particle collider characteristics
- Introduction to CERN
- LHC main parameters and technological choices
- Linear Colliders
- ILC and CLIC
- Future Circular Colliders
- Conclusions
5. Stay tuned for upcoming resources
- We are constantly working on sharing more knowledge and fun resources with all of you! As such, we have created this module as a platform for more exciting new knowledge and materials that will be added to this course in the future as fun extra curricular activity! Notifications will be sent out to registered learners when we launch these updates, so stay tuned and keep an eye out for these updates in the future!
6. Well done! You have now successfully finalized the course!
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https://coursesity.com/course-detail/introduction-to-particle-accelerators-npap-mooc
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Berkeley Proton Linear Accelerator
Wilson — : the first scientist to propose particle therapy—use of particle beam for cancer treatment.
List of accelerators in particle physics
Editorial First Online: 20 October Wilson Robert R. Wilson Fig. Open image in new window.
Wilson Credit: Fermilab. In this paper, Wilson first described the qualitative properties of proton beams. Protons usually traverse tissues in a straight line, and the dose i. The maximum dose is far greater than the dose received at the site of incidence on the skin. Using a diagram-based approach, he introduced the graph in Fig. In the study, he examined, in a semi-quantitative manner, the range straggling and multiple scattering that occurs from proton and tissue interactions, and that do not significantly alter the dose distribution.
He concluded that it is possible to administer in a volume of 1.
The development of diagnostic imaging equipment in the s, such as the emergence of computed tomography CT , and the advances in radiotherapy planning with computers allowed the treatment of malignant tumors with particle beams. A method developed at Berkeley allowed the assessment of tumor spread by CT, and it expanded the Bragg peak on the basis of this assessment. In , clinical studies on helium-ion therapy for malignant tumors were started [ 5 ].
INTRODUCTION
Clinical studies with the inch cyclotron and BEVALAC ended in and , respectively, with the shutdown of these accelerators. During their operation, these two accelerators together were used for the treatment of 30 patients with proton beams, patients with helium-ion beams, and patients with neon and other ions [ 7 ]. In addition to neon-ion treatments, a few other treatments were performed by use of carbon and silicon ions.
Similar to those at Berkeley, medical applications at Harvard began in with pituitary gland irradiations. Because shorter-range MeV proton beams were used for this purpose, the treatments at Harvard were performed with use of a slightly enlarged Bragg peak region instead of the plateau region. In , James M. Slater, the chairman of the Department of Radiation Medicine at the Loma Linda University Medical School, commissioned Fermilab to develop a small-scale proton accelerator suitable for a hospital [ 9 ]. In contrast to the previous systems that used a fixed beam, this system contained a rotating gantry that allowed irradiation of all parts of the body in any direction.
Since the development of this system, a rotating gantry has become a standard feature of proton therapy systems. The system remains in operation at the time of this writing and continues to update treatment records on a daily basis. After completion, the synchrotron was transported to Loma Linda University and used for proton therapy Credit: Fermilab.
The LBNL intended to start performing ion beam therapy with a dedicated accelerator in the late s, but was unable to carry out this plan because of lack of funding. In the s, fast-neutron therapy was performed at the NIRS with use of a cyclotron. At the beginning of the s, the NIRS started preparing for its next project, which involved heavy-ion therapy.
These took the place of the neon ions used at the LBNL. Carbon ions were chosen, because they allow the maximization of the biological dose applied to deep-seated tumors relative to the dose applied to the surrounding healthy tissue. Robert R Wilson. Accessed 30 Aug Wilson RR. The promise of ion beam cancer therapy. Radiological use of high energy deuterons and alpha particles. Am J Roentgenol.https://tacheadsmude.tk
Particle accelerators | Page 3 | American Institute of Physics
Google Scholar. Introduction to the use of protons and heavy ions in radiation therapy: historical perspective. Tobias CA. Pretherapeutic investigations with accelerated heavy ions. Particle Therapy Co-Operative Group. It is bound to lead to very important physics in the future.
- Geriatric Care in Advanced Societies.
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
- Why Accelerators?
- General Training Air conditioning - Module 4 Dehydration.
- Hydrocarbons and Methylotrophy.
The schemes of Alvarez and McMillan [the synchrotron] in my judgment is [sic] the outstanding event of their generation…. Some accelerator! But Strawberry Canyon is longer than that!
- Ten things you might not know about particle accelerators.
- The Health Consequences of Using Smokeless Tobacco.
- The most important decision you will ever make : a complete and thorough understanding of what it means to be born again.
At age 35, Alvarez won the National Aeronautical Association's Collier Trophy in for his conception and development of the GCA, the first successful bad-weather landing system for airplanes. President Truman presented the award in a White House ceremony. All rights reserved. Help us improve our products. Sign up to take part. A Nature Research Journal. Adams, J. Courant, E. Regenstreif, E.
Early linacs
Part 1. Download references. Reprints and Permissions.
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https://lcommopreamony.ml/berkeley-proton-linear-accelerator.php
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How Nuclear Physics Can Treat Cancer: Radiotherapy at TRIUMF
Abstract: Besides being Canada’s particle accelerator center with an emphasis on nuclear, particle, and accelerator physics, TRIUMF has a long history of medical isotope production and radiotherapy. Cancer treatment with different particles has been a long-standing commitment at TRIUMF, first with pion therapy and then with proton therapy, for many years operating Canada’s only proton therapy facility. To improve treatment with protons, we have established new beam-shaping methodologies by employing additive manufacturing, are investigating new detectors for proton dosimetry, and are researching in vivo range verification in real time. In addition, we are investigating using alpha and Auger emitters for targeted radioisotope therapy and are building a facility at our new ARIEL accelerator to take advantage of its large flux to investigate treatment with photons in less than a second in Flash therapy.
Bio: Cornelia Hoehr received her Ph.D. in physics from Heidelberg University in Germany and the Max-Plank institute for Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg. After a postdoctoral research term at Argonne, she moved to TRIUMF as a postdoctoral researcher, and subsequently took on roles in operation and facilities in isotope production and proton therapy. She is currently the Deputy Associate Laboratory Director – Life Sciences at TRIUMF. Her research interests focus on medical isotope production and proton therapy.
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https://www.anl.gov/event/how-nuclear-physics-can-treat-cancer-radiotherapy-at-triumf
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We present an acceleration scheme by applying a combination of laser radiation pressure and shielded Coulomb repulsion in laser acceleration of protons in multi-species gaseous targets. By using a circularly polarized CO2 laser pulse with a wavelength of 10 μm, the critical density is significantly reduced, and a high-pressure gaseous target can be used to achieve an overdense plasma. This gives us a larger degree of freedom in selecting the foil compounds or mixtures, as well as their density and thickness profiles. An 80 MeV quasi-monoenergetic proton beam can be generated using a half-sine shaped laser beam with peak power 70 TW and pulse duration of 150 wave periods. We compared the effects of modifying the thickness and density of the gaseous targets and showed that the compression of the gaseous target affects significantly in the quasi-monoenergetic property of the proton beams. To assess the feasibility of laser-proton cancer therapy with such a proton accelerator, simulations are carried out to model the interaction of protons with water and determine the depth and lateral dose distribution for particle beams produced from PIC simulation. Comparison between the dosage maps of the proton beams produced with different foil densities and thicknesses is also presented.
|Original language||English|
|Journal||Bulletin of the American Physical Society|
|Volume||59|
|Issue number||15|
|Publication status||Published - 27 Oct 2014|
|Event||56th Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Plasma Physics - New Orleans, Louisiana, United States|
Duration: 27 Oct 2014 → 31 Oct 2014
Keywords
- laser acceleration
- multi-ion plasma gaseous targets
- laser-proton cancer therapy
Cite this
Shao, X., Liu, T-C., Liu, C-S., Eliasson, B., Hill, W., Wang, J., & Chen, S-H. (2014). Laser acceleration of protons using multi-ion plasma gaseous targets and its medical implications. Bulletin of the American Physical Society, 59(15).
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https://pureportal.strath.ac.uk/en/publications/laser-acceleration-of-protons-using-multi-ion-plasma-gaseous-targ
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Ashutosh Sharma has explored the possibility of using the high power laser at ELI-ALPS to accelerate particles. In a recent article in Nature Scientific Reports he concludes that it should be feasible to achieve high energy proton beams with peak energies more than 300 MeV from thin near-solid gas targets using the highly efficient magnetic vortex acceleration mechanism.
‘The motivation for this work is the need for high quality proton beams for cancer treatment,’ Sharma explains. The petaWatt facility at ELI-ALPS is suitable for making such beams. ‘The relatively high repetition rate of 10 Hz for such a powerful laser system means that there is a need for a compatible and highly efficient target to act as a proton source. High density gas targets may be the most obvious choice with typical diameters from few millimeters down to hundreds of microns.’
Circular polarized light for confinement
Numerical investigations were used to explore the possibilities of generating a high quality proton beam from firing a circularly polarized 20 fs - 2 PW laser into a thin, dense jet of hydrogen gas. The results in this work highlighted that high-energy proton beam can be experimentally realized by using near-critical density hydrogen gas target with an optimum plasma thickness and by controlling the laser beam parameters. ‘An advantage of using circular polarized light is that it leads to the generation of helical shaped electron beams, which act as collimators for the proton beam, effectively narrowing the energy spectrum of the protons,’ the researcher says.
Numerous potential applications
This novel method of ion acceleration driven by short laser pulse has numerous potential applications, such as proton cancer treatment, Sharma says. ‘There might also be other possible applications in medical and nuclear physics. At ELI-ALPS, we have the possibility to combine proton beams with a THz facility. That will not only enable us to post-accelerate the proton beam, but also to use the Thz source to image the cancer cells and subsequently treat them with the proton beam. This is currently being exploring in conjunction with the ‘Biomedical Group’ at ELI-ALPS.’
Read the article here: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-20506-x
Nuclear fusion inside cancer cells
In a recent paper in Nature Scientific Reports, ELI Beamlines researchers together with colleagues from LNS-INFN (Catania), DoP-UoN (Naples) and FBK (Trento), demonstrated for the first time how to use proton-boron nuclear fusion to achieve more effective treatments of cancer cells. Third author and ELI Beamlines Senior Researcher Daniele Margarone explains how.
‘In short: we have realized nuclear fusion inside a cancer cell. We injected molecules containing 11Boron into in-vitro prostate cancer cells and bombarded them with a proton beam. The nuclear fusion reaction between the protons and the boron results in the generation of alpha particles, with a predominant energy around 4 MeV. This principle is not only interesting for cancer treatment, but also for generating fusion energy, without producing unwanted neutrons.
The advantage of using protons over other particles in cancer radiation therapy, is that they deposit their energy mostly at the end of their range, confining the high dose area to the tumor volume and leaving the surrounding healthy tissue unhampered. With our method, we can enhance the effectiveness of proton therapy without inducing unwanted side effects: the alpha particles are generated within the tumor cells and lose their energy in about 30 microns, which is the approximate size of a typical human cell.
In the paper we report about 3 different experiments, under different conditions, leading to the same proof of principle. We have already patented this method, and are now working on acquiring more statistics. I am very happy to report that the proton therapy center here in Prague is already very interested, and wants to work with us to bring this method into a clinical trial phase. They have allocated part of their beam time for this research. Together, we will work on potential treatment and planning and on in-vivo experiments, to eventually make the step towards trying this out on actual patients.
For our method, it doesn’t matter how the protons are accelerated. However, laser-driven acceleration potentially has major advantages, since it would be possible to use more compact and less expensive accelerators, thereby making proton therapy accessible for more hospitals, which is the long-term goal of the ELIMED international network launched by ELI Beamlines researchers. This field is an excellent example of the application-driven research that can be carried out by users of the ELI Beamlines facility.’
More information:
ttps://www.eli-beams.eu/en/media-en/news/enhancement-of-proton-therapy-effectiveness-experimentally-demonstrated-for-the-first-time-proton-boron-capture-therapy-pbct/
Get involved in Nuclear Photonics
From 24 to 29 June, Brasov, Romania will host the second edition of the International Conference on Nuclear Photonics. Conference co-chair Chang Hee Nam, director of the Center for Relativistic Laser Science (CoReLS), Institute for Basic Science in Korea, explains why you should attend.
‘Nuclear Photonics is an emerging research field, that merges high intensity laser physics, plasma physics, accelerator physics, and nuclear physics. Since up until now these have been fairly separated research areas, the Nuclear Photonics conference is the ideal event to meet people from the other side, and get inspired with new ideas for future research.
Take me for example. At CoReLS, we currently host the most powerful operating laser in the world. With this 4 petaWatt laser, we are developing new kinds of particle and light sources, such as GeV electron beam, X-ray and gamma ray sources. At the conference, I hope to gain insights into how the nuclear physics people can use these kinds of sources for their investigations, and under what conditions they want to make use of our new energetic particle and light sources.
The conference covers a wide variety of topics, ranging from laser developments, laser-plasma interactions, and fundamental nuclear physics, to nuclear astrophysics. To be able to fully understand each other, we will start with four different tutorials, introducing the different fields to those who are interested but no insiders yet.
All in all, this conference will be the starting point of exciting new physics and new collaborations. I think this is a unique opportunity to widen your scientific scope.
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https://eli-laser.eu/news/discover-our-research/
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In honor of Hermann Grunder, the founding director of Jefferson Lab, and his contributions to accelerator science, the lab recently established the Hermann Grunder Postdoctoral Fellowship in Accelerator Science. Now, the first Hermann Grunder fellow, John Vennekate, has started work. He said he hopes to follow in the footsteps of his fellowship’s namesake to continue blazing a new trail for practical applications of superconducting accelerators.
Tag: Accelerator
A New Era of Accelerator Science
PNNL’s Jan Strube and colleagues from Germany and Japan outline the future of particle physics research using linear colliders, which could improve our understanding of dark matter and help answer fundamental questions about the universe.
Fermilab receives DOE award to develop machine learning for particle accelerators
Fermilab scientists and engineers are developing a machine learning platform to help run Fermilab’s accelerator complex alongside a fast-response machine learning application for accelerating particle beams. The programs will work in tandem to boost efficiency and energy conservation in Fermilab accelerators.
In Memoriam: Jack Steinberger, 99
Jack Steinberger, who with Leon Lederman and Melvin Schwartz was awarded the 1988 Nobel Prize in physics for their 1962 discovery of the muon neutrino, died on Saturday, December 12, 2020, at his home in Geneva. He was 99.
Major upgrade to Fermilab accelerator complex gets green light
The U.S. Department of Energy has formally approved the scope, schedule and cost of the PIP-II project at Fermilab. The PIP-II accelerator will become the heart of Fermilab’s upgraded accelerator complex, delivering more powerful proton beams to the lab’s experiments and enabling deeper probes of the fundamental constituents of the universe.
First beam accelerated in PIP-II cryomodules, ushering in new era of superconducting-accelerator operation at Fermilab
On Oct. 21, the PIP-II Injector Test Facility accelerated proton beam through its superconducting section for the first time.
3 Awards Will Support Accelerator R&D for Medical Treatment, Miniaturization, and Machine Learning
U.S. Department of Energy awards announced in July will advance Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) R&D to develop a more effective and compact particle-beam system for cancer treatment, improve particle-beam performance using artificial intelligence, and develop a high-power, rapid-fire laser system for both tabletop and large-scale applications.
Recursion and University of Utah launch region’s largest life science incubator
Altitude Lab announced its first resident companies and opened applications for its breakthrough collaborative facility and program. It’s the first of its kind—a blended incubator/accelerator program focused on developing diverse and inclusive early-stage life science and health care companies in Utah.
Robert Ainsworth awarded $2.5 million to improve particle beams for high-intensity experiments
Fermilab scientist Robert Ainsworth has won a $2.5 million Department of Energy Early Career Research Award to study different ways of ensuring stability in high-intensity proton beams. By studying how certain types of beam instabilities emerge and evolve under different conditions, his team can help sharpen scientists’ methods for correcting them or avoiding them to begin with.
Two construction projects reach major milestones at Fermilab
Partners celebrate the site dedication of the Integrated Engineering Research Center and the groundbreaking for the PIP-II cryoplant building.
Fermilab achieves 14.5-tesla field for accelerator magnet, setting new world record
Fermilab scientists have broken their own world record for an accelerator magnet. In June, their demonstrator steering dipole magnet achieved a 14.5-tesla field, surpassing the field strength of their 14.1-tesla magnet, which set a record in 2019. This magnet test shows that scientists and engineers can meet the demanding requirements for the future particle collider under discussion in the particle physics community.
Accelerating science globally: PIP-II engineers continue designs for particle-propelling machine from home
Engineers from five countries are coordinating the design of the large cryomodules that will enable the new PIP-II accelerator at Fermilab to generate protons for the world’s most powerful beam of neutrinos, in support of the international Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment.
Three national laboratories achieve record magnetic field for accelerator focusing magnet
Fermilab, Brookhaven National Laboratory and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory have achieved a milestone in magnet technology. Earlier this year, their new magnet reached the highest field strength ever recorded for an accelerator focusing magnet. It will also be the first niobium-tin quadrupole magnet to operate in a particle accelerator — in this case, the future High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider at CERN.
Meet the Director: Guy Savard
This is a continuing profile series on the directors of the Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science user facilities. These scientists lead a variety of research institutions that provide researchers with the most advanced tools of modern science including accelerators, colliders, supercomputers, light sources and neutron sources, as well as facilities for studying the nano world, the environment, and the atmosphere.
Fermilab’s newest accelerator delivers first results
IOTA is designed to develop technologies to increase the number of particles in a beam without increasing the beam’s size and thus the size and cost of the accelerator. IOTA researchers are investigating a novel technique called nonlinear integrable optics. The technique was a winner: Scientists observed that these specialized magnets significantly decreased the instability.
First major superconducting component for new high-power particle accelerator arrives at Fermilab
The first cryomodule for Fermilab’s new PIP-II superconducting accelerator has arrived from Argonne National Laboratory.
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https://sciencenewsnet.in/tag/accelerator/
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The RHIC community is pleased to find out that Mei Bai, a physicist in the BNL Collider-Accelerator Department (CAD), is a recipient of one of the first ACFA/IPAC accelerator prizes. She shares this honor with Steve Myers of CERN and Jie Wei of Tsinghua University. Mei has been at BNL since 1999, and has played a leading role in the polarized proton program at RHIC. She was Run Coordinator for four RHIC runs as a polarized proton collider, particularly the most recent one where she led the first operation of RHIC with polarized proton collisions at 500 GeV center-of-mass energy.
"Mei Bai's contributions to polarized beam acceleration are manifold — covering both low energy beams in the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) and high energy beams in RHIC using Siberian snakes," said Thomas Roser, CAD Chairman. "For her Ph.D. Thesis Mei developed a technique that solved a long-standing problem of depolarization from strong intrinsic resonances at low energy accelerators. After several runs with 100 GeV polarized protons, Mei then led the first acceleration of polarized protons to 250 GeV, reaching a beam polarization of 45%, and the major achievement of RHIC's first polarized proton collisions at 500 GeV."
Interactions News Wire #05-10
1 February 2010 http://www.interactions.org
Source: ACFA/IPAC
Content: Press Release
Date Issued: 28 January 2010
Announcement of the first ACFA/IPAC Accelerator Prizes
With the introduction of a 3-year cycle among the Asian, European and North American Particle Accelerator Conferences, the Asian Committee for Future Accelerators, ACFA, has decided to award prizes in conjunction with the new series of International Particle Accelerator Conferences when they take place in Asia.
The ACFA/IPAC'10 Prizes Selection Committee, under the Chairmanship of Won Namkung, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL), Korea, met on Wednesday, 20 January 2010 and decided the following prizes, which will be awarded during IPAC'10 in Kyoto from 23 to 28 May:
An Achievement Prize for outstanding work in the accelerator field with no age limit:
Steve Myers, European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva
Citation:"for his numerous outstanding contributions to the design, construction, commissionimg, performance optimization, and upgrade of energy-frontier colliders - in particular ISR, LEP, and LHC - and to the wider development of accelerator science"
A Prize for an individual, having made significant, original contributions to the accelerator field with no age limit:
Jie Wei, Tsinghua University in Beijing
Citation: "for his exceptionally creative contributions to the design, construction and commissioning of circular accelerators, in particular RHIC, SNS, LHC, as well as the design of CSNS, and for numerous significant developments in the field of beam dynamics"
A Prize for an individual, in the early part of his or her career, having made a recent significant, original contribution to the accelerator field:
Mei Bai, Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Long Island, New York
Citation: "for her significant contributions to spin dynamics and polarized proton acceleration in circular accelerators - in particular AGS and RHIC, and to successful polarized proton beam collisions at 500 GeV centre of mass"
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https://www.bnl.gov/newsroom/news.php?a=11637
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The demand for information about sentiment expressed in texts has stimulated a growing interest into automatic sentiment analysis in Natural Language Processing (NLP). This dissertation is motivated by an unmet need for high-performance domain-independent sentiment taggers and by pressing theoretical questions in NLP, where the exploration of limitations of specific approaches, as well as synergies between them, remain practically unaddressed. This study focuses on sentiment tagging at the sentence level and covers four genres: news, blogs, movie reviews, and product reviews. It draws comparisons between sentiment annotation at different linguistic levels (words, sentences, and texts) and highlights the key differences between supervised machine learning methods that rely on annotated corpora (corpus-based, CBA) and lexicon-based approaches (LBA) to sentiment tagging. Exploring the performance of supervised corpus-based approach to sentiment tagging, this study highlights the strong domain-dependence of the CBA. I present the development of LBA approaches based on general lexicons, such as WordNet, as a potential solution to the domain portability problem. A system for sentiment marker extraction from WordNet's relations and glosses is developed and used to acquire lists for a lexicon-based system for sentiment annotation at the sentence and text levels. It demonstrates that LBA's performance across domains is more stable than that of CBA. Finally, the study proposes an integration of LBA and CBA in an ensemble of classifiers using a precision-based voting technique that allows the ensemble system to incorporate the best features of both CBA and LBA. This combined approach outperforms both base learners and provides a promising solution to the domain-adaptation problem. The study contributes to NLP (1) by developing algorithms for automatic acquisition of sentiment-laden words from dictionary definitions; (2) by conducting a systematic study of approaches to sentiment classification and of factors affecting their performance; (3) by refining the lexicon-based approach by introducing valence shifter handling and parse tree information; and (4) by development of the combined, CBA/LBA approach that brings together the strengths of the two approaches and allows domain-adaptation with limited amounts of labeled training data.
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https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/976358/
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When we talk about "sentiment tuning" we're referring to the process of enhancing the out-of-the-box data files that drive sentiment analysis. These data files have been developed against a general spectrum of content. But the same phrase can take on different sentiment orientation, for example the terms "killer" and "sick" have different sentiment in the healthcare industry versus the use of the same terms in relation to video games.
The main goal when tuning sentiment is to address detected issues with fixes that will also help in a larger sense. The fixes should aim to support the content domain such that there is a cumulative benefit that will over time reduce the number of issues that need addressing instead of spot fixes.
We’ll start with a pure out-of-the-box installation, and customize it to address issues noted in three sample tweets with explanations of the steps, how they help correctly align these tweets, and how they help in the overall sense.
If you are not already familiar with user directories and how they can be used within Salience, I recommend you have a look at before starting. For these tweets, I'm going to start with a user directory in a folder C:/CustomSentiment as a place to put the content I am assessing, and any custom files I create for tuning. Assuming I have a standard installation of Salience on Windows, I'll copy C:/Program Files/Lexalytics/data/user to C:/CustomSentiment/user. Throughout this process, I'll also refer to the Windows Salience Demo application which I'm using to diagnose the sentiment phrases in the default configuration and assessing my tuning steps.
"The New ABC Corp Gaming laptop is a killer...."
In both cases, the default value of -0.3 for the phrase "killer" that exists in the default sentiment phrase dictionary (general.hsd) skews the analysis into negative sentiment. We can override the sentiment phrase by creating a new HSD file, and overlaying it on top of this default analysis.
Think of multiple HSD files as transparent layers, in which phrases that exist within the base HSD can be overridden by the same phrase with a different weight in a higher layer. If there is no override in a higher layer, the phrase and value from the lower layer is used.
To adjust the sentiment for the phrase "killer", we need to create that additional layer to apply on top of the default sentiment analysis to tune it to our content.
3) In the Windows Salience Demo app, I specified C:/CustomSentiment/user/salience/sentiment/customSentiment.hsd as an additional sentiment dictionary to use, this can also be done via API calls.
That's it. Now, the phrase "killer" has the positive sentiment that is appropriate in the content that we are processing. Note, this is only the appropriate sentiment within this particular content domain, specifically tech tweets which are less likely to exhibit the negative usage of the same phrase. If you are analyzing a broader spectrum of content, the approach may differ to handle the variety of cases.
Let's look at three other specific tweets that require additional tuning steps.
The result is driven off a single phrase found in out-of-the-box sentiment dictionaries “properly” which has positive sentiment. In general that would be true. What we see in this tweet however, are phrases that denote actions that would be positive in this domain (“fix my computer”, “find a solution”) but in this case should be negated because they didn’t happen and that is what should be driving the sentiment.
There are two actions that we need to take, and these are actions that will help later down the line as we continue tuning. First, we'll add more phrases to our custom sentiment phrase dictionary to capture sentiment in this domain of content.
There is an additional step that we need to take before these phrases will become effective, because they contain parts of speech that are not considered part of sentiment-bearing phrases out-of-the-box. In order to customize the patterns for a sentiment-bearing phrase, we need to override a data file called hsd.ptn. This should be done in a user directory, not the default data directory. Having a user directory is also going to help later in further tuning, it gives us a place to make deeper adjustments for this customer/domain.
4) In the Windows Salience Demo app, I specified C:/CustomSentiment/user as the user directory for my session, this can also be done via API calls.
That may seem like a lot of changes just to correct a single tweet. However, that’s mainly because it’s been broken down into the individual steps for clarity and it also lays the groundwork for everything to come.
Following these changes, the sentiment assessed for the tweet aligns to the negative expectation, and for appropriate reasons.
I did not make any adjustments to the phrase “properly”. Ideally we would want that to be negated or neutralized, however I was able to achieve the expected sentiment through the application of domain-specific phrases, and we may encounter “properly” in other cases that could be thrown off by try to adjust it here.
As with the first tweet, all of the sentiment is being driven off a single phrase which in the general domain can be considered as something that conveys positive sentiment. In this domain and in this context, it means nothing. We also see another case of an action that is expected to have positive sentiment (“help me”), but should be negated in this case.
There are two actions that we need to take, and they align with the actions taken previously. First, we want to ignore “first place” as a sentiment phrase.
The tilde indicates that this is a phrase to specifically ignore for sentiment. This is different than applying a sentiment weight of 0, which would still include the phrase in the calculation of sentiment, and thus have a neutralizing effect on the sentiment found in other phrases.
The phrase “help me” is also one that needs an adjustment to the standard HSD patterns in order for it to be detected.
Following these changes, the sentiment assessed for the tweet aligns to the negative expectation, and again for appropriate reasons that address the domain.
We could take the additional step of adding “sold a poc” as a negative phrase assuming that what the author actually meant was “sold as pos”. However, that is a spot fix that has low likelihood of benefitting overall sentiment analysis outside of this single occurrence.
Sentiment is being driven off “OK” and “genuine”, but the real sentiment is in the emphatic "damn" and WTF, which is not detected as a sentiment phrase.
With these changes in place, we’re detecting more of the negative sentiment. Again, we’re not changing the meaning of “genuine”, and we’re not going to chase “counterfit” which is a misspelling. If that misspelling is very common in the content being analyzed, that could be added as an additional negative sentiment phrase. You could place additional customizations to decrease the positive weight of “OK” or “genuine”, but that again depends on what is seen more commonly in this domain and how much weight these phrases should carry.
- The customization of hsd.ptn allows for a broader range of phrases to be identified as possibly sentiment bearing. More importantly, it brings in parts-of-speech that are more self-directed with the use of personal and possessive pronouns, which are more likely to occur in this type of content.
- The customized HSD starts to address the things that are positive or (when negated) negative in this specific domain, actions that are relevant to a customer in this domain.
- There are additional customizations to sentiment phrases that could be made to address specific misspellings seen in these tweets, but these are more likely to be spot fixes, not globally beneficial.
- There are additional customizations to sentiment that could be made to fix these specific cases, but could lead to false results in other cases.
- The customization to customlexicon.dat allow for tailoring of language to the domain.
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http://dev.lexalytics.com/wiki/pmwiki.php?n=Features.SentimentTuning
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Embeddings are useful for many tasks, including word similarity (e.g., PenSocMan14), named entity recognition (NER) (e.g., collobert11scratch) and sentiment analysis (e.g., Kim14, KalGreBlu14, SevMos15). Embeddings are generic representations, containing different types of information about a word. Statistical models can be trained to make best use of these generic representations for a specific application like NER or sentiment analysis[Ebert et al.2015].
Our hypothesis in this paper is that the information useful for any given task is contained in an ultradense subspace . We propose the new method Densifier to identify . Given a set of word embeddings, Densifier learns an orthogonal transformation of the original space on a task-specific training set. The orthogonality of the transformation can be considered a hard regularizer.
The benefit of the proposed method is that embeddings are most useful if learned on unlabeled corpora and performance-enhanced on a broad array of tasks. This means we should try to keep all information offered by them. Orthogonal transformations “reorder” the space without adding or removing information and preserve the bilinear form, i.e., Euclidean distance and cosine. The transformed embeddings concentrate all information relevant for the task in .
The benefits of compared to are (i) high-quality and (ii) efficient representations. (i) Densifier moves non-task-related information outside of , i.e., into the orthogonal complement of . As a result, provides higher-quality representations for the task than ; e.g., noise that could result in overfitting is reduced in compared to . (ii) has a dimensionality smaller by a factor of 100
in our experiments. As a result, training statistical models on these embeddings is much faster. These models also have many fewer parameters, thus again helping to prevent overfitting, especially for complex, deep neural networks.
We show the benefits of ultradense representations in two text polarity classification tasks (SemEval2015 Task 10B, Czech movie reviews).
In the most extreme form, ultradense representations – i.e., – have a single dimension. We exploit this for creating lexicons in which words are annotated with lexical information, e.g., with sentiment. Specifically, we create high-coverage lexicons with up to 3 million words (i) for three lexical properties: for sentiment, concreteness and frequency; (ii) for five languages: Czech, English, French, German and Spanish; (iii) for two domains, Twitter and News, in a domain adaptation setup.
The main advantages of this method of lexicon creation are: (i) We need a training lexicon of only a few hundred words, thus making our method effective for new domains and languages and requiring only a minimal manual annotation effort. (ii) The method is applicable to any set of embeddings, including phrase and sentence embeddings. Assuming the availability of a small hand-labeled lexicon, Densifier automatically creates a domain dependent lexicon based on a set of embeddings learned on a large corpus of the domain. (iii) While the input lexicon is discrete – e.g., positive (+1) and negative (-1) sentiment – the output lexicon is continuous and this more fine-grained assessment is potentially more informative than a simple binary distinction.
We show that lexicons created by Densifier beat the state of the art on SemEval2015 Task 10E (determining association strength).
One of our goals is to make embeddings more interpretable. The work on sentiment, concreteness and frequency we present in this paper is a first step towards a general decomposition of embedding spaces into meaningful, dense subspaces. This would lead to cleaner and more easily interpretable representations – as well as representations that are more effective and efficient.
2 Model
Let
be an orthogonal matrix that transforms the original word embedding space into a space in which certain types of information are represented by a small number of dimensions. Concretely, we learnsuch that the dimensions of the resulting space correspond to a word’s sentiment information and the remaining dimensions correspond to non-sentiment information. Analogously, the sets of dimensions and correspond to a word’s concreteness information and frequency information, respectively. In this paper, we assume that these properties do not correlate and therefore the ultradense subspaces do not overlap, e.g., . However, this might not be true for other settings, e.g., sentiment and semantic information.
If is the original embedding of word , the transformed representation is . We use as a placeholder for , and and call the dimensionality of the ultradense subspace of . For each ultradense subspace, we create
, an identity matrix for the dimensions in. Thus, the ultradense representation of is defined as:
|(1)|
2.1 Separating Words of Different Groups
We assume to have a lexicon resource in which each word is annotated for a certain information as either (positive, concrete, frequent) or (negative, abstract, infrequent). Let be a set of word index pairs for which holds. We want to maximize:
|(2)|
Thus, our objective is given by:
|(3)|
or, equivalently, by:
|(4)|
subject to being an orthogonal matrix.
2.2 Aligning Words of the Same Group
Another goal is to minimize the distance of two words of the same group. Let be a set of word index pairs for which holds. In contrast to Eq. 3, we now want to minimize each distance. Thus, the objective is given by:
|(5)|
subject to being an orthogonal matrix.
The intuition behind the two objectives is graphically depicted in Figure 1.
2.3 Training
We combine the two objectives in Eqs. 3/5 for each subspace, i.e., for sentiment, concreteness and frequency, and weight them with and
. Hence, there is one hyperparameter
for each subspace. We then perform stochastic gradient descent (SGD). Batch size isand starting learning rate is , multiplied by in each iteration.
2.4 Orthogonalization
Each step of SGD updates . The updated matrix is in general no longer orthogonal. We therefore reorthogonalize
in each step based on singular value decomposition:
where is a diagonal matrix, and and are orthogonal matrices. The matrix
is the nearest orthogonal matrix to in both the 2-norm and the Frobenius norm [Fan and Hoffman1955]. (Formalizing our regularization directly as projected gradient descent would be desirable. However, gradient descent includes an additive operation and orthogonal matrices are not closed under summation.)
SGD for this problem is sensitive to the learning rate. If the learning rate is too large, a large jump results and the reorthogonalized matrix basically is a random new point in the parameter space. If the learning rate is too small, then learning can take long. We found that our training regime of starting at a high learning rate (5) and multiplying by .99 in each iteration is effective. Typically, the cost initially stays about constant (random jumps in parameter space), then cost steeply declines in a small number of about 50 iterations (sweet spot); the curve flattens after that. Training took less than 5 minutes per experiment for all experiments in this paper.
3 Lexicon Creation
For lexicon creation, the input is a set of embeddings and a lexicon resource , in which words are annotated for a lexical information such as sentiment, concreteness or frequency. Densifier is then trained to produce a one-dimensional ultradense subspace. The output is an output lexicon. It consists of all words covered by the embedding set, each associated with its one-dimensional ultradense subspace representation (which is simply a real number), an indicator of the word’s strength for that information.
The embeddings and lexicon resources used in this paper cover five languages and three domains (Table 1). The Google News embeddings for English111https://code.google.com/p/word2vec/ and the FrWac embeddings for French222http://fauconnier.github.io/ are publicly available. We use word2vec to train 400-dimensional embeddings for English on a 2013 Twitter corpus of size 5.4 . For Czech, German and Spanish, we train embeddings on web data of sizes 3.3, 8.0 and 3.8 , respectively. We use the following lexicon resources for sentiment: SubLex 1.0 [Veselovská and Bojar2013] for Czech; WHM for English [the combination of MPQA [Wilson et al.2005], Opinion Lexicon [Hu and Liu2004] and NRC Emotion lexicons [Mohammad and Turney2013]]; FEEL [Abdaoui et al.2014] for French; German Polarity Clues [Waltinger2010] for German; and the sentiment lexicon of PerBanMih12 for Spanish. For concreteness, we use BWK, a lexicon of 40,000 English words [Brysbaert et al.2014]. For frequency, we exploit the fact that word2vec stores words in frequency order; thus, the ranking provided by word2vec is our lexicon resource for frequency.
For a resource/embedding-set pair , we intersect the vocabulary of with the top 80,000 words of to filter out noisy, infrequent words that tend to have low quality embeddings and we do not want them to introduce noise when training the transformation matrix.
For the sentiment and concreteness resources, for all words covered. We create a resource for frequency by setting for the 2000 most frequent words and for words at ranks 20000-22000. 1000 words randomly selected from the 5000 most frequent are the test set.333The main result of the frequency experiment below is that is low even in a setup that is optimistic due to train/test overlap; presumably it would be even lower without overlap. We designate three sets of dimensions , and to represent sentiment, concreteness and frequency, respectively, and arbitrarily set (i) for English and for the other languages since we do not have concreteness resources for them, (ii) and (iii) . Referring to the lines in Table 1, we then learn six orthogonal transformation matrices : for CZ-web (1), DE-web (2), ES-web (3), FR-web (4, 9), EN-twitter (5) and EN-news (6, 7, 8).
4 Evaluation
4.1 Top-Ranked Words
Table 2 shows the top 10 positive/negative words (i.e., most extreme values on dimension ) when we apply the transformation to the corpora EN-twitter, EN-news and DE-web and the top 10 concrete/abstract words (i.e., most extreme values on dimension ) for EN-news. For EN-twitter (leftmost double column), the selected words look promising: they contain highly domain-specific words such as hashtags (e.g., #happy). This is surprising because there is not a single hashtag in the lexicon resource WHM that Densifier was trained on. Results for the other three double columns show likewise extreme examples for the corresponding information and language. This initial evaluation indicates that our method effectively learns high quality lexicons for new domains. Figure 3 depicts values for selected words for the three properties. Illustrative examples are “brother” / “brotherhood” for concreteness and “hate” / “love” for sentiment.
4.2 Quality of Predictions
Table 1 presents experimental results. In each case, we split the resource into train/test, except for Twitter where we used the trial data of SemEval2015 Task 10E for test. We train Densifier on train and compute Kendall’s on test. The size of the lexicon resource has no big effect; e.g., results for Spanish (small resource; line 3) and French (large resource; line 4) are about the same. See Section 5.2 for a more detailed analysis of the effect of resource size.
The quality of the output lexicon depends strongly on the quality of the underlying word embeddings; e.g., results for French (small embedding training corpus; line 4) are worse than results for English (large embedding training corpus; line 6) even though the lexicon resources have comparable size.
In contrast to sentiment/concreteness, values for frequency are low (lines 8-9). For the other three languages we obtain for frequency (not shown). This suggests that word embeddings represent sentiment and concreteness much better than frequency. The reason for this likely is the learning objective of word embeddings: modeling the context. Infrequent words can occur in frequent contexts. Thus, the frequency information in a single word embedding is limited. In contrast negative words are likely to occur in negative contexts.
The nine output lexicons in Table 1 – each a list of words annotated with predicted strength on one of three properties – are available at www.cis.lmu.de/~sascha/Ultradense/.
4.3 Determining Association Strength
We also evaluate lexicon creation on SemEval2015 Task 10E. As before, the task is to predict the sentiment score of words/phrases. We use the trial data of the task to tune the hyperparameter, .4. Out-of-vocabulary words were predicted as neutral (7/1315). Table 3 shows that the lexicon computed by Densifier (line 5, Table 1) has a of .654 (line 6, column all), significantly better than all other systems, including the winner of SemEval 2015 ( .626, line 1). Densifier also beats Sentiment140 [Mohammad et al.2013], a widely used semi-automatic sentiment lexicon. The last column is on the intersection of Densifier and Sentiment140. It shows that Densifier again performs significantly better than Sentiment140.
4.4 Text Polarity Classification
We now show that ultradense embeddings decrease model training times without any noticeable decrease in performance compared to the original embeddings. We evaluate on SemEval2015 Task 10B, classification of Twitter tweets as positive, negative or neutral. We reimplement the linguistically-informed convolutional neural network (lingCNN) of EbeVuSch15b that has close to state-of-the-art performance on the task. We do not use sentence-based features to focus on the evaluation of the embeddings. We initialize the first layer of lingCNN, the embedding layer, in three different ways: (i) 400-dimensional Twitter embeddings (Section3); (ii) 40-dimensional ultradense embeddings derived from (i); (iii) 4-dimensional ultradense embeddings derived from (i). The objective weighting is , optimized on the development set.
The embedding layer converts a sentence into a matrix of word embeddings. We also add linguistic features for words, such as sentiment lexicon scores. The combination of embeddings and linguistic features is the input for a convolution layer with filters spanning 2-5 words (100 filters each). This is followed by a max pooling layer, a rectifier nonlinearity[Nair and Hinton2010]
and a fully connected softmax layer predicting the final label. The model is trained with SGD using AdaGrad[Duchi et al.2011] and regularization (). Learning rate is . Mini-batch size is 100.
We follow the official guidelines and use the SemEval2013 training and development sets as training set, the SemEval2013 test set as development set and the SemEval2015 test set to report final scores [Nakov et al.2013, Rosenthal et al.2015]. We report macro
of positive and negative classes (the official SemEval evaluation metric) and accuracy over the three classes. Table4 shows that 40-dimensional ultradense embeddings perform almost as well as the full 400-dimensional embeddings (no significant difference according to sign test). Training time is shorter by a factor of 21 (85/4 examples/second). The 4-dimensional ultradense embeddings lead to only a small loss of 1.5% even though the size of the embeddings is smaller by a factor of 100 (again not a significant drop). Training time is shorter by a factor of 44 (178/4).
We perform the same experiment on CSFD, a Czech movie review dataset [Habernal et al.2013], to show the benefits of ultradense embeddings for a low-resource language where only one rather small lexicon is available. As original word embeddings we train new 400 dimensional embeddings on a large Twitter corpus (3.3 tokens). We use Densifier to create 40 and 4 dimensional embeddings out of these embeddings and SubLex 1.0 [Veselovská and Bojar2013]. Word polarity features are also taken from SubLex. A simple binary negation indicator is implemented by searching for all tokens beginning with “ne”. Since that includes superlative forms having the prefix “nej”, we remove them with the exception of common negated words, such as “nejsi” – “you are not”. We randomly split the 91,000 dataset instances into 90% train and 10% test and report accuracy and macro score over all three classes.
Table 4 shows that what we found for English is also true for Czech. There is only a small performance drop when using ultradense embeddings (not significant for 40 dimensional embeddings) while the speed improvement is substantial.
5 Parameter Analysis
In this section, we analyze two parameters: size of ultradense subspace and size of lexicon resource. We leave an evaluation of another parameter, the size of the embedding training corpus, for future work, but empirical results suggest that this corpus should ideally have a size of several billion tokens.
5.1 Size of Subspace
With the exception of the two text polarity classification experiments, all our subspaces have dimensionality . The question arises: does a one-dimensional space perhaps have too low a capacity to encode all relevant information and could we further improve our results by increasing the dimensionality of the subspace to values ? The lexicon resources that we train and test on are all binary; thus, if we use values
, then we need to map the subspace embeddings to a one-dimensional scale for evaluation. We do this by training, on the train part of the resource, a linear transformation from the ultradense subspace to the one-dimensional scale (e.g., to the sentiment scale).
Figure 2 compares different values of for three different types of subspaces in this setup, i.e., the setup in which the subspace representations are mapped via linear transformation to a one-dimensional sentiment value: (i) Random: we take the first dimensions of the original embeddings; (ii) PCA: we compute a PCA and take the first principal components; (iii) Ultradense subspace of dimensionality . We use the word embeddings and lexicon resources of line 6 in Table 1. For random, the performance starts dropping when the subspace is smaller than dimensions. For PCA, the performance is relatively stable until the subspace becomes smaller than . In contrast, ultradense subspaces have almost identical performance for all values of , even for . This suggests that a single dimension is sufficient to encode all sentiment information needed for sentiment lexicon creation. However, for other sentiment tasks more dimensions may be needed, e.g., for modeling different emotional dimensions of polarity: fear, sadness, anger etc.
An alternative approach to create a low-dimensional space is to simply train low-dimensional word2vec embeddings. The following experiment suggests that this does not work very well. We used word2vec to train 60-dimensional twitter embeddings with the same settings as on line 5 in Table 1. While the correlation for 400-dimensional embeddings shown in Table 1 is .661, the correlation of 60-dimensional embeddings is only .568. Thus, even though we show that the information in 400-dimensional embeddings that is relevant for sentiment can be condensed into a single dimension, hundreds of dimensions seem to be needed if we use word2vec to collect sentiment information. If we run word2vec with a small dimensionality, only a subset of available sentiment information is “harvested” from the corpus.
5.2 Size of Training Resource
Next, we analyze what size of training resource is required to learn a good transformation . Labeled resources covering many words may not be available or suffer from lack of quality. We use the settings of lines 6 (sentiment) and 7 (concreteness) in Table 1. Figure 2 shows that a small training resource of entries is sufficient for high performance. This suggests that Densifier can create a high quality output lexicon for a new language by hand-labeling only words; and that a small, high-quality resource may be preferable to a large lower-quality resource (semi-automatic or out of domain).
To provide further evidence for this, we train Densifier on only the trial data of SemEval2015 task 10E. To convert the continuous trial data to binary / labels, we discard all words with sentiment values between and and round the remaining values, giving us positive and negative training words. The resulting lexicon has .627 (Table 3, line 8).444Here, we tune on train (equals trial data of SemEval2015 task 10E). This seems to work due to the different objectives for training (maximize/minimize difference) and development (correlation). This is worse than .654 (line 6) for the setup in which we used several large resources, but still better than all previous work. This indicates that Densifier is especially suited for languages or domains for which little training data is available.
6 Related Work
To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to train an orthogonal transformation to reorder word embedding dimensions into ultradense subspaces. However, there is much prior work on postprocessing word embeddings.
FarDodJau+15 perform postprocessing based on a semantic lexicon with the goal of fine-tuning word embeddings. Their transformation is not orthogonal and therefore does not preserve distances. They show that their approach optimizes word embeddings for a given application, i.e., word similarity, but also that it worsens them for other applications like detecting syntactic relations. FarDodJau+15’s approach also does not have the benefit of ultradense embeddings, in particular the benefit of increased efficiency.
In a tensor framework, rothe-schutze:2015:P15-1 transform the word embeddings to sense (synset) embeddings. In their work, all embeddings live in the same space whereas we explicitly want to change the embedding space to create ultradense embeddings with several desirable properties.
xing-EtAl:2015:NAACL-HLT restricted the work of mikolov2013exploiting to an orthogonal transformation to ensure that normalized embeddings stay normalized. This transformation is learned between two embedding spaces of different languages to exploit similarities. They normalized word embeddings in a first step, something that did not improve our results.
As a reviewer pointed out, our method is also related to Oriented PCA [Diamantaras and Kung1996]. However in contrast to PCA a solution for Oriented PCA is not orthogonal.
Sentiment lexicons are often created semi-automatically, e.g., by extending manually labeled seed sets of sentiment words or adding for each word its syno-/antonyms. Alternatively, words frequently cooccurring with a seed set of manually labeled sentiment words are added [Turney2002, Kiritchenko et al.2014]. heerschop2011sentiment used WordNet together with a PageRank-based algorithm to propagate the sentiment of the seed set to unknown words. scheible10mtsent presented a semi-automatic approach based on machine translation of sentiment lexicons. The winning system of SemEval2015 10E [Amir et al.2015]
was based on structured skip-gram embeddings with 600 dimensions and support vector regression with RBF kernels. hamdan-bellot-bechet:2015:SemEval1, the second ranked team, used the average of six sentiment lexicons as a final sentiment score, a method that cannot be applied to low resource languages. We showed that the lexicons created byDensifier achieve better performance than other semi-automatically created lexicons.
TanWeiYan+14 train sentiment specific embeddings by extending Collobert & Weston’s model and tang-EtAl:2014:Coling’s skip-gram model. The first model automatically labels tweets as positive/negative based on emoticons, a process that cannot be easily transferred to other domains like news. The second uses the Urban Dictionary to expand a small list of 350 sentiment seeds. In our work, we showed that a training resource of about the same size is sufficient without an additional dictionary. Densifier differs from this work in that it does not need a text corpus, but can transform existing, publicly available word embeddings. Densifier is independent of the embedding learning algorithm and therefore extensible to other word embedding models like GloVe [Pennington et al.2014], to phrase embeddings [Yu and Dredze2015] and even to sentence embeddings [Kiros et al.2015].
7 Conclusion
We have introduced Densifier, a method that is trained to focus embeddings used for an application to an ultradense subspace that contains the information relevant for the application. In experiments on SemEval, we demonstrate two benefits of the ultradense subspace. (i) Information is preserved even if we focus on a subspace that is smaller by a factor of 100 than the original space. This means that unnecessary noisy information is removed from the embeddings and robust learning without overfitting is better supported. (ii) Since the subspace is 100 times smaller, models that use the embeddings as their input representation can be trained more efficiently and have a much smaller number of parameters. The subspace can be learned with just training examples, achieving state-of-the-art results on lexicon creation.
We have shown in this paper that up to three orthogonal ultradense subspaces can be created. Many training datasets can be restructured as sets of similar/dissimilar pairs. For instance, in part-of-speech tasks verb/verb pairs would be similar, verb/noun pairs dissimilar. Hence, our objective is widely applicable. In future work, we will explore the possibility of factoring all information present in an embedding into a dozen or so orthogonal subspaces. This factorization would not change the information embeddings contain, but it would make them more compact for any given application, more meaningful and more interpretable.
The nine large Densifier lexicons shown in Table 1 are publicly available.555www.cis.lmu.de/~sascha/Ultradense/
Acknowledgments. We gratefully acknowledge the support of DFG: grant SCHU 2246/10-1.
References
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Hussam Hamdan, Patrice Bellot, and Frederic Bechet.
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https://deepai.org/publication/ultradense-word-embeddings-by-orthogonal-transformation
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The aim of this project is to determine whether it is feasible to generate useful datasets from unsolicited Twitter posts regarding auditory hallucinatory experiences to support psychological investigations.
To collect the Twitter posts about potential hallucinatory experiences we have defined search queries based on keywords from the literature and informed by researchers with experience of delivering clinical assessments.
We have designed and developed our own bespoke annotation application, that was aimed to minimise the time spent on the labelling of each example. Using this tool annotators can assign an appropriate classification category and also highlight corresponding words and phrases that would describe their decisions.
Our goal was to predict relatedness of posts to hallucinatory experience. In other words, we need to classify texts into two categories: “related” and “unrelated”. Regular post in Twitter usually contains a lot of noise, such as slang, acronyms and spelling mistakes. People use words that are not in the english vocabulary that make natural language processing more challenging.
During this stage we try to identify semantics and meaning from the text. In subjective posts, where people describe personal opinions or feelings, it is useful to know which emotion: positive, negative or neutral was expressed, therefore we have also decided to extract the sentiment polarity. Also, in our specific case of auditory hallucinations, it would be interesting to investigate the content of hallucinations (what is exactly heard), therefore we presented an algorithm that extracts key phrase (based on the structure of the sentence).
F2-score
We have performed 10 experiments of 10-fold cross validation and used F2-score as a performance metric. The best performance (F2-score=0.831) was achieved using Naive Bayes classifier.
To help researchers with data analysis, we have developed visualisation application to present aggregated statistics, such as part of the day distribution, sentiment polarity distribution, different types of named entities and distribution of semantic classes.
Negative sentiments significantly associated with posts that indicated the occurrence of auditory hallucinations.
Posts linked to auditory hallucinations had a higher proportionate distribution between the hours of 11pm and 5am.
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http://mabelous.com/projects/mining-auditory-hallucinations-twitter/
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1Modeling Pollyanna Phenomena in Chinese Sentiment AnalysisPollyanna phenomena describe the human tendency to use positive words more frequently than negative words. This word-level...
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2Structure-Aware Review Mining and Summarizationsentence level information. It includes the count of positive words and negative words, which are detected by SentiWordNet...
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3Determining the Sentiment of Opinions2004 - Soo-Min Kim,Eduard Hovy1993; Fellbaum et al. 1993). We assume synonyms of positive words are mostly positive and antonyms mostly negative, e...
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4Lost in Translations? Building Sentiment Lexicons using Context Based Machine Translationillustrate the idea. As an example,we translate two English positive words,“graceful” and“elegant”, to Chinese. Whenwe translate...
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5Exploiting Discourse Relations for Sentiment Analysis2012 - Fei Wang,Yunfang Wu,Likun Qiucaused by people’s tendency to write negative reviews with positive words. Both Taboada et al. (2008) and Heerschop et al. (2011)...
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6Towards a Generic and Flexible Citation Classifier Based on a Faceted Classification Scheme2012 - Charles Jochim,Hinrich Schützelexicon cpol Ath11 unknown general polarity lexicon positive-words own best, advantage general positive lexicon negative-words...
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7Morpheme-based Derivation of Bipolar Semantic Orientation of Chinese Wordsfrom the strength of its association with a set of positive words, minus the strength of its association with a set of...
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8Automatic Seed Word Selection for Unsupervised Sentiment Classification of Chinese Text2008 - Taras Zagibalov,Jeremy J.CARROLLpreliminary conclusion that a relatively high frequency of positive words is determined by the usage of language that reflects...
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9Robust Sentiment Detection on Twitter from Biased and Noisy Data2010 - Luciano Barbosa,Junlan Fengexamining the data from TwitterFeel, we found out that only 4 positive words (“awesome”,“rock”,“love” and “beat”) cover 95% of their...
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10Sentiment Translation through Multi-Edge Graphsa search engine given the query. P is a set of known positive words, N a set of known negative words, and NEAR an operator...
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http://saffron.insight-centre.org/acl_coling/topic/positive_word/
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We discuss sentiment data models, significance of linguistic features, handling the noise in social conversations, industry challenges, important use cases and the appropriateness of over-simplified binary classification.
By Anmol Rajpurohit.Vita Markman is currently employed as a Staff Software Engineer at LinkedIn, where she works on various natural language processing applications such as performing sentiment analysis of customer feedback and extracting relevant information from job postings. Before joining LinkedIn, she was a Staff Research Engineer at Samsung Research America. Prior to Samsung Research, she was employed as a Computational Linguist at Disney Interactive.
In addition, she conducts independent research on mining the language of social media. Here primary interests are focused on extracting topics and sentiment from micro-text – the short, snippet-like pieces of text found on Twitter, Facebook, and in various other social media sources.
Her education background is in theoretical and computational linguistics (Rutgers, 2005). In addition to computational linguistics, she has publication record in theoretical syntax and morphology, which was her primary area of research between the years of 2002 – 2008.
I had the pleasure of attending her talk "Integrating Linguistic Features into Sentiment Models: Sentiment Mining in Social media within industry Setting" at Sentiment Analysis Innovation Summit 2014 in San Francisco, CA. Here is first part of my interview with her:
Anmol Rajpurohit Q1. How do the sentiment data models benefit from the integration of linguistic features? Why do we need to go beyond the word (i.e. its dictionary meaning)? Can you share a few examples?
Vita Markman: To answer this question let me first offer a working definition of “linguistic features” that I used throughout the talk. I use the term “linguistic features” to refer to “features beyond the word-level”; in other words, phrase-level features. For example, a classic word-level feature commonly used in sentiment analysis models is an adjective that bears positive or negative semantic orientation, such as “great” or “terrible”. In contrast, a phrase-level feature is a linguistic unit composed of several words, a phrase, that conveys positive or negative orientation only in its entirety. For example, in a domain related to deliveries of products “on time” is a phrase-level feature, where neither the meaning of “on” nor the meaning of “time” alone convey the sentiment; rather, “on time” is the phrasal unit that suggests (in this case) positive orientation, as in “delivery arrived on time”.
Other similar examples include phrases such as “as described”, “as advertised”, “met expectations”, “arrived in pieces”. When reviews are very short, using features beyond the word level becomes critical because many data points do not contain any adjectives or other obvious sentiment bearing words. For example, in the dataset of feedback postings for merchants at Amazon.com (at http://economining.stern.nyu.edu/datasets.html), that was used in the experiment described in the talk, roughly 20% of the sampled transaction reviews do not contain any obvious sentiment bearing vocabulary. The feedback postings are for the most part micro-reviews, i.e. reviews that consist of a single short sentence such as “transaction met expectations” or “arrived as promised”, making it hard to impossible to single out a specific word that contributes to the sentiment of the review.
AR: Q2. Noise is one of the biggest deterrents when dealing with the massive volume of data from social conversations. What are your recommendations for identification and removal of noise while text-mining social data?
VM: First, there is the rather obvious recommendation of normalizing misspelling as much as possible, removing uninformative punctuation, and normalizing important information-bearing emoticons such as “:-)” and “:-(". After that, the subsequent pre-processing steps will largely depend on the application and on how the data will be used. For example, if the social data is to be used in a bag of words model, then removing frequent stop words such as articles (‘the’, ‘a’) and some prepositions (‘of’, ‘to’) is an important next step. In addition to the basic stop word removal (if one chooses to go with a bag of words model), I would also recommend doing a more data-specific text pre-processing. Namely, each data-set comes from some domain that contains words that are very frequent for that domain. They may not be your regular stop words, but they contribute little to no information and may actually hurt the model. Specifically, in the case of amazon feedback data, words such as “amazon” are actually not informative because they appear in too many reviews, e.g. have too high a document count. Removing or at least discounting these words may be of use.
In the past, I have used the rule of thumb where if a token appears in more than 20%-25% of all documents, it can be treated as a stop word. That said, if one plans to use a model that relies on phrase-level features such as “on time” or “as described”, then removing stop words such as the preposition “on” will be detrimental. For models that use phrase-level features, I would recommend leaving stop words as they are, but performing other noise-reduction steps such as recognizing and then normalizing negation words such as “not” , “no”, “don’t” “doesn’t” , etc. into a single form “NOT”. Negation contributes very important information especially to sentiment models and should be retained and ideally normalized. That way, phrases such as “package not arrived” and “package never arrived” are mapped to a single form “Package NOT arrived”. Performing some simple and very careful lemmatization such that “arrive” and “arrived” are mapped to the same form “arrive” is also helpful.
In sum, normalizing misspellings, removing basic stop words/words with high document count, and normalizing negation are some of the key preprocessing steps for text-mining social data.
AR: Q3. What are the unique challenges of sentiment mining in social media within "industry setting"? Currently, what kind of sentiment mining use cases are of the most interest to the industry?
VM: There are several challenges posed by industry setting. I will focus on two.
First, industry often demands a quick turnaround time. A simple model that works and gets shipped quickly is oftentimes preferable to a more nuanced and complex model that takes longer to build, especially if the simpler model is amenable to iterative improvements. Practitioners and researchers in industry are driven to create models that work well, yet are developed/trained quickly, which is challenging.
The second constraint of industry is obtaining good labeled data, where “labeled” and “good” are the key operative words. While in today’s world raw data is prolific, labeled data is not. Obtaining “good” labeled data requires many hours spent by senior team members on annotation code-book design as well as on implementation of inter-annotator agreement metrics such as pairwise Kappa statistic. Creating a proper annotation code-book is critical for the development of a solid machine learning model. Annotation code-books are particularly difficult and labor-intensive to design for the tasks that are vague and subjective such as sentiment labeling. In addition, there may also be some legal issues surrounding releasing raw data for crowd-sourcing as it may be proprietary and hence using third party annotators may not be possible.
In sum, some of the challenges posed by industry setting relate to developing good models in a short period of time and to obtaining solid labeled training data for the task.
Currently, some of the more interesting use cases in industry involve aspect-based sentiment modeling where sentiment is attributed not to the product as a whole but to each component (aspect) of the product. For example, a hotel review is more informative if each aspect such as room quality, location, amenities are given a separate sentiment score as opposed to if the entire hotel receives a single sentiment score.
AR: Q4. Throughout your talk at Sentiment Analysis Innovation Summit you were referring to the goal of identifying a text snippet from customer's review comments as positive or negative. This binary classification of sentiment seems to be an over-simplification. Do you agree? Would it be better to measure sentiment as a percentage or other more comprehensive metric rather than as binary?
VM: Completely agree. Binary classification for sentiment is a great over-simplification and is done solely for the purpose of getting some preliminary phrasal features that indicate positive or negative sentiment. At least three-way classification such as “good”, “neutral”, and “bad” would be better to start with. That said, “neutral” is a very hard class to define, as it is often “neutral-good” or “neutral-bad”. Given the brevity of the reviews I was working with, inferring these distinctions from the text alone was near impossible. However, if there were a way to obtain a reliable set of three-way classifications, or a reliable finer grained classification, it would be preferred.
Second and last part of the interview.
Related:
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https://www.kdnuggets.com/2014/08/interview-vita-markman-linkedin-sentiment-mining.html
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- Polarity lexicons: words tagged with positive or negative sentiment values. some writing about this in Velikovich_et_al,_NAACL_2010.
- Thesaurses
- WordNet-style lexicons: synonym and hypernym relations between words
- Concept-ish knowledge bases: maybe lexicons are a special case of this. RTW KB and Cyc are examples.
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http://curtis.ml.cmu.edu/w/courses/index.php?title=Lexicon&printable=yes
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Reddit Controversy Sentiment Analysis
The skills the authors demonstrated here can be learned through taking Data Science with Machine Learning bootcamp with NYC Data Science Academy.
GitHub RShiny
Who cares about controversies on Reddit?
The benefit of controversies is that they challenge both the actors and the witnesses to clarify their values. The two hot-topic US controversies highlighted by national news this month---Dave Chappelle's 'The Closer' and Joe Manchin's rejection of climate action policy in Congress---have been no exception.
Though many US citizens have been unaware of or silent about these topics, a substantial force have been speaking out. People have been voicing their values in the form of street protests, legal actions, dissent in work spaces, phonebanking to voters in relevant states, and social media organizing. Others have written blogs, news articles, and lengthy social media posts. Still others have voiced their opinions via online platforms for civil (and often uncivil) discourse. One such platform is Reddit, which Wikipedia calls "an American social news aggregation and discussion website."
This project sought to use sentiment analysis via natural language processing (NLP) to explore:
This query was answered in the form of an RShiny app, a prototype of a tool that could provide stakeholders with interactive insight regarding how text creators (here Reddit users) feel about a given topic.
Stakeholders of this study include: anyone invested in public opinion of policies passed by Congress; anyone who would like to know public opinion of Netflix and its products; Joe Manchin and Dave Chappelle, whose reputations are discussed on this platform; US citizens who are curious to know how their opinion is reflected by Reddit users collectively.
The Controversies
- On October 5th, 2021, Netflix premiered Dave Chapelle 's hour-long stand-up comedy show special 'The Closer' (2021) on it's streaming platform. Within a few days of it's release, viewers of all backgrounds became vocally critical of the harmful jokes Chappelle made in the show, jokes expressing anti-trans/lbtq, anti-asian, anti-semitic, pro-transphobic, pro-racist, and pro-mysogynist sentiments. In an escalating battle for Netflix to discontinue streaming Chappelle's special, Netflix employees have been protesting with political action in various forms. These include staging a walkout, leaking profitability data to Bloomberg News, and filing a federal labor charge
- Over the past month, senators in Congress have been negotiating an infrastructure bill that is a key part of POTUS Joe Biden's 'Build Back Better' agenda. One of the key actors in these negotiations has been Joe Manchin, who effectively blocked ambitious climate- and social-action policy from being passed into the House of Representatives. Manchin's private shares in coal brokerage Enersystems and receiving large donations from coal, oil, and gas corporations has called into question his motives as a public servant in Congress, making him a controversial figure.
What is sentiment analysis?
Sentiment analysis is an in-depth investigation of emotion in text. It is often used to assess public opinion of a company or its product via reviews, news, social media or other sources. A plethora of tools exist to collect the text and derive emotion-related information (in the NLP world called "valence"). These tools have a wide range of algorithmic complexity, from hand-built lexicons (dictionaries of words manually assigned sentiment-valence value) to sophisticated machine learning models that derive domain-specific word embeddings for a given niche of language; from binary measures of positive and negative valence to expanded emotional palettes that include “disgust”, “surprise”, “fear”, and “trust”.
Put simply, for sentiment analysis words are given a numerical value representing the valence (strength of emotion) they convey, then these numbers are aggregated to suggest a gestalt emotion of the text.
Text Mining and Sentiment Analysis Tools
For this study, RedditExtractoR, a simple-to-use R package designed specifically for scraping topic-specific data from Reddit, was used to collect Reddit threads (conversation boards) related to the selected controversies. RedditExtractoR gathered text data from the thread title, thread content (here called “post”), and comments. It also gathered relevant information about each thread and comment, such as the subreddit in which the thread was posted (topic-specific forum within Reddit), the number of upvotes or downvotes the thread or comment received, the date of posting, as well as the relationship between comments (whether a comment was a response to the comment before it).
Text items were analyzed using social-media-trained sentiment analysis tool VADER (Valence Aware Dictionary and sEntiment Reasoner). This sentiment analysis package provides a net score for positivity, negativity, neutrality, as well as a compound score that considers the interaction of the three preceding. This tool was simple to use and accounted for most slang words and expressions used exclusively in social media.
Pre-processing: Word Clouds
A popular and relatable product of NLP is the word cloud plot, where frequently used words in the analyzed text are clustered together. Font size and color is determined by the frequency of the word's appearance.
Dave Chappelle Controversy Word Cloud | Joe Manchin Controversy Word Cloud
Exploratory Data Analyses (EDA)
The results of this query were sparse due to the amount of time dedicated to exploring tools for NLP and the creation of an engaging RShiny app. This prototype is a living, breathing dashboard that will be completed shortly. The plots below contrast the levels of positivity and negativity of text data relating to each controversy.
Titles texts
The histograms below suggest that a little over half of the titles for the Joe Manchin controversy showed no positive valence and some negative valence. This is in contrast with the Dave Chappelle controversy, for which over half of the titles had positive valence as well as negative.
As seen in the scatterplot, a highly neutral thread title about the Joe Manchin controversy aggregated over 200% of upvotes compared to the Dave Chappelle controversy. Conversely, the Dave Chapelle controversy had a few highly upvoted thread titles that cumulatively had much more discussion than the Joe Manchin controversy threads (as measured by the number of comments, visualized with data point size). The thread with the greatest number of comments (of the Dave Chappelle controversy) also had stronger valence, both positive (~0.31) and negative (~0.4). Further analyses is required to determine the relationship between emotional valence and text popularity
The time series plots below illustrate the emotional valence of the thread titles over the past month. The lines are a product of the range of sentiment expressed on a given day. Therefore if a title or number of titles published on a given day reflect a range of positive or negative sentiment, which produces the vertical line effect.
The bottom chart suggests a slight decrease in the negative valence of titles over the last two weeks before this data was collected, for both controversies. Both charts reflect the delayed onset of titles relating to the Dave Chappelle controversy, which first appeared on October 7th compared to Joe Manchin controversy's presence since the beginning of the month.
Post texts
In contrast with the title texts, post texts demonstrated much higher valence generally, both positive and negative. There were also drastically fewer post texts, which created a comically sparse time series plot (below). The reason for this is that titles are required to open a thread, whereas post text is not. However, post text is often where the author of the thread extrapolates upon their opinion regarding the subject of the thread, which explains the high levels of valence in this type of text.
Contrastingly, while posts from both the Dave Chappelle and Joe Manchin controversies showed similar distributions of positive valence, the negative valence distribution reveals a broader and more extreme negative valence for Dave Chappelle controversy posts compared to Joe Manchin posts. The time series below reflects this pattern, as well.
The scatter plots show that of the threads with post text, two Dave Chappelle controversy-related threads received significantly higher attention, as measured by both upvotes and number of comments. These popular posts both had similar ratios of positive to negative valence, a pattern that might be worth investigating in the context of other controversies.
Comment texts
Comment texts are ambiguated by the many argumentative and off-topic discussions that eddy from the thread. There are distinct patterns in distribution due to sheer quantity of text. Again, text popularity and valence seem unrelated.
One pattern worth noting is the momentary disappearance of valence with the Joe Manchin controversy upon the beginning of the Dave Chappelle controversy. It's possible that these trends might be related (for example, if commentators of the Joe Manchin Controversy were temporarily prioritizing conversations about Dave Chappelle). However, there is not enough information to draw any conclusions.
General Conclusions
Both controversies had highly comparable counts of all texts (generally the Dave Chappelle controversy had slightly more, at 59 threads and circa 4,600 comments compared to Joe Manchin controversy's 40 threads and around 3,500 comments. A few interesting patterns and phenomena were revealed, but deeper analysis is needed before any impactful conclusions can be drawn.
Future Work and Final Remarks
Due to the niche use of language within individual subreddits, sentiment evaluations in this project are subject to a potentially large margin of error.
Luckily, solutions to this issue exist. A project by William L. Hamilton, Kevin Clark, Jure Leskovec, and Dan Jurafsky , Inducing Domain-Specific Sentiment Lexicons from Unlabeled Corpora (2016) contains code that could be adapted to create unsupervised machine learning models that automatically generate and update individualized lexicon dictionaries for every subreddit scraped. This would be useful both for improving the accuracy of the data presented, as well as to open the possibility of a self-updating app that relays the progression of sentiments over time.
Additionally, these models could incorporate algorithms inspired by packages like syuzhet (among others) that currently have limited valence sensitivity but offer a broader range of emotional information (surprise, disgust, fear, anger, etc) or the ability to pull up the topics associated with high-valence language.
It should also be noted that even if we had collected all the online data available in various forms and analyzed using the most sophisticated domain-specific word-embeddings and lexicons produced by NLP machine learning algorithms to accurately hone the domain-specific sentiment values, the resulting data would still not account for the offline conversations and actions that might powerfully sway our understanding of gestalt collective opinion.
That said, this project provides a promising prototype of a tool that can be used to connect its users to the sentiments of a given text-source by providing an interactive data dashboard that visually reflects a sample of public opinion regarding a controversial subject.
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https://nycdatascience.com/blog/student-works/reddit-controversy-sentiment-analysis/
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RITTMAN -- Residents who want to raise chickens for the eggs are on their way to being able to do so with just a minor setback: Setbacks.
Ted Balog and Kelly Collins approached council earlier in April and asked its members to change its zoning ordinance to permit chickens in residential areas, and legislation was introduced Monday.
As council members talked about the legislation, it sounded as if they could go either way. City Manager Larry Boggs summed it up this way: "There are pros and cons to it. Some will want it; some won't."
Councilman Steve Johnson initially seemed opposed to it when he said the city has enough struggles trying to enforce its property maintenance ordinance now. "We'll have to measure square feet and count chickens."
For Councilman David Williams, the smell was a concern of his. Collins told him with the number of chickens they are talking about, smell shouldn't be a problem.
Councilman Rick Hanlon didn't like how the proposed legislation required coops to be only 6 feet off a property line and 4 feet away from a house. With some of the smaller lots in town, two houses might only be about 12 feet apart from each other. He wanted a larger distance and proposed coops had to be 50 feet from any residential dwelling, even the home of the chickens' owner.
Like Hanlon, Williams expressed concern about the setback requirements, though "the practice is OK with me."
Because of the work involved, Hanlon said he didn't think every other house in Rittman would have chickens.
"To keep track (of who has chickens), council might require a permit," Boggs suggested.
When the legislation was introduced, Hanlon and Councilman Ken Park offered some changes to the original language. Hanlon got the setback he wanted and limited the number of chickens to eight rather than having the number based on a parcel's square footage.
The legislation also included ducks and rabbits. Park said no one was advocating for ducks, and he doubts people would raise ducks in order to have their eggs for breakfast. Ducks were scratched off the list of approved animals.
The legislation passed its first public reading and moves to a second reading. Council next meets 7 p.m. May 9 at city hall.
Reporter Bobby Warren can be reached at 330-287-1639 or [email protected]. He is @BobbyWarrenTDR on Twitter.
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https://www.the-daily-record.com/news/20160427/rittman-council-considers-chicken-legislation
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RED WING — Chickens will be on the agenda for the Advisory Planning Commission’s Tuesday meeting.
The proposal to raise urban chickens in Red Wing has been a recurrent topic of conversation for the past few years. During a 2018 Q&A, City Council candidates were asked whether or not they would support a plan to allow chickens to be kept in Red Wing. In August the Planning Commission began examining the topic after the Sustainability Commission recommended that city code be amended to allow the birds be kept in residents' backyards.
One reason that this topic continues to reappear is because members of the City Council and commissions have had challenges agreeing on what restrictions to put in place for chickens. One common disagreement is if neighbors should be consulted before an individual begins keeping chickens in their yard. Some municipalities require that an individual who plans to raise chickens collect signatures from neighbors to prove that the neighbors consent to the birds moving in.
At the Planning Commission meeting on Sept. 15, numerous aspects of keeping chickens was raised and debated — where in the yard coops should be placed, if the coops should be moveable, the number and breed of chickens that can be kept by one household, if coops can be in the front yard, how frequently the coops need to be cleaned, how to dispose of waste and more.
The Planning Advisory Commission will meet at 7 p.m. Tuesday, Oct. 20. The meeting will be virtual and can be accessed through Channel 6.
For more information, visit: www.red-wing.org/27/Government.
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https://www.rivertowns.net/news/government-and-politics/6720603-A-fowl-debate-backyard-chickens-back-on-Red-Wings-agenda
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The fellow I am horse trading (actually goat trading) for labour and his dad put two coops up on straw bales this year. It will be better for the removal of the coops in spring because there is at least a foot of straw and manure on the floor in the coops by then, if not more. This way, a couple of fence posts can be slipped under the coop on the bales and the coops should roll off without dragging the mess. What was happening too was that the manure was rotting the base of the coop, so that will be avoided this year too. The next step is to get the insulated tarps out and cover the coops to the ground including the bales they are sitting on. The summer tarps can be left in place.
The thing is that the chickens did not know where to find their coop though, so they had to be caught one by one and carried to the coop at its new location, only maybe 50 feet from the wood pile and tree they hang out in all day. Once the tarps are on, a few livestock panels will form the enclosure, which will then be covered with chicken wire to keep the birds from slipping through the holes in the panels, and the winter camp, aka Winter Chicken Town (for ducks, geese and guineas too) is ready. The waterfowl tend to sleep on the floor of the 16 foot coop and a few chickens remain in it all winter, but most move into the pink insulated coop and the half plywood model. The other one is just a day house, not for nights at all, as it will not be covered with an insulated tarp and not warm enough for living in. Feeding and watering takes place outside though, which helps cut down humidity and mice in the coops. Some of the chickens got their wings clipped tonight to prevent them from roosting in the trees, which they were plucked out of to put in the coop. They won't have much choice except to go back to the coop, since they can no longer fly up to the tree. The feathers will grow back by spring, though, but by then, they will like the coop and stay there voluntarily. There is still the bantam and one chick to catch and the broody hens with their young ones, but I didn't know where they were sleeping tonight.
Chicken Town is almost ready for winter!
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http://www.thefatewe.com/blog/winter-chicken-town
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LITTLETON, CO – The Arapahoe County Board of County Commissioners unanimously approved new regulations to allow backyard bee and chicken keeping in unincorporated residential areas effective April 30, 2019. The new rules are a result of a two-year, community-driven process to balance the needs and concerns of residents.
No special licenses are required for backyard chickens or beekeeping. Residents must adhere to the adopted regulations and may need a building permit for certain improvements. Arapahoe County’s CSU Extension Program offers a variety of free resources for individuals seeking to start backyard operations.
Under the new regulations, residents on lot sizes of 1-acre or less can have two to eight beehive boxes, provided owners adhere to design and setback standards. Single family residential units also can have up to four hens in coops that meet design and setback standards. Owners must keep chickens in coops overnight, keep them on their property at all times, and control dust, debris and noise.
Homeowner associations have the ability to implement more restrictive policies than the county. Some municipalities already allow bees and chickens as well.
Residents can confirm whether they live in unicorporated Arapahoe County by checking ArapaMap. The County’s Zoning and Animal Services Division is responsible for ensuring code compliance and pursuing enforcement in response to complaints. Residents can call 720-874-6711 or submit request online.
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http://arapahoegov.com/CivicAlerts.aspx?AID=1248
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After being cooped up for a few weeks, the citizens of Mora will now be able to keep chickens. On Tuesday, Oct. 15 the City Council approved a Text Amendment to allow chickens to be owned within city limits.
On Aug. 20, the Council initially advanced an amendment to the City Planning Commission for public comment and evaluation. The Commission convened a public hearing on Sept. 9, where it unanimously approved the amendment with these requirements:
Chickens will be allowed in residential districts R-1, R-3 and R-4, on properties with single-family homes.
No more than three hens will be allowed; roosters are prohibited.
A coop and a fenced run or exercise yard are required; they must be located in side or rear yards, and must meet the same setback requirements for utility or storage structures.
A coop must be at least six square feet in size; a run must be at least 16 square feet if an exercise yard is available, 32 square feet if not.
Letters of support from adjacent property owners are required with the application.
Renters must obtain written consent from the property owner.
Chickens will be allowed upon administrative site plan review approval. The current fee for site plan review is $50, but is subject to change annually in January.
Chickens are prohibited from running at large.
The Commission sent the amendment back to the Council, approving a final vote. On Sept. 17 the Council returned it to the Commission, citing concerns about coop sizes, zoning and what would happen if chickens escaped their yards.
Structural, zoning and enforcement issues
The Planning Commission convened on Oct. 7 and made these changes to the amendment.
Coop and run sizes: The commission reviewed recommended coop sizes provided by the University of Minnesota Extension Service, as well as chicken regulations from other communities. As most do not have a height requirement, the commission recommended that the height requirement for coops and runs be eliminated altogether.
Zoning: The commission recommended that chickens be allowed in all zoning districts with the understanding that letters of support will be required from all adjacent property owners, and renters will be required to provide written consent from the property owner. The commission understands that work is required on the current definition of “single-family dwelling,” and this will begin in the near future.
Enforcement: The commission recommended that chickens be leg-banded to help address the potential issue. Bands are inexpensive, and would be covered by the proposed application fee. Staff will provide the applicant with the necessary number of leg bands, and will record the band numbers on the permit so that owners of chickens-at-large could easily be identified. The commission further recommended that chicken owners be responsible for reimbursing the city for any expenses incurred when dealing with nuisance chickens.
Thus revised, the amendment was returned to the Council for consideration. At its Oct. 15 meeting the council unanimously passed the amendment, adding a “one-warning” policy (before revocation) for owners whose chickens create a public nuisance.
The next Council meeting is scheduled for 6:30 p.m., Tuesday, Nov. 19 at City Hall.
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http://www.moraminn.com/news/chickens-welcome/article_d4301770-f597-11e9-ade2-439d97834c44.html
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Your chickens will spend a lot of time in the chicken coop, so they need fresh air, designing a chicken coop with sliding windows is a great way to keep them cool in the summer and warm in the summer. When building a chicken coop, you should consider how you'll keep the floors clean in your chicken coop. A common question that has many misconceptions and myths around the subject is: do chicken coops need windows? The short answer is yes, chicken coops should have windows. Ideally, a chicken coop needs at least one window to let in light.
Chickens are light-sensitive animals and daylight regulates both egg-laying and molting. So do chicken coops need windows? It is generally recommended that your chicken coop have windows. Windows let in light, which is crucial for egg production, airflow and fresh air for ventilation, and allow birds to look outside and see what is happening. Chickens have poor night vision and windows allow outside light to enter the chicken coop, and this prevents chickens from becoming paranoid and confused when left in the dark.
Chickens can also become depressed and unhealthy if they can't see outdoors. My preference is that the window faces the rising sun so that the chickens get up as soon as possible. If you want healthy and rested chickens, then it's better that no light enters the chicken coop at night. An extremely important element of successfully keeping chickens is ensuring that there is adequate ventilation in the chicken coop.
Remember that if mice and rats really want to get into your chicken coop, they can chew on the wood, so if that happens, consider placing a wire mesh about 12 inches high around the bottom of the chicken coop. When it comes to chicken nest boxes, you have plenty of options, and pretty much anything that offers a quiet, dark place to lay eggs will work. The purpose of ventilation in a chicken coop is to obtain fresh air intake without drafts and without too large cooling of the air that is already in the chicken coop. Whether you're looking for new chicken coops or thinking about building your own for your chickens, the topic of windows is sure to come up at some point.
This is why cleaning your chicken coop regularly is also essential, we recommend you at least once a week if you want to maintain a good level of hygiene inside your chicken coop. Fortunately, there is usually no need to invest in a new cooperative entirely, although it is certainly an option. The first item needed is a hanger for sleeping and you will need about 8 to 12 inches of space per chicken on that hanger. What is important in any construction is that the windows do not let rain in freely, provide ventilation and are not too large to affect the structural integrity of the chicken coop.
And what I routinely discovered was with those guardians who didn't have windows; they were looking to introduce them to their chicken coop. The plans are detailed and you will learn how to make a chicken coop in my system step by step with photos. For birds that will be locked up most of the day or all the time, 10 square feet of space is needed. In addition, for the winter season and other cold months, having double-glazed windows in the chicken coop is another advantage.
This chicken coop comes with easy-open sliding doors that make closing your chickens at night simple and easy, not to mention the 2-story design allows you to house more chickens in a smaller space, ideal if you want your hen to be hidden in the corner of the garden.
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https://www.chickencyclopedia.com/do-chicken-coops-need-windows
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I don't know if my story will help you in any way. I know every integration/combining of flock are all different and unique. Here is my story. First I let them all out in the yard together when the pullets were about 12 weeks old and the hens were about 1 1/2 yrs old. I put lots of scratch out for them. It didn't go to well. The hens chased and picked on the pullets terrible so I separated them. Prior to putting the pullets in their coop, they were in a chicken tractor which was next to the hen's run and yard since they were chicks.
They had been in different coops and adjacent runs for over a month prior to the first time I tried to put them together to range. Every evening for a month, I would take some scratch/seeds/grain mix and sprinkle it in the feed, and on the floor of the coop that I wanted the birds in. I was training them to go into their coops at night. The two coops with adjacent runs had access to a fenced in yard. I put a second pop door into the hen's house so when I eventually put them all together the pullets would have another door to use if needed to get away from the hens. Also I put another feeder and waterer in a run as the hens would try to keep the pullets from the feed and water. They had feeders and waterers in the coops too. This is an old set up. Since we have built another much larger coop but still have the other coops too.
Also I had nest boxes in both coops. When I put them together in their yard the last time when the pullets were about 20 weeks, I had two hens that were terrible and jumping on the pullets and pulling their feathers out. I took the two most aggressive hens out and separated them from the rest. They were put into a separate pen for a week where all the rest of the chickens could walk around them see them but couldn't touch. When I did let them out, I put them all together in their yard with plenty of treats and scratch out hopefully to distract them. It worked for the most part, but for one of the hens. She was still very aggressive. When I saw her jump on one of the pullets I put her back in jail for a couple of days then let her out. She was still somewhat aggressive. When I saw her jump on a pullet, I sprayed her with water from a hose which is next to the coop which caught her by surprise. She went running into the coop and didn't come out for awhile. I have repeated the hose caper a few times. She has calmed down since then.
Since my goal was to eventually get all of the birds to live in one coop, I decided to switch the birds around and put the pullets in the hen's house and the hens in the pullet's coop. I shut the runs off from each other and the yard so they only had access to the coops and runs I put them in. I didn't lock them in the coop. I left the pop doors open to the run for that coop. They could go at free will into their run but not the other run, other coop or their yard for a week. I continued with the treats in the coops in the evenings trying to keep the ritual of evening treats in the coop so they would go in for their treats. After the switch for a week I opened the gates to the runs and yard. I let them all range together. For the next week I let them choose which coop to roost in and most except for 3/4 birds roosted in the hen's house. After a week of free choice coops I shut the pop door on the pullets coop. Now they either had to roost in the hen’s house or in the run. They do have a ladder in their run. There was a little bickering in the beginning at roosting time but all is well now and they have worked out their pecking order. They all roost now in the hen'shouse.
Hiltop Farms - Chickens, Hatchery, Coops, Gardens And Much More!
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https://www.backyardchickens.com/articles/integrating-flocks.49501/
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HAGERSTOWN, Md. - When Dan Franklin went to veterinary school in the Philippines, it opened his eyes to the poverty in that country and many other parts of the world.
"People in this country have no idea how the majority of the world live. They live hand-to-mouth," Franklin said.
A mission trip to the Dominican Republic eight years ago through his church, Church of Christ in Hagerstown, Md. was the first of many for Franklin. He found most of the trips required construction skills, which were not his specialty.
"Building is not my bag. Critters are my bag," said Franklin, 56.
Franklin grew up in New Jersey and has lived in Hagerstown for 34 years. He owns Mid-Atlantic Veterinary Hospital in Hagerstown.
After about four years searching for the mission that was the right fit for him, Franklin hatched the idea for an independent family business called "The Family Flock," which was incorporated in July 2012. The effort raises money for supplies to build mobile chicken coops and provide impoverished families with egg-laying chickens.
"Eggs are second in nutrition to breast milk" in providing quality protein and nutrients, Franklin said. "The plan is sustainable nutrition."
A typical diet in the Dominican Republic consists mainly of rice, beans and vegetables, he said.
"There's poverty everywhere, in every corner, except at the resorts. There are a lot of very poor people, hungry people," Franklin said.
Franklin found a design for a chicken coop on wheels, built one himself and raised egg-laying chickens from chicks so he would be able to advise the recipient families in the Dominican Republic.
"I needed firsthand experience," he said.
One of the coops can hold 10 chickens, which under ideal conditions will produce a total of 2,000 eggs in a year. Franklin said it takes six months for the chicks to mature enough to lay eggs and then they'll lay eggs for three to four years.
Franklin's daughter, Katie Hill, did the planning for the trip, maintains the website for The Family Flock Corp. and is in the process of submitting paperwork for nonprofit status.
Franklin and Jeff Stone traveled to the Dominican Republic in September with this new focus. They took 450 pounds of tools and materials, which remain there for future projects.
The coop design includes materials that are readily available in the Dominican Republic. Since they don't cut wood there, the timber needs to be shipped in, Franklin said.
Three families received coops that were constructed during Franklin's September visit to the village of Altamira in Puerto Plata and got their chickens Oct. 17. A U.S. missionary family that represents "ThreeSixteen Missions" helped Franklin choose families that would be good candidates to raise chickens for a one-year trial period.
If the chickens produce as expected, the families will have enough eggs for themselves and extra to use as a financial resource should they want to sell them, Franklin said. That would help them pay for the chicken feed once they are given complete ownership if the project succeeds.
If not, the coops will be given to another family, one reason they are on wheels.
One of Franklin's worries is that families might not be patient enough to wait the six months for eggs and might eat the chickens.
Each coop setup costs about $500 for a year, Franklin said. He said the first coops took about 20 hours to build, but hopes the process will get faster the more they build.
Franklin and his wife, Cora Franklin, are covering the administrative costs and nobody is paid, so 100 percent of donations go to materials, chickens and feed, he said.
Donations have come in from church members, the families of vet patients and others who know about the project, Franklin said.
Franklin hopes to recruit several men to travel to the Dominican Republic in early 2013 and assist in building coops. His goal is to build 10 coops that trip.
"There's a lot of people that care about hungry kids. This really gives people the opportunity to share with the world," he said.
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http://www.thehawkeye.com/9bd440e4-5e5f-5e3e-b347-0cc1f3e96e54.html
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When-do-my-chickens-need-a-heat-lamp, how long do chicks need a heat lamp? keeping chicks during summer months can be easier than winter because your house may be hotter. if home temperatures range around 75 degrees, you won’t need a heat lamp past week four.. Most chicken-care experts will agree– your average dual-purpose chicken breed will do just fine without any supplemental heating, as long as they have a way to stay dry and out of the wind., chicks need a heat source for four to six weeks. baby chicks need supplemental heat (a heat lamp, a brinsea ecoglow, or a mama hen) to keep the brooder box warm for about four to six weeks depending on the outside temperatures.. chicks start out needing a higher temperature, between 100 and 95 degrees, but as the weeks pass, lower that temperature each week by about five degrees until the ....
So this is my first winter with chickens . i started with 2 heating lamps thinking that they needed them. it is now january in montana. the cold temps have made me nervous about my chickens and if they are doing alright in the recent cold here., add to favorites . reading time: 3 minutes recently, i’ve been writing about safely heating backyard chicken coops and addressing the question: do chickens need heat in winter? in new england, we get buried under heaps of snow and experience temperatures in the negatives..
By the above math, if we were to run the heat lamp for 10 hours straight, it would consume all 210ah of energy we have. but of course, we have other things that use our energy, and completely draining batteries really isn’t a good idea., mar 26, 2020 - explore ciwoodworks's board "chickens" on pinterest. see more ideas about chickens, chickens backyard, raising chickens..
In nature a chicken will sit on a nest of egs keeping them warm. this helps the emryo develop in to the chick. when hatched the chicks natural body heat mechonism is still developing and therefore ..., mar 5, 2020 - explore llum880713's board "chicken care" on pinterest. see more ideas about chickens backyard, raising chickens, chickens.
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http://simplymarketable.com/when-do-my-chickens-need-a-heat-lamp
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Keeping chickens in your own backyard, whether out in the country or right in the heart of the city, is all the rage these days. In this delightful collection of 500 chicken-raising tips, expert poultry fancier Chris Graham provides all you need to know to get started in this rewarding hobby. For easy reference, the tips are divided into ten chapters, covering all aspects of chicken keeping, from coops and equipment through choosing chickens for eggs and meat to feeding chickens and breeding and showing. The tips are grouped logically so that beginners can build their knowledge gradually, while old hands might prefer to dip in and out at random or refer to the index to access specific topics. The tips are accompanied by simple annotated diagrams where required, and a series of specially commissioned linocut prints by printmaker Melvyn Evans rounds out this charming package.
If you’re interested send us a request.
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http://octopusbooks.ca/book/wisdom-hen-keepers-500-tips-keeping-chickens
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By Andy Schneider
Are you searching for an effective way to reconnect with the earth, the group, and your meals assets? protecting yard chickens is a enjoyable, uncomplicated solution to begin making this ensue, inspite of constrained house on your backyard.
Power to the bird: the becoming city fowl move --
Henology : understand thy chicken for she is excellent --
Backyard outlaws : are chickens allowed the place you reside? what when you do in the event that they usually are not? --
Prep paintings : getting your house and backyard prepared --
Incubation : so you are egg-specting? --
The paintings of brooding : getting ready the nursery to your new arrivals --
Home candy domestic : coops and runs --
Safe and sound : conserving your flock from predators --
Nutrition : universal administration questions and proposals --
Illness and illnesses : prevention and therapy --
Appendix : egg artistry : what to do with all these eggs (besides devour them).
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http://webenize.com/ebooks/category/mammals/page/2
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The City of Bloomington allows for the care and keeping of chickens within the city limits. Minimal restrictions are in place to harbor goodwill between neighbors and to support the individual homeowner's desire for self-sufficiency of food supply (chickens may be slaughtered on permit holder's property) and/or the keeping of chickens for pets or show.
Chicken Flock
A chicken flock is defined as no more than 5 hens and no roosters.
Zones
A single chicken flock is allowed to be kept by a homeowner living in a residential single-family neighborhood zoned (RE) or (RS).
Chicken Coops and Runs
A chicken coop and a chicken run are required in order to maintain chickens pursuant to a permit. A chicken coop may be a fixed or moveable structure. It must be secure housing that is properly ventilated to house the chickens from the elements.
A chicken run is an area that is securely fenced to allow chicken's access to an outdoor area that is protected from predators and provides adequate amounts of sun and shade..
Permits and Inspections
If you desire to have chickens and live in an approved area, you must obtain a permit from Animal Care and Control, located at 3410 Old State Road 37 South, before acquiring your birds.
A permit is good for one year and must be renewed annually, for each year you wish to maintain a flock. No fee is charged for a permit.
Once you are approved for a permit, your chicken coop and associated chicken run will be inspected by an Animal Care and Control Officer. The inspection is to ensure that:
- all setbacks are followed - the chicken coop and run must be located at least twenty (20) feet from any building used for human housing and not owned by the chicken owner and must be located at least twelve (12) feet from the property line of any neighboring lot;
- that the coop and associated chicken run are appropriately sized for the number of birds to be kept - twelve (12) square feet per bird in the run;
- a visual barrier surrounds the chicken coop and run that is at least four feet (4) tall if the coop and run are visible to occupants of neighboring lots;
All who keep a flock of chickens are expected to keep their flock in a manner that is clean and sanitary in order to not pose a public health risk or a public nuisance. The chicken coop and run must be kept clean, dry and odor free. The coop, run and surrounding area must be free from trash and accumulated droppings.
All chickens must be provided feed and water at all times and must be kept securely and enclosed on the permit holder's property.
See the Municipal Code on "Standards for Maintaining Chicken Flocks
Application
Chicken Flock Permit Application. Print out this file and return it to Animal Care and Control at the Animal Shelter: 2410 Old State Rd 37 South. Print applications are available there as well.
If you should have any questions regarding the keeping of chickens, you may call Animal Care and Control at 812-349-3492.
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https://bloomington.in.gov/animal-shelter/chicken-flocks
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Are you seeking a farm that is currently in operation?
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7
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I'm looking for land, several acres would be ideal, or to share land on an existing property/ farm to raise heritage breed chickens. I don't need a lot of space, and I'll provide my own coops to house the chickens, but farm buildings/barns would be a huge bonus! Crowing would have to be acceptable as there are many roosters. Ideally, I'm looking for an opportunity where I can live on the farm and work for reduced rent and raise my heritage breeds.
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http://ctfarmlink.org/find-a-farmer/greg-westman
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Make and share this Gordon Ramsay's Slow Roasted Pork Belly recipe from Genius Kitchen.
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When Is the Right Time To Harvest Garlic? This must be softneck garlic, but good explanation about the lower leaves.
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It's that time of year again! In this post I discuss how and when to harvest your garlic.
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Home Canning Guide: Learn How to Can Your Own Food Includes lots of recipes!
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Margaret Lee, "Roitelet Bleu", 49 x Oui, oui, il s'agit bien de broderie.
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Thy Hand Hath Provided: Braiding Garlic pictorial
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The tricky matter of when to harvest garlic - harvest when several of the lower leaves go brown, but five or six up top are still green.
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Garlic scapes are the garlic plant's flower and should be harvested to encourage the garlic bulb growth. Here's how and when to harvest garlic scapes.
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Buildings
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Keep pests away from your chicken's food with this amazingly ingenious feeder!
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Chicken poo, often dubbed as "black gold," is a perfect addition to make nutrient-rich, compost for your garden. Turning chicken poop into fertilizer is easy and provides a no-waste approach in your backyard homestead.
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Purslane - we call it a weed. This web page brings you purslane facts and purslane recipes to bolster your appreciation of this virtuous wild plant. A nutritious edible weed absolutely delicious when mixed with yogurt and garlic!
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Ginger on your window. Learn how to grow ginger in pots. - Gardening And Patio
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Bits out the Back: Uniseal Prices & Users Guides
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Free Chicken Feeder Plans - How to Build A Treadle Feeder this website has lots of cool free woodwork plans
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I was looking through my grandmother's handwritten, recipe box and came across wonderful old Dandelion Wine, Grape Wine and Cherry Wine Recipes.
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'Rapunzel' Tomato -- Armitage on Plants: Plants I Know My Daughters, Neighbors, and Friends Would Like to See at Retail : greenhousegrower
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Oh no! Pinterest doesn't work unless you
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https://www.pinterest.com.au/chrisv7012/
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Although North Liberty city code allows residents to obtain a permit to raise chickens, the HOA board has determined that chicken coops are not permitted by the
protective covenants for Cedar Springs.
City Ordinance 55.23 – the ordinance in question – specifically states, “Private restrictions on the use of the property shall remain enforceable and shall supersede the permit. The private restrictions include, but are not limited to, deed restrictions, condominium restrictions, neighborhood association bylaws, covenants and restrictions, and rental agreements.”
More than 220 responses to the board’s recent survey showed that 65.6% of respondents agree with the HOA board, with 59.6% saying they would not be comfortable with a chicken coop in a neighbor’s back yard.
Recognizing the degree of support that does exist for chicken coops, however, the HOA board has decided to take the following steps regarding coops already in existence in Cedar Springs:
- The HOA will form a project team to visit chicken coops in our development, see the structures and the chickens, and provide a summary to the board. The project team will include board members and other association members, including at least one chicken coop owner.
- The project team will review North Liberty’s regulations now in place for domestic chickens within city limits, then determine whether additional standards should be recommended in the context of considering possible individual variances to our protective covenants and restrictions.
- Once this information is in hand, the HOA board will approve or decline to issue a renewable, one-year conditional waiver that both a chicken coop owner and the HOA board will sign and keep on record. These will be individual agreements.
- Until it is possible to achieve the steps described above, the HOA board will provide each chicken coop owner with a temporary waiver that will be in effect until the project team’s study is completed and the board has been able to evaluate each case individually.
Survey Results
There was an over 56% response rate on the survey about chicken coops that was sent to HOA members.
Question 1: Do chicken coops violate HOA covenants?
- Yes 65.6%
- No 34.4%
Question 2: Would you be personally comfortable with a next-door neighbor installing a chicken coop in their backyard?
- Yes 40.4%
- No 59.6%
A number of people also shared written comments on their survey responses, and the board has read and given thought to all of them.
Thank you for participating!
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https://cedarspringsassociation.com/chicken-coop-update-survey-results
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Chapter 99-5 of Hudson Municipal Code prohibits animals from running at large within the City; it also requires the owners to remove and dispose of animal waste. Dog licenses are required; scroll down for the licensing information. Sections A, B, and C of Chapter 99-5 read as follows:
A. Running at large. No cat, dog, or other domesticated animals shall be permitted to run at large within the City of Hudson. An animal is considered to be running at large if it is not on the premises of its owner and not under the control of the owner or some other person.
B. No dog shall be permitted in a public cemetery, playground, schoolyard, public pool, or other posted areas, except when confined within a vehicle or on a leash or except with the written permission of the person in charge.
C. The owner of an animal shall promptly remove and dispose of in a sanitary manner of any excreta deposited by such animal upon any public or private property. Seeing-eye dogs used by blind persons or dogs used in police activities are exempted when used by or with the permission of the City.
DOG LICENSES:
The licensing of dogs is required; licenses must be renewed each year beginning January 1st. The application form can be found below, or you may call 715-386-4765, Ext. 122 for more information. A late fee shall be collected if owners fail to obtain a license before April 1st of each year, or within 30 days of acquiring ownership of a licensable dog, or when the animals are 5 months old.
To report animals at large, call 715-386-4771. Animals picked up by the Animal Control Officer are taken to the Humane Society for Companion Animals in Woodbury, MN, and, according to City Municipal Code, forfeitures and fees may be applied.
CHICKENS:
A newly enacted ordinance amending Chapter 99 was adopted by City Council on November 4, 2013. It will become effective November 14, 2013, after publication in the local newspaper. The Ordinance creates Chapter 99-21 of the Hudson City Code regarding conditions under which city residents on certain residential properties may safely keep and maintain a limited number of chickens to provide eggs for household use; to assure appropriate chicken coops or structures in which to house chickens; and to protect the health, safety, and welfare of the general population of the city of Hudson.
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https://hudsonwi.gov/356/Animal-Information-Licensing
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Chicken coops in St. Lucie's future? County Commission could OK backyard birds
ST. LUCIE COUNTY — Next time there's a shortage of eggs, some residents here may be able to walk to the backyard instead of making a trip to the grocery story.
The county is considering allowing residents in unincorporated areas to keep and raise up to five chickens in the backyard of single-family homes. No roosters, however, would be permitted.
Allowing residents to raise chickens follows the trend to allow fresher products into diets to embrace a healthier lifestyle, said Monica Graziani, county building and code regulation manager.
More:Shell shock: Coronavirus sends egg economy scrambling as supply, demand, prices fluctuate
More:Salmonella alert: Backyard chickens have caused 21-state outbreak, CDC says
“It is a step toward self-sufficiency with the production of eggs. Eggs are a nutritious food source for family consumption. Chickens are a compatible partner to a backyard garden, with the production of fertilizer and education for children,” Graziani explained in an email about why county staff supports the proposed law.
The County Commission had scheduled a public hearing on the proposal in April, but delayed it indefinitely as the county responded to the coronavirus pandemic.
Under the proposal, chicken coops must be 125 square feet, no more than 6-feet tall with setbacks of 10 feet from side and rear lot lines, 25 feet from a residential neighbor and 20 feet from any side street.
Prefabricated chicken coops would be allowed.
Chicken feed must be kept in metal containers to prevent access by rodents and other pests, according to the proposed ordinance.
Chicken manure could be disposed of in garbage or used for composting or fertilizer.
Slaughtering chickens onsite and selling eggs would be prohibited.
Residents in the River Park area would be prohibited from keeping backyard chickens because of zoning rules and because their district abuts Port St. Lucie, where backyard chickens are not permitted.
The Fort Pierce City Commission in 2017 voted to allow residents in single-family homes to raise chickens in their backyards.
St. Lucie County will continue to prohibit chicken coops at apartments, duplexes, triplexes, condos, mobile and manufactured homes, townhomes and commercial properties.
Keona Gardner covers the cities of Port St. Lucie and Fort Pierce and St. Lucie County. Contact her at 772-221-4206 or [email protected] with news tips.
If you like articles like this and want more local-news coverage from TCPalm, please subscribe.
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https://www.tcpalm.com/story/news/local/shaping-our-future/property-values/2020/05/06/st-lucie-county-may-approve-keeping-raising-backyard-chickens/5157600002/
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It is a privilege to be a part of the Bennies community and to have been invited to design the logo in celebration of its Jubilee celebrations. Bennies is not just a school to many of us; it is a place where we first met our treasured friends, were inspired by mentors and discovered the visions we have for our futures. This Jubilee logo attempts to incorporate these ideas to what make Bennies such a special place for its students, alumni and staff – past and present.
The triangular composition of the Jubilee logo harks back to the symbol of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit of the Catholic faith. The dove carrying the branch has traditionally been associated with the story of Noah, as well as God’s promise of hope and salvation for responsible stewards of the earth.
This Jubilee logo draws on the rich history of these symbols to highlight the Benedictine values and vision of the College. The dove symbolises peace. The flickering flame symbolises the Holy Spirit that calls us to be generous to those in need. The springy branch of gum nuts symbolises the College’s commitment to conservation of the rare blue gum forest and serves as a key reminder to the principles of stewardship. The dove emerging out of the flame also evokes the image of the phoenix, a mythical bird that symbolises death and rebirth.
These imageries give voice to the College’s 50 years history of nurturing and educating young women. When you take it all together, it is not hard to see what a special place Bennies is and will continue to be in the hearts of the young women it nurtured – past, present and future.
During the Jubilee year it has been fitting to reflect on the identity and traditions of the College. An important legacy of the celebrations has been the development of Jubilee banners which were on display in St Mary’s Cathedral for the first time during the Jubilee Eucharist.
The banners were designed using original artwork from a group of students who undertook a Jubilee artwork project under the guidance of then MSB Visual Arts Teacher, Ms Therese O’Kane.
The designs draw on distinctive features of our College campus such as the Blue Gum forest, the Courtyard of Peace and the stained glass windows of our Chapel. These features are then blended with the characteristic symbols of our Christian faith such as the dove and flame symbols for the Holy Spirit together with the cross and symbols of Eucharist.
This design recognises our indigenous heritage through the use of the image of the rainbow serpent. This image is overlayed with motifs which capture aspects of our environment such as the leaves and gum nuts of our Blue Gum High Forest and the droplets of water representing our Courtyard of Peace. These images transition throughout the design to introduce the traditional Christian symbols of the fish, the cross, the dove and the flame.
This design echoes the stained glass window effect from our College Chapel and blends this with themes from our Blue Gum High Forest and our Courtyard of Peace. As these images rise through the banner they are gradually transformed into images of the Holy Spirit culminating in the symbol of Eucharist layered across the image of the globe in elevated hands cupped in the shape of a bowl.
This banner design draws strongly on motifs of our natural environment with the gum nuts and leaves of our Blue Gum High Forest. The gum nut images transition with an increasingly distinctive Sign of the Cross which moves to face outwards to convey the symbol of Eucharist layered across the image of the globe.
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https://www.msb.nsw.edu.au/about/our-heritage/jubilee
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Domenico Zindato is a self-taught artist from Italy who in recent years has lived and worked in Mexico City. Although Zindato, who is in his late thirties, briefly attended law school in Rome, then switched to theater and cinema studies before cutting short his academic career, it is his travels and firsthand experiences in places like India and Mexico that seem to have informed his art-making most vividly.
Zindato uses pastels and colored inks to create richly detailed drawings on paper. Because many of his works are small in scale (no larger than a sheet of letter paper), their size reinforces the sense of intimacy which their meticulously rendered, ornate patterns evoke. These repetitive, serpentine designs, which sweep across broad sections of sometimes dynamically asymmetrical compositions, feature many ambiguous symbols eyes, disembodied heads and hands, fish, snakes and plant-like forms. In his newer, much larger drawings, which were shown in New York, variably shaped, brightly colored background sections in each piece allowed these works to be read visually, from a distance, as loosely structured, geometric abstractions. When seen up close, though, passages of complex patterning appeared to both emerge from and fuse with each of the colored background sections or zones within these images, pulling a viewer's gaze into their spatial depths with their random rhythms and eddies of mysterious forms.
Zindato admits that his palette has absorbed some of Mexico's signature colors hot rose pink, tangerine orange, acid-lime greens and brilliants blues. "I never start a drawing with a particular composition in mind," he explains. "A composition grows organically; it just flows, as do the symbols and patterns I devise."
Those motifs bring to mind the surrealism-inspired investigations by American abstract painters of the 1940s, before the eruption of full-blown abstract expressionism, of the symbol-art and iconographies of ancient and so-called primitive cultures. Zindato says that, living in Mexico, he has been inspired by the art of the Aztec, Olmec and other ancient civilizations.
Like other self-taught artists, Zindato has compared his typically very concentrated experience of making a drawing to "being in a trance," and despite aesthetic links direct or indirect to other art forms, his work remains deeply personal. More complex in composition and ambitious in scale than his earlier pictures, the artist's newest works are at once exuberant, meditative and quietly spiritual messages from an intensely private world.
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http://phylliskindgallery.com/self-taught/artbrut/dz/reviews/raw-vision.html
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*Write a 4-6 page paper typed double-spaced, plus Works Cited page on any mayan artwork on display at the Menil Collection www.menil.org.
*Use at least three sources in researching the cultural context of your object:
a) your Stokstad textbook;
b) museum catalogues i.e. Menil Collection (available on reserve in the library or in the museum library and bookstores);
c) at least one additional published source.
Use the following outline in organizing your paper:
I. Introduction: Explain why you chose the object and why it appealed to you.
II. Cultural context: Place the object in a cultural context. Discuss the social hierarchy, religious beliefs, and other distinguishing features of the civilization. Identify iconography and patronage. Explain the purpose of the artwork within the society that produced it.
III. Visual Analysis: Analyze the object in visual terms. Begin by describing
it in terms of naturalism and realism or abstraction and stylization. Then analyze the object in terms of style using the following vocabulary terms:
1) form;
2)composition;
3) materials and technique;
4) line;
5) color;
6) texture;
7) space;
8) mass;
9) volume;
10) perspective and foreshortening;
11) proportion and scale.
See your textbook introduction for definitions of terms. Be sure to explain exactly how the visual elements contribute to the style the artist uses. ( For example abstract stylization is a characteristic of Sumerian sculpture.) Use appropriate vocabulary introduced in each chapter, i.e. Ideal Canon of Human Proportions, contrapposto pose..
IV. Conclusion: What value or meaning does the artwork hold for us today? Is it aesthetic, philosophical, historical?
Title:
Maya: Carved Hieroglyphic Lintel
Length: 4 pages (1100 Words)
Style: MLA
Preview
Mayan Artwork
Introduction
In Melin collection, there are several artworks of different origins and also serve different purposes. The artworks are made from different materials,take different shapes and they diverse appearances. In this paper, I will dwell on one of the artworks that were found in the Menil Collection. In my case, I choose to discuss about the urn. The urn is colorful and attractive to every individual. It can be used for both educative and decoration purposes. The urn appeared appealing to me because they are different shapes and can be used for various purposes.
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https://papersmarketplace.com/papers/maya-carved-hieroglyphic-lintel
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Still Life with Guitar
- MAKER:
Artist
Georges Braque ( French, 1882 - 1963 )
- DATE:
- 1936–1957
General Description
Painted intermittently between 1936 and 1956, Still Life with Guitar is a tour de force from Georges Braque’s mature period. Posed on a round table covered by a white cloth are some of Braque’s favorite motifs: pairs of yellow ceramic vases and lemons, a ficelle (type of bread), and a highly stylized guitar that mimics the form of a bird. The veined marbling in the ambiguous background recalls the imitation wood technique that Braque first explored in 1912. Although this painting may seem far removed from his earlier Cubist concerns, Braque never stopped probing the language and mechanics of pictorial representation. Here he continued to analyze the relationship between color and form. In a phenomenon that he called “metamorphic confusion,” a yellow oval simultaneously represents round lemons, the flat guitar face, and the hollow opening of a vase. It is the context, not the color, of the shape that determines its identification within this composition contrasting volume and void, shallow and deep, opaque and transparent, flat and round.
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https://collections.dma.org/artwork/5332717/
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New pieces of glass artwork commissioned for Ovation, a luxury waterfront community in St. Petersburg, Fla., have been installed in the building’s main lobby. “The Family” by Tampa-based glass sculptor Susan Gott is now on display for building residents and visitors.
Gott’s “The Family” is a grouping of six life-size abstract figures made of textured glass casting, layered with color, carvings, lines and symbols, incorporating the forms and colors used throughout the building. More abstract than some of her other work, Gott describes the pieces, installed within raised niches on facing walls, as “totemic.” “The Family” includes spirals and circular and oval motifs frequently seen in Gott’s work.
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http://www.glassinchina.com/news/detail7226.html
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Works in Show:
Kristina Horne, A Meaning in Question, 2019, Steel frame, Cast right hands, Cast male right hand and neon halo, Neon Text "What is Crooked Cannot be Straightened What is Lacking Cannot Be Counted", Flesh Toned Cast Resin Cubes, Mirrors
Kristina Horne, Lacking, 2019, Neon Text 'Lacking', Steel
Kristina Horne, Higher Lower, 2019, Steel, Neon Text 'Higher Lower'
“If today we are uncomfortable with the idea of the transcendent, if many reject the idea entirely, while others can discover it only in a religious context, it is largely because we have a degraded sense of the human. That is why to read Marilynne Robinson, to gaze upon a Rothko, to listen to Olivier Messiaen can feel so essential. For some it may be to surrender to a religious experience. It is also, paradoxically, to remind ourselves what is truly human about the human condition.”
Kristina Horne has become known for her striking large scale sculptural works that address a tension-filled intersection - in both its similarities and differences- between contemporary religious and secular thought. As such, her works act as a portal to unpacking a range of complex binaries between belief and non-belief and the human and divine- whilst offering a new approaches to transcendental aesthetics, looking for a resonant, universal language with which we can explore ‘spiritual’ questions in a highly politicised contemporary age. Horne’s monolithic structures are imbued with otherworldly presence, and are characterised by a contrast between both the minimalist arrangement and a corporeal manipulation of industrial materials.
Following her graduation from the Royal College of Art, Horne has continued her examination of the binaries between the religious and the secular, by conceiving an exhibition series that debut sculptural works for one night within deconsecrated sacred spaces. The first of these exhibitions took place in the Crypt, Marylebone, whilst her latest iteration of the ‘Conscious Reflections’ series - will take place at The Asylum Chapel, Peckham in March 2019, and debut three large scale neon, resin and steel sculptures. These impactful ‘one night’ site specific exhibitions seek to dissolve boundaries between the secular and religious through a powerful placement and application of symbolism and conceptualism.
The allure of the religious space presents artists with an extraordinary opportunity, rarely offered by a gallery or museum, to inscribe their visual language onto an enduring and imposing concrete reality. The intersection between spirituality and the contemplation of art remains a powerful symbiosis, encouraging philosophical and cross cultural exchange.
To place artworks in these environments, the work cannot be conceptually isolated from its religious context, inevitably finding itself beholden to some larger framework of meaning. Repurposed for raw theatre or as a contemplative backdrop - works deliberately placed in these environments force the viewer to question how they respond to – or react against – their divine origins. In her staging of these exhibitions, Horne pushes the reception of her artwork into the transcendental realm. As we are invited to encounter these monumental structures, for a limited time, within such a setting, I argue that Horne manifests a supernatural experience akin to that of the ‘holy vision’.
The central work titled A Meaning in Question consists of two large rectilinear steel frames that host hanging chains and cast resin right hands of a female palm and single male hand surrounded by a neon halo. In front, a series of mirrors reflect a fragment of the words as well as confront the viewer upon departure. The neon lettering, written in reflective form and forwards,drawsdirectcitationoftheBible-Ecclesiastes1:15. ’Whatiscrookedcannotbestraightened;whatislackingcannot be counted’. The verse from Ecclesiastes most likely means that because of human nature and willfulness, anywhere we find human actions, we also find disorder and incompleteness. We see irregularity and deficiency. Not only that, but we also discover mankind's utter inability to truly fix them or fill in what is lacking. By placing such direct Blibical citation inextricable to arrangement of universal sacred symbolism such as the palm, Horne blurs the boundaries between religious and secular meaning and raises questions about broader contemporary socio-political landscape.
For Horne, sacred texts provide a warehouse of endlessly adaptable narratives whilst symbols are mined for their meaningful connections, and invoke the viewer toward a contemplative repose. Calling on the composition of a road sign in her new sculptural works, and the deliberate application of neon lettering, Horne’s sculptures query subliminal receptions of symbol and meaning in a secular age- forging a lineage between religious symbolism and the tropes of commercial advertising. By returning to and connecting with a purity of approach to thought and symbol, we are able to tackle broader views on our relationship to the secular world.
Historically, and in the minds of most people today, the sacred in art is, inextricably linked with religious faith. There is, however, another sense in which we can think about the sacred in art. Not so much as an expression of the divine but, paradoxically perhaps, more an exploration of what it means to be human; what it is to be human not in the here and now, not in our immediacy, nor merely in our physicality, but in a more transcendental sense. It is a sense that is often difficult to capture in a purely propositional form, but one that we seek to grasp through art or music or poetry. Transcendence does not, however, necessarily have to be understood in a religious fashion, solely in relation to some concept of the divine. It is rather a recognition that our humanness is invested not simply in our existence as individuals or as physical beings but also in our collective existence as social beings and in our ability, as social beings, to rise above our individual physical selves and to see ourselves as part of a larger project, to project onto the world, and onto human life, a meaning or purpose that exists only because we as human beings create it.
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https://www.kristinahornestudio.com/about
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or format he/she chooses to investigate.
The idea of this experiment came about at the occasion
of a Holiday greeting cards workshop organized by IPOLA
a Non Profit Organization that helps preserve and teach
the original languages of the Western Hemisphere.
The goal was to help children express
their creative talent without being impeded by their
physical or material limitations in the handling
of art materials: pencil, brush, color, medium etc.
It was decided it would be appropriate
to stimulate the children’s creative imagination
within the framework of significant symbols of the
Native American culture which surrounds the Southwest
cultural environment.
Ten Native American designs were selected
from a catalog “North American Indian Designs” by Eva
Wilson and ten ideograms representing symbols
used by ancient local cultures were chosen from a
publication by Mallory“ North American Indian
Ideographs”.
Participants were invited to combine
and rearrange the motifs and build personal and meaningful
stories that would relate to the Holiday's season
in the fashion inspired by native cultures of the
past.
Designs and Ideograms were presented
to the children in black and white to encourage them
to express their emotions and personalize the artwork
they selected with their own color scheme and combination
of hues.
Thirteen participants, age 4 to 12
spent an average of 30 to 45 minutes per work. The
software used was Photoshop on an Apple Power PC.
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https://www.hermay.org/jconstant/ipola/ipmain.html
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Like many contemporary artists looking over the edge, I often don’t thoroughly understand some of the meanings of my visual creations, until some outer world circumstances provide a larger context. I am, of course, consciously using imagery that reflects my current observations, research and experiences, but there are often unconscious conditions and energies that I am tapping into that become clear later. This is definitely the case with a recent Series of work I’ve been creating.
In this post, I’ll explore the use of the Hamsa hand that has appeared in my artwork within the last few years, and most recently, in earnest and with persistence, prior to the Covid 19 outbreak. As an indicator of protection within the current circumstances we find ourselves in, it has a great deal of relevance. It is but one tool providing an antidote to the omnipresent fear collectively oppressing us.
You may be aware that I use cross cultural symbols as part of my personal visual language; it’s my attempt to find the unity in the diversity of spiritual traditions, and to anchor the divine within the mundane. The Hamsa hand is illustrated in different ways, but most share these features: a hand with 5 fingers; these fingers are pressed together, not splayed and at least one Eye in the palm’s center. The hand may be upward or downward pointing. The most common form, show in the image here, shows the baby finger and thumb as identical in shape and size. This symmetry is pleasing, lends itself to decorative embellishment and recasts it’s meaning from physical into the ethereal, one that acts upon the psyche.
Historically, the Hamsa/Khamsa has been traced back to ancient civilizations in the Mediterranean / North African region; it was prominent by 1500 BCE. Earliest findings reveal its association with the Semitic Goddess, Tanit, who protected Carthage. Like most deities and symbolic imagery, over time, conquering tribes/peoples incorporated existing motifs into their iconography.
Thus, the Jews, Christians and Muslims who successively occupied this region where the Hamsa originated, all now claim the Hamsa as symbolic of similar aspects within their respective belief systems. The Hamsa symbol also emerged further east, in ancient India where Hinduism and Buddhism took root. These religions have variations of the Hamsa in their iconography, alongside a larger vocabulary of mudras, (hand positions) intended to engage and bestow healing and benefic qualities.
Within Judaism, the Hamsa hand is known as the Hand of Miriam, referring to the sister of the Jewish prophet Moses. Within Christianity, the Hand of Mary, refers to the mother of Jesus; both mortal women were portals of protection under the aegis of the unified divine principal of one God. Within the Islamic tradition, the symbol is known as the Hand of Fatima, referencing a righteous daughter of the profit Muhamad. Because Islam has strictures against human representation, the Hamsa hand is typically accompanied by holy Quranic calligraphic text and void of the eye in the palm. You can see the variations of the Hamsa in the art piece to the right, ‘Liberation ~ Manifestion’; the 7 bodily chakras/energy vortices, heal and upgrade under the protection and guidance of the Hamsa hands. https://www.debbiemathewart.com/product/liberation-manifestation
Essentially, the Hamsa is a sign of protection that also represents blessings, power and strength, and is seen as potent in deflecting any form of enemy. It is present within the artwork, ‘Wisdom Path’, wherein a small figure, in repose within an eye-shaped window of the night sky, is uplifted by wings of divinity. On either side of the Hamsa Hand are DNA candlesticks, holding the wisdom flames of the bodhi leaf, with winged leaves. The lower horizontal plane contains another eye~window to the cosmos, within which lies a heart and door/portal to an upgraded perspective and dimension post transformation. All of the imagery here suggests a pathway through the larger circumstances we humans and the Earth find ourselves within this pandemic. It is time to be still, re-evaluate and re-align to our greater potential as we acknowledge the reality of our shared humanity and interdependence within nature. We are called to transform, individually and collectively.
Engage this benevolent hand of protection, (literally or in your imagination), towards yourself and others, so we traverse this delicate bridge to the other side, safely and at this time of great shift, let us, together, create Heaven on Earth.
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https://www.debbiemathewart.com/art-notes/blessings-protection-during-virulent-times/
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Edouard Manet: Luncheon in the Grass
Discuss each survey text in approximately 200 words. See what the author has focused on,
how the author positions the artwork, etc. So in 5 x 200 words you discuss the
characteristics of these survey texts individually. In the remaining 500 words you connect
and compare the surveys. Leave some room to introduce the object in a few introducing
sentences. Finish the text with a concluding remark.
Introduce the artwork: present the factual information like dimensions, materials and
place/collection where it is kept.
When you analyze how the different surveys speak about the work of art, you may wonder:
– What does the survey emphasize: the style of the object, its reception, the political
implications? Does it zoom in on the artwork, on its formal aspects or interpretation?
Does it focus on cultural context, on iconography?
– Does the author explain why the artwork (or artist) has an important place in art
history and why?
– Does the author say the artwork is ‘innovative’? What is meant with innovation? Be
critical towards those terms.
– What movement is the artist or the group of artists considered to be part of?
– Are the shapes, colors, composition of the artwork described? Why is such a
descriiption important? Compare this descriiption with the actual image of the artwork.
– Is the artwork compared to other artworks that were created somewhere else?
– What is mentioned about the patron and/or the original function of the artwork?
– What influence is the object said to have had on others? What does the author mean by
‘influence’?
– What is mentioned about the technique? What is the significance of technical details
for an understanding of the artwork?
– What does the author say about the way in which the artwork should be interpreted?
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https://essaymajor.info/edouard-manet-luncheon-in-the-grassdiscuss-each-survey-text-in-approximately-2/
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I have always appreciated the work of Jean-Michel Basquiat. In fact, I wrote my undergrad art history thesis about the public perception of his racial identity to his work. At The Broad, it was inspiring to see Basquiat’s work in a dedicated section. Must-see section of their permanent collection gallery!
California
Jasper Johns: ‘something resembling truth’
‘something resembling truth’ surveys the work of Jasper Johns over six decades of artwork. His work is a signature to American art history and is considered one of America’s greatest artists. A collaboration with the Royal Academy in London, Jasper Johns: ‘Something Resembling Truth’ will be at The Broad through May 13.
Lincoln Center Presents: Aaron Curry: Melt to Earth
Studio Visit: Jose Arenas
Jose Arenas is a contemporary artist whose work intrigues my senses with rich color, stirring motifs and symbols, and use of everyday patterns, culture, and community represented in the works creation. On May 4, 2013 Jose graciously had me over to his studio in Sunset Park Brooklyn. Below is a narrative inspired by the following questions: What is validated as art? What projects are you working on right now? Talk about the recent interest in postcards. Talk about how current studio space in NYC has inspired your work. Talk about the use of motif and symbols and where the influences have come from in relation to your current work. Reflect on conversation connected to multiple identities, symbolism and who owns the culture.
I like to think of my personal everyday patterns, habits, and rituals as direct source for my artistic practice. As I continue to develop ideas for new paintings I am particularly interested in the way collected objects or images from my surroundings and environment function as triggers for broader and more multilayered ideas. I’m drawn to images that are both familiar and abstract, and that suggestively point to something else. There is something intensely satisfying in identifying and collecting many visual elements from all around me that over time accumulates and is subsequently reorganized to fit a host of ideas. I work primarily with image because it offers a broad range of narrative possibilities that can affect one on a deep emotional level.
In my work I combine decorative motifs, representational forms, and culturally specific symbols that generate multiple metaphorical relationships. The result is a collage style composition with a world of symbolic relationships that are both personal and open to interpretation. Meaning in the paintings is fluid and dependant on people’s personal history and experiences. My current investigation titled “Memoryscapes” marks a shift from using flat field color as a stage for symbols that merge with many other elements. I’m presently incorporating landscape scenes that are idyllic and familiar and that are linked to personal ritual or rites of passage. They suggest a kind of innocence and coming of age that directly speaks to my experience growing up in Northern California and Guadalajara, Mexico. Many of the background landscapes are directly taken from postcards depicting “paisajes”, quaint countryside folk paintings that illustrate many regions found in Mexico.They also include old dug up postcards that depict small California towns in the 50’s, around the time my parents worked as farm workers in the central valley part of the state. The postcards function as a visual record of a lived and shared moment in time. It’s a window too into lived experiences that are presented as idyllic and memorable. In my parents case it was not like that at all, it was hard living that necessitated social services and the support of others in their community. Beyond my own narrative goals though, I aim for the postcards to more widely suggest a glimpse at another world, that in an armchair way we could experience place through other people’s eyes.
I work out of my studio in Sunset Park, Brooklyn, an industrial section close to the old docks and piers along the south-west end of the neighborhood. Being here has definitely marked a shift in my painting both thematically and formally. An area I am turning to more acutely is of a shared immigrant experience beyond my own (which for me included growing in Mexico and the United States). Larger themes that revolve around identity and place, of adapting to new environments, and leaving home for another but never letting go in one’s mind, are becoming a more central point of investigation as I consider new territory to explore in my work.
I feel New York has tremendous potential for reaching multiple audiences. As a studio painter I’m interested in showing in a gallery context, but as a muralist I especially like the idea of reaching a wide range of viewers that might not normally, or regularly be exposed to a gallery setting. I’m currently working on a series of mural designs intended for commission in Sunset Park and possible collaboration with fellow artists. I am also preparing my new work to be part of Art Basel week in December at Fountain Fair, through Arcilesi Homberg Fine Art, whom I will also be exhibiting with in Dumbo, Brooklyn location in November 2013.
contact info:
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https://artedgenyc.com/tag/california/
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See more objects with the color grey darkolivegreen darkolivegreen lightgrey or see all the colors for this object.
Object Timeline
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1981
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2011
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2014
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2019
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Sampler (Netherlands), 1831
This is a Sampler. It is dated 1831 and we acquired it in 1981. Its medium is silk embroidery on cotton foundation and its technique is embroidered in cross and eyelet stitches on plain weave foundation. It is a part of the Textiles department.
This sampler was embroidered by a 13-year-old girl with the initials “A. D. I.” from Gouda, in the Netherlands. A. D. I. combines popular Dutch sampler motifs with detailed embroidered scenes of country life, daily labor, and the hunt.
Together, the motifs and scenes provide some insight into A. D. I.’s values and lifestyle. Various animals surround the crest of the Netherlands, under which “Gouda” is embroidered. Working clockwise, the two horses represent high spiritedness and pride. The rabbit, perhaps symbolizing fertility, is paired with a stork to represent parental love. The dove clutching the olive branch is a well known symbol for peace, but also marital fidelity. The dove’s placement next to a pink carnation can be read in two ways: pink carnations have been used to symbolize the tears of the Virgin Mary, while pinks, close relatives of carnations, are used in Dutch painting to represent love and marriage. The dog at the foot of the carnation is another symbol of fidelity, perhaps representing devotion to faith and family. The peacock, seen near the lower left corner, is commonly a symbol for luxury and vanity. The combination of these motifs could be interpreted as an expression of the qualities of a good Dutch citizen: diligent and devoted to one’s country, family, and faith. To the right of the crest of the Netherlands stands the Dutch Maiden in the Garden of Holland, a popular personification of Holland. Below her are confronted lions, symbols of strength, courage, and steadfastness, which are also found in the crest of the Netherlands.
The importance of religion and faith are represented by the beehive on the right-hand side and the hart framed by flowers at the bottom center of the sampler. The beehive serves as a symbol of the church community. The hart, in a religious context, represents a longing for Christ. If reading the sampler through a religious lens, the peacock may be a symbol of vanity and decadence, since it is placed next to a scene with a goat and two sheep. In Christian symbolism, the goat has traditionally served as a symbol of the devil, while sheep represent the faithful flock. The negative symbolism of the peacock and the one goat among the two sheep might be balanced by the beehive on the right of the sampler to express the idea that vices can be avoided through faith and dedication to one’s church community.
Although samplers were means for a young girl to practice her hand at stitching and refine her embroidery skills, samplers also served as a blank canvas upon which women could subtly express themselves through the reproduction of specific motifs and scenes. The symbolism of the selected motifs provides possible insight into the values and morals of the embroiderer’s community. Due to multiple meanings attributed to one motif, samplers are engaging objects which can be interpreted for meaning and not just seen as a display of skills.
This object was
bequest of
Gertrude M. Oppenheimer.
It is credited
Bequest of Gertrude M. Oppenheimer.
Its dimensions are
H x W: 48.3 x 48.3 cm (19 x 19 in.)
It is inscribed
A.D.I.
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https://www-6.collection.cooperhewitt.org/objects/18616615/with-image-37009
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A small bowl with lid in the form of a laboratory flask embossed with various molecule and bubble motifs and incongruously - cats.
Great on your office desk for paperclips, thumb tacks or little bits and pieces.
The artwork depicts an experimenter amazed at the production of little cats in his biochemistry experiment.
Stock images for artwork by Ryan, Dasha, Dylan Luder, Enzymlogic, Pier Poulain, Geoff Hutchison. CG and composition by Koogee Brown.
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https://www.shapeways.com/product/73KTWXV5R/paperclip-bowl-science-theme?optionId=21007318&li=marketplace
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Dear colleagues,
It's our pleasure to invite you to Okinawa for a workshop on Qualitative computational modeling for biological networks.
Applications are now open for oral presentation based on abstract submission.
Submissions will be selected by the workshop's scientific committee.
Motivation and scope
Interactions networks have been used to represent and study biological systems small and large, ranging from genes and metabolites all the way to ecosystems, and from a handful of components to several hundreds and more. Recent technical developments have brought new challenges to the field: more data to exploit, integrate and interpret, multi-scale modeling, larger networks and models to annotate and parametrize, analyze and simulate. Meanwhile, questions regarding fundamental properties of these systems, such as the role of motifs and circuits in the emergence of dynamical properties, are still being actively pursued. Furthermore, although qualitative approaches such as logical models and Petri nets have been used for several decades, new methods and formats and tools keep appearing, calling for the development of common standards to ensure interoperability. In this context, this workshop aims at gathering the network modeling community, sharing progress among its members, and strengthening the links within the community as a whole.
The workshop will consist of three sessions:
- Session 1 will be dedicated to the development of community standards, interoperability, and model curation/annotation.
- Session 2 will be dedicated to methodological aspects, including network inference, model checking and the computation of dynamical propertiess.
- Session 3 will be devoted to the analysis and simulation of large cellular networks.
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https://easychair.org/cfp/QualMod2019
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Four of Australia's most promising emerging artists in a curated group exhibition: Positive/Negative throughout October at Artereal Gallery in Rozelle. These talented artists have also been finalists in some of Australia's most prestigious prizes. This selection of paintings and sculptures showcases the best upcoming talent in the Australian art world.
(1888PressRelease)
October 01, 2010
- Exhibition runs 6-30 October, Artereal Gallery 747 Darling Street, Rozelle NSW.
Victorian artist KEVIN CHIN's paintings seek to re-make and integrate his histories and those of others; to reinterpret physical space to create fictive sites, memories and ideas of home. By rearranging and transposing the pattern and placement of objects, Kevin Chin transforms the identity of a 'lost' space to pose and challenge physical and psychological notions of home and belonging - of here and now, and of 'far, far away'.
Victorian artist CHLOE VALLANCE also plays with levels of visibility and invisibility, of active and passive in works, that, like Chin's, are developed in response to the experience of travel and as a way to document the significance of fleeting, passed or potential moments and memory.
The shaped formats of board games underpin VILMA BADER's assemblages in which painting and sculpture converge. Her Board Paintings are formalist, gridded, geometric, hard-edged constructed paintings made from myriad sawn and painted wood segments. They are compressed, tight, ordered, obsessive, detailed and mathematically and technically precise. The works are vested in the rhythms, logic and aesthetics of geometry and the intrinsic beauty of systems and relate to the philosophy of art as play.
ACT artist GREG HODGE investigates the junction between abstract painting and representational image. Through the placement and composition of interlocking shapes and motifs there is both a relationship and a tension between an imagined illusionistic space and a representational image. While the spaces and the forms that develop out of the painting process are invented, the repeated overlay and expansion and stacking of motifs relate to architecture and landscape. This building of forms and their positioning within a painted atmospheric space invite the viewer to seek a recognisable or tangible image within the work.
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https://www.1888pressrelease.com/four-multi-award-winning-emerging-artists-making-waves-in-sy-pr-245104.html
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