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Saint Achillios Church, (Serbian Cyrillic: Црква светог Ахилија) is a church in Arilje, Serbia. It is dedicated to Saint Achillios from Larissa (Greece), fighter against Arianism and participant of the First Council of Nicaea in 325. Saint Achillios Church was built in 1296, and is closely connected with the Nemanjic dynasty, the first Serbian archbishop St Sava and the misfortunate King Dragutin. With its surreal whiteness and slimness it continues to dominate the core of the west-Serbian town of Arilje as a lighthouse of Christ's faith. In close proximity to St Achillios Church there is the Raspberry Monument that declares the outstandingly convenient soil for growing raspberry, from which the inhabitants of the entire region live very well.
In terms of its architecture St Achillios Church belongs to the Raska School which marked the 13th century with the coherent mixture of Romanesque outside dressing and Byzantine space concept. Facade painting of the St Achillios Church in the Byzantine cell type style, the technique which included alternating rows of stone and brick, on the walls dressed in Romanesque style makes the Church of St Achillios a unique 13th century structure in the whole Byzantine world, considering the fact that there is no preserved example of any Orthodox place of worship dating from that period with the facade entirely decorated in this way.
Besides its architectural value and historical significance the St Achillios Church also stands out as the gallery of valuable frescoes among which the most interesting are the portraits of the rulers belonging to the Nemanjic dynasty, their relatives and all the archbishops since 1219 - the foundation of the independent Serbian Church. The most attractive are the portraits on the south part of the internal narthex, the standing figures of king Dragutin the founder holding the model of the church in his hands, and the fresco above the holy grave of Dragutin's younger son Urosic, who died young as monk Simon and was buried in the Church. Being the clear document of the king's sponsorship and an illustration of the mutual respect (brothers lived peacefully in the time of fresco-painting the church), one of the most beautiful idealized portraits is the portrait of the ruling brothers Milutin and Dragutin Nemanjic accompanied by Dragutin's wife, Hungarian Princess Katelina.
For the first time in the history of Serbian fresco painting a new iconographic solution appears. By that time it was usual that the Mother of God or the saint protector approaches Christ on the throne with the founder holding the model of the temple in his hands and with his head bowed. But here in the medallion there is a reduced painting of the Lord standing in the middle of the two kings Dragutin and Milutin who are frontally turned and blessing them with his raised hands. The representations of these characters occupy a special place in the development of the Serbian medieval portraiture. The fresco of the Archangel Gabriel, called the Blue Angel, which represents the elegant holy character in brilliant simple vestment, is the incarnation of the idea of the Lord's representative of surreal beauty and magnificent kindness. The figure of the archangel with his clearly expressed character, strong musculature and rich robe of a warrior is of extraordinary artistic value. It is one of the masterpieces of old Serbian painting. The portraits of Dragutin's sons Vladislav and Urosic bear high historical significance and the depictions of Serbian archbishops, members of the Nemanjic dynasty and the portraits of Moravica bishops and metropolitans make one of the most important compositions of wall paintings in which important persons of Serbian history can be recognized.
The names of the authors of the frescoes in Arilje Church are unknown, but we do know that they come from Thessaloniki. In terms of both their style and iconography, the frescoes from Arilje in St Achillios Church announce the turning point in the development of wall painting and a new style which will mark the art of painting during the first decades of 14th century Serbia in King Milutin's court.
Dragutin's younger son, prince Urosic is buried in the temple of Arilje. This fact points to the importance of the temple for the king himself and possibility that one of the courts was located near Arilje. The thing that undoubtedly distinguishes this temple from all the other Nemanjic dynasty memorials dating from this period, besides its height and lack of bell tower above the external narthex which is the feature of all bishopric centers, is the entrance on south side instead of the usual west. Unlike other churches built by the Nemanjic's in the 12th and the 13th century which were not cathedral temples for large number of believers, the church in Arilje had exactly that purpose and it was built on a hill top so that it could be easily visible.
During the reign of Tzar Dusan and after the Serbian Patriarchate in 1346 was proclaimed, the Moravica Bishopric was promoted into a Metropolitan's residence. Arilje Metropolitan's residence and monastery fraternity shared the same fate with their people and state in the horrible attack of the Turks led by Mehmed II the Conqueror of Constantinople. The Moravica Metropolitan's residence revived again during the forties of the 17th century. Not until 1833 will the church bells be heard again. But this time not from the Metropolitan's residence but from the parish church only. The St Achillios position and its appearance even today cause in the spectator the feeling of awe, thrill and uniqueness. The Church of St Achillios is a pronounced cultural monument of great significance.
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https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2013/05/saint-achillius-church-in-arilje-serbia.html
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In this lesson, students will examine Lady Dai’s tomb through an exploration of the artifacts found there. They will study the objects buried in Lady Dai’s tomb through images and draw conclusions about Lady Dai and the time period in which she lived. Students will walk away from this lesson with the ability to derive historical knowledge from the comprehensive examination of artifacts.
4. Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including vocabulary specific to domains related to history/social studies.
8. Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources, using search terms effectively; assess the credibility and accuracy of each source; and quote or paraphrase the data and conclusions of others while avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation.
9. Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis reflection, and research.
Han Dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE) – Founded by peasant Liu Bang, lasted four centuries and is considered the golden age of China due to its economic prosperity, scientific advancements and contributions to art. It is known for the coining of money, the invention of paper and its lacquerwares.
Essential Question(s): What can we learn about the history of a person through artifacts? How can archaeologists and historians use artifacts to determine the structure, function and accomplishments a society from objects found in personal tombs?
1. Analyze artifacts and explain how they help us to understand the personal, cultural and political history of a person.
2. Explain the history of Lady Dai and the importance of the discovery of her mummified corpse. Evaluate how the discovery of her tomb has helped historians to understand the history of Chinese society.
3. Work collaboratively to create a garment for a woman in history like Lady Dai’s silk painting that shows the importance of the woman’s life, her background, status, culture, religious beliefs, influence and achievements.
What was discovered at Lady Dai’s tomb?Lady Dai’s tomb was found at the Mawangdui site in Changsha, China in the 1970s. Her tomb was found under a hill site along side her husband, Li Cang, the prime minister of Changsha, and another male figure believed to be her son.
Based on the remains found, the tombs were from the early western Han Dynasty, 206 BCE – 9 CE. Lady Dai’s body was mummified and so well-preserved that archaeologists were able to do an autopsy on her. It is believed that she may have died of a heart attack and was in her 50s. They were also able to explore the contents of her stomach and found melon seeds and pork. It is believed that she died around 180 CE. She was buried about 2,100 years ago.
Her tomb was a series of nested coffins and she was buried with food, wine, books, lacquerwares, silk and about 1,000 objects. Some of the objects included lacquered dishes and cosmetic containers and mini figurines of musicians.
One of the most well-preserved objects was the silk garment that lay over her coffin. The silk painting reveals images that reflect the belief system in Han Dynasty China. Aspects of Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism can be found reflected in the images.
Procedure/Pedagogical Technique/Instructional Strategy: 1. Artifact Analysis – Divide the class into groups of four students. Present images of what was found in Lady Dai’s tomb. Ask students to describe each artifact and make conclusions about what kind of woman Lady Dai was.
2. Images – The coffin, the silk painting draped on top of the coffin, silk mitts, wooden musician figurines, lacquered cosmetic boxes.
3. Sharing of Findings – Each group shares their findings with the class what they discovered. Class discussion to review the history of Lady Dai and what we can learn about her and the time period in which she lived. What are the major similarities and differences among our conclusions about the artifacts?
4. Who was Lady Dai? – Reveal more of what archaeologists discovered the conclusions they made. Play Early China The Han Dynasty Lady Dai video by Professor Kenny Mencher. Share images from The Excavation of Lady Dai’s Tomb from the Archaeological Institute of America. Were some of your assumptions about the artifacts similar to that of archaeologists? What more can we learn about Lady Dai and her life based on all of these objects? What can we learn about Chinese society at the time?
Discussion Points/ GroupInteraction: 1. Why do you think Lady Dai was buried with those objects? How does that compare to your burial and funeral traditions?
2. What did each group discover through their analysis of Lady Dai’s artifacts? What class in society was she? What was her role or positions or occupation? What did she do for leisure? What was her family like?
3. Why are artifacts so helpful to historians to learn about the culture and politics of a historical era?
4. Why do you think the discovery of Lady Dai is so important to the study of history of China and the study of history of societies?
Assessment: Were students able to understand some aspects of Lady Dai’s life based on the artifacts? Can students explain the importance of artifacts to studying history? Do students understand why the discovery of Lady Dai’s tomb is so important to the overall study of the history of humanity?
Closure: 1. Work in pairs and research an important woman in history – local to your community, a national figure or a global figure. The woman does not have to be deceased.
2. Work collaboratively to create a garment like Lady Dai’s silk painting. Students are free to either do a painting of the garment and explain the materials on the painting, or create an actual garment piece.
3. Each student will write their own reflection essay about the garment they created.
4. Gallery walk with visitors (faculty, other classes and/or honored guests whose garments are being presented) with a discussion of warm feedback. Students present their garments and visitors walk around like a museum gallery visit and a short discussion to review what they have learned throughout the process of completing the assignment.
Extending the Lesson/ Follow-up Activity: Personal Garment – Design a garment for yourself. How would you like people to remember you? What would you like people to remember you by? And if you happen to believe in the afterlife, what type of objects would you like to have?
Museum Visit – Take class to the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Study garments and/ or objects associated with women. What can we learn from those artifacts about how those women lived, their roles in society, their culture, and/ or their influence on society.
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https://china360online.org/?property=understanding-history-through-artifacts
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The decree, which allows irreversible impact on any cave, regardless of its degree of relevance, does not comply with constitutional principles. That’s what the Federal Department of State’s Chamber of Environment and Cultural Heritage (4CCR/MPF) defends in a document signed by Deputy Attorney General of the Republic Juliet Albuquerque, Acting Coordinator of the 4th Chamber.
The manifestation was sent to the Attorney General of the Republic, Augusto Araz, and to the Attorney General of the Federal District, so that any measures taken against the rule of justice could be assessed.
“We are faced with a normative act that further weakens the system of protection of the speleological heritage, which may lead to its sharp reduction, causing serious damage to the Union and all holders of the right to natural heritage,” the document says.
Presidential Decree No. 10.935/2022, published on Wednesday last week (12), allows for irreversible negative impacts on caves of maximum importance if the project is considered “publicly beneficial”, there is no alternative location, and it does not cause extinction. species that live in the cavity. In addition, the decree alters and lowers the very criteria that determine what a cavity of maximum importance is.
The 4th CCR emphasizes that natural underground cavities, archaeological and prehistoric sites are protected by the Federal Constitution and are considered the property of the Union. The Constitution provides for the inclusion of objects of historical, scenic, artistic, archaeological, paleontological, ecological and scientific value in the Brazilian cultural heritage, and it is the responsibility of the public authorities and society to protect them.
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https://jd-anthology.net/mpf-opposes-decree-allowing-demolition-of-any-cave/
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Quite high level of national culture has been determined in the great measure by rather wide social attention to semi-forgotten deeply-rooted historical and cultural traditions. The interest in ancestors' spiritual knowledge and historical acquirements has been revived in Ukraine. Such are cultural and historical kinds of activities to which have belonged sacral carved creations and their meaning in Ukrainian people's spiritual religious life. Through sacral carving we especially are going to emphasize an extraordinary significance of carved iconostases in the sacral culture by Ukrainians of Galicia. There are, as for now, no separate fundamental work on the meaning of decorative carved Galician church iconostases and their place in the system of Ukrainian sacral culture of Galicia. This article has been aimed to present some results of complex study in iconostasis wood-carving of Galicia during the XIX and the first half XX cc. in the system of sacral culture by Ukrainians of the region. The trait of the work is author's attempt to use as primal evidences only materials got by him in the course of field inspections of church iconostases. Period of XIX and early XX cc. has presented very bright and interesting picture as for the developmental history of Galicia's sacral carving. Through the first decades of XIX c. in the sacral carving of Galicia one can discern the traits of Classicism. Since the middle of XIX c. the sacral carving of Galicia has gradually incorporated some features of Historicity and Neo-Styles, clearly exposed first of all by the artistry of so-called Second Rococo, that nevertheless with the course of time had become more modest in its usage of carvings. Side by side with Neo-Rococo in the series of Neo-Styled sacral carvings one can state the presence of Neo-Baroque, Neo-Gothic features etc. In Eclecticism, naturally, combinations of a certain style with other ones have appeared more often and explicitly. Thus, the series of examples has shown us, that in their operating with Historical styles, even in the riverbed of Historicity and Neo-Styles the artists of Galician sacral carvings tried to introduce elements of national and cultural identity by imitation or detailed reproduction of characteristic national styles as Ukrainian Baroque in their carvings or by introduction of polychrome covers, imitating for example, embroideries as well as by the use of motives derived out of medieval Ukrainian metal minting for wood-carvings. So, one can fix quite original means for discovering of Ukrainian idea in artistic sphere. Side by side with Historicity and Neo-Styles on the border of XIX and XX cc. in the sacral carving of Galicia the more the oftener had appeared creations the imaginative laying of which expressed rather noticeable connections with folk artistry. There are several names for this phenomenon in Art Studies, as e.g. Ruthenian style, Ukrainian style etc., although, it sees, in the case much more relevant term would be that of a trend. Among most characteristic signs of the trend are elements of folk carving, used in decor, specific silhouette of a products, dark-brown color of imitated oak wood and so forth. Combination of all mentioned signs in decoration of a certain creation had not been obligatory condition. To best Galician iconostases created with the use of ornamental and compositional structures borrowed from traditional folk art had appertained iconostasis established in interiors of Saint Trinity church at the town of Drohobych (now Lviv obl.) during 1907-1909. This three-storey-high iconostasis of dark-brown color has been decorated with technique of hemstitch, flat trihedral hollowed carving after motifs lent from Old Ruthenian art and folk creativity of Boikos and Hutsuls (Old Ruthenian interlacements, various kinds of rhombi, vegetable stems with trefoils etc.). Similarly to mentioned iconostases the creative work had exposed quite noticeable connection with Ukrainian decorative graphical art of early XX c. (especially with H. Narbut's artistry where plane-stylized vegetable motif was inscribed beyond the line of external silhouette into a triangle and so on). Drohobych Saint Trinitarian iconostasis truly belonged to monuments that had proven the most high perfection of decorative stylization in carving after folk-styled models and specimens. Harmonious unity of carved decor executed by craftsmen A.Sarabay and Holembyovsky with icons painted by artist M.Sosenko in the spirit of Ukrainian Secessionism had been achieved besides. The synthesis of architectonics, painting and carving in decor of Drohobych Saint Trinitarian iconostasis has moved this creation to the top of idealistic search in stylistic national direction of epoch. Such searches had moved the Ukrainian sacral art on the leading place in world cultural process of early XX c. In the church of Annunciation (1927, village of Hrebeniv, Skole region, Lviv obl.) iconostasis had been arranged as well by means of bearing constructions decorated with plate carving in the manner of Hutzul folk artistry with addition of polychromous ornamentations. The reason for wide spreading of Hutzul carved decor as most true exemplification of Ukrainian styling in iconostasis carving is the state of folk art on the edge of XIX and XX cc., when Hutzul church architecture had been popularized in the villages and towns of Galicia as own one and as expression of genuine folk style in architecture. It had been Hutzul plate carving that played one of determinative parts for lawful formation of imaginative systems in Ukrainian national style of Galicia. It had been ornamental and compositional schemes of traditional folk art that performed semiotic function of national identification in then-a-day sacral carving and then-a-day Ukrainian culture. This period might yet be considered as a time of Ukrainian people's strife for expression of own national and cultural identity. On the basis of analyzed creations of sacral carving have distinctly been shown main peculiarities in interaction of morality, philosophy, religion and art. In the perspective more thorough study is worth to be processed as for the meaning of Historical Neo-Styles adapted for carved iconostases in the system of sacral culture by Galician Ukrainians during the XIX and the first half XX cc. Besides, among other problems it is worth to consider the meaning of ornamental and compositional structures derived from traditional folk art and applied in iconostasis carving of Galician churches as well as the role of those structures in formation of national sacral cultural features by Ukrainians of Galicia.More...
This article contains an overview of the current topic in the context of Polish art from the Middle Ages to the early twentieth century. It was found the most characteristic features of her treatment in the historical and cultural aspects, and artistic, depending on the prevailing artistic style different periods of history. Analyzed works in which he was drafted family picture, shows the historical conditions affecting the pictorial and the concept of content works. The paper contains an analysis of tracks leading Polish artists: J.E. Szymonowicz-Siemiginowski, B. Strigel, J. Tricius, D. Schultz, P. Michałowski, A. Kotsis, S. Wyspiański, J. Mehoffer, L. Wyczółkowski, W. Tetmajer et al.More...
The article is devoted to the use of the «Motherland Calls!» and the Statue of Liberty monuments in the anti-Americanism discourse. It explains how such opposition impacts the status of Volgograd Motherland in the Russian cultural space. Modern Russian anti-Americanism discourse ascribes to the Statue of Liberty those traits that constitute the negative stereotype of an American; among them the lack of spirituality, aggressiveness, falsehood, arrogance and claims to the exceptionalism of America. The author concludes that such opposition contributes to the maintenance of the status of the Volgograd «Motherland» as the embodiment of Russia; the Statue of Liberty fulfills the vis-a-vis function of the Volgograd monument, while the rivalry between Russia and the United States is allegorically embodied in the opposition of the Motherland vs. The Statue of Liberty.More...
The paper discusses the contrast of Native vs. Alien (or Foreign), an opposition frequently used in a cultural and social-psychological framework. The author also examines the formation of the two terms and the contradictions within each term and between them. This opposition is further examined in the variants One’s own/the Other, Same/Other, Near/ Far, etc. The Native cannot avoid expanding towards the Alien and assimilating things from the Other, due at the very least to an instinct of self-preservation. In this sense, the Alien is always within the Native itself, like a moving force for the growth and change of the Native. The paper is an introduction to the question of Native and Alien aspects in relation to Bulgarian theatre and its history, a problem that will be examined here briefly in its main points. After the Changes that began in 1989, the global trends of growing closeness – and probably natural opposition – between Own and Other, between Native and Alien, found the theatrical stage to be one of the places for reconciliation, because the theatre was a place where own and other are mutually mirrored...More...
The main theoretical subjects of the summer plain-air practice performance, questions of reality’s reflection in realistic painting, training of students’ practical skills, importance of summer plain-air practice for adoption of fundamental knowledge and refined aesthetic culture are investigated.More...
The article is devoted to the scene from the number of vignettes-illustrations of the Book of the Dead in the last phase of its existence, the Ptolemaic Period. Some interesting features of the scene were distinguished, according to the previously made compositional and typological analysis. These features are linked with dispositions of the four gods, the Children of Horus, in the composition of the scene. The most general disposition of gods between each other was determined, what gave an opportunity to interpret this feature. Semantic interpretation was made according to the spatial and anthropogenic conceptions of ancient Egyptians, who connected the Children of Horus with cardinal points and with the limbs of a person.More...
The monument “The Motherland calls!” as a visual image has become popular not only in static forms of information transmitting (postcards, stamps, photos, books, albums, etc.), but also in dynamic forms, such as films. The article studies documentary films as practices of using the monument “The Motherland calls!”, erected in 1967 in Volgograd, and analyzes the variants of using the symbolic potential of the monument in these cinema sources. The author concludes that the meta-discourse of the monument includes the set of various patterns of speech — communicational events, such as the discourses of peacefulness, memory, border, locus.More...
The purpose of the research. The research studies the activity of the National commission for return to Ukraine of cultural values and the State service for control over transferring of cultural values across the state border of Ukraine in preservation of works of decorative art. It specifies the characteristics of the state programs, pursuant to which these works came back to Ukraine. Considerable attention is paid to the examples of such return and to the importance of interrelation of works of decorative art and ethno-design The methodology of research consists in application of the principle of objectivity, the intrinsic analysis and the historical principle. The specified methodological approaches allow to consider the concrete events and the phenomena in all the variety and to consider their main stages of development in objective time and space and in interaction of various sociocultural events. Scientific novelty of the study is that for the first time the author made an attempt of systematization and the art criticism analysis of works of decorative art in the context of enrichment of forms andmethods of development of ethno-design. Conclusions. Preservation of works of decorative art in the activity of the Nation-al commission for return to Ukraine of cultural values and the State service for control over transferring of cultural values across the state border of Ukraine throughout the 1990th – the beginning of the 2010th makes it necessary to study the mentioned above problem separately in terms of cultural policy of the state, in particular, from the perspective of art achievements of the specified institutions and development of the sphere of ethno-design.More...
The article reviews influence of social factors on formation of some features of the iconographical plot of Annunciation in catholic and orthodox art traditions.More...
The article analyzes written, graphic and material sources about extensive and active trade relations of the Principality of Moldavia that played an important role in formation of costumes worn by various estates in Moldavian cities in 15th—17th century. As the so-called “Tartar route”, one of the most actively used trade routes of 13th—14th century: from German cities to Lviv and Kamianets-Podilskyi and farther to Tighina (Bender) and Black Sea ports of Billhorod-Dnistrovsky and Caffa (Feodosia) constantly became more and more dangerous, merchants gradually ceased to use it and, in late 14th — early 15th centuries, adapted new “Moldavian route” from Krakov and Lviv to Suceava, Galats, Bilhorod and Caffa. Thus, it were Krakov and Lviv that secured Moldavian trade with Poland, Germany, Flanders, and Italy. Due to this route and arrival of oriental and, later, western imported materials (textiles, jewelery, etc.) in 16th—17th centuries, the costumes of Moldavian nobility were formed. First, Byzantine (as earlier in time) elements prevailed in these costumes, later to be replaced by West European fashion trends. The former reached Moldavia through neighboring Balkan countries, and the latter through Hungary and Poland.More...
The research is devoted to the era of Romanticism with the identification of the foundations on which the philosophy of this period is based. The problems of the individual and the significance o f landscape in the works of painting of this epoch are considered. The research of this trend in art remains important for understanding its significance fo r the entire 19th century, as well as for the further development of painting. Methodology. The methodology of the research consists in applying the historical-cultural, comparative, and method of formal analysis. This methodological approach allows us to discover and analyze the works of outstanding masters of the Romantic era. Scientific Novelty. The scientific novelty of the work is to determine the artistic and aesthetic features of the romantic trend in the art of the XIX century. The influence of literature on the development of painting is studied and a new romantic poetics of the landscape is defined. Conclusions. Understanding the regularities of the development of Romanticism in European art makes it possible to assert that the fruitful interconnection o f various kinds of arts has become an exceptional phenomenon of an entire era that united artists with a certain worldview and a special relation to the surrounding reality.More...
In the paper the theoretical aspects of the concept of style in a creative practice, as well as analysis of styles.More...
Researches of the problem of the importance of Art activities of children at risk is shown in the context of the theoretical, analytical, and empirical aspects of the problem, and inferences and conclusions have been made accordingly. The report focuses its scientific interest on the role of extracurricular art activities for the personal development of the children, their ability to easily integrate to the social environment and to develop abilities and skills, which will help develop their emotional and social growth and keeping them in school. The contributions of this research can be divided into several main directions: collecting and systemizing literature and information directed towards existing models of prevention, showing the importance of art activities of children at risk, analyzing the results that have been achieved by art activities of the group of children endangered of being expelled of school, to define the appropriate models of social adaptation through activating the artistic abilities of the children. The purposes of the research are divided into several groups. On one hand is shown the importance of the introduction to the technical capacity of drawing in extracurricular form with different teachers, showing the analyzes made until the present moment achieved results of European, national and regional level, analyzes, summaries and conclusions of working with children from risky groups. In the analytical part, some of the methods of Rubinstein, Ulf and others, are applied. The results show that with active and regular art activities of children from risky groups, a durable interest is being shown to artistic activities and adaptation to the school environment is made quicker and more qualitative.More...
The article offers an overview of problems in contemporary Bulgarian codicology, having a bearing on the methodological approach to the description of medieval Slavonic manuscript documents. The author makes a general survey of the history and state of this discipline (or science) in Bulgaria, pointing out some of the more important trends in its development and citing selected examples, which illustrate as yet unsolved questions regarding the structure of the description and the formal presentation (formalization) of its elements. Also, the need is commented of bringing about changes in the traditional attitudes and (or) arriving at a new consensus between the specialists, paleographers and codicologists, on a wide international scale, these being essential preconditions for the creation of the modern electronic catalogues and publications of the old literary heritage, intended for universal use.More...
The article discusses the artistic depiction of the human hand in painting; specifically, in Vladimir Dimitrov- Maystora’s portraits of rural madonnas. The author starts by retracing how the hand was perceived in primitive art, mythology and religion, and continues with a discussion of its function and depiction in Renaissance art. The author points out the role of Maystora in the interpretation of world art traditions in the context of Bulgarian pictorial art. The deep connection between the aesthetical and the ethical in the painter’s views and works is revealedMore...
Haralampy Tachev is the most typical representative of the early Secession in Bulgaria. His work is extremely diverse: from the decorative arts to the founding of the first artistic association in Bulgaria – Contemporary Art (1903); from painting and book design to the layout of exhibition pavillions and monumental buildings. As a proponent of South Slavic cultural communication, Tachev was elected First Secretary of the Lada International Union of South Slavic Artists (1904-1912). This paper presents his work as a tenacious promoter and curator of exhibitions in the South Slavic capitals Sofia, Belgrade and Zagreb, as well as his participation in conferences, meetings and contacts with artists. It also analyses his artistic creativity on South Slavic themes. Special emphasis is laid on his contribution to the first major cultural events in Sofia: the founding of the Lada Union (1904), the second South Slavic Exhibition (1906) and the Slavic Festival (1910). When regarding Haralampy Tachev as a cultural mediator, we should always keep in mind the dual side of his creative nature: Bulgarian and European. In a time of emerging Balkan nationalist spirits, this task was paramount not only for Bulgaria but also for its neighbouring countries. The same applies to the work of Tachev’s counterparts: Dragutin Inkiostri in Serbia, Petar Poček in Montenegro, and Tomislav Krizman in Croatia. Furthermore, this paper analyses the artistic language and poetics of Tachev’s works, which were inspired by the South Slavic ideology that was popular at that time. Considered advanced and timely by its supporters among the Balkan intellectuals, this ideology is accepted as European in the sense that it embodies cultural reciprocity, understanding and tolerance, and that it underlines common points in the cultural history of the young South Slavic nations, despite the political confrontation of their national political agendas. Haralampy Tachev “dressed up” the South Slavic idea using the visual achievements of the Art Nouveau/Secession style, while seeking specific national intonations. The artist acted therefore as mediator on many levels: logistically, ideologically, stylistically. The “Bulgarian style”, as a local version of Secession, reinforced the concept of statehood through newly developed visual codes depending on political and ideological priorities. These codes were meant to demonstrate the idea of national identity. In 1910, on the occasion of the Slavic Festival in Sofia, Tachev designed a postcard celebrating the idea of “the unity of all Slavic nations”. In it, we see, framed in ornaments inspired by medieval Bulgarian manuscripts, images of South Slavic rulers with the Russian Emperor as their patron. One could call this the Golden Age of the “Bulgarian style”, which increasingly explored and borrowed from the rich pre-academic art systems of South Slavic folklore, crafts, and Christian art. The vocabulary of this new artistic language was ancient, but the syntax followed the rules of the Secession style. For the cover of the Slavic Anthology of poetry, Tachev returned to a more universal Secession style because of the neutrality of this field. This paper is based on a plethora of documents about the Lada Union preserved almost entirely in Bulgaria, as well as on Tachev’s personal archives. Although the Bulgarian section of Lada left the union in protest against the Second Balkan War in 1913, Tachev continued his work with the Slavic societies in Sofia, remaining faithful to the idea for equal cultural communication between all Slavic countries.More...
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This paper gives a first description of the engravings discovered on the walls of Koonalda Cave(N4), Nullarbor Plain, South Australia. It gives a typologic assessment with reference to known parietal art in the caves of Europe, and to cave engravings discovered in the Katherine area of the Northern Territory, Australia. It establishes the possibility of great antiquity and deals briefly with interpretation. This announcement lays no claim to conclusiveness in the argumentation offered as the facts relating to Australian Palaeolithic Man and his environment are as yet insufficiently known.
The geomorphological characteristics of the Chillagoe karst belt are analysed in terms of an evolution controlled by seasonally arid climatic conditions and lithological variation in the metamorphosed host rock.
Protection and management of natural heritage features such as karst landforms requires considered evaluation of the relative significance of individual features. The grounds for significance depend on the perspective taken. Aesthetic, educational, scientific and recreational values are all relevant and must each be given explicit recognition. Karst landforms are often considered primarily from a scientific perspective. The criteria used for evaluation of such natural heritage features for conservation and management purposes need to reflect this full range of values. This means that karst sites may have significance from one or more of these perspectives, as examples of natural features or landscapes, as examples of cultural features or landscapes or as the site of recreation opportunities. Some such sites will be identified as significant because they are representative of their class (irrespective of the relative importance of classes); others will be judged as significant because they are outstanding places of general interest.
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http://speleogenesis.info/directory/karstbase/search.php?keyword=assessment&author=&year=&search_type=karstbase
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The article is devoted to prevalence of axiological approaches in all areas of research. At first, axiology was a subject of philosophical study and evaluation. Our research indicates that it later studied in a variety of different disciplines, including physics, chemistry, sociology, linguistics, and literature. Additionally, it is crucial to carefully address topics like linguoaxiological methodologies, synchronic and diachronic features of axiology, and their adherence to the national culture and values when analyzing translations of hagiographic literature. The axiological approach to the study of hagiographic literature in translation studies degree of alternativeness in the context in the target language of the words of national culture, religion, Islamic morality etc.
In linguistics, this phenomena is investigated as a theoretical method that establishes the worth of a certain notion or degree of importance. Axiology refers to the production of knowledge about human mind as a value governed by many forces. However, the examination of speech from a historical, theological, scientific, philosophical, and psychological standpoint is necessary for the understanding of axiological terminology, and more specifically, the principles of their translation. The primary focus of this study is an axiological approach that considers the philosophical, historical, and cultural significance of the axiological concepts used in the text.
This method is employed not just in value-related or philosophical study, but is also a key theory in the fields of physics, chemistry, mathematics, computer science, history, religion, linguistics, literature, art, and translation. We would want to concentrate on its lexicographic definition before going into the requirement and significance of an axiological approach in the translation of axiological terminology.
Axiology – (from greek axia – value and logic) - the science of values. The definition, application and intersectoral issues of “axiology” are so relevant today that the interest in the essence of this phenomenon dates back to antiquity. In the 1860s, the German philosopher G. Lottse first approached this phenomenon as a criterion for evaluation. The term “axiology” interpreted by E. Fon Gartmann as a branch of philosophy, was first introduced into scientific circulation by the French philosopher P. Lapi.
Numerous studies in this area were conducted between the end of the XIX century and the start of the XX century. The sociological and social scientific disputes were in full flow at the turn of the twenty-first century. The study of values and axiology has been regarded in contemporary sociology as a process that directly influences the distinctive characteristics of social behavior. Research has been done on a variety of topics in the fields of linguocultural studies and sociolinguistics, including culture and values, axiological components, axiosphere, axiological notions, and axiological strategy.
As a result of this research and on the basis of modern approaches, major fundamental works have emerged. These studies were conducted from different angles. In her research, A.R. Arakelova tries to determine the role and importance of linguoaxiological processes in the discourse of modern English tradition (fashion).
The scientist supported the term “value’s” place in linguistics and evaluated it as a socio-cultural, semiotic, and linguistic phenomena after analyzing the numerous scientific methods taken by foreign researchers to the idea of “value.” On the basis of English, A. Arakelova also highlighted the idiosyncrasies of archetypal notions in conventional speech, such as look, difference, woman, beauty, and man. She considers the value of the axiological method in the study of axiological research by foreign researchers, the development of the term "fashion" (or "tradition") as a sociocultural, semiotic, and linguistic concept in contemporary English, and its axiom. D.M. Galimova noted, “The value picture of the individual’s world is formed” under the influence of traditional culture, national stereotypes, moral values passed down from the generation, and is completed, corrected during life under the influence of external and internal circumstances determined by the family, social, professional status of a person, historical and political factors.
In fact, according to the axiological worldview, national values, stereotypes, and cultures are passed down from one generation to the next while moral values are further developed throughout a person's lifespan as a result of influences from family, career advancement, historical and political events, as well as internal and external factors. V.I. Krasik’s research on the world’s axiological landscape is based on the following:
1. In creating an axiological view of the world, language identifies universal and specific aspects, that is, it is based on national values in relation to a particular event or object;
2. The axiological view of the world is reflected in the legal, religious, moral codes of each nation;
3. The history, culture, and axiological landscape of each nation are passed down from generation to generation through language.
In cultural studies, synchronous and diachronic aspects of axiology are studied in terms of the development of the nation’s culture and values at historical stages. E.G. Dmitrieva studies the presentation of axiological texts in Russian a and discusses the essence of the content of several phenomena, such as ideal, spiritual maturity, religious and moral perfection. She demonstrates the principles of formation of religious values through axiological sources of peoples based on historical reality, i.e. the axiological features of axiological works are at the center of the scientific research. E.G. Dmitriev’s research also reveals in detail the values on which the axiological features of these works are based on the deification of man, the depiction of saints and the glorification of saints and prophets, and the underlying religious concepts. He points out the importance of theoretical and philosophical principles on the one hand, and approaches and methods in determining various analytical-interpretive aspects in a work of art on the other.
The scientist also develops seven important axiological categories in literary analysis in his dissertation and identifies three of them as the main ones. These are: 1) important factors of the art world;
2) the importance of contexts in holistic works in the literary process;
3) the primacy of the system of values in the style of the writer;
In fact, according to the axiological worldview, national values, stereotypes, and cultures are passed down from one generation to the next while moral values are further developed throughout a person’s lifespan as a result of influences from family, career advancement, historical and political events, as well as internal and external factors.
The authors cite cultural codes in each ad because it tells the public that the ad is close to its worldview and culture that will ensure its success. In their research, scholars rely entirely on the following view of translation by the philosopher, semiotic, and famous translator U. Eco. “Non verbum e verbo sed sensum exrimere de sensu” (lat) Translation: In translation, the word should be given with meaning, not with words. N.A.Lukyanova “Having analyzed the main advertising images, the authors of the study chose the linguistic performance of the image of “success” as an object for further consideration from a philosophical and semantic point of view in various speech contexts. Within the framework of massive advertising campaigns conducted by world famous brands, an integral factor of future success is taking into account the cultural, axiological and, most importantly, linguistic characteristics of each society when translating advertising texts”.
It should be noted that today, if we pay attention to advertisements, their descriptions and translated texts, it becomes clear that the translation of mass advertisements by the world’s most famous brands reflects the cultural, axiological and, most importantly, linguistic features of each society. For example, the most popular Coca-Cola advertisement is regularly shown on all media channels in Uzbekistan. The advertisement emphasizes that this cool drink is delicious when served with Uzbek national dishes such as Uzbek plov, chicken stew, somsa. The same drink has been shown to be consumed with fast food in Europe.
This means that national culture and national value, or the cultural code, are expressed as the most significant factor in advertising imagery, slogans, or films. As a result, themes pertaining to a people’s national culture, values, customs, and religious beliefs are researched in axiology. According to axiological studies, this notion also encompasses statements that are particular to axiological. An accurate translation of these works is provided by a thorough axiological analysis of the axiological literature.
The scientific description of the concept of axiology shows that in axiological literature the terms related to national culture, related to religion, including the teachings of mysticism, are reflected in the essence of the words related to the rules of Islamic morality. The linguistic aspect of values is one of the reasons for linking axiological meanings to a linguistic category. Scholars who study axiological issues at the linguistic level argue that value is expressed differently in different languages. From the process of analyzing scientific works, it is concluded that value is systematized in the mind of each individual and verbalized through lexicon, phraseology, implicit or explicit information.
In our conclusion, it may be argued that axiology has become a prominent scientific method across many disciplines, not just philosophy. It became very obvious that the axiological method is the most crucial element in uncovering the national culture and values of each nation and in defining the axiological codes represented in the works. National axillary codes are a determinant in the recipient's perception of commercials that use visuals rather than language at their core. It should be emphasized that the axiological method has also been shown to be a priority theory by research in the field of education.
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https://ijccd.umsida.ac.id/index.php/ijccd/article/view/867/1035
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The purpose of the article. The research is related to the study of the contemporary state of culture and the individual components of the cultural and artistic process. The work deals with the specifics of academic vocal art in the context of modern cultural space. The emphasis is on academic vocals as a typical imprint of professional musical development, as well as on the personality of the artist who embodies the mentality of the nation, reflecting all historical, social and cultural changes of being. The significance of academic vocal art in the musical-historical process is analysed. The methodology of work is to use comparative, historical and logical methods, hypothetical and deductive way, which allows assuming the consideration of academic vocal art as an embodiment of the professional development of Ukrainian art in contemporary cultural space. This methodological approach contributes to the analysis and formation of academic vocal art in the cultural area of creative processes, determine its place and role in the system of existing artistic forms. Scientific novelty consists of the positioning of academic vocal art as vocal communication, which is genetically determined by human essence. It is emphasised that the degradation of the academic school leads to the humiliation of the value of the national academic vocal school, which is unacceptable in modern cultural creation. It carries a weighty socio-psychological, educational potential. For the first time, academic vocal art as the creativity and professional activity of humankind receives coverage in scientific work as an embodiment of the development of the preservation of national culture in the modern process. Conclusions. Understanding vocal art as a process of producing the spiritual culture of a nation forms the importance of communication between the past, the present and the future. Academic art allows us to deduce the concept of the standard of the singing tone, which becomes the ethanol of the aesthetic tradition of academic singing, allows contemporary vocal culture to be guided by a high level of performing the practice that is essential for the development of professional culture of other forms and genres of vocal music.
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https://elibrary.kubg.edu.ua/id/eprint/24231/
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One of the most ancient civilizations in the world, Armenia is often referred to as an ‘open air’ museum in terms of both nature and culture. Over the centuries, it has created and developed a modern, sophisticated and living culture at the intersection of the east and the west, unique in many ways. Some of the most significant features of the culture of Armenia are reflected in its pre-historic and early Christian monuments, most artistic fashion, in needlework, carvings, design, carpet weaving and even more. Very important were also the adoption of Christianity as state religion in 301 and the inventions of the Armenian alphabet in 405, which helped Armenians preserve their identity and develop unique cultural traditions.
Armenian culture has always been and still remains a means of maintaining a sense of national unity, not only in Armenia but also in international Armenian community. A particularly rich part of the Armenian heritage, Armenian architecture is also considered to be a major component of the world culture with its thousands of historical monuments and the significant role it played in the development of world architecture. During the 9th-14th centuries, the unique monasteries of Tatev, Sanahin, Haghpat, Noravank, Goshavank, Ohanavank, Harichavank and Makaravank were created, which have survived till today and are included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
A unique manifestation of Armenian medieval national art is comprised by the monuments called khachkars or cross stones, which were widely used in Armenia and have become additional signifiers of Armenian identity.
Following the Sovietization of Armenia in the early 20th century, two architectural directions competed for dominance: the national, expressed in such works as the Government Buildings of Republic Square, the Genocide Museum, the State Opera House, etc., and thecontemporary, examples of which include the Sports Complex and Zvartnots Airport. With a history of nearly five thousand years old, Armenian art has always had a special place in the development of the nation’s culture and traditions. The most vivid examples of Armenian art include miniature painting, sculptures, frescoes, mosaics and ceramics, add to this metalwork and engravings, textiles, music and printing.
Remarkable Armenian painters that greatly introduced such painting genres as still life, landscape and historical composition in the second half of the 19th century are Hovhannes Ayvazovski (1817-1947), Gevorg Bashinjaghyan (1857-1925), Vardges Surenyants (1860-1921) and others.
Among the 20th century artists, of great significance is Martiros Saryan (1880-1972), the founder of the school of modern painting, whose works include portraiture, still life and landscape. Another modern Armenian artist, who put the color back into painting, like the yellowed pages of the ancient manuscripts found in Matenadaran, is Minas Avetisyan (1928-1975).
Literature has always played a vital role in Armenia’s cultural and national identity. Of special value are the historical works by Movses Khorenatsi in which the writer managed to preserve the precious specimens of oral national poetry.
Armenians love music and they have been creating priceless compositions for centuries. Sharakans – traditional liturgical songs, and sacred music are purely Armenian and today they are reviving.
Komitas Vartabed is perhaps the most famous Armenian composer of the 20th century, a talented musician and musicologist who set a new era in the history of Armenian music by tracing the path of musical folk art. Armenian folk songs sung by ashughs and gusans are still alive today in Armenia and artist Djivan Gasparyan has taken the unique sound of Armenian duduk to foreign audiences worldwide, collaborating with internationally renowned musicians such as Peter Gabriel and Kronos Quartet.
The contribution in the rapid rise of the Armenian national music was also due to the outstanding composer Aram Khachaturian, whose works are deeply rooted in Armenian people, their art and culture.
The best way to get acquainted with the rich cultural heritage of Armenia is to visit the country’s museums, galleries, as well as performaces, showcasing the nation’s history and culture.
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http://www.simatours.com/about-armenia/culture/
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A painting by Sir Joshua Reynolds depicting a Pacific Islander who travelled with Captain Cook on HMS Adventure to London in 1774 is at risk of leaving the country unless a UK buyer can be found.
Worth £50 million, Portrait of Omai is a full-length, life-size painting from the 18th century. It depicts one of the earliest and most celebrated Polynesian visitors to England in flowing white Tahitian dress.
The painting is inextricably linked to the great voyages of discovery and exploration during this period. It offers an important insight into the British reception, understanding, and representation of people from beyond Europe at that time in history.
The artist, Sir Joshua Reynolds, was one of the foremost British painters of his day. He became the first President of the Royal Academy and his work and beliefs had a profound impact on subsequent generations of British artists. Portrait of Omai technically exemplifies Reynolds at his best and is a masterpiece of 18th-century British painting.
Arts Minister Lord Parkinson of Whitley Bay said:
The outstanding 18th-century Portrait of Omai by Sir Joshua Reynolds exemplifies the importance of the export bar process. This stunning painting is impressive for its scale, its attention to detail, and the valuable insights it provides into the society in which Reynolds painted it.
I sincerely hope that a UK buyer comes forward to save this iconic painting for the nation.
The minister’s decision follows the advice of the Reviewing Committee on the Export of Works of Art and Objects of Cultural Interest. The committee agreed the painting is one of the great iconic works of the 18th century and is arguably the greatest portrait by one of the greatest British portraitists.
Committee Member Christopher Baker said:
This magnificent British portrait has a global resonance. It illustrates the connectivity of the world in the late eighteenth century through exploration and the spread of colonial ambitions, as well as the fascination that high profile cultural encounters inspired. Mai (c.1753-1779) (or ‘Omai’ as he was called in Britain) arrived in London from his home in Polynesia in July 1774, aboard HMS Adventure, which formed part of Captain James Cook’s second voyage. He was regarded as a celebrity and became the focus of written accounts and images, among which this sensational painting is undoubtedly the most potent.
Reynolds’ picture was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1776, just after its subject returned to the Pacific. It is a highly romanticised image, illustrating European perceptions, and has a special status in the evolution of grand portraiture of the period. Securing it for a public collection would have profound benefits and allow the numerous and riveting historical and artistic narratives it embodies to be fully developed and shared.
The committee made its recommendation on the grounds that the painting met all three of the Waverley Criteria: being closely connected with our history and national life; of outstanding aesthetic importance; and of outstanding significance for the study of British history and 18th century art and, in particular, for the work of Sir Joshua Reynolds.
The decision on the export licence application for the painting will be deferred for a period ending on 10 July 2022 inclusive. This period may be extended until 10 March 2023 inclusive if a serious intention to raise funds with a view to making an offer to purchase the painting at the recommended price of £50 million is expressed.
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https://www.miragenews.com/reynolds-portrait-of-omai-at-risk-of-leaving-uk-741849/
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In the 1500 century, by praising the illustrated manuscripts, related artistic workflow got prosper in several ways. To get satisfaction, the wealthy families of the Jain community made a number of duplicates of old manuscripts in a new way by implementing updated methods of color making that evolve the overall manuscript composition. Financial supports increased the usability of costly materials such as Lapis lazuli, tourmaline, gold.
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History
· 25. February 2019
About Jain Manuscript Art
In the fifth century, a massive famine happened in Gujarat. To rescue the manuscripts from the disaster, a convention of Jain monks had been arranging in 453 century. On that summit, some resolution had been approved to save those valuable jewels. In such a good project, an initiative assumed by some wealthy persons of Jain community. In the era of ages, all the valuable Jain manuscripts had stored in such a secure way in the Jain monasteries.
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History
· 16. February 2019
The Values of Manuscript Art. Part - 2
In the manuscript painting of the Pala era, we can notice a kind of sculpture-like value that is not obtainable in the Jain manuscript. It is because at that time, a lot of traveler mendicants, wise figures and devotees came from China, Tibet, and Nepal in the Pala dynasty and influenced Indian artists by their native grammatical doctrine and ideas of painting and sculpture in several ways.
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History
· 06. February 2019
The Values of Manuscript Art
In the histories of manuscript art, it is difficult to define, how the style of cave painting converted into flat type two dimensional art that specially composed for the ancient manuscripts. It is because of unavailability of the manuscript painting between of 7 to 10 century. The objective of the evolution of the conversion in manuscript art...........
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History
· 28. January 2019
The Description of The Materials of Ancient Manuscripts
In this episode, I am about to define the materials of those ancient manuscripts and the structural variation based on the spiritual communities stated above and the locations. Undeniably we astonished to observe the artistic sense that even reflects the modernism in the art of those oldest manuscripts. Indeed it is noticeable that Indian art never recognized the form that meets with the outer part of the object.
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History
· 14. January 2019
The Manuscript Art In Medieval Era (700 - 1500 Centuries)
In this modern era, we are well-known about the book illustration performs as the supplements of the written content. Such an essential concept of interior book designing is not an innovative idea of the modern publishing industry, rather it had been performing from the medieval era between 700 to 1500 centuries of India.
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History
· 01. October 2017
About the Secrets of Ajanta Cave and Paintings. Part 3
Ajanta cave has been keeping up the history of the seven centuries of Indian art and this chapter, profoundly dug the secrets of some important caves that have a historical significance.
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History
· 13. September 2017
About the secrets of Ajanta cave and painting - part - 2
Discover the secrets of Ajanta cave paintings.
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History
· 24. August 2017
About the secrets of Ajanta cave and paintings.
The Ajanta cave painting is discovered less than 200 years ago. Actually, it is discovered on 1829. Before that, we merely found a little statement about the Ajanta cave from one of the traveler mendicants named Hyun Sung who visited this place in the year 640
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History
· 14. March 2016
The interesting and secret method of the Indian miniature art.
At the past, I described the background of my musical series of paintings that I represented by the inspiration of Mughal miniature artists and the oldest scripture of Indian musical genre. By following the previous article, here I'd prefer to share the oldest technique of miniature painting I found from another discourse that isn't only fascinating however, it should facilitate us and encourage to experiment with new components.
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Abstract:
In my recent work I have been interested in thinking about notions of instability. In order explore these notions, in this paper I will like to explore the relevance of postmodern literary theory and the color black in my work, as well as think about the importance of the grid as a tool for organization and ontological delineation.
I will be examining writing by Alain Robbe-Grillet, as well as art work by Mark Manders, Giorgio de Chirico, Kay Sage, and Ad Reinhardt.
Pressing: Where The Objective Meets The Subjective, Mariana Parisca
Pressing: Where The Objective Meets The Subjective, Mariana Parisca
Undergraduate Theses—Unrestricted
Through this essay I describe the theoretical and anthropological ideas that led to the creation of the Cushing Series. An interest in the obsession with photography in popular culture leads to an understanding of the permeation of structured reasoning beyond scientific research and into everyday life. Taking evidence from photography, and philosophy of science I establish the limitations of structured reasoning, both as a way of perceiving the world and as an understanding of identity, and define surface and frame as its physical representation. Using Sartre’s existential theory and phenomenological anthropology I then describe the infinite subjective existence of ...
Paiting, Lucas Page
Paiting, Lucas Page
Undergraduate Theses—Unrestricted
My work is motivated by the painting “as such” – as an inquiry into and intervention upon what constitutes a painting, how they are constructed, how they function, etc. Through an investigation of painting as a genre, both in its historical canon and contemporary forms, I deconstruct the formal and cultural elements surrounding the field. Four major axes serve as the basis for my inquiry and intervention of painting: Painting, Abstraction, Representation, Control. Taking as a point of departure the comment, “Your work is a representation of abstraction,” I aim to figure out how “the painting” (in all of its many ...
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http://network.bepress.com/explore/arts-and-humanities/art-and-design/?facet=discipline%3A%22Art+and+Materials+Conservation%22&facet=publication_facet%3A%22Undergraduate+Theses%E2%80%94Unrestricted%22
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On March 15, the British mathematician Andrew Wiles was awarded the Abel Prize, the most prestigious among mathematicians, for solving a problem that at one point was considered the world’s hardest. The Abel Prize is awarded by the government of Norway and has been around since 2003. It comes with a purse of 6 million Norwegian kroner (Rs.4.8 crore).
Wiles is a number theorist, currently at the University of Oxford. He became famous in 1994 for developing a general proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem, a deceptively simple problem that had remained unsolved since it was discovered in a book penned by Pierre de Fermat, a French lawyer, in 1667. The problem states that, given an + bn = cn, then a, b and c can’t be positive integers if n > 2. As numerous mathematicians, even of formidable prowess, over the years discovered, the equation’s elegance belied the stupendous reasoning skills required to prove it.
The list of those who took a shot contains some impressive names, including Leonhard Euler, Sophie Germain, Adrien-Marie Legendre, Augustin-Louis Cauchy and Ernst Kummer, among scores of others. And not all their efforts were in vain either. With each failure to breach Fermat’s fortress, they had also invented tools of mathematical investigation that proved very useful in other areas of study, as well as insights that signalled to future gladiators the mathematical avenues to stay away from.
It often happens with the Nobel Prize’s winners, and at times with the Abel Prize’s, that people’s recognition of the scientists as laureates is greater than the recognition of their work. The winner of this year’s Abel Prize, however, easily sidesteps that problem: the history and mathematical complexity of Fermat’s Last Theorem together ensure Wiles will be remembered as a solver of the problem more than the winner of the award, or multiple awards.
He took almost a decade to prove the theorem, and drew on centuries of research to reach his conclusion. In particular, he had to solve another extraordinarily difficult problem in algebraic geometry in order to get to the last theorem, going the last mile with help from a student of his (Richard Taylor, who won the $3-million Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics in 2014). Wiles’s ordeals in going all the way are best understood in terms of a central theme in mathematics called completeness.
Beyond the number line, which we can readily visualise, the study of numbers is marked by multiple abstract concepts. Their resolutions required the invocation of new kinds of numbers. And they were not created willy-nilly, in spurts of creative imagination, but to satisfactorily explain existing problems while remaining self-consistent within the universe of all other numbers. And including such new numbers in this universe makes mathematics more complete.
Needless to say, the satisfaction of completeness is a very arduous process that requires consensus and rigorous verification before it becomes mathematical knowledge. A recent example of this – again motivated by a problem as hard as Fermat’s Last Theorem – involves the Japanese mathematician Shinichi Mochizuki. On August 30, 2012, he uploaded over 500 pages of a ‘solution’, split between multiple papers, to his website, through which he’d claimed to have solved the Oesterlé-Masser conjecture.
Also known as the abc conjecture because of the three principal variables involved in describing the problem, it doesn’t have an easy statement like Fermat’s Last Theorem did. As Davide Castelvecchi articulated it in Nature,
The abc conjecture refers to numerical expressions of the type a + b = c. The statement, which comes in several slightly different versions, concerns the prime numbers that divide each of the quantities a, b and c. Every whole number, or integer, can be expressed in an essentially unique way as a product of prime numbers — those that cannot be further factored out into smaller whole numbers: for example, 15 = 3 × 5 or 84 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 7. In principle, the prime factors of a and b have no connection to those of their sum, c. But the abc conjecture links them together. It presumes, roughly, that if a lot of small primes divide a and b then only a few, large ones divide c.
The problem was first put forth in 1985 by Joseph Oesterlé and then expanded by others, especially David Masser, and so its name. Mochizuki himself has been very reclusive, refusing to give interviews while also maintaining a glassy attitude, claiming that the proof is “complete” and that other proofs wouldn’t be very dissimilar to his. However, mathematicians who are trying confirm the validity of Mochizuki’s methods are stumped by the complexity. As Castelvecchi writes, “To complete the proof, Mochizuki had invented a new branch of his discipline, one that is astonishingly abstract even by the standards of pure maths. ‘Looking at it, you feel a bit like you might be reading a paper from the future, or from outer space,’ number theorist Jordan Ellenberg … wrote on his blog a few days after the paper appeared.” The invented discipline is being called inter-universal geometry.
Whether the claimed proof will eventually be accepted is a matter of determining if Mochizuki’s inventions are required to necessitate completeness. But this isn’t proving easy, as Ellenberg attested. Three gatherings of mathematicians were planned to discuss the math – two have concluded while the third is slated for July 2016, at the Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Kyoto. Mochizuki himself has estimated that a verification wouldn’t emerge until later this decade – but if and when it does, it would be comparable in significance to Wiles’s achievement.
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https://thewire.in/25136/andrew-wiles-wins-2016-abel-prize-for-proving-fermats-last-theorem/
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A new claim could imply that a proof of one of the most important conjectures in number theory has been solved, which would be an astounding achievement. Mathematician Shinichi Mochizuki of Kyoto University in Japan has released a 500-page proof of the abc conjecture that proposes a relationship between whole numbers (related to the Diophantine equations).
The abc conjecture was first proposed by David Masser in 1988 and Joseph Oesterle in 1985. It’s an integer analog to the Mason–Stothers theorem for polynomials. It states that a, b, and c, having no common factors and satisfying a + b = c. If d denotes the product of the distinct prime factors of abc, the conjecture states that d is rarely much smaller than c.
If proven true, the abc conjecture could with one stroke solve many famous Diophantine problems, including Fermat’s Last Theorem (which states that an+bn=cn has no integer solutions if n>2). Like many Diophantine problems, it’s about the relationship between prime numbers. It basically encodes a deep connection between the prime factors of a, b, and a+b.
Previous attempts have proven to be flawed. Mochizuki attacked the problem using the theory of elliptic curves, generated by the algebraic relationships of y2=x3+ax+b. From there on, Mochizuki developed techniques that are harder to comprehend, invoking new mathematical constructs and objects, analogous to geometric objects, sets, permutations, topologies, and matrices. He refers to this as inter-universal Teichmüller theory, which generalizes the foundations of algebraic geometry in terms of schemes first envisioned by Grothendieck.
If proven correct, these techniques could provide powerful insights into solving future problems in number theory.
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https://scitechdaily.com/new-mathematical-proof-of-the-abc-conjecture/
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Fermat’s last theorem is one of the best known mathematical puzzles ever posed. It is very easy to understand yet it eluded a proof for 350 years. Fermat stated in the margin of Arithmetica that he had the most marvellous proof of the conjecture, but it was too long to fit in the margin. It has always been known as Fermat’s last theorem even though it has only been a conjecture for 350 years. Pierre de Fermat stated that
it is impossible to separate a cube into two cubes, or a fourth power into two fourth powers, or in general, any power higher than the second, into two like powers. I have discovered a truly marvellous proof of this, which this margin is too narrow to contain.
In other words
does not have solutions for n > 2.
For n = 2 there exist infinitely many solutions and we have been dealing with them in problem 9 of Project Euler.
The problem was finally solved in 1995 by Andrew Wiles after he dedicated 8 years struggling to prove the theorem. In order to prove the theorem he had to prove several other conjectures and not least use results and methods in many branches of mathematics developed within the last 100 years. So there is no way that Fermat could have proven it the same way as Andrew Wiles did. Wikipedia has a section on Fermat’s Last Theorem where they briefly go through the history and the content of the proof.
My story on the theorem
I was first introduced to Fermat’s last theorem when I went in high school a mere 4 years after the theorem of proven. Our math teacher (whom I owe a lot of thanks for sparking my curiosity) wanted us to watch the movie on the subject made by Simon Singh and John Lynch. Many of my fellow students giggled at Andrew Wiles and thought he was a complete nut job, but I saw something different. I saw a man with a burning passion for solving this problem, and by the end of the movie I was so touched that I was almost crying. To me it was a real story and a treasure hunt for the truth.
This movie sparked something in me, and inspired me in many ways. I don’t claim to be good at mathematics and I am not rigorous enough to prove many things. But my passion and curiosity for math was ignited and will burn forever after this movie. It has been aired on television in many countries and until Google video was closed it was available through that service. Today it might be available through other means on the internet, but I haven’t found a source for it. If you a legal source for the movie I would be very interested in hearing from you.
Simon Singh is also the author of a book on the subject called Fermat’s Last Theorem. Simon Singh is a great story teller and manages to take the reader through the story in a way that most people can follow. The book takes you all the way from Fermat’s life and achievement and through the long history of Fermat’s Theorem which many people have spend many hours trying to prove without success until Wiles finally did his brilliant work and finally proved it. So if you love a good story I will highly recommend you to read the book and watch the movie.
On a side note Simon Singh has written other great books on different subjects such as The Code Book.
But did he prove it?
The big question is; did he prove it? Not Wiles of course but Fermat – did he prove it? Most sources believe not. Wolfram has the very good argument that he later on looked for proofs of n=4 and n=5, which would have been meaningless if he had already proven it.
Due to my personal pride I hope and doubt he in fact did not prove it, because that means he would have had an insight that has eluded the rest of humanity for 350 years even though the mathematics has evolved incredibly since then.
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https://www.mathblog.dk/fermats-last-theorem/
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Professor Gets $700,000 After Solving 358-Year-Old Math Problem
A successful proof for Fermat’s Last Theorem took a very long time.
Pierre Fermat’s Last Theorem, written in 1637, stumped mathematicians for 358 years. It was seemingly simple:
There are no whole number solutions to the equation xn + yn = zn when n is greater than 2, unless xyz=0.
But mathematician after mathematician had failed at finding a successful proof.
That is, until Andrew Wiles began working on a new proof for the theorem in 1986. Seven years later he announced to the world that he had completed the proof, ending the quest for what was then perhaps the most famous unsolved math problem in history. Wiles published his proof in 1995.
“Fermat’s equation was my passion from an early age, and solving it gave me an overwhelming sense of fulfillment,” says Wiles, a professor at Oxford University.
On Tuesday, it was announced that Wiles, 62, had won the Abel Prize, the mathematics equivalent of a Nobel. That prize comes with $700,000 and was awarded, according to the citation, “for his stunning proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem by way of the modularity conjecture for semistable elliptic curves, opening a new era in number theory.”
Wiles might have been the first to publish a successful proof of the Fermat’s Last Theorem, but he may not have been the first to think of one.
Fermat himself wrote that, yes, he could prove his famous theorem. There simply wasn’t enough space to write it out in the margins, he claimed.
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https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/professor-gets-700000-after-solving-358yearold-math-problem
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The following article was first published on July 23, 1993 in Workers News, the newspaper of the Socialist Labour League, the forerunner to the Socialist Equality Party (Australia).
On June 23, 1993, an event took place at the Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences at Cambridge University in Britain of considerable historic significance for the field of mathematics.
In what could prove to be a major breakthrough, Andrew Wiles, a 40-year-old number theorist from Princeton University, concluded a series of three lectures on "Modular forms, elliptic curves, and Galois representations" by proving one of the longest standing problems in mathematics--Fermat's last theorem, first stated around 1637.
According to press reports, the proof, which is yet to be published, is up to 1,000 pages in length and uses intricate arguments from highly abstract areas of pure mathematics. Wiles' claims are yet to be checked in detail and it is possible that a flaw will be found. [Note: A major gap was found in the proof and was only resolved in October 1994. After extensive checking, the manuscripts were finally published in the May 1995 volume of the journal Annals of Mathematics.]
In fact, for more than 350 years, Fermat's last theorem has defeated the best mathematicians of the day and is notorious for a large volume of false proofs provided by lesser amateurs and professionals.
One writer on the history of mathematics, Eric Bell, made a point of noting on Fermat's last theorem: "In passing, may I request any reader of this section who imagines he has a proof not to send it to me? I have examined well over a hundred fallacious attempts, and I feel that I have done my share. One such, many years ago, stuck me for three weeks. I felt that there was a mistake, but couldn't find it. In desperation I turned the author's manuscript over to a very bright girl in my trigonometry class, who detected the blunder in half an hour.
"Anyone contemplating a proof may be interested in what [David] Hilbert said in 1920 when asked why he did not try: `Before beginning I should have to put in three years of intensive study, and I haven't that much time to squander on a probable failure.'"
Hilbert was the leading mathematician of the period.
According to a number of leading number theorists who attended the Cambridge lectures, the proof given by Andrew Wiles, which builds on a series of more recent developments in pure mathematics, is convincing.
Kenneth Ribet, a mathematician from the University of California, Berkeley said: "Wiles has a first-rate reputation in the subject. He is careful, and he is methodical; he does very, very good work ... and he presented beautiful arguments."
It appears that a lengthy chapter in the history of mathematics may have finally been closed.
The theorem was asserted in 1637 by Pierre de Fermat, a French lawyer and amateur mathematician, who played a prominent role in the founding of number theory, the area of mathematics dealing with the properties and inter-relationships of whole numbers.
Both the ancient Greeks and Babylonians were aware that the equation x2 + y2 = z2 had whole number solutions. If x, y and z are 3, 4 and 5 respectively, then 32 = 9 plus 42 = 16 is equal to 52 = 25. Another such solution is if x, y and z are the numbers 5, 12 and 13. There are an infinite number of such whole number solutions, known as Pythagorean triples.
While studying the work of the Greek mathematician Diophantus who lived around 250 AD in Alexandria, Fermat generalised the equation to consider numbers raised to any power.
In a famous note in the margin of his copy of Diophantus' Arithmetica, Fermat wrote: "To resolve a cube into the sum of two cubes, a fourth power into two fourth powers, or in general any power higher than the second into two of the same kind, is impossible; of which fact I have found a remarkable proof. The margin is too small to contain it."
Put more concisely, the equation xn + yn = zn has whole number solutions if n = 2 but for all larger values of n, Fermat asserted that there were no whole number solutions.
Fermat never wrote down his "remarkable proof"and mathematicians since then have cast doubt on whether, given the mathematical techniques available in the seventeenth century, it ever existed.Proof eluded mathematicians for 350 years
It took more than 100 years before Leonhard Euler, a mathematical genius whose work encompassed the entire field of mathematics as well as physics and astronomy, proved Fermat's last theorem when n = 3 and n = 4.
Nearly another century elapsed before Peter Lejeune Dirichlet in 1828 and Adrien-Marie Legendre in 1830 proved the theorem for n = 5. In 1832, Dirichlet found a proof for n = 14.
The famous mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss tried to solve the problem and failed. In disgust, he wrote to Heinrich Olbers: "I confess indeed that Fermat's theorem as an isolated proposition has little interest for me, since a multitude of such propositions, which one can neither prove nor refute, can easily be formulated."
However Ernst Kummer, who studied under Gauss and Dirichlet, created an entire new theory of "ideal" numbers and the modern algebraic concept of an "ideal" in a bid to solve the problem.
As one author described Kummer's work: "Armed with this new weapon, which must be wielded with the skill of a master duelist, parrying from ordinary to ideal numbers or riposting back again when the right opening appears, Kummer proved Fermat's last theorem for exponents n that are `regular' primes. There is a somewhat technical definition of what this means: suffice it to say that among primes less than 100 it covers all save 37, 59 and 67. Using additional arguments, Kummer and Dimitri Mirimanoff dealt with these cases too." [ The problems of mathematics, Ian Stewart, p.29]
Mathematicians extended Kummer's techniques and by 1980 had proven Fermat's last theorem for every case up to n = 125,000. Of course, an infinite number of cases remained.
In 1920, British mathematician Leo Mordell came up with a general conjecture, one of the consequences of which was that for n greater than 2 there were at most a finite number of solutions to the Fermat equation. The Mordell's conjecture was finally shown to be correct in 1983 by Gerd Faltings, using powerful new methods from algebraic geometry.
Soon afterwards, D.R. Heath-Brown proved that Fermat's theorem was true for "almost all" powers but the final proof still eluded mathematicians until last month.Origins in material problems
In examining the lengthy history of this problem, it is worth making one final point.
The proof by Wiles consists of highly abstract mathematics. As Kenneth Ribet commented: "Wiles' arguments are based on the most advanced, most elaborate mathematics that exist in this field. The number of mathematicians who can really understand the arguments would fit into a conference room."
The character of such mathematics and related areas of science has led some commentators, scientists included, to speculate that mathematics is not of the material world but of some separate and mystic nether world.
An example is contained in the book, The Mind of God published last year by theoretical physicist Paul Davies, who has gathered together a series of old philosophical arguments for the existence of God and dressed them up with terminology and examples plucked from physics and mathematics.
At one point he writes: "It is easy to gain the impression that there exists a huge landscape of mathematical structures, and that mathematicians explore this peculiar but inspiring territory, perhaps aided by the guiding hand of experience or the signpost of recent discoveries. Along the way these mathematicians come across new forms and theorems that are already there. The mathematician Rudy Rucker thinks of mathematical objects as occupying a sort of mental space--which he calls the `Mindscape'--just as physical objects occupy a physical space. ... Occasionally different explorers will pass over the same terrain and report independently on their findings ... John Barrow also cites the phenomenon of independent discovery as evidence for `some objective element' that is independent of the psyche of the investigator."
Mathematical relations and theories are indeed "independent of the psyche of the investigator" but they are derived from the world of matter, not from the "Mindscape" of God, as Davies would have it.
The roots of Fermat's last theorem and of the abstract mathematics used by Wiles to solve it lie in the material world and in the efforts of mankind to raise the level of its productive forces.
It is no accident that the first solutions to the elementary equation x2 + y2 = z2 were provided by the ancient Babylonians. The equation expresses the relationship between two sides of a right angled triangle to its longest side, known as the hypotenuse--it is commonly taught in high schools and known as Pythagoras' theorem.
The Babylonians, one of the first civilisations, required such tools of geometry to carry out the basic tasks of measuring fields and in the construction of buildings.
As Morris Kline comments in his book Mathematical thought from ancient to modern times: "Canals, dams and other irrigation projects required calculations. The use of bricks raised numerous numerical and geometric problems. Volumes of granaries and the areas of fields had to be determined. The close relationship between Babylonian mathematics and practical problems is typified by the following: A canal, whose cross-section was a trapezoid and whose dimensions were known, was to be dug. The amount of digging one man could do in a day was known, as was the sum of the number of men employed and the days they worked. The problem was to calculate the number of men and the number of days of work."
It is therefore no mystery that the germ of Fermat's theorem and therefore of Wiles' solution is contained on an old Babylonian baked clay tablet dating from about 1900-1600 BC known as Plimpton 322. It lists 15 Pythagorean triples, the first solutions to the equation, which prompted Fermat some 3,000 years later to make his famous, or perhaps infamous, note in the margin.
Frederick Engels explained in his famous book Anti-Düring: "Pure mathematics deals with the space forms and quantity relations of the real world--that is, with material which is very real indeed. The fact that this material appears in an extremely abstract form can only superficially conceal its origin from the external world."
It is precisely because the origins of mathematics lie in the material world that its results can be applied to areas of human endeavour. Just as the non-Euclidean geometries developed in the nineteenth century were considered of interest only to a handful of mathematicians until Einstein's theories of relativity required their use, so it may be in the future that the discoveries of Wiles and his fellow number theorists will find practical application.
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https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/1999/01/ferm-93.html
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Pierre de Fermat was a famous mathematician who lived in the 17th Century in southern France. He is best known for Fermat’s principle that explains how light travels and Fermat’s Last Theorem in number theory, which he described in a note at the margin of a copy of his book Diophantus‘ Arithmetica.
Fermat’s Last Theorem is possibly the most well-known theorem in mathematics. It was suggested by Fermat, and indeed he said that he had a proof for it but this was never published. A theorem without a proof is a strange thing indeed – not a theorem but a conjecture – a mathematical law which has not been proven.
It took over three hundred years and seven years of work for a British mathematician, Andrew Wiles, based at Princeton University in the USA to solve the problem.
This lesson will explore this discovery through an activity to begin with followed by the viewing of a documentary.
The idea of Fermat’s Last Theorem can easily be understood with a few examples and a calculator. Challenge students to find a case where n is greater than two. They may well not believe that such cases don’t exist.
The documentary lasts 50 minutes and first explains what Pythagoras Theorem is. It then extends the idea to any power to a whole number and explains the hint by Fermat that he had found a proof that there are no integer solutions to the equation
x^2 + y^2 = z^2 for n>2.
It then discusses quite clearly how a problem in one field of mathematics can be translated into a different problem in another area of mathematics. So it was that the original problem was translated into a different problem to which a solution needed to be found. Andrew Wiles, through a flash of inspiration, which he describes vividly, came to this solution.
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https://mathsphysicsteacher.international/2017/09/20/fermats-last-theorem-and-andrew-wiles/
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the question as a way of complaining about course material they don't like,
e.g., "I don't see how this will ever be useful to me, so I don't think I
should have to learn it," or they may be genuinely curious about why the
course content is what it is and why the course is required for their
degree. When I'm asked the question by non-mathematicians about the
applications of my research, the question's tone can vary from a curiosity
about why someone would spend time studying things like knots
to indignation at perceived frivolity and uselessness, as if research must
either be directly responsible for new technology or amount to hard-earned
tax dollars being wasted on frivolous nonsense.
I find this attitude quite curious, given that millions of people every day
spend countless hours of leisure time doing sudoku, crossword puzzles, word
games, and other "frivolous" intellectual games which don't directly produce
new technology or solve world hunger. People intentionally spend time
solving these and other puzzles, many of which are simply thinly disguised
math problems,
for no other reward than the pleasure of solving the puzzles. No one attacks
such puzzle-solving as a waste of time, because it's clear that the goal is
simply the enjoyment of solving the puzzle.
It is this very same enjoyment of solving puzzles that drives mathematicians
to solve mathematical problems.We study mathematical problems because we're
curious about the problems and we want to know the answers; it's fun
to find new things out. The great French mathematician Pierre de Fermat, whose
famous 'last theorem' problem was recently solved and who contributed a number
of important theorems to the field of number theory, was in fact a lawyer by
day who solved mathematics problems as a way of relaxing. It is his hobby we
remember him for, some 300 years later, not his profession.
One difference between mathematics problems and jigsaw puzzles is that some
mathematical puzzles turn out to have consequences in the real world. Indeed,
many of the puzzles mathematicians solve arise from efforts to understand how
features of the world work, though certainly not every problem arises this
way. Riemann's generalization of Euclid's geometry, for instance, turns out
to be exactly the language Einstein and others needed to explain gravitation.
Mathematics is humanity's best tool for trying to describe how the world works;
indeed, the unreasonable effectiveness
of mathematics at explaining the world is a bit of a mystery.
This unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics is both a asset and a
curse. It's clearly an asset in that it generates interest in the subject
and funding for research from private companies and government agencies
willing to pay to have key problems solved. On the other hand, it's a curse
because it leads people to misunderstand the reason for doing mathematics
in the first place; because some math turns out to be just what we need
to solve certain problems, suddenly people expect all math to have obvious
immediate applications. It's sort of like a musical group that starts composing
and performing music out of love for their art form, but then has a hit
song which sells well -- people then get the idea that music is about
making money, and if the group's next album doesn't sell as well as their first
hit, suddenly they're considered laughable failures, even though to the group
it was never about the money.
A record that doesn't sell well initially may become a big retro hit
in later years, and records can have big success within smaller music circles
without necessarily topping the mainstream charts. Similarly, mathematical
concepts that are not successfully applied to real-world problems immediately
after their conception are frequently found to have important applications
later on as the subject matures or as new developments in the other sciences
call for new mathematical approaches. Some mathematical ideas may be
useful for very specialized problems without necessarily having a broad
range of applications.
In any case, the study of mathematics motivated by sheer intellectual curiosity
is known as 'pure mathematics,' while mathematics studied as means for solving
practical problems rather than as an end in itself is known as 'applied
mathematics.' Even within the mathematics community, not everyone agrees on
which problems are interesting; sometimes problems which are not interesting
on their own are studied in order to solve other problems which we do find
inherently interesting. This can even lead to some pure mathematicians
criticizing other pure mathematicians for wasting time on ideas without
applications!
The moral is that what counts as an 'application' depends entirely on what
you're interested in. A topologist might study group theory as a way of
developing methods for distinguishing topological spaces, while an algebraist
might study group theory because she's interested in groups themselves.
In particular, for most non-mathematicians, mathematics is at best a means
to some practical end, whether optimizing costs, calculating the trajectory
of a spacecraft, or just finishing a degree and getting a job. Anyone
interested in a technical career will need to be familiar with some level
of mathematics, and the cumulative nature of mathematics makes it inevitable
that students will end up studying some topics that don't directly contribute
to the mathematics they'll use in their career. Nevertheless, the fact that a
student can't see an immediate application for a particular topic does not
imply that the student will never use that topic; in many cases, the techniques
ones studies in early classes are used to construct the more advanced and
powerful machinery one uses later. For example, integration and power series
techniques that students see as 'pointless' in calculus become valuable tools
for solving differential equations, which are the natural language in which
most of the practical problems in the real world are expressed.
This example brings up another reason why students who view mathematics
as a means to the end of solving practical problems often don't see the
point of many math classes, namely the simple fact that most of us vastly
underestimate the complexity of the world we live in. Most of the quantities
in which we have a natural interest, such as what the temperature will be
tomorrow or what the Dow will be at closing, are functions of (that is, they
depend on) many variables, each of which is changing over time. The equations
which model such complex quantities are called partial differential
equations, and to solve them requires a good understanding of topics
such as trigonometry, multi-variable calculus, and linear algebra, at a
minimum. Even so, it is not hard to write down partial differential equations
which no one (yet) knows how to solve.
Therefore, when we write 'word problems' in early classes such as algebra,
trig, and even calculus, the problems frequently sound phony and contrived,
and in large part this is because they are phony and contrived; we
have to make many unrealistic simplifying assumptions in order to make the
problems actually solvable with the limited mathematics available to students
at these early stages. Nevertheless, we feel compelled to try to come up with
such problems in order to convince the students that the techniques they are
learning are in fact useful, when the real reason for studying the techniques
is that they are building blocks for future techniques which are more
useful.
Does this mean that students must either enjoy studying mathematics for it
own sake or devote several years of their lives studying course after course
of mathematics in order to derive any benefit from taking math classes?
Absolutely not! There is a far greater benefit from studying mathematics
that one can begin seeing a payoff from almost immediately, assuming that
the student is willing to actually take the subject of mathematics seriously
and put some time into studying the topics presented in the course. What is
this payoff?
Consider a baby playing with blocks. The infant struggles to grasp the
object, and through hours of trial and error learns to use its hands in order
to achieve the desired effect. Are we to conclude that the only benefit the
child gets from successfully placing the square block in the square hole is
the satisfaction of a goal achieved and a slightly more organized playpen?
Of course not. The real progress the baby has made is in developing motor
skills, hand-eye coordination, and spatial intuition. These skills are more
general and have much greater utility than the task for which they were
initially developed. Similarly, the greatest benefit that comes from
successfully studying mathematics is the ability to think carefully. Indeed,
it is precisely because students of mathematics do not realize that solving
the problems they're working on requires a new way of thinking that these
problems seem so difficult.
I've found that around 70% of the mathematical topics that I've studied have
a point of view from which the topic seems very natural and intuitive, so
that the definitions and theorems say exactly what they "should" say, and
the topic becomes quite simple. Of the remaining 30%, I'm not sure (and
never can be sure) how many of the topics I've simply not found the right
way to think about and how many are Just Plain Hard.
It may sound like intellectual snobbery to say that learning to think
carefully requires studying mathematics, but the simple fact is that human
mind is not built to understand the way the world works; rather, it's built
to stay alive in the plains and savannas, and thus is prone to all
sorts of faulty thinking: self-deception is the key to lying convincingly,
which can be a useful survival strategy. Wishful thinking, confirmation bias,
and myriad other forms of incorrect reasoning are what come naturally to human
beings, and learning to avoid these common errors takes real work. Like the
baby putting the square block into the square hole, solving mathematical
problems requires learning to think in a new way, culminating in the form of
reasoning known as mathematical rigor, which is so powerful that it is
the only human activity which leads to undeniable absolute objective truth.
Once you've seen the proof of a theorem, to deny the
theorem is to misunderstand what it says.
Mathematical thinking is the basis of all of the sciences. You cannot be a
scientist without learning mathematical thinking. Even scientists who don't
make use of more advanced mathematical techniques need to be able to deduce
which predictions follow from their hypotheses and which do not. Engineers who
don't learn how to think like a mathematician leave themselves and their
clients open to errors which can prove to be costly or fatal. Even if you
have no intention of going into a technical field, mathematical thinking is
the key to solving problems, to avoiding being taken in by scam artists, to
making successful decisions. You don't have to be Sherlock Holmes to benefit
from making careful observations and sound deductions. Only if you know the
difference between valid and invalid reasoning can you spot the errors,
intentional or not, in the reasoning of salespeople, lawyers, and politicians
who want your money and votes. Careful thinking is necessary to distinguish
fact from fiction, which is a skill we all require if we're going to live in
a democracy where citizens sit on juries and elect leaders.
Ultimately, this is why we should all study mathematics, even if we never
end up using the particulars of algebra or calculus. Like the baby's block
problem, studying these subjects sharpens the mind and develops deductive
reasoning skills which are far more important than the problems that we use
to learn the skills. Moreover, these skills are a kind of intellectual
technology which our ancestors have fought hard to create and to pass on to
us, skills which are not part of our natural environment and which come to us
only after hard work and study.
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https://www1.cmc.edu/pages/faculty/VNelson/whymath.html
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Where do Mathematical truths live?
Updated: Dec 18, 2022
I think Science, in particular Physics, can shed light on our understanding of the Creator as we discussed in the last few posts. Can Math do that too?
Pierre de Fermat was a French mathematician born in 1607. In 1637, he made a famous assertion that we now call “Fermat’s Last Theorem”. It is not hard to understand the assertion. It says:
No positive nth power of an integer can be the sum of two other positive nth powers if n is an integer greater than 2.
To understand the assertion, let’s think about the case when n is equal to 2. As n is not greater than 2, then we should be able to find some numbers the 2nd power of which would be equal to the sum of two other positive 2nd powers. These are the Pythagoras Triple that many of us learnt in high school. For example, the 2nd power of 13 is the sum of the 2nd power of 5 and the 2nd power of 12 (169 = 25 + 144):
13 raised to the power of 2 = 5 raised to the power of 2 + 12 raised to the power of 2
Fermat’s Last Theorem says we can never find any number whose nth power is equal to the sum of two other numbers, each of them is itself the nth power of some other numbers, if n is greater than 2.
How do we prove it? No one knows until 1995! For more than 350 years since Fermi put it down, no one in the whole earth can prove it!
How is it related to our discussion on religion?
The Mathematical truth as formulated in “Fermat’s Last Theorem” is there even if no one can prove it. Can we consider its “existence” as a real existence, just like our own physical existence in this Universe? This is actually an ancient idea from Plato.
I think we can agree that, irrespective of whether we can prove them or not, the mathematical truths are still “there”. Mathematical truths do not have a physical size or a location. They definitely cannot move around like us. However, can we simply deny their existence? Probably not. Then can we go one step further and ask: Where do these Mathematical truths reside?
If ideas come from intelligent minds, then the mathematical truths like “Fermat’s Last Theorem” should also belong to a mind. However, it may not be in the minds of we humans, as sometimes we do not even know if they are really true. So where do they “live”? It seems logical that they reside in an intelligent mind but not human’s mind. Perhaps they live in the mind of the Creator.
Friends, I am not the originator of the above idea that says that mathematical truths live in the mind of God. I find it very interesting and so I am sharing this idea in this post. I cannot find where the idea came from at this moment. I will update this post and let everyone knows where it originally came from when I find it out.
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https://kwanlchan.wixsite.com/reasonable/post/where-do-mathematical-truths-live
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In this paper we give a description of all Pythagorean triples in the ring Z[τ ]. We also consider triples in the Fibonacci model set which satisfy the Diophantine equations arising from Fermat’s Last Theorem. Examples are provided, including a counterexample to Fermat’s Last Theorem for the third degree in the Fibonacci model set.
References
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Modular Elliptic Curves and Fermat′s Last Theorem(抜粋) (フェルマ-予想がついに解けた!?)
- Mathematics
- 1995
When Andrew John Wiles was 10 years old, he read Eric Temple Bell’s The Last Problem and was so impressed by it that he decided that he would be the first person to prove Fermat’s Last Theorem. This…
Three variations on a theme by Fibonacci
- Mathematics
- 2019
Several variants of the classic Fibonacci inflation tiling are considered in an illustrative fashion, in one and in two dimensions, with an eye on changes or robustness of diffraction and dynamical…
Aperiodic Order. Vol 1. A Mathematical Invitation
- Mathematics
- 2013
This first volume provides a graduate-level introduction to the many facets of this relatively new area of mathematics, known as the theory of aperiodic order, and provides a systematic exposition of the mathematical theory of kinematic diffraction.
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https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Pythagorean-Triples-in-the-Fibonacci-Model-Set-Marklund-Tweddle/3bad42a60124393c1181325ade474284ff16a602
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It is really amazing how many times in a day you use the number 1. It is the number one which, is the onset of the numerical system and hence, can be indicated as the backbone of knowledge. But, what is the origin of this number 1.
In accordance with Plotinus, ‘One is the ultimate reality and source of existence. Then, the Philo of Alexandria has associated the number as the Almighty’s number as well as the basis of all the numbers.
The number 1 has evolved ever since, from a horizontal line to the vertical as it is known today. At the beginning of the first century, the mathematical genius, Ramanujan believed that the emergence of all units is attributed from a product between zero and infinity.
The start
Indeed, the question continues to haunt the civilizations, the researchers and the educators that how was it that the ancients defined One? It was repetition which gave emergence to one or unit. The unit could not have been possible without repetition. Patterns also indicate to repetition. And, it in turn gives you the ability to categorize and pursue an analysis of the surroundings.
Pierre de Fermat
17th century witnessed the life of Fermat, a rogue philosopher and mathematician. He was not interested in publishing his articles, in fact, he did not publish any. However, his son saw his work and made it known to the public after he died.
Fermat was interested in discovering that is not known. The renowned Last Theorem was first discovered in the margin of his copy of an edition of Diophantus. It included the statement that the margin was way too small to inculcate the complete proof. And no written account of the proof was found. This simplicity of the proof has eluded mathematicians for years. He even had immense interest in integer.
There are many queries associated with his work. Did he search in depth for the implication of an integer? Did he expand the same to geometry?
The answers to all the queries take you to the start.
Geometrical Proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem
In the year 2016, Dr. Luis Teia presented the proof of the Pythagoras’ theorem in 3D. And, now in the February of the year 2017, he has given an explanation to the Fermat’s theorem- a geometrical view. In accordance with him:
– Fermat’s conjecture is with regards to the fundamental nature of an integer number.
– It provides information with regards to its mathematical and geometrical implication.
– It raises the question, of ‘What is a unit?’
– In mathematics a unit is explained by the number 1.
– In geometrical terms, a unit is explained by an element of side length one.
Teias’ proof states that there are no geometrical integers in the region of the 3-dimensional Pythagoras’ theorem and not even in all higher dimensions.
The inference
Undoubtedly, the meaning of one is evolving. It will indeed be interesting to see that how does it look in 1,000 years from now! And again, that will it have an impact on the Theorem, which have resulted in its evolution.
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https://www.look4ward.co.uk/science/between-zero-and-infinity-the-origin-of-number-one/
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One of the strangest results in mathematics explains how it’s possible to turn one sphere into two identical copies, simply by rearranging its pieces.
How Many Numbers Exist? Infinity Proof Moves Math Closer to an Answer.
For 50 years, mathematicians have believed that the total number of real numbers is unknowable. A new proof suggests otherwise.
Inside the Secret Math Society Known Simply as Nicolas Bourbaki
For almost a century, the anonymous members of Nicolas Bourbaki have written books intended as pure expressions of mathematical thought.
Building the Mathematical Library of the Future
A small community of mathematicians is using a software program called Lean to build a new digital repository. They hope it represents the future of their field.
Conducting the Mathematical Orchestra From the Middle
Emily Riehl is rewriting the foundations of higher category theory while also working to make mathematics more inclusive.
How Gödel’s Proof Works
His incompleteness theorems destroyed the search for a mathematical theory of everything. Nearly a century later, we’re still coming to grips with the consequences.
Does Time Really Flow? New Clues Come From a Century-Old Approach to Math.
The laws of physics imply that the passage of time is an illusion. To avoid this conclusion, we might have to rethink the reality of infinitely precise numbers.
With Category Theory, Mathematics Escapes From Equality
Two monumental works have led many mathematicians to avoid the equal sign. The process has not always gone smoothly.
Why the Proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem Doesn’t Need to Be Enhanced
Decades after the landmark proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem, ideas abound for how to make it even more reliable. But such efforts reflect a deep misunderstanding of what makes the proof so important.
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https://www.quantamagazine.org/tag/foundations-of-mathematics/
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A timeline of pure and applied mathematics history.
Contents
Before 1000 BC
- ca. 70,000 BC — South Africa, ochre rocks adorned with scratched geometric patterns.
- ca. 35,000 BC to 20,000 BC — Africa and France, earliest known prehistoric attempts to quantify time.
- c. 20,000 BC — Nile Valley, Ishango Bone: possibly the earliest reference to prime numbers and Egyptian multiplication.
- c. 3400 BC — Mesopotamia, the Sumerians invent the first numeral system, and a system of weights and measures.
- c. 3100 BC — Egypt, earliest known decimal system allows indefinite counting by way of introducing new symbols.
- c. 2800 BC — Indus Valley Civilization on the Indian subcontinent, earliest use of decimal ratios in a uniform system of ancient weights and measures, the smallest unit of measurement used is 1.704 millimetres and the smallest unit of mass used is 28 grams.
- 2700 BC — Egypt, precision surveying.
- 2400 BC — Egypt, precise astronomical calendar, used even in the Middle Ages for its mathematical regularity.
- c. 2000 BC — Mesopotamia, the Babylonians use a base-60 positional numeral system, and compute the first known approximate value of π at 3.125.
- c. 2000 BC — Scotland, Carved Stone Balls exhibit a variety of symmetries including all of the symmetries of Platonic solids.
- 1800 BC — Moscow Mathematical Papyrus, findings volume of a frustum.
- 1650 BC — Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, copy of a lost scroll from around 1850 BC, the scribe Ahmes presents one of the first known approximate values of π at 3.16, the first attempt at squaring the circle, earliest known use of a sort of cotangent, and knowledge of solving first order linear equations.
- 1300 BC — Berlin papyrus (19th dynasty) contains a quadratic equation and its solution.
1st millennium BC
- c. 1000 BC — Vulgar fractions used by the Egyptians. However, only unit fractions are used (i.e., those with 1 as the numerator) and interpolation tables are used to approximate the values of the other fractions.
- first half of 1st millennium BC — Vedic India — Yajnavalkya, in his Shatapatha Brahmana, describes the motions of the sun and the moon, and advances a 95-year cycle to synchronize the motions of the sun and the moon.
- c. 8th century BC — the Yajur Veda, one of the four Hindu Vedas, contains the earliest concept of infinity, and states that “if you remove a part from infinity or add a part to infinity, still what remains is infinity.”
- 800 BC — Baudhayana, author of the Baudhayana Sulba Sutra, a Vedic Sanskrit geometric text, contains quadratic equations, and calculates the square root of two correctly to five decimal places.
- early 6th century BC — Thales of Miletus has various theorems attributed to him.
- c. 600 BC — the other Vedic “Sulba Sutras” (“rule of chords” in Sanskrit) use Pythagorean triples, contain of a number of geometrical proofs, and approximate π at 3.16.
- second half of 1st millennium BC — The Lo Shu Square, the unique normal magic square of order three, was discovered in China.
- 530 BC — Pythagoras studies propositional geometry and vibrating lyre strings; his group also discovers the irrationality of the square root of two.
- c. 500 BC — Indian grammarian Pānini writes the Astadhyayi, which contains the use of metarules, transformations and recursions, originally for the purpose of systematizing the grammar of Sanskrit.
- 5th century BC — Hippocrates of Chios utilizes lunes in an attempt to square the circle.
- 5th century BC — Apastamba, author of the Apastamba Sulba Sutra, another Vedic Sanskrit geometric text, makes an attempt at squaring the circle and also calculates the square root of 2 correct to five decimal places.
- c. 400 BC — Jaina mathematicians in India write the “Surya Prajinapti”, a mathematical text which classifies all numbers into three sets: enumerable, innumerable and infinite. It also recognises five different types of infinity: infinite in one and two directions, infinite in area, infinite everywhere, and infinite perpetually.
- 4th century BC — Indian texts use the Sanskrit word “Shunya” to refer to the concept of ‘void’ (zero).
- 370 BC — Eudoxus states the method of exhaustion for area determination.
- 350 BC — Aristotle discusses logical reasoning in Organon.
- 300 BC — Jain mathematicians in India write the “Bhagabati Sutra”, which contains the earliest information on combinations.
- 300 BC — Euclid in his Elements studies geometry as an axiomatic system, proves the infinitude of prime numbers and presents the Euclidean algorithm; he states the law of reflection in Catoptrics, and he proves the fundamental theorem of arithmetic.
- c. 300 BC — Brahmi numerals (the first positional base 10 numeral system) are conceived in India.
- 300 BC — Mesopotamia, the Babylonians invent the earliest calculator, the abacus.
- c. 300 BC — Indian mathematician Pingala writes the “Chhandah-shastra”, which contains the first Indian use of zero as a digit (indicated by a dot) and also presents a description of a binary numeral system, along with the first use of Fibonacci numbers and Pascal's triangle.
- 260 BC — Archimedes proved that the value of π lies between 3 + 1/7 (approx. 3.1429) and 3 + 10/71 (approx. 3.1408), that the area of a circle was equal to π multiplied by the square of the radius of the circle and that the area enclosed by a parabola and a straight line is 4/3 multiplied by the area of a triangle with equal base and height. He also gave a very accurate estimate of the value of the square root of 3.
- c. 250 BC — late Olmecs had already begun to use a true zero (a shell glyph) several centuries before Ptolemy in the New World. See 0 (number).
- 240 BC — Eratosthenes uses his sieve algorithm to quickly isolate prime numbers.
- 225 BC — Apollonius of Perga writes On Conic Sections and names the ellipse, parabola, and hyperbola.
- 150 BC — Jain mathematicians in India write the “Sthananga Sutra”, which contains work on the theory of numbers, arithmetical operations, geometry, operations with fractions, simple equations, cubic equations, quartic equations, and permutations and combinations.
- 140 BC — Hipparchus develops the bases of trigonometry.
- 50 BC — Indian numerals, a descendant of the Brahmi numerals (the first positional notation base-10 numeral system), begins development in India.
- final centuries BC — Indian astronomer Lagadha writes the “Vedanga Jyotisha”, a Vedic text on astronomy that describes rules for tracking the motions of the sun and the moon, and uses geometry and trigonometry for astronomy.
1st millennium AD
- 1st century — Heron of Alexandria, the earliest fleeting reference to square roots of negative numbers.
- c. 3rd century — Ptolemy of Alexandria wrote the Almagest
- 250 — Diophantus uses symbols for unknown numbers in terms of syncopated algebra, and writes Arithmetica, one of the earliest treatises on algebra
- 300 — the earliest known use of zero as a decimal digit is introduced by Indian mathematicians
- c. 340 — Pappus of Alexandria states his hexagon theorem and his centroid theorem
- c. 400 — the “Bakhshali manuscript” is written by Jaina mathematicians, which describes a theory of the infinite containing different levels of infinity, shows an understanding of indices, as well as logarithms to base 2, and computes square roots of numbers as large as a million correct to at least 11 decimal places
- 450 — Zu Chongzhi computes π to seven decimal places,
- 500 — Aryabhata writes the “Aryabhata-Siddhanta”, which first introduces the trigonometric functions and methods of calculating their approximate numerical values. It defines the concepts of sine and cosine, and also contains the earliest tables of sine and cosine values (in 3.75-degree intervals from 0 to 90 degrees)
- 6th century — Aryabhata gives accurate calculations for astronomical constants, such as the solar eclipse and lunar eclipse, computes π to four decimal places, and obtains whole number solutions to linear equations by a method equivalent to the modern method
- 550 — Hindu mathematicians give zero a numeral representation in the positional notation Indian numeral system
- 7th century — Bhaskara I gives a rational approximation of the sine function
- 7th century — Brahmagupta invents the method of solving indeterminate equations of the second degree and is the first to use algebra to solve astronomical problems. He also develops methods for calculations of the motions and places of various planets, their rising and setting, conjunctions, and the calculation of eclipses of the sun and the moon
- 628 — Brahmagupta writes the Brahma-sphuta-siddhanta, where zero is clearly explained, and where the modern place-value Indian numeral system is fully developed. It also gives rules for manipulating both negative and positive numbers, methods for computing square roots, methods of solving linear and quadratic equations, and rules for summing series, Brahmagupta's identity, and the Brahmagupta theorem
- 8th century — Virasena gives explicit rules for the Fibonacci sequence, gives the derivation of the volume of a frustum using an infinite procedure, and also deals with the logarithm to base 2 and knows its laws
- 8th century — Shridhara gives the rule for finding the volume of a sphere and also the formula for solving quadratic equations
- 773 — Kanka brings Brahmagupta's Brahma-sphuta-siddhanta to Baghdad to explain the Indian system of arithmetic astronomy and the Indian numeral system
- 773 — Al Fazaii translates the Brahma-sphuta-siddhanta into Arabic upon the request of King Khalif Abbasid Al Mansoor
- 9th century — Govindsvamin discovers the Newton-Gauss interpolation formula, and gives the fractional parts of Aryabhata's tabular sines
- 810 — The House of Wisdom is built in Baghdad for the translation of Greek and Sanskrit mathematical works into Arabic.
- 820 — Al-Khwarizmi — Persian mathematician, father of algebra, writes the Al-Jabr, later transliterated as Algebra, which introduces systematic algebraic techniques for solving linear and quadratic equations. Translations of his book on arithmetic will introduce the Hindu-Arabic decimal number system to the Western world in the 12th century. The term algorithm is also named after him.
- 820 — Al-Mahani conceived the idea of reducing geometrical problems such as doubling the cube to problems in algebra.
- c. 850 — Al-Kindi pioneers cryptanalysis and frequency analysis in his book on cryptography.
- 895 — Thabit ibn Qurra: the only surviving fragment of his original work contains a chapter on the solution and properties of cubic equations. He also generalized the Pythagorean theorem, and discovered the theorem by which pairs of amicable numbers can be found, (i.e., two numbers such that each is the sum of the proper divisors of the other).
- c. 900 — Abu Kamil of Egypt had begun to understand what we would write in symbols as
- 940 — Abu'l-Wafa al-Buzjani extracts roots using the Indian numeral system.
- 953 — The arithmetic of the Hindu-Arabic numeral system at first required the use of a dust board (a sort of handheld blackboard) because “the methods required moving the numbers around in the calculation and rubbing some out as the calculation proceeded.” Al-Uqlidisi modified these methods for pen and paper use. Eventually the advances enabled by the decimal system led to its standard use throughout the region and the world.
- 953 — Al-Karaji is the “first person to completely free algebra from geometrical operations and to replace them with the arithmetical type of operations which are at the core of algebra today. He was first to define the monomials x, x2, x3, … and 1 / x, 1 / x2, 1 / x3, … and to give rules for products of any two of these. He started a school of algebra which flourished for several hundreds of years”. He also discovered the binomial theorem for integer exponents, which “was a major factor in the development of numerical analysis based on the decimal system.”
- 975 — Al-Batani — Extended the Indian concepts of sine and cosine to other trigonometrical ratios, like tangent, secant and their inverse functions. Derived the formulae: and .
1000–1500
- c. 1000 — Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (Kuhi) solves equations higher than the second degree.
- c. 1000 — Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi first states a special case of Fermat's Last Theorem.
- c. 1000 — Law of sines is discovered by Muslim mathematicians, but it is uncertain who discovers it first between Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi, Abu Nasr Mansur, and Abu al-Wafa.
- c. 1000 — Pope Sylvester II introduces the abacus using the Hindu-Arabic numeral system to Europe.
- 1000 — Al-Karaji writes a book containing the first known proofs by mathematical induction. He used it to prove the binomial theorem, Pascal's triangle, and the sum of integral cubes. He was “the first who introduced the theory of algebraic calculus.”
- c. 1000 — Ibn Tahir al-Baghdadi studied a slight variant of Thabit ibn Qurra's theorem on amicable numbers, and he also made improvements on the decimal system.
- 1020 — Abul Wáfa — Gave this famous formula: sin (α + β) = sin α cos β + sin β cos α. Also discussed the quadrature of the parabola and the volume of the paraboloid.
- 1021 — Ibn al-Haytham formulated and solved “Alhazen's problem” geometrically.
- 1030 — Ali Ahmad Nasawi writes a treatise on the decimal and sexagesimal number systems. His arithmetic explains the division of fractions and the extraction of square and cubic roots (square root of 57,342; cubic root of 3, 652, 296) in an almost modern manner.
- 1070 — Omar Khayyám begins to write Treatise on Demonstration of Problems of Algebra and classifies cubic equations.
- c. 1100 — Omar Khayyám “gave a complete classification of cubic equations with geometric solutions found by means of intersecting conic sections.” He became the first to find general geometric solutions of cubic equations and laid the foundations for the development of analytic geometry and non-Euclidean geometry. He also extracted roots using the decimal system (Hindu-Arabic numeral system).
- 12th century — Indian numerals have been modified by Arab mathematicians to form the modern Hindu-Arabic numeral system (used universally in the modern world)
- 12th century — the Hindu-Arabic numeral system reaches Europe through the Arabs
- 12th century — Bhaskara Acharya writes the Lilavati, which covers the topics of definitions, arithmetical terms, interest computation, arithmetical and geometrical progressions, plane geometry, solid geometry, the shadow of the gnomon, methods to solve indeterminate equations, and combinations
- 12th century — Bhāskara II (Bhaskara Acharya) writes the “Bijaganita” (“Algebra”), which is the first text to recognize that a positive number has two square roots
- 12th century — Bhaskara Acharya conceives differential calculus, and also develops Rolle's theorem, Pell's equation, a proof for the Pythagorean Theorem, proves that division by zero is infinity, computes π to 5 decimal places, and calculates the time taken for the earth to orbit the sun to 9 decimal places
- 1130 — Al-Samawal gave a definition of algebra: “[it is concerned] with operating on unknowns using all the arithmetical tools, in the same way as the arithmetician operates on the known.”
- 1135 — Sharafeddin Tusi followed al-Khayyam's application of algebra to geometry, and wrote a treatise on cubic equations which “represents an essential contribution to another algebra which aimed to study curves by means of equations, thus inaugurating the beginning of algebraic geometry.”
- 1202 — Leonardo Fibonacci demonstrates the utility of Hindu-Arabic numerals in his Book of the Abacus.
- 1260 — Al-Farisi gave a new proof of Thabit ibn Qurra's theorem, introducing important new ideas concerning factorization and combinatorial methods. He also gave the pair of amicable numbers 17296 and 18416 which have also been joint attributed to Fermat as well as Thabit ibn Qurra.
- c. 1250 — Nasir Al-Din Al-Tusi attempts to develop a form of non-Euclidean geometry.
- 1303 — Zhu Shijie publishes Precious Mirror of the Four Elements, which contains an ancient method of arranging binomial coefficients in a triangle.
- 14th century — Madhava is considered the father of mathematical analysis, who also worked on the power series for p and for sine and cosine functions, and along with other Kerala school mathematicians, founded the important concepts of Calculus
- 14th century — Parameshvara, a Kerala school mathematician, presents a series form of the sine function that is equivalent to its Taylor series expansion, states the mean value theorem of differential calculus, and is also the first mathematician to give the radius of circle with inscribed cyclic quadrilateral
- 1400 — Madhava of Sangamagrama|Madhava discovers the series expansion for the inverse-tangent function, the infinite series for arctan and sin, and many methods for calculating the circumference of the circle, and uses them to compute π correct to 11 decimal places
- c. 1400 — Ghiyath al-Kashi “contributed to the development of decimal fractions not only for approximating algebraic numbers, but also for real numbers such as π. His contribution to decimal fractions is so major that for many years he was considered as their inventor. Although not the first to do so, al-Kashi gave an algorithm for calculating nth roots which is a special case of the methods given many centuries later by Ruffini and Horner.” He is also the first to use the decimal point notation in arithmetic and Arabic numerals. His works include The Key of arithmetics, Discoveries in mathematics, The Decimal point, and The benefits of the zero. The contents of the Benefits of the Zero are an introduction followed by five essays: “On whole number arithmetic”, “On fractional arithmetic”, “On astrology”, “On areas”, and “On finding the unknowns [unknown variables]”. He also wrote the Thesis on the sine and the chord and Thesis on finding the first degree sine.
- 15th century — Ibn al-Banna and al-Qalasadi introduced symbolic notation for algebra and for mathematics in general.
- 15th century — Nilakantha Somayaji, a Kerala school mathematician, writes the “Aryabhatiya Bhasya”, which contains work on infinite-series expansions, problems of algebra, and spherical geometry
- 1424 — Ghiyath al-Kashi computes π to sixteen decimal places using inscribed and circumscribed polygons.
- 1427 — Al-Kashi completes The Key to Arithmetic containing work of great depth on decimal fractions. It applies arithmetical and algebraic methods to the solution of various problems, including several geometric ones.
- 1478 — An anonymous author writes the Treviso Arithmetic.
- 1494 — Luca Pacioli writes "Summa de arithmetica, geometria, proportioni et proportionalità"; introduces primitive symbolic algebra using "co" (cosa) for the unknown.
16th century
- 1501 — Nilakantha Somayaji writes the “Tantra Samgraha”, which lays the foundation for a complete system of fluxions (derivatives), and expands on concepts from his previous text, the “Aryabhatiya Bhasya”.
- 1520 — Scipione dal Ferro develops a method for solving “depressed” cubic equations (cubic equations without an x2 term), but does not publish.
- 1522 — Adam Ries explained the use of Arabic digits and their advantages over Roman numerals.
- 1535 — Niccolo Tartaglia independently develops a method for solving depressed cubic equations but also does not publish.
- 1539 — Gerolamo Cardano learns Tartaglia's method for solving depressed cubics and discovers a method for depressing cubics, thereby creating a method for solving all cubics.
- 1540 — Lodovico Ferrari solves the quartic equation.
- 1544 — Michael Stifel publishes “Arithmetica integra”.
- 1550 — Jyeshtadeva, a Kerala school mathematician, writes the “Yuktibhasa”, the world's first calculus text, which gives detailed derivations of many calculus theorems and formulae.
- 1572 — Rafael Bombelli writes "Algebra" teatrise and uses imaginary numbers to solve cubic equations.
- 1596 — Ludolf van Ceulen computes π to twenty decimal places using inscribed and circumscribed polygons.
17th century
- 17th century – Puthumana Somayaji writes the "Paddhati", which presents a detailed discussion of various trigonometric series
- 1614 – John Napier discusses Napierian logarithms in Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio,
- 1617 – Henry Briggs discusses decimal logarithms in Logarithmorum Chilias Prima,
- 1618 – John Napier publishes the first references to e in a work on logarithms.
- 1619 – René Descartes discovers analytic geometry (Pierre de Fermat claimed that he also discovered it independently),
- 1619 – Johannes Kepler discovers two of the Kepler-Poinsot polyhedra.
- 1629 – Pierre de Fermat develops a rudimentary differential calculus,
- 1634 – Gilles de Roberval shows that the area under a cycloid is three times the area of its generating circle,
- 1636 – Muhammad Baqir Yazdi jointly discovered the pair of amicable numbers 9,363,584 and 9,437,056 along with Descartes (1636).
- 1637 – Pierre de Fermat claims to have proven Fermat's Last Theorem in his copy of Diophantus' Arithmetica,
- 1637 – First use of the term imaginary number by René Descartes; it was meant to be derogatory.
- 1654 – Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat create the theory of probability,
- 1655 – John Wallis writes Arithmetica Infinitorum,
- 1658 – Christopher Wren shows that the length of a cycloid is four times the diameter of its generating circle,
- 1665 – Isaac Newton works on the fundamental theorem of calculus and develops his version of infinitesimal calculus,
- 1668 – Nicholas Mercator and William Brouncker discover an infinite series for the logarithm while attempting to calculate the area under a hyperbolic segment,
- 1671 – James Gregory develops a series expansion for the inverse-tangent function (originally discovered by Madhava)
- 1673 – Gottfried Leibniz also develops his version of infinitesimal calculus,
- 1675 – Isaac Newton invents an algorithm for the computation of functional roots,
- 1680s – Gottfried Leibniz works on symbolic logic,
- 1691 – Gottfried Leibniz discovers the technique of separation of variables for ordinary differential equations,
- 1693 – Edmund Halley prepares the first mortality tables statistically relating death rate to age,
- 1696 – Guillaume de L'Hôpital states his rule for the computation of certain limits,
- 1696 – Jakob Bernoulli and Johann Bernoulli solve brachistochrone problem, the first result in the calculus of variations,
18th century
- 1706 – John Machin develops a quickly converging inverse-tangent series for π and computes π to 100 decimal places,
- 1712 – Brook Taylor develops Taylor series,
- 1722 – Abraham de Moivre states de Moivre's formula connecting trigonometric functions and complex numbers,
- 1724 – Abraham De Moivre studies mortality statistics and the foundation of the theory of annuities in Annuities on Lives,
- 1730 – James Stirling publishes The Differential Method,
- 1733 – Giovanni Gerolamo Saccheri studies what geometry would be like if Euclid's fifth postulate were false,
- 1733 – Abraham de Moivre introduces the normal distribution to approximate the binomial distribution in probability,
- 1734 – Leonhard Euler introduces the integrating factor technique for solving first-order ordinary differential equations,
- 1735 – Leonhard Euler solves the Basel problem, relating an infinite series to π,
- 1736 – Leonhard Euler solves the problem of the Seven bridges of Königsberg, in effect creating graph theory,
- 1739 – Leonhard Euler solves the general homogeneous linear ordinary differential equation with constant coefficients,
- 1742 – Christian Goldbach conjectures that every even number greater than two can be expressed as the sum of two primes, now known as Goldbach's conjecture,
- 1748 – Maria Gaetana Agnesi discusses analysis in Instituzioni Analitiche ad Uso della Gioventu Italiana,
- 1761 – Thomas Bayes proves Bayes' theorem,
- 1761 – Johann Heinrich Lambert proves that π is irrational,
- 1762 – Joseph Louis Lagrange discovers the divergence theorem,
- 1789 – Jurij Vega improves Machin's formula and computes π to 140 decimal places,
- 1794 – Jurij Vega publishes Thesaurus Logarithmorum Completus,
- 1796 – Carl Friedrich Gauss proves that the regular 17-gon can be constructed using only a compass and straightedge
- 1796 – Adrien-Marie Legendre conjectures the prime number theorem,
- 1797 – Caspar Wessel associates vectors with complex numbers and studies complex number operations in geometrical terms,
- 1799 – Carl Friedrich Gauss proves the fundamental theorem of algebra (every polynomial equation has a solution among the complex numbers),
- 1799 – Paolo Ruffini partially proves the Abel–Ruffini theorem that quintic or higher equations cannot be solved by a general formula,
19th century
- 1801 – Disquisitiones Arithmeticae, Carl Friedrich Gauss's number theory treatise, is published in Latin
- 1805 – Adrien-Marie Legendre introduces the method of least squares for fitting a curve to a given set of observations,
- 1806 – Louis Poinsot discovers the two remaining Kepler-Poinsot polyhedra.
- 1806 – Jean-Robert Argand publishes proof of the Fundamental theorem of algebra and the Argand diagram,
- 1807 – Joseph Fourier announces his discoveries about the trigonometric decomposition of functions,
- 1811 – Carl Friedrich Gauss discusses the meaning of integrals with complex limits and briefly examines the dependence of such integrals on the chosen path of integration,
- 1815 – Siméon-Denis Poisson carries out integrations along paths in the complex plane,
- 1817 – Bernard Bolzano presents the intermediate value theorem---a continuous function which is negative at one point and positive at another point must be zero for at least one point in between,
- 1822 – Augustin-Louis Cauchy presents the Cauchy integral theorem for integration around the boundary of a rectangle in the complex plane,
- 1824 – Niels Henrik Abel partially proves the Abel–Ruffini theorem that the general quintic or higher equations cannot be solved by a general formula involving only arithmetical operations and roots,
- 1825 – Augustin-Louis Cauchy presents the Cauchy integral theorem for general integration paths—he assumes the function being integrated has a continuous derivative, and he introduces the theory of residues in complex analysis,
- 1825 – Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet and Adrien-Marie Legendre prove Fermat's Last Theorem for n = 5,
- 1825 – André-Marie Ampère discovers Stokes' theorem,
- 1828 – George Green proves Green's theorem,
- 1829 – Bolyai, Gauss, and Lobachevsky invent hyperbolic non-Euclidean geometry,
- 1831 – Mikhail Vasilievich Ostrogradsky rediscovers and gives the first proof of the divergence theorem earlier described by Lagrange, Gauss and Green,
- 1832 – Évariste Galois presents a general condition for the solvability of algebraic equations, thereby essentially founding group theory and Galois theory,
- 1832 – Peter Dirichlet proves Fermat's Last Theorem for n = 14,
- 1835 – Peter Dirichlet proves Dirichlet's theorem about prime numbers in arithmetical progressions,
- 1837 – Pierre Wantsel proves that doubling the cube and trisecting the angle are impossible with only a compass and straightedge, as well as the full completion of the problem of constructability of regular polygons
- 1841 – Karl Weierstrass discovers but does not publish the Laurent expansion theorem,
- 1843 – Pierre-Alphonse Laurent discovers and presents the Laurent expansion theorem,
- 1843 – William Hamilton discovers the calculus of quaternions and deduces that they are non-commutative,
- 1847 – George Boole formalizes symbolic logic in The Mathematical Analysis of Logic, defining what is now called Boolean algebra,
- 1849 – George Gabriel Stokes shows that solitary waves can arise from a combination of periodic waves,
- 1850 – Victor Alexandre Puiseux distinguishes between poles and branch points and introduces the concept of essential singular points,
- 1850 – George Gabriel Stokes rediscovers and proves Stokes' theorem,
- 1854 – Bernhard Riemann introduces Riemannian geometry,
- 1854 – Arthur Cayley shows that quaternions can be used to represent rotations in four-dimensional space,
- 1858 – August Ferdinand Möbius invents the Möbius strip,
- 1858 – Charles Hermite solves the general quintic equation by means of elliptic and modular functions,
- 1859 – Bernhard Riemann formulates the Riemann hypothesis which has strong implications about the distribution of prime numbers,
- 1870 – Felix Klein constructs an analytic geometry for Lobachevski's geometry thereby establishing its self-consistency and the logical independence of Euclid's fifth postulate,
- 1872 – Richard Dedekind invents what is now called the Dedekind Cut for defining irrational numbers, and now used for defining surreal numbers,
- 1873 – Charles Hermite proves that e is transcendental,
- 1873 – Georg Frobenius presents his method for finding series solutions to linear differential equations with regular singular points,
- 1874 – Georg Cantor proves that the set of all real numbers is uncountably infinite but the set of all real algebraic numbers is countably infinite. His proof does not use his famous diagonal argument, which he published in 1891.
- 1882 – Ferdinand von Lindemann proves that π is transcendental and that therefore the circle cannot be squared with a compass and straightedge,
- 1882 – Felix Klein invents the Klein bottle,
- 1895 – Diederik Korteweg and Gustav de Vries derive the Korteweg–de Vries equation to describe the development of long solitary water waves in a canal of rectangular cross section,
- 1895 – Georg Cantor publishes a book about set theory containing the arithmetic of infinite cardinal numbers and the continuum hypothesis,
- 1896 – Jacques Hadamard and Charles Jean de la Vallée-Poussin independently prove the prime number theorem,
- 1896 – Hermann Minkowski presents Geometry of numbers,
- 1899 – Georg Cantor discovers a contradiction in his set theory,
- 1899 – David Hilbert presents a set of self-consistent geometric axioms in Foundations of Geometry,
- 1900 – David Hilbert states his list of 23 problems which show where some further mathematical work is needed.
20th century
- 1901 – Élie Cartan develops the exterior derivative,
- 1903 – Carle David Tolme Runge presents a fast Fourier Transform algorithm,
- 1903 – Edmund Georg Hermann Landau gives considerably simpler proof of the prime number theorem.
- 1908 – Ernst Zermelo axiomizes set theory, thus avoiding Cantor's contradictions,
- 1908 – Josip Plemelj solves the Riemann problem about the existence of a differential equation with a given monodromic group and uses Sokhotsky – Plemelj formulae,
- 1912 – Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer presents the Brouwer fixed-point theorem,
- 1912 – Josip Plemelj publishes simplified proof for the Fermat's Last Theorem for exponent n = 5,
- 1919 – Viggo Brun defines Brun's constant B2 for twin primes,
- 1928 – John von Neumann begins devising the principles of game theory and proves the minimax theorem,
- 1930 – Casimir Kuratowski shows that the three-cottage problem has no solution,
- 1931 – Kurt Gödel proves his incompleteness theorem which shows that every axiomatic system for mathematics is either incomplete or inconsistent,
- 1931 – Georges de Rham develops theorems in cohomology and characteristic classes,
- 1933 – Karol Borsuk and Stanislaw Ulam present the Borsuk-Ulam antipodal-point theorem,
- 1933 – Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov publishes his book Basic notions of the calculus of probability (Grundbegriffe der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung) which contains an axiomatization of probability based on measure theory,
- 1940 – Kurt Gödel shows that neither the continuum hypothesis nor the axiom of choice can be disproven from the standard axioms of set theory,
- 1942 – G.C. Danielson and Cornelius Lanczos develop a Fast Fourier Transform algorithm,
- 1943 – Kenneth Levenberg proposes a method for nonlinear least squares fitting,
- 1945 – Stephen Cole Kleene introduces realizability,
- 1945 - Saunders Mac Lane and Samuel Eilenberg start category theory
- 1945 - Norman Steenrod and Samuel Eilenberg give the Eilenberg–Steenrod axioms for (co-)homology
- 1948 – John von Neumann mathematically studies self-reproducing machines,
- 1949 – John von Neumann computes π to 2,037 decimal places using ENIAC,
- 1950 – Stanislaw Ulam and John von Neumann present cellular automata dynamical systems,
- 1953 – Nicholas Metropolis introduces the idea of thermodynamic simulated annealing algorithms,
- 1955 – H. S. M. Coxeter et al. publish the complete list of uniform polyhedron,
- 1955 – Enrico Fermi, John Pasta, and Stanislaw Ulam numerically study a nonlinear spring model of heat conduction and discover solitary wave type behavior,
- 1956 – Noam Chomsky describes an hierarchy of formal languages,
- 1958 - Alexander Grothendieck's proof of the Grothendieck-Riemann-Roch_theorem is published
- 1960 – C. A. R. Hoare invents the quicksort algorithm,
- 1960 – Irving S. Reed and Gustave Solomon present the Reed-Solomon error-correcting code,
- 1961 – Daniel Shanks and John Wrench compute π to 100,000 decimal places using an inverse-tangent identity and an IBM-7090 computer,
- 1962 – Donald Marquardt proposes the Levenberg–Marquardt nonlinear least squares fitting algorithm,
- 1963 – Paul Cohen uses his technique of forcing to show that neither the continuum hypothesis nor the axiom of choice can be proven from the standard axioms of set theory,
- 1963 – Martin Kruskal and Norman Zabusky analytically study the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam heat conduction problem in the continuum limit and find that the KdV equation governs this system,
- 1963 – meteorologist and mathematician Edward Norton Lorenz published solutions for a simplified mathematical model of atmospheric turbulence – generally known as chaotic behaviour and strange attractors or Lorenz Attractor – also the Butterfly Effect,
- 1965 – Iranian mathematician Lotfi Asker Zadeh founded fuzzy set theory as an extension of the classical notion of set and he founded the field of Fuzzy Mathematics,
- 1965 – Martin Kruskal and Norman Zabusky numerically study colliding solitary waves in plasmas and find that they do not disperse after collisions,
- 1965 – James Cooley and John Tukey present an influential Fast Fourier Transform algorithm,
- 1966 – E.J. Putzer presents two methods for computing the exponential of a matrix in terms of a polynomial in that matrix,
- 1966 – Abraham Robinson presents Non-standard analysis.
- 1967 – Robert Langlands formulates the influential Langlands program of conjectures relating number theory and representation theory,
- 1968 – Michael Atiyah and Isadore Singer prove the Atiyah-Singer index theorem about the index of elliptic operators,
- 1973 – Lotfi Zadeh founded the field of fuzzy logic,
- 1975 – Benoît Mandelbrot publishes Les objets fractals, forme, hasard et dimension,
- 1976 – Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken use a computer to prove the Four color theorem,
- 1981 – Richard Feynman gives an influential talk "Simulating Physics with Computers" (in 1980 Yuri Manin proposed the same idea about quantum computations in "Computable and Uncomputable" (in Russian)),
- 1983 – Gerd Faltings proves the Mordell conjecture and thereby shows that there are only finitely many whole number solutions for each exponent of Fermat's Last Theorem,
- 1983 – the classification of finite simple groups, a collaborative work involving some hundred mathematicians and spanning thirty years, is completed,
- 1985 – Louis de Branges de Bourcia proves the Bieberbach conjecture,
- 1987 – Yasumasa Kanada, David Bailey, Jonathan Borwein, and Peter Borwein use iterative modular equation approximations to elliptic integrals and a NEC SX-2 supercomputer to compute π to 134 million decimal places,
- 1991 – Alain Connes and John W. Lott develop non-commutative geometry,
- 1992 – David Deutsch and Richard Jozsa developes Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm, one of the first examples of a quantum algorithm that is exponentially faster than any possible deterministic classical algorithm.
- 1994 – Andrew Wiles proves part of the Taniyama-Shimura conjecture and thereby proves Fermat's Last Theorem,
- 1994 – Peter Shor formulates Shor's algorithm, a quantum algorithm for integer factorization,
- 1998 – Thomas Callister Hales (almost certainly) proves the Kepler conjecture,
- 1999 – the full Taniyama-Shimura conjecture is proved,
- 2000 – the Clay Mathematics Institute proposes the seven Millennium Prize Problems of unsolved important classic mathematical questions.
21st century
- 2002 – Manindra Agrawal, Nitin Saxena, and Neeraj Kayal of IIT Kanpur present an unconditional deterministic polynomial time algorithm to determine whether a given number is prime (the AKS primality test),
- 2002 – Yasumasa Kanada, Y. Ushiro, Hisayasu Kuroda, Makoto Kudoh and a team of nine more compute π to 1241.1 billion digits using a Hitachi 64-node supercomputer,
- 2002 – Preda Mihăilescu proves Catalan's conjecture,
- 2003 – Grigori Perelman proves the Poincaré conjecture,
- 2007 – a team of researchers throughout North America and Europe used networks of computers to map E8.
- 2009 - Fundamental lemma (Langlands program) had been proofed by Ngo Bao Chau.
Notes
- This article is based on a timeline developed by Niel Brandt (1994) who has given permission for its use in Wikipedia. (See Talk:Timeline of mathematics.)
- In 1966 IBM printed a famous timeline poster called Men of Modern Mathematics for the years 1000 AD to 1950 AD. It was based on personal stories about (mainly Western) mathematicians and their mathematical achievements. The poster was designed by the famous Charles Eames, with the content concerning mathematicians contributed by Professor Raymond Redheffer of UCLA.
References
- ^ Art Prehistory, Sean Henahan, January 10, 2002.
- ^ How Menstruation Created Mathematics, Tacoma Community College, archive link
- ^ OLDEST Mathematical Object is in Swaziland
- ^ an old Mathematical Object
- ^ a b Egyptian Mathematical Papyri - Mathematicians of the African Diaspora
- ^ Carl B. Boyer, A History of Mathematics, 2nd Ed.
- ^ Victor J. Katz (1998). History of Mathematics: An Introduction, p. 255–259. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0321016181.
- ^ F. Woepcke (1853). Extrait du Fakhri, traité d'Algèbre par Abou Bekr Mohammed Ben Alhacan Alkarkhi. Paris.
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Abu l'Hasan Ali ibn Ahmad Al-Nasawi", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews, http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Nasawi.html .
- ^ a b c Arabic mathematics, MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews, Scotland
- ^ a b Various AP Lists and Statistics
- ^ Paul Benacerraf and Hilary Putnam, Cambridge U.P., Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings, ISBN 0-521-29648-X
- ^ Elizabeth A. Thompson, MIT News Office, Math research team maps E8 Mathematicians Map E8, Harminka, 2007-03-20
- ^ Laumon, G.; Ngô, B. C. (2004), Le lemme fondamental pour les groupes unitaires, arXiv:math/0404454
- David Eugene Smith, 1929 and 1959, A Source Book in Mathematics, Dover. ISBN 0486646904.
External links
Categories:
- O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "A Mathematical Chronology", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews, http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Chronology/full.html .
- History of mathematics
- Mathematics timelines
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The proof for the Great Fermat's Theorem and the solution of the four-color problem (as an example of such conjectures) has only recently come about.
The statement that the equation x^n+y^n=z^n for natural numbers n>2 is called the Great Fermat's Theorem x^n+y^n=z^nn > 2does not have any integer solutions different from 0.
PIERRE DE FERMAT (1601 to 1665) formulated his assertion as a marginal note when dealing with the works of DIOPHANTOS OF ALEXANDRIA (around 250), with the note that he had found wonderful proof of their correctness, but that the page margin was too narrow to show him off. As simple as the statement, to be understood as a kind of generalization of the well-known Pythagorean theorem - make me do my homework (with an infinite number of Pythagorean number triples as solutions), seems to be: It should take almost three and a half centuries before ANDREW WILES (born 1953) at the beginning of the 90s of the last Century succeeded in using complicated knowledge and tools of algebra, analytical geometry and number theory to produce the proof of Fermat's claim.
The four-color problem raised in 1852 by the Englishman FRANCIS GUTHRIE (1831 to 1899) - is the question of whether every map can be colored with four colors in such a way that neighboring countries are always marked in different colors.
More than 100 years passed before the correct proof was provided that this is always possible. Since the proof of American mathematicians from 1976 primarily made use of computer calculations and consequently could not be reconstructed by humans "by hand", it sparked a controversial discussion.
One of the mathematical problems that have not yet been solved is the proof of the assumption that was formulated in 1742 by CHRISTIAN GOLDBACH - algebra homework help (1690 to 1764) in a letter to LEONHARD EULER. This Goldbach conjecture says the following:
In addition to the ones mentioned here, there are a large number of mathematical problems -excel homework assignments - that could only be solved after a long effort - and also those that still await a solution.
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The Fields medals are considered the ultimate accolade in mathematics. First awarded in 1936, since 1950 up to four of them have been awarded every four years at the International Congress of Mathematicians, with the latest round due this August in Rio de Janeiro.
The roll call of previous winners, who have to be under the age of 40, includes some of the subject’s most intriguing characters – often unheard of in the wider world.
The first – and thus far only – woman to win the Fields Medal, the Iranian Maryam Mirzakhani was honoured for her studies of the geometry of moduli space, a complex geometric and algebraic entity that might be described as a universe in which every point is itself a universe. Already diagnosed with breast cancer at the time of the award, Mirzakhani died last year, aged just 40.
Villani became something of a celebrity following his 2010 Fields medal win. Once dubbed the Lady Gaga of French mathematicians, that epithet has less to do with his prize-winning work, on the mathematical interpretation of the concept of entropy, than with his distinctive dress sense, often combining ornate velvet cravats with metallic spider brooches.
More approachable than some former winners, and the author of a popular book on mathematics, Villani added another string to his bow in June 2017 when he was elected to the French national assembly as a representative of La République En Marche!, the party founded by now-president Emmanuel Macron.
In 2000, the Clay Mathematics Institute in New Hampshire established a million-dollar prize for anyone who could correctly solve one of seven outstanding problems in mathematics. Eighteen years later, six remain unsolved. The odd one out is the Poincaré conjecture, a 1904 proposal concerning the topology of three-dimensional spheres.
Perelman, a reclusive Russian, finally proved it true in 2002. The significance of his achievement was somewhat overshadowed, however, by his subsequent refusal of the prize – and the Fields medal that followed.
Wiles was too old to receive a Fields medal when his landmark proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem reached its final form in 1994. At the next round in 1998, he was granted a unique award in recognition of his achievement: a silver plaque.
The theorem states that no three integers a, b, c exist that can satisfy the equation an + bn = cn where n is greater than 2. (Solutions for n = 2 are easy: 3, 4 and 5, for example, the numbers that make up the sides of a classic “Pythagorean” right-angled triangle.) It had bugged mathematicians ever since 1637, when the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat claimed in a note scribbled in a book margin to have a proof just too long to fit there. If so, we’re missing something: Wiles’s version spanned several hundred pages of cutting-edge 20th century mathematics.
In the words of Michael Atiyah, himself a 1966 Fields medallist, Witten’s “command of mathematics is rivalled by few mathematicians”. Witten is actually a physicist, and his prize was for a mathematical proof of a theorem stemming from Einstein’s general theory of relativity. He is perhaps best known for his subsequent work unifying different flavours of string theory, an attempt to move beyond general relativity to a “theory of everything” that unifies all of nature’s forces. In a less formal award, a poll of physicists attending a cosmology conference the same year saw him dubbed “the world’s smartest physicist”.
Connes built on work by the polymath John von Neumann, a man often described as the last mathematician who understood all of the subject, on algebras relevant to the weird world of quantum theory. He has since worked on establishing “non-commutative” geometries that might provide new mathematical insights into the standard model of particle physics, and perhaps a more unified view of mathematics. In recent years, he has also collaborated with the physicist Carlo Rovelli in an attempt to establish a mathematically grounded description of one of the biggest mysteries in physics: why we experience a flowing time.
Grothendieck’s work in the field of algebraic geometry laid the foundation for much of modern mathematics, including Andrew Wiles’s famed 1994 proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem. It is famously abstract: an obituary written for the scientific journal Nature was nearly rejected when it turned out that almost none of his work could be sufficiently simplified. Some-time New Scientist contributor Richard Elwes sang in a musical tribute in 2016 that it makes less high-powered mathematicians’ “palms go sweaty and knees go weak”.
Grothendieck was an intense man of profound personal conviction. In 1966, he refused to travel to Moscow to collect his Fields medal in protest at the actions of the Soviet regime, and the following year, in response to US involvement in the Vietnam war, went to Hanoi to give mathematics lectures while the bombs fell around him. After retiring from the University of Montpelier in 1988, he retreated to a small village at the foot of the Pyrenees, where he lived in isolation until his death in 2014.
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https://www.newscientist.com/article/2166283-7-mathematicians-you-should-have-heard-of-but-probably-havent/
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Simon Singh is a Cambridge-trained physicist, best-selling author, and huge fan of The Simpsons. In his new book, The Simpsons and Their Mathematical Secrets, he uncovers the cartoon’s hidden, complex math lessons, and argues that the classic show is really written by a bunch of math nerds.
Ten years ago, I suddenly realized that The Simpsons is not just the most loved sitcom in the history of television, but also the most mathematical. While watching an episode titled “The Wizard of Evergreen Terrace,” I glimpsed a direct reference to a notorious mathematical problem known as Fermat’s last theorem—the subject of my first book, Fermat’s Enigma.
That prompted me to investigate further, which in turn led to the discovery of countless examples of mathematical references throughout The Simpsons, ranging from pi to infinity. The equations have been carefully smuggled into scripts by a writing team that consists of several people who have backgrounds in mathematics, including a couple of PhDs.
So numerous are The Simpsons‘ mathematical references that I would argue that my book, The Simpsons and Their Mathematical Secrets, offers a thorough introduction to math—including some quite advanced areas of number theory and geometry.
To give you a sense of what you have been watching, but not seeing, here’s a sampling of five mathematical references that have appeared in The Simpsons:
1. Fermat’s Last Theorem states that it is impossible to find a whole number solution to a particular equation (if you want to see the gory details, then the equation is xn + yn = zn, for n>2). However, in “The Wizard of Evergreen Terrace” (1998), Homer appears to have written a solution on a blackboard. In fact, it is merely a very carefully crafted so-called “near miss” solution, created by writer David X. Cohen. His equation will fool most calculators, but a device capable of greater precision will find the error in the calculation.
2. Prime numbers hold a special place in the hearts of mathematicians, which is why writer Jeff Westbrook (an ex-Yale professor) inserted the number 8,191 onto the Jumbo-vision screen at Springfield stadium in “Marge and Homer Turn a Couple Play” (2006). Moreover, this is no ordinary prime number, because 8,191 = (2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2) – 1. This means that it is known as a Mersenne prime number, named in honor of the Frenchman Marin Mersenne.
3. The Springfield movie theater is called the Googolplex, named by writer Mike Reiss, who was a mathlete when he was a teenager. A googolplex refers to a phenomenally large number, namely 10googol. What is a googol? A googol is 10100. The search engine Google is named after this vast number, albeit with a slightly different spelling, in order to indicate that it offers its users access to vast amounts of information.
4. In the segment “Homer3“, part of “Treehouse of Horror VI,” we glimpse a reference to an unsolved problem concerning the relationship between hard problems (NP-type) and easy problems (P-type). Are these problems fundamentally different or is there a clever trick that would make the hard problems easy? Nobody knows the answer, and there is a $1 million prize for anyone who can solve the mystery. In the meantime, the writers of The Simpsons have signaled their gut instinct that the two types of problems are effectively the same, because one scene in “Homer3” shows the equation P=NP.
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https://parade.com/221143/parade/5-math-lessons-hidden-in-the-simpsons/
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Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP)
Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP), also Fiber-reinforced plastic, is a composite material made of a polymer matrix reinforced with fibers. The fibers are usually glass, carbon, or aramid, although other fibers such as paper or wood or asbestos have been sometimes used. The polymer is usually an epoxy, vinylester or polyester thermosetting plastic, and phenol formaldehyde resins are still in use. FRPs are commonly used in the aerospace, automotive, marine, and construction industries.
Composite materials are engineered or naturally occurring materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties which remain separate and distinct within the finished structure. Most composites have strong, stiff fibers in a matrix which is weaker and less stiff. The objective is usually to make a component which is strong and stiff, often with a low density. Commercial material commonly has glass or carbon fibers in matrices based on thermosetting polymers, such as epoxy or polyester resins. Sometimes, thermoplastic polymers may be preferred, since they are moldable after initial production. There are further classes of composite in which the matrix is a metal or a ceramic. For the most part, these are still in a developmental stage, with problems of high manufacturing costs yet to be overcome. Furthermore, in these composites the reasons for adding the fibers (or, in some cases, particles) are often rather complex; for example, improvements may be sought in creep, wear, fracture toughness, thermal stability, etc.
Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) are composites used in almost every type of advanced engineering structure, with their usage ranging from aircraft, helicopters and spacecraft through to boats, ships and offshore platforms and to automobiles, sports goods, chemical processing equipment and civil infrastructure such as bridges and buildings. The usage of FRP composites continues to grow at an impressive rate as these materials are used more in their existing markets and become established in relatively new markets such as biomedical devices and civil structures. A key factor driving the increased applications of composites over the recent years is the development of new advanced forms of FRP materials. This includes developments in high performance resin systems and new styles of reinforcement, such as carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles
The fiber reinforced polymer composites (FRPs) are increasingly being considered as an enhancement to and/or substitute for infrastructure components or systems that are constructed of traditional civil engineering materials, namely concrete and steel. FRP composites are lightweight, non-corrosive, exhibit high specific strength and specific stiffness, are easily constructed, and can be tailored to satisfy performance requirements. Due to these advantageous characteristics, FRP composites have been included in new construction and rehabilitation of structures through its use as reinforcement in concrete, bridge decks, modular structures, formwork, and external reinforcement for strengthening and seismic upgrade.
The applicability of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) reinforcements to concrete structures as a substitute for steel bars or prestressing tendons has been actively studied in numerous research laboratories and professional organizations around the world. FRP reinforcements offer a number of advantages such as corrosion resistance, non-magnetic properties, high tensile strength, lightweight and ease of handling.
The potential advantages present in using FRP composites are:
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Torsion of Reinforced Concrete -A Historical Overview
The story of torsion of reinforced concrete must start with the French professor, C. L. Navier. In his landmark book (Navier, 1826) he rigorously derived the first rational theory for...
Overview of Structural Behavior of Members Subjected to Torsion
The torsion strength of concrete beams depends on many factors, such as the amount of reinforcement, the volumetric ratios of longitudinal and transverse steel bars, the concrete strength,...
Advances in Analytical Modeling of Torsional Members
The basic formula for calculating the torsional strength of reinforced concrete members was developed by Rausch (1929) using the space truss concept. Unfortunately, Rausch's equation may...
Natural Attenuation of Hazardous Wastes
Sponsored by the Natural Attenuation Task Committee of the Environmental and Multi-Media Council of the Environmental and Water Resources Institute of ASCE. ...
Evaluation of Anchor Wall Systems' Landmark Reinforced Soil Wall System
With T.C. Mirafi's Miragrid & Miratex Geogrid Reinforcement —Final Report
This report describes a HITEC evaluation designed to determine the basic capability and limitations of the Landmark/Mirafi System for use as a technically viable precast MSE retaining...
Progressive Collapse
This chapter examines progressive collapse. Topics include current practice and integrity steel for loss of support of a lifting collar....
Initial Considerations
The purpose of this section is to aid the line designers in developing their specifications for fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) materials utilized in electric overhead line structures....
Materials and Manufacturing Processes
This chapter introduces the basic materials used in the manufacturing of composite structures. It will help the line designer in understanding how the different elements of the fiber-matrix...
Design Loads
This chapter discusses the types of loadings that should be considered when designing overhead power lines utilizing fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) poles. For infrastructure applications...
Performance-Based Criteria for FRP Products and Materials
In most ways, fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) structures perform similar to wood and steel structures. There are, however, certain differences and these differences are described in this...
Suggested Guidelines for Performance-Based Tests
Although several standard tests are cited in this chapter, these tests are not designed specifically for fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) overhead line structures. There are, in fact, no...
Quality Assurance
The user is responsible for ensuring the quality of products purchased. Therefore, the user of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) products determines the level of quality that will be accepted....
Assembly and Erection
This chapter is intended to provide recommendations on transporting, handling, assembling, and erecting fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) poles. An important consideration is that FRP poles...
In-Service Considerations
Generally, little or no preventative maintenance is required on fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) poles. This chapter discusses factors that could affect the performance of FRP poles after...
Loading Requirements for FRP Poles Utilized in other than Utility Line Applications
Building the Olivenhain
Engineers in California were hired to create a reservoir capable of providing the San Diego region with 24,000 acre-feet of water during an emergency shortage. The result is the Olivenhain...
Development of Transportation Engineering Research, Education, and Practice in a Changing Civil Engineering World
Transportation has been one of the essential areas within civil engineering since its early days. In commemoration of the 150th anniversary of ASCE, this paper presents a review of developments...
Cementitious Materials—Nine Millennia and A New Century: Past, Present, and Future
Cementitious materials have been used in construction for several millennia and through several civilizations. Their use has been revitalized in the recent century, and they have become...
Wood and Wood-Based Materials: Current Status and Future of a Structural Material
Wood is one of the earliest construction materials, and the structural use of wood and wood-based materials continues to steadily increase. In fact, new wood-based materials continue to...
Use of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites as Reinforcing Material for Concrete
Although the potential of continuous fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs) was recognized more than 50 years ago, bottlenecks such as vulnerability to static fatigue, ultraviolet radiation,...
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For several decades, numerous studies on the development of polymer-based construction materials for civil engineering applications have been conducted. In recent years, the polymer-based materials are mainly classified into three groups: (1) synthetic fiber-reinforced (cement) composites (FRC), (2) fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP), and (3) polymer concrete. The FRC includes several types of discontinuous fibers made of polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinyl alcohol, polyester, and so on. It can be effectively adopted for civil structures and buildings to improve postcracking tensile performance, plastic shrinkage crack resistance, fire resistance (preventing spalling), and durability of concrete. In addition, several types of FRPs, that is, FRP reinforcing bar, FRP sheet, and sprayed FRP, have been studied for reinforcing and strengthening civil structures. In spite of their many advantages such as a noncorrosive nature, high specific strength, and electromagnetic neutrality, due to some drawbacks of FRPs, such as high brittleness, poor fire resistance, weak bond characteristics, and excessive creep, their wider practical applications have not occurred. Lastly, polymer concrete has recently gained attention from engineers to achieve excellent mechanical properties and durability.
This special issue aims to provide a comprehensive overview on synthetic FRC, FRPs, and polymer concrete, including aspects related to mechanical behavior, durability, bond behavior, fire resistance, numerical simulation, and structural implication under various loading conditions, such as quasi-static, seismic, impact, and blast. Review articles and original research papers describing recent findings in the fields of synthetic FRC, FRPs, and polymer concrete for civil engineering applications are expected.
Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:
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https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijps/si/621494/
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The electrically charged cumulonimbus thunderclouds are considered as the primary source of lightning. The clouds typically have positive charges accumulated at its top and negative charges collected at its bottom. At some stage in the electrification of the cloud, a collection of negative charges called "step leader" move towards the ground. Meanwhile, the positive charges accumulated at the ground underneath called "streamer" would advance towards the "step leader." Once they meet, conductive path forms, and electricity flow happens from the "step leader" to the "streamer." This is called "cloud to ground lightning (Fig. 1 (a))." When the "step leader" advances, if an object such as aircraft or a wind turbine happen to be in its neighbourhood, the "streamer" can originate from that particular object (Fig. 1(b)).
The lightning-related aircraft accidents were reported in the early twentieth century itself. The probability of occurrence of lightning strike damage to a structure depends on its ability to conduct electricity. If the structural material is a good conductor like metal, the electric current can enter and exit it without much resistance. If the structural material is a poor electrical conductor, the electric current experiences resistance and as a result, the electric energy gets converted to heat energy and the material's temperature increases. This phenomenon is termed as resistive heating and can even lead to ablation of the material.
2. Motivation
In the recent past, aircraft and wind turbine industries started using polymer composite materials extensively due to its high strength to weight ratio, corrosion resistance, etc. Fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) are the most commonly used polymer composite materials in these industries. The FRP sheets (laminate), are manufactured by embedding fibers, typically carbon/ glass fibers inside the polymer matrix (eg. Epoxy, Vinyl ester). The FRPs are generally poor electrical conductors as compared to metals. Due to the higher resistance of these materials, during lightning strikes, the electric current takes longer time to travel through it. This results in resistive heating in the material, leading to ablation/ evaporation of the polymer matrix and breakage of the fiber. Even if the surface damage area is insignificant to the naked eye, under continuous loading such as vibration, the former will grow and lead to catastrophic failure in the future.
Another serious concern is the residual strength of the material after the strike. It is well known that the compressive strength of FRPs is one of the deciding factors in the design of structural components as it is weak in compression. The uneven heat distribution in the FRPs after the lightning strike would cause a change in material properties, which in turn lead to a reduction in the strength of the material.
3. The Finite element analysis
The laboratory experiments were the only source for understanding the nature of material damage due to lightning strikes until recently. The technological advances helped researchers explore numerical modeling of lightning strike material damage. Prof. Chandra Sekher Yerramalli and his group (including the author) from IIT Bombay has been conducting numerical studies on predicting the temperature distribution in the material after the strike and estimating the post-lightning material damage volume. Further, the effectiveness of the commonly used lightning protection system (copper mesh) was studied. Furthermore, the residual strength of the material after the strike was evaluated. The commercial software ABAQUS was used for the analysis.
3.
1. Finding the temperature distribution and the damage volume
The time-varying temperature distribution during and after the lightning strike on Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) was obtained by the coupled electrical-thermal analysis. The total volume of the material exceeding ablation temperature (300 0C) would give the CFRP damage volume.
3.2. Effectiveness of copper mesh protection
Covering the surface, especially the lightning attachment points with metals, is a commonly used lightning protection method in aircraft and wind turbines. Generally, copper mesh protection is provided if polymer composites are used as structural components. Copper, being a very good electrical conductor, allows the current to move very fast through the body and prevents heating of the material.
The carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminate with copper mesh mounted on its top was modelled for the analysis. The CFRP damage volume was calculated as mentioned in the previous subsection. The study showed that the CFRP damage decreased with increase in copper mesh thickness. Further, the CFRP damage volume decreased with decrease in the copper mesh hole area percentage. These results were published in the journal "Materials Today Communications" (doi:10.1016/j.mtcomm.2018.05.009). But, when copper mesh is used there is an inevitable trade-off between the additional structural weight and damage reduction. So, it is necessary to explore sustainable alternatives to copper mesh protection.
3.3 The residual compressive strength of CFRP without lightning protection
The lightning current with amplitudes 10 kA, 50kA, 100 kA and 200 kA were considered for the study. A micro-mechanical model of the CFRP was subjected to electric current strike. After the strike, a compression analysis was conducted on the model to get the residual compressive strength. The preliminary study shows that the compressive strength of CFRP decreased with an increase in the lightning strike's peak current amplitude. A significant reduction of compressi
ve strength (almost 70%) was observed with a peak current of 200 kA. This study was published in the proceedings of the "American Society for Composites – Thirty-fifth technical conference on composite materials".
4. Conclusions
As mentioned above, a sustainable alternative to copper mesh protection is needed, especially when the additional structural weight is a serious concern. The scientific community is still exploring methods like providing a conductive top layer (protective layer) on FRPs or even making conductive polymers. The ongoing research in our laboratory is currently focussed on obtaining the critical conductivity required of a protective layer, for minimal degradation in the compressive strength of the fiber reinforced composite material underneath the conductive top layer.
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https://www.alumni.iitb.ac.in/en/newsletter-article/2020-12/lightning-strike-damage-fiber-reinforced-polymers
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Internal erosion of soil is the main cause of failure in many engineering hydraulic structures especially embankment dams. Understanding the internal erosion behavior and stabilizing the soil against this phenomenon is a ...
Variation of Shear Wave Velocity with SPT-N Values in the City of Sharjah
(2014-06)
Modern building codes require the evaluation of a shear wave velocity profile of the foundation soils for a dynamic analysis of structures and sites to occur. Wave velocities are typically evaluated by conducting laboratory ...
Durability Study on the Bond Strength of Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (BFRP) Bars
(2014-02)
In the last few decades, Fiber-Reinforced Polymers (FRP) bars have emerged as alternatives to conventional steel reinforcing bars to overcome the corrosion problem found in reinforced concrete structures. Numerous studies ...
Effect of Flexural CFRP Sheets and Plates on Shear Resistance of Reinforced Concrete Beams
(2014-05)
Ageing of reinforced concrete (RC) structures has captured the attention of a number of researchers to find different materials and techniques to strengthen and retrofit deteriorated structures. Carbon Fiber Reinforced ...
Modeling of tri-parameter contracts integrating cost, time and risk
(2014-06)
Delay is a crucial determinant to the success of a construction project as time has an impact on the financial returns and/or the social benefits for public projects. As cost contingencies are essential to mitigate the ...
Evaluation of the Bond and Tensile Strength of GFRP Bars Exposed to Harsh Environment
(2014-01)
Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) have become one of the fastest-emerging materials to compete with conventional steel bars for use in concrete. The mechanical properties and durability of FRP materials are the main concerns ...
Towards a Critical Construction Management Research Agenda in the MENA Region
(2014-03)
Research in construction management has seen a lot of growth in recent years. The contribution of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is still relatively low. There is a need to identify the causes of the low ...
Bridge Deck Inspection Utilizing Infrared Thermal Imaging Technique
(2014-01)
Infrared Thermography (IRT) is a promising Non-destructive Evaluation (NDE) technique that has been widely used in bridge deck inspection. It is a quick and easy alternative to provide preliminary information of possible ...
Formation of Bromate in Pet Bottle Water
(2014-01)
High bromate levels in bottle water is a concern in UAE. In this study, bromate formation in bottles of drinking water was studied while exposed to various temperatures, storage times and pH levels. Three brands, referred ...
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https://dspace.aus.edu:8443/xmlui/handle/11073/8815/discover?filtertype_0=sponsor&filter_relational_operator_0=equals&filter_0=Department+of+Civil+Engineering&filtertype=dateIssued&filter_relational_operator=equals&filter=2014
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Corrosion is the number one deterioration mechanism that decreases the service life of the concrete structures. Many structures in severe environments have experienced an unacceptable loss in serviceability earlier than anticipated due to corrosion. Advanced composite materials in the form of externally bonded fiber reinforcing polymer (FRP) sheets have been successfully used for rehabilitation and strengthening of infrastructure in lieu of traditional repair techniques such as steel plates bonding. FRPs are used because of their light weight, ease of application, non-corrosiveness material, and high strength. The current study comprised of testing eighteen reinforced concrete beams to investigate the confinement provided by carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets on the bond strength of corroded tension lap splices under static loading. The beams were 200mm wide by 300mm high by 2000mm. Each beam was reinforced on the tension side with two steel bars (2 M 15 or 2 M20 steel bars) spliced at mid span in the constant moment region. The nominal concrete strength was 43 MPa and the yield stress of the steel reinforcement was 400MPa. The test variables were the concrete cover to bar diameter ratio (c/d) which varied from 1.5 to 2.67, the level of corrosion (0% and 2.5% mass loss), and the presence or absence of transverse CFRP wrapping. The corrosion in the steel bars was induced by means of accelerated technique withan impressed current density of 150mA/cm2. The specimens were instrumented by strain gauges on the steel reinforcement, concrete, and CFRP sheets. Linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) was used to measure mid span deflection. The specimens were tested to failure in four point bending. The test results showed that all beams failed by bond splitting. The reduction in the ultimate bond strength due to a 2.5% corrosion level ranged between 16% and 25% depending on the c/d ratio. The reduction in the ultimate bond strength due to a 5.0% corrosion level ranged between 20% and 45% depending on the c/d ratio. FRP wraps were effective in confining the tension splice region. The failure in the FRP repaired beams was more ductile and more gradual although the final mode of failure was splitting of the concrete cover. A new, (Ktr,f,) accounting for the presence and amount of FRP confining tension lap-splice was proposed.
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https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/handle/10012/6185
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The activity of microorganisms plays a very important function in the whole spectrum of degradation processes such as corrosion of metals and concrete, the plugging of the pipeline and filters in consequence of the biofilms creation or the efficiency reduction of heat exchangers. The microorganisms that cause microbiologically influenced corrosion of concrete are ubiquitous in the environment and they produce either organic or inorganic acids that can dissolve and disintegrate the concrete matrix. This paper is focused on the concrete biocorrosion’s study in real sulfuretum conditions — in a sewer pipe with wastewater in Košice city. Concrete samples with addition of 5 and 10% of coal fly ash respectively as well as reference samples without coal fly ash addition were used for the experiment. The weight changes and surface changes of concrete samples were valuated after 4-month exposition to the real sulfuretum influence. The concrete biodeterioration studies in sewer pipes suggest the analogical biodegradation processes for all samples, whereby the composition of concrete and duration of aggressive environment influence are also important.
Development of lightweight composite materials based on organic binder is oriented on conventional inorganic binders replacement by alternative materials such as MgO cement. The objective of this paper is lightweight composites preparing with hemp shives and conventional binders (hydrated lime, cement) replacement by MgO cement. The achieved experimental results of compressive strength and thermal conductivity of hardened composites indicate that the use MgO cement based on the milled caustic magnesite is suitable conventional binders replacement in hemp concrete.
This paper is focused on utilization of coal fly ash, steelmaking slag and glass bottle fragment in concrete production. Each of these wastes was mixed into concrete, and compressive strength was tested.The first part of this paper is focused on Portland cement replacement by mechanochemical activated coal fly ash and the second part is aimed to natural aggregate replacement by steelmaking slag and glass bottle fragment in concrete mixture. The results showed that coal fly ash has a positive influence on compressive strength development, and steelmaking slag and glass waste can be successfully used as a natural aggregate replacement.
In this paper, the effect of mean particle length of hemp hurds on compressive strength and other parameters of fibrous-composites is studied. Hemp hurds of various origin (Hungarohemp LTd, Nagylak, Hungary; Hempflax, Netherlands) with a wide particle size distribution were used in the experiments. Six samples of hemp hurds with various mean particle length (from 7.3 mm to 39.9 mm) were used for the preparation of fibrous composites based on MgO-cement as a binder. Bulk density, compressive strength, thermal conductivity and water absorbability of fibrous composites after 28 days of hardening were tested. The impact of men particle length of hemp hurds slices on values of bulk density, compressive strength and water absorbability of hardened composites was confirmed.
The current annual worldwide production of by-products is estimated about 700 million tons of which 70 % is fly ash at least. Large quantities of fly ash are available at low costs around the world and its use in concrete seems to offer the best solution to reduce its consumption. With regard to these facts and Slovak needs, the chemical and mechanical properties of hardened concrete composites with various share of fly ash were studied. Other focus of this study is the investigation of the influence of different chemical admixtures on development of the concrete properties, their environmental and economic impacts.
Biocorrosion of natural and synthetic materials is an irreversible biochemical process, where a significant participation of bacteria societies takes place. The biocorrosion of concrete sewer pipes is caused mainly by the sulphuric bacteria and sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) forming a part of the biological circulation of sulphur and its compounds in biosphere. The aim of this work was to simulate a biocorrosion and to study the effect of simultaneous action of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans ( A.t. ) and sulfate-reducing bacteria on concrete samples under model conditions. The biocorrosion effect has been proved and a further study is planed.
Biodeterioration can be seen as a process, which decreases value of materials and constructions and has been defined as the deterioration of materials of economic importance by organisms. Since the discovery bacterial genus Acidithiobacillus caused rapid corrosion of concrete especially Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans .This paper presents the results of concrete specimens’ biodeterioration study by bacteria Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and Desulfovibrio genera under model conditions. Biodeterioration was carried out in laboratory reactor, where simultaneous effect of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and Desulfovibrio genera happened. The pH values of leachate, mass of concrete specimens change, Ca and Fe content in leachate were evaluated. After experiment the morphology of corroded surface were observed by scanning electron microscopy.
Nowadays, the use of natural fibers as reinforcements for composite is attractive. Plant fibers from hemp, jute, sisal and others are used for the purposes of the construction. In this paper the attention is given to the preparation of composites based on hemp hurds. Hemp hurds is obtained from hemp stem in the fibers processing. Lightweight composites based on alternative binder MgO-cement and unmodified and chemically modified hemp hurds as filler were prepared. Their water absorption behavior was observed in time dependence.
All composites based on natural fibers absorb moisture in humid atmosphere and when immersed in water or capillary action. Therefore, one of the major drawbacks of polymer fibers is their high availability to moisture sorption and their heterogeneity, which leads to a weak interface between the fibers and matrix and a poor transfer of the applied stress between the materials, resulting to reduction of physico-mechanical properties. An experimental investigation was conducted to testing the water absorption of hemp composites with MgO-cement binder and its influence on the physico-mechanical and thermal characteristics of composites. The achieved results of composites indicate that water absorption test has deteriorative influence on observed properties due to the degradation of the fibre-matrix interface.
Nowadays, color concrete pigments are used to revive space in the construction of new buildings, reconstruction existing buildings and squares. Color pigments represent a partial weight replacement of the binder. Color pigmented concrete also has properties like traditional concrete namely high strength, good durability and weather resistance for its variable use. In this paper, characterization and classification of color pigments, using and their influence on the properties of concrete is given. The experimental part of concrete composites studying (with color pigments) includes testing of physical and mechanical properties in comparison to reference sample (without color pigments).
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https://akjournals.com/search?f_0=author&q_0=Nadezda+Stevulova
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Thermoplastic materials such as polyamides (nylon), acetal resins, epoxy resins, polystyrene, polycarbonate resins, polyurethane and acrylic thermoplastic resins were introduced in dentistry as an alternative to classic resins, which have major disadvantages such as the toxicity of the residual monomer, awkward wrapping system and difficult processing.
Part of the book: Thermoplastic Elastomers
Alloys are used in various areas of dentistry. The field of dental alloys is a very extensive one, encompassing both the materials themselves as well as the manufacturing methods, which are constantly developing. Our chapter focuses on corrosion and biocompatibility assessment, using various methods. At present there is no perfect dental alloy. Superalloys for dental use are not yet available, and only few studies concerning the new generation of superalloy candidates for medical applications have recently been developed, with promising results.
Part of the book: Superalloys
Alloys are used in various areas of dentistry, but mainly in prosthetics. Their properties, behavior, and corrosion resistance are of great importance for the success of the prosthetic treatment. Among the investigations used for assessing dental alloys, in this chapter, we focus on metallographic observation, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and present the ways we investigated several types of dental alloys. We obtained important data concerning their structure and corrosion potential that could explain certain shortcomings which appeared after luting of the fixed partial dentures.
Part of the book: Micro and Nanotechnologies for Biotechnology
Acrylic resins dominated dentures technology for several decades. Due to their many disadvantages, new classes of resins, which promise better quality, constantly appear. Mechanical properties of acrylic resins, including fracture behaviour, water absorption and mechanical strength degradation caused by the exposure to saliva of classical heat-cured acrylic resins compared to alternative urethane-based light-cured resins, were carried out. The allergy potential of acrylic resins was evaluated by in vivo and in vitro tests. New choices of resins, like thermoplastic injected resins, light-cured or milled high-performance polymers, with better properties compared to acrylics, suitable for dental applications are being presented.
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https://www.intechopen.com/profiles/174262/laura-cristina-rusu
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Carbon fiber is most notably used to reinforce composite materials, particularly the class of materials known as carbon fiber or graphite reinforced polymers. Non-polymer materials can also be used as the matrix for carbon fibers. Due to the formation of metal carbides and corrosion considerations, carbon has seen limited success in metal matrix composite applications. Reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC) consists of carbon fiber-reinforced graphite, and is used structurally in high-temperature applications. The fiber also finds use in filtration of high-temperature gases, as an electrode with high surface area and impeccable corrosion resistance, and as an anti-static component. Molding a thin layer of carbon fibers significantly improves fire resistance of polymers or thermoset composites because a dense, compact layer of carbon fibers efficiently reflects heat.
The increasing use of carbon fiber composites is displacing aluminum from aerospace applications in favor of other metals because of galvanic corrosion issues.
Carbon fibers are used for fabrication of carbon-fiber microelectrodes. In this application typically a single carbon fiber with diameter of 5–7 μm is sealed in a glass capillary. At the tip the capillary is either sealed with epoxy and polished to make carbon-fiber disk microelectrode or the fiber is cut to a length of 75–150 μm to make carbon-fiber cylinder electrode. Carbon-fiber microelectrodes are used either in amperometry or fast-scan cyclic voltammetry for detection of biochemical signaling.
Mark Doe
február 20, 2016 @ 09:22
By reading this complete article with detailed information I was able to learn a lot of things which till now I did not knew about this product.
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https://munkavedelemkeszthely.hu/chemistry-of-carbon-fiber/
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In Canada, thousands of commuters rely on the TransCanada highway – a continuous highway system that travels through all 10 provinces of Canada from coast to coast. Like many highways in America, TransCanada has a lot of bridges made with steel-reinforced concrete structures. However, when the steel corrodes, bridges are left with major durability problems that lead to structural degradation and costly repairs. One bridge over the Nipigon River on the Highway 11/17 corridor east of Thunder Bay, Ontario, has become proof that composites can be a viable alternative to steel.
In 2013, the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO) began a $106 million project to replace the Nipigon River bridge with two parallel spans carrying four lanes. The result was the first cable-stayed bridge in the Ontario highway system and the world’s first cable-stayed bridge with glass fiber reinforced polymer-reinforced concrete (GFRP-RC) deck panels. The GFRP features vinyl ester resin and boron-free E-glass fibers.
According to Brahim Benmokrane, Ph.D., a civil engineering professor at the University of Sherbrooke who helped the project come to fruition, the use of GFRP-RC for the 252-meter bridge deck was as much a matter of necessity as it was innovation. Since the bridge is the only way to travel from eastern to western Canada by car, a shutdown for repair would force cars to take a southbound detour through the United States. Therefore, instead of using piers to secure the bridge, engineers opted for a cable-stayed design.
However, cable-stayed bridges are much harder to design than traditional bridges from an engineering standpoint due to their exposure to compression forces up to 9,000 psi. Those forces, Benmokrane says, make it logistically impossible to repair a cable-stayed bridge deck in the event the concrete starts to deteriorate.
That’s why, he adds, it was important for the MTO to approve a design with a structural component like GFRP that would prove extremely durable and would not need any major repairs for more than 100 years. “Even if there aren’t any problems [with GFRP], the declination can come from the concrete itself,” Benmokrane says. “So you really have to choose composite materials.”
Last year, Benmokrane and his team published a study about the specific combination of materials that went into the bridge. They constructed eight panels – six GFRP-RC panels and two steel-reinforced panels – and tested them for cracks. They concluded GFRP rebar connected by a 220-millimeter-wide ultra-high performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) joint did not show significant cracks because of their very high tensile strength and modulus of elasticity.
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http://compositesmanufacturingmagazine.com/2017/09/nipigon-river-bridge-represents-landmark-achievement-for-composites/
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Part of the book: Thermoplastic
Thermoplastic materials such as polyamides (nylon), acetal resins, epoxy resins, polystyrene, polycarbonate resins, polyurethane and acrylic thermoplastic resins were introduced in dentistry as an alternative to classic resins, which have major disadvantages such as the toxicity of the residual monomer, awkward wrapping system and difficult processing.
Part of the book: Thermoplastic Elastomers
Alloys are used in various areas of dentistry. The field of dental alloys is a very extensive one, encompassing both the materials themselves as well as the manufacturing methods, which are constantly developing. Our chapter focuses on corrosion and biocompatibility assessment, using various methods. At present there is no perfect dental alloy. Superalloys for dental use are not yet available, and only few studies concerning the new generation of superalloy candidates for medical applications have recently been developed, with promising results.
Part of the book: Superalloys
Alloys are used in various areas of dentistry, but mainly in prosthetics. Their properties, behavior, and corrosion resistance are of great importance for the success of the prosthetic treatment. Among the investigations used for assessing dental alloys, in this chapter, we focus on metallographic observation, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and present the ways we investigated several types of dental alloys. We obtained important data concerning their structure and corrosion potential that could explain certain shortcomings which appeared after luting of the fixed partial dentures.
Part of the book: Micro and Nanotechnologies for Biotechnology
Acrylic resins dominated dentures technology for several decades. Due to their many disadvantages, new classes of resins, which promise better quality, constantly appear. Mechanical properties of acrylic resins, including fracture behaviour, water absorption and mechanical strength degradation caused by the exposure to saliva of classical heat-cured acrylic resins compared to alternative urethane-based light-cured resins, were carried out. The allergy potential of acrylic resins was evaluated by in vivo and in vitro tests. New choices of resins, like thermoplastic injected resins, light-cured or milled high-performance polymers, with better properties compared to acrylics, suitable for dental applications are being presented.
Part of the book: Acrylic Polymers in Healthcare
Laser welding permits joining various types of pieces, made of similar or different alloys, as titanium-based alloys, CoCr alloys, and even AuPd alloys. Laser welding is best suited to weld titanium alloys because they have higher rates of laser beam absorption and lower thermal conductivity compared to other dental casting alloys. Compared to micro pulse welding, laser welding is superior, obtaining the welding cord being faster and easier. The success of the welding procedure depends on the operator’s dexterity and the choice of the welding parameters. Selecting the best combination of pulse energy, pulse duration, and peak power for each welding step is decisive.
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https://www.intechopen.com/profiles/104849/lavinia-cosmina-ardelean
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Corrosion in the News: May 6, 2019 Roundup
Welcome to our news roundup! This week's stories include the potential merger of two professional societies in the corrosion industry and advanced materials that are used in bridge repair.
Welcome to the Corrosionpedia News Roundup. In this edition of our corrosion news look-around, we dive into the potential merger of two titanic professional societies in the corrosion industry. Also in the news is a radioactive waste tunnel almost compromised by corrosion. Bacteria and artificial intelligence join the fight against corrosion, and advanced materials are used in bridge repair and replacement applications. Enjoy!
Radioactive Waste Contained Amidst Corrosion Concerns
A radioactive waste tunnel at a facility in the state of Washington, United States, was recently reinforced with many tons of concrete after concerns arose that it might collapse. Heavy snowfall placed a lot of weight on the tunnel, which was constructed out of steel. The structure's integrity concerns were heightened when information was gathered via nondestructive inspection methods that some of the welds and fasteners inside the tunnel had corroded. If allowed to collapse, radioactive material could have been released into the surrounding area, endangering human life and the environment.
Artificial Intelligence Used to Prevent Corrosion Failures
The American Bureau of Shipping, Google and SoftServe are joining forces to develop artificial intelligence capable of preventing catastrophic failures caused by corrosion for the shipping and offshore industries. The three entities are sharing knowledge to develop artificial intelligence that scans images of ship's hulls and offshore platforms.
Discrepancies and abnormalities in a series of images or videos of these maritime structures can be detected by artificial intelligence through a rapid scanning process. When an abnormality is noted on an image scan, further investigation can be performed on that area of the ship or offshore structure, saving countless hours of labor and preventing potentially unidentified areas from failing.
NACE and SSPC Discuss Potential Merger
In the past several weeks, the National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) and the Society for Protective Coatings (SSPC) have been meeting to devise a plan to merge the two professional associations. Although the idea has been put forward, it is still in its first phase with many talks expected over the coming months.
Benefits need to be weighed against disadvantages, and key stakeholders need to be heard before any merger can be finalized. NACE is a much larger industry by membership than SSPC, roughly 38,000 versus 16,000, respectively. The scope of NACE’s work is also substantially larger, focusing on all forms of corrosion, whereas the SSPC is mostly focused on coatings.
If you really want to learn more about the ins and outs of this potential merger, check out this episode of the Tech Service Podcast by Carboline. It includes interviews with both Bill Worms, the executive director of the SSPC, and Bob Chalker, the CEO of NACE.
Bacteria Found to Prevent Degradation in Concrete
An engineering team at Drexel University has found that bacteria can help limit road deterioration caused by deicing agents. While chemical deicing compounds keep drivers safe in the winter time by melting snow and ice to improve traction, one popular type of deicer, calcium chloride, also causes roads to degrade rapidly when it combines with the melted ice water to form calcium oxychloride.
The calcium oxychloride creates an undesirable stress in the roads, which causes the roads to fracture and for potholes to form. The bacteria being used in the experiment at Drexel University were able to turn the calcium chloride into calcium carbonate instead of calcium oxychloride. Calcium carbonate is less harmful to cement than the calcium oxychloride, which means these bacteria could be used to extend the service life of the roads before a repair is required.
Successful First Project Using New Bridge and Marine Piling Material
A recently developed bridge piling material has been successfully implemented in New Jersey. FiberPILE, manufactured by Composite Advantage, is a fiber-reinforced polymer developed specifically to be used as a piling material. Because it is a polymer, it is less subject to corrosion, and it is still able to maintain high levels of strength thanks to its fiber reinforcement.
In New Jersey, rotting wood components on a bridge were failing to serve their intended purpose. New pilings made out of FiberPILE were installed in their place and have been successful so far, resulting in industry interest about other applications for the new product.
Old Bridge Demolished, New Stainless Steel Bridge Opened for Use
In North Carolina, the demolition of the old Herbert C. Bonner Bridge continues following the opening of the new Marc Basnight Bridge. The Bonner Bridge is being demolished because of excessive degradation and corrosion that could have compromised the safety of the bridge. Scour was also a concern for the old bridge.
The new Basnight Bridge is the first bridge in North Carolina to use stainless steel to reinforce the structure. This will allow the new bridge to better resist the corrosion than can occur as a result of the saltwater environment where it is located. The bridge connects a string of islands off of North Carolina’s coast to the mainland.
Related Terms
Written by Corrosionpedia Staff
Corrosionpedia aims to provide the first steps in the research journey for asset integrity professionals the world over.
Working with our team of internal writers, contractors and third-party experts, we source world leading educational content on the subject of preserving the long-term integrity of the world's infrastructure and assets. We designed our proprietary platform to fit the needs of the industry, and build the in-demand tools to help connect industry professionals to the solutions and solutions providers they need.
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https://www.corrosionpedia.com/corrosion-in-the-news-may-6-2019-roundup/2/7026
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The concept Chemical & Materials Engineering represents the subject, aboutness, idea or notion of resources found in Missouri University of Science & Technology Library.
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- 21st European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering, Part A
- A Working party report on corrosion in the nuclear industry
- A companion to California wine : an encyclopedia of wine and winemaking from the mission period to the present
- ANTEC 2006 plastics : annual technical conference proceedings
- Advanced fracture mechanics
- Advances in Ceramic Armor VII : Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings
- Advances in Chemical Physics, Liquid Polymorphism
- Advances in bioceramics and porous ceramics II : a collection of papers presented at the 33rd International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, January 18-23, 2009, Daytona Beach, Florida
- Advances in modeling and design of adhesively bonded systems
- Alternative fuels guidebook : properties, storage, dispensing, and vehicle facility modifications
- An introduction to modeling and simulation of particulate flows
- Analysis, synthesis, and design of chemical processes
- Application of HAZOP and What-If safety reviews to the petroleum, petrochemical and chemical industries
- Atlas of material damage
- Basic math for process control
- Basic principles and calculations in chemical engineering
- Bearing steel technology : developments in rolling bearing steels and testing
- Biodiesel : production and properties
- Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards : 2-Volume Set
- Chemical technology : an integral textbook
- Chemistry and technology of polyols for polyurethanes
- Co-rotating twin-screw extruders : fundamentals, technology, and applications
- Composite magnetoelectrics : materials, structures, and applications
- Composite material data sheets
- Composite materials handbook : materials usage, design, and analysis, Volume 3, Polymer matrix composites
- Composites in construction : a reality : proceedings of the international workshop, July 20-21, 2001, Capri, Italy
- Computational Flow Modeling for Chemical Reactor Engineering
- Conceptos básicos de adhesión y de uniones adhesivas
- Concepts of chemical engineering 4 chemists
- Confined space entry : a collection of booklets describing hazards and how to manage them
- Controlled growth of nanomaterials
- Corrosion in reinforced concrete structures
- Corrosion in the petrochemical industry
- Corrosion mechanisms in theory and practice
- Crude oils : their sampling, analysis, and evaluation
- Cryogenic technology and applications
- Crystals in glass : a hidden beauty
- Design data for plastics engineers
- Designing with plastics
- Destructive testing methods : training workbook
- Diamond films and coatings : development, properties, and applications
- Discrete element methods : numerical modeling of discontinua : proceedings of the third international conference September 23-25, 2002, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
- Distillation : the Theory
- Distillation and vapor pressure measurement in petroleum products
- Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
- Durability of building and construction sealants and adhesives, 3rd volume
- Durability of building and construction sealants and adhesives, 4th volume
- Eco-friendly synthesis of fine chemicals
- Effects of the environment on the initiation of crack growth
- Elastomeric polymers with high rate sensitivity : applications in blast, shockwave, and penetration mechanics
- Encyclopedia of materials characterization : surfaces, interfaces, thin films
- Encyclopedia of smart materials
- Engineering properties of steel
- Epitaxial growth of complex metal oxides : techniques, properties and applications
- Essentials of chemical reaction engineering
- Exploring electric kiln techniques : a collection of articles from Ceramics Monthly
- Fatigue data book : light structural alloys
- Fatigue, stress, and strain of rubber components : a guide for design engineers
- Film processing
- Flame retardants for plastics and textiles : practical applications
- Fluoroplastics : melt processible fluoropolymers : the definitive user's guide and data book, Volume 2
- Glasses for photonics
- Graphene and carbon nanotubes : ultrafast relaxation dynamics and optics
- Green materials from plant oils
- Green vegetable oil processing
- Guide to the use of materials in waters
- Handbook of Odors in Plastic Materials
- Handbook of benzoxazine resins
- Handbook of engineering biopolymers : homopolymers, blends, and composites
- Handbook of petroleum analysis
- Handbook of polymers
- Handbook of separation process technology
- Hazards of oil refining distillation units : a collection of booklets describing hazards and how to manage them
- High-chromium ferritic and martensitic steels for nuclear applications
- History of strength of materials : with a brief account of the history of theory of elasticity and theory of structures
- Hot runner technology
- Hydrogen degradation of ferrous alloys
- Importance of chirality to flavor compounds
- Industrial Separation Processes : Fundamentals
- Industrial synthetic resins handbook
- Interfacial phenomena and colloid stability : basic principles, Volume 1
- International Conference of Engineering Against Failure (ICEAF)
- International plastics handbook : the resource for plastics engineers
- Introduction to fluoropolymers : materials, technology, and applications
- Istfa 2000 : Proceedings of the 26Th International Symposium for Testing and Failure Analysis
- Lightweight materials from biopolymers and biofibers
- Limestone in the built environment : present-day challenges for the preservation of the past
- Liquid crystals : fundamentals
- Long-term performance of polymer concrete for bridge decks
- Low environmental impact polymers
- MMPDS-04 : Metallic materials properties development and standardization (MMPDS)
- Mass finishing handbook
- Materials characterization : introduction to microscopic and spectroscopic methods
- Materials properties handbook : titanium alloys
- Materials research to meet 21st century defense needs : interim report
- Metal fatigue
- Metal material data sheets
- Metal nanoparticles for catalysis : advances and applications
- Molecular theory of solutions
- Multi-objective optimization : techniques and applications in chemical engineering
- Nano- and micro-mechanics of polymer blends and composites
- Nanoscale multifunctional materials : science and applications
- Natural rubber materials, Volume 2, Composites and nanocomposites
- Near-term opportunities for integrating biomass into the U.S. electricity supply : technical considerations
- Permeability and other film properties of plastics and elastomers
- Pitting and crevice corrosion
- Plastic matrix composites with continuous fiber reinforcement
- Plastic pipe and fittings : past, present, and future
- Plastic surface modification : surface treatment and adhesion
- Plastic surface modification : surface treatment and adhesion
- Plastics additives : an industrial guide
- Plastics failure guide : cause and prevention
- Plastics testing and characterization : industrial applications
- Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) based blends, composites and nanocomposites
- Polymer extrusion
- Polymer testing
- Polymer testing
- Polymeric nanocomposites : theory and practice
- Polymers from biobased materials
- Polyvinyl Fluoride : Technology and Applications of PVF
- Practical guide to chemical safety testing : regulatory consequences : chemicals, food packaging and medical devices
- Pressure safety design practices for refinery and chemical operations
- Printing on polymers : fundamentals and applications
- Process plant simulation
- Product engineering : molecular structure and properties
- Progress in corrosion : the first 50 years of the EFC
- Properties of aluminum alloys : fatigue data and the effects of temperature, product form, and processing
- Recycling of plastic materials
- Relief systems handbook
- Risk management for food allergy
- Robust process development and scientific molding : theory and practice
- Routine coal and coke analysis : collection, interpretation, and use of analytical data
- Selecting injection molds : weighing cost versus productivity
- Simple methods for identification of plastics
- Smart material systems : model development
- Structural use of glass
- Tape casting : theory and practice
- Teaching and learning about sustainability
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Abstract:Due to the aging of bridges, increasing of maintenance costs and decreasing of structural safety is occurred. The steel corrosion of reinforced concrete bridge is the most common problem and this phenomenon is accelerating due to abnormal weather and increasing CO2 concentration due to climate change. To solve these problems, composite members using textile have been studied. A textile reinforced concrete can reduce carbon emissions by reduced concrete and without steel bars, so a lot of structural behavior studies are needed. Therefore, in this study, textile reinforced concrete beam was made and flexural test was performed. Also, the change of flexural strength according to the prestressing was conducted. As a result, flexural strength of TRC with prestressing was increased compared and flexural behavior was shown as reinforced concrete.
Keywords: AR-glass, flexural strength, prestressing, textile reinforced concreteProcedia PDF Downloads 231
2851 Investigation of Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Jute/Carbon Reinforced Composites
Authors: H. Sezgin, O. B. Berkalp, R. Mishra, J. Militky
Abstract:In the last few decades, due to their advanced properties, there has been an increasing interest in hybrid composite materials. In this study, the effect of different stacking sequences of jute and carbon fabric plies on dynamic mechanical properties of composite laminates were investigated. Vacuum bagging system was used to fabricate the composite samples. Each composite laminate was reinforced with two plies of jute fabric and two plies of carbon fabric by varying the position of layers. Dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) was used to examine the dynamic mechanical properties of composite laminates with increasing temperature. Results showed that the composite sample, which has carbon fabric at the outer layers, has the highest storage and loss modulus. Besides, it was observed that glass transition temperature (Tg) of samples are close to each other and at about 75 °C.
Keywords: differential scanning calorimetry dynamic mechanical analysis, textile reinforced composites, thermogravimetric analysisProcedia PDF Downloads 209
2850 Behaviour of Beam Reinforced with Longitudinal Steel-CFRP Composite Reinforcement under Static Load
Authors: Faris A. Uriayer, Mehtab Alam
Abstract:The concept of using a hybrid composite by combining two or more different materials to produce bilinear stress–strain behaviour has become a subject of interest. Having studied the mechanical properties of steel-CFRP specimens (CFRP Laminate Sandwiched between Mild Steel Strips), full size steel-CFRP composite reinforcement were fabricated and used as a new reinforcing material inside beams in lieu of traditional steel bars. Four beams, three beams reinforced with steel-CFRP composite reinforcement and one beam reinforced with traditional steel bars were cast, cured and tested under quasi-static loading. The flexural test results of the beams reinforced with this composite reinforcement showed that the beams with steel-CFRP composite reinforcement had comparable flexural strength and flexural ductility with beams reinforced with traditional steel bars.
Keywords: CFRP laminate, steel strip, flexural behaviour, modified model, concrete beamProcedia PDF Downloads 548
2849 Preparation and Analysis of Enhanced Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics with Al Base Alloy
Authors: M. R. Ashok, S. Srivatsan, S. Vignesh
Abstract:Common replacement for glass in composites is the Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics (GFRP). The GFRP has its own advantages for being a good alternative. The purpose of this research is to find a suitable enhancement for the commonly used composite Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics (GFRP). The goal is to enhance the material properties of the composite by providing a suitable matrix with Al base. The various mechanical tests are performed to analyze and compare the improvement in the mechanical properties of the composite. As a result, this material can be used as an alternative for the commonly used GFRP in various fields with increased effectiveness in its functioning.
Keywords: alloy based composites, composite materials, glass fiber reinforced plastics, sSuper compositesProcedia PDF Downloads 255
2848 Forming Simulation of Thermoplastic Pre-Impregnated Textile Composite
Authors: Masato Nishi, Tetsushi Kaburagi, Masashi Kurose, Tei Hirashima, Tetsusei Kurasiki
Abstract:The process of thermoforming a carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic (CFRTP) has increased its presence in the automotive industry for its wide applicability to the mass production car. A non-isothermal forming for CFRTP can shorten its cycle time to less than 1 minute. In this paper, the textile reinforcement FE model which the authors proposed in a previous work is extended to the CFRTP model for non-isothermal forming simulation. The effect of thermoplastic is given by adding shell elements which consider thermal effect to the textile reinforcement model. By applying Reuss model to the stress calculation of thermoplastic, the proposed model can accurately predict in-plane shear behavior, which is the key deformation mode during forming, in the range of the process temperature. Using the proposed model, thermoforming simulation was conducted and the results are in good agreement with the experimental results.
Keywords: carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic, finite element analysis, pre-impregnated textile composite, non-isothermal formingProcedia PDF Downloads 320
2847 Investigating Optical Properties of Unsaturated Polyurethane Matrix and Its Glass Fiber Composite Under Extreme Temperatures
Authors: Saad Ahmed, Sanjeev Khannaa
Abstract:Glass fiber reinforced polymers are widely used in structural systems as load-bearing elements at both high and low temperatures. This investigation presents the evaluation of glass fiber reinforced unsaturated polyurethane under harsh conditions of changing temperature and moisture content. This study Explores how these parameters affect the optical properties of the polymer matrix and the composite. Using the hand layup method, the polyurethane resin was modified by E-glass fibers (15 vol. %) to manufacture fiber-reinforced composite. This work includes the preparation of glass-like polyurethane resin sheets and estimates all light transmittance properties at high and very low temperatures and wet conditions. All-optical properties were retested to evaluate the level of improvement or failure. The results found that when comprising reinforced composite fiber to the unreinforced specimens, the reinforced composite shows a fair optical property at high temperatures and good performance at low temperatures.
Keywords: unsaturated polyurethane, extreme temperatures, light transmittance, haze numberProcedia PDF Downloads 67
2846 Polymer Modification of Fine Grained Concretes Used in Textile Reinforced Cementitious Composites
Authors: Esma Gizem Daskiran, Mehmet Mustafa Daskiran, Mustafa Gencoglu
Abstract:Textile reinforced cementitious composite (TRCC) is a development of a composite material where textile and fine-grained concrete (matrix) materials are used in combination. These matrices offer high performance properties in many aspects. To achieve high performance, polymer modified fine-grained concretes were used as matrix material which have high flexural strength. In this study, ten latex polymers and ten powder polymers were added to fine-grained concrete mixtures. These latex and powder polymers were added to the mixtures at different rates related to binder weight. Mechanical properties such as compressive and flexural strength were studied. Results showed that latex polymer and redispersible polymer modified fine-grained concretes showed different mechanical performance. A wide range of both latex and redispersible powder polymers were studied. As the addition rate increased compressive strength decreased for all mixtures. Flexural strength increased as the addition rate increased but significant enhancement was not observed through all mixtures.
Keywords: textile reinforced composite, cement, fine grained concrete, latex, redispersible powderProcedia PDF Downloads 161
2845 Bamboo Fibre Extraction and Its Reinforced Polymer Composite Material
Authors: P. Zakikhani, R. Zahari, M. T. H. Sultan, D. L. Majid
Abstract:Natural plant fibres reinforced polymeric composite materials have been used in many fields of our lives to save the environment. Especially, bamboo fibres due to its environmental sustainability, mechanical properties, and recyclability have been utilized as reinforced polymer matrix composite in construction industries. In this review study bamboo structure and three different methods such as mechanical, chemical and combination of mechanical and chemical to extract fibres from bamboo are summarized. Each extraction method has been done base on the application of bamboo. In addition Bamboo fibre is compared with glass fibre from various aspects and in some parts it has advantages over the glass fibre.
Keywords: bamboo fibres, natural fibres, bio composite, mechanical extraction, glass fibresProcedia PDF Downloads 320
2844 Simulation of Non-Crimp 3D Orthogonal Carbon Fabric Composite for Aerospace Applications Using Finite Element Method
Authors: Sh. Minapoor, S. Ajeli, M. Javadi Toghchi
Abstract:Non-crimp 3D orthogonal fabric composite is one of the textile-based composite materials that are rapidly developing light-weight engineering materials. The present paper focuses on geometric and micro mechanical modeling of non-crimp 3D orthogonal carbon fabric and composites reinforced with it for aerospace applications. In this research meso-finite element (FE) modeling employs for stress analysis in different load conditions. Since mechanical testing of expensive textile carbon composites with specific application isn't affordable, simulation composite in a virtual environment is a helpful way to investigate its mechanical properties in different conditions.
Keywords: woven composite, aerospace applications, finite element method, mechanical propertiesProcedia PDF Downloads 387
2843 Mechanical Behaviour of Sisal Fibre Reinforced Cement Composites
Authors: M. Aruna
Abstract:Emphasis on the advancement of new materials and technology has been there for the past few decades. The global development towards using cheap and durable materials from renewable resources contributes to sustainable development. An experimental investigation of mechanical behaviour of sisal fiber-reinforced concrete is reported for making a suitable building material in terms of reinforcement. Fibre reinforced composite is one such material, which has reformed the concept of high strength. Sisal fibres are abundantly available in the hot areas. The sisal fiber has emerged as a reinforcing material for concretes, used in civil structures. In this work, properties such as hardness and tensile strength of sisal fibre reinforced cement composites with 6, 12, 18, and 24% by weight of sisal fibres were assessed. Sisal fiber reinforced cement composite slabs with long sisal fibers were manufactured using a cast hand layup technique. Mechanical response was measured under tension. The high energy absorption capacity of the developed composite system was reflected in high toughness values under tension respectively.
Keywords: sisal fibre, fiber-reinforced concrete, mechanical behaviour, composite materialsProcedia PDF Downloads 185
2842 A Simulation Study of E-Glass Reinforced Polyurethane Footbed and Investigation of Parameters Effecting Elastic Behaviour of Footbed Material
Authors: Berkay Ergene, Çağın Bolat
Abstract:In this study, we mainly focused on a simulation study regarding composite footbed in order to contribute to shoe industry. As a footbed, e-glass fiber reinforced polyurethane was determined since polyurethane based materials are already used for footbed in shoe manufacturing frequently. Flat, elliptical and rectangular grooved shoe soles were modeled and analyzed separately as TPU, 10% glass fiber reinforced, 30% glass fiber reinforced and 50% glass fiber reinforced materials according to their properties under three point bending and compression situations to determine the relationship between model, material type and mechanical behaviours of composite model. ANSYS 14.0 APDL mechanical structural module is utilized in all simulations and analyzed stress and strain distributions for different footbed models and materials. Furthermore, materials constants like young modulus, shear modulus, Poisson ratio and density of the composites were calculated theoretically by using composite mixture rule and interpreted for mechanical aspects.
Keywords: composite, elastic behaviour, footbed, simulationProcedia PDF Downloads 197
2841 Multiscale Modelling of Textile Reinforced Concrete: A Literature Review
Authors: Anicet Dansou
Abstract:Textile reinforced concrete (TRC)is increasingly used nowadays in various fields, in particular civil engineering, where it is mainly used for the reinforcement of damaged reinforced concrete structures. TRC is a composite material composed of multi- or uni-axial textile reinforcements coupled with a fine-grained cementitious matrix. The TRC composite is an alternative solution to the traditional Fiber Reinforcement Polymer (FRP) composite. It has good mechanical performance and better temperature stability but also, it makes it possible to meet the criteria of sustainable development better.TRCs are highly anisotropic composite materials with nonlinear hardening behavior; their macroscopic behavior depends on multi-scale mechanisms. The characterization of these materials through numerical simulation has been the subject of many studies. Since TRCs are multiscale material by definition, numerical multi-scale approaches have emerged as one of the most suitable methods for the simulation of TRCs. They aim to incorporate information pertaining to microscale constitute behavior, mesoscale behavior, and macro-scale structure response within a unified model that enables rapid simulation of structures. The computational costs are hence significantly reduced compared to standard simulation at a fine scale. The fine scale information can be implicitly introduced in the macro scale model: approaches of this type are called non-classical. A representative volume element is defined, and the fine scale information are homogenized over it. Analytical and computational homogenization and nested mesh methods belong to these approaches. On the other hand, in classical approaches, the fine scale information are explicitly introduced in the macro scale model. Such approaches pertain to adaptive mesh refinement strategies, sub-modelling, domain decomposition, and multigrid methods This research presents the main principles of numerical multiscale approaches. Advantages and limitations are identified according to several criteria: the assumptions made (fidelity), the number of input parameters required, the calculation costs (efficiency), etc. A bibliographic study of recent results and advances and of the scientific obstacles to be overcome in order to achieve an effective simulation of textile reinforced concrete in civil engineering is presented. A comparative study is further carried out between several methods for the simulation of TRCs used for the structural reinforcement of reinforced concrete structures.
Keywords: composites structures, multiscale methods, numerical modeling, textile reinforced concreteProcedia PDF Downloads 6
2840 Study of the Effect of Sewing on Non Woven Textile Waste at Dry and Composite Scales
Authors: Wafa Baccouch, Adel Ghith, Xavier Legrand, Faten Fayala
Abstract:Textile waste recycling has become a necessity considering the augmentation of the amount of waste generated each year and the ecological problems that landfilling and burning can cause. Textile waste can be recycled into many different forms according to its composition and its final utilization. Using this waste as reinforcement to composite panels is a new recycling area that is being studied. Compared to virgin fabrics, recycled ones present the disadvantage of having lower structural characteristics, when they are eco-friendly and with low cost. The objective of this work is transforming textile waste into composite material with good characteristic and low price. In this study, we used sewing as a method to improve the characteristics of the recycled textile waste in order to use it as reinforcement to composite material. Textile non-woven waste was afforded by a local textile recycling industry. Performances tests were evaluated using tensile testing machine and based on the testing direction for both reinforcements and composite panels; machine and transverse direction. Tensile tests were conducted on sewed and non sewed fabrics, and then they were used as reinforcements to composite panels via epoxy resin infusion method. Rule of mixtures is used to predict composite characteristics and then compared to experimental ones.
Keywords: composite material, epoxy resin, non woven waste, recycling, sewing, textileProcedia PDF Downloads 93
2839 Wear Behaviors of B4C and SiC Particle Reinforced AZ91 Magnesium Matrix Metal Composites
Authors: M. E. Turan, H. Zengin, E. Cevik, Y. Sun, Y. Turen, H. Ahlatci
Abstract:In this study, the effects of B4C and SiC particle reinforcements on wear properties of magnesium matrix metal composites produced by pressure infiltration method were investigated. AZ91 (9%Al-1%Zn) magnesium alloy was used as a matrix. AZ91 magnesium alloy was melted under an argon atmosphere. The melt was infiltrated to the particles with an appropriate pressure. Wear tests, hardness tests were performed respectively. Microstructure characterizations were examined by light optical (LOM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that uniform particle distributions were achieved in both B4C and SiC reinforced composites. Wear behaviors of magnesium matrix metal composites changed as a function of type of particles. SiC reinforced composite has better wear performance and higher hardness than B4C reinforced composite.
Keywords: magnesium matrix composite, pressure infiltration, SEM, wearProcedia PDF Downloads 271
2838 Effect of Coupling Agent on the Properties of Durian Skin Fibre Reinforced Polypropylene Composite
Authors: Hazleen Anuar, Nur Aimi Mohd Nasir
Abstract:Durian skin is a newly explores natural fibre potentially reinforced polyolefin for diverse applications. In this work, investigation on the effect of coupling agent, maleic anhydride polypropylene (MAPP) on the mechanical, morphological and thermal properties of polypropylene (PP) reinforced with durian skin fibre (DSF) was conducted. The presence of 30 wt% DSF significantly reduced the tensile strength of PP-DSF composite. Interestingly, even though the same trend goes to PP-DSF with the presence of MAPP, the reduction is only about 4% relative to unreinforced PP and 18% higher than PP-DSF without MAPP (untreated composite or UTC). The used of MAPP in treated composite (TC) also increased the tensile modulus, flexural properties and degradation temperature. The enhanced mechanical properties are consistent with good interfacial interaction as evidenced under scanning electron microscopy.
Keywords: durian skin fiber, coupling agent, mechanical properties, thermogravimetry analysisProcedia PDF Downloads 384
2837 The Effect of Opening on Mode Shapes and Frequencies of Composite Shear Wall
Authors: A. Arabzadeh, H. R. Kazemi Nia Korrani
Abstract:Composite steel plate shear wall is a lateral loading resistance system, which is used especially in tall buildings. This wall is made of a thin steel plate with reinforced a concrete cover, which is attached to one or both sides of the steel plate. This system is similar to stiffened steel plate shear wall, in which reinforced concrete replaces the steel stiffeners. Composite shear wall have in-plane and out-plane significant strength. Also, they have appropriate ductility. The present numerical investigations were focused on the effects of opening on wall mode shapes. In addition, frequencies of composite shear wall with and without opening are compared. For analyzing composite shear wall, a new program will be developed using of finite element theory and the effects of shape, size and position openings on the behavior of composite shear wall will be studied. Results indicated that the existence of opening decreases wall frequency.
Keywords: composite shear wall, opening, finite element method, modal analysisProcedia PDF Downloads 404
2836 Experimental Study on the Creep Characteristics of FRC Base for Composite Pavement System
Authors: Woo-Tai Jung, Sung-Yong Choi, Young-Hwan Park
Abstract:The composite pavement system considered in this paper is composed of a functional surface layer, a fiber reinforced asphalt middle layer and a fiber reinforced lean concrete base layer. The mix design of the fiber reinforced lean concrete corresponds to the mix composition of conventional lean concrete but reinforced by fibers. The quasi-absence of research on the durability or long-term performances (fatigue, creep, etc.) of such mix design stresses the necessity to evaluate experimentally the long-term characteristics of this layer composition. This study tests the creep characteristics as one of the long-term characteristics of the fiber reinforced lean concrete layer for composite pavement using a new creep device. The test results reveal that the lean concrete mixed with fiber reinforcement and fly ash develops smaller creep than the conventional lean concrete. The results of the application of the CEB-FIP prediction equation indicate that a modified creep prediction equation should be developed to fit with the new mix design of the layer.
Keywords: creep, lean concrete, pavement, fiber reinforced concrete, baseProcedia PDF Downloads 342
2835 Pullout Strength of Textile Reinforcement in Concrete by Embedded Length and Concrete Strength
Authors: Jongho Park, Taekyun Kim, Jungbhin You, Sungnam Hong, Sun-Kyu Park
Abstract:The deterioration of the reinforced concrete is continuously accelerated due to aging of the reinforced concrete, enlargement of the structure, increase if the self-weight due to the manhattanization and cracking due to external force. Also, due to the abnormal climate phenomenon, cracking of reinforced concrete structures is accelerated. Therefore, research on the Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC) which replaced reinforcement with textile is under study. However, in previous studies, adhesion performance to single yarn was examined without parameters, which does not reflect the effect of fiber twisting and concrete strength. In the present paper, the effect of concrete strength and embedded length on 2400tex (gram per 1000 meters) and 640tex textile were investigated. The result confirm that the increasing compressive strength of the concrete did not affect the pullout strength. However, as the embedded length increased, the pullout strength tended to increase gradually, especially at 2400tex with more twists.
Keywords: textile, TRC, pullout, strength, embedded length, concreteProcedia PDF Downloads 305
2834 Seismic Behavior of Masonry Reinforced Concrete Composite Columns
Authors: Hassane Ousalem, Hideki Kimura, Akitoshi Hamada, Masuda Hiroyuki
Abstract:To provide tall unreinforced brick masonry walls of a century-old existing building with sufficient resistance against earthquake loading actions, additional reinforced concrete columns were integrated into the building at some designated locations and jointed to the existing masonry walls through dowel shear steel bars, resulting in composite structural elements. As conditions at the interface between the existing masonry and newly added reinforced concrete parts were not well grasped and the behavior of such composite elements would be complex, the experimental investigation was carried out. Three relatively large specimens were tested to investigate the overall behavior of brick masonry-reinforced concrete composite elements under lateral cyclic loadings. Confining the brick walls on only one side or on two opposite sides, as well as providing different amounts of dowel shear steel bars at the interface were the main parameters of the investigation. Test results showed that such strengthening provide a good seismic performance even at very large lateral drifts and the investigated amount of shear dowel lead to a good performance level that would result in a considerable cost reduction of the strengthening.
Keywords: unreinforced masonry, reinforced concrete, composite column, seismic strengthening, structural testingProcedia PDF Downloads 151
2833 Study of Ultrasonic Waves in Unidirectional Fiber-Reinforced Composite Plates for the Aerospace Applications
Authors: DucTho Le, Duy Kien Dao, Quoc Tinh Bui, Haidang Phan
Abstract:The article is concerned with the motion of ultrasonic guided waves in a unidirectional fiber-reinforced composite plate under acoustic sources. Such unidirectional composite material has orthotropic elastic properties as it is very stiff along the fibers and rather compliant across the fibers. The dispersion equations of free Lamb waves propagating in an orthotropic layer are derived that results in the dispersion curves. The connection of these equations to the Rayleigh-Lamb frequency relations of isotropic plates is discussed. By the use of reciprocity in elastodynamics, closed-form solutions of elastic wave motions subjected to time-harmonic loads in the layer are computed in a simple manner. We also consider the problem of Lamb waves generated by a set of time-harmonic sources. The obtained computations can be very useful for developing ultrasound-based methods for nondestructive evaluation of composite structures.
Keywords: lamb waves, fiber-reinforced composite plates, dispersion equations, nondestructive evaluation, reciprocity theoremsProcedia PDF Downloads 65
2832 An Experimental Investigation on Mechanical Behaviour of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composite Laminates Used for Pipe Applications
Authors: Tasnim Kallel, Rim Taktak
Abstract:In this experimental work, fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite laminates were manufactured using hand lay-up technique. The unsaturated polyester (UP) and vinylester (VE) were considered as resins reinforced with different woven fabrics (bidirectional and quadriaxial rovings). The mechanical behaviour of the resulting composites was studied and then compared. A focus was essentially done on the evaluation of the effect of E-Glass fiber and ply orientation on the mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength, and hardness of the studied composite laminates. Also, crack paths and fracture surfaces were examined, and failure mechanisms were analyzed. From the main results, it was found that the quadriaxial composite laminates (QA/VE and QA/UP) with stacking sequences of [0°, +45°, 90°, -45°] present a very ductile tensile behaviour. The other laminate samples (R500/VE, RM/VE, R500/UP and RM/UP) show a very brittle behaviour whatever the used resin. The intrinsic toughness KIC of QA/VE laminate, obtained in fracture tests, are found more important than that of RM/VE composite. Thus, the QA/VE samples, as multidirectional laminate, presents the highest interlaminar fracture resistance.
Keywords: crack growth, fiber orientation, fracture behavior, e-glass fiber fabric, laminate composite, mechanical behaviorProcedia PDF Downloads 169
2831 Percentages of Alumina Phase and Different Ph on The Ha- Al2o3 Nano Composite
Authors: S. Tayyebi, F. Mirjalili, H. Samadi, A. Nemati
Abstract:In this study, hydroxyapatite-Alumina nano composite powder, containing 15,20 and 25% weight percent of reinforced alumina were prepared by chemical precipitation from the reaction between calcium nitrate tetrahydrate and di-ammonium hydrogen phosphate with ratio of Ca / p = 1.67 and different percentage of aluminum nitrate nona hydrate in different pH of 9,10 and 11. The microstructure and thermal stability of samples were measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that the presence of reinforced alumina phase reduced the degree of crystallinity of hydroxyapatite phase and increased its decomposition to tricalcium phosphate phase. Microstructural analysis showed that the hydroxyapatite-alumina nano composite powder was obtained with spherical shape and size of less than 100 nm.
Keywords: biomaterial, hydroxyapatite, alumina, nano composite, precipitation methodProcedia PDF Downloads 465
2830 An Analysis on Fibre-Reinforced Composite Material Usage on Urban Furniture
Authors: Nilgun Becenen
Abstract:In this study, the structural properties of composite materials with the plastic matrix, which are used in body parts of urban furniture were investigated. Surfaces of the specimens were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM: JSM-5200, JEOL) and Climatic environmental test analyses in laboratory conditions were used to analyze the performance of the composite samples. Climate conditions were determined as follow; 3 hour working under the conditions of -10 ºC heat and 20 % moisture, Heating until 45 ºC for 4 hours, 3 hour work at 45 ºC, 3 hour work under the conditions of 45 ºC heat and 80 % moisture, Cooling at -10 ºC for 4 hours. In this cycle, the atmospheric conditions that urban furniture would be exposed to in the open air were taken into consideration. Particularly, sudden heat changes and humidity effect were investigated. The climate conditions show that performance in Low Temperatures: The endurance isn’t affected, hardness does not change, tensile, bending and impact resistance does not change, the view isn’t affected. It has a high environmental performance.
Keywords: fibre-reinforced material, glass fiber, textile science, polymer compositesProcedia PDF Downloads 187
2829 Multiscale Modeling of Damage in Textile Composites
Authors: Jaan-Willem Simon, Bertram Stier, Brett Bednarcyk, Evan Pineda, Stefanie Reese
Abstract:Textile composites, in which the reinforcing fibers are woven or braided, have become very popular in numerous applications in aerospace, automotive, and maritime industry. These textile composites are advantageous due to their ease of manufacture, damage tolerance, and relatively low cost. However, physics-based modeling of the mechanical behavior of textile composites is challenging. Compared to their unidirectional counterparts, textile composites introduce additional geometric complexities, which cause significant local stress and strain concentrations. Since these internal concentrations are primary drivers of nonlinearity, damage, and failure within textile composites, they must be taken into account in order for the models to be predictive. The macro-scale approach to modeling textile-reinforced composites treats the whole composite as an effective, homogenized material. This approach is very computationally efficient, but it cannot be considered predictive beyond the elastic regime because the complex microstructural geometry is not considered. Further, this approach can, at best, offer a phenomenological treatment of nonlinear deformation and failure. In contrast, the mesoscale approach to modeling textile composites explicitly considers the internal geometry of the reinforcing tows, and thus, their interaction, and the effects of their curved paths can be modeled. The tows are treated as effective (homogenized) materials, requiring the use of anisotropic material models to capture their behavior. Finally, the micro-scale approach goes one level lower, modeling the individual filaments that constitute the tows. This paper will compare meso- and micro-scale approaches to modeling the deformation, damage, and failure of textile-reinforced polymer matrix composites. For the mesoscale approach, the woven composite architecture will be modeled using the finite element method, and an anisotropic damage model for the tows will be employed to capture the local nonlinear behavior. For the micro-scale, two different models will be used, the one being based on the finite element method, whereas the other one makes use of an embedded semi-analytical approach. The goal will be the comparison and evaluation of these approaches to modeling textile-reinforced composites in terms of accuracy, efficiency, and utility.
Keywords: multiscale modeling, continuum damage model, damage interaction, textile compositesProcedia PDF Downloads 276
2828 Experimental Analysis of Composite Timber-Concrete Beam with CFRP Reinforcement
Authors: O. Vlcek
Abstract:The paper deals with current issues in research of advanced methods to increase reliability of traditional timber structural elements. It analyses the issue of strengthening of bent timber beams, such as ceiling beams in old (historical) buildings with additional concrete slab in combination with externally bonded fibre - reinforced polymer. The paper describes experimental testing of composite timber-concrete beam with FRP reinforcement and compares results with FEM analysis.
Keywords: timber-concrete composite, strengthening, fibre-reinforced polymer, experimental analysisProcedia PDF Downloads 405
2827 Thermal Property Improvement of Silica Reinforced Epoxy Composite Specimens
Authors: Hyu Sang Jo, Gyo Woo Lee
Abstract:In this study, the mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy composites that are reinforced with micrometer-sized silica particles were investigated by using the specimen experiments. For all specimens used in this study (from the baseline to specimen containing 70 wt% silica filler), the tensile strengths were gradually increased by 8-10%, but the ductility of the specimen was decreased by 34%, compared with those of the baseline samples. Similarly, for the samples containing 70 wt% silica filler, the coefficient of thermal expansion was reduced by 25%, but the thermal conductivity was increased by 100%, compared with those of the baseline samples. The improvement of thermal stability of the silica-reinforced specimen was confirmed to be within the experimented range, and the smaller silica particle was found to be more effective in delaying the thermal expansion of the specimens. When the smaller particle was used as filler, due to the increased specific interface area between filler and matrix, the thermal conductivities of the composite specimens were measured to be slightly lower than those of the specimens reinforced with the larger particle.
Keywords: carbon nanotube filler, epoxy composite, mechanical property, thermal propertyProcedia PDF Downloads 169
2826 Effect of Carbon Nanotube Reinforcement in Polymer Composite Plates under Static Loading
Authors: S. Madhu, V. V. Subba Rao
Abstract:In the implementation of carbon nanotube reinforced polymer matrix composites in structural applications, deflection and stress analysis are important considerations. In the present study, a multi scale analysis of deflection and stress analysis of carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforced polymer composite plates is presented. A micromechanics model based on the Mori-Tanaka method is developed by introducing straight CNTs aligned in one direction. The effect of volume fraction and diameter of CNTs on plate deflection and the stresses are investigated using Classical Laminate Plate Theory (CLPT). The study is primarily conducted with the intention of observing the suitability of CNT reinforced polymer composite plates under static loading for structural applications.
Keywords: carbon nanotube, micromechanics, composite plate, multi-scale analysis, classical laminate plate theoryProcedia PDF Downloads 190
2825 Behavior of Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composite with Nano-Ceramic Particle under Ballistic Impact and Quasi-Static Punch-Shear Loading
Authors: K. Rajalakshmi, A. Vasudevan
Abstract:The performance of Fibre Reinforced Polymer composite with the nano-ceramic particle as function of time and thickness of laminate which is subjected to ballistic impact and quasi-static punch-shear loading is investigated. The material investigated is made up of several layers of Kevlar fibres which are fabricated with nano-ceramic particles and epoxy resin by compression moulding. The ballistic impact and quasi-static punch-shear loading are studied experimentally and numerically. The failure mechanism is observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The result obtained in the experiment and numerical studies are compared. Due to nano size of the ceramic particle, the strength to weight ratio and penetrating resistance will improve in Fibre Reinforced Polymer composite which will have better impact property compared to ceramic plates.
Keywords: ballistic impact, Kevlar, nano ceramic, penetration, polymer composite, shear plugProcedia PDF Downloads 209
2824 Nondestructive Evaluation of Hidden Delamination in Glass Fiber Composite Using Terahertz Spectroscopy
Authors: Chung-Hyeon Ryu, Do-Hyoung Kim, Hak-Sung Kim
Abstract:As the use of the composites was increased, the detecting method of hidden damages which have an effect on performance of the composite was important. Terahertz (THz) spectroscopy was assessed as one of the new powerful nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques for fiber reinforced composite structures because it has many advantages which can overcome the limitations of conventional NDE techniques such as x-rays or ultrasound. The THz wave offers noninvasive, noncontact and nonionizing methods evaluating composite damages, also it gives a broad range of information about the material properties. In additions, it enables to detect the multiple-delaminations of various nonmetallic materials. In this study, the pulse type THz spectroscopy imaging system was devised and used for detecting and evaluating the hidden delamination in the glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) composite laminates. The interaction between THz and the GFRP composite was analyzed respect to the type of delamination, including their thickness, size and numbers of overlaps among multiple-delaminations in through-thickness direction. Both of transmission and reflection configurations were used for evaluation of hidden delaminations and THz wave propagations through the delaminations were also discussed. From these results, various hidden delaminations inside of the GFRP composite were successfully detected using time-domain THz spectroscopy imaging system and also compared to the results of C-scan inspection. It is expected that THz NDE technique will be widely used to evaluate the reliability of composite structures.
Keywords: terahertz, delamination, glass fiber reinforced plastic composites, terahertz spectroscopyProcedia PDF Downloads 513
2823 Operational Challenges of Marine Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite Structures Coupled with Piezoelectric Transducers
Authors: H. Ucar, U. Aridogan
Abstract:Composite structures become intriguing for the design of aerospace, automotive and marine applications due to weight reduction, corrosion resistance and radar signature reduction demands and requirements. Studies on piezoelectric ceramic transducers (PZT) for diagnostics and health monitoring have gained attention for their sensing capabilities, however PZT structures are prone to fail in case of heavy operational loads. In this paper, we develop a piezo-based Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) composite finite element (FE) model, validate with experimental setup, and identify the applicability and limitations of PZTs for a marine application. A case study is conducted to assess the piezo-based sensing capabilities in a representative marine composite structure. A FE model of the composite structure combined with PZT patches is developed, afterwards the response and functionality are investigated according to the sea conditions. Results of this study clearly indicate the blockers and critical aspects towards industrialization and wide-range use of PZTs for marine composite applications.
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https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=textile%20reinforced%20composite
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The oil and gas production industry places tremendous demands on its piping systems, with onshore and offshore applications impacted by harsh chemicals, corrosive saltwater environments, low and high temperatures and elevated pressure. The industry primarily relied on metallic piping systems in the past as this was the type of material that was available. In most cases, thermoplastics such as chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) did not have sufficient history within the oil and gas industry for engineers to specify them.
This situation has changed during recent years, with standards set forth by The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASTM International and other groups helping to ensure the performance of thermoplastics in a wide range of applications. CPVC is one of the most common thermoplastics used in the oil and gas industry, with ASME NM.1 “Thermoplastic Piping Systems (Latest Edition)” providing the requirements for design, materials, manufacture, fabrication, installation, inspection, examination and testing of thermoplastic pressure piping systems.
B31 Code for pressure piping, also developed by ASME, covers Power Piping, Fuel Gas Piping, Process Piping, Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids, Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer Components and Building Services Piping. ASME B31 was earlier known as ANSI B31.
Differences in Plastic Piping System Composition
While various professional groups are testing and setting standards for using thermoplastic piping materials within the oil and gas industry, it is important to remember that all plastic piping materials are not created equal. Several grades of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and CPVC, for example, are readily available.
Successfully selecting and utilizing a plastic piping system for oil and gas industry applications requires an understanding of the different types of materials and what holds their polymer chains together.
Amorphous polymers
Amorphous polymers such as PVC and CPVC rely on the molecular entanglement of the polymer and have no melting point. This type of polymer is used below the glass transition temperature, with the molecules relatively immobile, impermeable and inflexible.
CPVC industrial piping offers distinct performance advantages based on the material’s unique molecular structure. CPVC differs from PVC in that approximately 40 percent of the bonding sites on the carbon backbone are filled with chlorine atoms, with the remaining 60 percent of available sites filled with hydrogen. Chlorine atoms surrounding the CPVC carbon backbone are large atoms that protect the chain from attack.
CPVC
Semi-crystalline polymers
Semi-crystalline polymers such as PP, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) rely on crystallization of the polymer. These types of plastics can have a melting point and are used above their glass transition temperature. The molecules are relatively mobile and moderately permeable and flexible.
HDPE
Thermoset polymers
Thermoset polymers such as fiberglass reinforced pipe (FRP) rely on crosslinks and typically require some type of cure process, which allows the crosslinks to form.
The Need to Mitigate Corrosion
Corrosion damage in the oil and gas industry is an expensive and ongoing problem for piping systems and can result in costly downtime and repairs and serious environmental issues such as releases and spills. Corrosion occurs in oil and gas production, processing and pipeline systems, and any process that involves water.
In water plants, for example, chemical corrosion is caused by strong acids and bases used for pH neutralization. Microbial corrosion results from sludge streams and biological growth in water.
Ongoing extraction of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide combined with water in oil and gas wells and pipelines causes internal corrosion within metal piping systems, resulting in material degradation that reduces the system’s strength and ductility and can lead to loss of materials, a reduction in piping system thickness and even failure.
Whatever the application, the most effective way to eliminate corrosion to piping systems used in the oil and gas industry is to replace metal systems with a material that does not corrode, such as Corzan CPVC® piping and fittings. Corzan CPVC is inert to most acids, bases and salts and provides superior, long-term resistance to corrosive chemicals, seawater and demineralized water – even at high temperatures.
The Corzan CPVC Chemical Resistance Chart provides a comprehensive list of more than 400 chemicals and compounds that have been tested with Corzan CPVC for their compatibility.
Corzan CPVC has a smooth inner surface and a Hazen Williams C Factor of 150, with the higher the rating, the lower the friction loss. The piping system will retain this rating throughout its life cycle compared to steel piping, which has a rating of 130 to 140 but can decrease when the material becomes pitted or worn.
In addition, Corzan CPVC is engineered to satisfy the high heat and long-term pressure bearing demands characteristic of the oil and gas industry, delivering reliability throughout the piping system’s life.
The Ability to Withstand Direct Sunlight and Temperature Extremes
Piping systems within the oil and gas industry are often partially or completely installed outdoors, exposing them to temperature extremes and direct sunlight. While some thermoplastics are UV resistant, the effect of direct sunlight on other systems such as PVC or PP piping material could cause the pressure rating to be exceeded. Corzan CPVC withstands the effects of direct sunlight in ambient conditions exceeding 120°F, as illustrated in the following graphic.
Corzan CPVC incorporates carbon black and titanium dioxide, which are excellent ultraviolet blocking agents. The additives protect the pipe’s polymer backbone and enable it to retain its pressure bearing capability even after extended UV exposure.
Piping systems installed outdoors must also be able to withstand extreme radiant heat as radiant heat combined with ambient temperature can push a piping material beyond its heat deflection temperature (HDT). At 230°F (110°C), Corzan CPVC Cell Class 24448 materials have the highest HDT in accordance with ASTM D1784 of any certified CPVC material.
Corzan CPVC has no known absolute minimum temperature for installation. All low temperature installations below 40°F require particular attention to detail to create a reliable piping system. CPVC has the ability to operate well below 40°F. It is essential that designers understand the engineering requirements and installers are properly trained to ensure successful installations.
Versatility and Installation Ease
Corzan CPVC is a highly versatile material that is suited to a range of oil and gas industry applications, including hot and cold potable water (white water), water and waste treatment systems (black and gray water), sea water desalination systems, sea water ballast lines, ballast treatment and waste treatment systems using sodium hypochlorite, fire sprinkler systems in light hazard installations and stack and vent applications.
In addition, Corzan CPVC offers various advantages over metal piping relative to installation and maintenance. CPVC is lighter weight and easier to maneuver than heavy metal piping, speeding installation and maintenance and reducing worker strain and injury. The lighter material also eliminates the need for heavy equipment to transport and hoist the piping into place.
It is important to note that ASME B31.3 Basic Requirements, Bonding Procedure Specification (BPS) provides guidelines relative to bonder qualifications and the condition of the bonding materials, equipment, fixtures and tools used during thermoplastic installation. Project production joints should only be made by qualified bonders.
Piping Systems for Safety and Peace of Mind
Corzan CPVC offers a range of performance advantages to improve piping system reliability within the oil and gas industry, including corrosion resistance and the ability to withstand temperature extremes and elevated pressure. Corzan CPVC is the most specified CPVC technology in the world, providing a safe, durable and cost-effective alternative to metal for a range of applications.
Corzan piping systems have been successfully installed in industrial applications worldwide for nearly 60 years – and have served the oil and gas industry for over 20 years. Contact a Corzan engineering expert or one of our partner manufacturers for engineering guidelines to specify a safe and dependable piping system or to schedule a free process suitability review and technical assessment.
Details for this blog were taken, in part, from the following:
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https://www.corzan.com/blog/a-new-age-for-oil-and-gas-piping-systems
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The concept Materials Science represents the subject, aboutness, idea or notion of resources found in University of Missouri Libraries.
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Materials Science
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- Acoustic Emission
- Advanced fracture mechanics
- Applications of automation technology to fatigue and fracture testing and analysis : third volume
- Atlas of material damage
- Atmospheric corrosion investigation of aluminum-coated, zinc-coated, and copper-bearing steel wire and wire products : a thirty-two year report
- Bearing steel technologies : 9th volume : advances in rolling contact fatigue strength testing and related substitute technologies
- Bearing steel technology : developments in rolling bearing steels and testing
- Cellulose nanocomposites : processing, characterization, and properties
- Chevron-notch fracture test experience : metals and non-metals
- Combinatorial materials development
- Composite magnetoelectrics : materials, structures, and applications
- Composite materials handbook : materials usage, design, and analysis, Volume 3, Polymer matrix composites
- Computational thermodynamics of materials
- Condition monitoring of materials and structures
- Constraint effects in fracture theory and applications, second volume
- Contemporary science of polymeric materials : a symposium in honor of Professor Frank E. Arasz on the occasion of his 75th birthday, Valletta, Malta, February 28-March 2, 2009
- Corrosion effect of stray currents and the techniques for evaluating corrosion of rebars in concrete : a symposium
- Corrosion in reinforced concrete structures
- Current and future practices for the testing of multi-component geosynthetic clay liners
- Delamination and debonding of materials : a symposium sponsored by ASTM Committees D-30 on High Modulus Fibers and Their Composites and E-24 on Fracture Testing, Pittsburgh, Pa., 8-10 Nov. 1983
- Development of commercial wood preservatives : efficacy, environmental, and health issues
- Discrete element methods : numerical modeling of discontinua : proceedings of the third international conference September 23-25, 2002, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
- Durability of building and construction sealants and adhesives
- Durability of building and construction sealants and adhesives : 2nd volume
- Durability of building and construction sealants and adhesives, 3rd volume
- Durability of building and construction sealants and adhesives, 4th volume
- Effects of the environment on the initiation of crack growth
- Fatigue, stress, and strain of rubber components : a guide for design engineers
- Field responsive polymers : electroresponsive, photoresponsive, and responsive polymers in chemistry and biology
- Film formation : process and morphology
- Film formation in coatings : mechanisms, properties, and morphology
- Functional materials from renewable sources
- Geopolymer binder systems
- Handbook of reference data for nondestructive testing
- High-chromium ferritic and martensitic steels for nuclear applications
- Laboratory corrosion tests and standards : a symposium by ASTM Committee G-1 on Corrosion of Metals, Bal Harbour, FL, 14-16 Nov. 1983
- Life prediction methodologies and data for ceramic materials
- Lightweight materials from biopolymers and biofibers
- Lime : building on the 100-year legacy of the ASTM Committee C07
- Limestone in the built environment : present-day challenges for the preservation of the past
- Long-term performance of polymer concrete for bridge decks
- Lyotropic liquid crystals and the structure of biomembranes : a symposium based on the fifth International Liquid Crystal Conference : proceedings : Stockholm, Sweden, June 17-21, 1974
- MMPDS-04 : Metallic materials properties development and standardization (MMPDS)
- Magnetic fabric : methods and applications
- Manual on elastic-plastic fracture : laboratory test procedures
- Manual on the building of materials databases
- Masonry : components to assemblages, STP 1063
- Materials characterization : introduction to microscopic and spectroscopic methods
- Mechanical properties of structural films
- Nanoparticles : synthesis, stabilization, passivation, and functionalization
- Nanostructured materials : clusters, composites, and thin films
- Natural stone, weathering phenomena, conservation strategies and case studies
- New polymeric materials
- Organic coatings for corrosion control
- Organic thin films : structure and applications
- Particle size distribution III : assessment and characterization
- Particle sizing and characterization
- Pendulum impact machines : procedures and specimens for verification
- Physical Constants of Hydrocarbon and Non-Hydrocarbon Compounds
- Plastic pipe and fittings : past, present, and future
- Recent developments in geotextile filters and prefabricated drainage geocomposites
- Selection and use of wear tests for ceramics
- Small-crack test methods
- Smart coatings
- Smart coatings III
- Special mixture design considerations and methods for warm mix asphalt : a supplement to NCHRP report 673, A manual for design of hot mix asphalt with commentary
- Standards for preservation and rehabilitation
- Structure and properties of glassy polymers
- The Chemistry of solid wood
- The basics of testing plastics : mechanical properties, flame exposure, and general guidelines
- Thermal and mechanical test methods and behavior of continuous-fiber ceramic composites
- X-ray crystallography
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During the past decade, the field of polymer degradation and stabilization has become a subject of central importance in polymer science and technology. This book provides a fundamental source of information designed for those with only a basic understanding of the background of the field.
Handbook of Polymer Degradation
Publisher : CRC Press
Release Date : 2000-06-30
Category : Technology & Engineering
Total pages :800
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"Covers recent advances in polymer degradation and stabilization. Focuses on the basics of photo- and bio-degradability. Delineates special and general environmental parameters such as solar irradiation, temperature, and agrochemical exposure. Surveys plastic waste disposal strategies such as recycling, incineration, chemical recovery by pyrolysis,
Handbook of Environmental Degradation of Materials
Publisher : William Andrew
Release Date : 2012-10-08
Category : Technology & Engineering
Total pages :936
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Nothing stays the same for ever. The environmental degradation and corrosion of materials is inevitable and affects most aspects of life. In industrial settings, this inescapable fact has very significant financial, safety and environmental implications. The Handbook of Environmental Degradation of Materials explains how to measure, analyse, and control environmental degradation for a wide range of industrial materials including metals, polymers, ceramics, concrete, wood and textiles exposed to environmental factors such as weather, seawater, and fire. Divided into sections which deal with analysis, types of degradation, protection and surface engineering respectively, the reader is introduced to the wide variety of environmental effects and what can be done to control them. The expert contributors to this book provide a wealth of insider knowledge and engineering knowhow, complementing their explanations and advice with Case Studies from areas such as pipelines, tankers, packaging and chemical processing equipment ensures that the reader understands the practical measures that can be put in place to save money, lives and the environment. The Handbook's broad scope introduces the reader to the effects of environmental degradation on a wide range of materials, including metals, plastics, concrete,wood and textiles For each type of material, the book describes the kind of degradation that effects it and how best to protect it Case Studies show how organizations from small consulting firms to corporate giants design and manufacture products that are more resistant to environmental effects
Plastics Additives and Modifiers Handbook
Publisher : Springer
Release Date : 1992-03-26
Category : Juvenile Nonfiction
Total pages :1113
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Presents the basic principles of the four compoundable plastic families, and concentrates on the additives and modifiers needed to make high-volume thermoplastics perform in various applications over a wide range of processes, products, temperature ranges and environmental conditions.
Handbook of Fillers
Publisher : Elsevier
Release Date : 2021-01-28
Category : Science
Total pages :1184
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Covers available fillers and their properties, their effect on filled materials such as mechanical properties, rheology, morphology, flammability, and recycling, and their use in practical applications
Polymer Additives
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Category : Science
Total pages :408
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Ever since the beginning of the plastics and rubber industry, it was realized that useful products could be produced only if cer tain additives were incorporated into polymers. With the help of these additives, when physically dispersed in a polymer matrix, it has been possible to improve stability against thermal, oxidative, UV, hydrolytic and biological degradation, mechanical properties, flammability, cost, and processibility of plastics. The enormous growth of the volume of plastics consumed by modern society, and new application areas for plastics, have created a demand for new, better additives and better understanding of their functions in polymer systems. As a result of these trends there is a need for sharing of information on progress achieved in the area of polymer additives among engineers and scientists of the plastics industry and academia. This book is based on expanded and updated papers originally presented at the International Symposium on Polymer Additives, which was held in Las Vegas, Nevada, and was sponsored by the American Chemical Society, Division of Polymeric Materials Science and Engi neering. The book is divided into five parts which cover advances in various areas of polymer additives. The first part is devoted to the progress in understanding of UV degradation and stabilization of various polymers. Oxidation degradation and stabilization of plastic materials is covered in the second part. New developments in the stabilization of PVC are presented in the third part.
Handbook of material weathering
Publisher : Unknown
Release Date : 2013
Category : Environmental testing
Total pages :828
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The fifth edition of this seminal work provides comprehensive and current information on material weathering for over forty families of polymers. It presents discussions on formulating mechanisms of degradation, effect of thermal processes, present characteristic changes in properties, and tables of available numerical data. This single source reference will dramatically reduce the time used searching for answers in many different sources. This book is an important reference monograph for those involved in studying material durability, producing materials for outdoor use and actinic exposure, research chemists in the photochemistry field, chemists and material scientists designing new materials, users of manufactured products, those who control the quality of manufactured products, and students who want to apply their knowledge to real materials.
Databook of UV Stabilizers
Publisher : Chemtec Publishing
Release Date : 2020-03
Category :
Total pages :644
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The databook contains information on the most frequently used UV stabilizers. Current UV stabilizers are the result of many recent changes, especially in application to cosmetics, polymers, and plastics.
Photostabilization of Polymers
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Category : Juvenile Nonfiction
Total pages :596
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During the last two decades, the production of polymers and plastics has been increasing rapidly. In spite of developing new polymers and polymeric materials, only 40-60 are used commercially on a large scale. It has been estimated that half of the annual production of polymers is employed outdoors. Increasing the stability of polymers and plastics towards heat, light, atmospheric oxygen and other environmental agents and weathering conditions has always been a very important problem. The photochemical instability of most of polymers limits them to outdoor application, where they are photo degraded fast over periods ranging from months to a few years. To the despair of technologists and consumers alike, photodegrada tion and environmental ageing of polymers occur much faster than can be expected from knowledge collected in laboratories. In many cases, improved methods of preparation and purification of both monomers and polymers yield products of better quality and higher resistance to heat and light. However, without stabilization of polymers by applica tion of antioxidants (to decrease thermal oxidative degradation) and photostabilizers (to decrease photo-oxidative degradation) it would be impossible to employ polymers and plastics in everyday use.
Handbook of Thermoplastics, Second Edition
Publisher : CRC Press
Release Date : 2016-02-03
Category : Technology & Engineering
Total pages :994
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This new edition of the bestselling Handbook of Thermoplastics incorporates recent developments and advances in thermoplastics with regard to materials development, processing, properties, and applications. With contributions from 65 internationally recognized authorities in the field, the second edition features new and updated discussions of several topics, including: Polymer nanocomposites Laser processing of thermoplastic composites Bioplastics Natural fiber thermoplastic composites Materials selection Design and application Additives for thermoplastics Recycling of thermoplastics Regulatory and legislative issues related to health, safety, and the environment The book also discusses state-of-the-art techniques in science and technology as well as environmental assessment with regard to the impact of thermoplastics. Each chapter is written in a review format that covers: Historical development and commercialization Polymerization and process technologies Structural and phase characteristics in relation to use properties The effects of additives on properties and applications Blends, alloys, copolymers, and composites derived from thermoplastics Applications Giving thorough coverage of the most recent trends in research and practice, the Handbook of Thermoplastics, Second Edition is an indispensable resource for experienced and practicing professionals as well as upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in a wide range of disciplines and industries.
Extrusion
Publisher : William Andrew
Release Date : 2013-09-21
Category : Technology & Engineering
Total pages :636
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The second edition of Extrusion is designed to aid operators, engineers, and managers in extrusion processing in quickly answering practical day-to-day questions. The first part of the book provides the fundamental principles, for operators and engineers, of polymeric materials extrusion processing in single and twin screw extruders. The next section covers advanced topics including troubleshooting, auxiliary equipment, and coextrusion for operators, engineers, and managers. The final part provides applications case studies in key areas for engineers such as compounding, blown film, extrusion blow molding, coating, foam, and reprocessing. This practical guide to extrusion brings together both equipment and materials processing aspects. It covers basic and advanced topics, for reference and training, in thermoplastics processing in the extruder. Detailed reference data are provided on such important operating conditions as temperatures, start-up procedures, shear rates, pressure drops, and safety. A practical guide to the selection, design and optimization of extrusion processes and equipment Designed to improve production efficiency and product quality Focuses on practical fault analysis and troubleshooting techniques
Plastics Additives Handbook
Publisher : Hanser Gardner Publications
Release Date : 2009
Category : Technology & Engineering
Total pages :1222
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Plastics without additives are not viable. Additives are essential to make plastics processable and to assure their end-use properties. The demands on additives have continued to evolve, not only because of changes in processing conditions and production techniques but also because plastics are being used in more demanding applications. This revised and updated edition, described earlier by one reviewer as the "bible" for anyone involved in the chemistry and technology of plastics additives, again provides an excellent overview of the complex science and technology of plastics additives and their industry. It offers guidance for all professionals involved in the development of new thermoplastic resin grades and novel end-use applications.
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https://www.macnabclanuk.org/handbook-of-uv-degradation-and-stabilization/
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3 edition of Protective coatings for high-temperature polymer matrix composites found in the catalog.
Protective coatings for high-temperature polymer matrix composites
Published
1993
by National Aeronautics and Space Administration, National Technical Information Service, distributor in [Washington, DC], [Springfield, Va
.
Written in English
Edition Notes
|Statement||David R. Harding, James K. Sutter, and Demetrios S. Papadopoulos.|
|Series||NASA technical memorandum -- 106276.|
|Contributions||Sutter, James K., Papadopoulos, Demetrios S., United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration.|
|The Physical Object|
|Format||Microform|
|Pagination||1 v.|
|ID Numbers|
|Open Library||OL15378864M|
The book, held in the science city of Kaiserslautern, Germany, from June , , covered a wide range of composite-related topics including polymer, metal and ceramic matrix composites, hybrid structures and materials, coatings, manufacturing technologies, testing and simulation, smart materials, biocomposites and recycling. Advances in Ceramic Matrix Composites, Second Edition, delivers an innovative approach to ceramic matrix composites, focusing on the latest advances and materials developments. As advanced ceramics and composite materials are increasingly utilized as components in batteries, fuel cells, sensors, high-temperature electronics, membranes and high.
Needless to say, not all filler particles have a natural tendency for uniform distribution in a polymeric matrix. Olsson and his colleagues studied spatial distribution of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (Co x Fe 3−x O 4, x ≈ 1) in an epoxy. First, they developed a method of synthesis of such particles [7,8] with a diameter of ≈ 50 they applied three kinds of coatings: 3. This book is a comprehensive source of information on various aspects of ceramic matrix composites (CMC). It covers ceramic and carbon fibers; the fiber-matrix interface; processing, properties and industrial applications of various CMC systems; architecture, mechanical behavior at room and elevated temperatures, environmental effects and protective coatings, foreign object damage, Format: Kindle.
This book introduces the reader to a wide range of carbon fiber composites, including polymer-matrix, metal-matrix, carbon-matrix, ceramic-matrix, and hybrid composites. The subject is examined in a tutorial fashion, so that no prior knowledge of the field is required. Get this from a library! High Temperature Ceramic Matrix Composites III: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on High Temperature Ceramic Matrix Composites (HT-CMC 3), September , Osaka, Japan. -- High performance materials are needed in many thermomechanical applications, such as advanced jet engines or gas turbines, thermal protection of space planes, .
Papers presented at the Expert Consultation on the Regulation of Fishing Effort (Fishing Mortality), Rome, 17-26 January 1983.
selective listing of monographs and government documents on the Falkland/Malvinas Islands inthe Library of Congress.
AMC Catskill Mountain Guide Map (AMC Hiking Guide Series)
Criminal procedure
Electrical principles of electronics
Personal property claims and general claims administration within the Department of Defense
Hearing from God
Pilots flying log book No 2.
Proceedings of a course in small animal gastroenterology and nutrition
BERMESH
Geologic principles for prudent land use
Neutralism and nonalignment
life on the fiddle
The Orphan Lode Mine, Grand Canyon, Arizona
A gaggle of green geese
Control systems
Protective coatings for high-temperature polymer matrix composites (SuDoc NAS ) [Jones, William R.] on *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Protective coatings for high-temperature polymer matrix composites (SuDoc NAS )Author: William R. Jones. PROTECTIVE THERMAL SPRAY COATINGS FOR POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES A Thesis by Siddharth M Vyawahare Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering, Pune University, India, Submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering / College of Engineering and the Faculty of the Graduate School of Wichita State University in partial fulfillment of.
References 1. Xiang Yang, Chen Zhao-hui, Cao Feng,High-Temperature Protective Coatings for C/Sic Composites,The Ceramic Society of Japan and the Korean Ceramic Society Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies 2 () – pp.
: Gangadhar M. Kanaginahal, Anjan Kumar Muniraju, Madhav Murthy. Optical and Mechanical Behavior of Woven Fabric Al 2 O 3 Fiber‐Reinforced MgAl 2 O 4 Matrix All‐Oxide Optomechanical Composites (Pages: ) A. Dericioglu S. Zhu. ZrB2/SiC coating can provide longtime protection for C/SiC composites at K.
Compared with the uncoated composites, the linear and mass ablation rates of the coated composites decreased by Phylis Makurunje, Frédéric Monteverde, Iakovos Sigalas, Self-generating oxidation protective high-temperature glass-ceramic coatings for C f /C‐SiC‐TiC‐TaC UHTC matrix composites, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, /ramsoc, 37, 10, (), ().
Polymer Matrix Selection for Very High Temperature Composites Many formulators are used to work with an epoxy matrix. When developing composites for very high temperature resistance, they prefer to try twisting the epoxy matrix to adapt it to very high temperature rather than starting from scratch with a.
Only ZrC + BN and HfC + HfSi 2 have been developed as protective coatings for carbon fiber-reinforced carbon matrix composites and are used in a multilayer protective concept [, ].
Thermal sprayed coatings of HfC and HfB 2 composite systems and low-pressure plasma deposition of SiC-reinforced MoSi 2 have also been studied. A novel high-entropy material, (Yb Y Lu Sc Gd ) 2 Si 2 O 7 ((5RE ) 2 Si 2 O 7) was prepared by the sol-gel method and investigated as a promising environmental barrier coating (EBC) for SiC-based results of X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy indicated that rare-earth elements were distributed homogeneously in the single.
Composite coatings often present a higher corrosion resistance compared with the pure metallic coatings. The improved properties are not directly related to the intrinsic properties of the incorporated particles, but to the microstructural modifications of the metal matrix due to the codeposition of ultrafine, mainly nanometric, particles.
Polymer matrix composites are most advanced composites; these composites have different types of fibers (natural and synthetic) as reinforced material in different types of polymers such as thermoplastic or thermoset polymers, which can mold in different shapes and sizes, and make different types of fashioned materials [49,50].
The polymer. High Temperature Coatings, Second Edition, demonstrates how to counteract the thermal effects of rapid corrosion and degradation of exposed materials and equipment that can occur under high operating is the first true practical guide on the use of thermally protective coatings for high-temperature applications, including the latest developments in materials used for.
As the fibre reinforced plastics industry has grown and become more sophisticated, so has the demand for protective coatings and barrier layers. The first materials marketed as protective coatings for composites were pre-formulated, compounded products called gelcoats, which are used as ‘in-mould’ coatings.
This proceedings contains 78 papers from the 8th International Conference on High Temperature Ceramic Matrix Composites, held Septemberin Xi'an, Shaanxi, rs include: Ceramic Genome, Computational Modeling, and Design.
(b) UHMWPE matrix composite coatings on Al and PP substrates, and (c) a bridge bond between UHMWPE particles was created by a network of finely dispersed nanoparticles, which. Ultra‐high temperature ceramics CMCs are a relatively new research field, with the earliest reported publications surfacing in from Sayir on C f ‐reinforced HfC and in from Tang et al on a C f ‐reinforced ZrB 2 –SiC matrix composite.
22, 23 Since then, research has increased in the field in each subsequent year, with a large. The use of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites is becoming increasingly commonplace across a wide range of industries and applications.
However, the combinations of materials that make up the composites themselves can be as varied as the end-uses. From engineered, man-made, or natural fiber reinforcements to thermoset or thermoplastic resins, there is a lot to consider when selecting a. MIL-HDBK provides guidelines and material properties for polymer (organic), metal, and ceramic matrix composite materials.
The first three volumes of this handbook currently focus on, but are not limited to, polymeric composites intended for aircraft and aerospace vehicles. Metal matrix compos. PMR can also be formualted into adhesives and coatings, and offers easy composite processing, excellent mechanical property retention for long-term use at temperatures up to °C ( °F), and is relatively inexpensive.
As such, PMR is widely regarded as a leading high-temperature polymer matrix composite for aircraft engine components. Omid Ashrafiyan, Mohsen Saremi, Amirhossein Pakseresht, Ehsan Ghasali, Oxidation-Protective Coatings for Carbon-Carbon Composites, Production, Properties, and Applications of High Temperature Coatings, /ch, (), ().
Ceramic Matrix Composites. The development of ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) awaited the development of high temperature reinforcing fibers, such as SiC, because low-melting fibers would be destroyed at the high processing temperatures required for ceramic sintering.Polymer Composites and Coatings Cross-linked Polymer Coatings.
Polyester polyols are polymers with multiple ester linkages terminated by hydroxyl groups. The diversity of these polymers stems from the numerous possibilities of specific diacids, diols, and multifunctional monomers as well as a range of possible molecular weights.Intelligent Coatings for Corrosion Control covers the most current and comprehensive information on the emerging field of intelligent coatings.
The book begins with a fundamental discussion of corrosion and corrosion protection through coatings, setting the stage for deeper discussion of the various types of smart coatings currently in use and in development, outlining their methods of.
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https://cegygaxekamikyte.coopsifas.com/protective-coatings-for-high-temperature-polymer-matrix-composites-book-16890if.php
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Over the past a couple of decades, considerable research efforts have been devoted to the behaviours of concrete filled tube (CFT) because of their superior strength and stiffness characteristics for structural applications. Currently steels are the major materials for tube. However, in the last few years, researchers are investigating alternative tube materials because steels have the disadvantages of high weight and poor corrosion resistance. For this purpose, fibre reinforced polymers (FRPs) are being studied as replacements of steels because they are light and highly corrosion resistant. However, application of FRP in structural engineering is still in early phase as the compatibility with other materials is yet to be fully investigated. A comprehensive overview of the researches involved in CFT is discussed in this paper with particular attention on recent developments with FRP as the tube materials. Furthermore, a brief discussion about on-going research at Central Queensland University about behaviour of FRP tube (‘CAN’) filled with concrete under uniaxial load is presented.
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https://acquire.cqu.edu.au/articles/conference_contribution/Overview_of_application_of_concrete_filled_tube_CFT_in_structural_engineering/13399967/1
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Composites are different from metals and are combinations of materials differing in composition or form. The constituents retain their identities in the composites, and do not dissolve or otherwise merge completely into each other, although they act together. Reinforced concrete is an excellent example of a composite structure in which the concrete and steel still retain their identities. The steel bars carry the tension loads, and the concrete carries the compression loads. In aircraft construction, the term composite structures refers to fabric resin combinations in which the fabric is embedded in the resin, but still retains its identity.
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Advanced composite materials consist of new high strength fibers embedded in an epoxy matrix.
These composites provide for major weight savings in airplane structures, since they have high
strength to weight ratios. When replacing aluminum structure with graphite/epoxy composite,
weight reductions of 20% or better are possible. Weight reduction is the greatest advantage of
composite material, and is one of the key items in decisions regarding its selection.
Other advantages over conventional structure include, its high corrosion resistance, and its
resistance to damage from cyclic loading (fatigue).
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The major disadvantage of using advanced composite materials in airplane construction is the relatively high cost of the materials.
Composite Hybrids: Hybrids are made by the addition of some complementary material such as fiberglass or kevlar to the basic carbon fiber/epoxy matrix. The added materials are used to obtain specific material characteristics, such as greater fracture toughness and impact resistance, and should be considered for areas subject to foreign object damage. The addition of carbon / epoxy to fiberglass structure is used to provide additional stiffness.
Return To Aircraft Theory Index
© The Aviation History On-Line Museum.
All rights reserved.
Updated March 28, 2010.
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http://aviation-history.com/theory/composite.htm
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As a partner for vehicle developers, we offer testing services in the fields of data acquisition as well as extensive analyses and evaluations of stresses and loads on vehicles and vehicle fleets.
Our engineers and technicians develop individual solutions for transducer configurations and install the necessary sensors in order to meet the various requirements of the vehicle industry during the development and testing period. A wide range of equipment allows us on the one hand to calibrate vehicle components in uniaxial or multiaxial test rigs and on the other hand to carry out measurement campaigns with numerous quantities independently.
During various measurement campaigns both in and out of Europe, we have gathered experiences in conception, organization and execution of service measurements on testing tracks or in customer use.
In order to evaluate the occurring stress and load scenario in operation, we have developed tools and processes which allow us to efficiently analyze a huge amount of customer measurement data with large vehicle fleets.
Our Durability Transfer Concept enables us to perform long-term measurements of vehicle fleets with a minimum of instrumentation effort by using autarkic data acquisition systems. With this concept the load and stress conditions in the different areas of a vehicle can be derived reliably and economically out of easily measurable acceleration and CAN-Bus quantities.
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https://www.monalysis.de/en/automotive/
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Every physical Ericsson device is a piece of complex technology, but they all have one thing in common – they all have to work, no matter the conditions.
An antenna deployed in Sweden has to withstand snow, sleet, freezing cold winters and long periods of rain and humid weather – the same antenna deployed in Senegal has to cope with an average annual temperature of 35 degrees and occasional tropical humidity, all one individual component must work as intended, regardless of where it is placed.
The process of making sure everything goes according to plan begins at the Ericsson Test Technology Center in Rosenheim, Germany, where materials and components are constantly put through their paces before being added to various prototypes and products, ultimately ending in a verified design is ready for production.
An important consideration when testing antennas is environmental durability, and wind load is one of the most important factors in antenna design. Since the antennas at the top of masts are often very exposed, they must also be able to withstand extremely strong winds.
This presents a variety of challenges – they must be sturdy, but not so heavy that they require special transport or massive steel structures to carry them.
Any change in shape or form needs to be tested to see if it brings an improvement over previous designs, and wind load management is one of the areas where some important developments have taken place over the years.
Ericsson antennas undergo extensive wind tunnel testing, with every minor design adjustment carefully examined to determine if it has the desired effect. Products are tested from all angles with airflows of varying temperature and humidity to see how well they handle it.
The result is a wind load data sheet that enables Communication Service Providers (CSPs) to make informed decisions based on highly accurate test data.
Teamwork is the key to testing
Being part of the testing team is probably one of the most enjoyable and rewarding jobs at Ericsson – every day the highly skilled members come up with new ways to use the latest technology to look for weak points in materials or designs.
Led by Christopher Lynch, Head of Verification & Test Systems, the team sets high standards in everything they do – simply put, there can be no compromise on quality.
“In order to test, build and deliver antennas and products with the highest standards of quality, performance and technology, we must be able to test, verify and prove all product requirements,” he says.
Antennas are designed to be both very robust and sensitive devices, and despite the testing taking place in a laboratory environment, Christopher and his team do their best to ensure the results are as realistic as possible.
testing times
The tests are performed in real time and are performed according to the ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) 30 019 and IEC60068-2 standards.
The tests are usually carried out in three phases – incoming inspection, environmental and electrical tests and a final inspection.
In the run-in and final stages, the antennas are tested for PIM (passive intermodulation) and scattering parameters (S-Par), as well as being visually inspected before and after the environmental and electrical sequences to determine if there have been any changes to the tests.
The tests themselves are comprehensive, measuring how the units respond to mechanical elements, temperature, humidity, wind load, durability, water and dust intrusion, sunlight and UV rays, salt spray and noxious gases.
Shaken not stirred
The final step in the process is often to test the finished product for shipment to ensure it arrives at its final destination in perfect condition.
Products are bagged and repeatedly shaken to ensure all components stay in place, even if they have to be transported in a truck or van over rough terrain to their final destination.
This often shows different options for packaging and transport security, which makes a valuable contribution to waste reduction.
Results become the roadmap
Do some components and products fail some tests? Absolutely – the whole point of many tests is to go to and beyond the point of failure, which is often at a point far beyond what they are exposed to outside the lab.
The test results provide invaluable feedback for product designers and engineers, allowing them to make their future creations even more durable and giving them a roadmap on how to do so.
To get there as quickly as possible, the Ericsson Test Technology Center needs to be involved as early as possible. There’s little point in developing something all the way to a prototype if a key component isn’t fit for purpose. Therefore, involving the test team early in the process ensures that development teams receive valuable early feedback to keep them on track.
Data creates trust
The result of the tests is not only durable, high-performance products that perform at a high level throughout their lifecycle – it is also contained in a huge amount of data that CSPs can analyze and use in investment decisions.
Adhering to recognized industry testing standards makes it easy to compare and contrast different solutions and see what represents the best value for both capital and operational expenses.
When it comes to the value of the work at Ericsson Test Technology Center in Bavaria, don’t just take our word for it – put it to the test. Request the results from your local Ericsson representative and see for yourself that extensive testing is not an obstacle to success, but an essential part of it.
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https://fiorreports.com/test-technology-center-ensures-high-quality-products/
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Name:
Part 1: Introduction/Overview
In three to four sentences, explain the following:
- The audience for your report
- Your report’s focus
- Why your report is a useful tool for Matt Brown
Part 2: Identify the research problem clearly and justify why you selected it.
Follow these steps:
- Compile a list of all the questions you have related to the case scenario.
- Group related questions into categories and subcategories.
- Using these categories, identify an overarching question that defines the missing knowledge for each subcategory and then each category.
- Try to find a single question that unites all the questions.
Part 3: Clearly and explicitly specify a hypothesis central to the problem you have selected.
A hypothesis, or an assumption, can be phrased as a research question. It is an observation that you will attempt to prove. These are examples of marketing research questions:
- Will a landing page generate more clicks with images?
- Do our best customers purchase more parts or services?
- Are our best customers consumers or businesses? (based, for example, on their recent purchases, how frequently they made purchases in the past year, and the amount they spent their purchases)
Part 4: Effectively describe the data needed to adequately test the hypothesis and explain how the data will be obtained.
Explain the type of data you intend to collect.
For example, you might suggest that Everything Automotive (EA) needs current customer data. That data could include qualitative (their wants and needs, expectations, and perceptions of the Matt’s business) gathered via one-on-one interviews and focus groups. It could also be quantitative (how often they make a purchase, amount of the average purchase, the most popular service/product purchases) based on sales figures or dollar amounts from the company’s database.
Part 5: Describe the methods you will use to analyze the data to determine whether your hypothesis is true or false.
Based on the data you have gathered and the hypothesis you are testing, what will you be looking for in the data to determine whether the hypothesis is true or false? For example, if your research question were “Will a landing page generate more clicks with images?” you would analyze the clicks from your test (a landing page with images vs. the same landing page without images).
Part 6: Summary
Provide a summary of the problem, your hypothesis, and how you will analyze data to determine whether the hypothesis is true or false.
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https://crucialessay.com/examples-of-marketing-research-questions/
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Blizzard has revealed that it will be shutting down its Overwatch closed beta servers later this month, starting on the 10th of December. During this downtime, no more invites will be sent out and nobody will be able to access the game, though it will be returning next year and letting in more players to keep testing things out as development continues.
Right now, Overwatch is scheduled to return in January, between now and then, Blizzard will be working on implementing feedback obtained from the last six weeks or so of testing: “Since the start of the Overwatch beta in late October, aspiring heroes from around the world have battled it out in more than 900,000 matches. In this same period of time, we’ve also gathered invaluable information about our servers, core systems like matchmaking, and overall map and hero balance—thanks not only to the raw data we’ve collected from the game, but also to the numerous bug reports, suggestions, critiques, and experiences you’ve shared”.
“This phase of development has been key, but now it’s time to analyze the data we have, dig into your feedback even further, and put that knowledge to use as best we can.”
While the beta servers are closing down on the 10th of December, the beta forum will remain open until the 18th. After that, things will be quiet on the Overwatch front until January, at which time even more people will get access to the game ahead of its release, which is currently scheduled for June, though that could change.
KitGuru Says: A lot of people currently playing Overwatch seem to be quite happy with the game, though this month-long shutdown does seem a little unexpected. Have any of you had a chance to try out Overwatch yet? How are you finding it?
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https://www.kitguru.net/gaming/matthew-wilson/blizzard-is-closing-down-the-overwatch-beta-for-a-while/
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Product durability testing is the duration of a product, component, fabric, or system can fulfill its performance needs. Example: lifetime span. It is to be considered a subset of reliability testing.
Product durability testing is a Performance testing method used to define the aspects of a technique under different load requirements over the period. This testing allows us to determine the stability of trade reaction terms throughout the test.
The following parameters calculate while testing for product durability:
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https://www.maeonlabs.in/blogs/What-is-Product-Durability-Testing
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The Soho presents the beautiful texture of Linen, with all the durability characteristics of Cotton; blended together they make the perfect mix. The Soho has a beautiful slightly open weave, yet a smooth finish.
Use Me
The versatile Soho fabric and fibre combination makes it excellent for a large variety of textile applications in home wares, perfect for tea towels, napkins, cushions, curtains and wall hangings. Soho makes great stuffed toys and is good in structured fashion apparel.
TECHNICAL INFORMATION
The Soho is a Cotton/Linen blend which has all the great texture of linen with the quality characteristics of cotton. The fabric creates surface texture through weaving different yarns together. The texture of Soho will present with subtle slubbing on the thicker yarns.
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https://nextstateprint.com/fabric/soho/
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In August 2012, the department launched an office of research and policy charged with generating a program of study to ensure that policy decisions within the department are grounded in rigorous internal data analysis and guided by the findings of independent research studies. Now called the office of data and research, this office has significantly increased the capacity of the department to learn from the data collected by the teacher evaluation system and to identify areas in need of improvement.
(1) How can the state ensure that teacher evaluation processes are being implemented fairly and consistently across all districts and schools?
(2) To what extent does the teacher evaluation system support a meaningful cycle of teacher feedback and improvement?
Beyond Ratings features Tennessee as one of four states with a highly effective teacher evaluation system. The report explains how states that capitalize on the information gathered through teacher evaluations are able to propel teacher and student growth. The report highlights Colorado, Delaware, Louisiana, and Tennessee for using a combination of strategies to strike a balance between teacher support and accountability.
This report details the history of TVAAS and how it relates to teacher evaluation in Tennessee. For more information on TVAAS, click here.
The department supports the Instructional Partnership Initiative (IPI) in many schools across the state. This no-cost approach uses teacher evaluation feedback to provide personalized professional development through collaborative teacher partnerships. In a pilot study conducted over the last two years, called the Evaluation Partnership Program, schools that implemented these teacher partnership teams saw TCAP test scores increase school wide by 5 points in reading and 6 points in mathematics. Additionally, students of lower-performing teachers participating in the program improved on TCAP by 12 points more than the students of similar teachers in control schools. Read more about the initiative here.
In May 2016, Georgetown University’s Center for the Future of American Education published a report that includes Tennessee’s IPI. Read it here: Grading the Graders: A report on teacher evaluation reform in public education.
This study will produce qualitative case studies of several Tennessee districts, focusing on the interaction between teacher evaluation and professional development and the different methods used across the state for aligning these two tools for improving instruction.
This study investigates the impact of different levels of evaluation scores on the decisions that novice teachers make about where to teach and whether to remain in the profession.
This study will look across the alternative models of teacher observation used in different TN districts and analyze the strengths and weaknesses of teacher feedback that each model provides, with the aim of strengthening the TEAM model.
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https://team-tn.org/resources/research/
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• Works closely with distributors and other operational areas to support the overall achievement of the business plan, demonstrating knowledge and influencing strategy relating to underwriting expertise, systems, procedures and processes.
• Serves as an expert in specialist underwriting areas as needed, keeping up to date with any changes or developments in these areas.
• Provides technical underwriting expertise and guidance to customers and distributors, consistently providing excellent customer service.
• Contributes to the delivery of underwriting strategy by sharing best practices across territories and functions.
• Creates productive distributor relationships by consistently requesting the correct evidence, consistently making the correct decision and always explaining rating decisions.
• Completes a range of queries and referrals within agreed authority limits, measuring the exposure & analyzing the risk of each case to maintain underwriting standards.
• Proactively identifies and contributes to the development and improvement of technical underwriting standards, controls, practices and procedures to better meet business goals.
• Proactively identifies and contributes ideas and work for the development of new or enhanced propositions /procedures/philosophy, ensuring we charge the right premium for the associated risk.
• Proactively and responsibly takes ownership for personal development and acts as a role model contributing to a positive and supportive team culture.
• Facilitates quality for the team, providing feedback on errors and providing root cause analysis of errors to avoid repeated mistakes; recommends change or remedial action where appropriate.
Business Accountabilities
• Utilize established financial systems to monitor profitability and growth of specialty areas of business and provide recommendations around aspects requiring change.
• Develop a business case for a defined project in own area to determine potential benefits, clarify the rationale for investment and support the planning process.
• Have extensive knowledge of and recommend changes to policies, procedures and governance tools, to ensure they are up-to-date, reflect new policies and facilitate implementation within own work area.
• Research primary data sources, select relevant information, analyze key themes and trends and make recommendations to update policy and/or inform product development.
• Research underwriting best practice and review and analyze detailed rates, rating plans and pricing strategies to support senior management in developing processes and systems which deliver optimal outcomes for the organization.
• Act as technical expert in a process or product area, e.g. development of pricing tools, conducting process reviews and initiating change in order to contribute to continuous improvement of customer services.
• Provide specialist underwriting advice to address specific technical queries from internal clients and deliver appropriate solutions, in line with the organization's policies and processes and regulatory requirements.
• Ensure underwriting follows agreed rules and frameworks and communicates across the organization in order to maintain relationships and provide assurance.
You are the heart & soul of Zurich!
Together we are committed to delivering on our purpose - Let’s Create a Brighter Future Together!
We highly value the experience and know-how of our employees and offer a wide range of opportunities across business areas. You can expect to work on challenges that will help you grow and to collaborate with a diverse and inclusive team.
People are Zurich’s most important asset. Their varied skills, perspectives and experiences drive innovation. And they reflect the breadth and diversity of our customers, suppliers, communities and investors around the world. We are committed to attracting and retaining talented individuals from a variety of backgrounds and experiences. Zurich does not discriminate based on race, ethnicity, religion, national origin, sex, gender expression, gender identity, genetic information, age, disability, protected veteran status, marital status, sexual orientation, pregnancy or other characteristics protected by applicable law.
- Location(s): MY - Kuala Lumpur
- Remote working:
- Schedule:
- Recruiter name: Kavitha Vijayaratnam
- Closing date:
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https://careers.zurich.com/job/Kuala-Lumpur-Family-New-Business-&-Servicing-Analyst/732285202/
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We are seeking a Seller Experience Specialist to assess seller’s journey from order to delivery with a 360 degree view, with responsibilities included but not limited to field research by visiting sellers and Digikala warehouses, seller interviews, establishing channels of seller feedback, monitoring the feedback, understanding seller/business gaps, seller pain points and improvement areas. The candidate is expected to determining seller issues, assist in defining action plans and analyze the results of taken actions with setting to the point metrics (input/output KPIs) with help of relevant departments. This position requires a combination of field research and analytical skills. The candidate should have a strong understanding of seller and warehouse processes.
Key Responsibilities
- Assessment of current seller experience via mapping seller journey and defining seller related KPIs.
- Conducting field research on all Digikala warehouses to collect and record data.
- Determining the OPS process Issues and offer solutions to improve seller experience
- Visiting/calling sellers in order to collect key pain points, issues, and suggestions.
- Analyzing and development of improvement plans based on data collected from the sellers.
- Collaborating with all team in order to determine seller pain points and development of improvement plans.
- Assessing outcome of tasks and projects to make sure high sNPS and seller satisfaction.
- Conducting focus groups with sellers, analyses the collected data and assist in developing improvement plans.
- Proactive approach in recognizing seller experience gaps and efficient communication to increase sense of urgency among stakeholders.
- Perfect understanding of working with data and preparing data driven analysis for higher levels of decision making.
- Understanding, delivering and improving the KPIs that affect seller experience.
- End to end ownership of projects.
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https://careers.digikala.com/positions/531384
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Designed to better convey the services and mission of the foundation working to end child abuse, the Hope For Children responsive website redesign aims to bring increased awareness, credibility, and volunteering/donation motivation to the foundation by addressing existing pain points and implementing new mobile and desktop UI, navigation, layout, information architecture.
Project Overview
Background: Website Redesign of the Hope For Children Non-Profit Organization. Hope for Children is a certified charity mainly providing training and emergency services and contacts to help end child abuse and abuse to others.
Our team used user-centric research and design to address existing problems and pain points relating to the current website navigation, information architecture, and UI and determine how the site could better convey their purpose and raise awareness and money to protect children from domestic violence and sexual assault.
Problem: Our user is wary of unknown non-profit organizations. Though he sometimes donates to select causes, he is overall unlikely to volunteer his time. Currently, he doesn't feel he can trust organizations and their online platforms and is hesitant to dedicate more resources to causes.
My Roles & Responsibilities
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Conducting User Interviews
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Designing and iterating wireframes for the Homepage, Menu pages, and Donate Section
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Developing the new Sitemap based on card sorting for enhanced information architecture
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Creating the UI Style Guide Design
Deliverables, Tools Used, Timeline & Scope
Deliverables: Responsive website for mobile and desktop — Homepage, About Us pages, Volunteer Section, Donation Section, Success Stories sections
Tools Used: Figma, Miro, Otter, Zoom, Google Survey, Google Slides
Timeline and Scope: 3 Weeks — Design and Test Navigation, Homepage, Primary and Secondary pages, and UI Style Guide
Research & Findings
Our team gathered qualitative data from five user interviews and website usability tests. Quantitative data was also gathered through a survey sent out via email and social media over a period of two days. We grouped findings in an Affinity Diagram to understand collective pain points and goals related to non-profit efforts and determine would motivate them to volunteer, donate, or otherwise become informed or involved in different organizations. We also had interviewees test out the current Hope for Children website to identify key frustrations with navigation, UI, and information architecture.
User Persona: We used the insights from our interview affinity diagram, survey results, and testing feedback to create a user persona, Patrick Poe, embodies the goals and pain points our users face when researching and getting involved in non-profit organizations. We referred back to Patrick for the entirety of our project to inform decisions and ensure user-centric solutions.
“I’m concerned the money won’t go directly to the people’s needs.”
“I would rather donate my time or actual items rather than money.”
“I am motivated by good causes and missions that have clear value.”
Definition & Synthesis
User Insight: Our user, Patrick Poe, is not very inclined to actively contribute to causes and prefers to donate money. However, he is also wary of donating online unless he has firsthand knowledge of the organization’s work and is certain its mission and causes are legitimate — preferably he would like to see this with his own eyes. He mostly finds out about causes by word of mouth and needs to know he can trust an organization and platform in order to dedicate more resources to a cause. Overall, he lacks incentives to become more actively involved in NPOs.
Problem Statement: Our user is wary of unknown non-profit organizations and, though he sometimes donates to select causes, is overall unlikely to volunteer his time. Currently, he does not feel he can trust organizations and their online platforms and is hesitant to dedicate more resources to causes.
User Journey: We used our user insight to create a storyboard and User Journey Map depicting a difficulty scenario may have had that would account for his current pain points regarding NPOs and donating online.
Ideation & Analysis
Ideation: Using the I Like, I Wish, What If method and the Prioritization Matrix, we took our user interview and survey data and expanded on our findings to come up with three unique features that could be used to address our user’s pain points. Our features included Volunteer Profiles, Donate by Category, and Individual Success Stories.
Card Sorting: During our card sorting stage, we defined and grouped the existing website categories to analyze the information architecture and develop a more effective system for our users.
Sitemap: The current Hope for Children website sitemap does not present clear, intuitive categories for users. Our updated sitemap regroups elements to offer clarity to users, particularly in regard to what the organization does and what individuals can do to get involved and help the organization’s mission.
User Flow: Our team established an ideal user flow from our user’s goals, focusing on how one would confirm the organization’s credibility and past performance, learn how to get involved, and donate.
Protoyping (low-hi)
Low-Fidelity Wireframes: Our team worked together to develop a wide range of low-fidelity wireframes and low-fi clickable prototype for our redesign. My area of focus included the Homepage, the Menu pages, and the Donate section pages.
UI Style Guide: Our UI Style Guide combined low-fi wireframe elements to form consistent cards, buttons, menus, footers, and more. We developed the UI Style Guide by taking our diverse wireframe elements and putting them into formats that were consistent with spacing, color, font, and overall style. The guide expanded upon a UI Style Tile inspiration and moodboard in which we added inspiring images, colors, fonts, and layouts.
It was important to us to convey a cheerful, uplifting message — particularly while addressing these serious topics — in order to offer hope to those looking for help and motivation to users deciding whether or not to get involved in Hope For Children’s mission.
Mid-Fidelity Wireframes: UI style guide components were then applied to each team member’s low-fi wireframes to create our mid-fi wireframes and clickable prototype. We also incorporated a fixed grid system to assure that our layout would remain responsive.
High-Fidelity Wireframes: Incorporating findings from hero image A/B and preference testing showing a preference but similar performance for a second image, final desktop and mobile prototype iterations offer a high-fidelity experience of the website redesign.
User Testing + Outcomes
We tested our prototype at each stage of the process — low-fidelity, mid-fidelity, and high-fidelity — to locate any usability or accessibility issues. Iterations were made after the mid-fidelity tests that included changing button text to black improve color accessibility and adding buttons to cards to improve discoverability. We also iterated on our menu header.
Our high-fidelity A/B and Preferences tests allowed us to try out two images to determine if our users’ behavior changed, as well as establish the preferred image. There was no notable behavior difference between the two, but our users overwhelmingly preferred an image of a family to an image of two children having a pillow fight. This discovery helped us with our final iterations and noticeably improved the look of the final prototype.
Wireframe Iterations:
Hero Card Buttons
Button Text Color
Menu Header Iterations
Hero Image Change
Conclusion + Future Opportunities
Takeaways: We discovered that it is important to remember that our preferences may not always be the best solution for our user — as was the case in the A/B and Preference Testing for our hero image. This discovery reaffirmed how important it is to test often and consider user feedback whenever possible.
Overall, we aimed to stay true to our user and develop a final prototype that directly addressed his concerns and journey related to researching and getting involved in non-profit organizations.
In the future, we’d love to revisit some of our images and continue testing and iterations on their effectiveness. We also would like to add interactive elements and animations throughout the site to further enhance the delight users experience while using the platform.
Conclusion: Throughout the research, analysis, ideation, wireframing, prototyping, and testing of the Hope For Children website redesign, our team focused on key features that would increase reliability, trust, transparency, and trust. With the new menu system, UI, and focus on user involvement, the new Hope For Children website keeps the user in mind each step of the way, aiming to offer a straightforward, reliable experience.
By using these solutions to put donors and volunteers’ minds at ease, we hope to motivate them to become more involved in the organization’s mission.
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https://www.christinagednalske.com/hope-for-children-redesign
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Diet For Ankylosing Spondylitis To Follow
Ankylosing Spondylitis is a form of arthritis which causes inflammation of the spine and, occasionally, other large joints of the body, such as shoulder, hips, and other crucial joints. The patient of ankylosing spondylitis complains of the pain in the back, stiffness, and reduced mobility. It eventually results in the fusion of the spine which is referred to as Bamboo Spine, where there is painful stiffness of the back.
People with HLA B27 along with the family history of ankylosing spondylitis are prone to develop this condition. However, every patient may not have this test positive.
In severe cases, it may lead to complications, such as involvement of Eyes (Uveitis) causing sudden onset of blurred vision, pain, and other discomforts. Bamboo spine is one of the dreaded complications where the spine becomes as stiff as a bamboo stick. It can also affect the intestines, heart, lungs, kidneys, and other organs.
The optimal treatment includes medicines that reduce pain and inflammation, exercise, physical therapy, and an appropriate diet. Let’s have a look at the appropriate diet for ankylosing spondylitis that a patient of the condition should follow.
The diet to follow when suffering from ankylosing spondylitis must integrate the following important points:
- Anti-inflammatory food items
- Maintenance of weight
- Maintaining the optimum nutritional status of the patient.
- Anti-Inflammatory Diet:
- Omega-3 Fatty Acids: There have been studies suggesting Omega-3 fatty acids can reduce the inflammation significantly. You can include flaxseeds, flaxseed oil, chia seeds, fishes, such as tuna and salmon, and nuts such as walnuts, almonds, and others, in your diet.
- Herbs and Spices: Curcumin present in Turmeric is frequently prescribed for controlling the inflammation in several diseases. Garlic and ginger are also known for their anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.
- Foods Rich in Antioxidants: Antioxidants help in reducing the inflammation and protects our body from the harmful effects of free radicals. Colorful fruits and vegetables are known for being rich in antioxidants. Berries, such as blueberries, blackberries, and strawberries, can be added in your daily diet. You can also include veggies, such as green leafy vegetables, onion, broccoli, and others to your regular diet.
We treat patients from USA, UK, Canada, Australia, UAE & 180 more countries. Get an expert opinion on your ailment, click here to ask Dr. Shah’s team directly.
- Weight Maintenance:
Maintaining appropriate weight is important in ankylosing spondylitis, as too much weight can cause excessive stress on the joints and make your symptoms worse. Here are some diet tips to maintain weight when suffering from ankylosing spondylitis.
- Avoid foods high in fat and cholesterol as it may promote inflammation. Avoid junks, red meat, and high-fat dairies.
- Avoid artificial sugars and refined foods, as it can increase your weight and also cause an increase in inflammatory activity.
- Reduce your salt intake.
- Using healthy oils, such as extra virgin olive oil, which has both antioxidants and anti-inflammatory properties can help.
On the other hand, being underweight can cause a different set of problems, such as chronic fatigue, lowered immunity, a lack of general vitality, and other health issues. Also, an underweight condition may result due to a lack of appetite that can result from certain medications, depression associated with a chronic illness, or those who have their gastrointestinal system affected because of ankylosing spondylitis (Inflammatory Bowel Disease).
- Maintaining Optimum Nutrition:
The patients suffering from ankylosing spondylitis are prone to develop osteoporosis, where bones become weakened. A healthy diet would make up for the daily requirements of the nutrients, however, in some cases, supplements of Calcium and Vitamin D may be required. Avoid alcohol as it can increase your chances of developing Osteoporosis. You may consult your physician and start with the required supplements after doing certain blood tests.
These are the general guidelines suggested for the patients of Ankylosing Spondylitis.
Individual variations may be required in some cases depending on the presentation of the disease, medicines being taken by the patient, and other factors. For instance, Methotrexate, a commonly prescribed immunosuppressant, can cause a deficiency of Vitamin B complex. Some medicines also affect the absorption of minerals, such as the retention of sodium or a loss of potassium. Alcohol or foods can also interact with some medications.
You need to discuss these factors with your treating physician for individual modifications in the diet mentioned above. And, follow the appropriate diet for ankylosing spondylitis to obtain relief in your discomfort.
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https://www.askdrshah.com/blog/diet-ankylosing-spondylitis-follow/
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A study paper recently published in the journal Cell Host & Microbe says that NLRP12, an anti-inflammatory protein, protects against obesity and insulin resistance in mice.
The study was conducted by researchers from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, alongside colleagues from other research institutions across the world.
In their paper, the researchers also report that the NLRP12 gene — which encodes the anti-inflammatory protein with the same name — appears to be underactive in people with obesity.
Also, NLRP12 activity promotes the growth of certain strains of “good” gut bacteria, which have an additional protective effect against obesity and insulin resistance.
“Obesity is influenced by inflammation, not just by overeating and lack of exercise, and this study suggests that reducing inflammation promotes ‘good’ bacteria that can help maintain a healthy weight,” explains senior study author Jenny P-Y Ting.
Gene activity influences inflammation
In the new study, the scientists wanted to establish how the NLRP12 gene would affect a person’s likelihood of developing obesity.
To do this, they worked with mice that they had genetically engineered not to express that gene (knockout mice). Ting and team fed both the knockout mice and regular mice a high-fat diet for some months.
Though the mice in both groups followed the same kind of diet, the knockout mice accumulated more fat more easily and started showing signs of insulin resistance, which all indicate obesity development.
Also, the mice without the NLRP12 gene showed more inflammation both in the gut and in areas of their bodies where they deposited fat.
However, in order to understand how the inflammation related to weight gain, the researchers took an extra step; they moved some of the knockout mice to a different facility, and — to prevent the spread of pathogens — they gave the mice antibiotics.
“We noticed that the mice treated with antibiotics gained less weight than the mice that stayed in the old facility,” explains study co-author Agnieszka Truax.
“That led us to suspect that gut bacteria were involved in promoting obesity,” she continues.
Gut bacteria may play key role
Ting and team then studied knockout mice housed in a bacteria-free environment and noticed that they did not put on weight. This, they inferred, was because the animals’ systems were not influenced by bacterial activity.
In this case, the fact that the mice lacked the NLRP12 gene did not appear to influence their weight gain, suggesting that exposure to certain kinds of bacteria may be key to the eventual development of obesity.
The researchers also noted another interesting fact: the knockout mice that shared a living space with healthy rodents that did express the NLRP12 gene did not put on excess weight, either.
This suggests that they were exposed to good bacteria from the control mice, which protected them against becoming overweight.
Such findings are telling in the context in which studies have shown that obesity correlates with a loss of bacterial diversity in the gut.
In obesity, certain strains of bacteria are suppressed, allowing other bacteria to proliferate in the absence of competition.
The perils of bacterial loss
In the new study, the researchers saw that knockout mice that lacked the NLRP12 gene presented a significant loss of bacterial diversity.
In their case, the high-fat diet paired with the rise in inflammation facilitated by the lack of NLRP12 resulted in high levels of the bacterial family Erysipelotrichaceae. These bacteria, the researchers also found, exacerbate the damage done by a high-fat diet.
At the same time, the knockout mice lost numbers of Lachnospiraceae, which is a type of good gut bacteria that helps counteract inflammation and competes with Erysipelotrichaceae, curbing their spread.
Lachnospiraceae, the researchers explain, also appear to have a protective effect against insulin resistance and obesity in mice.
“All the inflammatory and metabolic changes we had seen in the NLRP12-knockout mice during a high-fat diet were essentially reversed when we resupplied Lachnospiraceae,” explains Truax.
The results may lead to better ways of addressing obesity, the scientists add; Lachnospiraceae produce short-chain fatty acids, a type of molecule that plays an important role in metabolic processes. Two of these are butyrate and propionate, which also possess important anti-inflammatory properties.
When the researchers tried to administer butyrate and propionate to knockout mice, they noticed that this approach counterbalanced the effect of the lack of NLRP12.
Emerging therapeutic possibilities
These results are particularly encouraging; butyrate and propionate are already readily available as supplements.
Moreover, the scientists have good reason to believe that the same reactions would take place in humans, as well — not just in mice.
That is because further analyses conducted on samples of fat cells collected from people with obesity indicated that the higher a person’s body mass index (BMI), the less active the NLRP12 gene appears to be.
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https://healthylegacy.net/2018/09/20/how-a-protein-works-with-gut-bacteria-to-prevent-obesity/
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Rather listen than read?
My grandma used to say “My knees are talking to me.”
I never fully understood what that meant until I got older. My workouts hurt a little bit more. High humidity days would swell my knees up like balloons. I would wake up hurting and left in a perplexing state wondering how I hurt myself sleeping.
And for so long I blamed it on the aging process, convinced that it was a natural sign of aging and something that I had to deal with. Or maybe it was genetic and I was destined to have my grandma’s talking knees.
I learned that it doesn’t have to be that way!
Inflammation
Inflammation comes in many forms and can be super sneaky. You might feel it as muscle soreness or joint pain.
Or, maybe you are dealing with depression or emotional imbalances.
Perhaps you have digestive issues or a disease, autoimmune disorder, or cancer has creeped into your life. All of these (and more) are directly connected to an inflammation imbalance.
When Inflammation Is Good
The body’s inflammation response is an essential part of the healing process. Injuries, surgeries, and other traumas need to have inflammation acutely in order to help the body heal and bounce back quickly. This is a good thing!
In acute healing phases, inflammation is essential. It helps the body fight foreign invaders and also has a role in repairing damage. Without inflammation, pathogens like bacteria could easily take over our bodies and kill us. Yay, inflammation!
When Inflammation Is Not So Good
When the body starts to heal and the effects of trauma are resolving, inflammation should begin to resolve too, right? Not necessarily.
When there was no trauma involved, the body should naturally feel free of pain and discomfort, right? Again, not necessarily.
Chronic inflammation is like a silent fire smoldering beneath the surface. Because you can’t see or actually feel this type of inflammation, it’s often referred to as the body’s “silent fire”—which makes perfect sense, because the word “inflammation” derives from the Latin word for “to set on fire.”
When the body’s immune system doesn’t communicate to shut off, it can be like a fire that is not extinguished easily. It is not entirely known why the body will not communicate the shut off. It just keeps producing immune cells, leaving your body in a constant state of alert. And the body remains in a constant state of stress.
When the immune cells can’t find an injury or illness to repair, they eventually attack healthy cells, damaging your tissues and organs. This is when you start to have noticeable problems! This damage has been linked to a slew of diseases and disorders, including asthma, ulcers, rheumatoid arthritis, heart disease, ulcerative colitis, allergies, some types of cancer and even Alzheimer’s.
Unfortunately, you can’t see low-grade, chronic inflammation and squash the silent fire ahead of time. This is why it is so easy to think that having sore joints and a painful body is how you are SUPPOSED to feel. It isn’t until the damage is done that you really start to step back and notice; even then you may not immediately link it to chronic inflammation.
Using Digestion To Silence The Fire
Your body is incredibly wise and does give you clues to inflammatory cues for concern.
Excess inflammation in the body can cause weight gain (especially in the belly), mental fog, and an overall ‘blah’ feeling. It can also lead to fatigue, digestive issues, depression, sleep issues, and random aches and pains. This is only to name a few!
When making changes, it is important to start at the root cause. Digestion is one of the first places to begin because the digestive tract is the most condensed area of immune cells— 80% of the immune system is located within the gut, and gut microbes can drive inflammation.
There are four main goals of an anti-inflammatory nutrition plan:
- Keep blood sugars balanced. Excess glucose stresses the body and causes a systemic inflammatory response.
- Eat the right types of fats. Fats are super important for hormonal balancing and decreasing stress placed on the body.
- Consume anti-inflammatory phytochemicals. Some foods have natural inflammation fighting powers.
- Promote healthy gut flora. You got to keep the gut strong so that it can absorb all the beneficial nutrients you are feeding it.
It may sound complicated, but don’t let that frighten you. If you make a few small changes, for even a few minutes each day, you can drastically lower inflammation levels in the body.
10 Anti-Inflammatory Foods To Silence The Fire
- Dark leafy greens: Think kale, spinach, swiss chard, broccoli— these powerhouse foods are not only high in antioxidants and healing flavonoids, but they also contain a compound called “quercetin,” which acts much like anti-inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen, aspirin). Toss a handful of spinach in your morning smoothie or throw together some chopped up kale, carrots, and raisins for a delicious kale salad. You can also toss a handful of spinach into your morning omelette and cook until leaves are wilted.
- Turmeric: Curcumin is the main active ingredient in turmeric and it is a very powerful antioxidant and has incredible anti-inflammatory properties. They are so powerful that even studies have shown that curcumin is more powerful in decreasing inflammation than anti-inflammatory drugs. Add some turmeric to your morning egg scrabble, season your roasted veggies, toss some into your smoothie (be careful how much you put in because the taste can be overpowering), or drink a turmeric tea.
- Blueberries: An antioxidant powerhouse, blueberries are high in phytonutrients that are buzzing with anti-inflammatory protection. They protect against many diseases, such as cancer and dementia. Add them to your salad, use them for your morning smoothie, freeze them and eat them as a cold treat, or top your favorite healthy dessert with a handful of them.
- Wild-caught salmon: Wild-caught salmon is an excellent source of two omega-3 fatty acids, EPA and DHA, that are known for their inflammation slashing. The benefits of omega-3 have been backed over and over by studies. They are shown to reducing symptoms of psychological disorders, preventing heart disease, and reducing your risk of cancer. No farmed salmon here! Two times a week, add salmon to your diet. Salmon fillets with lemon juice are a great choice! If getting in salmon is pretty challenging, opt for supplementation by a liquid or a capsule most days a week.
- Coconut oil: This is by far my favorite! And for good reason— Coconut oil is not only anti-inflammatory, but it also boosts metabolism, helps balance hormones, and has anti-microbial properties. It is truly a healing powerhouse. Try adding it to your morning shakes, sauté your leafy greens in it, roast your turmeric root vegetables in it, or use it as a spread on your sprouted grain bread. Remember, the skin is an absorbable organ. You can use coconut oil externally too. Use coconut oil as a moisturizer instead of the expensive, paraben-laden cosmetics from the beauty counter.
- Tomatoes: Tomatoes are a powerhouse of nutrients. Tomatoes are a great source of lycopene, an antioxidant that protects your brain, decreasing inflammation that can cause depression and other brain health issues. Throw some in your salads or eat some sauce, just make sure that you are getting the skins of the tomatoes, where lycopene lives.
- Avocados: Not only are avocados a healthy fat that improves digestion and supports heart health, but they are good for inflammation too. They also contain carotenoids, which are linked to reduced cancer risk. You can throw some in your smoothie, on your salad, or top your scrambled eggs with them.
- Cherries: Cherries are so delicious and remind me of summertime. But, they are also rich in antioxidants, such as anthocyanins and catechins, which fight inflammation. Although the health-promoting properties of tart cherries have been studied more than other varieties, sweet cherries also provide benefits. You can drink a tart cherry juice or buy a bunch of sweet cherries to munch on as a snack.
- Red Bell Peppers: I love red bell peppers for a hefty dose of anti-inflammatory power—but go red to reap the most benefits. According to Journal of Food Science, out of the three colors of bell pepper, red have the highest amount of inflammatory-biomarker-reducing vitamin C along with the bioflavonoids beta-carotene, quercetin, and luteolin. Luteolin has been found to neutralize free radicals and reduce inflammation. Beta-carotene is a carotenoid, fat-soluble compounds that are associated with a reduction in a wide range of cancers, as well as reduced risk and severity of inflammatory conditions such as asthma and rheumatoid arthritis. Quercetin acts as a mast-cell stabilizer, decreasing the number of cells reacting to an allergen. Make a stir-fry or slice them up for a delicious dip in your hummus.
- Extra-Virgin Olive Oil: Olive oil is fabulous for fighting inflammation and research believes it is because of the olecanthal, found only in olive oil. It has been found to have significant impact on inflammation and helps reduce joint cartilage damage, working similarly to ibuprofen. You can sprinkle olive oil on anything — your sandwich, in your smoothie, on your eggs, and of course on your salad.
Even though nutrition is only one piece of the lifestyle puzzle for calming inflammation and silencing the fire, it is an easy one to start with. Slowly start adding some of these foods into your daily nutrition plan to take back control of your body!
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https://wildflowersgrowblog.com/2020/08/24/10-anti-inflammatory-foods-slash-body-pain-improve-digestion-and-lose-weight/
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Arthritis is classified by a group of diseases referring to joint pain or disorders.
It is the leading cause of disability in people all over the world.
Nearly 100 types of arthritis and related conditions have been observed in humans to date. It is more prevalent in women and older people.
Cartilage is a firm but flexible tissue in our joints that provide them with cushion and support. It absorbs shock and protects our joints from injury.
The most common manifestation of cartilage is in the form of cartilage destruction.
This causes wear and tear in the joint, pain and inflammation. This normal wear and tear are known as osteoarthritis.
Rheumatoid arthritis, on the other hand, is an autoimmune inflammatory condition.
It reduces the formation of synovial fluid that lubricates the joint and decreases mobility.
It is a more serious condition than osteoarthritis as it can cause complete destruction of both bone and cartilage.
There are various other kinds of arthritis such as arthritis caused by infectious agents such as Shigella and Salmonella or metabolic arthritis such as gout.
Most common symptoms of arthritis are pain, swelling, stiffness, loss of mobility, stiffness, difficulty in carrying out day to day tasks, etc.
There are various causes of arthritis, but the most common ones are injury, genetic factors, immune disorders or a combination of several of these factors. Various risk factors include sex, age, overweight, etc.
Since arthritis is a chronic disorder, there is no definite treatment for it but it can be managed through proper physical exercise and maintaining a healthy body.
It has been observed that licorice can help improving arthritis. It acts as an analgesic and an anti-inflammatory agent. Let’s understand this magical plant root better.
Table of Contents
What is Licorice?
Licorice is the root of the plant Glycyrhhiza glabra and can be sweet. Licorice plant is native to Southern Europe and parts of Asia.
It has been used for ages for treating a variety of conditions ranging from the common cold to liver diseases. It helps get rid of phlegm and heal sore throats.
It is also used in the treatment of peptic ulcers, eczema, indigestion, weight loss, etc.
Licorice products are made from peeled and unpeeled, dried root. It is available as teas, capsules and licorice extract.
It has been observed that the active compounds in licorice help in managing arthritis due to its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties.
Proven Benefits of Licorice for Arthritis
Licorice benefits in arthritis in many ways. Licorice extract suppresses the expression of pro-inflammatory markers. effective adjuvant or alternative for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, with little to no side effects. Licorice also acts as an immunomodulatory agent, thus benefiting in arthritis.
1) Licorice acts as an anti-inflammatory agent
The aggregated effects such as joint degradation, immune response and chronic inflammation in arthritis lead to a more serious inflammatory condition.
A study was conducted to analyze the effects of active compounds present in licorice as anti-inflammatory agents.
Glycyrrhizic acid, liquiritin, and liquiritigenin were analyzed for their effects on inflammation markers in our body.
It was observed that these three compounds inhibit the elevation of pro-inflammatory markers such as nitric oxide, interleukin, etc.
There was a significant reduction in inflammation due to suppression of these inflammatory mediators.
The result suggests that these bioactive compounds present in licorice extract can prove to be very useful in the treatment of inflammation-related disorders and diseases.
It has been observed that six flavonoids separated from licorice have anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
These flavonoids were obtained and isolated from the natural plant and were tested by antioxidant and anti-inflammatory assays.
Two out of six compounds were observed to possess anti-inflammatory qualities.
They inhibited the production of nitric oxide, interleukin, and prostaglandins, all of which play crucial roles in pro-inflammatory mechanisms.
The contents of the six compounds were government approved and caused no significant side effects.
Thus, flavonoids extracted from licorice play a crucial role in reducing inflammation.
A study was conducted to assess the anti-inflammatory properties of four licorice extracts.
Extract of raw licorice obtained from ethanol and water showed the maximum anti-inflammatory properties and significantly suppressed nitric oxide and prostaglandin production.
It has been observed that the expression of NF-kappaB factor is increased in several types of chronic inflammations and leads to the enhanced production of proinflammatory gene products.
It was observed that the treatment of different cells with licorice extract inhibited NF-kappaB pathway.
Hence, licorice has a potential role in the suppression of NF-kappaB expression and reducing inflammatory responses in patients who have arthritis.
An animal study was conducted to observe the effects of licorice and roasted licorice extracts on acute inflammation and collagen-induced arthritis.
It was seen that roasted licorice extract possessed greater activity than normal licorice extract in inhibiting inflammation.
Oral administrations of these extracts reduced arthritis score, swelling and even reduced the levels of proinflammatory cytokines in joints.
Thus, licorice extract and roasted licorice extracts have benefits in protecting against both acute and chronic inflammatory conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis.
What does this mean? Licorice extract suppresses the expression of pro-inflammatory markers such as nitric oxide, interleukin, prostaglandins, and NF-kappaB. The active compounds and flavonoids present in licorice help in the treatment of chronic inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis.
2) Licorice can be used as an effective alternative to NSAIDs
NSAIDs are known as Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs. They are the most common form of pain relievers in this world.
These drugs help in reducing pain and inflammation.
The most popular types are aspirin and ibuprofen.
Painkilling action of NSAIDs includes reducing the direct effect of inflammation on pain-nerve simulation and sensitivity and also decreasing the indirect heat and swelling.
These reduce or inhibit the production of prostaglandin and possess anti-clotting properties.
Even though NSAIDs show efficiency in reducing pain and inflammation, they have unwanted side effects.
These side effects include stomach pain, ulcers, increased bleeding, headaches, nausea, hypertension, drug interactions, etc. Therefore, these are not the ideal therapeutic agents.
Active compounds of licorice such as glycyrrhizin (GL) and glycyrrhetinic (GA) acid help in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis based on cyclooxygenase pathway.
It has been observed that cyclooxygenase/thromboxane pathway’s auto-regulatory feedback loop is critical in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.
But, thromboxane is neither the target of nonsteroidal drugs nor the target of disease modifying drugs.
Therefore, the limitations and side effects of these drugs might be due to the lack of effects on thromboxane pathway.
On the other hand, glycyrrhetinic acid and glycyrrhizin are capable of targeting this cyclooxygenase pathway and thus, can be used as add on therapy for rheumatoid arthritis.
The results suggest that the active compounds of licorice, glycyrrhizin, and glycyrrhetinic acid not only potentiate therapeutic effects but also reduce the side effects and usage of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by targeting the cyclooxygenase pathway.
A study compared the anti-inflammatory effects of anti-arthritic herbal medicines with ibuprofen, a NSAID.
It was observed that natural licorice extract showed significant anti-inflammatory response as compared to the artificial drug ibuprofen.
Therefore, natural interventions such as licorice are most suitable for suppressing lipopolysaccharide induced inflammation as compared to NSAIDs.
Natural therapeutic agents have little to no side effects as compared to artificial NSAIDs.
What does this mean? Licorice contains active compounds like glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetinic acids which target the key pathways required for proliferation of rheumatoid arthritis and therefore help in the management of the disease and reduction of inflammation. Therefore, licorice can be used as an effective adjuvant or alternative for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, with little to no side effects.
3) Licorice acts as an immunomodulatory agent
In autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, the body’s immune system starts acting against itself and classifies “good” cells as “bad” cells.
Due to this, the immune system that was meant to protect our body from foreign invaders starts attacking the body and harms the healthy tissue.
Licorice extract helps in immunomodulation in our body and also shows antimicrobial activity.
These properties help in the management of arthritis, especially rheumatoid arthritis which is linked directly to the immune system.
Regulatory T cells perform a critical role in controlling immune responses and in preventing autoimmunity. Thus, increase in T cells in vivo can have broad implications for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
Licorice can promote regulatory T cell induction both in vivo and in vitro due to the presence of isoliquiritigenin and naringenin.
It also enhanced the immune suppression of regulatory T cells, which can be helpful in the prevention and treatment of autoimmune diseases.
Thus, the underlying mechanism of historically and widely used natural medicine licorice could be the induction of regulatory T cells.
Studies have shown that the immunomodulatory properties of licorice are also because of its active component glycyrretinic acid.
Various assays were used to map the immunological characteristics of licorice extract.
It was observed that Licorice extract blocked the activity of T cells.
It blocks various immune pathways and channels which are probably the reason for its immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects.
What does this mean? Licorice contains active compounds such as naringenin, glycyrrhetinic acid, etc. which are responsible for immunomodulatory properties of the herb. Induction of T cells and immunosuppression help in managing autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and are the main effects shown by these components.
Dosage of Licorice for arthritis
In traditional Chinese medicine, the recommended dosage of licorice is 8-15g for regular health protein and 100g for disease states.
The acceptable daily intake for glycyrrhizin is advised to be 0.2 mg/kg/day.
The dosage of Deglyccyrhizinated (without glycyrrhizin) can be up to 1800 mg daily for four weeks without any toxicity in humans.
For dried root consumption, 1-5 g licorice root can be used three times per day. A 1:5 ratio of licorice tincture can be taken in doses of 2-5 mL three times per day.
There is no recommended dosage for licorice; therefore it is advised to consult a health practitioner before using.
It is strongly suggested that licorice should not be consumed for more than a week without a prescription.
Precautions
It has been observed that licorice consumption can cause side effects in certain individuals.
Side effects include headaches, fatigue, high blood pressure,
swelling, etc.
High doses have been linked with stronger side effects such as muscle pain and numbness in limbs.
It is advised that people with heart diseases, cancer, hypertension, diabetes, and kidney diseases should not take licorice. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should also refrain from licorice usage.
Licorice may also interact with certain diabetes, diuretic, laxative and anti-depressant drugs.
Consult a health practitioner before use and do not use for more than 4-6 weeks
Conclusion
Licorice is a natural medicinal herb that has been used for ages in ancient medicine to treat various conditions.
It contains many active compounds which help in the management of arthritic conditions.
The active compounds present in licorice block various pathways and mechanisms responsible for inflammation and thus show anti-inflammatory activity.
This helps in reducing inflammation caused by inflammatory arthritis.
Licorice shows significant immunomodulatory effects which help in strengthening the immune system and managing autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.
Glycyrrhizic acid, liquirtin, etc. interact with various mechanisms to show therapeutic effects and reduce the dependence on NSAIDs.
Thus, licorice is an effective natural therapeutic agent and can be used as an adjuvant or alternative for arthritic drugs with minimum side effects.
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https://healthyy.net/arthritis/proven-benefits-of-licorice-for-arthritis
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Pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function are the five cardinal symptoms of inflammation. You may experience one or more of these symptoms in response to infection or injury, or you could suffer from inflammation with no discernible evidence. Either way, inflammation-related conditions as a result of chronic inflammation affect approximately 43 million American citizens (1). While inflammation is a necessary bodily response, chronic inflammation can be a particular concern for those that do not treat it as it can lead to arthritis and joint disease, to name a few harmful health conditions (2).
Individuals should be aware of the two main types of inflammation, understand more about the five cardinal signs of inflammation, and know of multiple ways to treat inflammation. This article shares all of this pertinent information to help you maintain your peak physical health.
The Two Types of Inflammation
Understanding the difference between the two primary types of inflammation is critical to offset the chances of developing chronic inflammation, the more serious and harmful variation of the two. Below, we discuss the key characteristics of the two main types of inflammation.
Chronic Inflammation
Chronic inflammation refers to the potentially harmful process whereby the body continues to dispatch inflammatory cells long after internal threats have been neutralized (3). In some cases, chronic inflammation can cause the body to continue attacking body tissue to the point that severe damage occurs.
Acute Inflammation
Acute inflammation is a natural bodily response to internal threats whereby inflammatory cells are sent to affected areas to fight infection or injury (4). This process triggers the healing process and is regarded as non-harmful, provided that this type of inflammation does not develop into chronic inflammation.
The 5 Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
Based on the above, one can conclude that treatment for inflammation is vital to preventing the body from experiencing chronic inflammation. In both of these cases, one may suffer from one or more of the following five cardinal signs of inflammation. We will then look at how to minimize the impact of these symptoms to prevent harmful conditions from developing as a result of long-term inflammation.
Pain
Pain is a typical effect of both chronic and acute inflammation. Most individuals will notice pain prevalent in their joints and muscle tissue. This is because inflammatory chemicals that are released by the body stimulate the nerve endings and cause the area to become more sensitive. Acute inflammation pain can be quickly remedied by over-the-counter painkillers, however, chronic inflammation can cause more severe pain. This is because long-term inflammation can damage the lining of the joints, form crystals in the joints that prolong the pain, and cause autoimmune conditions, according to authoritative sources (5).
Heat
Inflammed areas within the body will feel warmer than other areas of the body as there is increased blood flow to these parts of the body as the immune system responds to threats and infections. While not all inflammation can result in a noticeable change in temperature of the affected area, severe chronic inflammation typically increases the body’s temperature and can lead to fevers. Be sure to contact your doctor if you experience fever and other symptoms associated with chronic autoinflammatory diseases (6).
Redness
Increased blood flow to certain areas of the body during the natural inflammatory response also causes redness over and above raising body temperature. Redness can be subtle in cases of minor acute inflammation or more pronounced and long-lasting from chronic inflammation. In fact, acne is an inflammatory disease categorized by red blemishes forming excessively on the face (7).
Swelling
Swelling is a common symptom of acute and chronic inflammation as fluid accumulates in the affected tissues or throughout the body. Swelling from inflammation is most noticeable after a workout as the body begins the process of healing the muscles. It can also occur during infection, discernible by enlarging of the lymph nodes (8). This is because the glands play a key role in filtering toxins and trapping bacteria from spreading throughout the body.
Loss of Function
Loss of function is one of the most severe symptoms of chronic inflammation as specific parts of the body are unable to move or individuals may experience difficulty breathing. Cytokines are responsible for this symptom as they release throughout the body during inflammation and promote the accessibility of molecules to affected areas (9). Chronic exposure to cytokine release can result in the loss of function in specific areas, both short and long-term.
How to Treat Inflammation
Individuals should note several ways to treat inflammation to speed up the healing process as well as minimize the risk of suffering from chronic inflammation. Below, we discuss some of the most efficient and effective methods of treating inflammation.
Top Quality Turmeric Supplements
Turmeric is a natural anti-inflammatory. The compound curcumin, found within turmeric, is responsible for the inflammatory-fighting properties of the common household spice. The anti-inflammatory effects of turmeric are not as effective when consumed as a spice as when taken as a supplement. This is because turmeric curcumin supplements supply the body with high concentrations of the active compound to deliver science-backed anti-inflammatory benefits of turmeric consumption (10).
Research Verified® Turmeric Curcumin is an incredibly powerful turmeric supplement to help manage acute and chronic inflammation. It contains Contains C3 complex® turmeric curcumin, a patented blend standardized to contain 95% curcuminoids, which is the active ingredient in turmeric. It provides a large dose of 1,500mg of Tumeric per daily serving. Because Turmeric is not easily absorbed by the body, Research Verified® Turmeric Curcumin also contains 20 mg of BioPerine®, a patented black pepper extract. This combination of Turmeric and Piperine is clinically proven to increase absorption by 2,000%! Best of all, you can read positive online reviews about this high-quality anti-inflammatory support supplement.
Combine Supplementation With a Well-Balanced Lifestyle
Lifestyle changes are critical to preventing chronic inflammation as dietary and wellness adjustments can have a significant impact on the body. Consider adopting a green Mediterranean diet as it offers several benefits, including quicker weight loss (11). One should also manage stress as there is growing concern regarding the link between stress and inflammation (12). Mindful meditation, yoga, and other calming techniques can help one reduce feelings of anxiety and stress (13).
In conclusion: Your mindset is everything
Untreated inflammation in the body can get steadily worse which can keep you from doing the things you love with the people you love the most. It is imperative to speak to your doctor about what medications they recommend and also remember that you have the power to help yourself as well. Take control of your diet and lifestyle and have faith that your body has what it takes to get through this!
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https://www.researchverified.com/blog/general-wellness/5-classic-signs-of-inflammation/
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Normal aging is often accompanied by increased systemic inflammation. This is evidenced by higher levels of inflammatory blood markers in elderly persons, as well as outward symptoms like persistent pain. Today’s consensus is that chronic inflammation is significantly involved with degenerative aging. Our ability to fully resolve stubborn inflammation diminishes in older age, thus worsening the systemic problems to which it contributes. Nutrients such as curcumin inhibit inflammation and reduce its severity.
Although inhibiting the onset of inflammation is important, emerging scientific research suggests this is only half of the equation. Resolution of inflammation may be as important as inhibition of inflammation. Resolution of inflammation is an active, critical process that demands factors called specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) to optimally manage the inflammatory process. To this end, groundbreaking research has uncovered a method to resolve inflammation and return tissues to a healthier and more youthful function.
An Insidious Culprit As we age, the risk of degenerative disease increases. A central factor in age-associated illness is chronic inflammation. Many diseases of aging are closely linked with loss of youthful cellular function, and can be traced back to persistent and unresolved inflammatory reactions. Inflammation can be initiated and exacerbated in many ways including poor diet, environmental toxins, cigarette smoke, excess body weight, and aging.
Senescent cells that accumulate with age release compounds that promote and maintain an environment of chronic inflammation. Some inflammatory reactions, such as cartilage destruction in joints, lead to outward symptoms like pain.
CURCUMIN AND SPMS: A POWERFUL ONE-TWO PUNCH Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) are naturally occurring fatty acids. Inflammation is a unifying component of many of the diseases that afflict western civilizations. Nutrition therapy and in particular essential fatty acid (EFA) supplementation is one of the approaches that is currently in use for the treatment and management of many inflammatory conditions. The purpose of the present review is to discuss the recent literature in light of the discovery that essential fatty acids are converted by the body to a novel genus of lipid mediators, termed specialized proresolving mediators (SPM).
Recent findings The SPM genus is composed of four mediator families, the lipoxins resolvins, protectins and maresins. These molecules potently and stereoselectively promote the termination of inflammation, tissue repair, and regeneration. Recent studies suggest that in disease, SPM production becomes dysregulated giving rise to a status of failed resolution. Of note, several studies found that omega-3 fatty acid supplementation, at doses within the recommended daily allowance, led to increases in several SPM families that correlate with enhanced white blood cell responses in humans and reduced inflammation in mice.
What foods provide omega-3s?
Omega-3s are found naturally in some foods and are added to some fortified foods. You can get adequate amounts of omega-3s by eating a variety of foods, including the following:
Fish and other seafood (especially cold-water fatty fish, such as salmon, mackerel, tuna, herring, and sardines)
Nuts and seeds (such as flaxseed, chia seeds, and walnuts)
Plant oils (such as flaxseed oil, soybean oil, and canola oil)
Fortified foods (such as certain brands of eggs, yogurt, juices, milk, soy beverages
Nutrients like curcumin have also been shown to inhibit the initiation and reduce the severity of inflammation. SPMs, on the other hand, actively help resolve ongoing inflammation. By combining the use of nutrients like curcumin that help inhibit inflammation, and SPMs that help actively resolve ongoing inflammation, the detrimental effects of chronic inflammation can be mitigated. Over time chronic inflammation damages cells, organs, and blood vessels, which leads to loss of function and exacerbates risk of common, age-related health problems. WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
Chronic inflammation is a major contributor to almost every age-related disease and is a key cause of the aging process itself.
Long thought to be a passive process, the resolution of inflammation is now known to be an active process, requiring several fatty-acid-derived compounds known as specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs).
These SPMs remove dead and dying cells and debris left over from inflammation, restore a healthy balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, and renew tissues by initiating healing and regeneration.
In both animal and human models, aging is associated with dysfunctional SPM pathways, which in turn have been implicated in several age-related disorders. Higher SPM levels appear to be protective against these age-linked diseases.
Resolving Chronic Inflammation Some dietary components like curcumin and ginger, and drugs like NSAIDs, inhibit and/or reduce the severity of inflammation. They do this by blocking the onset (or induction) of inflammation by reducing the production of compounds that start the inflammatory process. Inhibiting the start of inflammation, however, is very different from facilitating the resolution of inflammation. In the past, the resolution of inflammation was believed to be a passive process. This was incorrect.
Emerging scientific advances demonstrate that the resolution of inflammation is a dynamic, active process requiring specialized factors that facilitate resolution. In a major finding, scientists have identified these specialized factors as lipid-based compounds that actively bring about the resolution of inflammation. These compounds are called specialized pro-resolving mediators or SPMs. Derived from specific types of polyunsaturated fatty acids, SPMs bind to specialized receptors on cells, organs, and blood vessels, actively helping to resolve the inflammatory process and allow the healing and regeneration of damaged tissues. The Power of Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators SPMs (specialized pro-resolving mediators) fall into several inflammation-resolving sub-classes, and together, these SPMs can resolve inflammation and return tissues to normal function.
They accomplish this by their ability to do three vital tasks:
Remove. SPMs activate macrophages, which are immune system cells that remove the mess left behind from inflammation, including dead and dying cells and cellular debris. This cellular garbage must be cleaned up if healthy, surviving cells are to make a full recovery of function.
Restore. SPMs restore the healthy balance of inflammatory compounds in the tissue, reducing the pro-inflammatory mediators while increasing compounds that have anti-inflammatory activity.
Renew. They initiate and promote regeneration of tissues that have been disrupted or damaged by inflammation.
A few examples of the importance of SPMs in resolving inflammation include published studies showing: 1) Reduced or dysfunctional SPMs found in the brains of mice and humans with Alzheimer’s disease. 2) Defective SPM resolution linked to the progression of atherosclerotic plaque and therefore, cardiovascular disease. 3) Abnormalities of SPMs observed in conditions of insulin resistance like metabolic syndrome, as well as obesity.
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY COMPOUNDS + SPMS AS ADJUVANTS TO CANCER TREATMENT Surgery to remove malignant tumors and chemotherapy both aim to dramatically reduce the burden of cancer cells in the body. However, treatments such as these have the downside of stirring up inflammation in the area of the tumor, which can contribute to progression of the tumor and subsequent local recurrence or metastases. A recently published study has just validated the protective effect of anti-inflammatory therapies. In animal models of cancer, administration of an NSAID medication and resolvins (a group of specialized pro-resolving mediators) before surgery or chemotherapy, prevented treatment-induced tumor progression. These two treatments had synergistic effects, maximizing each other’s anti-cancer activities, and that led to superior long-term survival.
How to Increase SPM Activity Inspired by these findings, scientists sought to find a way to increase the presence of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) in the body, especially for aging individuals. Researchers identified the specific SPM fatty acids due to their distinct bioactivity and their ability to effectively resolve ongoing inflammation. These natural, polyunsaturated, fatty acids are stable precursors to a wide array of different types of SPMs.
SPMs help resolve inflammation and restore tissue function. They do this via mechanisms different from anti-inflammatory nutrients and drugs that inhibit inflammation. By providing these compounds to the body, the goal is to aid in the resolution of chronic inflammation, a critical component of any longevity regimen.
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https://www.thefitnessdoctors.com/post/how-to-treat-chronic-inflammation
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Pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas. This occurs when there is congestion in the flow of digestive enzymes and these enzymes start attacking the pancreas itself. Hence, the person affected may feel a discomfort in the abdominal region.
If pancreatitis lingers it can reduce the functionality of the pancreas, leading to a decline in its ability to produce normal amount of digestive enzymes and hormones. This affects the performance of the pancreas, causing malabsorption of nutrients and often resulting in diseases such as diabetes.
According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), around 275,000 American adults are admitted to the hospital for acute pancreatitis every year.
What is the Pancreas?
The pancreas is a flat gland deep-seated in the abdomen. It is a vital organ associated with the production of various enzymes and hormones responsible for the smooth functioning of the digestive system. The digestive enzymes are released into the duodenum, where they target the proteins and fats for absorption. Specialized cells in the pancreas secrete mutually antagonistic hormones, namely, insulin and glucagon, into the bloodstream to regulate blood sugar levels. Insulin absorbs excess glucose from the bloodstream when blood sugar levels are high, whereas glucagon releases the stored glucose into the bloodstream as per the body’s requirements.
Types of Pancreatitis
Pancreatitis can present itself in acute and chronic forms. Acute pancreatitis is a condition wherein the inflammation lasts for a short period (most cases of acute pancreatitis improve within a week and patients can go home after 5-10 days of hospitalization), whereas chronic pancreatitis is characterized by longer durations lasting over years of inflammation and associated effects.
Chronic Pancreatitis
Chronic pancreatitis is manifested by recurring events of pancreatic inflammation accompanied by mild to moderate or severe pain in the abdominal region. Chronic pancreatitis impairs the digestive system of the individual, affecting the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. Despite a wholesome diet, individuals suffering from chronic pancreatitis frequently lose weight, owing to the inability of the digestive system to absorb nutrients. Recurrent acute pancreatitis can progress to chronic forms. Chronic pancreatitis can lead to scarring and can render the pancreas dysfunctional for a lifetime.
Symptoms of Chronic Pancreatitis
- Recurrent or even constant abdominal pain, which may be severe
- Steady unintentional weight loss caused by the poor absorption of nutrients required by the body
- Fatty, foul-smelling stools (steatorrhea)
- Diabetes, as a consequence of the loss of the functionality of the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas
Causes of Chronic Pancreatitis
- Alcohol consumption is a potential risk factor in approximately 70 percent of the cases.
- Hypertriglyceridemia: Elevated levels of triglycerides.
- A narrow pancreatic duct; a blockage of the pancreatic duct by gallstones or pancreatic stones, hindering the passage of digestive enzymes or hormones.
- Cystic fibrosis, characterized by abnormally thick and sticky production of mucus, interfering with the smooth passage of fluids in the lungs and digestive system.
- Hereditary: Familial pancreatitis that runs in the family.
- Hypercalcemia can engender an injury to the pancreas via accumulation of secretory proteins.
- Pancreatitis can be identified with several autoimmune diseases, namely, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, primary biliary cirrhosis, Sjogren’s syndrome, retroperitoneal fibrosis, sarcoidosis, and sclerosing cholangitis.
- Recurrent episodes of acute pancreatitis can acquire a chronic form.
Acute Pancreatitis
Acute pancreatitis is a sudden inflammation of the pancreas, with associated discomfort that ranges from mild pain to moderate. Through proper treatment, most patients can recover completely, but in severe cases, acute pancreatitis can result in infection, bleeding into the gland, cyst formation, and severe tissue damage. The severe form of pancreatitis is associated with damage to other vital organs including the lungs, kidneys, and heart.
Causes of Acute Pancreatitis
- Gallstones: The most common cause of acute pancreatitis, gallstones can obstruct the path of the digestive enzymes and hormones, and this obstruction can lead to an inflammation of the pancreas.
- Excessive fats called triglycerides in your blood: Elevated levels of triglycerides can cause free radical-induced damage to the pancreatic cells.
- Alcohol abuse: Excessive alcohol intake is a potential threat to the pancreas.
- Autoimmune pancreatitis: It is a rare type of pancreatitis caused by the body’s immune system attacking the pancreas.
- Injury: An injury to the pancreas in the event of an direct abdominal or motor vehicle injury can cause inflammation in the pancreas.
- Cystic fibrosis: Cystic fibrosis is a chronic genetic disease that is characterized by abnormally thick and sticky production of mucus that constricts the passageways of the lungs and digestive systems.
- Certain medications containing estrogen, corticosteroids, and certain antibiotics play an essential role in triggering pancreatitis, either as a direct toxic effect or as a side effect.
- Viral reinfections of mumps in adulthood is a rare and probable cause of pancreatitis.
Symptoms of Acute Pancreatitis
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Swollen and tender abdomen that feels worse after eating
- Pain in the upper abdomen
- Abdominal pain that radiates to your back
- Fever
- Rapid pulse
Where is the Pain of Pancreatitis Felt?
Both acute and chronic pancreatitis is characterized by pain in the upper abdominal area, usually under the ribs. Middle-left upper abdominal pain is a common symptom irrespective of the diagnosed form of pancreatitis. The duration of the pain ranges from a few minutes to several hours at a stretch.
- Mild pain at first that worsens after eating or drinking.
- Pain that may aggravate while lying down on the back and may reduce while leaning forward in a seated posture
- Constant and severe pain that lasts for several days
- Pain that radiates towards the back region
- Sometimes, pain that encompasses the upper body and back in a band-like pattern
The intensity of pain is associated with the cause of pancreatitis. A sudden stabbing pain that radiates to the back is a symptom of gallstone-induced pancreatitis, whereas slight localized pain is indicative of alcohol-induced pancreatitis.
Diagnosing Pancreatitis
A combination of blood tests and imaging studies will be prescribed. Physical examination and medical history will be required to evaluate the possible causes.
The diagnostic criteria for pancreatitis are as follows:
- Patient presents with sever epigastric pain or pain in the left upper quadrant which worsens after eating or drinking particularly fatty foods.
- Lipase or amylase levels three times higher than the normal value is a definitive diagnostic for pancratitis.
- A value greater than 4 for lipase to amylase ratio strongly suggests alcoholic cause of pancreatitis.
Besides blood tests, healthcare professionals may choose one or more of the following imaging tests for diagnosis:
- Abdominal ultrasound
- Endoscopic ultrasound
- Computerized tomography (CT) scan
- Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), using an endoscope to help get an X-ray of the bile and pancreatic ducts
- Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
- Pancreatic function test, a test that is performed at some centers in the United States. In this test, the response of hormone secretin (secreted by the small intestine) is measured against your pancreas.
Blood tests of an individual suffering from pancreatitis must show high levels of:
- Digestive enzymes (amylase and lipase) almost thrice the normal amount
- High levels of blood sugar
- High levels of lipids (fats) blood
Complications with Pancreatitis
Several complications may develop if a case of pancreatitis is not treated in a timely or proper fashion.
- Pseudocysts are sacs formed as a result of collected fluids and debris, which when ruptured can result in internal bleeding in the organ and subsequent infection.
- Respiratory distress occurs, affecting the functioning of the lungs.
- Diabetes is a severe complication that may arise due to the diminished levels of insulin as a result of the pancreatic inflammation.
- Untreated chronic pancreatitis can result in pancreatic cancer.
- Poor absorption of nutrients can lead to unintentional weight loss or malnourishment of the diseased individual.
- Because pancreatitis is associated with diarrhea, vomiting, and even internal bleeding, a prolonged episode can trigger hypovolemic shock, which is a potentially fatal situation that occurs due to a loss of more than 20 percent of the body’s blood or fluid supply.
- Damage to other vital organs including the kidneys, lungs, and heart may occur.
Treatment for Pancreatitis
Your doctor may suggest a visit to the gastroenterologist or surgeon for the following procedures and measures, depending on the type of pancreatitis that you have:
- To heal your pancreas, you may be hospitalized and restricted to intravenous nutritional support.
- Surgery is warranted if the underlying cause of pancreatitis is gallstones or some other obstruction of the bile or pancreatic ducts.
- Medication and antibiotics are administered orally or intravenously.
- The diet is low in fat and high in fluids with frequent meals in small portions.
- If the doctor suspects that the condition is stemming from a particular medication, the said medication is likely to be discontinued or swapped with a safer alternative.
- Alternative therapies such as yoga, exercise, meditation, and acupuncture have been suggested to ease the pain.
Preventing Pancreatitis
To prevent pancreatitis, bring about different changes in your lifestyle to metamorphose into a healthier individual, such as:
- Limit your alcohol consumption to a minimal. Avoid smoking. Consult a doctor if you suffer from an addiction.
- Choose a diet plan that is high in fruits, vegetables, and proteins and limits carbs and fats.
- Keep yourself hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids throughout the day.
- Instead of drinking coffee, go for decaffeinated green tea, which is extremely good for your health.
- Include foods rich in antioxidants to fight free radical damage.
When to See a Doctor
Pancreatitis is characterized by an inflamed pancreas, with symptoms including abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, breathing difficulties, and digestive distress. These symptoms are not peculiar to pancreatitis and can often be confused for some another ailment. In order to get a proper diagnosis, it is recommended to get your symptoms evaluated properly by a medical professional. This is particularly important because undermining your condition and not tending to it promptly can give rise to a number of far more serious and life-threatening complications.
Diet Considerations for Patients with Pancreatitis
The treatment for pancreatitis may involve fasting for a while, to give rest to your pancreas. During this time, intravenous nutritional support is provided. Once the inflammation is contained, a diet low in fat and plenty of fluids is prescribed to speed up recovery. Moreover, alcohol use is restricted if not avoided altogether to keep pancreatitis from worsening or recurring.
Home Remedies to Relieve Pancreatic Pain
Pancreatitis requires immediate medical attention. Treatment usually demands intravenous (IV) fluids, antibiotics, and pain medication. However, you can try some natural remedies, along with your medical treatment, to ease the pain and discomfort associated with the disease.
Here are some effective ways to relieve pancreatitis pain.
1. Apply Hot Compress
It is even helpful in alleviating the inflammation.
- Prepare a hot water bottle or warm up a heating pad on a low setting. Wrap it in a small towel and place it on the painful area for 5 to 10 minutes. Repeat as needed.
- Enjoying a warm bath or shower for 15 to 20 minutes twice a day also helps relieve stomach pain.
Caution: Care should be taken while using a hot water compress to reduce the risk of burns.
2. Drink Apple Cider Vinegar
Apple cider vinegar is rich in anti-inflammatory properties. It helps reduce the abdominal pain related to pancreatitis. Its natural acid content helps in reducing the thickness of the bile, thus preventing the formation of stones in the gall bladder (one of the critical causes of acute pancreatitis). Additionally, it helps to maintain an ideal body weight and abdominal fat content, which can aid in pancreatitis treatment.
- Mix 1 tablespoon of raw, unfiltered apple cider vinegar in 1 cup of warm water.
- Stir in 1 teaspoon each of lemon juice and honey.
- Drink this solution two times a day.
3. Take Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Omega-3 fatty acids are polyunsaturated fats (PUFAs) that are essential to the human body but cannot be synthesized. These are involved in various metabolic pathways of the human body. Omega-3 fatty acids possess anti-inflammatory properties and help in reducing the inflammation and pain due to pancreatitis. A study reports that by increasing the tissue content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, there can be a reduction of systemic inflammation in acute pancreatitis and of tissue fibrosis in chronic pancreatitis.
According to a 2015 meta-analysis published in Nutrients, omega-3 fatty acid supplementation was found to reduce the risk of mortality and infectious complications and decrease the span of hospital stays of patients with pancreatitis.
To include omega-3 fatty acids in your diet, consume soybean, flaxseed, walnut, canola, spinach, shrimp, clams, and fatty fishes such as salmon, trout, and tuna. You can also consider taking a supplement on consultation with a doctor.
4. Enjoy Ginger Tea/Ale
Ginger helps reduce inflammation in the pancreas and soothe the pain owing to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
A 2013 study published in the Journal of Preventive Medicine highlighted the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of ginger.
Aggravated cases of pancreatitis have been identified with pancreatic cancer. A study published in Gastroenterology Research and Practice (2015) established that ginger and its constituents are effective against pancreatic cancer.
- Sip on warm ginger tea to reduce pain. To make ginger tea, peel and slice a ½ inch-long piece of ginger root. Put the slices in 1 cup of hot water. Cover it and let it steep for 10 minutes. Strain, add honey if you want, and drink it while it is still warm. You can also chew the ginger slices.
- You can also drink ginger ale to get relief from pain.
5. Try Acupuncture Therapy
Acupuncture is a safe and effective way of relieving discomfort and pain. Used for thousands of years for a wide array of physical and mental ailments, acupuncture can be used to alleviate the pain related to pancreatitis.
Acupuncture is a type of procedure that involves stimulation of the anatomic points on the body by a variety of techniques. Thin, solid, metallic needles are penetrated into the skin and are manipulated by the hands or by electrical stimulation.
A 2017 study published in Pancreas studied the analgesic effect of acupuncture in pancreatic pain. Because the outcome lasted only for a short duration, further studies are required to validate the impact of acupuncture on visceral pain.
Another study conducted in 2018 and published in Trials demonstrated the efficacy of electroacupuncture for pain relief in patients with acute pancreatitis.
Consultation with a doctor is a must before undergoing acupuncture therapy.
6. Consume Turmeric
Turmeric possesses properties that help fight many cancers, including pancreatic cancer. The anti-inflammatory properties of turmeric can be attributed to its bioactive ingredient, curcumin.
A 2011 study published in the Indian Journal of Medical Research suggested that curcumin could attenuate pancreas tissue and other organ injuries by inhibiting the release of an inflammatory marker.
Another study published in Pain Medicine (2016) reports that curcuminoid supplements may be a safe and effective strategy to mitigate the severity of pain associated with this condition. However, further rigorously conducted studies are warranted to define the long-term efficacy and safety of these supplements.
- Boil 1 teaspoon of turmeric powder in 1 glass of milk or 2 glasses of water. Drink this twice daily.
- You can also take 400 to 600 milligrams of curcumin supplement up to three times a day or with each meal. Always consult your doctor before taking any supplement.
Note: Avoid high doses of turmeric in pregnancy as it may put the pregnancy at risk. Use turmeric with caution if you are diabetic or suffering from gall stones, bleeding disorders etc.
7. Include Blueberries in Your Diet
The anti-inflammatory properties of blueberries make them a good remedy for pancreatitis pain. It even reduces vascular damage to the pancreas caused by diabetes.
Blueberries are rich in antioxidants, which protect the pancreas from oxidative stress as a result of free-radical damage. These berries can also reduce your risk of developing severe conditions such as pancreatic cancer.
According to the American Institute of Cancer Research, blueberries have a large number of phytochemicals, particularly anthocyanins, which help in inhibiting tumor growth and may decrease inflammation.
Include at least 1 cup of fresh blueberries in your daily diet to keep your pancreas healthy.
8. Take Reishi Mushrooms
Reishi mushrooms contain powerful anti-inflammatory compounds that can reduce inflammation in and around the pancreas. This, in turn, reduces the risk of developing pancreatitis.
They are also rich in phytochemicals that prevent free-radical damage to the body, thus reducing the risk of several cancers, including pancreatic cancer.
A 2014 study published in Mediators of Inflammation found mushrooms to be a potential source of anti-inflammatory compounds for medical applications.
Another 2016 study done on mice shows the potential usage of this mushroom as a possible therapy for chronic pancreatitis. However more work need to be done on human subjects.
When taken for health reasons, consume this mushroom in dried or extract form. It is readily available on the market in liquid, capsule, or powdered form.
Take 150 milligrams to 300 milligrams of reishi mushrooms twice a day to help relieve inflammation, in the process boosting your immune system.
Extra Tips
- Try meditation as it aids in easing pain from chronic illnesses.
- Mental and emotional stress factors dramatically affect pain and inflammation in the body. Hence, try to reduce stress as much as possible.
- Drink aloe vera juice daily, as it hosts a sufficient quantity of anti-inflammatory compounds, which can help reduce inflammation of the pancreas.
- Papaya juice is another nutrient-rich formula often used to treat pancreatitis.
Job Harrison is the founder and owner of Shzboxtoday. He has been spending tireless time studying alternative medicine, researching on quality life and building blogs for SMEs and online publishers. Connect via Facebook, Instagram or Email.
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https://www.shzboxtoday.net/what-is-pancreatitis-causes-symptoms-and-natural-remedies/
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1 gallon (4 liters) of water – this is an estimate since crockpots are different sizes. I just make sure most of the bones are covered with liquid.
In order to make the most nutritious broth, it is best to use a variety of bones — marrow bones, oxtail, knuckles and feet. You can even mix and match bones in the same batch.
You can also add vegetables and herbs and spices to your broth to enhance the flavor.
Common additions include garlic, onion, celery, carrot, parsley and thyme. These can be added right away in step one. I use dried spices mostly, like garlic powder, onion powder, celery powder, parsley, thyme, etc.
Now, why should you make bone broth?
In general, bone broth is very nutritious. However, the nutrient content does depend on the ingredients you use, as each brings something different to the table.
Animal bones are rich in calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus and other trace minerals — the same minerals needed to build and strengthen your own bones. Fish bones also contain iodine, which is essential for healthy thyroid function and metabolism. Connective tissue gives you glucosamine and chondroitin, natural compounds found in cartilage that are known to support joint health. Marrow provides vitamin A, vitamin K2, minerals like zinc, iron, boron, manganese and selenium, as well as omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.
All of these animal parts also contain the protein collagen, which turns into gelatin when cooked and yields several important amino acids. As the ingredients simmer, their nutrients are released into the water in a form your body can easily absorb. Many people don’t get enough of these nutrients in their diet, so drinking bone broth is a good way to get more.
Unfortunately, it’s impossible to know the exact amount of each nutrient contained in the broth because every batch of bones is so different.
Scientists have discovered that your overall health depends heavily on the health of your intestinal tract. Not only is bone broth easy to digest, it may also aid in the digestion of other foods.
The gelatin found in bone broth naturally attracts and holds liquids. This is why properly prepared broth congeals in the fridge. Gelatin can also bind to water in your digestive tract, which helps foods move through your gut more easily. It has also been shown to protect and heal the mucosal lining of the digestive tract in rats. It is thought to have the same effect in humans, but more research needs to be done to show its effectiveness. An amino acid in gelatin called glutamine helps maintain the function of the intestinal wall, and has been known to prevent and heal a condition known as “leaky gut”.
Leaky gut is a dangerous condition in which the barrier between your gut and the rest of your body isn’t working properly. Substances that your body doesn’t normally allow through leak into your bloodstream, which leads to inflammation and other problems. For all of these reasons, drinking bone broth may be beneficial for individuals with leaky gut, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or irritable bowel disease (IBD), such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease.
The amino acids found in bone broth, including glycine and arginine, have strong anti-inflammatory effects. Arginine, in particular, may help fight the inflammation associated with obesity. One study shows higher levels of arginine in the blood are associated with decreased inflammation in obese women. Another study in rats suggests that supplementing with arginine could help fight inflammation in obese individuals, but more research needs to be done in humans to support these results.
While some inflammation is necessary, chronic inflammation may lead to a number of serious diseases. These include heart disease, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, Alzheimer’s disease, arthritis and many types of cancer.
Collagen is the main protein found in bones, tendons and ligaments. During the cooking process, collagen from bones and connective tissue is broken down into another protein called gelatin. Gelatin contains important amino acids that support joint health. It contains proline and glycine, which your body uses to build its own connective tissue. This includes tendons, which connect muscles to bones, and ligaments, which connect bones to each other.
Bone broth also contains glucosamine and chondroitin, which are natural compounds found in cartilage. Multiple studies have found that glucosamine and chondroitin can decrease joint pain and lessen the symptoms of osteoarthritis.
The proteins in bone broth have also proven beneficial for those with rheumatoid arthritis, which is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes painful damage to the tendons and ligaments. In one study, 60 people with rheumatoid arthritis consumed chicken collagen for three months. Symptoms improved significantly in all 60 participants, with four showing complete remission of the disease.
Bone broth is typically very low in calories, but can still satisfy hunger. Studies have found that eating broth-based soup on a regular basis can increase fullness, reduce calorie intake and lead to weight loss over time.
What’s more, bone broth contains gelatin, which has specifically been shown to promote feelings of fullness. One study found that gelatin was more effective at reducing hunger than the protein casein, which is found in dairy products. Another study in 53 men found that, when combined with resistance training, collagen helped increase muscle mass and decrease body fat.
The amino acid glycine, found in bone broth, may help you relax. Multiple studies have found that glycine helps promote sleep. One study found that taking 3 grams of glycine before bed significantly improved the quality of sleep in individuals who have difficulty sleeping. Taking glycine before bed helped participants fall asleep faster, maintain a deeper sleep and wake up fewer times throughout the night. This study also found that glycine reduced daytime sleepiness and improved mental function and memory.
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https://chronicillnesswarriorsite.com/2017/04/21/recipe-how-to-make-bone-broth-and-why-you-should/
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Your body's first line of defense against infection and injury is inflammation. This process will usually shut itself off when healing has finished, but problems can arise when the inflammation process forgets to turn itself off. In this scenario, the inflammation will turn on your body, attacking healthy cells, blood vessels, and tissues instead of protecting them. This is known as chronic or systemic inflammation.
This can develop anywhere in the body - including the brain. However, unlike the inflammation of an injury or arthritis, brain inflammation causes no pain due to the fact that the brain has no pain receptors. Nevertheless, that doesn't mean that it does not exist, and is causing hidden damage to your body's most vital organ.
While acute inflammation occurs as a result of injury or pathogens, chronic inflammation is often caused by an unhealthy lifestyle that continues to fuel the inflammation response long after it has helped in the healing process.
Chronic inflammation can lead to all sorts of seemingly unrelated problems such as:
• Allergies
• Asthma
• Autoimmune diseases
• Chronic infections
• Colitis
• Dermatitis
• Sinusitis
• Arthritis
It has been dubbed a silent killer as it contributes to seven out of ten leading causes of death.
Chronic inflammation shuts down energy production in brain cells, causing mental fatigue as well as slowing down the firing of neurons. This can lead to further symptoms such as:
• Brain fog
• Lack of mental clarity
• ADHD
• Anxiety
• Memory loss
• Slow mental processing
• Stroke
• Alzheimer's
Furthermore, there is a growing body of evidence that suggests that it may also cause depression. In fact, some experts believe that depression may not be a disease, but rather a symptom of inflammation.
The medical world largely feels that depression is caused by low levels of "feel good" brain chemicals, usually serotonin and sometimes dopamine. However, this is only one theory - albeit a widely held one. As a result, millions of people worldwide are prescribed antidepressants based on the brain chemical model of depression. However, they work in less than 50% of those who are taking them, making them little more effective than a placebo.
There's another theory that suggests that brain inflammation is the root of all depression. A study carried out in 2015 by Canadian researchers from the Center for Addiction and Mental Health's (CAMH) Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute in Toronto used positron emission tomography (PET) to examine the brains of 20 patients suffering from depression and 20 people who were not.
These PET scans revealed the patients who were suffering from depression showed significant inflammation in their brain, and that the severity of the inflammation was concurrent with the severity of their depression. The brains of those who were experiencing clinical depression exhibited an inflammatory increase of around 30%.
It was not possible to ascertain whether the depressed patients showed brain inflammation before they became depressed, or after the onset of the first symptoms. However, the team of researchers were the first ones to find definitive evidence of inflammation in brains of those suffering from depression.
Your Brain's Immune System
It is well-known that our brain has its own immune system. Microglia are immune cells found in the brain that are your central nervous system's first and main line of defense. Their job is to protect your brain and spinal cord from pathogens and to clear away any metabolic debris, such as beta amyloid plaques found in the brains of those suffering from Alzheimer's. By weight, the brain is made up of 50% microglia cells.
Once a microglia cell has been activated, it will create inflammation for the rest of its life - there is no "on" or "off" switch. Additionally, they cause a domino effect by stimulating other microglia to become active.
There are many health and lifestyle factors that can increase the risk of activating your microglia, producing brain inflammation, and these include:
• Diabetes
• Lack of exercise
• High carbohydrate diet
• Chronic stress
• Heart disease
• Asthma
• Head trauma
• Gluten (for those who are gluten-intolerant)
• Substance abuse
• Exposure to environmental toxins
• Digestive disorders
• Vitamin B deficiency
• Systemic inflammation
• Compromised blood-brain barrier
According to Dr. Datis Kharrazian, a compromised blood-brain barrier is one of the leading causes of brain inflammation.
The blood-brain barrier is a finely woven mesh of specialized blood vessels and cells that are there to keep foreign substances out of the brain. But when it's damaged, it can become leaky, allowing toxins, and pathogens to enter the brain, which in turn activates the microglia to produce inflammation.
Natural Ways to Control Brain Inflammation
Inflammation is not an all-or-nothing state, but a continuum. There is no way to get rid of inflammation, and nor should you try to do so, as some inflammation activity is essential. However, you do want to minimize inflammation once it has gotten out of control and its effect have become negative. Here are some great ways to keep chronic inflammation under control.
The food that you eat can either increase or decrease inflammation. Here's how you can eat more anti-inflammatory foods and minimize pro-inflammatory ones.
Give Your Brain an Oil Change
One of the simple dietary changes that you can make is cutting back on omega-6 fatty acids found in vegetable oils such as canola, corn, soy, and safflower oil. Instead, switch to extra virgin olive oil and organic coconut oil which both contain anti-inflammatory properties instead.
Furthermore, choose grass-fed and pasture-fed meat, poultry, and eggs over grain-fed as these contain more omega-3 fats and fewer inflammatory omega-6 fatty acids.
Eliminate Processed Carbohydrates That Contain Sugar and Wheat
Consuming white sugar not only increases brain inflammation, but it also interferes with brain cell communication, slows thinking, and eventually causes damage and death to healthy brain cells. Instead of sugar, use honey since it is an anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibiotic, and antiseptic.
Wheat products may harm your brain in a number of ways. If you're among the millions with a gluten sensitivity, eliminating wheat is essential to reduce inflammation in your gut and brain. But even if you don't have a gluten problem, you should still try to limit your consumption.
This is why: Wheat raises your blood sugar levels a lot more than white sugar. In fact, two slices of whole wheat toast raises your blood sugar levels more than when you eat a candy bar.
Eat and Drink Anti-Inflammatory Flavonols
Flavanols are a group of anti-inflammatory compounds found in plants. They can also be found in abundance in chocolate, berries, tea, coffee, beer, and wine.
Virtually all herbs and spices are anti-inflammatory, so be sure to include a lot of them in your diet. Ginger, rosemary, and turmeric are among the best for improving brain health and function.
Besides from altering your diet, there are other aspects of a healthy lifestyle that can reduce inflammation.
Getting enough sleep can keep inflammation at bay. Reducing your exposure to artificial light in the evening will help you sleep better as it enables your body to produce melatonin, your body's natural sleep hormone that's also a potent anti-inflammatory.
Making sure that you get at least 20-30 minutes of moderate exercise a day will also help stave of inflammation.
Brain Inflammation: The Bottom Line
• Inflammation is a necessary response to injury and pathogens, but it can sometimes get out control, becoming chronic.
• Chronic inflammation can occur anywhere in the body including the brain.
• Chronic brain inflammation may be responsible for a wide range of brain-related problems, including depression.
• Adopting a healthy anti-inflammatory lifestyle - making positive changes in diet, sleep, exercise, and stress levels - will help keep inflammation at bay.
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https://www.ba-bamail.com/health/mental-health/feeling-depressed-it-might-be-down-to-brain-inflammation/
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Triphala, also known as “triphala churna” or “Himalayan triphala”, is an herbal concoction that comes from traditional Ayurvedic medicine. Its name in Sanskrit translates as “three fruits” as it is made up of Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis), black myrobalan (Terminalia chebula) and myrobalan bellerico (Terminalia belerica).
Due to its pharmacological composition, it has been used as an aid to improve health, especially in digestive, inflammatory or oral conditions. It is even said that it can help with weight control. Is there evidence in this regard? Is its consumption safe? Here we detail it.
What is Triphala and what is it made of?
Triphala is an herbal formula that is frequently used in Ayurvedic medicine. According to information disclosed in the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, it is obtained from the nuts of the plant species Emblica officinalis (Euphorbiaceae family), Terminalia bellerica (Combretaceae family) and Terminalia chebula (Combretaceae family), native to the Indian subcontinent.
Historical data indicate that it has been used for more than 1000 years, since it appears in texts of the doctor Charak, who suggested that its daily consumption was useful to live “one hundred years without diseases.” Since then, it has been used as an ally to promote well-being and improve health.
Composition of triphala
The main constituents of triphala are tannins, gallic acid, ellagic acid, and quebulinic acid. These are listed as antioxidants, which explains many of their medicinal effects.
Now, let’s see in detail the properties of the plants used in its preparation, which are the following:
- Indian gooseberry or Emblica officinalis: This fruit and its extracts are used to improve digestive health and prevent the onset of chronic diseases. They concentrate nutrients such as vitamins A and C, minerals and amino acids. In addition, according to data from Phytotherapy Research, they are a source of phenols, tannins, curcuminoids, among others.
- Black myrobalan or Terminalia bellirica: in Ayurvedic medicine it is known as bibhitak. It stands out for its content of tannins, ellagic acid, gallic acid, lignans and flavones. In addition, it has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic properties.
- Mirobalán bellerico or Terminalia belerica: another of its names is haritaki. In Ayurveda it is said that he is “the king of medicines.” According to an article published in the Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, it contains phytochemicals such as terpenes, polyphenols, anthocyanins and flavonoids. In addition, it is used as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and digestive.
What benefits are attributed to triphala?
Ayurvedic medicine attributes a wide variety of benefits to triphala. Many of its effects are explained by its laxative ability, as this is believed to help “cleanse the body.”
Likewise, its potential as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial is recognized. What does the evidence say?
Natural laxative
For years, triphala has been a supplement to combat constipation and other digestive complaints. In fact, it is distributed as an alternative to over-the-counter laxatives.
In this regard, a study published in the Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics determined that a laxative with triphala and other plants was useful to reduce the effort and achieve more complete evacuations.
Also, research in the Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine reported that this herbal preparation reduced constipation, abdominal pain, and flatulence in patients with gastrointestinal disorders.
Weight loss
It is important to consider that weight loss depends on many factors, among which diet is important. Still, supplements like triphala can serve as weight loss aids, although not miraculously.
In an animal study published by Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, rats supplemented with triphala had significant weight reduction. Likewise, their energy intake and fat level were lower than those who did not receive the preparation.
In other research, conducted in obese adults, the results were also promising. Those who received a daily dose of 10 grams of triphala experienced a decrease in waist and hip circumference. Furthermore, a weight reduction was also observed.
Dental health
In Ayurvedic medicine, triphala is used as a remedy for oral diseases. In particular, its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties are used to reduce inflammation of the gums (gingivitis), cavities and dental plaque.
Although the evidence is still limited, a study shared in the International Journal of Ayurveda Research reported that a mouthwash with triphala extract was helpful in decreasing plaque buildup and bacterial growth in the mouth.
This was corroborated in an investigation in the Journal of Periodontal & Implant Science, which determined that a mouth rinse with triphala helped in the reduction of plaque and the control of gingivitis.
Anti-inflammatory activity
Many of the medicinal properties of triphala are associated with its potential as an anti-inflammatory. A publication in Phytotherapy Research details that the combination of plants in this preparation contains vitamin C, flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins and saponins, among other plant compounds.
These compounds not only intervene on inflammatory processes in the body, but also act as antioxidants. In this way, the effects of oxidative stress, associated with a wide variety of diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, arthritis and diabetes, decrease.
Risks and contraindications
Triphala is considered safe for most healthy adults. Still, it can cause some side effects, such as diarrhea and abdominal discomfort, especially when used in very high doses. Its use in pregnant women, lactating women or children is not recommended, since its level of safety in these populations is unknown.
Similarly, its use is discouraged in people with diseases already diagnosed or who are under medical treatment. In these cases, the ideal is to consult the professional before taking this type of supplement.
It should be borne in mind that it can interact or reduce the effectiveness of medications such as the following:
- Anticoagulants
- Antiarrhythmics
- Anticonvulsants
- Atypical antidepressants such as nefazodone
- Immunosuppressive drugs
- Opioid pain relievers
How is triphala consumed?
Right now, triphala is available in capsule, powder, or liquid form. It can be found in online or health food stores.
It is important to respect the recommended dose on the label, since too much can cause unwanted reactions. Taking 500 milligrams to 1 gram per day is often advised in case of constipation.
The liquid version can be diluted in a glass of water to create a mouthwash. In addition, it can be mixed with warm water and honey to take advantage of its other medicinal properties. If you choose the latter option, take it before main meals. When in doubt, consult your doctor or herbalist.
What to remember about this Ayurvedic remedy?
Triphala is a combination of three plants widely used in Ayurvedic medicine. Since ancient times, a wide variety of medicinal properties have been attributed to it, which popularized its use as a supplement. Although studies are still limited, the evidence suggests that it has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial potential.
In any case, it should be used in moderation, without exceeding the doses recommended by the manufacturer. Furthermore, it should not be a substitute for medical treatments nor should it be used simultaneously with medications. To avoid inconvenience, buy supplements from reputable sites.
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Inflammation is considered a part of our innate immunity. Innate immunity is referred as the immunity that is naturally present in our body by the time we are born and not the adaptive immunity that we get after being exposed to a vaccination or an infection. Innate immunity is generally non specific. On the other hand, adaptive immunity is specific to one pathogen. Basically, inflammation is considered a mechanism of innate immunity.
Inflammation is the body’s immune system’s response to stimulus. Examples of inflammatory mechanisms include bacteria colonizing a wound or perhaps a splinter piercing the finger. Basically, inflammation happens whenever the immune system fights against something that is harmful to the body.
Acute Inflammation versus Chronic Inflammation
There are two types of inflammation, acute inflammation and chronic inflammation.
Acute inflammation is characterized by rapid onset and quick to become severe. The signs and symptoms of acute inflammation may only be present for a few days. However, there are some cases when the signs and symptoms persist for several weeks. Disease conditions that may induce acute inflammation include infected ingrown toenail, acute bronchitis, and a sore throat, a cut on the skin, acute dermatitis, acute tonsillitis, acute appendicitis, and acute sinusitis.
Chronic inflammation, on the other hand, is referred to as long term inflammation. This can last for several months to years. This type of inflammation can result from the failure to eliminate the cause of acute inflammation, a chronic irritant of low intensity, and an autoimmune response to self antigen which means that the immune system attacks healthy body tissues mistaking it for harmful pathogens. There are various examples of disease conditions that cause chronic inflammation. Such disease conditions include asthma, tuberculosis, chronic peptic ulcer disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and Chron’s disease.
The wounds, tissue damages, and infections of the body will never heal without undergoing some form of inflammation. This is a normal response of the body’s immune system. However, with chronic inflammation, complications can arise like cancers, atherosclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Thus, inflammation must be well regulated.
What happens during acute inflammation?
Within a few seconds after the tissue on the body is injured, acute inflammation will start to appear. The damage may be caused by a physical blow or perhaps an immune response. To better understand about acute inflammation, you have to take note of the three main processes that occur before as well as during acute inflammation.
The first thing that happens is that there is increased blood flow to the injured part of the body. The arterioles will start to dilate to increase the blood flow. Right after this happens, the capillaries, which are connected to the arterioles, will start to become more permeable. This allows fluid as well as blood proteins to move into the interstitial spaces, which is the space between the cells. Then, the neutrophils and macrophages migrate out of the capillaries and move into the interstitial spaces. Both are a type of white blood cells that ingest foreign materials and microorganisms.
The Five Classical Signs of Acute Inflammation
The five cardinal signs of acute inflammation include pain, redness, immobility, swelling and heat. Pain is felt on the inflamed areas as chemicals are released when the nerve endings are stimulated. Moreover, the inflamed area becomes more sensitive. There is also redness on the area, as the capillaries will become filled with more blood than usual. At some point, immobility or loss of function may be experienced. Swelling is also experienced dues to the accumulation of fluid in the affected area. Since there is more blood in the affected area, the area becomes warm to touch.
Treatments for Inflammation
It is important to always remember that inflammation is part of the natural healing process of the body. There are certain cases when reducing the inflammation becomes necessary. However, this is not always the case.
There are several medications and treatment options for inflammation. Here are some of the most common ones:
- NSAIDs or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are prescribed for the purpose of alleviating the pain that is caused by the inflammation. Basically, this type of medication will counteract the cyclooxygenase enzyme, which is primarily responsible for synthesizing prostaglandins which creates inflammation. Whenever prostaglandin synthesis is blocked, pain is significantly reduced or eliminated.
- This type of medication can also help reduce pain associated with inflammatory conditions. While this medication may help reduce the pain, this does not have any effect on the actual inflammation.
- This type of medication has anti-inflammatory properties. Basically, this medication prevents the release of phospholipids, which weaken eosinophil action and the other mechanisms associated in the body’s inflammatory response.
The Natural Approach to Treating Inflammation
Reducing inflammation is all about listening to the body. There are several ways to reduce your inflammatory response by adhering to anti-inflammatory healthy habits.
For instance, you can adhere to an anti-inflammatory diet. This type of diet comes with essential fatty acids like omega 3s. You can take a daily dose of omega 3 supplement or you can include a handful of nuts in your daily diet. You should also steer clear of known allergens and other known dietary irritants like dairy, egg, and wheat. Moreover, it is recommended that you eat lots of fresh fruits and vegetables.
Aside from modifying your diet, you can adopt other healthy habits to reduce inflammatory response of the body. For instance, you can perform physical activity every day. You can fuel your body with numerous anti-inflammatory agents by means of exercising every day. You can start simple by taking a five minute walk to build your stamina.
Another way to reduce inflammatory response is to allow your body to relax. If you experience chronic stress, you should find some time to relax by meditating or joining therapies. Resting is also ideal as this will not only improve your body but also help it recover from damages. In fact, this is considered a great anti-inflammatory medicine.
Breaking your bad habits like excessive alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking also improves inflammatory response of the body. A good way to help your body heal and recover is to eliminate such bad habits.
References:
http://www.webmd.com/arthritis/about-inflammation
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072482/
http://www.livescience.com/52344-inflammation.html
https://www.womentowomen.com/inflammation/reducing-inflammation/
Find It Hard To Get Clean Eating Recipes?
If you are stuck for recipe ideas our clean recipes ebook has many gluten free options for recipes and meals to suit many different tastes, check out the link below for more. Each recipe show the calorie content and how many grams of fat, protein and carbohydrates is contained in each recipe so you’ll know exactly what fits your dietary needs.
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Do you sometimes feel like your chronic pain becomes worse after eating certain foods? As a matter of fact, research studies have demonstrated that eating several types of foods can trigger an inflammatory response in the human body. And we all know that inflammation can be one of the primary causes for your chronic pain flare-ups. Before we discuss the foods that can cause inflammation and the foods that can fight against inflammation, let’s discuss what is inflammation and how you can measure inflammation.
What is Inflammation?
Inflammation is the immune system’s natural defense mechanism. It functions by protecting the human body from injury, illness, and infection. Inflammation helps to maintain overall health and wellness. Allergic reactions can also result in inflammation. When you’re injured or you have an infection, you can see symptoms of inflammation: or swollen, red, and hot spots. However, inflammation may occur seemingly without a cause. The ideal way to diagnose inflammation is to measure specific biomarkers through blood tests.
The C-reactive protein, or CRP, a substance produced by the liver, is one of the best biomarkers of inflammation. CRP levels increase as inflammation increases, therefore, you can know a lot about what’s happening inside your own body by looking at your CRP levels. According to the American Heart Association and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a CRP concentration of under 1.0 mg/L suggests a low risk for heart issues; between 1.0 to 3.0 mg/L suggests an average risk for heart issues; and over 3.0 mg/L suggests a high risk for heart issues. Substantial levels of CRP (greater than 10 mg/L) may also suggest a risk of developing other health issues.
Other biomarkers like activated monocytes, cytokines, chemokines, various adhesion molecules, adiponectin, fibrinogen, and serum amyloid alpha, are other biomarkers which can be measured through blood tests to diagnose inflammation. Inflammatory responses consist of sympathetic activity, oxidative stress, nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kB) activation, and proinflammatory cytokine production.
White blood cells play an important part in the human body’s immune system. Every time a bacteria or virus enters the bloodstream, the white blood cells, or leukocytes, recognize and destroy the foreign invaders. You might believe that an increased white blood cell count may be beneficial since white blood cells fight infection, however, this may not necessarily be the case. An increased white blood cell count may indicate the presence of another health issue, although a large white blood cell count is not a problem itself.
Foods that Cause Inflammation
Not surprisingly, the same types of foods which can cause inflammation are also generally considered to be bad for our health, such as refined carbohydrates, and sodas as well as red meat, and processed meats. Inflammation is an important underlying mechanism which has been associated with an increased risk for chronic diseases like type 2 diabetes and heart disease, among other health issues.
Unhealthy foods also contribute to weight gain, which is itself a risk factor for inflammation. In several research studies, even after researchers took obesity into account, the connection between inflammation and these foods remained, which suggests that weight gain is not a cause of inflammation. Some foods have an increased effect on inflammation and increased caloric consumption.
Foods that can cause inflammation include:
- Refined carbohydrates, such as white bread and pastries
- French fries and other fried foods
- Sodas and other sugar-sweetened drinks
- Red meat like burgers and steaks as well as processed meat like hot dogs and sausage
- Margarine, shortening, and lard
Foods that Fight Against Inflammation
Alternatively, there are foods that fight against inflammation, and with it, chronic disease. Certain fruits and vegetables, such as blueberries, apples, and leafy greens, are high in polyphenols and antioxidants, which are components that may have anti-inflammatory effects. Research studies also have associated nuts with reduced biomarkers of inflammation and a decreased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Coffee may protect against inflammation, as well. Choose anti-inflammatory foods and you could improve your overall health and wellness. Choose inflammatory foods and you might increase the risk of inflammation and chronic pain.
Foods that can fight against inflammation include:
- Tomatoes
- Olive oil
- Green leafy vegetables, such as spinach, kale, and collards
- Nuts like almonds and walnuts
- Fatty fish, such as salmon, tuna, mackerel, and sardines
- Fruits like strawberries, blueberries, cherries, and oranges
Healthcare professionals are learning that one of the greatest ways to reduce inflammation is found. not in the medicine cabinet, but in the refrigerator. An anti-inflammatory diet can ultimately help reduce the human body’s inflammatory response. The immune system triggers inflammation to protect the human body from injury, illness, and infection. But if inflammation continues, it can cause a variety of health issues, including chronic pain symptoms. Research studies have demonstrated that certain food can influence the effects of inflammation in the human body.Dr. Alex Jimenez D.C., C.C.S.T. Insight
Anti-Inflammatory Diets
To reduce inflammation, focus on following an overall healthier diet. If you’re looking for an anti-inflammatory diet, consider following the Mediterranean diet, which is high in fruits, vegetables, nuts, whole grains, fish, and oils. The Longevity Diet Plan, presented in the book by Dr. Valter Longo, also eliminates foods which can cause inflammation, promoting well-being and longevity. Fasting, or caloric restriction, has long been known to decrease oxidative stress and slow down the mechanisms of aging in various organisms.
And if fasting is not for you, Dr. Valter Longo’s longevity diet plan also includes the fasting mimicking diet, or FMD, which allows you to experience the benefits of traditional fasting without depriving your body of food. The main difference of the FMD is that instead of eliminating all food for several days or even weeks, you only restrict your calorie intake for five days out of the month. The FMD can be practiced once a month to help promote overall health and wellness as well as to help reduce inflammation and chronic pain.
While anyone can follow the FMD on their own, Dr. Valter Longo offers the ProLon® fasting mimicking diet, a 5-day meal program which has been individually packed and labeled to serves the foods you need for the FMD in precise quantities and combinations. The meal program consists of ready-to-eat and easy-to-prepare, plant-based foods, including bars, soups, snacks, supplements, a drink concentrate, and teas. However, b
In addition to reducing inflammation, a more natural, less processed diet can have noticeable effects on your physical and emotional health. The scope of our information is limited to chiropractic, spinal health issues, and functional medicine articles, topics, and discussions. To further discuss the subject matter above, please feel free to ask Dr. Alex Jimenez or contact us at 915-850-0900 .
Curated by Dr. Alex Jimenez
Additional Topic Discussion: Acute Back Pain
Back pain is one of the most prevalent causes of disability and missed days at work worldwide. Back pain attributes to the second most common reason for doctor office visits, outnumbered only by upper-respiratory infections. Approximately 80 percent of the population will experience back pain at least once throughout their life. Your spine is a complex structure made up of bones, joints, ligaments, and muscles, among other soft tissues. Injuries and/or aggravated conditions, such as herniated discs, can eventually lead to symptoms of back pain. Sports injuries or automobile accident injuries are often the most frequent cause of back pain, however, sometimes the simplest of movements can have painful results. Fortunately, alternative treatment options, such as chiropractic care, can help ease back pain through the use of spinal adjustments and manual manipulations, ultimately improving pain relief.
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The information herein on "Stop Eating This and Stop the Chronic Pain" is not intended to replace a one-on-one relationship with a qualified health care professional, or licensed physician, and is not medical advice. We encourage you to make your own healthcare decisions based on your research and partnership with a qualified healthcare professional.
Blog Information & Scope Discussions
Our information scope is limited to Chiropractic, musculoskeletal, physical medicines, wellness, contributing etiological viscerosomatic disturbances within clinical presentations, associated somatovisceral reflex clinical dynamics, subluxation complexes, sensitive health issues, and/or functional medicine articles, topics, and discussions.
We provide and present clinical collaboration with specialists from a wide array of disciplines. Each specialist is governed by their professional scope of practice and their jurisdiction of licensure. We use functional health & wellness protocols to treat and support care for the injuries or disorders of the musculoskeletal system.
Our videos, posts, topics, subjects, and insights cover clinical matters, issues, and topics that relate to and support, directly or indirectly, our clinical scope of practice.*
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The conversion factor from minutes to seconds is 60, which means that 1 minute is equal to 60 seconds:
1 min = 60 s
To convert 1 minutes into seconds we have to multiply 1 by the conversion factor in order to get the time amount from minutes to seconds. We can also form a simple proportion to calculate the result:
1 min → 60 s
1 min → T(s)
Solve the above proportion to obtain the time T in seconds:
T(s) = 1 min × 60 s
T(s) = 60 s
The final result is:
1 min → 60 s
We conclude that 1 minutes is equivalent to 60 seconds:
1 minutes = 60 seconds
Alternative conversion
We can also convert by utilizing the inverse value of the conversion factor. In this case 1 second is equal to 0.016666666666667 × 1 minutes.
Another way is saying that 1 minutes is equal to 1 ÷ 0.016666666666667 seconds.
Approximate result
For practical purposes we can round our final result to an approximate numerical value. We can say that one minutes is approximately sixty seconds:
1 min ≅ 60 s
An alternative is also that one second is approximately zero point zero one seven times one minutes.
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https://convertoctopus.com/1-minutes-to-seconds
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Beket,
You have one full hour and 0.486588292 hours left over.
Multiply that by 60 to get 29.1952975 minutes. That's 29 full minutes and .1952975 minutes.
Multiply that by 60 to get 11.71785 seconds.
Is it possible that you are inadvertently telling your calculator to convert 1.4865... _minutes_ into H-M-S notation? Then it would show [0 hours], 1 minute, 29 seconds, and 0.195... seconds.
Good Hunting!
The first thing you should do is work in the smallest unit - in your case seconds - and then work back to minutes and hours. So, how many seconds in an hour? 60x60. Now take 1.486588292 of those seconds and convert into minutes (with some seconds left over) and then convert the minutes into hours (with some minutes left over) and you're done.
Penny
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Math Central is supported by the University of Regina and The Pacific Institute for the Mathematical Sciences.
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http://mathcentral.uregina.ca/QQ/database/QQ.09.10/h/beket2.html
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The conversion factor from minutes to seconds is 60, which means that 1 minute is equal to 60 seconds:
1 min = 60 s
To convert 15.8 minutes into seconds we have to multiply 15.8 by the conversion factor in order to get the time amount from minutes to seconds. We can also form a simple proportion to calculate the result:
1 min → 60 s
15.8 min → T(s)
Solve the above proportion to obtain the time T in seconds:
T(s) = 15.8 min × 60 s
T(s) = 948 s
The final result is:
15.8 min → 948 s
We conclude that 15.8 minutes is equivalent to 948 seconds:
15.8 minutes = 948 seconds
Alternative conversion
We can also convert by utilizing the inverse value of the conversion factor. In this case 1 second is equal to 0.0010548523206751 × 15.8 minutes.
Another way is saying that 15.8 minutes is equal to 1 ÷ 0.0010548523206751 seconds.
Approximate result
For practical purposes we can round our final result to an approximate numerical value. We can say that fifteen point eight minutes is approximately nine hundred forty-eight seconds:
15.8 min ≅ 948 s
An alternative is also that one second is approximately zero point zero zero one times fifteen point eight minutes.
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https://convertoctopus.com/15-8-minutes-to-seconds
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The conversion factor from minutes to seconds is 60, which means that 1 minute is equal to 60 seconds:
1 min = 60 s
To convert 276 minutes into seconds we have to multiply 276 by the conversion factor in order to get the time amount from minutes to seconds. We can also form a simple proportion to calculate the result:
1 min → 60 s
276 min → T(s)
Solve the above proportion to obtain the time T in seconds:
T(s) = 276 min × 60 s
T(s) = 16560 s
The final result is:
276 min → 16560 s
We conclude that 276 minutes is equivalent to 16560 seconds:
276 minutes = 16560 seconds
Alternative conversion
We can also convert by utilizing the inverse value of the conversion factor. In this case 1 second is equal to 6.0386473429952E-5 × 276 minutes.
Another way is saying that 276 minutes is equal to 1 ÷ 6.0386473429952E-5 seconds.
Approximate result
For practical purposes we can round our final result to an approximate numerical value. We can say that two hundred seventy-six minutes is approximately sixteen thousand five hundred sixty seconds:
276 min ≅ 16560 s
An alternative is also that one second is approximately zero times two hundred seventy-six minutes.
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https://convertoctopus.com/276-minutes-to-seconds
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The conversion factor from minutes to seconds is 60, which means that 1 minute is equal to 60 seconds:
1 min = 60 s
To convert 13.6 minutes into seconds we have to multiply 13.6 by the conversion factor in order to get the time amount from minutes to seconds. We can also form a simple proportion to calculate the result:
1 min → 60 s
13.6 min → T(s)
Solve the above proportion to obtain the time T in seconds:
T(s) = 13.6 min × 60 s
T(s) = 816 s
The final result is:
13.6 min → 816 s
We conclude that 13.6 minutes is equivalent to 816 seconds:
13.6 minutes = 816 seconds
Alternative conversion
We can also convert by utilizing the inverse value of the conversion factor. In this case 1 second is equal to 0.0012254901960784 × 13.6 minutes.
Another way is saying that 13.6 minutes is equal to 1 ÷ 0.0012254901960784 seconds.
Approximate result
For practical purposes we can round our final result to an approximate numerical value. We can say that thirteen point six minutes is approximately eight hundred sixteen seconds:
13.6 min ≅ 816 s
An alternative is also that one second is approximately zero point zero zero one times thirteen point six minutes.
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https://convertoctopus.com/13-6-minutes-to-seconds
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The conversion factor from minutes to seconds is 60, which means that 1 minute is equal to 60 seconds:
1 min = 60 s
To convert 394 minutes into seconds we have to multiply 394 by the conversion factor in order to get the time amount from minutes to seconds. We can also form a simple proportion to calculate the result:
1 min → 60 s
394 min → T(s)
Solve the above proportion to obtain the time T in seconds:
T(s) = 394 min × 60 s
T(s) = 23640 s
The final result is:
394 min → 23640 s
We conclude that 394 minutes is equivalent to 23640 seconds:
394 minutes = 23640 seconds
Alternative conversion
We can also convert by utilizing the inverse value of the conversion factor. In this case 1 second is equal to 4.2301184433164E-5 × 394 minutes.
Another way is saying that 394 minutes is equal to 1 ÷ 4.2301184433164E-5 seconds.
Approximate result
For practical purposes we can round our final result to an approximate numerical value. We can say that three hundred ninety-four minutes is approximately twenty-three thousand six hundred forty seconds:
394 min ≅ 23640 s
An alternative is also that one second is approximately zero times three hundred ninety-four minutes.
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https://convertoctopus.com/394-minutes-to-seconds
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The conversion factor from minutes to seconds is 60, which means that 1 minute is equal to 60 seconds:
1 min = 60 s
To convert 6.7 minutes into seconds we have to multiply 6.7 by the conversion factor in order to get the time amount from minutes to seconds. We can also form a simple proportion to calculate the result:
1 min → 60 s
6.7 min → T(s)
Solve the above proportion to obtain the time T in seconds:
T(s) = 6.7 min × 60 s
T(s) = 402 s
The final result is:
6.7 min → 402 s
We conclude that 6.7 minutes is equivalent to 402 seconds:
6.7 minutes = 402 seconds
Alternative conversion
We can also convert by utilizing the inverse value of the conversion factor. In this case 1 second is equal to 0.0024875621890547 × 6.7 minutes.
Another way is saying that 6.7 minutes is equal to 1 ÷ 0.0024875621890547 seconds.
Approximate result
For practical purposes we can round our final result to an approximate numerical value. We can say that six point seven minutes is approximately four hundred two seconds:
6.7 min ≅ 402 s
An alternative is also that one second is approximately zero point zero zero two times six point seven minutes.
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https://convertoctopus.com/6-7-minutes-to-seconds
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The conversion factor from minutes to seconds is 60, which means that 1 minute is equal to 60 seconds:
1 min = 60 s
To convert 443 minutes into seconds we have to multiply 443 by the conversion factor in order to get the time amount from minutes to seconds. We can also form a simple proportion to calculate the result:
1 min → 60 s
443 min → T(s)
Solve the above proportion to obtain the time T in seconds:
T(s) = 443 min × 60 s
T(s) = 26580 s
The final result is:
443 min → 26580 s
We conclude that 443 minutes is equivalent to 26580 seconds:
443 minutes = 26580 seconds
Alternative conversion
We can also convert by utilizing the inverse value of the conversion factor. In this case 1 second is equal to 3.7622272385252E-5 × 443 minutes.
Another way is saying that 443 minutes is equal to 1 ÷ 3.7622272385252E-5 seconds.
Approximate result
For practical purposes we can round our final result to an approximate numerical value. We can say that four hundred forty-three minutes is approximately twenty-six thousand five hundred eighty seconds:
443 min ≅ 26580 s
An alternative is also that one second is approximately zero times four hundred forty-three minutes.
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https://convertoctopus.com/443-minutes-to-seconds
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CraicOn has just received information that the Caiseal Mara has been sold. It had been on the market for a year at €300,00 without a taker. It went to auction at a reserve price of €175,000 which is crazy for a hotel which has 48 bedrooms.
It also has a function room able to take 300 seats. The chandelier in reception cost €50,000 for God’s sake.
We’ve been seeking information on the auction at the RDS in Dublin all afternoon.
Sold
We have finally had confirmation from the Director of Auctions at Allsop who are selling it.
He said “Yes sold after. More details tomorrow”.
I’m presuming that means that it didn’t sell at the auction but sold afterwards but I don’t know as that is all the info I have.
That may mean that it didn’t meet its reserve price of €175,000 but sold for less – but that’s just conjecture on my part. We’ll know more tomorrow.
Update
It seems that there was only one bid for the Caiseal Mara and that was for €160,00, so, as it didn’t meet its reserve price of €170,000, it remained unsold. It would seem likely that it was sold afterwards to that bidder for that price (€160,000).
Update 2
We’ve just heard that it went afterwards for the reserve price of €175,000.
So, there you have it!
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http://www.craicon.com/2013/10/15/caiseal-mara-has-been-bought/
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The Brand Financial Training team examine the the rules around the residence nil rate band, providing examples to help clarify how the rules apply in practice.
The residence nil rate band (RNRB), introduced with effect from 6 April 2017, was probably the biggest change in Inheritance Tax allowances since the introduction of transferable nil rate band in October 2007. It helped to reduce the impact of Inheritance Tax which had increased due to the freezing of the nil rate band from April 2009 at £325,000.
The RNRB was originally set at £100,000 in tax year 2017/18 and gradually increased until by, tax year 2020/21, it had reached £175,000. It is planned that it will stay at this level until the end of 2025/26.
It is designed to protect some or all the value of the family home from inheritance tax with a main condition that the deceased must have owned and lived in the residential property at some point prior to their death. If the deceased had downsized or fully disposed of their property after 8 July 2015 then downsizing provisions apply which we cover later.
The other main requirement is that the property must be ‘closely inherited’ this means inherited by ‘direct descendants’. This means:
- The deceased’s children, grandchildren or remoter descendants (‘Children’ includes adopted, fostered and stepchildren)
- The spouses/civil partners of those children/grandchildren
Direct descendants example: John, a divorcee, died in 2020/21 leaving an estate valued at £800,000 which included his property which was valued at £300,000. He left a 50% share of the property to his partner and the other 50% to the children from his marriage. John’s estate will benefit from a residence nil rate band of £150,000 as the RNRB is limited to the value inherited by his direct descendants. John’s estate will also benefit from the standard nil rate band of £325,000.
Tapering
The RNRB is reduced by £1 for every £2 that the estate exceeds £2m. The definition of estate for RNRB purposes is different to its general meaning for IHT purposes, so the total estate includes assets that would not be liable to IHT – for example AIM shares and gifts to charity made in the Will.
Tapering example: Sue, a widow, leaves an estate valued at £2.1m which includes AIM shares valued at £150,000 and her property valued at £600,000. Her Will leaves £200,000 to charity and the rest to her two children. Sue’s husband used his nil rate bands when he died.
Sue’s total estate for RNRB purposes exceeds the £2m limit by £100,000 so her RNRB will be reduced by £50,000 down to £125,000 giving her estate a total NRB of £450,000.
When the IHT liability on Sue’s estate is calculated the value of the AIM shares and the gift to charity will be deducted as they qualify as reliefs/exemptions, so her estate will be:
£2.1m less value of AIM shares less gift to charity = £1.75m less NRB (£325,000) and tapered RNRB (£125,000) = £1.3m
Brought Forward Residence Nil Rate Band
The brought-forward RNRB applies to married couples and civil partners but not couples that co-habit. As with the standard NRB, it allows unused RNRB to be transferred to the estate of the surviving spouse/partner. It doesn’t matter when the first person died but the second spouse/partner must have died after 6 April 2017. If someone has been widowed more than once then they can transfer any unused RNRBs but only up to the value of one extra RNRB.
- If the first death occurred before 6 April 2017 the residential enhancement at that time is deemed to have been £100,000
- As there was no RNRB at that time none could have been used
- The brought forward amount is 100% of the residential enhancement in force at the second death
- Tapering would apply if the first to die left an estate of more than £2m
Brought forward example: Helen and Ian were married when Ian died in 2019/20 leaving his £2.12m estate to Helen. The RNRB in 2019/20 was £150,000.
- Ian’s estate exceeded the RNRB limit by £120,000
- This would have reduced his RNRB by £60,000 to £90,000
- £90,000/£150,000 = 60%
Helen died in 2020/21 leaving an estate of £2.3m which included her home valued at £1.2m which she left to her children.
- Helen’s RNRB (including the brought forward amount) is £175,000 + (60% of £175,000) = £280,000
- This must be tapered as Helen’s estate exceeds the RNRB limit by £300,000
- This will reduce her RNRB by £150,000 to £130,000
- Helen’s total NRBs will be:
- Her NRB – £325,000 plus
- Ian’s transferred NRB – £325,000 plus
- The total RNRB – £130,000 giving a total of £780,000
Downsizing
An individual may qualify for a downsizing addition if, after 8 July 2015, they
- Disposed of an interest in a residential property
- Downsized to a smaller property or stopped owning a home completely
- Left some of their estate to ‘direct descendants’
Downsizing example:
John was a widower when he sold his £240,000 home in September 2018. The RNRB at the time was £125,000. He moved into residential care and died in 2021/22. John’s wife died before 6 April 2017 leaving all her assets to him.
- RNRB when property sold + brought forward RNRB on death
- £125,000 + 100% of £175,000 = £300,000
- Value of home when sold as a percentage of this figure
- £240,000/£300,000 = 80%
- Subtract value of home in estate – there is no home in the estate on death so 0%
- 80% – 0% = 80%
- Multiply maximum RNRB at death by this figure
- 2 x £175,000 x 80% = £280,000
- John’s RNRB will be the lower of £280,000 and the assets left to direct descendants
Trusts
Prior to the introduction of transferable nil rate bands in 2007, a commonly used IHT planning tool was for a married couple or civil partners to include a nil rate band discretionary trust in each of their Wills as, if the first to die did not use their nil rate band, then it was lost. The surviving spouse/civil partner could benefit from the trust but the value of the trust would not normally count towards their estate on second death.
Here’s an example:
Jason and Amy own their property as tenants-in-common. They want to ensure that, on first death, the survivor could remain in the property but, on their death, their share of the property would pass to their children (or other direct descendants)
In their Wills they could include an Immediate Post Death Interest Trust (IPDI). On first death the deceased’s share of the property would pass into the trust, the survivor would be able to live there for the rest of their life, but it would then pass to the children. On second death the value of the trust’s assets would be included in their estate but their RNRB plus a brought forward RNRB would be available. (If the property had been owned as joint tenants this would not work as the property would automatically pass to the survivor on first death). This arrangement would protect the children of the marriage should the survivor re-marry.
If the property were to pass to a Discretionary Trust then the RNRB would not be available as property would not be deemed to have been ‘closely inherited’.
About Brand Financial Training
Brand Financial Training provides a variety of immediately accessible free and paid learning resources to help candidates pass their CII exams. The resource range ensures there is something that suits every style of learning including mock papers, calculation workbooks, videos, audio masterclasses, study notes and more. Visit Brand Financial Training at https://brandft.co.ukThe Brand Financial Training team examine the the rules around the residence nil rate band, providing examples to help clarify how the rules apply in practice.
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https://professionalparaplanner.co.uk/development/technical-exam-study-residence-nil-rate-band/
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This product is currently sold out.
Dreaming of You is the fifth and final studio album by American singer Selena. Released posthumously on July 18, 1995, by EMI Latin and EMI Records, it was an immediate commercial and critical success, debuting atop the United States Billboard 200—the first predominately Spanish-language album to do so. It sold 175,000 copies on its first day of release in the U.S.—a then-record for a female vocalist. With first week sales of 331,000 units, it became the second-highest first-week sales for a female musician since Nielsen Soundscan began monitoring album sales in 1991. Billboard magazine declared it a "historic" event, while Time said the recording elevated Selena's music to a wider audience. It won Album of the Year at the 1996 Tejano Music Awards and Female Pop Album of the Year at the 3rd annual Billboard Latin Music Awards.
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https://www.spinsterrecords.com/collections/vintage-vinyl/products/selena-dreaming-of-you
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§ 2. Mr. Dodds
asked the Minister of Supply the total receipts at the recent sale by auction of Government surplus stocks at Woolwich Arsenal which commenced on 14th February; the total cost of the sale; and what reasons were given by other Government Departments for their inability to use the tyres and inner tubes when popular sizes were included in the sale.
§ Mr. Erroll
The sale realised £120,250; auction costs were approximately £3,000. The Ministry of Supply is responsible for the provision of tyres and tubes for all Government Departments, and we decided that these tyres and tubes were either surplus to all foreseeable requirements or unfit for Government use.
§ Mr. Dodds
Is it not an appalling state of affairs that when a Government Department decides that tyres are old and, therefore, because of deterioration, dangerous, it should sell them to the dealers to be resold to the unsuspecting public? If those tyres were not good enough for the Services to use why were they not scrapped, instead of being sold to be a danger on the road?
§ Mr. Erroll
Surplus tyres have been sold for some time past, and there has been no cause for complaint on the grounds suggested by the hon. Member. Furthermore, there are many uses for old tyres, such as on trailers or farm vehicles where safety factors are not so important.
§ Mr. G. Brown
But does the Parliamentary Secretary really think that those tyres were bought by the dealers for the surplus purposes of which he talks? Does he not realise that they were bought for 805 resale for their normal use? His Department says that it has had no complaints that the tyres were not satisfactory. Why, then, does his Department accept the decision of other Departments that the tyres are unusable on Government vehicles? Why should there not be an inquiry into this matter? Something is outrageously wrong here.
§ Mr. Erroll
Very small quantities of tyres are involved, and if they are being sold at cut prices any sensible purchaser will realise that they are not fit for normal road use on a heavy vehicle.
§ Mr. Dodds
Is the hon. Gentleman aware that I attended this sale at Woolwich? Is he further aware that some of the tyres were of popular sizes and that the type of dealer there had only one purpose in mind, namely, to sell them to the public at the best possible price? Yet the Minister says that these tyres were not fit for use by the Services.
§ Mr. Erroll
The hon. Gentleman was good enough to inform the House last week that he had been to the sale.
§ 3 and 8. Mr. Dodds
asked the Minister of Supply, (1) in view of the concern arising from the sale of substantial quantities of Government surplus stocks at public auctions, if he will give consideration to changing the present practice by ensuring that Government Departments and public bodies are informed of the goods available before deciding on public auction instead of as at present only informing Departments by the circulation of a catalogue prior to the holding of a public auction;
(2) in connection with the sale of 175,000 gallons of paint by public auction at Melton Mowbray on 8th and 9th March, what method was used in offering this paint to other Government Departments or public bodies, before a decision was taken to dispose of it by auction.
§ Mr. Erroll
Immediately after the war, when the volume of disposal from the Services was very great and goods of all kinds were scarce, rather elaborate arrangements were made for offering surpluses to other Departments and public organisations which might be interested. 806 By 1949 it had been found that circumstances no longer justified the administrative expenses, delays and fruitless effort involved by such elaborate procedures.
In 1950 the following arrangements were adopted and are still the rule: first, the Service Department having the surplus stores satisfies itself that they are not required by another Service. Secondly, surplus stores are offered to any Civil Department which has notified the Service Department of an interest in stores of that kind. Thirdly, catalogues are sent by the Ministry of Supply to the principal buying Departments in advance of the sale, and goods may be withdrawn at their request.
The 175,000 gallons of paint were dealt with accordingly. My right hon. Friend does not consider that present circumstances call for any change in these arrangements.
§ Mr. Dodds
Does not the Minister appreciate that his right hon. Friend said last week that the standard practice is to send a catalogue to Government Departments? Does he not appreciate that these sales are decided upon and the public see these articles before the Government Departments are informed, and should it not be possible to devise some machinery whereby Government Departments obtain what they want before public sales are arranged? Is the hon. Gentleman not aware that at Woolwich there were drums of paint marked January and May, 1955? Why is it that Government Departments are still buying this popular type of paint and yet it is being sold at these knockdown prices at sales?
§ Mr. Erroll
My Answer was rather long so that the hon. Gentleman might know the whole procedure. Last week, my right hon. Friend only outlined the tail-end of the procedure, namely, the distribution of these catalogues, which is to enable Departments to ask for stores to be withdrawn from the sale before the auction takes place. As to paint, there are other Questions on the Order Paper on that subject.
§ Mr. G. Brown
Is the hon. Gentleman aware that whatever procedure is laid down, something quite fantastic is happening in terms of waste—175,000 gallons of paint offered for sale at a time when the other user Departments are ordering new paint? It cannot be right, whatever 807 the procedure is said to be on paper. Will not the Minister of Supply order an inquiry into how the procedure is being used?
§ Mr. Erroll
My right hon. Friend does not feel that there is any need for an inquiry because this paint is not, in fact, required by other Departments. It is, therefore, surplus and is being disposed of.
§ 5. Lieut.-Colonel Lipton
asked the Minister of Supply how much surplus paint still remains to be sold; and how much it cost.
§ Mr. Erroll
About 175,000 gallons of liquid paint and distemper and 12½ tons of dry paint are awaiting disposal. The original cost is estimated to be £130,000.
§ Lieut.-Colonel Lipton
Having sold £26,000 worth of paint for £13,000 at Woolwich the other day, is it not clear that the unfortunate taxpayer must now accept a loss of about £63,000 on the next little lot that is coming along? Can the Minister say whether he has ascertained who is responsible for this colossal Niagara of paint that is let loose on the market? Has he yet been placed under restraint or has he been promoted to another job?
§ Mr. Erroll
The paint could hardly be described as a Niagara because most of it is solid inside the drums. The fact is that when originally purchased there was a foreseeable requirement for this paint. Now that circumstances have changed the paint is no longer required, and the proper course is to dispose of it without delay.
§ Mr. Strachey
Has the Parliamentary Secretary got in touch with his colleagues on this matter and ascertained how the Services concerned originally ordered this enormous quantity of paint, and how the circumstances arose which led to the necessity to dispose of it?
§ Mr. Erroll
We have been in touch with the Departments concerned. We are satisfied that their orders at the time were reasonable.
§ Commander Agnew
Can my hon. Friend assure the House that no whitewash is being retained for use within the Department?
§ Mr. Erroll
If we were in need of whitewash we should not be selling any now.
§ Mr. G. Brown
As the Minister says that he has been in touch with his colleagues and that he is satisfied that their explanation is reasonable, will he tell the House what their explanation is?
§ Mr. Erroll
My right hon. Friend referred briefly to the explanation last week, when he pointed out that circumstances had changed—in particular, the disbandment of A.A. Command and the reduction in conscription necessitating fewer installations and buildings for which this paint might have been required.
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https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1956/feb/27/surplus-stores-disposal
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We are poorly informed about the organisation and function of the bookshop in the period 1460-1585. There is no visual material from this period and written sources are also not extensive. The description of the inventory of the Deventer bookseller,
The description of the bookseller in the Livre des Mestiers matches this to some extent. According to this source, 'Goris de liberaris' sold, in addition to books, goose and swan quills and various types of parchment. Goris therefore worked as a stationer.
We know a little more about the bookshop of the large Antwerp publisher
Books were, of course, also sold from the bookshop to private individuals. Bookshop sales were relatively modest in size compared to the large-scale sales to other booksellers. Its importance lay in the fact that books were bought for cash in the shop and not bought on account.
We can also derive the organisation and function of the bookshop in this period from the position that the bookshop had within the whole of the book trade. Each publisher sold in his bookshop the books he had printed himself or had had printed by others. The rest of the range was mainly determined by barter among the publishers. In general, books were bartered for books, but other products, such as cloth, also regularly served as a means of exchange.
In the average bookshop there must have been, in addition to other goods, bound and unbound copies of editions from their own print shop and unbound copies from other publishers. Each bookseller was in principle also a bookbinder and therefore bookbinding materials were also part of the shop inventory.
Some booksellers didn't occupy themselves with printing and publishing. This picture emerges from the 1543 inventory of the Louvain bookseller Hieronymus Cloet. In a space of approximately five metres deep, he had 859 different titles on sale in 2546 copies, most of these bound. Based on the titles with an imprint, we learn that Cloet obtained his books from the Low Countries and the German and French regions. Only four books came from Italy. Apart from nearly fifty titles from 1520 and earlier, the majority of all publications in the shop dates after 1536: the stock was clearly up-to-date.
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http://www.bibliopolis.nl/handboek/search/recordIdentifier/HBB%3A1.3.2/maximumRecords/1
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The median home value in Edenton, NC is $175,000. This is higher than the county median home value of $155,000. The national median home value is $231,815. The average price of homes sold in Edenton, NC is $175,000. Approximately 43% of Edenton homes are owned, compared to 41% rented, while 16% are vacant. Edenton real estate listings include condos, townhomes, and single family homes for sale. Commercial properties are also available. If you like to see a property, contact Edenton real estate agent to arrange a tour today! Learn more about living in Edenton.
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https://www.longandfoster.com/homes-for-sale/NC/Edenton/27932
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The median home value in Burlington, NC is $175,000. This is higher than the county median home value of $148,500. The national median home value is $232,276. The average price of homes sold in Burlington, NC is $175,000. Approximately 51% of Burlington homes are owned, compared to 39% rented, while 10% are vacant. Burlington real estate listings include condos, townhomes, and single family homes for sale. Commercial properties are also available. If you like to see a property, contact Burlington real estate agent to arrange a tour today! Learn more about living in Burlington.
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https://www.longandfoster.com/homes-for-sale/NC/Burlington
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EA has announced that the majority of Battlefield: Hardline’s console sales came from the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One instead of last-gen consoles.
During the company’s latest earnings call, EA confirmed that 80 percent of Hardline’s copies sold came from the current-gen consoles despite a smaller install base than the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, which have both sold over 80 million consoles since their launches in 2006 and 2005 respectively. This figure came after EA CFO Blake Jorgenson predicted that the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One would collectively reach 50 million units sold by the conclusion of the company’s fiscal year in the first quarter of 2016. Jorgenson pointed to Hardline as an example of the change in the console landscape, with many consumers beginning to shift to current-gen hardware.
“Illustrating how far the transition has already come, approximately four out of every five copies of Battlefield Hardline sold for consoles that were either Xbox One or PlayStation 4,” said Jorgensen.
For more on Hardline, check out Gaming Trend’s review.
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https://gamingtrend.com/news/battlefield-hardline-sold-80-percent-of-its-copies-on-ps4-and-xbox-one/
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With more than 175,000 copies sold, Texas Wildflowers has established itself as the go-to guide for identifying the state's roadside flowers. This new edition has been completely reorganized by flower colors (and within each color section, by flowering season) to make it even easier to identify the flowers you see as you travel through Texas. Every wildflower is illustrated with a beautiful full-color photograph--over 250 of which are new to this edition. All of the descriptive identifying information is presented in a consistent format--common and botanical names, plant and leaves, flowers and fruit, flowering season, habitat and range, and notes.
What hasn't changed is the book's sturdy binding, which will hold up through years of active use, and its wealth of information, which has been thoroughly updated by the expert staff of the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
As Lady Bird Johnson observed in the foreword, Texas Wildflowers "makes me want to reach for my sunhat, put on my walking shoes, take this knowledge-filled book, and fare forth to seek and discover "
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https://www.passbooksonline.com/book/9781477314760
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The median home value in Hartselle, AL is $175,000.
This is
higher than
the county median home value of $115,100.
The national median home value is $231,815.
The average price of homes sold in Hartselle, AL is $175,000.
Approximately 69% of Hartselle homes are owned,
compared to 25% rented, while
6% are vacant.
Hartselle real estate listings include condos, townhomes, and single family homes for sale.
Commercial properties are also available.
If you like to see a property, contact Hartselle real estate agent to arrange a tour today!
There are currently no properties in Hartselle AL Please click the Refine Your Search button below to find other properties in the area.
Refine Property Search
How may I help you?
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https://www.greateralabamamls.com/rentals/AL/Hartselle
|
Looking for a project in the heart of Carmel? This property is in Popular Carmel Village close to shopping and restaurants. The HVAC was installed in 2015, New Sump Pump in 2017, and the exterior is low maintenance aluminum. The Bedrooms have hardwoods floors just waiting for refinishing. 2 Full Baths and a 1/2 bath in this floorplan.
Detailed Maps
Price Change History
|Date||Old Price||New Price||Percent Change|
|11/9/2021||$175,000||$215,000||22.9%|
Community Information
Address:543 Melark Dr Carmel, IN 46032
Area:Hamilton - Clay
County:Hamilton
City:Carmel
School System:Carmel Clay Schools
Township:Clay
Subdivision:Carmel Village
Zip Code:46032
Architecture
Bedrooms: 3
Bathrooms: 2 Full / 1 Half
Year Built:1962
Stories:Multi/Split
Style:Multi-Level, TraditonalAmerican
Construction Materials: Aluminum Siding
Garage Sq.Ft.: 440
Foundation: Block
Basement: Finished, Daylight/Lookout Windows
Garage Spaces: 2
Garage Type: Attached
Garage Features: Garage Door Opener
Features / Amenities
Interior Features: Hardwood Floors
Appliances: Dishwasher, Electric Oven
Equipment: Sump Pump
Fireplace Features: Family Room, Woodburning Fireplce
Fireplaces Total: 1
Eating Area(s): Dining Combo/Kitchen
Porch / Patio: Covered Porch
Exterior Features: Aluminum Siding
Cooling: Central Air
Heating: Forced Air
Fuel: Electric, Gas
Water Heater: Electric
Total Rooms:7
Rooms
|Level||Size||Features|
|Kitchen||Main||13 X 12||Other|
|Living Room||Main||21 X 13||Carpet|
|Family Room||Main||26 X 15||Other|
|Bedroom 2||Upper||12 X 10||Hardwood|
|Bedroom 3||Upper||11 X 10||Hardwood|
|Master Bedroom||Upper||12 X 12||Hardwood|
Property Features
Lot Size: 0.31 Acres
Lot Dimensions:13, 504
Lot Features: Sidewalks, Street Lights
Sewer: Sewer Connected
Water: Public
Utility Options: Gas Connected
Directions:West on 126th Street from Keystone. First Right on Melark Drive, take left at T then follow around to and take a left. First house on the Right.
Total Sq. Ft.: 2025
Main Level Sq. Ft.: 1350
Abv. Grnd. Sq. Ft.: 2025
Upper Level Sq. Ft.: 675
Tax and Financial Info
Tax Year: 2020
Semi-Annual Property Tax: 770
Disclosures: Not Applicable
Possession: Close of Escrow, Negotiable
Other Disclosures: As-Is, Cosmetics Needed, Fixer Upper, Sales Disclosure On File
Schools
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Similar Listings
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Listing Information Last Updated 12/6/2021
Listing provided courtesy of F.C. Tucker Company.
Information Deemed Reliable But Not Guaranteed. © 2021 Metropolitan Indianapolis Board of REALTORS®.
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https://www.athomeincarmel.com/listing/12143011-543-melark-dr-carmel-in-46032/
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Home in Winslow fetches $175K
A 2,440-square-foot house in Winslow has changed hands. The property at 12 Candlestick Lane was sold in September 2019. The $175,000 purchase price works out to $72 per square foot, which is below the Winslow median of $87. Price per square foot is often used to compare differently sized homes, but it does not account for other aspects that factor into a home's price.
This property fetched 20% less than when it previously sold in 2010 for $220,063.
These nearby houses have also recently changed hands:
- A 2,240-square-foot home at 5 Candlestick Lane sold in August for $175,000, a price per square foot of $78.
- A 2,440-square-foot home at 44 Candlestick Lane sold in July for $205,000, a price per square foot of $84.
- A 2,396-square-foot home at 3 Endfield St. sold in July for $279,000, a price per square foot of $116.
So far this year, 844 houses have sold in Winslow, where the median sales price is $162,500.
See what homes have sold in your area by searching our historical database of New Jersey property sales, and find other useful public information in DataUniverse.
This story was automatically generated using real estate transaction data from the state of New Jersey. If you have a question or find a mistake, please email us at .
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https://www.courierpostonline.com/story/marketplace/real-estate/nj-property-sales/2019/12/31/12-candlestick-lane-winslow-september-5-2019/40919011/
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I recently drove around Phoenix on a Sunday morning. Every couple miles I came across a sandwich board sign that said something like this:
- New Life Church, meeting at Canyon Springs Elementary
- Abundant Life Fellowship, meeting at Zuni Middle School
- The Rock, meeting at Thunderbird High School.
Just about every public school auditorium in Phoenix is rented to a “church plant” on Sunday morning. These are in addition to the hundreds of traditional churches that call greater Phoenix home.
It’s an article of faith among Evangelicals that we should plant more churches. But every time I hear of another church being planted, questions arise in my mind:
- Is church planting really the best way to reach the world?
- Are non-Christians crying out for another worship service?
- Is Christianity on the decline because we don’t have enough churches?
- Is a weekly worship service the most effective way to organize and deploy the people of God?
I don’t want to cast a shadow over one of the few bright spots in evangelicalism today. But I’ve got to admit that I’m not very excited about modern church planting, for a number of reasons:
1. Everyone’s planting the same church. I’ve visited half a dozen young church plants over the past two years. And they are virtually indistinguishable from one another. See if this lineup sounds familiar:
- Approximately 15 minutes of praise music, played by a rock band.
- A projector, sound system and stage lighting
- A separate nursery and children’s program concurrent with “big church”
- A 25 to 40 minute sermon delivered by a young, informally dressed man
- An offering, plus maybe a sacrament (communion, etc.)
- A closing song or two, also led by the rock band.
- Service length: between 70 and 90 minutes.
Beyond this there are little variations: a video clip here, a testimony there. But the look, feel and even the doctrine of these church plants are virtual carbon copies of one another. We haven’t had this much conformity in worship since the days of medieval Catholicism.
2. Church planting is very expensive. I recently spoke to a planter at a men’s conference. He confided that his denomination had budgeted $125,000 a year to get his congregation off the ground. With local giving, he expected to expend almost $175,000 a year to establish his church plant. He also told me that more than 70% of plants failed within two years.
3. Church planting is labor intensive. Truckloads of stage gear, chairs and childcare infrastructure have to be set up and torn down each week. It’s a ton of work and key volunteers can burn out easily. It’s easy to expend all your energy on logistics and have little left for loving people.
4. Church plants are built upon the foundation of one overworked man: the church planter. And the church will live or die based on his character, his work ethic and most importantly, his ability to captivate an audience with his sermons.
These four observations lead me to ask the following questions:
- If all church plants are offering virtually the same product, why don’t they cooperate instead of compete? Why don’t they pool their resources and their people to drive down their fixed costs? They could save lots of money buying one sound system instead of two, one set of nursery furniture instead of two, one rental facility instead of two, etc.
- A church plant will require about ten thousand man-hours of volunteer labor in its first year alone. Instead of devoting those hours to setting up and tearing down, what if we spent ten thousand hours discipling people? Put another way: what if the church planter invested most of his time in people, instead of logistics and sermon preparation?
- And speaking of the church planter, where did we get the idea that God builds a congregation on the back of one overworked man? Where is the team concept modeled by Jesus and Paul?
- And finally, why are we planting so many churches when our existing churches are emptying? Most church buildings are owned debt-free. Many of these churches sit empty 160 hours a week. And they’re half-empty on Sunday. Why don’t existing congregations allow new churches to meet in their paid-off buildings at alternate times? (We’re already seeing this as ethnic congregations are using existing churches for Sunday afternoon services.)
If we’re planting 4,000 churches a year at $125,000 per congregation, that’s half a billion dollars per year going into church planting in America alone. Seventy percent of that money is going into churches that won’t exist in 24 months. Church plants will consume 40 million volunteer hours this year. Couldn’t these vast resources be more profitably employed for the Kingdom?
Am I saying we should stop planting churches? Not at all. There will always be a need for new congregations.
But here are the big questions I’m grappling with:
- Is there a better way to establish new congregations?
- Must a church be built around a weekly public worship service? Or is there a better way organize Christians and grow disciples?
If you’d like to hear my radical answers to these two questions, leave a comment below. I have an idea for a church planting model that could realistically be launched for less than $50,000 a year. You can read about it here. This model would not require a building, a bulletin or a band. But there’s a catch…
David Murrow is the author of the bestselling book, Why Men Hate Going to Church. David’s books have sold more than 175,000 copies in 12 languages. He speaks to groups around the world about Christianity’s persistent gender gap. He lives in Alaska with his wife of more than 30 years, professional silk artist Gina Murrow. Learn more about David at his Web site, www.churchformen.com, or join the conversation on his Facebook page, www.facebook.com/churchformen. Don’t forget to share this page by clicking on the links below, or scroll down and leave a comment (right below those annoying ads that pay for this blog).
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Our business journey in the field of marketing and distribution started in 2010 through a group of pharmacists and businessmen with long experience in the pharmaceutical market and the supreme purpose of establishing it was to break the monopoly of the market and meet patients' needs of medicines at competitive prices and with high quality and access to all centers and hospitals in all governorates, districts and centers Republic of Yemen.
Currently the company has about 15 branches distributed throughout the Republic of Yemen, and it also has more than 180 employees working in the field of marketing, sales, training, import, consulting and in all other fields.
The company has approximately 8 foreign agencies from different countries of the world whose products are distributed, sold and marketed in the Yemeni market, the most important of which is the AFFY Group, which was added to the group in 2018.
According to the plans and strategies that have been prepared, the company aspires to be in the year 2025 AD from the leading companies controlling 50% of the Yemeni market in the field of medicines and medical supplies.
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http://esammedicine.com/index.php/about-us/who-are-we
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Fundamental analysis is a way of evaluating the value of a security.
Without it, you run the risk of making poor investment decisions.
In this guide, we’ll explain what fundamental analysis is, how it works and why you should use it when making stock market investments.
The Importance of Fundamental Analysis
Here are 7 ways fundamental analysis can help you make better investing decisions:
1. Identify companies with strong fundamentals
2. Evaluate whether an investment is undervalued or overvalued
3. Compare one stock’s fundamentals against other stocks in its industry
4. Help determine whether a stock is a good buy now or if it’s better to wait
5. Understand how much of the company’s current success is due to growth opportunities versus past successes and failures
6. Gauge whether management has been doing a good job managing costs and expenses, which could help increase profits in future quarters or years
7. Inexpensive companies may be more likely to see their share prices increase than expensive ones.
How Fundamental Analysis Works
Fundamental analysis is a way of using information about the financial and operational performance of a company to estimate its intrinsic value.
The steps in fundamental analysis include:
- Buying shares in a company when they are trading below their estimated fair value; this is called “buying on the cheap.”
- Selling shares when they are trading above their estimated fair value; this is called “selling short.”
Why Fundamental Analysis Is Important for Investors
- It helps investors understand the underlying value of a company.
By analyzing the financial statements, you can see how a company is doing and where it’s headed. This information can help you decide whether to invest in a company or not.
- It helps investors understand the financial health of a company.
Fundamental analysis looks at things like income statements and balance sheets, which show how much money companies make over time and how they spend their cash on average day-to-day operations.
- It helps investors understand the business model of a company.
Fundamental analysis also looks at things like cash flow statements, which show how much money flows into businesses as well as out through bills or expenses related to running day-to-day operations; these numbers will change depending on whether your business sells products versus services (for example).
The History of Fundamental Analysis
The history of fundamental analysis is a long one, and it’s essential for investors to understand the origins of their investment strategies.
It also helps them put their own investing habits in context.
Fundamental analysis has been around since ancient times; it was used by traders in ancient Greece and Rome as well as by Renaissance merchants and traders. The first documented use of fundamental analysis came from Jean-Baptiste Colbert, who served under King Louis XIV in France between 1661 and 1683. As finance minister for France (the equivalent of our treasury secretary), he used his knowledge about companies’ fundamentals to help him decide which businesses deserved government funding—and which didn’t!
Although some people may argue that fundamental analysis isn’t relevant anymore (because there are so many investors nowadays), they’re wrong: fundamental analysis remains an important part of any investment strategy because it enables you not only to pick stocks but also identify good managers who can increase shareholder value over time through careful business decisions and management actions.
What is Valuation and How Does it Relate to Fundamental Analysis?
Valuation is the process of determining a company’s worth.
When investors and analysts use valuation, they often seek to determine the underlying value of a company.
This can be done through cost basis analysis, which involves looking at historical share prices and using that data to calculate an implied price per share.
Fundamental analysis doesn’t just rely on valuations in order to make investment decisions; it also uses them as part of its decision-making process because valuation plays such an important role in determining whether or not you should invest in a particular security or asset class (like stocks).
In addition, understanding how your broker determines their own valuations can help you better understand why some securities seem overvalued while others seem undervalued based on their fundamentals alone
The Difference Between Price and Value in Investment Decision Making
Price and value are two different things.
The “price” of a stock is its current market value — or the amount of money you could sell it for today. The price can change from day to day based on how investors feel about the company’s prospects, so it’s important to know where those prices are coming from, and how reliable they may be.
Value, on the other hand, is what an asset is worth in the long run relative to its future cash flows (the money that should come out of it). Value investing is about buying assets at less than their intrinsic value.
What are the Limitations of Fundamental Analysis?
Fundamental analysis is only one tool in the investment decision-making process. It can be useful, but it’s not 100% accurate.
Additionally, fundamental analysis is not a crystal ball for predicting future performance—it can’t tell you what will happen to the price of a stock tomorrow or over the next 10 years.
You might think that if you analyze a company’s financial statements and determine that its earnings are growing at 7% per year over the last 5 years and set them up to continue growing at this rate for another 5 years, then you’ve got yourself a sure thing!
Unfortunately, there are many factors that affect whether or not a stock will perform well in the future: things like competition from new products by other companies; changes in industry regulations; fluctuations in interest rates; alterations in consumer preferences and more!
In short: fundamental analysis can help assess whether or not an asset has value right now (and therefore may be worth buying), but it’s no guarantee of future performance.
How is Fundamental Analysis Used by Analysts and Investors?
Fundamental analysis is used by analysts and investors to determine the intrinsic value of a stock.
Analysts use fundamental analysis to estimate the value of a company’s assets and future cash flows, while investors use it to determine the value of a stock.
Fundamental Analysis is also used for investment decision-making, which is why you need to know how this method works and how you can apply it on your own.
What Are Other Techniques Used in Investment Decision Making?
While fundamental analysis is the most widely used technique, there are other techniques that can be used in investment decision-making.
1. Technical Analysis
This involves using past price movements to predict future price movements. For instance, if a stock has risen over the past few months, it may be worth buying because it is more likely to go up now than it was before.
2. Econometric Analysis
This involves using economic data such as GDP growth rates and unemployment levels to predict how stocks will perform in the future.
3. Behavioral Economics
The study of how humans make decisions under uncertainty is included here and helps us understand why people make certain decisions when they invest their money (for example, they might sell off shares when they panic).
4. Quantitative Analysis
Quantitative analysis uses formulas from mathematics or statistics to model markets rather than relying on human judgment alone (as with technical analysis).
5. Statistical Arbitrage
This involves looking for opportunities where there are disparities between two related assets that can be exploited by buying one asset while selling another at an expected profit margin due to converging prices between them over time (e.g., bonds vs equities).
Bottom Line
Fundamentals are a critical component to any investment decision.
They provide you with insight into the company’s financial position and how it compares to other companies in its industry.
This knowledge can help you better understand what drives the price of stocks, bonds and other securities so that you can make better-informed decisions about when – or whether – it makes sense to buy, sell or hold an asset based on your own personal goals.
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https://doctoranalyst.com/why-is-fundamental-analysis-used/
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Technical analysis aims to predict future market movement by observing indicators, volume data and price movements to identify actions. To predict possible future trends; It is necessary to examine data such as price levels, transaction volume on the chart. Technical analysis is widely used when trading in cryptocurrency markets. If technical analysis is not used correctly, it can lead to losses. We have compiled our list of 7 rules that should be considered in technical analysis in order to interpret the crypto money markets correctly and to determine the correct transaction price.
1. Drawing Price Patterns
The first of our 7 rules to be considered in technical analysis will be to pay attention to the drawing of price models. The interpretation of price action in technical analysis is specific to the analyzer. It is common for two investors to interpret the same price action differently and reach different results. While one trader may observe a bearish downside, the other may think it would be a possible upside signal.
While drawing the price models that you will use while determining investment strategy on the chart, the following should be considered:
Simply setting price levels can cause you to miss opportunities. Create support and resistance zones.
Identify and analyze the ups and downs.
Be careful not to use unimportant price levels in your analysis to determine the direction of the price. Pay attention to signals occurring in strong support and resistance zones.
Identify the cues given by the candlesticks. Long candle wicks express volatility and uncertainty. The up or down direction of the wicks show the effect of rising and falling, respectively.
2. Make It Clear On Which Pattern You Are Trading
There are a number of patterns in technical analysis that are indicative of market behavior. It is important to know which pattern you are analyzing on. Patterns have multiple properties, so it is necessary to use the pattern correctly on the chart and to know its features before you can be sure whether they are successful or not.
To learn more about the formations Most Frequently Used Candlestick Patterns in Technical Analysis and Classic Chart Patterns You can read our articles titled.
3.Know What Indicators and Indicators You Are Using
Indicators and indicators are statistical tools within the scope of technical analysis that provide buy or sell signals to investors. They only provide successful returns when used in conjunction with other technical analysis tools.
There are a number of indicators that help traders make trading decisions, such as the Relative Strength Index (RSI), Moving Average Convergence (MACD), Bollinger Bands (BOLL). It is necessary to know how to use these indicators and to use more than one indicator together during analysis.
Coinpara has more than 90 indicators and indicators. To learn more about commonly used indicators and indicators, Main Indicators Used in Technical Analysis and What is an Indicator? Why Use It? You can read our articles titled.
4. Avoid Backward Errors
Basic data, graphs, and indicators can paint a different picture of the current scenario, with results that can confuse. In this case, investors may tend to evaluate the possible price direction based on past results. Past results may not always be the same as in the future price scenario. In this case, expectation that past market movements will occur again can cause great losses.
The fourth important rule of doing technical analysis is to stick to the analysis of the conditions of the period in which you invest and do not bias with historical data.
5. Plan Your Trading Transactions
It is necessary to wait for buy signals and determine the correct purchase price and date before entering the market where you will be trading. Plan your buying and selling transactions in advance in accordance with your analysis period on the chart of the crypto money you think is suitable for you to trade.
6. Adapt to Flawed Market Actions
In crypto markets, the price is determined according to supply and demand and is dynamic. Erroneous price actions that do not conform to your analysis and rules are commonplace. If these actions occur, it is necessary to re-evaluate the analysis. Insisting on analysis, despite changing conditions, can result in huge losses. You have to get used to the idea of imperfection, consider volatility and natural movements.
7.It Is Optional To Learn Technical Analysis
The last of our 7 rules to be considered in technical analysis is that learning technical analysis will depend on the wish of the person. Today, there are many technical analysis patterns and indicators, but it is not possible to master all patterns and indicators. You can start technical analysis by including the most commonly used indicators and indicators. Using too many indicators will create confusion and make you make the wrong decision. You should make technical analysis by using a few indicators and formations that you are comfortable with, and have detailed information about these indicators.
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https://efsaneadam.com/7-rules-to-consider-in-technical-analysis/
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A moving average is a metric derived from the average price of a security over a specified period of time and is applied to charts to track market movements as the security moves up and down. In addition, the level of support and resistance (if the price of the security has reversed the upward or downward trend in the past) may be established by monitoring the moving average over time. These points are used to make purchase or sale decisions. However, moving averages are rarely effective as stand-alone tools due to their at least seven drawbacks.
Disadvantages of moving average
Moving averages are available in many charting applications and provide a quick and easy way to see stock, commodity or market trends. Typical time frames for moving averages include moving averages of 20, 50, and 200 days. Technical analysts use moving averages to identify potential changes in trends. For example, the “desk loss” pattern occurs after the stock price rises, begins to fall, and the 50-day moving average exceeds 200 days.
Important point
- Moving averages are technical chart indicators based on the average of historical price fluctuations.
- A typical moving average time frame includes 20, 50, and 200 days.
- Moving averages are used to identify trends and potential support / resistance areas.
- Like most forms of technical analysis, moving averages are based on historical price fluctuations and are not predictive of the future.
Moving averages are widely used by investors and traders, but the indicators are far from perfect.
- Moving averages draw trends only from historical price information. Like other types of technical analysis tools, chart indicators are fundamental to the future performance of securities, including new competitors, changes in demand for products in the industry, and changes in the management structure. It does not take into account changes in various factors. society.
- Ideally, a moving average shows a consistent change in the price of a security over time. However, because every asset has its own level of price history and volatility, there is no uniform rule that can be applied to all markets.
- This can be a problem as moving averages can be dispersed over any period of time and general trends can vary depending on the period of use. For example, what appears to be an uptrend using the 50-day MA may be part of the downtrend reverse movement reflected in the 200-day MA.
- The ongoing debate is whether more emphasis should be placed on the latest day of the period (eg exponential moving averages). While many feel that modern data better reflects the direction of security, some feel that increasing the number of days more than others puts a false bias on trends.
- Some investors argue that moving averages (and other forms of technical analysis) are meaningless and do not predict market movements. They say the market has no memory and the past is not an indicator of the future.
- Securities often exhibit cyclical behavior patterns that cannot be captured by moving averages. In other words, if the market is bouncing up and down significantly, moving averages may not be able to capture meaningful trends.
- The purpose of the trend is to predict where the price of a security will be in the future. However, if the security is not trending in either direction, it does not offer the opportunity to profit from either a purchase or a short-term sale.
Conclusion
Many traders and investors rely on moving averages to identify trends and support / resistance levels, but for the indicators to be effective, they need to understand their function: when to use Or when not to use it. The risks described here indicate when moving averages are not an effective tool, such as when used in volatility securities, and when certain important statistics, such as periodic patterns, can be overlooked. .. Given the drawbacks, moving averages may be the best tool to use in combination with other indicators and analytical methods. After all, personal experience is the ultimate indicator of how effective a moving average is for your portfolio.
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https://www.anandmarket.in/the-7-pitfalls-of-moving-averages/
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If you have been struggling for a long time or have just started investing in crypto, you must have seen a graph of crypto price movements. The chart is formed by a collection of candlesticks that form over time. Through charts, a trader can monitor price movements and perform technical analysis before making a trading decision. This is very important because analysis will help you assess the risk of profit and loss of any potential decisions. If you are still a beginner, learning how to read candlesticks is the first step in investing, which can be quite confusing. In this article, Tokenomy will cover everything you need to know about candlesticks!
What is a Candlestick?
In the crypto space, there are many factors that can influence a trader’s decision-making process in buying and selling assets. One of them is by monitoring a candlestick chart, which shows asset price movements within a certain period of time. It is called a candlestick because its graphic shape resembles a candle with a wick. Candlesticks are one of the most widely used chart types by crypto traders to analyze prices.
The term “candlestick” was first used by Homma, a Japanese rice trader in the 18th century. In his trading experience, Homma realized that there are factors that affect the supply and demand of rice in the market. From this, an idea emerged to monitor price movements through candlestick charts. This concept was later modernized by a journalist from the West named Charles Dow; it eventually entered international trade and is now used in all trading markets in the world.
How to Read Candlesticks
In technical analysis, all crypto price information can be seen from a candlestick pattern. From the pattern, you can make decisions about where the entry and exit points are. By mastering technical analysis, you will find it easier to predict future market trends.
To read a candlestick chart, you need to understand its four main components, as well as common patterns. The four main components of a candlestick chart are:
- Open: shows the initial price of the asset in a fixed period of time.
- Close: shows the price at the end of that fixed period of time.
- The high and low components represent the highest and lowest prices the asset reached during a fixed period of time.
For example, if the opening (open) price of Ethereum assets is at Rp.100 million and the closing (close) is at Rp.110 million, the candlestick that appears will be green or is called a bullish candle. Understanding these four basic components is essential to reading candlesticks. Another thing to consider in technical analysis is whether the asset is in a bullish state (when the candlestick color is green) or bearish (when the candlestick color is red). The green color indicates that the asset’s closing price was higher than its open for a period and an increased interest in the asset. Red indicates that the closing price was lower than the asset’s opening, which can also be interpreted as a sign of decreased interest in the asset and a signal to sell the asset.
In addition, you can also perform technical analysis through candlestick charts based on a specific time period. You can adjust the period starting from a matter of minutes, hours, days, weeks, and months. The candlestick pattern will show the candle arrangement of the crypto assets traded within a selected time range.
Support and Resistance Levels
In conducting technical analysis, reading support and resistance levels is very important to help find the best entry point. Support and resistance are used to refer to certain price levels that keep prices from being pushed in an unwanted direction. Both are predefined levels indicating a reversal of the asset’s price trend. Traders generally buy at support levels and sell at resistance levels. So, what are support and resistance levels?
1). Support Level
A support level is formed when the price of a crypto asset stops decreasing after a certain limit. However, if the sellers carry more momentum, a new support level may form if the price breaks below the previous support level and continues to decline. When this happens, there are several implications:
- Traders have waited too long for the market to recover so have sold their assets to minimize their losses.
- Short-term traders are in control and are trying to add more momentum to their positions.
- The drop in prices has made many traders start to buy assets.
2). Resistance Level
A resistance level is formed when the price of the crypto stops rising. If buyers bring enough momentum, then the resistance level can be broken. Resistance is also considered a sky barrier because this price level prevents the market from moving the price higher.
Making Trading Decisions
From the above explanation of candlestick charts, we learned that price movements in the crypto market are also influenced by the psychological state of market participants. For example, when the price conditions fall below a support level, the greed or optimism of traders will dominate and they tend to decide to buy at this position. Conversely, when prices rise, trader pessimism begins to appear and they will sell assets to avoid losses. Therefore, you must really master technical analysis and also control your psychology in making trading decisions. From there, you can make decisions about when to buy or sell assets for a profit.
If you are a beginner, it’s a good idea to learn more about candlestick charts and patterns so that your technical analysis is sharper. Continuous practice is also something you need to do. On Tokenomy, you can practice with a demo account and virtual funds. These artificial assets can be spent free of charge and be topped up over and over again. By practicing using a demo account, you can develop your knowledge of technical analysis without fear of losing big capital. Once you are confident in your technical analysis skills on a demo account, you can start trading crypto safely on Tokenomy. What are you waiting for? Register your Tokenomy account today to start trading!
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https://blog.tokenomy.com/education-tutorial-eng/how-to-read-crypto-candlesticks-for-beginners/
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A price target is an estimated value of a security based on an individual investor’s or professional analyst's assessment. It is a representation of what the investor or analyst believes the security to be worth.
Analysts will commonly publish their price targets in formal reports, and traders sometimes use price targets to determine whether or not to buy or sell a security. Understanding how price targets are determined and how they are used can help you expand your investing knowledge, but it’s not essential.
Definition and Example of Price Targets
A price target is what an analyst believes to be the true value of a security, which is also known as the intrinsic value. This is often different from the current market price of the security and is meant to convey whether the analyst believes the security is under- or overvalued. For example, an analyst may review a stock that is currently trading at $35 per share and assign it a price target of $42.
Analysts may incorporate both fundamental and non-fundamental, or technical, information into their assessments to determine price targets.
Fundamental factors used to evaluate the value of a security include economic data and financial information about the company. The use of financial ratios such as price to earnings is a key component of fundamental analysis.
Technical analysis relies on patterns in stock price movements to gauge future price movements. Technical indicators may suggest to an analyst that a price will rise or fall to a certain level.
How Price Targets Work
Analysts review securities to determine their value and make recommendations to buy, sell, or hold them. As part of that process, analysts will typically generate a price target and publish it along with their recommendations. The price target is typically the price a stock is expected to reach in 12 months.
Investors that follow analysts’ recommendations may then decide to trade based on the relationship between the current price and the target price. If the current price is below the target, this suggests that the security’s price is expected to increase and the investor may buy it. If the current price of the security is above the target price, it indicates that the analyst expects the price to fall. The investor would either not buy the security, or if they already own it, they might sell it.
Continuing our example above of a stock trading at $35 with a price target of $42, an investor who makes decisions based on price targets would likely buy the stock.
Do I Need to Know Price Targets?
You may decide to consider price targets as part of your own investment analysis and decision-making process, but it’s not necessary.
Price targets are not relevant for long-term investors, such as those who follow a buy and hold strategy, because they are typically given for periods of about a year.
Price targets are also not relevant for index investors because they will hold what's in the index regardless of an individual stock’s price targets.
Target Price vs. Current Price
The current or market price is what the stock is currently trading at on the open market. It is a reflection of the current supply and demand for that stock. The target stock price is an estimate that an analyst believes will be the current price at some point in the future, generally 12 months from now.
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https://www.thebalance.com/what-is-a-price-target-5195089
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The Indeed Editorial Team comprises a diverse and talented team of writers, researchers and subject matter experts equipped with Indeed's data and insights to deliver useful tips to help guide your career journey.
When an individual buys shares of a company, they own a small part of that company which is called equity in terms of investing. Buying and selling of shares through a stock exchange is equity trading, and an individual involved in this trade is an equity trader. Learning more about equity trading can help you understand its various aspects and decide if you want to pursue a career in this field. In this article, we discover the various equity trader responsibilities, explore the skills they require to be successful and find out what they can earn on average.
Related: How To Start Working In The Stock Market In 6 Steps
Equity Trader Responsibilities
From monitoring the stock market to analysing trading information on a daily basis, here are a few equity trader responsibilities:
Monitoring and analysing the condition of the stock market to prepare profitable financial information
Examining a company's financial reports, including balance sheets and cash flow statements
Making investments that align with the financial position of the organisation
Taking into consideration the company's assets against its liabilities before making investments
Buying and selling shares and securities by employing short-term trading models
Establishing effective trading strategies that result in more income and profits for clients
Ensuring that trading transactions comply with the government laws and policies
Designing market intelligence reports for the trading team to ensure profitable returns
Employing intelligent digital applications to examine data and create accurate market reports
Using data to assess financial risks and taking trading decisions based on that
Liaising with portfolio and fund accounting teams to ensure timely trade processing
Updating data sheets, performance valuation and liquidity reports regularly
Communicating with intermediaries and brokers to solve the discrepancies in trades
Related: Top 10 Careers In Stock Market (With Duties And Salary)
What Is Equity?
Equity is a small share or stake in a company. If you possess a stake in a company, you can make a claim on its assets and earnings. The more shares you acquire, the greater your is ownership stake in the company. When you do trading of shares in financial markets, it is called equity trading. You can trade by yourself through a brokerage account or with the assistance of a broker or an agent.
Related: What Is An Investment Banker? Definition And Career Advice
Types Of Equity Trading
Here are some common types of equity trading:
Scalping
The term scalping, also known as micro trading, refers to buying and selling of shares within seconds or minutes. Through scalping, an equity trader aims to make profits through minor changes in the prices of shares. Individuals who do scalping devise a carefully calculated exit strategy since one significant loss can exceed the many small gains made in a day.
Day trading
Day trading refers to the type of trading that is done within the same trading day. You can do this type of trading till the market is open for the day. Day traders monitor stock markets throughout the day and execute short-term and well-planned intra-day strategies to make the maximum profit from changes in the prices of assets.
Swing trading
Swing trading focuses on short-term or medium-term gains rather than long-term gains. Swing traders monitor price fluctuations in the market and buy or sell shares accordingly. Efficient swing trading is about capitalising on momentous price movements and avoiding idle times by earning smaller gains on the same investment over the span of a few days or weeks.
Position trading
Position trading focuses on various trends in macroeconomics and the growth potential of assets. Position traders monitor the macroeconomics trends to determine which assets are likely to increase in their value over time. This type of trading is about long-term gains and depends on when the most valuable options for a trader's assets exist in the market.
Technical trading
In technical trading, a trader uses charts, graphs and other tools to analyse historical trading data. They look for prospective signs of divergence or convergence that may suggest appropriate times to buy or sell assets. In technical trading, the traders make their decisions based on the past because they are of the view that history can repeat itself.
Algorithmic trading
In algorithmic trading, a trader uses computer programmes to place trades for them at the best prices. In this type of trading, the trader may employ high-frequency trading algorithms alongside marking specific instructions to the computer programmes for these trades. This automation can prove to be beneficial for traders who are looking to trade at any time of the day.
Related: What Are Asset Classes? (With Definition And Types)
Noise trading
In noise trading, a trader buys and sells shares without conducting a fundamental analysis of the companies issuing the securities. These traders may try to make a profit from short-term trades that follow different economic trends. While some may view these traders as impulsive or making uncalculated decisions, this type of trading remains a common option for many traders.
Momentum trading
The aim of momentum trading is to search for those shares that are moving significantly in one direction and purchase them. Momentum traders focus on capitalising on the momentum of the sudden increase. Momentum trading can happen within a few hours or over a period of a few days, depending on how swiftly the stock moves or the direction of the momentum change.
Price action trading
In price action trading, a trader does not take into consideration the fundamental analysis metrics and focuses on technical trading. They plot a specific asset's price movement over a certain period and make subjective decisions about buying and selling based on the price movements and general market activities. Price action is popular among those looking for short-term trades.
Related: How To Get An Internship In Finance: A Complete Guide
How To Become An Equity Trader?
Here are a few steps you may take to become an equity trader:
1. Complete school education
Complete your higher secondary education (12th grade) from a recognised board. Choosing the commerce stream can prove to be rewarding since it includes subjects like economics, mathematics and business studies which can equip you with the know-how of the trading field. If these courses are not part of your core curriculum, then you can also select them as additional subjects if your school has such an arrangement.
2. Earn a bachelor's degree
After school education, you can pursue a bachelor's degree in business administration, finance or economics. Some examples of popular degrees include Bachelor of Business Administration, Bachelor of Science in Finance and Bachelor of Arts in Economics. You can also consider pursuing various bachelor's degree courses in statistics or data science. These courses can offer you a knowledge base that can help you become a successful equity trader.
Related: How To Write A Stock Trader Resume (Template And Example)
3. Pursue additional courses
Pursuing additional courses can help you add more knowledge to your educational accomplishments. These courses can offer you lessons on trading strategies, market directions, global capital markets, corporate debts, mutual funds, equities, futures and several other trade options. Enrolling in such courses is often a great way to gain specialised knowledge in your field and turn your equity trading career into a rewarding one.
4. Apply for jobs or become an independent trader
After completing your education, you can choose to take a job. Prepare a resume that highlights your educational achievements. You can search and apply for jobs via online job portals like Indeed or visit the official website of your preferred companies and find out if they are hiring. You can also start working as an independent equity trader by signing up for a brokerage account that can allow you to trade in the stock market.
Related: How To Become A Finance Analyst: A Step-By-Step Guide
Important Skills For Equity Traders
Here are some important skills to become a successful equity trader:
Adaptability: Adaptability is a crucial skill in the field of trading where circumstances can change instantly. It is essential for you to change your trading methods or strategies based on the changing market conditions.
Analytical thinking: Traders often monitor markets and analyse trading trends to make their trading decisions. Having strong analytical thinking abilities can help them assess the market, identify trends or learn from past market reviews.
Mathematics: Mathematics can help traders to understand and solve complex problems involving a lot of numbers. Sound knowledge of mathematics can help them understand statistics and conduct a strong quantitative analysis of the market.
Risk management: Risk management is the ability to determine which actions can give maximum benefits and favourable results. This skill is crucial for traders as it helps them avoid making bad trades.
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https://in.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/equity-trader-responsibilities
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Swing trading, like some other trading ways, tries to capture gains in the stocks of the firm. This process is done over some days to some weeks. Traders of this trading using technical analysis to benefit the trade with trading opportunities. They analyze price trends and patterns in the market along with utilizing the fundamental analysis.
Day trading is opposite to long-term trading. The traders are speculators in this sort of trading who make speculations about the securities and the stocks. After they get a strong feeling of profit they engage in the buying and selling process of the stocks. This process is called day trading as the traders complete the process of buying and selling within the same day before the market closes and all the positions are closed. According to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) points out that “days traders typically suffer financial losses in their first months of trading, and many never graduate to profit-making status.”
Both day trading and swing trading is a practice of expert and effective traders. Both the group of traders try to profit from short-term stock movements but the approach, strategies, and techniques applied are different. The difference is often visible to be noticed in its performances.
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https://www.examples.com/education/finance/wing-trading-vs-day-trading.html
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Much of what we know about technical analysis and its ability to predict prices is relatively new. The study of technical analysis on the financial markets goes back to the 18th century, but what truly came out of technical analysis was discovered mostly in the computer age. Computer modeling has sped up innovation in price studying and trading more than other development.
The significance of a trend line
Trend lines are a part of many techniques and strategies designed to show how price has trended in the past to predict movements in the future. Commonly, trend lines are used as support and resistance, indicating where investors favor buying or selling. Trend lines can also be used as a part of a comprehensive trading plan to show the general direction of the market, without any interest paid to support and resistance.
The many different kinds of trend lines
Trend lines can be horizontal or vertical and anywhere in between. Generally, a trend line is drawn with a slope to mark even the most modest uptrends or downtrends in the market. Horizontal trend lines are also very popular for showing support and resistance lines at a common price point. It is fairly common that a stock will trade wildly around a common price point and do it even over the course of time. “Round” numbers such as $25 or $50 are more likely to be a place for a horizontal support or resistance because traders like to use round numbers as entry and exit points.
A trend line is worth its weight in gold
Professional traders, specifically day traders and swing traders, have success using trend lines because trend lines are a better indicator over the short run than the long run. For long-term investors, trend lines usually fall out of favor because they provide very little trades over the long term and are not as accurate over long periods as they are short term. The volume that can be found in short term trading mostly focuses around the small support and resistance points, thus making trend lines very important to day and swing traders.
Arguing against a trend line
There has been much debate between academia and traders regarding the worthiness of trend lines in market data. The academic theoretical position stipulates that a theoretical market is so perfect in nature that trending would not occur. The viewpoint of the trader focuses on the inner workings of the minds of hundreds of thousands of other traders, who all find certain price points more interesting and lucrative than others. The argument against trend lines is that they are self-fulfilling prophecies and do not work out to real world gains. However, the fact is that trend lines are used simply as guidance for future price movement based on how day traders value today’s positions, and many traders use technical analysis profitably.
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https://tradingeveryday.com/significance-of-a-trend-line/
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There are various types of investment options available for investors and traders in the stock markets. These can belong to primary or secondary markets. The primary markets are the traditional form of investing or trading in stocks and the secondary markets are the derivative markets which include the futures and options contract, forward contracts, and swaps. These secondary markets are quite complex and require the investors and traders to understand them carefully.
To understand the trading model of the futures contract, it is important to understand the way it is priced. Given below are the meaning of the futures contract and the way it is priced.
What are stock futures?
Futures contracts are part of the derivative markets and are financial contracts where the underlying assets to be traded are the individual stocks. Unlike options, these are contracts that have a legal binding to be executed by the participants. These contracts are to buy or sell a fixed quantity of the underlying equity shares which is to be executed at the specified future date and at an agreed price. Future contracts have defined parameters like the lot size, the expiration date, tick size, unit of price quotation, as well as the method of settlement.
The prices of the futures contracts are determined by the price movements or the cost of the underlying asset. If the cost of the underlying asset increases, the cost of the futures contracts will also increase. However, it is to be noted that the cost of futures may not always be equal to the cost of the underlying asset. Also, the spot price of any asset can be different from the future price. This difference in the prices is known as the Spot-Future Parity. There are many reasons for the difference in prices like the dividends, the time of expiry, and the rate of interest. Therefore, it is important for investors and traders to understand the price calculations.
What is the formula for calculating future prices?
As mentioned above, the price of the futures contract is based on the price of the underlying stocks and is generally higher. There are various components that are used to calculate the prices of the futures contract. There is a specific formula that can be used by investors and traders to calculate the price of futures contracts.
The formula of calculating future prices is,
Future Price = Spot Price * (1+rf-d).
In the above formula, ‘rf’ stands for the risk-free return while ‘d’ is the dividend.
A risk-free rate of return is the rate at which investment provides returns without any risk i.e. at zero risks. Some examples of such risk-free investments are Government Securities, Treasury bills, etc.
The future pricing can also be adjusted to calculate the fair value of the future based on the number of days left for its expiry.
Let us consider the following example to understand the calculation of future pricing better.
The spot price of shares of Company A is Rs. 1000 and the prevailing risk-free rate is 8% and the number of days for expiry is 20. The company has not declared any dividend. The futures price in such a case
is calculated as under.
Futures Price = 1000 * [(1+ 8% * (20/365)]-1
Futures price = 1004.384
The difference between the spot price and the futures price is translated into the concept of premium or discount. If the futures price is higher than the spot price, it is considered to be traded at a premium. Similarly, if the futures price is traded lower than the spot price, it is considered to be at a discount.
What are the basic terms to understand in futures pricing?
In the futures market, the difference between the spot price and the futures price forms the basis of the spread. At the beginning of the futures contract, the variance is at the highest but as the contract nears its expiry, the difference between the spot price and futures prices reduces and are ideally equal at the time of expiry.
There are a few concepts that are important in understanding futures pricing. These concepts are highlighted below.
Clearing House
Futures are part of the secondary market and are traded through an exchange known as a clearinghouse. Traders can undertake futures trading in the futures Index through NSE.
Buying and selling the Futures contract
Futures contracts are legally binding documents that are to be honoured by both the buyer and the seller. In these contracts, the buyer usually has the long positions and the seller usually has the short positions.
Margin requirement
Futures contracts require the traders to provide a margin to the clearinghouse (usually ranging between 3% to 12%) to initiate the trade. This margin acts as a surety that the parties will honour the contract. In the event that the margin money falls below the maintenance amount due to mark to market, the trader will receive a call to meet the difference known as a margin call.
Marking to Market
This is a process used to settle the futures prices on a daily basis as they fluctuate every day due to active trading. It is the practice of the clearinghouses to pay the price difference after each trading. It can be done by debiting or crediting such a differential amount from the margin amount deposited by the traders.
Conclusion
Futures pricing is an important concept for the traders to learn as it can help them understand the pricing model and the futures contract in a better manner. The difference between the strike price, spot price, and the futures price is ideal to create good hedging positions. Hence, understanding how the futures are priced will help them take better hedge positions and maximize their returns.
FAQs
The different types of traders in the futures contracts are speculators and hedgers. Speculators form the majority of the futures markets.
The basic difference between the spot price and the futures price is that the former requires immediate buying or selling of the security along with payment and delivery while in the latter the participants can make the payment and delivery at a later date. Also, the spot price is usually lower than the futures price
The basic assumption of futures pricing at the time of expiry is that it will eventually match the spot price.
If the spot price is lower than the futures price, the markets are expected to rise in the future or indicate a bullish market. On the other hand, if the spot price is higher than the futures price, the markets are expected to fall in the future or indicate a bearish market.
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https://finity.in/futures-pricing/
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Received:
8
July
2009
Accepted: 16 September 2009
In this paper we analyze the behavior of the daily Sunspot Number (SN) from the Sunspot Index Data Center (SIDC), the mean Magnetic-Field (MF) strength from the National Solar ObservatoryKitt Peak (NSOKP) and Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) means from VirgoSoHO, in the context of the q-Triplet which emerges within nonextensive statistical mechanics. Distributions for the mean solar Magnetic Field show two different behaviors, with a q-Gaussian for scales of 1 to 16 days and a Gaussian for scales longer than 32 days. The latter corresponds to an equilibrium state. Distributions for Total Solar Irradiance also show two different behaviors (approximately Gaussian) for scales of 128 days and longer, consistent with statistical equilibrium and q-Gaussian for scales days. Distributions for the Sunspot Number show a q-Gaussian independent of timescales, consistent with a nonequilibrium state. The values obtained (“q-Triplet” ≡ ) demonstrate that the Gaussian or q-Gaussian behavior of the aforementioned data depends significantly on timescales. These results point to a strong multifractal behavior of the dataset analyzed, with the multifractal level decreasing from Sunspot Number to Total Solar Irradiance. In addition, we found a numerically satisfied dual relation between qstat and qsen.
PACS: 96.60.-j – Solar physics / 97.10.Jb – Stellar activity / 05.90.+m – Other topics in statistical physics, thermodynamics, and nonlinear dynamical systems
© EPLA, 2009
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