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Digital technologies create an impetus for organizations to implement responses to gain or maintain their competitive advantage (Vial, 2019). They change the way firms are organized, what products they offer, how these products are created and delivered, and how firms relate to their environment of customers, suppliers, universities, other firms.
The goal of this seminar is to examine the relationship between digitalization and multinational enterprises (MNEs) and in more detail. Starting from some theoretical perspectives on the topic, the seminar will examine how enterprises meet this challenge. We will cover technologies such as the Internet of Things (or Industrie 4.0 in the German context), 3D printing, advanced robotics, platforms, blockchains, as well as new IT-enabled management systems such as real-time enterprise resource planning, data analytics, or applications of artificial intelligence.
The seminar will kick-off with an introduction into the topic and the recent literature. Students will work on case studies on various aspects of the topic and present the results in the seminar.
Topics include:
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https://learn.wu.ac.at/vvz/22s/6184
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4IR Could Mitigate Devastation Due Coronavirus Outbreak
Could the Covid-19 pandemic be the impetus that accelerates the adoption of digital solutions? Could the global economic devastation from the worldwide outbreak be the catalyst that ultimately leads to the embrace of the Fourth Industrial Revolution?
As the Covid-19 outbreak forces the cancellation of trips, large gatherings and a slowdown in manufacturing, the economic damage is mounting across the world.
The call for social distancing has resulted in universities suspending lectures, churches halting services and many companies formulating plans on how to safeguard their employees. Schools have brought mid-term breaks forward with the intent of running catch-up classes when they resume.
The effects of Covid-19 have also left supply chains around the world disrupted. China’s industrial output contracted at the sharpest pace in 30 years, as workers were told to stay home, falling by 13.5 per cent in January and February 2020, according to Reuters. Worldwide, a delay in the fulfilment of orders is being felt as companies like Apple reduce their revenue growth forecast.
In all this despair, digital solutions are rising to save the day. As business and schools ramp up their disaster management plans, turning to the use of smart technologies seems to be the only way to keep essential services running. The technology early adopters have been able to make a more straightforward switch as their customers are already used to online services like getting statements, paying bills and customer support. Those companies are fast opting for employees, who were in open-plan environments, to rather work from home.
The star of the show has been technologies like 3D printing, helping to support industrial supply chains that are affected by limitations on traditional production and imports. A good example is in Italy where Brescia (near one of the hardest-hit regions for Covid-19 infections), urgently needed Venturi valves for an intensive-care device which the supplier could not provide in a short time. Additive manufacturing firm, Isinnova, came to the rescue. They brought a 3D printer directly to the hospital and, in just a few hours, redesigned and then produced the missing piece.
China has been using drones to ensure medical samples and quarantine materials can travel with minimal risk to high-risk areas to reduce contact between samples and personnel and improve delivery speed.
Universities with online programmes continue with their academic year instead of entirely suspending classes. Sadly, these are few and far between in South Africa. Schools are limited in their ability to leverage technology, as not all students have devices or data. This constraint has magnified the South African digital divide.
No one knows what the total socioeconomic impact of Covid-19 will be, however, the prediction is recovery will be slow. As markets are reconfigured across the world as a result of the economic devastation, a new digital world will emerge. Digitisation will no longer be a consideration for someday in the future, but rather an imperative as organisations grapple with how to future-proof themselves.
The Covid-19 outbreak is an opportunity for South Africa to accelerate all Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) plans. Late adopters can no longer afford to wait-and-see lest another crisis hits. The digital divide must be addressed and technology adoption accelerated so we can readily face the next challenge.
Perhaps we will also see South African companies leading in 4IR solutions and rise to save the day. Perhaps our proudly South African drone operators will assist the government to deliver test kits to remote locations or our robotics companies will make their robots available in isolation wards to limit human contact.
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https://www.cyberera.com.ng/2020/05/07/4ir-could-mitigate-devastation-due-coronavirus-outbreak/
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New technologies such as the internet of things and 3D printing are not just transforming global supply chains – they are also changing the way trade is being financed, forcing trade finance providers to innovate their offerings.
In a conversation with GTR on the launch of a new report, Vinay Mendonca, HSBC’s global head of trade finance propositions, says the bank is currently exploring ways to finance the trade of data and design as 3D printing and the internet of things (IoT) gain momentum. It comes in response to a growing need from the bank’s customers for more innovative ways to finance modern supply chains.
The bank’s report Navigator: Now, next and how for business, released today, surveyed 6,033 firms of all sizes across 26 markets on their short-term outlook for global trade. It found a high degree of optimism: 77% of the companies expect their trade volumes to increase in the next 12 months.
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https://supercharg3d.com/hsbc-exploring-new-solutions-to-finance-trade-of-iot-data-and-3d-printing/
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What is sound? Here is Molly Kaplan, gravity theorist and musician extraordinaire, introducing sound waves:
Using a Slinky, Molly demonstrates that waves can move in two different ways; up and down or back and forth. Waves that move up and down, such as waves in the ocean, are known as transverse waves. By contrast, waves that move back and forth along the Slinky are longitudinal waves. Sound waves are an example of longitudinal waves that come from a source and move through air. The reason we hear something is because the air around our ear drums vibrates! Just as Molly can make bigger or smaller waves with the Slinky, the volume of sound depends on the size of the wave. If Molly pushes hard enough, the Slinky wave will reach the end and bounce back; similarly, echo arises when a sound wave bounces off a wall.
In the second video, when Molly hits a tuning fork, it vibrates and creates sound waves in the air. This particular tuning fork is tuned to a frequency of 880 Hertz, meaning a wave hits your eardrum 880 times each second!
Molly then brings out a metal tube called a resonant cavity to describe resonance! When she brings the ringing tuning fork close to the resonant cavity, some of the waves enter the cavity. Because the tube is cleverly chosen to vibrate at the same frequency as the tuning fork, the sound waves bounce around in the cavity even after she brings the tuning fork away. Note that Molly doesn’t even have to touch the tuning fork to the cavity, because the waves travel through air.
Finally, Molly describes how the pitch of sound depends on the frequency of vibration. What we call pitch is actually the frequency of the air vibrations. The more times a sound wave hits your eardrum per second, the higher pitched it sounds. Molly shows that the tuning fork and sound machine both have the same pitch when tuned to 880 Hertz. The machine makes a higher pitch sound when the frequency is turned up, and a lower pitch sound when the frequency is lowered.
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https://circus.physics.ucsb.edu/2021/01/03/sound/
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Revised on 11/21/2017
Write me an essay. I demand that it be handwritten because handwritten essays are always better.
It is easy to see the fault in such a request. An essay that is handwritten can be better than, equal to, or worse than a typewritten essay. What is more important than the method of getting words on paper is the author's understanding and mastery of the language in which they are writing.
Piano tuning is no different. Just as an author must master their language, a piano technician must master the theory of piano tuning. The technician must know what makes a proper tuning and how it is achieved, by ear and by machine. Once the technician has done so, they can achieve equally beautiful and correct tunings by both methods. Just as in the example of writing, using a machine can help a piano technician work more efficiently with less strain on their body, specifically their ears.
Related: International Survey on ETD Use for Concert Piano Tuning
So, why do some people insist that their pianos be tuned by ear? Electronic tuning devices (ETD's) were first invented in the 1930's. Those ETD's did nothing more than measure frequency. It is because of those devices that people gained such disdain for tunings completed by an ETD. Rightly so. The devices did not account for an important factor present in all pianos called inharmonicity.
When a key is struck on a piano, it results in a hammer striking a steel, or steel wrapped in copper, wire and we hear a tone. That tone is composed of the fundamental frequency, which we easily hear, and higher frequencies that are multiples of the fundamental frequency. The higher frequencies are commonly referred to as harmonics. In a perfect world, the harmonics within a piano string would be exact multiples of the fundamental frequency, but they are not. In the real world, the harmonics are a little higher in pitch than the exact multiple. This is called inharmonicity. The amount of inharmonicity within any given piano varies due to piano size, string length, string diameter, etc.
Early ETD's did not account for inharmonicity and tuning by ear did, and still does. That is why tunings achieved by those early devices were displeasing. In the 1970's, the first ETD to account for inharmonicity was introduced and they have continually improved since then. Fast forward to the present day. We now have extremely advanced devices, most being in the form of software on a laptop or handheld device, that can accurately measure and account for inharmonicity. These devices sample several notes within a piano and calculate an extremely accurate tuning based on those samples. The piano technician then tunes the piano to the device.
Just as owning a word processing program does not make the owner an author, an ETD does not make one a piano tuner. There are many other critical facets of tuning in addition to setting a string to a particular frequency, but they are beyond the scope of this article. One that I will mention is the ability of the piano technician to know what a proper tuning sounds like. Upon completing a tuning with an electronic device, the technician must check everything by ear to make certain that everything is pleasing to the human ear. It is similar to proofreading after writing an essay in a word processing program. A computer may find a tuning or an essay acceptable, but what really matters is if it is pleasing to a human. Only a properly trained piano technician is capable of making such checks after completing a tuning with an ETD.
ETD's are invaluable tools when placed in the proper hands. They save piano technicians time on tuning just as a word processor does when writing an essay. It is less likely that a neglected piano will require two tunings (a pitch raise and fine tuning) if a sophisticated device is used by the technician. The device makes precise calculations to leave the piano in tune with less tuning. The end result is the same tuning that a properly trained technician would produce by ear. So, when someone says aural tuning is better it is simply not true. Both yield the exact same result when completed by a trained technician (though ETD's offer a wider array of tuning options such as historical and hybrid temperaments). This is emphasized by the fact that piano technology schools now implement ETD's into their curriculum and encourage students to purchase a competent device as soon as they are able (competent software prices range from $700 to $1,700).
Because of their effectiveness, ETD's are quickly becoming a standard in the profession and are used in factories, dealerships, and concert halls the world over. In fact, a survey of 140 concert-level piano technicians worldwide revealed that 78% of those technicians use ETD's when tuning for concerts (see the complete survey here). ETD's have achieved a very high level of precision and allow piano technicians to accomplish more in less time, with less physical strain.
There are many technicians who continue to tune by ear only, usually because that is how they have always done it and do not feel a need to change. There's nothing wrong with that. However, many technicians try to discredit the effectiveness of electronic tuning devices simply because they do not wish to put forth the money or the effort to learn how to manipulate an ETD to their advantage.
I have received numerous new clients who contacted me because they were unsatisfied with the tuning of a previous technician. In every case, I knew the technicians who had completed the tunings and that they only tuned by ear. I tuned the pianos using my ETD and aural checks at the end and in every case the result was a happy client. This does not mean that a proper tuning can only be achieved using an ETD. It simply illustrates that tuning by ear does not always yield a better result, as some believe. It is important to remember that both an aural tuning and a tuning completed using an ETD are only as good as the ear and the training of the piano technician. It is common for us as humans to lose some of our hearing as we age. Older technicians benefit greatly from ETD's for this very reason.
ETD's have arrived. They are extremely sophisticated and accurate and continually improve. It is important for piano technicians to grasp onto modern technology and use it to their benefit and to the benefit of their clients.
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https://finetuningco.com/blog/aural-vs-electronic-piano-tuning
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What is Standard Pitch or Concert Pitch and why do we need it?Standard Pitch is a universal frequency or note that allinstruments are set to. Today’s standard pitch is A440 orC523.3 and this concert pitch enables musicians to play instrumentstogether in harmony. A form of standard pitch has been around ever since two individuals wished to play two instruments together or sing to an instrument. A tuning fork is normally used to set the pitch. However, in the past, pitch pipes have been used, and today electronic tuning forks are also used, but the most common is the tuning fork. The tuning fork was invented by John Shore in 1711 and it had a pitch of A423.5. He was the sergeant trumpeter to the Court and also lutenist in the Chapel Royal.
In May 1938 an international conference was set up to look at a universal pitch. The conference studded the matter at great length, quite a few where in favour of a pitch of A439 tep: 68 F. The mathematician Sir James Swinburne put the case for A440 on the grounds it rounded numbers up and made calculation in the scale simple. The conference finished with no full agreement on pitch only that each country should set up subcommittee to look at the problem. The UK and US agreed on A440 tep: 20 C The UK, ISP committee was held at the BBC and not all were in favour of A440 In 1939 some wanted the Philharmonic pitch of 1890. The BSI committee passed a resolution for a pitch of A440 at 68F. In December 1939 the BSI published a book called "British Standard Concert Pitch"
Of course, once you have your "A" or "C" set to a pitch, the rest of the instrument will have to be tuned. A scale is set in the middle and this scale also determines the pitch of all the twelve notes in the octave. The most common system used to day is known as equal temperament. This sets the pitches of the twelve notes so that the player can play the instrument in all keys by dividing the roughness equally among the twelve notes. The roughness is called the "wolf." This term may have come about because if the "wolf" is not set right the instrument will be howling out of tune.
Like standard pitch A440, equal temperament is not the onlytuning scale that has been used. Ptolemy started using justintonation in 136 AD. Meantone tuning was perfected by Salinas in 1577 AD. Equal temperament was proposed by Aristoxenus, a pupil ofAristotle, and had been in use in China for some centuries before.It would seem that equal temperament was used in North Germany asearly as 1690. In 1842 the organ of St. Nicholas, inNewcastle-upon-Tyne, was tuned to equal temperament, and this isbelieved to be the first organ to be tuned in this way in Englandfor a concert. Willis the organ builder did not use equaltemperament until 1854. However, in 1846 Walter Broadwood directed Mr. Hipkins the head piano tuner at the company to instruct theirtuners in the use of equal temperament. Mr. Hipkins used two tuningforks, one for meantone at A433.5 and one for equal temperament atA436. Meantone was the most common scale used at that time. See Ed Foote for more information on the use of meantone on today's pianos.
Musicians are not the only people to work with pitch. In 583 BC, a Greek philosopher called Pythagorus was making use of themonochord. This device is simply a soundbox with a single stringstretched over a movable bridge, the position of which can bedetermined by a scale marked on the soundbox. This was more of a scientific instrument than a musical one. Before this time, the Egyptians and Greeks made use of the monochord. For 5000 years, it was used to make intricate mathematical calculations. The ratio of intervals and many other facts that make up the fundamentals of acoustic science were discovered using the monochord. Pythagorusused a pitch of 256Hz on his monochord. The study of mathematics was known as philosophy in the time of Plato.
Modern science began to measure pitch accuracy in cps or cyclesper second around 1834 when a group of distinguished German physicists using a mechanical stroboscopic device found that the pitch of the tuning fork that they were testing was at A440 cps. It was only later that the frequency was expressed in Hz.
In the fifteenth century Arnold Schlick of Heidelberg, gave us the pitch of the time as being A.502. An Organ in Hepusdat dated 1351 with a pitch of A505 Scholars who have studied historical instruments claim that thepitch of the note "A" in the seventeenth century may have variedfrom 373.7 Hz to 402.9 Hz. The following is an incomplete list of pitch standards from various sources.
|1640||Vienna Franciscan Organ A457.6|
|1663||Bernards Schmidt's Orgain in Duham, England A474|
|1699||Paris Opera A404|
|1711||John Shore's tuning fork, a pitch of A423.5 He invented the tuning fork, one of which still exists today.|
|1780||Stines, for Mozart, A421|
|1780||Organ builder Schulz A421.3|
|1714||Strasbourg Cathedral organ A391|
|1722||Dresden's chief Roman Catholic church organ A415|
|1759||Trinity College Cambridge organ A309|
|1762||Stringed instruments at Hamburg A405|
|1772||Gottfried Silbermann built the organ in the main Roman Catholic church in Dresden, and it had a pitch of A 415 at the time.|
|1780||Organ builder Schulz A421.3|
|1780||Stein's tuning fork A422.6|
|1751||Handel's own fork A422.5|
|1800||Broadwood's C fork, 505.7, which is about half a semitone lower than that of today|
|1811||Paris Grand Opera A 427|
|1812||Paris Conservatoire A440, as modern pitch|
|1813||George Smart adopted for the Philharmonic Society the pitch of A423.3.|
|1820||Westminster Abbey organ and possibly Paris Comic Opera used a pitch of A422.5.|
|1823||In Veienna pitch was A437 and it 1834 A 440|
|1828||Philharmonic Society A 440|
|1834||Vienna Opera A 436.5|
|1835||Wolfels piano maker A443|
|1836||Pleyel's Pianos A446|
|1846||Philharmonic pitch was A452.5 (very high) which lasted till 1854|
|1846||Mr Hipkins piano tuner (Meantone) A433.5 (Equal) A436.0|
|1849||Broadwood's medium pitch was A445.9 which lasted till 1854|
|1858||New Philharmonic pitch C522|
|1859||The French government set up a commission for a standard pitch. which was A435 the fork temperature was15 degrees centigrade.|
|1860||Cramer's piano makers of London A448.4|
|1862||Dresden Opera A 440|
|1871||Covent Garden Opera House A 440|
|1877||Collard's piano maker standard pitch was A 449.9|
|1877||St. Paul Cathedral organ A446.6|
|1877||Chappell Pianos A455.9|
|1877||Mr Hipkins piano tuner A448.8|
|1878||Her Majesty's Organ A436.1|
|1878||Vienna Opera A447|
|1879||Covent Garden Opera A450|
|1879||Erard's factory fork 455.3|
|1879||Steinway of England A 454.|
|1879||British Army regulation pitch for woodwinds A451.9|
|1880||Brinsmead, Broadwood, and Erard apparently used a pitch of A455.3|
|1880||Steinway may have been using a pitch of A436. According to Steinway of New York, 1880 is right around the time they switched from three piece rims to the continuous rim that is used today. So it is unlikely the pitch was any higher before 1880, yet Steinway of London had a fork A454.7.|
|1885||In Vienna a pitch of A435.4 was adopted at a temperature of 59 degrees Fahrenheit for A.|
|1885||At an international exhibition of inventions and music in London a pitch of A452 was adopted.|
|1896||Philharmonic pitch A439, giving C522|
|1925||On the 11th of June the American music industry adopted A440.|
|1936||American Standards Association adopted A440. yet; New York Philharmonic and the Boston Symphony Orchestra, use 442 Hz|
|1939||At an international conference A440 was adopted.|
The pitch of A440 has remained the standard since 1939. Pitches
have risen a little, particularly in Eastern European countries,
which often wish pianos to be tuned to A 444 or even a bit above.
Some concert halls in the UK and European countries have two pianos
on site, one tuned to A440 and one tuned to A 444. This is to keep
the pianos stable, as constantly raising and lowering the pitch is
not good for the piano; it makes it hard for the piano tuner to
make the tuning stable.
Here is a full list of the theoretical frequencies for all the notes on a piano tuned to A440: theoretical frequencies.
If you would like to hear a tuning fork visit
http://www.onlinetuningfork.com/
Barrie Heaton Dip. AWVH, MABPT, FIMT, CGLI
© copyright 1998-2002
Visit my website Piano Tuning in Lancashire.
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https://www.piano-tuners.org/history/pitch.html
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In 1550 in Pavia, Italy, Girolamo Cardano, a physician, mathematician and astrologer, noticed how sound was being perceived through the skin.
In 1553 in Padua, Italy, H. Capivacci, a physician, noticed that this knowledge of sound being perceived through the skin might be used as a diagnostic tool for differentiating between hearing disorders located in the middle ear or in the acoustic nerve.
In 1684, German physician G. C. Schelhammer tried using a common cutlery fork to enhance the experiments that Cardano and Capivacci were working on.
In 1711 in England, Royal trumpeter and luteist, John Shore, created the first tuning fork. At that time, he lovingly and jokingly called it a pitch fork. It was made of steel and had a pitch of A423.5.
In 1800, German physicist E.F.F. Chladni, along with others, constructed a complete musical instrument based on sets of tuning forks.
In 1834, J.H. Scheibler presented a set of 54 tuning forks covering ranges from 220 Hz to 440Hz.
Later, in Paris, J. Lissajous constructed a tuning fork with a resonance box.
Also in Paris, German physicist K. R. Koening invented a tuning fork which was kept in continuous vibration by a clockwork.
In 1863 in Heidelberg, physiologist H. Helmholtz, used sets of electromagnetically powered tuning forks for his experiments on the sensations of tone.
Tuning forks were indispensible instruments for producing defined sinusoidal vibrations and used as a diagnostic tool in otology.
The most common system of determining the pitch of all twelve notes in a octave is the Equal temperament. The standard pitch here is A440. As a side note, equal temperament was proposed by Aristoxenus, a pupil of Aristotle, and had been in use in China for some centuries.
Mr. Hipkins, the head piano tuner in 1846, was instructed by Walter Broadwood to instruct his piano tuners in the use of equal temperament. To do this, he used two tuning forks; one for meantone at A433.5 and one for equal temperament at A436.
Even though musicians were among the first people to work with pitch, scientist enjoyed sharing knowledge and use of the tuning fork also.
As far back as 583 BC, when the Greek philosopher, Pythagorus, made a device called the monochord and set the pitch to 256Hz.. The Egyptians and Greeks used the monochord to make intricate mathematical calculations.
It wasn't until around 1834 when a group of German physicists was able to use a mechanical stroboscopic device, that they were able to determine that the pitch of the tuning fork was at A440cps (which later was expressed as A440Hz).
Even though the pitch of the note "A" in the 17th century varied from 373.3 Hz to 402.0 Hz, on July 27, 1987, the International society of Piano Builders and Technicians unanimously support A=440 Hz. as the international pitch standard for piano manufacturers and for modern piano and orchestral tuning.
In the 18th century, the German physicist Ernesy Chladni, discovered that when a violin bow was drawn vertically across the rim of a metal plate that the sound waves it produced created patterns in sand that was sprinkled on the plate. For each different musical tone that was played, the sand particles formed a different geometric pattern. In the 1960s the Swiss scientist Hans Jenny discovered that low frequency sounds produced simple geometric shapes and as the sound frequency increased, the shapes became more complex. He also found that the sound 'OH' produced a perfect circle and that the sound, 'OM' produced a pattern similar to that of the ancient Indian mandala for 'OM'. In 1974, a professional jazz musician, Fabien Maman, noticed that by playing certain musical notes that he could have an energizing effect on the audience. In the late 1970s, Fabien joined with the senior researcher at the National Centre for Scientific Research in Paris, Helen Grimal, to study the effects of sound on normal and malignant cells. The pair used all types of sound making instruments including flutes, drums, gongs, and more. They discovered that at 30-40 decibets, the sound always produced changes in the cells and the higher up the musical scale they went, the frequency would travel outward from the center of the cell to its outer membrane. The most amazing results happened when the human voice was used. On the cellelar level, Fabien Maman found that the note 'C' made cells longer while 'D' produced a variety of colors. 'E; made cells spherical. 'F' make them round, balanced and vibrant colors of magenta and turqouise. He also said that 'F' was the fundamental sound of the singer and thus helpful for the physical body through its harmonizing and regenerating effect at the cellular level. 'A' (440HZ) changed the color of the cells energy field from red to pink. The Japanese scientist, Masaru Emoto, discovered that music affected water and that different types of music affected it differently. With our body made up of 80% water, his work demonstrates the importance of how our body is influenced by the sounds around us and by the information stored in the water that we drink. Dr. Tomatis used high frequency sounds (3,000Hz and above) to activate the brain and affect cognitive funcations such as thinking, spatial perception and memory. Listening to these sounds increased attentiveness and concentration. Sound therapist Jonathan Goldman in his book, Healing Sounds, states that frequency plus Intention equal Healing. Barbara Hero and the International Lambdoma Research Institute in Kennebunk, Maine, discovered that by passing sound waves through each organ of the body that they were able to calculate the optimal frequency for each organ using mathematical formulas based on the speed of sound.
Reference Tools: Jonathan Goldman, Healing Sounds. Element Books. 1992. Alfred Tomatis, The Conscious Ear, Station Hill Press, 1991. Fabien Maman, The Role of Music in the Twenty-First Century. Tama-Do Press. 1997. Don Campbell, The Mozart Effect. Avon Books. 1997. Masaru Emoto, The Message from Water. HADO Kyoikusha. 1999.
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https://www.hanusamassageli.com/single-post/2016/10/30/history-of-sound-healing
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Chapter 1: The Digital Representation of Sound,
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Whats the difference between a tuba and a flute (or, more accurately, the sounds of each)? How do we tell the difference between two people singing the same song, when theyre singing exactly the same notes? Why do some guitars "sound" better than others (besides the fact that theyre older or cost more or have Eric Claptons autograph on them)? What is it that makes things "sound" like themselves?
Its not necessarily the pitch of the sound (how high or low it is)if everyone in your family sang the same note, you could almost surely tell who was who, even with your eyes closed. Its also not just the loudnessyour voice is still your voice whether you talk softly or scream at the top of your lungs. So whats left? The answer is found in a somewhat mysterious and elusive thing we call, for lack of a better word, "timbre," and thats what this section is all about.
"Timbre" (pronounced "tam-ber") is a kind of sloppy word, inherited from previous eras, that lumps together lots of things that we dont fully understand. Some think we should abandon the word and concept entirely! But its one of those words that gets used a lot, even if it doesnt make much sense, so well use it here toowere sort of stuck with it for the time being.
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What Makes Up Timbre?
Timbre can be roughly defined as those qualities of a sound that arent just frequency or amplitude. These qualities might include:
Envelope and spectra are very complicated concepts, encompassing a lot of subcategories. For example, spectral features are very important, different ways that the spectral aggregates are organized statistically in terms of shape and form (e.g., the relative "noisiness" of a sound is a result, in large part, of its spectral relationships). Many facets of envelope (onset time, harmonic decay, spectral evolution, steady-state modulations, etc.) are not easily explained by just looking at the envelope of a sound. Researchers spend a great deal of time on very specific aspects of these ideas, and its an exciting and interesting area for computer musicians to research.
Figure 1.18 shows a simplified picture of the envelope of a trumpet tone.
Its helpful here to bring another descriptive term into our vocabulary: spectrum. Spectrum is defined by a waveforms distribution of energy at certain frequencies. The combination of spectra (plural of spectrum) and envelope helps us to define the "color" of a sound. Timbre is difficult to talk about, because its hard to measure something subjective like the "quality" of a sound. This concept gives music theorists, computer musicians, and psychoacousticians a lot of trouble. However, computers have helped us make great progress in the exploration and understanding of the various components of whats traditionally been called "timbre."
Basic Elements of Sound
As weve shown, the average piece of music can be a pretty complicated function. Nevertheless, its possible to think of it as a combination of much simpler sounds (and hence simpler functions)even simpler than individual instruments. The basic atoms of sound, the sinusoids (sine waves) we talked about in the previous sections, are sometimes called pure tones, like those produced when a tuning fork vibrates. We use the tuning fork to talk about these tones because it is one of the simplest physical vibrating systems.
Although you might think that a discussion of tuning forks belongs more in a discussion of frequency, were going to use them to introduce the notion of sinusoids: Fourier components of a sound.
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When you hit the tines of a tuning fork, it vibrates and emits a very pure note or tone. Tuning forks are able to vibrate at very precise frequencies. The frequency of a tuning fork is the number of times the tip goes back and forth in a second. And this number wont change, no matter how hard you hit that fork. As we mentioned, the human ear is capable of hearing sounds that vibrate all the way from 20 times a second to 20,000 times a second. Low-frequency sounds are like bass notes, and high-frequency sounds are like treble notes. (Low frequency means that the tines vibrate slowly, and high frequency means that they vibrate quickly.)
When you whack the tines of a tuning fork, the fork vibrates. The number of times the tines go back and forth in one second determines the frequency of a particular tuning fork.
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Click Soundfile 1.18. Youll hear composer Warren Burts piece for tuning forks, "Improvisation in Two Ancient Greek Modes."
Now, why do tuning fork functions have their simple, sinusoidal shape? Think about how the tip of the tuning fork is moving over time. We see that it is moving back and forth, from its greatest displacement in one direction all the way back to just about the same displacement in the opposite direction.
Imagine that you are sitting on the end of the tine (hold on tight!). When you move to the left, that will be a negative displacement; and when you move to the right, that will be a positive displacement. Once again, as time progresses we can graph the function that at each moment in time outputs your position. Your back-and-forth motion yields the functions many of you remember from trigonometry: sines and cosines.
Any sound can be represented as a combination of different amounts of these sines and cosines of varying frequencies. The mathematical topic that explains sounds and other wave phenomena is called Fourier analysis, named after its discoverer, the great 18th century mathematician Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier.
Figure 1.22 shows the relative amplitudes of sinusoidal components of simple waveforms.
For example, Figure 1.22(a) indicates that a sawtooth wave can be made by addition in the following way: one part of a sine wave at the fundamental frequency (say, 1 Hz), then half as much of a sine wave at 2 Hz, and a third as much at 3 Hz, and so on, infinitely.
In Section 4.2, well talk about using the Fourier technique in synthesizing sound, called additive synthesis. If you want to jump ahead a bit, try the applet in Section 4.2, that lets you build simple waveforms from sinusoidal components. Notice that when you try to build a square wave, there are little ripples on the edges of the square. This is called Gibbs ringing, and it has to do with the fact that the sum of any finite number of these decreasing amounts of sine waves of increasing frequency is never exactly a square wave.
What the charts in Figure 1.22 mean is that if you add up all those sinusoids whose frequencies are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency of the sound and whose amplitudes are described in the charts by the heights of the bars, you’ll get the sawtooth and square waves.
This is what Fourier analysis is all about: every periodic waveform (which is the same, more or less, as saying every pitched sound) can be expressed as a sum of sines whose frequencies are integer multiples of the fundamental and whose amplitudes are unknown. The sawtooth and square wave charts in Figure 1.22 are called spectral histograms (they dont show any evolution over time, since these waveforms are periodic).
These sine waves are sometimes referred to as the spectral components, partials, overtones, or harmonics of a sound, and they are what was thought to be primarily responsible for our sense of timbre. So when we refer to the tenth partial of a timbre, we mean a sinusoid at 10 times the frequency of the sounds fundamental frequency (but we dont know its amplitude).
The sounds in some of the following soundfiles are conventional instruments with their attacks lopped off, so that we can hear each instrument as a different periodic waveform and listen to each instruments different spectral configurations. Notice that, strangely enough, the clarinet (whose sound wave is a lot like a sawtooth wave) and the flute, without their attacks, are not all that different (in the grand scheme of things).
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©Burk/Polansky/Repetto/Roberts/Rockmore. All rights reserved.
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http://sites.music.columbia.edu/cmc/MusicAndComputers/chapter1/01_04.php
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"Diapason"= french word for "tuning fork". The essential tool for all musicians. Diapason is the french word for "tuning work". This application plays A-440 Hz HIFI sounds : a real recorded tuning fork, a piano and a pure sine wave. (full version of "Diapason simple" application).
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http://evolver.fm/appdb/app/diapason/
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The preamplifier will be a small PCB mounted as close as possible to the tuning fork. It takes an input signal, which is divided by 100 by op-amp U1B and used to drive the tuning fork's oscillation, which should be around ~0.1 nm/mV. U2 is is a current-to-voltage converter used to measure the tuning fork's oscillation. The current should be in the nA range, at a frequency of ~25 kHz (but tuning forks are available up to 200 kHz, which would allow faster scanning), so I've used a high-speed, low-bias-current op-amp (OPA656) and routed a guard ring around the input node to keep leakage currents out. Getting a high enough bandwidth with a 10M feedback resistor requires that the parasitic capacitance across this resistor be less than 1 pF. U3 provides an additional gain of 10.
U1A inverts the excitation signal and drives a small capacitor, also connected to the I-V converter. By tuning the pot R8, the current can be adjusted to cancel out the current through the parasitic capacitance of the tuning fork electrodes and wiring. This way, the I-V converter only measures the piezoelectric response of the fork (which can be modeled as a series RLC circuit).
The PCB has 4 layers, and is 1" X 0.5". The two exposed pads at the bottom left are the connections for the tuning fork.
Here are some references I found useful. They really show that a tuning-fork oscillation controller can be built quite cheaply.
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https://hackaday.io/project/5713-frequency-modulated-atomic-force-microscope/log/19934-preamplifier-design
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Stiff Piano StringsPiano strings are audibly inharmonic due to stiffness [211,210]. General stiff-string modeling was introduced in §6.9. In this section, we discuss further details specific to piano strings.
The main effect of string stiffness is to stretch the partial overtone series, so that piano tones are not precisely harmonic . As a result, piano tuners typically stretch the tuning of the piano slightly. For example, the total amount of tuning stretch from the lowest to highest note has been measured to be approximately 35 cents on a Kurzweil PC88, 45 cents on a Steinway Model M, and 60 cents on a Steinway Model D.10.17
Piano String Wave EquationA wave equation suitable for modeling linearized piano strings is given by [77,45,317,517]
where the partial derivative notation and are defined on page , and
Damping-Filter DesignIn , the damping in real piano strings was modeled using a length 17 FIR filter for the lowest strings, and a length 9 FIR filter for the remaining strings. Such FIR filters (or nonparametric measured frequency-response data) can be converted to lower-order IIR filters by the usual methods (§8.6.2). It is convenient to have separate damping and dispersion filters in the string model. The damping filter in piano strings is significantly less demanding than the dispersion filter.
Dispersion Filter-DesignIn the context of a digital waveguide string model, dispersion associated with stiff strings can be supplied by an allpass filter in the basic feedback loop. Methods for designing dispersion allpass filters were summarized in §6.11.3. In this section, we are mainly concerned with how to specify the desired dispersion allpass filter for piano strings. Perceptual studies regarding the audibility of inharmonicity in stringed instrument sounds indicate that the just noticeable coefficient of inharmonicity is given approximately by
where is the fundamental frequency of the string vibration in hertz, and --the so-called coefficient of inharmonicity--affects the th partial overtone tuning via
For a stiff string with Young's modulus , radius , length , and tension , the coefficient of inharmonicity is predicted from theory [144, p. 65], to be
where is the string cross-sectional area, and is the radius of gyration of the string cross-section (see §B.4.9). In general, when designing dispersion filters for vibrating string models, it is highly cost-effective to obtain an allpass filter which correctly tunes only the lowest-frequency partial overtones, where the number of partials correctly tuned is significantly less than the total number of partials present, as in . Application of the method of to piano-string dispersion-filter design is reported in . A Faust implementation of a closed-form expression for dispersion allpass coefficients as a function of inharmonicity coefficient may be found in the function piano_dispersion_filter within effect.lib.
Next Section:
Nonlinear Piano Strings
Previous Section:
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https://www.dsprelated.com/freebooks/pasp/Stiff_Piano_Strings.html
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Hi again, fellow music lovers, players, songwriters and vocalists.
We at the Tuning Fork are working to get back some of that "Weekly Monday Night Splendor" previously known and loved as Open Mic @ The Tuning Fork. Except this Summer we're doing it on a monthly basis.
Same high-quality original and cover music from your fellow friends and family; Same stage, PA, Lighting, Stand-up Piano & Cajón drum; Same wonderful variety of food and drink with musician specials; and if you like, the perfect chance to join together at the end of our sets for a little jam session!
So we hope to see you back again here at The Tuning Fork this Sat. And if you've yet to perform, you're gonna love the venue's laid-back communal vibe.
Thanks, and see y'all tonight,
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https://openmikes.org/listings/tuningforkgastropub2
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PEMF Salmon Arm ~~~ Did you know? Salmon Arm is becoming a central hub within Canada for this wonderful technology of Pulsed ElectroMagnetic Field Therapy. Recently we had a presentation and live demonstration, using 3 of the Omnium1 Mats at The Lavender Lotus in Salmon Arm, BC, Canada.
PEMF Salmon Arm – Transcript Summary of Video
First let me say, I filmed this video near the indoor waterfall in the beautiful Spa location in Salmon Arm. Therefore you may hear running water, and I hope that does not take away from your enjoyment of the knowledge that Adrian shares with us in this presentation.
Health Canada has approved the PEMF technology for:
- Aches
- Pains
- Circulation
This technology works at the cellular level to energize cells and, most importantly, to get the cells back into the frequency range where they can actually heal.
We’ve all evolved on this planet with only certain frequencies. Before Electricity, 100 years ago, there was only 0 to 30 Hz (Hertz). That’s all there was. We are meant to be in tune with those frequencies. Electricity is at 60 Hertz.
DEFINITION: The hertz (symbol Hz) is the unit of frequency in the International System of Units (SI) and is defined as one cycle per second. It is named for Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves.
We’re meant to get our energy for our body from the geomagnetic forces of the earth and also from the ionosphere (Schuman Resonance is created by lightning strikes).
DEFINITION: The Schumann resonances (SR) are a set of spectrum peaks in the extremely low frequency (ELF) portion of the Earth’s electromagnetic field spectrum. Schumann resonances are global electromagnetic resonances, generated and excited by lightning discharges in the cavity formed by the Earth’s surface and the ionosphere.
Healing Happens at 0 to 30 Hertz
We are meant to be in tune and resonance with these frequencies all the time, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. It’s always 0 to 30 Hertz. All the tissues in your body really only heal when they are vibrating in those frequencies.
- Nerves heal at 2 Hertz
- Bones heal at 7 Hertz
- Ligaments heal at 10 Hertz
Every tissue in your body has a favourite frequency that it likes to vibrate with.
PEMF Salmon Arm, where you can experience the Omnium1 mat for yourself.
– As you know, one hundred years ago Electricity moved more indoors. Everybody moved indoors. People became disconnected from nature even more. Most people feel better when they get more nature in their life. Most people’s lives don’t allow for enough time to spend in nature.
After Electricity, in the last 20 years, we have moved up from 60 Hertz to Billions of Hertz!!
Now we have moved up to – Wireless 3G, 4G, and now they are pushing for 5G.
These are Billions of Hertz!!
So – there is a principle called Resonance. When you hit a tuning fork, and you have another tuning fork, it starts to resonate with the other one.
NOTE: (So crazy, right here in the video, the sound of the end of a session on the PEMF Omnium1 Mat, sounds)….
Things entrain to the predominant vibrations that surround them.
Unfortunately, now the predominant vibrations that surround us all are BILLIONS OF HERTZ.
Your cells are all basically “Freaking Out”, vibrating at Billions of Hertz.
Your body really can’t heal.
It keeps you in Stress Mode all the time.
Basically your body is in Flight or Fight Mode all the time.
We are being “Wi-Fried”!
Relax and Reverse ElectroSmog with the Ommmmmmmmni Mat.
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https://myjoyfulhealth.com/pemf-salmon-arm/
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A common problem that people run into when they’re playing their guitar is that sometimes, the B-string doesn’t sound that great even though it’s perfectly in tune.
Explained in short, the reason why the B string always sounds out of tune is that we use the 12-tone Equal Temperament tuning system to tune the instrument, which is not 100% accurate in comparison to the way sounds occur in nature.
In other words, the 12-Tone Equal Temperament tuning system is an imperfect way of tuning the guitar/piano in comparison to the way the correct notes actually sound.
If we were to tune the guitar in such a way where the strings/frets were perfectly in tune with each other, it would make playing the instrument more difficult, because there would be way more frets on the guitar.
By the way, there are always deals going on in the guitar and music world, so here are some of my favourite courses and gear that are on sale right now:
In fact, people have created guitars where the strings are perfectly in tune with each other as well as the frets. And the guitar looks like a nightmare. Rather than having the guitar divided up into an equal number of frets laid out on the fretboard, the guitar looks like something you can see in the image below:
The reason for this can be explained using the exploration of two different systems of tuning, the Equal Temperament tuning system, and Just Intonation.
This is going to get a little complicated, but bear with me, I’m going to make sure that you understand by the end of this article because it took a long time for me to comprehend as well.
Let’s unpack what both of these things mean.
Equal Temperament explains a form of tuning in which every pair of notes are separated by the same ratio. Explained in another way, the ratio between the two frequencies of each note is the same.
In Western Music, we use 12 Tone Equal Temperament, which separates the octave tone into 12 parts. So, 1/12 of the octave tone works out to be a semi-tone. A semi-tone is the difference between two frets on the guitar.
Playing from the bottom open E string on the guitar, traveling up one fret by one fret all the way up until the 12th fret E on the bottom E string are all semi-tones.
The twelve notes that make up the 12-note system in Western Music is divided up into 12 different semi-tones per octave. Technically, this system is “unnatural,” and that’s because it’s not equal to the natural harmonic series.
The natural harmonic series is the exact speed of the vibrations which make up the sound of each note.
The main problem with the way in which we tune our pianos and guitars – and by the way, you can tune one with the other (my guide on that) – is the fact that the sounds they produce are not 100% equal to the natural harmonics.
For instance, the ‘A’ right after the Middle ‘C,’ measured in hertz, is 440hz. Hertz measures the vibrations of the string, and each hertz is one cycle per second.
Getting back to what I mentioned above, the idea of ratios explaining notes, this means that 880hz is the same note, but it’s one octave higher. 880hz is also an ‘A’ note, but it’s an octave higher than 440hz.
It’s a 2:1 ratio. The 2:1 ratio is an octave higher no matter the actual frequency. 220Hz is also ‘A,’ and 440Hz is also an ‘A,’ and 880Hz is also an ‘A.’
Using these ratios for the Hertz frequencies is what’s called “Just Intonation,” and it’s a system of measuring sounds and it’s actually 100% accurate.
As I just explained, when using Just Intonation’s measuring system, the 2:1 ratio for harmonic frequencies, is always communicating an Octave.
And while this system is 100% right on the money, if we were to use this system to tune our instruments, it would be extremely difficult to play the instrument (I’ve written another guide on your guitar sounds out of tune).
Check out the image if the guitar image above and thank the fact some European guy came up with the 12-Tone Equal Temperament system.
In case you didn’t understand anything I just said above, let’s talk about it a little more.
Intervals are based on the ratios in comparison to one another, for instance, an octave is the ratio of 2:1, using the frequency in Herts to explain them.
For instance, the frequency of the octave is 2x the frequency of the lower note. So if you play the A string, but then play it an octave higher, the octave higher version of it is vibrating twice as fast and because the string is vibrating twice as fast, that means that it sounds much higher.
Using the ratios between intervals in this way is also known as “Just Intonation.” Measuring the intervals in this way is the way that the intervals should actually be in order for them to be 100% correct.
However, when we divide the octave tone into 12 different parts – semi-tones – then the ratios between the semi-tones end up being slightly imperfect.
When using the Equal Temperament system of tuning, which we do in the Western World, in which the octave is divided by 12ths to create each note of the scale, every interval between each other is off by just a little bit and some more than others.
For instance, a major fifth using the Just Intonation system is 2 cents flat from the Equal Temperament system, whereas Fourths are 2 cents sharp from the Equal Temperament, whereas Major Thirds, are 13 cents sharp.
This is the point where it might start to make sense.
If you take a look at the strings of the guitar, you’ll notice that the guitar strings are usually a fourth apart from each other. Here are the tunings of each string on the guitar measured in hertz.
E – 330 Hertz
B – 247 Hertz
G – 196 Hertz
D – 147 Hertz
A – 110 Hertz
E – 82 Hertz
Now, let’s think of these harmonic frequencies using the ratios that I mentioned above. Notice the way that the Low E-String is 82Hz.
The Low E-String is 82 Hz, and then an octave higher is 164 Hz, and then 328 Hz is an octave higher than 164Hz. However, notice that the high string is 330Hz. It’s off by just 2 Hz.
This is the compromise that I was talking about before. It’s off by just a little bit, that way it can sound relatively in tune with the rest of the strings.
I hope this is making more sense now.
As I just mentioned above, each of the strings are separated by a fourth, ie, E to A, are four notes apart, A to D, are four notes apart, D to G, are four notes apart, but then G to B, is a third apart from each other, and then finally, B to E is a fourth apart from each other once again.
This is why the B- string sounds out of tune. It’s because the G string and B string are a major third different from each other, and in the Equal Temperament tuning system, the Major Third is 14 cents sharp in comparison to the Just Intonation system, which is 100% accurate.
So, in other words, in certain key signatures (more on those in my guide), if the B string is slightly detuned by just 14 cents, then those two notes played together will sound just a little bit better.
This is why if you tune the G and B strings by your ear, (which, if you do, you’re innately using the Just Intonation system), the B-string will either sound like it’s a bit flat, or the G will be a little bit sharp in comparison to the rest of the guitar that’s tuned using the Equal Temperament system.
This is a phenomenon that can be exemplified using the Red Hot Chili Peppers song, “Scar Tissue,” and the YouTuber, Paul Davids, did a pretty good job of explaining this issue in this YouTube video.
The riff oscillates between two different notes, in the beginning, an F on the 8th fret of the 5th string, and an A on the 10th fret of the 2nd string, however, if your guitar is perfectly in tune, and you try and play this riff, you’ll notice that it doesn’t sound that great, and it certainly won’t match the way the guitar player of the band, John Frusciante, played it on the record.
It turns out that Mr. Frusciante actually had the B-string slightly detuned, which is something that other guitar players often do as well – Guitar Tricks has lessons on other guitar techniques if you’re interested.
A guitar has strings that are typically divided into 22 different frets, which means every time you’re fretting the note, you’re shortening the distance that the string has to vibrate, and therefore, slowing down or speeding up the vibration, which creates a different pitch of the sound.
When tuning the guitar using harmonics, we are tuning the instrument based on precise ratios.
In other words, if you’re tuning the guitar into fourths, ie, E to A, A to D, D to G, and B to E using harmonics, in comparison to 3 frets up the string up to the 7th fret harmonic, then the one place where you’ll hear that it doesn’t sound right in comparison to equal temperament is from the G to the B.
Explained in another way, using the “Just Intonation” and the “Equal Temperament” method will sound slightly different in certain keys than in others.
There is a difference between G to B of 14%, also called 14 cents, which is the measurement we use to compare the two frequency ranges.
When tuning the B string sharp or flat in standard tuning, you’re making the decision to either be tuning closer to a Just Intonation Vs Equal Temperament system.
Just Intonation will be more suited to some keys than others, while Equal Temperament tuning will sound weird in different keys.
In conclusion, the Equal Temperament method is a way for players to shift between keys without each key sounding kind of different in terms of the ratio difference between each note. It’s a compromise between the perfect tuning system and the imperfect tuning system.
YouTube Video Tutorial
Conclusion
I hope this article was helpful to you. Do me a favor and post this on your Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, to help me out. Cheers and have a nice day.
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https://travelingguitarist.com/b-string-out-of-tune/
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Background: Breeding programs and research activities where artificial buzz-pollinations are required to have primarily relied upon using tuning forks, and bumble bees. However, these methods can be expensive, unreliable, and inefficient. To find an alternative, we tested the efficiency of pollen collection using electric toothbrushes and compared it with tuning forks at three vibration frequencies—low, medium, and high and two extraction times at 3 s and 16 s- from two buzz—pollinated species (Solanum lycopersicum and Solanum elaeagnifolium).
Results: Our results show that species, and extraction time significantly influenced pollen extraction, while there were no significant differences for the different vibration frequencies and more importantly, the use of a toothbrush over tuning fork. More pollen was extracted from S. elaeagnifolium when compared to S. lycopersicum, and at longer buzzing time regardless of the instrument used.
Conclusions: Our results suggest that electric toothbrushes can be a viable and inexpensive alternative to tuning forks, and regardless of the instrument used and buzzing frequency, length of buzzing time is also critical in pollen extraction.
Comments
© The Author(s) 2020. Original published version available at https://doi.org/10.1186/s12898-020-00278-7
Recommended Citation
Tayal, M., Chavana, J. & Kariyat, R.R. Efficiency of using electric toothbrush as an alternative to a tuning fork for artificial buzz pollination is independent of instrument buzzing frequency. BMC Ecol 20, 8 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12898-020-00278-7
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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https://scholarworks.utrgv.edu/bio_fac/26/
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Mr Stefan Apter expressed his feelings that upon joining DBS, he was taken aback by the maturity, friendliness and hard-working attitude of all the students and staff. From day one, he has been made to feel very welcome within the school and Thailand. It is hard to find a school with facilities as fantastic as DBS that also has dedicated, hard-working and passionate teachers in their respective fields. This, in combination with the amazing students here, has created an atmosphere like no other.
My passion for Geography is built upon pillars.
“My passion for geography started in school. I had a very eccentric and passionate geography teacher who told us all about his travels around the world whilst linking them to our exams and the skills we needed. Later on, in college and university, I was allowed to delve deeper into Geography and understand more about how much the subject links to daily life and the challenges the world is facing today. From a young age, I always thought I would be a teacher. I liked to come up with games for myself and my friends to play. I was always the organised friend for day trips and loved learning new information. This, along with my love of Geography, inspired me to become a full-time teacher and try to pass on the passion my Geography teacher gave me. Since then, I have completed my teacher training and travelled as much as I could whilst learning about new cultures and societies and constantly trying to increase my cultural capital and be a better person.”
He mentioned that Barack Obama had summarised his view of geography when he said, “The study of geography is about more than just memorising places on a map. It’s about understanding the complexity of our world and appreciating the diversity of cultures that exist across continents. And in the end, it’s about using all that knowledge to help bridge divides and bring people together.” He resonates with this point of view and has always believed that there are key pillars to truly enjoying, understanding and using Geography in later life to become a future global leader.
Geography gives students the ability to develop interpretations of spaces & places around them and promote tolerance and respect in a diverse world, enabling them to develop deeper knowledge, wider understanding and geographical skills to meet the challenges and take an active role in a dynamic and ever-changing future.
My vision for Geography at DBS.
His idea behind the curriculum for Geography is to allow students, whether they stop studying in year 9 or year 13, to come away with the fundamental skills, cultural capital and knowledge that can be passed on through the subject. He believes geography should be an active subject, with students experiencing it firsthand as well as using technology to secure and stretch students’ understanding. Students will gain a better understanding of space and place. Space being the physical area and place being what that area means to people. Interrelationships are the connections between environments that form a system, such as humans and the natural world. Sustainability and the responsibility that students have in protecting the environment where many of our generations have failed. Then, ultimately, to be a future global leader, they must take action to make a change in the world, either through business, the arts, organisations or just how they interact with the world. All of these pillars will be built upon the core skills that students will use in later work life: Literacy, Enquiry, Geographical skills and understanding of interactions and processes.
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https://www.dbsbangkok.ac.th/stefan-apter-head-of-humanities/
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At Gorseland, through RE, we aim to give children valuable insights into the diverse beliefs and opinions held by people today. It helps with their own personal development and supports an understanding of the spiritual, moral, social & cultural questions that surface again and again in their lives.
We also believe that a clear knowledge of religions and religious practices will, in the future, support much of their historical learning, as they learn about the impact of faith on many historical events.
We think it is essential that children start from a strong sense of their place in a family and the recognition of the celebrations that happen there. At Gorseland we value the experiences and faiths of those in our classes. We do however appreciate that Gorseland school lacks the religious diversity which might be represented in other schools, which makes RE possibly even more important. We believe that RE provides a clear opportunity to educate our pupils about people, religions and cultures within Britain as a whole. To support this, where possible, we welcome visitors from various faiths and visits to faith buildings and communities.
At Gorseland, our religious education is approached with ‘world view’ thinking, ie not all Jewish people practise their faith in the same way, so we might say things like “Some people with a Jewish world view celebrate Shabbat by…”. Our intent here is to acknowledge all people’s faiths and religious perspectives and individuality even within one faith.
Our aims and objectives are for children:
To gain knowledge and understanding of a range of religions and worldviews, appreciating diversity, continuity and change within the religions and worldviews being studied.
To engage with challenging spiritual and moral questions of meaning and purpose raised by human existence and experience.
To recognise the concept of religion and its continuing influence on Britain’s cultural heritage and in the lives of individuals and societies in different times, cultures and places, particularly linking to other curriculum learning areas.
To explore their own religious, spiritual and philosophical ways of living, believing and thinking.
To have respect for other peoples’ views and to celebrate the diversity in society
Implementation
At Gorseland, RE is taught through the Emmanuel Project scheme of work, which fulfils RE requirements for all schools, and is based on the Suffolk Agreed Syllabus.
The Emmanuel Project scheme of work Follows an enquiry cycle model within each unit, whereby children engage with new material, make enquiries, explore these enquiries, evaluate their learning and express their learning through a range of tasks and activities. All the units expand the EXPLORE section into three areas (scriptural text or narrative, community practice and daily living) to ensure a balanced approach to religious material, rather than an approach that focuses solely on religious festivals or sacred stories. Lessons focus on key beliefs and concepts of six different faiths and a non-religious worldview, as the driver to get to the heart of faith and link together stories, practices, festivals and ways of life.
In accordance with the Suffolk agreed syllabus for RE teaching, RE lessons at Gorseland include:
Learning about religion, which includes enquiry into and investigation of the nature of religion, its key beliefs and teachings, practices, their impacts on the lives of believers and communities, and the varying ways in which these are expressed. It also includes the skills of interpretation, analysis and explanation. Pupils learn to communicate their knowledge and understanding using specialist vocabulary. It also includes identifying and developing an understanding of ultimate questions and ethical issues.
and
Learning from religion which is concerned with developing pupils’ reflection on and response to their own experiences and their learning about religion. It develops pupils’ skills of application, interpretation and evaluation of what they learn about religion, particularly to questions of identity and belonging, meaning, purpose and truth and values and commitments, and communicating their responses.
RE at Gorseland provides opportunities for children and young people to reflect and analyse, to discuss and debate, to explore and discover, and to learn more about the world in which they live.
Christian RE is particularly important with relation to living in a broadly and historically Christian country. A keen experience of Christian RE will enable the children to understand, for example, references to stories such as Noah and the rainbow, even in casual remarks. We hope that the RE learnt at Gorseland will, in future, support their understanding of much historical art and music, being enhanced by the knowledge of some Biblical narrative.
We aim to provide children with engaging and unforgettable experiences in religious education. Our children will learn about the variety of religions in the world we live in to increase their awareness and understanding of different cultures and faiths. Our learners think about what drives people of faith to live the way they do. This builds each child’s ‘religious literacy’, helping them understand the nature of religion and belief in the world in which they live. Children then have the opportunity to learn from this religious belief e.g. reconciliation, and put this into practice in their own lives.
Impact
The intended outcome of our RE curriculum is that children will:
develop knowledge and understanding of Christianity, other principal religions and world-views
develop awareness and understanding of religious beliefs, teachings, practices, forms of expression and the influence of religion on individuals, families, communities and cultures learn from the diversity of different religions, beliefs, values and traditions whilst affirming their own faith or search for meaning
reflect on, consider, analyse, interpret and evaluate issues of truth, belief, faith and ethics and communicate their responses
develop their sense of identity and belonging and enable them to flourish individually within their communities, as citizens in a pluralistic society and global community
prepare for adult life and employment by developing respect and sensitivity to others, in particular those with different faiths and beliefs, and to combat prejudice and negative discrimination.
Teachers make a judgement on the extent to which children have displayed competent skills and met the intended learning outcome each lesson and record this on assessment grids for each module. This feeds into an end of term teacher assessment for each child. Where learning is recorded in books, this is marked regularly by teachers and feedback is given to highlight learning and next steps.
The RE subject leader monitors teaching and learning in their subject through observing teaching and learning in lessons, analysing the work produced by children, talking to samples of children in different year groups about what they know and remember from their learning and termly data analysis to track the progress of learning in their subject across the school.
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https://www.gorseland.net/curriculum/religious-education
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Members from Association PEL will took part on a youth exchange “Dancing for Tolerance” that will be held in Pogradec, Albania from 5th to 13th of April 2013.
The youth exchange “Dancing for Tolerance” is organised under Action 3.1 of the Youth in Action programme of the European Commission and will bring together 36 persons (28 participants and 8 youth leaders) from Italy, Poland, Romania, Kosovo, Macedonia, Turkey and Albania.
Topic:
This youth exchange has a strong intercultural learning aim fostering understanding of European diversity. We are committed to ensure that effect of the project is reinforcing the civic attitudes of participants and their awareness of how is important today’s understanding of origins and reflection on identity. The project will contribute to possibility of finding new contacts, create group work dynamic and will teach participants how to solve problems encountered (in terms of intercultural learning). The activities which will be proposed on the main meeting demonstrate creative ways to obtain information about music and dance heritage of every participating country. Music and dance is an essential part of art and culture of each particular country participating in the program. We would like to go deeper and throughout art discover also what is undercover of culture surface.
The groups of youngsters will be composed by youngsters who have fewer opportunities and other youngsters in order to involve them for a better integration in society. Especially for youngsters with fewer opportunities, will be a great experience and we hope to foster their initiatives in order to learn new skills and get inspired to gain personal and social development.
This youth exchange aims to support young people on a path of building mutual understanding of different cultures and is going to help raise awareness of the rich world of dance in diverse Europe. Dance is a medium used to convey very effectively and powerfully a hidden message in the movements. This time will be used as a tool to break taboos and prejudges among the youth and to strengthen the relationships.
Objectives:
• pointing out the connection between diversity societies, creativity approaches for building understanding between different cultures,
• fostering mutual understanding and respect for traditions and customs,
• learning about culture heritage of Europe through dances and music,
• experiencing, discussing and sharing cultural background.
• participants’ self reflection on personal, national and European identity
• setting up partnership among partner promoters in order to involve more youngsters in future projects.
The youth exchange will be implemented in Pogradec, in Albania which is located on the Ohrid lake.
Methodology of the exchange will be based on non-formal education and its holistic approach. Participants will improve their competencies through non formal methods like brainstorming, group works, simulation, role play, open group discussion, open space for reflection, flash mob and other methods that leaders will adapt based in the needs of participants. The most important tool will be learning by doing coming from dance workshops.
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http://www.pel.mk/youth-exchange-in-pogradec-albania-05-13-april-2013/
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The Ricardo CryoPower concept is an engine technology which aims to substantially increase the fuel efficiency while reducing operating costs and CO2 emissions, for long haul trucks and other heavy-duty applications. The technology has been the subject of active R&D by Ricardo for approximately ten years and has demonstrated the potential to reduce operating fuel costs and fuel usage by.
The University of South Wales’ Centre for Automotive and Power System Engineering and Ricardo have announced that they intend to collaborate on Electric Vehicle (EV) battery systems research and development.
Ricardo is undertaking research that aims to reduce the development cycle time of hybrid vehicles through the use of simulation for the optimisation of mechanical, thermal and electrical energy efficiency.
To develop solutions that will make autonomous and connected transport robust against cyber attack, Ricardo and Roke Manor Research have signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU).
Ricardo’s low carbon vehicle technologies and the monitoring of urban air quality will be on display at the CENEX Low Carbon Vehicles show (LCV2017).
A revolutionary electric vehicle Battery Management System (BMS) has been developed by Ricardo – scalable to a wide range of applications, and further enhancing the use of advanced model-based control methods to optimise the performance of both existing and next-generation cell chemistries. One of the most significant impediments to an increased market share for plug-in vehicles is today’s high cost of rechargeable energy storage.
In a recent white paper, experts from across Ricardo set out their vision for an electric future for the passenger car, in which innovations both in technology and in the processes and organisation of product development can successfully deliver both environmental and commercial sustainability for the automotive industry. Whether through hybridisation or substitution with pure battery-electric architectures, the trend towards the electrification of passenger powertrains is now firmly established, as automakers strive to meet fuel economy and CO2 emissions targets.
Technology and engineering skills drawn from the automotive industry have the potential to help the UK water sector in tackling the worsening impacts of climate change, while delivering a more resilient service at a lower cost, according to the global water and environmental engineering specialists at Ricardo.
This week’s SAE Noise & Vibration Conference and Exhibition, hosted at Grand Rapids, Michigan, has seen Ricardo outline new engineering methods that – drawing upon the inherent acoustics of the powertrain of electric sports cars – will generate an authentic brand image ‘voice’ for electric vehicles.
According to a paper presented by Ricardo during the SIA Powertrain conference in Versailles, France, gasoline engine fuel-efficiency can be improved while also meeting Euro 6d regulations, by adopting lean combustion with cost-effective NOx control. Ricardo has reported the findings of a detailed simulation study to determine the applicability of different engine operating modes – stoichiometric, lean homogeneous and lean stratified – in meeting Euro 6d Real Driving Emissions (RDE) limits for gasoline engines using lean operation zones in C-segment applications.
The Ricardo Vehicle Emissions Research Centre (VERC) and associated facilities at the Shoreham Technical Centre have been accredited by the Vehicle Certification Agency to carry out type approval testing to the new Worldwide harmonised Light vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP). The VERC was opened in 2015 and is one of the world’s most advanced vehicle test facilities.
At the Air Quality & Emissions Show (AQE) that took place at Telford, UK, on 24th to 25th May 2017, Ricardo demonstrated its new real world driving emissions measurement service, and discussed the first results from its roadside vehicle monitoring research. Ricardo launched its vehicle emission measurement service in April 2017. The system uses absorption spectroscopy to monitor and record emissions such as NOx and NO2 from a vehicle’s exhaust as it passes by a roadside sensor.
While powertrain electrification offers significant opportunities to reduce vehicle emissions in the urban environment, the gasoline engine is likely to continue to play a significant role in passenger cars – both in conventional and hybrid powertrains – for many years to come. This is particularly the case for mid- to premium-sized passenger cars that are used for longer-distance journeys.
As part of the national strategy to establish the UK as a global centre for the development, testing and commercialisation of connected autonomous vehicles, Greg Clark MP, Secretary of State for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy, has today given the green light to 5*StarS.
Vehicle emissions are the primary cause of air quality standard exceedances in the majority of UK Air Quality Management Areas. Increasing pressure to reduce the impact of pollution from vehicles has led to growing interest in the introduction of ‘Clean Air Zones’ and ‘Low Emission Zones’.
Ford has received the award for one Wards 10 Best Engines of 2017, as selected by WardsAuto editors, for the four-cylinder 2.3L Turbocharged DOHC engine of the Focus RS – an advanced engine developed in an engineering partnership between Ford Performance and Ricardo.
McLaren Automotive has celebrated the manufacture of its 10,000th car – a McLaren 570S – marking the latest milestone in a major UK automotive success story, for which Ricardo is the supplier of the engines – designed and developed in partnership with McLaren, and manufactured at Ricardo’s purpose-built performance engine factory.
The PICASSOS project, which stands for Proving Integrity of Complex Automotive System of Systems, is a three-year research initiative led by Ricardo together with partners Jaguar Land Rover, Johnson Matthey Battery Systems, YorkMetrics, D-RisQ and the universities of Oxford, Coventry and Warwick.
At the Automobility 2016 event at the Ford Motor Company Conference & Event Centre, Dearborn, Michigan, on 13th October, Ricardo is set to publish a white paper that details the importance of safety case development to support the public introduction of autonomous mobility, based on the international work of Ricardo Rail in ensuring the safety of autonomous vehicles on both the railway and highway.
Crafting the right noise signature for operational and brand expectation requirements, proving that autonomous light electric vehicles are sufficiently safe for highway operation, and creating new electrical/electronic architecture as well as including a new tilting four wheeler architecture for L-category vehicles will be among key challenges to be featured at the first Light Electric Vehicle Summit (LEVS), in technology presentations by Ricardo.
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https://automotive.electronicspecifier.com/companies/ricardo-plc
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Greenhouse gas emissions, in particular CO2 emissions, are a major environmental problem caused mainly by the transportation and the energy sectors. Electric vehicles have been proposed as a solution for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions in road transport. At the same time their potential emission reduction depends on the emissions from the generation of electricity used to charge the vehicles. This study analyzes indirect emissions of electric vehicles to examine optimization potential using real-world data. The results of the study suggest that charging during the daytime is associated with the usage of more electricity from renewable energy sources than charging in typical non-work hours. However, due to the highly violate character of renewable energy sources the differences are rather small. Also, CO2 emissions per kilometer driven depend on driving patterns influencing the energy demand of the vehicles. Accordingly, optimization potential using renewable energy-oriented time course of charging is found to be rather small with an average greenhouse gas emission reduction of 4%. Thus to achieve the potential of electric vehicles to solve environmental issues requires the optimization of driving and charging patterns as well as measures for reducing the carbon intensity in the electricity grid.
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https://zenodo.org/record/1435606
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How Reliant Is Each U.S. State on Foreign Trade?
Foreign trade, as a % of GDP for each state:
How Reliant Is Each U.S. State on Foreign Trade?
Whether it is lashing out on China for unfairly weakening its currency, or calling out “unfair” government subsidies on Canadian softwood lumber, it’s safe to say that re-opening discussions about foreign trade has become a key priority under President Trump.
Is this the right route to take, and does America really need to negotiate new trade deals?
There are arguments either way, but the the reality is that trade agreements like NAFTA are perceived to have a mixed track record of success. Under NAFTA, trade volume has exploded, prices have been lowered, and U.S. reliance on oil imported from the Middle East has decreased, but at the same time, it is clear that manufacturers, especially in the auto industry, have been setting up shop in Mexico. As a result, at least partially, manufacturing jobs hover near all-time lows.
Walking the Tightrope
The biggest challenge with acting on these re-negotiation ambitions is that it’s inherently risky, no matter how you slice it. Any big slip up or ill-advised trade war could have a drastic impact on the economy.
Today’s data visualization, which comes to us from HowMuch.net, highlights this risk in a relatable way by showing the reliance on foreign trade as a percentage of GDP for each state.
Here are the state economies most dependent on foreign trade:
|Rank||State||Foreign Trade||Trade as % of State GDP, 2015|
|1||Michigan||$178 billion||38.0%|
|2||Louisiana||$84 billion||35.1%|
|3||South Carolina||$70 billion||34.8%|
|4||Tennessee||$110 billion||34.7%|
|5||Kentucky||$66 billion||34.3%|
|6||Washington||$138 billion||30.9%|
|7||Texas||$500 billion||30.7%|
|8||New Jersey||$152 billion||26.7%|
|9||Georgia||$127 billion||25.5%|
|10||Indiana||$82.8 billion||24.6%|
The state that stands out the most? It’s Michigan, the country’s auto manufacturing hub.
In 2015, a total of $171.8 billion (38.0%) of economic activity in the state was linked to foreign trade. Whether that’s buying aluminum from Canada to build a lighter chassis for Ford F-150s, or it’s one of the 2.6 million vehicles that the United States exports to 200 countries every year – that’s a large chunk of economic activity to muck around with.
Right now, the global economy is built around trade. And regardless of whether re-negotiating trade agreements is the right or wrong thing to do for Trump, the potential risks of any missteps ought to be respected.
Automation
Ranked: The Autonomous Vehicle Readiness of 20 Countries
This interactive visual shows the countries best prepared for the shift to autonomous vehicles, as well as the associated societal and economic impacts.
For the past decade, manufacturers and governments all over the world have been preparing for the adoption of self-driving cars—with the promise of transformative economic development.
As autonomous vehicles become more of a looming certainty, what will be the wider impacts of this monumental transition?
Which Countries are Ready?
Today’s interactive visual from Aquinov Mathappan ranks countries on their preparedness to adopt self-driving cars, while also exploring the range of challenges they will face in achieving complete automation.
The Five Levels of Automation
The graphic above uses the Autonomous Vehicles Readiness Index, which details the five levels of automation. Level 0 vehicles place the responsibility for all menial tasks with the driver, including steering, braking, and acceleration. In contrast, level 5 vehicles demand nothing of the driver and can operate entirely without their presence.
Today, most cars sit between levels 1 and 3, typically with few or limited automated functions. There are some exceptions to the rule, such as certain Tesla models and Google’s Waymo. Both feature a full range of self-driving capabilities—enabling the car to steer, accelerate and brake on behalf of the driver.
The Journey to Personal Driving Freedom
There are three main challenges that come with achieving a fully-automated level 5 status:
- Data Storage
Effectively storing data and translating it into actionable insights is difficult when 4TB of raw data is generated every day—the equivalent of the data generated by 3,000 internet users in 24 hours.
- Data Transportation
Autonomous vehicles need to communicate with each other and transport data with the use of consistently high-speed internet, highlighting the need for large-scale adoption of 5G.
- Verifying Deep Neural Networks
The safety of these vehicles will be dictated by their ability to distinguish between a vehicle and a person, but they currently rely on algorithms which are not yet fully understood.
Which Countries are Leading the Charge?
The 20 countries were selected for the report based on economic size, and their automation progress was ranked using four key metrics: technology and innovation, infrastructure, policy and legislation, and consumer acceptance.
The United States leads the way on technology and innovation, with 163 company headquarters, and more than 50% of cities currently preparing their streets for self-driving vehicles. The Netherlands and Singapore rank in the top three for infrastructure, legislation, and consumer acceptance. Singapore is currently testing a fleet of autonomous buses created by Volvo, which will join the existing public transit fleet in 2022.
India, Mexico, and Russia lag behind on all fronts—despite enthusiasm for self-driving cars, these countries require legislative changes and improvements in the existing quality of roads. Mexico also lacks industrial activity and clear regulations around autonomous vehicles, but close proximity to the U.S. has already garnered interest from companies like Intel for manufacturing autonomous vehicles south of the border.
How Autonomous Vehicles Impact the Economy
Once successfully adopted, autonomous vehicles will save the U.S. economy $1.3 trillion per year, which will come from a variety of sources including:
- $563 billion: Reduction in accidents
- $422 billion: Productivity gains
- $158 billion: Decline in fuel costs
- $138 billion: Fuel savings from congestion avoidance
- $11 billion: Improved traffic flow and reduction of energy use
- Insurance
Transportation will be safer, potentially reducing the number of accidents over time. Insurance companies are already rolling out usage-based insurance policies (UBIs), which charge customers based on how many miles they drive and how safe their driving habits are.
- Travel
Long distance traveling in autonomous vehicles provides a painless alternative to train and air travel. The vehicles are designed for comfort, making it possible to sleep overnight easily—which could also impact the hotel industry significantly.
- Real Estate
An increase in effortless travel could lead to increased urban sprawl, as people prioritize the convenience of proximity to city centers less and less.
With the adoption of autonomous vehicles projected to reduce private car ownership in the U.S. to 43% by 2030, it’s disrupting many other industries in the process.
Automotive
Palladium: The Secret Weapon in Fighting Pollution
The world is in critical need of palladium. It’s a crucial metal in reducing emissions from gas-powered vehicles, and our secret weapon for cleaner air.
Despite the growing hype around electric vehicles, conventional gas-powered vehicles are expected to be on the road well into the future.
As a result, exhaust systems will continue to be a critical tool in reducing harmful air pollution.
The Power of Palladium
Today’s infographic comes to us from North American Palladium, and it demonstrates the unique properties of the precious metal, and how it’s used in catalytic converters around the world.
In fact, palladium enables car manufacturers to meet stricter emission standards, making it a secret weapon for fighting pollution going forward.
The world is in critical need of palladium today.
It’s the crucial metal in reducing harmful emissions from gas powered vehicles—as environmental standards tighten, cars are using more and more palladium, straining global supplies.
What is Palladium?
Palladium is one of six platinum group metals which share similar chemical, physical, and structural features. Palladium has many uses, but the majority of global consumption comes from the autocatalyst industry.
In 2018, total gross demand for the metal was 10,121 million ounces (Moz), of which 8,655 Moz went to autocatalysts. These were the leading regions by demand:
- North America: 2,041 Moz
- Europe: 1,883 Moz
- China: 2,117 Moz
- Japan: 859 Moz
- Rest of the World: 1,755 Moz
Catalytic Converters: Palladium vs. Platinum
The combustion of gasoline creates three primary pollutants: hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide. Catalytic converters work to alter these poisonous and often dangerous chemicals into safer compounds.
In order to control emissions, countries around the world have come up with strict emissions standards that auto manufacturers must meet, but these are far from the reality of how much pollutants are emitted by drivers every day.
Since no one drives in a straight line or in perfect conditions, stricter emissions testing is coming into effect. Known as Real Driving Emissions (RDE), these tests reveal that palladium performs much better than platinum in a typical driving situation.
In addition, the revelation of the Volkswagen emission scandal (known as Dieselgate) further undermines platinum use in vehicles. As a result, diesel engines are being phased out in favor of gas-powered vehicles that use palladium.
Where does Palladium Come From?
If the world is using all this palladium, where is it coming from?
Approximately, 90% of the world’s palladium production comes as a byproduct of mining other metals, with the remaining 10% coming from primary production.
In 2018, there was a total of 6.88 million ounces of mine supply primarily coming from Russia and South Africa. Conflicts in these jurisdictions present significant risks to the global supply chain. There are few North American jurisdictions, such as Ontario and Montana, which present an opportunity for more stable primary production of palladium.
Long Road to Extinction
The current price of palladium is driven by fundamental supply and demand issues, not investor speculation. Between 2012 and 2018, an accumulated deficit of five million ounces has placed pressures on readily available supplies of above-ground palladium.
Vehicles with internal combustion engines (ICE) will continue to dominate the roads well into the future. According to Bloomberg New Energy Finance, it will not be until 2040 that ICE vehicles will dip below 50% of new car sales market, in favor of plug-in and hybrid vehicles. Stricter emissions standards will further bolster palladium demand.
The world needs stable and steady supplies of palladium today, and well into the future.
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https://www.visualcapitalist.com/reliant-u-s-state-foreign-trade/
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Annual public cost:
Public cost per ton:
Implementing agency:
Horizon year:
|7200 metric tons |
$3.2 million
$450
Municipal Transportation Agency
2015
Assumptions
- Full implementation of Transit Effectiveness Project will result in a 10 percent increase in Muni trips, of which 31 percent will be diverted from auto travel
- Capital cost of implementation approximately $200 million for a program that will not increase operating costs, and will result in $9.8 million per year in new fare revenue from increased ridership
Analysis
The recommendations of the San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency’s Transit Effectiveness Project have the potential to improve transit service in the city without increasing operating costs. Because Muni’s vehicle service hours will be held constant, energy consumption would not increase– but the frequency, speed and reliability of service on key rapid corridors would improve, attracting more passengers.
These improvements will require significant capital investments in Muni’s rapid corridors. The SFMTA estimates that as much as $200 million may be required for the street adjustments and reconfigurations, overhead wire and other improvements. These capital costs mean that, like other capital-intensive transit projects, the cost-effectiveness of the TEP recommendations cannot be justified on the basis of CO2 emissions abatement potential alone. However, as with other transit investments, emissions abatement can be seen as a co-benefit, achieved alongside the program’s primary purpose: to provide improved service to Muni riders.
Relative Impact
The San Francisco Department of the Environment estimates that transportation emissions account for 51 percent of all CO2 emissions. About 24 percent of total emissions are produced by private road vehicles on internal trips entirely within the city of San Francisco. Muni buses and rail generate just 1 percent of total emissions.
What we do now
The system currently provides San Francisco with bus and rail service, carrying more than 650,000 passengers per day. Transit service makes a major contribution to reducing emissions in two ways. First, transit provides an alternative to driving for many trips. Second, high quality transit service enables compact land-use patterns, which in turn tend to promote walking and biking as a viable alternative to driving for many more trips. A transit trips generates far less CO2 emissions than a trip by private auto. This is particularly true for Muni, because a significant share of its service is provided by light rail or trolley buses that run on electricity generated by hydroelectric power, which has zero emissions.
However, as Muni’s reliability and speed have declined in recent years1 and the number of private vehicles inside the city has grown, the percentage of people using transit has declined.
What we could do
While Muni makes a major contribution to reducing the vehicle miles traveled and CO2 emissions in San Francisco, system changes could significantly increase ridership and improve cost performance. The Transit Effectiveness Project is a planning process undertaken by the City Controller’s Office and the SFMTA. The outcome of the process was an action plan for service planning adjustments over the next five to seven years.
The TEP recommendations aim to allocate more of Muni’s resources to the key rapid corridors that carry the bulk of the system's riders, and to make targeted investments in these corridors to improve speed and reliability. Improvements along the rapid corridors, such as consolidating and reducing the number of stops, adding new street and sidewalk features to improve the configuration of stops, and giving transit vehicles priority right of way at traffic signals, will increase average speeds. Greater speed, in turn, will enable the MTA to provide more service with the same number of drivers and vehicles.
From an emissions perspective, the TEP represents an opportunity to improve transit productivity – the number of passengers per vehicle – without generating any new emissions from transit vehicles themselves, because total transit service hours will be held constant. Improving the speed and reliability of transit service in the city has the potential to shift travel from private autos to bus and rail, significantly reducing CO2 emissions from the transportation sector.
Cost
The recommendations of the TEP are structured so that they balance service enhancements with service cuts and increased speed of service, so that Muni’s total operating costs will not increase. The SFMTA has estimated that the capital improvements required for full implementation of the TEP would cost approximately $200 million.2
If we assume that capital costs would be financed by the city at 5 percent interest over 30 years, and that the improvements themselves have a 30-year useful life, the annualized capital costs would be $13 million. Increased ridership would also increase revenue. Including passes and discounted fares, Muni collects, on average, $0.50 per boarding. Additional ridership could generate $9,780,000 per year. The net revenue impact of TEP would be a cost of $3.23 million per year.
Carbon savings potential
SFMTA estimates that full implementation of the TEP could increase systemwide ridership by 10 percent. We have assumed that by 2015, full implementation of the TEP would increase ridership from the current 652,000 daily trips to 717,200, a net increase of 65,200 trips per work day. We have further estimated that about 31 percent of these new riders otherwise would have driven private autos, generating 67,440 VMT per work day. According to MTC model data estimates, 31 percent of trips in 2015 made entirely within the city of San Francisco will be made by drivers of private autos.3 The average trip length for internal San Francisco trips will be 3.3 miles.
We have assumed that the annual impact of transit services will be about 300 times the daily impact, reflecting lower transit ridership on weekends and holidays. Given this assumption, the TEP will reduce driving in San Francisco by an estimated 20.23 million VMT per year beginning in 2015, yielding a CO2 emissions decrease of 7,180 metric tons. The cost per ton of CO2 emissions abatement will be $450. These estimates to not include non-monetary benefits that all Muni riders will experience as a result of improved transit service.
Endnotes
1 “Reversing Muni’s Downward Spiral,” San Francisco Planning and Urban Research, May 2005. www.spur.org/documents/050901_report_01.shtm.
2 SFMTA TEP Capital Cost Estimates. www.sfmta.com/cms/mtep/documents/L-CapitalCostEstimate.pdf
3We cannot know for certain how many new Muni passengers will switch from driving, and how many will switch from other modes. In this analysis, we have assumed that new Muni passenger will switch from other modes in proportion to the existing mode split for all internal San Francisco trips. For example, because 31 percent of all internal San Francisco trips are currently made by the driver of car, we have assumed that 31 percent of new Muni passengers would have driven for the same trip had the TEP not been implemented.
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https://www.spur.org/publications/article/2009-05-01/critical-cooling/option-14
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Legislation is pushing the automotive industry to develop more sustainable vehicles. The complexity of a vehicle’s product lifecycle results in an array of sources of carbon emissions. This complexity, along with cost considerations, leads to a number of competing design requirements that must all be satisfied. Design then becomes a balancing act of these competing factors, and powerful design techniques are needed if better solutions to more sustainable vehicles are to be achieved.
14th July 2022
Legislation on net zero emissions is driving the mobility sector’s technology roadmap. Developments have recently focused on reducing tailpipe emissions, and this has led to the increased output of electric vehicles. The next stage targets improved vehicle efficiency, and therefore finding ways to make vehicles lighter has become an increasingly important part of the design process.
The Automotive Council Road Map highlights the need for full lifecycle assessment - the envionmental impact of the entire product lifecycle of the vehicle - by 2030. Some of the activities that contribute to the carbon footprint of the overall lifecycle of a vehicle are:
It can be seen then that the environmental impact from a vehicle is dependent not only on fuel efficiency but also on the resources and processes used in manufacturing and end of life. The fact that there are so many sources of pollution in the life cycle means that vehicle designers are met with an array of challenges, especially as many of the factors compete. For example, whilst a lighter material may improve efficiency and cut fuel emissions, there may be a slightly heavier raw material that is more sustainable to produce and leads to a solution with an overall lower carbon footprint.
Another challenge that most vehicle manufacturers must of course address is cost, because the product must be affordable for consumers. A design approach that can deal with a complex set of competing factors is therefore necessary to develop better solutions for more sustainable vehicles.
There is a set of techniques that Far-UK Ltd describes collectively as Analysis Led Design. This starts from an input of multiple performance requirements and moves to a solution that best satisfies them, and it is the process that Far-UK is using to develop better mobility solutions for the future.
These techniques balance the array of competing factors and produce several possible design solutions that all lie within the specified parameters. The ability to modify both the material and where it is located within the design space using this approach leads to a large number of solutions, each of which can be scored on various criteria. The option that best fits the criteria can then be taken forward for refinement.
Making the bulky safety structures at the core of a vehicle’s body lighter can have a large impact on overall weight reduction, and hence can significantly impact emissions, so it is an area that should be targeted when designing more sustainable vehicles. Importantly though the safety of these components cannot be compromised, so the criteria of weight, cost and environmental performance must all be achieved whilst still satisfying mechanical performance requirements.
There have been many advances in using materials such as composites that are both lightweight and deliver excellent mechanical performance. But weight saving can also be achieved by using less material overall. This of course has further advantages because it decreases the carbon contribution from other stages of the lifecycle, such as raw material production, as well as reducing cost. Analysis Led Design provides solutions that reduce the amount of material needed whilst still satisfying the mechanical performance requirements.
Analysis Led Design is a set of tools and techniques that can be used to balance many competing requirements, so it is a powerful resource for solving complex design challenges where mechanical performance cannot be compromised. Far-UK Ltd uses these techniques to develop more sustainable vehicles with affordable manufacturing solutions. It aims to make a positive difference to the planet through innovation in design and manufacturing.
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https://www.far-uk.com/index.php/farnews/95-how-to-design-better-vehicles
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Electric cars that charge while driving? Purdue civil engineers want to make that leap.
Konstantina "Nadia" Gkritza, Associate Professor in the Lyles School of Civil Engineering, studies the practicality of a roadway where electric-powered vehicles are recharged as they drive along it.
Gkritza is leading a feasibility study on how to best "electrify" a roadway in Los Angeles County. The team includes researchers from Utah State University, Colorado State University and the engineering firm AECOM. The $500,000 project was awarded through the U. S. Department of Energy's Innovative Development in Energy-Related Applied Science (IDEAS) program.
Gkritza, along with Civil Engineering PhD students Christos Gkartzonikas and Theodora Konstantinou, studies inductive charging, which would entail installing charging pads into the pavement. The team is considering four Los Angeles-area corridors for potential field testing: I-710, I-210, Vermont Avenue and the Metro Orange Line.
Currently, there is nothing in the U.S. that resembles what Gkritza and her team are proposing. The closest thing to it is conductive charging, which relies on power lines above the road, used by vehicles such as San Francisco trolleys.
Gkritza says deployment of inductive charging into roads could yield significant benefits — both to the environment, with emissions reduction, and to the consumer, with greater product confidence.
"A common barrier for a lot of drivers — even those who own electric cars — is a concern that they'll run out of power and find themselves stranded in the middle of nowhere," she says. "Roads like we are proposing would encourage more people to take long drives in electric vehicles and consider them as reliable as standard vehicles."
There are still areas that require further study before physical testing can take place.
"Our main work focuses on identifying who will adopt this technology first and on assessing the willingness to pay for different scenarios of technology implementation," Gkartzonikas says. "And based on the market acceptance rates, we will quantify the environmental impact of inductive charging."
For now, Gkritza says her team's focus is on assessing market adoption and environmental impacts before creating a plan to bring their research out of the lab.
"This project is exciting, but there is a lot of work to do. There are only a few other countries that have done anything like this," she says. "We are all looking forward to making the next step."
If effective, Gkritza says the work may well be a giant leap for our mobile society.
Lyles School of Civil Engineering PhD students Christos Gkartzonikas and Theodora Konstantinou work on estimating the environmental impact of inductive charging using California's Emissions Factor Model.
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https://engineering.purdue.edu/CE/AboutUs/News/Transportation_Features/roads-that-charge-electric-cars
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Governor M. Jodi Rell today announced that she has signed an agreement with 10 other states to develop regional, lower-carbon alternatives to current fuels for motor vehicles. The joint effort will promote fuels that reduce greenhouse gas emissions, reduce exposure to gasoline price spikes, foster energy independence and create new jobs through clean energy technologies.
Connecticut and the 10 other states signed a Memorandum of Understanding agreeing to analyze low-carbon fuel supply options, determine the feasibility of achieving a range of carbon reduction goals – including a 10 percent reduction in carbon intensity of fuels – and develop a framework for a regional Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) in order to ensure sustainable use of renewable fuels in the region.
Signing the agreement were Governors from Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and Vermont. The signatories include the 10 member states of the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI), plus Pennsylvania. Under Governor Rell’s leadership, Connecticut was one of the first states to join the RGGI, which sets a cap on the amount of carbon dioxide power plants can emit and creates a "cap-and-trade" program to allow power- generating companies and others to buy "allowances" to cover the emissions.
"This agreement puts the participating Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic states on the low-carbon road to the future," Governor Rell said. "These 11 states will create a larger market for cleaner fuels, which could help drive down prices when compared to the costs of ‘boutique’ markets created when states act independently. It will also reduce emissions associated with climate change. This is a logical next step in our work to protect the future of this planet for our children and grandchildren.
"We are also doing this in a way that takes into account the costs and other economic implications of the changes that need to be made," the Governor said. "The states are committed to including strong business, energy and environmental stakeholder involvement in the process by providing opportunities for input and review of any proposed LCFS program."
The states will jointly develop a framework leading to a standard for the amount of carbon in motor fuels that could be extended to cover fuels used to heat homes and buildings. Studies have shown that a regional LCFS has the potential to significantly reduce transportation-related greenhouse gas emissions, which represent approximately 30 percent of emissions in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic states.
"This agreement is also a logical extension of Connecticut’s Electric Vehicles Infrastructure Council, which I created this fall to prepare us for a transition toward electric-powered vehicles," Governor Rell noted.
Governor Rell established the Electric Vehicles Infrastructure Council through Executive Order No. 34, issued Nov. 12, 2009. The council is charged with preparing the state for a rapid and seamless integration of electric vehicles into the market.
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http://www.ct.gov/deep/cwp/view.asp?A=3847&Q=453186
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Transportation is a major user of carbon-based fuels and is increasingly being highlighted as the sector that contributes the least to carbon dioxide (CO2) emission reduction targets. This paper reports on the findings of the current Visioning and Backcasting for Transport in London study, which considers the role of the transportation sector in reducing CO2 emissions in London. A backcasting study approach was used, and the likely impacts of alternative images of 2025 were tested. A transportation and carbon simulation game was also developed for London. Within this game, users are able to consider a series of potential policy packages, such as low-emission vehicles, alternative fuels, pricing regimens, public transportation, walking and cycling, strategic and local urban planning, information and communication technologies, smarter choices, ecological driving and slower speeds, long-distance travel substitution, freight transportation, and international air, and select various levels of application to help achieve headline CO2 emissions reduction targets. The roles of two external enabling measures, carbon rationing and oil pricing, were also considered. The paper considers an optimized policy package for 2025. A deep reduction in CO2 emissions from the transportation sector is theoretically possible, yet difficult to achieve. The main perceived problem is in engendering an interest in the public to change consumer purchases and behaviors. The huge challenge now is to map out and discuss a variety of policy pathways to carbon efficiency in the transportation sector and then to enable and achieve a level of consumer and behavioral change consistent with strategic aspiration.
Recommended Citation
Hickman, Robin, Ashiru, Olu, Banister, David, (2009). Achieving Carbon-Efficient Transportation: Backcasting from London. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2139, pp 172-182.
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https://www.worldtransitresearch.info/research/83/
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We need to reduce how many greenhouse gases we release into the atmosphere, and one of the best ways to do this is to change how we choose to get around the city in which we live.
Our vehicles are a huge contributor to these harmful gases that are warming up the planet and causing disastrous consequences to the environment.
How much do our vehicles contribute to greenhouse gases?
Cars and trucks make up nearly a fifth of all U.S. greenhouse gas emissions. They release approximately 24 pounds of carbon dioxide for every gallon of gas, as Union of Concerned Scientists reports.
Even worse, it’s not just carbon dioxide they’re releasing but other harmful global-warming gases that are toxic to the environment, animals, and ourselves.
It’s clear that electric vehicles are the way to go. Here’s why they can make a huge difference in protecting our planet against global warming.
Contents
- 1 What Is The Carbon Footprint Of Conventional Vehicles Vs. Electric Vehicles?
- 2 What About Electric Car Batteries?
- 3 Electric Cars Vs. Gas-Powered Cars
- 4 The Different Types Of E-Vehicles
- 5 What Are Solar Vehicles?
- 6 Related Questions
- 7 Conclusion
What Is The Carbon Footprint Of Conventional Vehicles Vs. Electric Vehicles?
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reports that a conventional passenger vehicle will release approximately 4.6 metric tons of carbon dioxide every year.
If your car has a lifespan of eight years, that means over its lifetime it will release 36.8 metric tons of carbon dioxide.
Although there have recently been concerns that electric vehicles have a larger carbon footprint than gas-powered cars, this has been proven to be untrue.
Generally, electric cars produce fewer emissions overall. Recent research (via BBC) has found that the average lifetime emissions from electric cars can be up to 70 percent lower than gas-powered cars!
That means that over the period of eight years, as per our earlier example, an electric car would release up to 25.7 metric tons less than a gas-powered car, which is a huge difference.
Still not convinced?
Another study, this time by Union of Concerned Scientists, found that electric car emissions are much lower than gas vehicle emissions all over the U.S.
When comparing the two vehicle types, researchers analyzed the emissions that we don’t even think about when we consider the environmental impact that vehicles have on the planet.
So, when it comes to gas-powered cars, they looked at emissions caused by the extraction of crude oil, the process of moving that oil into a refinery, producing gasoline, and then transporting it to gas stations.
When it comes to electric vehicles, various elements were considered: the power plant emissions, emissions from coal production, natural gas and other fuels used by power plants.
Based on the above research, driving an electric vehicle was found to cause fewer global warming emissions when compared to driving a gas-powered car.
This was also looked at in various U.S. states. For example, in some parts of the U.S. driving a gas-powered car produces between four and seven times the emissions that the average electric car produces!
What About Electric Car Batteries?
One of the factors to consider when it comes to how planet-friendly electric cars are is their battery.
This is a big component of electric vehicles that sometimes makes people question if e-vehicles really are as good for the planet as we think.
During the manufacturing process, e-vehicles have been found to release more emissions than conventional cars, as The International Council Of Clean Transportation reports.
A big culprit is their battery. Roughly half of an e-car battery’s emissions are as a result of the electricity that’s used during the manufacturing process.
Despite the above, the most important thing is to be able to use the battery so that you can pay off this environmental impact, in the same way that reusing grocery shopping bags for as long as possible can make it eco-friendly to use them despite their environmental impact during the manufacturing process.
The good news is that the earlier-mentioned research goes on to say that e-vehicles pay off the impact they cause when manufactured after just two years of usage!
If you charge your e-car with renewable energy, that number drops to one and a half years.
You might be asking, “What about recycling batteries?” A big problem with e-vehicle batteries is their recycling.
Sadly, there are still few regulations when it comes to recycling electric vehicle batteries. This will surely change as electric vehicles become more popular within the next few years.
Scientists are also looking into innovative uses for e-vehicle batteries after their lifespans have come to an end.
Reusing electric batteries for industrial or other purposes, for example, is a great way to prevent waste while also reducing the vehicle’s overall environmental impact.
Electric Cars Vs. Gas-Powered Cars
We’ve looked at the stats that show electric vehicles release fewer greenhouse gases as compared to gas-powered vehicles, but are electric cars better for the planet overall?
To discover this, we need to compare electric cars with gas-powered cars, based on different factors.
Their usage
Electric cars are a clear winner here when it comes to being better for the planet.
Why?
One of the biggest reasons is that they don’t require combustion. When conventional cars are used, they undergo a process of transforming stored energy into kinetic energy.
Basically, this energy is in a chemical form and then gets released by means of a chemical reaction inside the engine.
Although electric cars have stored chemical energy, they release it electrochemically and make use of lithium-ion batteries – that means, no combustion occurs.
No fuel gets burned, so no pollution is created when you drive an electric car.
The Use Of Raw Materials
As mentioned earlier, the manufacturing process of conventional vs. electric vehicles plays a big role in their environmental impact.
Interestingly, the process of manufacturing both vehicle types is pretty much the same thing – raw materials must be extracted and then transported, before being made into components that will produce the car.
However, by the end of the process, electric vehicles produce more carbon emissions than gas-powered cars.
What?! Let’s explain.
The reason for this is because electric cars need batteries in order to work. They store all their energy in them, and these batteries are made out of earth elements such as cobalt, nickel, and lithium.
These are rare elements that can only be found beneath the planet’s surface. This means they require extraction via mining activities, and that produces a lot of pollution.
To produce one ton of these rare earth elements, a whopping 75 tons of acid waste as well as one ton of radioactive residue is produced, as You Matter reports.
Even though the manufacturing process for e-vehicles and conventional vehicles is the same, and e-vehicles can be more energy-intensive, the manufacturing process is a short one.
What really matters is what happens when those vehicles are on the road. That’s where e-cars come out as being much better for the planet.
Fuel Cost
You’ll pay less money to use an electric vehicle as compared to a gas vehicle.
In fact, a study that was conducted by the University of Michigan’s Transportation Research (via Forbes) discovered that the average cost to use an electric vehicle in the U.S. is approximately $485 annually.
To use a gas vehicle, you’d have to pay $1,117.
The price you might have to pay will depend on the electric and gas rates where you live as well as the vehicle you own.
In addition, electric cars don’t require gas but will form part of your electricity bill.
Maintenance
There are many maintenance costs associated with gas vehicles!
Engine maintenance and repairs can be costly over time. Electric cars don’t contain internal combustion engines, which can reduce your costs.
They do, however, have to be maintained when it comes to things like their brakes and tires, in the same way that gas vehicles do, but that’s nothing too major.
It’s been said that the maintenance of e-cars costs their owners about one-third of the cost of gas-car maintenance, as How Stuff Works reports.
However, there is something important to bear in mind: the e-vehicle battery!
This battery is a component that’s quite complex. After some time, it will stop being able to hold a charge, therefore slowly reducing your driving range.
E-car batteries are expensive – in some cases they can cost thousands of dollars – but when compared to how expensive repairs on a conventional car can be over its lifetime, they still work out to be cheaper.
This is because research has found that lithium ion batteries (which are the gold standard of e-car batteries) only lose around 30 percent of their capacity after 300,000 kilometers of driving, as The Quint reports!
Many conventional cars can’t even reach that milestone in their lifetimes.
The Different Types Of E-Vehicles
When we speak about e-vehicles, it’s easy to assume that there are only e-bikes and e-cars, but there are many other types of electricity-powered vehicles.
Here’s a rundown of them.
E-Trucks
There are many truck and van companies that are releasing exciting vehicles onto the market.
But personal use aside, there are also e-trucks increasing in popularity on the commercial scene.
An example is the Tesla Cybertruck that’s an electric, battery-powered commercial vehicle.
Currently, less than one percent of fleet vehicles are electric, but this is predicted to increase to 12 percent by 2030, as Green Biz reports.
That’s a really good thing. Heavy-duty vehicles produce over 25 percent of global warming emissions from the transport sector, even though they make up only five percent of all road vehicles, Union of Concerned Scientists reports.
Some important e-truck manufacturers to keep an eye on include Daimler Trucks, which is even said to be working on an electric school bus creation, and Rivian, which has laid out plans to have 10,000 delivery vehicles on our roads by 2022.
E-Trains
The use of electric trains makes sense: the cost of these engines is 20 percent lower than those of diesel engines, and their maintenance costs are up to 35 percent less than diesel trains, according to the Environmental and Energy Study Institute.
E-trains also prevent all the harmful pollution that’s produced by diesel trains, such as soot, volatile organic compounds, sulfur oxides, and nitrogen oxides.
The move to e-trains isn’t an easy one in the U.S., however.
While other countries in the world, such as Switzerland and France, are moving towards the electrification of their railway systems, it’s sometimes easier for them to achieve this goal because they can secure financing for major infrastructure investments as their railway services are owned by the government, as the Environmental and Energy Study Institute reports.
When it comes to the U.S., however, most of their services are privately owned.
E-Boats
Electric boats are becoming hot items on the market. They’ve been predicted to experience an 11-percent increase between 2018 and 2028, as Electric Boats Biz reports.
There are recreational and commercial electric boats available, so let’s look at some common types.
- Canal, lake, and river boats. These e-boats are great for navigating small bodies of water due to the lack of pollution that they produce.
- Cruising yachts. These have auxiliary engines to either give the yachts more power when the wind is light or provide propulsion when the boats are in the port and need to be parked into a tight spot, such as in a confined marina.
- Solar-powered boats. These use direct solar energy for power and are known as marine solar vehicles. Here’s how they work: the sun’s energy gets converted into electricity by solar cells, after which they’re stored in batteries and then used to move the propeller through the electric motor. They’re an exciting type of e-vehicle and have even been used successfully at sea.
E-Bikes
E-bikes are becoming a force to be reckoned with as we see more and more appearing on our roads.
More laws are coming into effect to allow them on bike paths and multipaths.
E-bikes aren’t just for bicycle lovers – they’re great for people who don’t get much time at the gym, want a nice blend of leg power and motor power, or aren’t as mobile as they used to be but still want to use a bike, to mention just a few types of people who will find value in owning an e-bike.
Of course, they’re also great for people who are worried about the planet.
E-bikes are already proving to be great for the planet. Here are some important reasons why:
- They don’t have to zap the electric grid because they can be charged during off-peak hours, during times when the electricity demand is really low.
- They’re better for the roads. Since they’re lighter than cars, e-bikes prevent damage to the roads, which prevents road repairs.
- Their batteries can easily be recycled. When you think of the lithium batteries in your personal devices, they’re not that easy to remove and recycle, so you might forget about them. But the batteries in e-bikes can be removed really easily, which also makes it easier to remember to recycle them when you need to replace them. A new battery won’t cost you that much. You’re looking at an average of between $500 and $900.
- You can also reduce your use of electric energy by pedaling your e-bike, therefore making it very efficient and planet-friendly.
- E-Cars
The use of e-cars instead of gas-powered cars can help to reduce a lot of air pollution, which is one of the reasons why e-cars have become so popular.
They don’t have tailpipes that release carbon dioxide emissions into the air, which keeps the roads and cities cleaner and healthier.
In just one year, one electric car can save 1.5. million grams of C02 on average, as EDF reports.
Although we’ve extensively looked at the environmental impact of e-cars, it’s worth bearing in mind that they also reduce other types of pollution.
Think noise pollution! With more cars entering our roads, noise pollution is a big concern for people living in the cities, but since e-cars are much quieter than gas cars, they help to decrease this type of pollution.
What Are Solar Vehicles?
Solar vehicles are considered to be a type of electric vehicle because they can have batteries installed in order to supplement the use of solar energy to stay charged.
When electric vehicles make use of the sun’s rays to charge their batteries instead of relying on the electricity grid, this makes them highly sustainable and convenient.
Let’s take e-bikes as an example. When e-bike batteries are solar-powered, this makes them much better for the environment because they result in zero emissions.
What about solar cars?
A solar-powered car makes use of solar panels to absorb the sun’s rays and then uses this energy to recharge its batteries with the help of photovoltaic cells.
A solar car’s battery pack will allow the car to reach a range of 250 miles without any sun, while traveling at speeds of around 60mph.
Moving towards a more solar-powered world is important. While you might not think that electricity can cause global warming emissions, it does – and it contributes to them in a big way.
In order to produce electricity, fossil fuels have to be burned. This process makes up approximately half of all global warming pollution, as Scientific American reports.
So, it’s no wonder that the solar-powered car is set to increase in popularity over the next few years, with predictions that approximately 107,380 units will be sold by 2030, which is as a result of people’s concerns for the environment, as Markets for Markets reports.
An exciting development when it comes to e-bikes is the use of solar-powered bikes. These are becoming a reality, with bike manufacturers already producing them.
An example is Kvaern, a Copenhagen-based company that has produced a solar e-bike that comes with a solar battery pack.
But any e-bike can become a solar one! How? By ensuring that it’s charged with solar power, of course!
Now, while this might be a little difficult if you’re not technical, there are some great tutorials online, like one by Instructables that’s worth checking out if you’re interested in solar energy.
How using solar power for your e-bike works is that you’ll need to know some battery details of your e-bike, such as its charging capacity, and obviously you’ll need a solar panel, but it can be done – and you’ll feel great about it because it’s such a good deed for the planet.
Related Questions
What’s the average e-bike range?
Most e-bikes on the market will give you about 30 miles for every charge, which shows that your e-bike can probably replace your gas-powered vehicle on a regular basis, therefore reducing your gas usage.
What’s the most eco-friendly e-bike frame material?
All bike frames (aluminum, carbon, steel, and titanium) take a lot of energy and resources to be produced.
So, the best thing to do is try to extend your bike’s lifespan as much as you can, and a good idea is to purchase second-hand bikes.
Conclusion
There’s no doubt about the fact that there are many electric vehicle benefits that we need to know about.
As we’ve seen in this article, electric vehicles go a long way to reducing global warming emissions and saving the environment.
It’s shocking to think that the transport industry contributes to global warming in such a big way, but movements towards a greener, electric transport system are already taking shape – this will see more electric trucks, bikes, cars, and boats changing the face of transportation as we know it.
The benefits are huge: global warming emissions will be reduced and we’ll be healthier thanks to the lower levels of pollution.
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https://electricvehicleshub.com/environmental-benefits-of-electric-vehicles/
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Climate change did not stop despite the global economic slowdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Does the EU have the green tech solutions to bring about zero pollution? What is needed in Europe and the world to make zero-pollution a reality?
These were the main questions at a hybrid event on Tuesday (8 June) organised by The Brussels Times with the support of Huawei, and with participation of experts and decision makers from international organisations in both the public and private sector.
The webinar was organised as a hybrid event with a physical audience in Brussels and was part of the EU Green Week 2021, which was dedicated to “zero pollution ambition”.
Preventing, mitigating and adapting to climate change requires measures at the global level and world-collaboration in preventing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and pollution across all sectors of the economy. Although carbon emissions temporarily declined by volume due to the lockdowns, emission levels are quickly rebounding.
The EU is a leader in combating climate change through its European Green Deal. With the 2030 Climate Law adopted by the European Parliament in April, in agreement with the Council, the EU aims at cutting carbon emissions by at least 55% below 1990 levels by 2030, paving the way to achieving climate neutrality by 2050.
This is a substantial increase compared to the previous target of at least 40 %. According to the Commission, it is also in line with the Paris Agreement objective to keep the global temperature increase to well below 2°C and pursue efforts to keep it to 1.5°C.
In this process, tech companies in particular are bound to play an important role in reducing pollution and enabling other actors to fully unleash their emission reduction potential.
“No-one can solve this global challenge alone,” said Abraham Liu, telecommunication company Huawei’s Chief Representative to the EU Institutions, at a keynote speech at the event. He is convinced that ICT is increasingly becoming an important enabling component for a greener world and listed five key technologies needed for a zero-carbon future (see box below).
“Europe is Huawei’s second home,” he added. “We have every reason to believe that ICT innovation and green development can become a bridge connecting the two sides of the Eurasian continent, promoting collaboration and cooperation for shared success.”
In another keynote speech, Charlie McConalogue, Ireland’s Minister for Agriculture, Food and the Marine, highlighted the food production revolution in Ireland through “precision agriculture” and described the country as one of the safest food production countries in the world, among others thanks to innovative IT solutions to monitor soil, air and animal farming.
A word of warning was raised by Ilias Iakovidis, Green Digital Transformation Adviser at the European Commission (DG CONNECT). “ICT can make positive contribution in the fight against climate change but not all digitalisation has the same effect. We cannot expect everyone to become an IT-specialist. Digital solutions only work if they meet certain conditions in line with new business models.”
He exemplified with the transport sector where the focus is to manufacture new and more vehicles for private use – such as autonomous and electric vehicles – instead of investing in mobility services and public transport.
Monika Gail MacDevette, Head of Chemicals & Health at United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), pointed out that while more than 60 % of the global GDP is digitalised, about 45 % of the world population is still disconnected from the internet. She also issued a word of warning against the use of chemicals in the electronics value chain and the illegal disposal of e-waste.
Another example of the use of data in reducing pollution was given by Samantha Burgess, Deputy director of the EU funded Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S). C3S compiles an annual climate report and is collecting data from dozens of satellites circling the earth as well as from sensors on-site reporting from the oceans, land, and air around the world.
“The best way to understand both present and future climate risk is reliable, accurate climate data,” she said. “We need data on different types of pollution. You cannot manage what you cannot measure and this is very true for the climate. Unless we understand how our climate is changing and what risks that change may bring, we cannot plan for a climate-resilient future.”
Luis Neves, CEO at Global Enabling Sustainability Initiative (GeSI), a global industry initiative working with ICT companies and other stakeholders, presented digital solutions for climate change. GeSI has monitored the carbon footprint of ICT companies and studied mitigation and adaptation potentials with digital technologies in different countries.
In one of its reports, if found that these technologies, if deployed with positive societal impact in mind, will help accelerate progress toward the UN Sustainable Development Goals by 22 percent.
Furthermore, by 2030, digital technologies will deliver reductions in carbon emissions equivalent to nearly seven times the size of the growth in the total information and communications technology (ICT) sector emissions footprint over the same period.
“We need the digital sector to make the world a better world,” he summarised but he warned also against the negative impacts of new technologies. Without mentioning a specific technology, he underlined the importance of combining energy and digital technologies.
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https://www.brusselstimes.com/news/eu-affairs/173716/zero-pollution-how-can-the-eu-mobilise-ict-companies-to-fight-climate-change/
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ELECTRIC VEHICLES:
• Tesla reports it delivered nearly 500,000 electric vehicles last year, and tests its autonomous driving feature on a long-distance drive from San Francisco to Los Angeles. (Los Angeles Times, Tech Times)
• Three Western-based electric truck and van companies are among nine working on integrating renewable natural gas and other efficiency improvements alongside electrification in 2021. (GreenBiz)
CARBON: The development of carbon capture technologies in Wyoming could be accelerated by the federal spending bill recently signed into law. (Casper Star-Tribune)
EMISSIONS: A University of Denver scientist finds that indoor carbon dioxide emissions from home cooking are likely to be very high, especially from gas stoves. (Fast Company)
MICROGRIDS: A study is underway to determine the feasibility of developing a microgrid to connect a cluster of public facilities near a Colorado airport. (Aspen Times)
NUCLEAR: A California-based startup is among developers focusing on tiny nuclear reactors, and its self-contained 1.5 MW plant functions like a battery in producing electrical power. (Popular Mechanics)
RENEWABLE ENERGY: Two Utah ski resorts aim to reduce their environmental impact through a number of measures including renewable energy projects. (Park Record)
STORAGE: California regulators are considering six additional PG&E battery energy storage projects totaling 387 MW. (Renewable Energy Magazine)
SOLAR: A solar power startup is set to break ground on a production facility in central Washington at the end of this month. (Columbia Basin Herald)
CLIMATE: Missoula, Montana’s goal of carbon neutrality by 2025 is feeling elusive as the city grapples with housing and health issues. (Missoula Current)
COMMENTARY:
• The CEO of a New Mexico power company reflects on its achievements in 2020 and its goal aiming to transform the energy landscape. (Las Cruces Sun News)
• A Colorado architect says investing in solar energy would increase jobs and help the state’s economy while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. (Estes Park Trail-Gazette)
Questions or comments about this article? Contact us at [email protected].
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https://energynews.us/digests/pge-facing-stricter-probation-for-wildfire-safety-failures/
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Emissions regulations are becoming increasingly strict to combat the amount of GHG emissions emitted from road transport. Car manufacturers are having to make adaptations to the designs of their vehicles to meet the stringent limits.
One method of reducing exhaust emissions is the use of after-treatment devices. The majority of modern diesel vehicles are designed to incorporate an Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) system. But, what is an EGR...?
What is an EGR Valve?
Within modern, diesel internal combustion engines, Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) is a method to control Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) emissions, produced as a byproduct during the combustion process. Air from the environment is mostly a combination of Oxygen and Nitrogen. When the air combines with fuel and ignites inside the combustion chamber, temperatures increase and produce NOx emissions.
The EGR system works by returning a small portion of an engine's exhaust gas to the engine's combustion chambers through the intake manifold, lowering combustion temperatures and therefore reducing the amount of NOx emitted.
The EGR valve is the main component of the EGR system and it's normally closed. It connects the exhaust manifold to the intake manifold and is controlled by either a vacuum or a built-in electric step motor. The function of the EGR valve is to control the flow of exhaust gas being recirculated depending on the engine load.
Nitrogen Oxide (NOx)
Nitrogen oxides are emissions produced as a byproduct from the process of combustion, Nitrogen and Oxygen gases in the air react during combustion, especially at high temperatures.
NOx is a major component of smog and can have detrimental affects on human health as well as well as ecosystems and agricultural crops. Therefore, incorporating EGR systems into the design of a car is important with regards to lowering harmful emissions to save the environment and have a positive impact on human health.
How Does an EGR Valve Work?
The majority of modern diesel vehicles incorporate EGR valves into their design to reduce NOx emissions and therefore meet stringent emissions regulations. EGR systems recycle a portion of the exhaust gas back into the combustion chamber, where it combines with fresh intake air.
This lowers the Oxygen content and increases the water vapour content to the combustion mixture which reduces peak combustion temperature. Because more NOx is created as peak combustion temperature rises, the EGR valve effectively reduces the amount of NOx produced by the engine.
The EGR valve begins working once the engine is started, attains the correct operating temperature and speed increases. Gradually, the EGR valve regulates the flow of exhaust gases. Once you slow down and the engine stops, the EGR valve will return to its closed position and prevent the flow of exhaust gases.
Problems with an EGR Valve
A frequent problem with the EGR valve is sticking due to a build up of carbon deposits. In worst cases, the EGR valve and EGR passages can be completely blocked, preventing the process of recirculating the exhaust gases.
Clogged EGRs are often the cause of black smoke escaping the exhaust, in addition to increased fuel consumption or reduced performance. If the EGR valve fails to open or close, the 'check engine' light will illuminate on the dashboard.
A fuel odour smelt from inside the vehicle is also a sign of a failing EGR valve as more hydrocarbons will be emitted through the exhaust due to the increase in fuel consumption. The smell is easily noticeable due to its irritating nature as it can lead to human health issues.
EGR Valve and an MOT Test
In the past, car owners attempted to remove EGR valves and Diesel Particulate Filters (DPFs) from their vehicles to avoid costly repairs. However, for Euro 6 Emissions Standards compliant vehicles it has now been stated by the Department for Transportation that removing the EGR valve or DPF is illegal as the vehicle will no longer be compliant with the road vehicle regulations.
Vehicles will also fail their MOT test due to emission levels emitted and owners can face an astounding £1,000 fine for removing the EGR valve or diesel particulate filter.
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https://www.evanshalshaw.com/blog/what-is-an-egr-valve/
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The Great Gatsby Literary Analysis The Roaring Twenties was a period of rowdiness and economic prosperity. Memories lived on in New York City. The Great Gatsby proved this point in various situations, including the stupendous and extravagant parties. Located in West Egg of Long Island, a home made of millions of dollars belonged to Jay Gatsby. He was one to experience all types of emotions and events during his short lifetime.
“The trust of the innocent is the liar's most useful tool.” (Stephen King). The Great Gatsby told by Nick Carraway it is about Jay Gatsby, a man who has come from nothing to achieving great wealth by lying to innocent people like Nick. Gatsby's one desire is to be with the Daisy Buchanan, who is already married to Tom Buchanan. In The Great Gatsby a realistic fiction novel by F Scott Fitzgerald characters wear a mask to hide their wrongdoings when Tom has an affair, Jordan lies about a car she left out in the rain, and Gatsby lies about his real business.
The Contrasting Forms of Wealth The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is a story of the emptiness and recklessness of the 1920s. His condemnation of the period reverberates through the novel as he explores and displays insufficiencies of the time. The 1920s were a period of sloth and moral despondency, as shown often, but by using the character Jay Gatz (a.k.a. Mr. Gatsby), we see a true shift in the ‘American dream’ and what wealth means.
Life is made up of social classes. Everyone is a part of them. Everyone wants to climb up the social ladder. Can everyone move up social classes? Is it possible to change one’s entire demeanor to fit that of a higher social class?
Secondly, the irony is subtly expressed through metaphor, ironic tone in a special way of humor. Fitgerald sometimes interweaves humorous comments, hilarious comparisons with a calm and objective tone, namely Myrtle – such a rude, arrogant woman: “her laughter, her gestures, her assertions became more violently affected moment by moment and as she expanded the room grew smaller around her” (139). The author also exploits exaggeration method to emphasize a society of ridicule, frivolity and affectation. The Gastby’s party appears to be bustling and luxurious with elegant and respectable guests who join the party to satisfy their dissipation, or have the opportunity to flirt, discuss business but in reality “ People are not invited – they went
“Though the Jazz Age continued it became less and less an affair of youth. The sequel was like a children’s party taken over by the elders,” said F. Scott Fitzgerald, the author of The Great Gatsby (n.p.). After the World War I, in 1920s, abnormal economical success dominated over Americans which is called the Jazz Age. At that time, people pursued cheap pleasure and full of entertainment: parties, extravagance, and dissipation. The Great Gatsby criticizes such profligate appearances and fakes in the Jazz Age through the protagonist, Jay Gatsby, who was in the lower class, was full of fakes, and struggles with Tom Buchanan and with George Wilson to gain power for achieving his ex-lover, Daisy—who is the reason that he yearns for power.
The 1920’s have long been remembered as the Roaring Twenties, were an age of massive economic growth and spontaneous new culture swept the nation. This new era lead to the rise of what is known as la Nouveau Riche or in other words The New Money. This term was used to portray people who gained large amounts of money without inheritance being involved. After World War I had ended in 1918, countless veteran soldiers began to return back to society. Most, if not many American citizens were soon after accompanied by disillusionment and confusion towards their lord and savior.
Arguably one of the greatest writers of the twentieth century, F. Scott Fitzgerald produced several masterpieces of American literature that vividly captured the wave of change accompanied by the Roaring Twenties. His works immortalized not only the glamour and glittering displays of wealth throughout the 1920s, but also the moral bankruptcy seen in the country as well. His most famed work, The Great Gatsby, is well accepted as a timeless classic. Widely recognized even today for his unique writing style and stringent critique of the jazz age, F. Scott Fitzgerald and The Great Gatsby remain icons in American literature. Fitzgerald was born in September of 1896 to a family of modest income and lifestyle ("A Brief Life…").
It is easy to look through a window and criticize those that walk by, yet even easier to forget that the window partially reflects you as well. When writers use literature to criticize the way society functions, as F. Scott Fitzgerald does in The Great Gatsby, they also reflect those very societal values because being a part of society means a purely objective perspective is unattainable. This can often come across as being hypocritical, which there is not shortage of current events. The question is to what extent can people, specifically writers, criticize society despite being a part of it? In The Great Gatsby, Tom and Myrtle’s relationship is trapped; however, Fitzgerald explores the motives behind the affair to both critique the superficiality and defend the ideals of the social institution of marriage.
That’s my Middle West—not the wheat or the prairies or the lost Swede towns, but the thrilling returning trains of my youth, and the street lamps and sleigh bells in the frosty dark and the shadows of the holly wreaths thrown by lighted windows on the snow. I am part of that, a little solemn with the feel of those long winters, a little complacent from growing up in the Carraway house in a city where dwellings are still called through decades by a family name. I see now that this has been a story of the West, after all—Tom and Gatsby, Daisy and Jordan and I, were all Westerners, and perhaps we possessed some deficiency in common which made us subtly unadaptable to Eastern life.” To claim that “this has been a story of the West” after everything we’ve seen is unexpected way of summing up the novel. But let’s go with Nick for a moment.
F. Scott Fitzgerald once stated in The Great Gatsby “Human Sympathy has its limits.” The 1920s was consumed with changes that were social, political, and economical. In the 1920s, the economic system had some changes that also influenced social and political changes. There was an economic growth in the nation that led to an abundance of wealth, which led to a consumer society. Many Americans during the 1920s were becoming more reckless.
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The Great Gatsby, written in 1924 by F. Scott Fitzgerald, in my opinion, focused on the
"The negative side of the American Dream comes when people pursue success at any cost, which in turn destroys the vision and the dream." In this quote, by Azar Nafisi, it explains how dreaming can be tainted by reality, and it that if you don 't compromise you may suffer. In the book The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the American Dream is one the many themes in this book. The American Dream that most people in this book obtains to have is wealth, statist, a fun social life, and someone to lust. It is the life we all strive to have until we obtain it and see it 's meaningless composure. As a result of an era of decayed social and moral values, evidenced in its overall cynicism, greed, and empty pursuit of pleasure. The character Jay Gatsby is the best character to show the American Dream and its awful outcome.
The American Dream is a common thing that people seek to have. The American Dream is the idea of a person coming from nothing and rising up to the upper class through hard work and dedication. Through this hard work and dedication people would hope to be free, wealthy, and happy. I'm sure this is everyone's dream, especially ones who come from a struggling family or come from another country looking for freedom and a way out from the way of life they were stuck in before. Pursuing this dream is good in some ways but not everything turns out the way it is planned to be. There would be things to be sacrificed, like the people you love and the things you care about. Money can not buy everything.
Evan Olmstead English II - 6th Mr. Davidson 2/16/18 AMDG The Great American Dream F. Scott Fitzgerald 's The Great Gatsby portrays many themes, however the most significant theme relates to man 's unsuccessful attempts at the American dream. The Great Gatsby shows how not one by many characters fail at achieving their American dream. The American Dream as defined by James Truslow Adams in 1921, "life should be better, richer, and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each regardless of social class or circumstances of birth”. The desire to strive for what one wants can be achieved if one is willing to work hard enough.
There are many themes exist in the novel of The Great Gatsby by Scott Fitzgerald. The most significant theme in this novel is the American dream. The meaning of the American Dream is someone who starting low on the social level or economic, which then working hard and try their best towards wealth and fame. In other word, it stand for one’s independence to strive in order to achieve desired wealth and fame with hard work, but it ends up being more about selfish and materialism pursuit of pleasure. American dream is achieve when a person having a car, money, big house, happy family and nice clothes. The dream is represented by the ideas of a self-sufficient man or woman, who works hard to achieve a goal to become successful. Based on the novel of The Great Gatsby it shows about what happened to the American Dream in the 1920’s, which is a time period when the dreams became corrupted for many reasons. Not only the corruption of American Dream that happen in this story but American Dream also has caused destruction and can be seen through Daisy, Myrtle and Gatsby.
The American dream stands as a symbol for hope, prosperity, and happiness. But F. Scott Fitzgerald 's The Great Gatsby, examines the American dream from a different perspective, one that sheds light on those who contort these principles to their own selfish fantasies. Fitzgerald renders Jay Gatsby as a man who takes the Dream too far, and becomes unable to distinguish his false life of riches from reality. This 'unique ' American novel describes how humanity 's insatiable desires for wealth and power subvert the idyllic principles of the American vision.
Gatsby represents the American Dream throughout the story, he works hard towards rewarding achievements but is let down, because others would rather have money, power, and society’s approval. Jay Gatsby grew up in a poor family from North Dakota. As a farm child he worked hard and followed the American dream. He wanted to escape the poor farm life and make a name for himself. He wanted to be someone that was looked up to by others.
F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby is a reflection of the American Dream. Written in 1925, the book tells the story of a man named Jay Gatsby, whose main driving force in life is the pursuit of a woman called Daisy Buchanan. The narrator is Gatsby’s observant next-door neighbor, Nick Carraway, who offers a fresh, outsider’s perspective on the events; the action takes place in New York during the so-called Roaring Twenties. By 1922, when The Great Gatsby takes place, the American Dream had little to do with Providence divine and a great deal to do with feelings organized around style and personal changed – and above all, with the unexamined self . Fitzgerald focused on the shift in the American Dream - from being the idea of self-fulfillment, dignity and comfort that is achieved through hard work, to being equated with the pursuit of wealth and power, and identifying happiness with having money. The novel depicts the rise and fall of the concept and describes the causes of its decay.
Many people fantasize about the American dream. In his book The Epic of America, James Truslow Adams (1931) describes the American Dream as a, “...dream of land in which life should be better and richer and full for everyone with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement.” The American Dream is the idea that if a person has a significant amount of money and friends that they will be happy. It is in our nature as humans to want to be the best and have nicer things than our peers. The majority of people try to achieve the American Dream so that they will feel more exceptional to others. Though, in The Great Gatsby, the American Dream is a fallacy that the character Nick realizes can never truly be attained.
The Great Gatsby is a wonderful novel that explains the drive and want to have the American Dream. F. Scott Fitzgerald and his life really show the true meaning of the American Dream and how hard and difficult it is to achieve it. He went through many hardships during his life and yet he still was able to come close to achieving the American Dream. The Idea behind the American Dream is that anyone can go from being poor to rich and live a healthy lifestyle and get the most out of life without being financially unstable.
The view of the American Dream is different for everyone. The Epic Journey, by James Truslow Adams, views the American Dream as a dream of attaining one’s fullest stature regardless of one’s social status. Similarly, in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s book, The Great Gatsby, Gatsby’s American Dream relates to Adam’s dream but limited to materialistic wealth- a dream that seeks for motor cars, higher wages, and to impress the people of high status.
Throughout the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald the constant theme of obtaining the American Dream causes major destruction. The American dream is based off a myth told that every United States citizen has an equal opportunity to achieve success through hard work and determination. However, in the novel, Fitzgerald shows how the American Dream is unattainable, with Gatsby representing this myth through his unfulfilled desire to obtain more and more. Through Gatsby's impossible journey to attain the American Dream, Fitzgerald shows how this dream creates false hope for a better life and replaces religious figures for money.
For Gatsby, the American Dream is obtaining materialistic things and flaunting it. There is no other reason why Gatsby is described by his parties and his clothes. "They're such beautiful shirts," she sobbed, her voice muffled in the think folds. "It makes me sad
Based on Declaration of Independence, Americans take on the “American Dream”. The idea of the American dream is based on a fantasy that an individual can achieve success regardless of family history, race, or religion just by simply working hard enough. Americans have this belief because they are protected by the above document. They believe that they are entitled to achieve their dreams because they can.
Gatsby’s Failure of the American Dream in The Great Gatsby Dreams are seen as a positive way to keep people going forward through their lives. However, dreams can blind people and not let them to see the truth. The novel The Great Gatsby written by F. Scott Fitzgerald criticizes the idea of The American Dream of not being able to be achieved. Gatsby is one of the characters in the novel that tries to achieve The American Dream. The pursuit of the American Dream brings negative results to Gatsby because he becomes greedy, unrealistic, and dishonest, which shows that chasing dreams can destroy one’s life.
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...“The Great Gatsby”, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, portrays a world filled with rich societal happenings, love affairs, and corruption. Nick Carraway is the engaged narrator of the book, a curious choice considering that he is in a different class and almost in a different world than Gatsby and the other characters. Nick relates the plot of the story to the reader as a member of Gatsby’s circle. He has ambivalent feelings towards Gatsby, despising his personality and corrupted dream but feeling drawn to Gatsby’s magnificent capacity to hope. Using Nick as a moral guide, Fitzgerald attempts to guide readers on a journey through the novel to illustrate the corruption and failure of the American Dream. To achieve this, Nick’s credentials as a reliable narrator are carefully established and reinforced throughout the story. The American Dream is a sensitive and beloved topic in American culture. Discussing its failure and corruption needs to be done gently and morally. Fitzgerald understood this, and therefore acknowledged the need of a kind and cordial narrator within a materialistic society. Enter Nick Carraway, who on the first page lets readers know “In consequence, I’m inclined to reserve all judgments” pg 7. This statement already serves to set Nick up as a decent and honest man that can be trusted. To back up this statement Fitzgerald included a short section regarding Nick’s family and background. The Carraway’s claim themselves to be loyal Americans. However,......
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...end of The Great Gatsby, Nick Carraway made the final statement of the book saying "So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past." Which I believe means we move on in life continually and we always have to push our way forward, move against the current, and don't dwell or bring back the past because you will get carried back to the past such as a boat moves across the current, it requires constant moving forward to prevent drifting backwards. Gatsby started off with nothing but a big set of goals and dreams, he pushed his way to get to that goal leaving his past behind only worrying about the future and when he finally obtained his goal he got caught up and started to think about the past with Daisy and he ended up meeting her and getting emotions for her again. Leaving all his achievements behind him and he basically fell back when all the truth came to the surface about his past and people lowered the respect they had for him. All of Gatsby's failures are due to the fact of Daisy coming back into his life and the dedication of time he gave to her made him get off of his track to success and lose thought of the other things going on in his life. He lost his motivation and drive to become something more or bigger than he already has become. I personally think maybe he was just feeling content with just Daisy to where he didn't want to become anything more. Nick was basically the neutral water in The Great Gatsby; he......
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...The Great Gatsby Essay On the outside, The Great Gatsby seems to be a story about a twisted love affair. Fitzgerald is showing the many changes happening during the 1920’s society, and how it affected the idea of the American dream. Fitzgerald shows the strive for the wealth, which defined the American dream in the 1920’s and which continues to defines as a desire for wealth and success today. In the book, The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsby is showing the corruption of the American dream by throwing parties, making love and having money. After WWII, there was an economic boom which left people suddenly rich, and they were referred to as the “new money.” There quickly became a difference between the “new money” and the people who were previously wealthy. What used to “pursuit of happiness” is now the pursuit of money and greed. The “new money” people don’t like the “old money” people. Jay Gatsby throws parties throughout the summer to show of how much money he has. “There was music from my neighbor’s house through the summer night.” ( ) This quote shows that Gatsby has a lot of money because he can afford to throw parties throughout the summer. Money is everything in the world today and it was a huge part in the world back in the 1920’s economy too. The Great Gatsby also symbolizes love throughout the story. There were love affairs between married couples and single people. The biggest affair out of all the characters was definitely Daisy and Gatsby. Jay Gatsby has the......
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...Jay Gatsby in The Great Gatsby. Many historians believe that Mr. Gatsby was inspired by F. Scott himself. They both were romantics who fell in love with the heartbreaking wild girl. They were both guys who were willing to break the rules in order to get to the top. And most diffidently they were just two guys trying to make to greener pastor. F. Scott wrote The Great Gatsby threw the eyes of Nick Carraway. Originally in awe of him, Nick uncovers the truth and grows an inner hatred for Gatsby; until he opens his eyes to see his sad life in which he feels nothing put pity and empathy for Mr. Gatsby. After being formally invited to one of Gatsby party, Nick excitedly waits to meet his interesting neighbor. Mr. Gatsby is the man, which everyone gossips about around. Whether he has killed a man or is being a spy for the American government, he is always being talked about. The first time Nick meets the fellow war veteran, he describes him as having “one of those rare smiles with a quality of eternal reassurance in it”; that is the first thing which attracts Nick most about Gatsby(53). The smile along with the parties, and the many phone calls causes nick to be intrigued his next-door neighbor. Public Gatsby seems to be a man with “hospitality” and “nothing sinister” about him (54,65). But after nick catches Gatsby in a private moment, Nick realizes that this man has an ”emptiness” about him with “complete isolation”(60). Nick’s questions are meet with answers of Gatsby......
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...the rich and ugly collide together, making The Great Gatsby a novel with a twisted and complicated plot. The main character Nick Carraway, is from the west and moves to the overpopulated city of New York. He settles in the “West Egg” of Long Island and meets his mysterious neighbor who goes by the name of Jay Gatsby. Nick visits his cousin Daisy, who lives in the “East Egg” and soon becomes somewhat engaged within the fast, upbeat, party life. (Fitzgerald) Although he is not fully involved, he disentangles himself from the whole scene near the ending due to his observant behavior and disgusted attitude towards the whole outlook. However, his attraction towards Gatsby is a main focus. Readers are captivated by Gatsby’s admirable perseverance and determination in working towards achieving his goal of winning Daisy’s heart and beyond that, the American dream, yet his greatness predicts his downfall. Gatsby’s desire of becoming wealthy and dedication to this goal reflects how admirable he is because created himself out of nothing; he “sprang from his Platonic conception of himself; he was a son of God-.” (Fitzgerald, 104) He “reinvented” himself, using his imagination and being “faithful to the end” until he was the prosperous man he wanted to become. But this accomplished goal of becoming wealthy was only a small step towards his bigger goal; being with Daisy. Money was only a factor that connected Gatsby to Daisy; if Gatsby was wealthy then surely Daisy would be with......
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...Is everything all about wealth in The Great Gatsby? Throughout this novel, one of the main themes is the hollowness of the upper class. As explained in the novel, the East eggers are considered a part of the new wealth and the West eggers are considered a part of the old aristocracy. Is wealth the only thing that makes you a part of society? The book does not really expound on the lower class or how they live, so can you truly say there is one. Is this book only about the life of the upper class or the life of the “The Great Gatsby” himself as interpreted from the title? Initially, the first you see of wealth in the novel is when the difference between the East and West eggers is pronounced. Reading further into the novel, the only things that pop out to you is wealth and the mysterious Gatsby. Many people during this time are wealthy or trying to obtain a high status in order to gain wealth. For example, Myrtle Wilson wanted a high society life and the only way to get it was through Tom Buchanan. The only twist was that both were married. Myrtle loved her husband, but she craved and wanted more, which her husband, Mr. Wilson, could not give her. In addition, the affair with Daisy Buchanan and Jay Gatsby is a great example. Daisy is a person whose only concern is money and being married to Tom gives her all the money she wants, but what happens when old love reappears with wealth on his side also. Wealth was the only thing people were thinking about during the 1920’s. This...
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...chapter 6 of The Great Gatsby, a reporter comes to Gatsby’s door to interview him about his personal life. Jay Gatsby’s original name was James Gatz and he was born on a North Dakota farm but went to college in St. Olaf, Minnesota. He dropped out of college and later met the wealthy Dan Cody who hired him as a personal assistant. When Dan Cody died he left Gatsby $25,000, but his mistress prevented Gatsby from claiming it. After that, Gatsby was determined to become rich and successful. Later on, Nick visits Gatsby and is shocked to find Tom Buchanan there, and the next Saturday Tom and Daisy attend one of Gatsby’s parties. After the party Gatsby is worried that Daisy did not enjoy it and Nick tells him to give up on Daisy, however, Gatsby refuses and instead tells Nick about he and Daisy’s past. The quote that best describes Jay Gatsby is, “He talked a lot about the past, and I gathered that he wanted to recover something, some idea of himself perhaps, that had gone into loving Daisy” (110). The good qualities of Jay Gatsby are he is a loyal person and he has a good heart. The bad qualities of Gatsby are he is amoral, dishonest, and throws his money away. Fitzgerald developed this character to show how people use their wealth to get love only to discover the love is not real. Additionally, he is developed throughout the novel to be an example of how living extravagantly can be an empty life. A meaningful quote in the chapter is, “The truth was that Jay Gatsby of West......
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...In The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald portrays the 1920s in America as an era of “decayed social and moral values,” evidenced in its greed and pursuit of pleasure. The reckless elation and enthusiasm that led to wild parties and jazz (like the extravagant, over-the-top parties Gatsby throws in the novel) resulted in the corruption of the American dream. The American dream was originally about discovery, individualism, and the pursuit of happiness, and the desire for money and status have corrupted this dream, as it has Gatsby’s. The Great Gatsby is a symbolic contemplation of America in the 1920s regarding the collapse of the American dream in an era of prosperity and wealth. The ending of World War I in 1918 soon led to Prohibition and the Jazz Age, which was a period of fun and carelessness for young Americans. Like Gatsby, even a person from the lower class could potentially make a fortune, but the American aristocracy (old wealth) looked down upon the “newly rich.” In the novel, the East Egg and West Egg were the homes to the two separate classes of wealth, the East populating the old wealth (such as the Buchanans) and the West populating the newly rich (Gatsby). In this society, simply being wealthy wasn’t always good enough; people made distinct separation even in the upper class. Gatsby had always admired the luxury and sophistication that wealth could bring. He preferred to be around those with wealth and class, like when he joined Dan Cody on his yacht and......
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...The Great Gatsby “The loneliest moment in someone’s life is when they are watching their whole world fall apart, and all they can do is stare blankly.” In The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald presents his audience with a novel with intricate symbolism. Nick Carroway, the protagonist, has recently moved from the Midwest to get his career started in New York. He lives on the island of West Egg the poorer side of town, across from East Egg the wealthier side of town. In East Egg are where his pompous and snobbish friends Tom and Daisy live. They gossip and party a lot, all while Tom is cheating on Daisy with a lady named Myrtle Wilson. Everyone knows except for Daisy and Mr. Wilson. Meanwhile, Nick lives next door to a mysterious man named Gatsby, who throws extravagant parties, but yet no one knows anything about him. Throughout the book Nick learns about the mysterious Gatsby and what it is like to live around people who believe in a conceited world of indecency. Fitzgerald involves symbolism into the heart of the novel so strongly that it is necessary to read passages of the book more than once to full understand. The creative yet simplistic styling of this book is a major reason why The Great Gatsby is one of the classics of the 20th century. Throughout the book, three themes dominate the text of The Great Gatsby. These themes include the loss of time, appearance and characterization, and perspective. The word time appears many times in the novel either by itself or in......
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...The Great Gatsby In the United States Declaration of Independence our nation founding fathers came up with the idea that “all men are created equal” in life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. However there has always been a great divide in our country’s society and class, with the top one percent nearly owning all of our nation’s wealth. With the majority of society being of middle and lower class population some of which are struggling to make ends meat living paycheck to paycheck. In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby which takes place in the early 1920’s. There is also a great divide in class and society. You have the wealthy and arrogant east egg and west egg citizens who have either had money in their family past down from generations of inheritance also receiving a fine education at an ivy league school or you have the new money and live in west egg earning a living as a bootlegger or involved in other mob activities like Jay Gatsby who was raised on hardships growing up. But like most people in today’s society you have the valley of ashes which resembles our middle and lower class of people who may be hard working people yet they don’t have the financial benefits of being born into wealth. The American Dream of living a prosperous life and being rich and earning a high level of importance in society just to impress people or attract someone to you is something that all of the characters surrounding Nick Carraway have in common. They idealize fame and......
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...The Great Gatsby ‘’The Great Gatsby’’ is a Charles Scribner's Son novel based on tragedy . The novel was published in 1925 in NYC . Nick Carraway the novel narrator , explain with details how he was living in this time , including his point of view of the things that happen on his environment . is As a ‘’Modernism’’ novel great Gatsby is a non poetic story based on the search of truth and identity . The great Gatsby is an amazing novel that tells the life of Nick Carraway who travel to New York. Nick wants to be a professional writer . He believed that these time of his life would be success full . On his journal nick tells that the begging he was very happy to be in New York. He was gaining good money, attracting women and the fame was very good. "The Great Gatsby provides a critical social history of America during the Roaring Twenties within its narrative. That era, known for unprecedented economic prosperity, the evolution of jazz music, flapperculture, and bootlegging and other criminal activity, is plausibly depicted in Fitzgerald's novel." (Bruccoli, Matthew Joseph). He has a cousin called Daisy who already were living in New York. She was married to a rich man whose name was Tom Buchanan a popular polo player . Nick doesn't know how his cousin was living. He asked her and she told him that every thing is good.The first thing he realized was that his Cousin Daisy was living a nightmare being married with Tom, he was unfaithful and abusive but she......
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...Conley Howard The Great Gatsby Literary Analysis Notebook Mrs. Marlar/English III Period 6 Howard 1 Literary Element- Symbolism Chapter 1, page 21 Original Quote: “But I didn’t call to him, for he gave a sudden intimation that he was content to be alone—he stretched out his arms toward the dark water in a curious way, and, far as I was from him, I could have sworn he was trembling. Involuntarily I glanced seaward—and distinguished nothing except a single green light, minute and far way, that might have been the end of a dock. When I looked once more for Gatsby he had vanished, and I was alone again in the unique darkness.”(Fitzgerald 21) Paraphrase with Analysis: Gatsby is being spotted by Nick, the narrator, while he is reaching out across his dock to the green light. (Fitzgerald 21) The green light symbolizes Daisy. Green is also an archetype and the negative associations are death and decay. Green can also foreshadow Gatsby death in the end since he never achieved the “green light” being Daisy who she chose Tom Buchanan in the end. Embedded Quotes in Paraphrase with Analysis: David F. Trask in his book, A Note on Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby, states that “Gatsby believed in the green light, the future that year by year recedes before us. It eluded us then, but that's no matter tomorrow we will run faster, stretch out our arms further ... And one fine morning Alas, all of us! The novel ends on a desperately somber note: So we beat on,......
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...Exploring The Many Themes Of The Great Gatsby “The Great Gatsby” by F. Scott Fitzgerald There are many messages authors try to send the readers when they write books, but at the end of the day, people receive different messages from the masterpiece. Author Francis Scott Fitzgerald wrote a book in 1925 which was The Great Gatsby. “Even if Scott Fitzgerald is, as someone suggested years ago, essentially a one-book author, only a prig would dispute either the stylistic beauty or the cultural importance of The Great Gatsby.”(Barbarese) Although he is arguably a one-book author, this story about a Jay Gatsby has a story to tell. This piece is about a wealthy young man named Jay Gatsby, who has everything anyone would dream of, besides the love of his life. Making money through bootlegging and making illegal sales of alcohol, but soon finds it hard to believe that money can not really buy happiness. The book contains many conflicts between Jay Gatsby and himself, Jay Gatsby against society, and even Jay Gatsby and the love of his life’s husband. The wealthy This novel is filled with all the themes of love, revenge, money can’t buy happiness, the “American Dream”, and many more. There are so many themes to pick from, the audience has their individual ideas on which them Scott Fitzgerald is trying to send. The truth is he isn’t sending you any themes, how you interpret the novel is all on your own making of the story. Scott Fitzgerald has many themes all mixed up......
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...summarized the essay. 4. Less than five grammatical errors. Jay Gatsby vs. Tom Buchanan The Great Gatsby, exhibits several person vs. person conflicts; this novel shows one character, Gatsby, who has a problem with one of the other characters, Tom. Throughout the story, Jay Gatsby’s love for Tom’s wife, Daisy, is a reoccurring conflict. The resolution of this problem is concluded with the exposure of Tom and Gatsby, and finally the confrontation in a parlor at a hotel. The exposure of Tom was a critical element to the on-going conflict between Tom and Jay within the novel. Tom Buchanan’s affair with Myrtle Wilson was intentionally revealed to Nick, and later was discovered by Daisy Buchanan. Regardless of what ethics Tom may lack, his loyalty to his wife was no longer a priority in his life. His prolonged affair with Mrs. Wilson had more value to him then his marriage with Daisy. Furthermore, Tom, long before he met Mrs. Wilson, had several other affairs with various women. Even as a young couple who traveled the world, Tom’s dishonesty increased towards Daisy, through his numerous affairs. His desperation for love from random women consumed his life. These acts of adultery were horrendous and sickening as Tom blandly denied any involvement in them to Daisy. Thus, the conflict between Mr. Buchanan and Mr. Gatsby began to broil throughout the novel, The Great Gatsby. Along with Tom’s horrific past, Jay Gatsby withheld quite a complex past of his own. Although,......
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...Analysis of “Materialistic Perception” in F. Scot Fitzgerald Using Marxist Literary Criticism Chapter I 1.1 Introduction The Great Gatsby is a 1925 novel written by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald that follows a cast of characters living in the fictional town of West Egg on prosperous Long Island in the summer of 1922. The story primarily concerns the young and mysterious millionaire Jay Gatsby and his quixotic passion for the beautiful Daisy Buchanan. Considered to be Fitzgerald's magnum opus, The Great Gatsby explores themes of decadence, idealism, resistance to change, social upheaval, and excess, creating a portrait of the Jazz Age that has been described as a cautionary tale regarding the American Dream. 1.2 State of Problem The Great Gatsby provides a critical social history of America during the Roaring Twenties within its narrative. That era, known for unprecedented economic prosperity, the evolution of jazz music, flapper culture, and bootlegging and other economy struggle that was the result of the materialism and capitalism damaging on social behavior, led to the widespread social distress. 1.3 Theoretical Framework Using literary criticism to interpret what is the ideal life of America in 19th century and what is the dream of American people after World War I. as a Marxist interpretation of the novel makes especially clear, reveals its dark underbelly instead. Through its unflattering characterization of those at the top of the...
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In the beginning of the chapter, we are made aware of Nick’s discomfort and anxious attitude regarding Gatsby and what is to become of him, suggesting that he should get away for a week, but naturally, Gatsby refuses. He then goes onto describe the way that he and Daisy had first met and their relationship that had ensued, before Gatsby proposes he and Nick use the swimming pool for the first and last time that summer; Nick has work to attend, and so declines his offer to leave, but not before paying him the only compliment he gave to him. Towards the middle of the chapter, we are given an insight into George’s life just after Myrtle’s death, who realised he had nobody to go to and was desperate to know who had done such a thing to his wife, eventually coming to the conclusion that it must have been Jay Gatsby. We then meet the climax at the end of the chapter as Wilson not only murders Gatsby, while he waited for Daisy’s phone call, but also himself. Fitzgerald writes the chapter, as in the entire novel, through the persona of Nick, in a first-hand narrative.
This aids in the telling of the entire story, in this chapter in particular, because Nick’s true devotion and loyalty to Gatsby as a friend, is evident in the respectful way and non-descript depiction of Gatsby’s death- “The chauffeur… heard the shots”. In comparison to the description of Myrtle’s gruesome death in the previous chapter; “her left breast was swinging loose like a flap”; it can be argued that Nick’s self- conscious narrative may actually be quite biased, choosing to withhold information from the reader and, contradicting the way he claimed not to be judgemental in chapter 1, by deciding which characters deserve to be respected and free to die with their dignity intact, despite each of their individual mistakes. Despite Fitzgerald writing the chapter with aspects of tragedy, I do not believe the form of the chapter can be described as being so, but rather, as being tragic. For example, Gatsby’s hamartia is recognised completely in this chapter as his love and adoration of Daisy that hadn’t been returned, the way he takes the blame for Myrtle’s death without any sort of known gratitude, and his relentless trust and faith in her and the fact that he believes she is the key to his happiness and success in his life, eventually lead to his untimely demise while he still held onto the hope that she would return his feelings for her.
The Essay on Embodiment Of The American Dream In "The Great Gatsby" And "Death Of A Salesman"
We all have goals and dreams we want to accomplish. But the pursuit of a dream based on false illusions will ultimately lead to tragedy. This is true in Arthur Miller’s play, “Death of a Salesman”, and in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, “The Great Gatsby”. In both works, the main character is in pursuit of a dream for success that ultimately causes his demise. The ...
This helps to tell the story because it is representative of society at the time, allowing Fitzgerald to portray it as having provided a barrier between classes which could never be crossed, as Gatsby had attempted and was expecting of Daisy. An additional feature that makes the chapter tragic would be the catharsis experienced by the reader through Nick’s realisation of Gatsby’s mistakes; this is because the reader desperately hopes that Gatsby himself will somehow come to the same conclusions that seem so obvious to everybody else- “They’re a rotten crowd… You’re worth the whole damn bunch put together” Throughout the chapter, Fitzgerald constantly makes connections between weather and the emotions within the novel, giving the impression that the setting of will somehow foreshadow and represent the outcomes later in the chapter. An example of this would be, “the night had made a sharp difference in the weather and there was an autumn flavour in the air”.
This use of pathetic fallacy could be used to foreshadow the “sharp” pain that Gatsby, will later feel as he is shot; James Gatz represented by the “weather” in general as he had typically been a driving force in the events throughout the novel, having lots of influence over mood and behaviour. Autumn has many connotations, some of which could be the falling of leaves, which symbolises the decay of Daisy and Gatsby’s relationship, which has not yet become totally obvious to Gatsby at this point in the chapter. Meanwhile Gatsby stops his gardener from emptying the pool that he hadn’t yet used, In the same way that he is attached to the hope of making Daisy love him the way she used to, he insists on swimming in the pool as though it were still the summer that had just passed, seemingly overnight in contrast to the hottest day of the year in the last chapter, showing his incapability of forgetting the past, constantly trying to hold onto the memories they shared and to relive their time together.
The Essay on The Great Gatsby Chapter 5
At the beginning of chapter 5, Nick is on his way home from the city when he sees Gatsby's house lit up. He does not see or hear anybody in the house, but suddenly he catches sight of Gatsby coming across the lawn. Gatsby and Nick have a conversation about when they can next hang out, because Nick is too tired to do anything that day; he is going to call Daisy to invite her over for tea. Gatsby ...
Regardless of the fact that Gatsby’s past had been shared with us in chapter 6, in a relative time scale to the novel, Fitzgerald writes from Nick’s perspective, telling the reader that it is at this point in Gatsby’s life, that he had actually shared it with Nick. Nick describes the reasoning for this as being because “’Jay Gatsby’ had broken up like glass against Tom’s hard malice”. Irony is used in this to tell the story as, throughout the novel, Gatsby had been an enigma to all and now, suddenly he is seen as transparent and easy to see through. Also, the use of the word “glass” gives the impression that, as glass, though it may seem strong on the outside, is weak and easily shattered, the pieces of which can never be put back together perfectly, Gatsby is finally portrayed as a human with real emotion, showing that he is easily broken, foreshadowing his murder at the end of the chapter.
The author uses Doctor T.J Eckleburg’s eyes to represent the increasing meaninglessness of religion over time, particularly in the 1930s as, in the materialistic world between West Egg and East Egg nobody had turned to religion but instead, thrive off of materialism and wealth, and so Eckleburg portrays the eyes of God and his omniscient nature- “God sees everything”- which been left and forgotten by the wealthy, and fallen victim to the valley of ashes, yet still embodies a moral standard of which all are expected to follow, no matter their stature within society. As a result of this, the story is able to advance through the chapter as Wilson believes that by seeing the crime committed, God demands revenge and so, he leaves in search for the owner of the car who killed his wife.
The Essay on The Great Gatsby Nick Analysis
The novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald tells the story of Jay Gatsby, as Nick Carraway perceives him. Nick has a special place in this story. He is not just one character among several; it is through his eyes and ears that the story takes place. In this novel, Nick goes to some length to establish his credibility in telling the story about this "great" man called Gatsby. For example, He ...
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Abstract：F. Scott Fitzgerald, is widely considered as the literary spokesman of the "American Dream". His novels include many aspects of his unique experiences in that period of time. It is not easy to distinguish his novel and the real life, which has already involved him physically and mentally in it. Especially in his masterpiece, The Great Gatsby, which was published in 1925. In the novel, the hero revealed a typical example of those who were eager to pursue the American Dream but finally ended by sacrificing themselves. Though he dreamed of achieving material wealth and love through his courage and hard working, all the factors from outside world and the indelibility of his dream led to the disillusionment of it. Through the development of the story and characteristics of heroes, Fitzgerald elaborated a vivid picture of the disillusionment of American Dream.
Key words: American dream; disillusionment; reason
Contents
Introduction 1
Part I The Introduction of F.Scott.Fitzgerald 2
1.1The Life Expericence of Fitzgerald 2
1.1.1 Fitzgerald's Background 2
1.1.2 Fitzgerald's Marriage 2
1.2 Literary Works of Fitzgerald 3
PartII American Dream and its Disillusionment 4
2.1 The American Dream 4
2.1.1 The Definition of American Dream 4
2.1.2 The Essence of American Dream 5
2.2 Disillusionment of American Dream Reflected in the Novel 5
2.2.1 Gatsby's American Dream 5
2.2.2 Nick Carraway's American Dream 7
2.2.3 Tom, Daisy Buchanan and Jordan Baker's American Dream 7
Part III The Cause of Disillusionment of American Dream 9
3.1 The Jazz Age and the Roaring Twenties 9
3.2 Social Environment and People factors 9
Conclusion 11
Bibliography 12
Introduction
F. Scott Fitzgerald was born in a not rich family, so he wanted to earn lots of money to become rich to enjoy high quality life. The tempo of his life slackened as his life was shredded by Zelda's insanity and his own self-destructive alcoholism. Through years of emotional and physical collapse he struggled to repair his life by writing for Hollywood-producing at the same time a series of stories that exposed his humiliation there. He became one of the greatest writers in American literature and wrote many works in his lifetime to manifest the life reality of that time. He was a spokesman for the so-called Jazz Age.
The Great Gatsby is regarded as his masterpiece. First published on April 10, 1925, the story is set in Long Island's North Shore and New York City during the summer of 1922. The novel tells of Gatsby, an idealist, who tries to recapture his lost love but in vain and is finally destroyed by the influence of the wealthy people around him .The story deals with the failure of the American dream as personified in the rich and beautiful woman Daisy who belongs to corrupt society. The Great Gatsby evokes a haunting mood of a glamorous, wild time that seemingly will never come again. It is about the loss of an ideal and the disillusionment that comes with the failure is embodied fully in the personal tragedy of a young man (Gatsby) whose "incorruptible dream" is "smashed into pieces by the relentless reality" (Fitzgerald, 8).
Gatsby's failure to realize his ideal symbolizes the disillusionment of his American Dream. Also, Gatsby's intensity of dream represents a state of commitment which takes him in search of his personal grail; Gatsby's failure magnifies to a great extent the end of the American Dream.
Part I The Introduction of F.Scott.Fitzgerald
1.1The Life Expericence of Fitzgerald
Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald is one of the most outstanding American authors in the twenties, and The Great Gatsby is his best work.
1.1.1 Fitzgerald's Background
F. Scott Fitzgerald was born in 1896 into a St, Paul middle-class family. After an unsuccessful undergraduate career at Princeton, he entered the Army as a second Lieutenant and while in training camp he met the beautiful girl who was to become his wife. He married Zelda Sayre as his literary career got off to a meteoric start in 1920. Through the 1920s when money seemed plentiful and postwar morality encouraged a reckless pursuit of happiness, he and Zelda traveled in Europe and New York, acting out the glamorous life-style he wrote of in his most popular magazine fiction. He was a spokesman for the so-called Jazz Age, setting a personal as well as literary example for a generation whose first commandment was: Do what you will. The speed of his life slackened as his life was shredded by Zelda's insanity and his own self-destructive alcoholism. He fell from favor as a writer when the indulgent decade of his triumph went down under the impact of a worldwide Depression in the 1930s.
1.1.2 Fitzgerald's Marriage
It is absolutely the tough teenage years and marriage life that made Fitzgerald experience the difficulties and frustrations of the life. So we should discover some reflections of the story from the author's life.
The relationship between Fitzgerald and Zelda went so dramatic that even himself once said, " Sometimes I don't know whether Zelda and I are real or whether we are characters in one of my novels"（ Fitzgerald, 1）.
Zelda was the daughter of a judge in Montgomery, Alabama, a beautiful society girl. Though she told Fitzgerald that she loved him so much, but her too expensive life left him unable to support her. They have experienced breaking up but finally got engaged again with the support of Fitzgerald's success. It was also at this time that Fitzgerald wrote many of his short stories which helped to pay for their extravagant lifestyle. But when the misfortune came, in 1930s when Zelda became increasingly troubled by mental illness. Their life became harder. It was his marriage and his onerous life of making money to support her that affected his writing tremendously. Fitzgerald was tormented virtually all his life by the fact that he could not concentrate on his working and the improvement of his art in general.
1.2 Literary Works of Fitzgerald
The Roaring Twenties was a period of literary creativity, and works of several notable authors appeared during the period. Such as Earnest Hemingway, Erich Maria Remarque and F. Scott Fitzgerald, Etc. Literary works in that period of time mirror people's experiences and attitude of the1920s. We could see it from the following examples: All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque recounts the horrors of WWI and also the deep detachment from German civilian life felt by many men returning from the front.
This Side of Paradise by F. Scott Fitzgerald portrays the lives and morality of post-World War I youth. The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway is about a group of expatriate Americans in Europe during the 1920s. All in all writers and their works in those years were haunted with complicated sensations which have shown us all the difficulties and frustrations in their life.
PartⅡ American Dream and its Disillusionment
2.1 The American Dream
Before we take a look to the causes and effects of the disillusionment of American dream, let's first try to understand the definition and content of American Dream.
2.1.1 The Definition of American Dream
In different social and historical backgrounds, the concepts of American Dream are different, and for different people, they have different understandings of American Dream and the ways to pursue their American Dream are also various. The definition of the so-called American Dream can be distinguished in broad sense and narrow sense. For the former, American Dream is the equality, freedom and democracy in the land of the United States. The later one means, everyone in America ,if only work hard and never give up, he could achieve his dream and could live a better life in this piece of land, that is to say, people should make their efforts ,such as diligence, courage and determination to realize dreams rather than depend on the help from others.
This term that American Dream was first used by James Truslow Adams in his book The Epic of America which was written in 1931. He states, "The American Dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us have grown weary and mistrustful of it. It is not a dream of motor cars and high wages merely, but a dream of social order in which each man and each woman shall be able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable, and be recognized by others for what they are, regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position." This ideology is based itself on the principle that one should be responsible for oneself, and taking every opportunity to gain success by courage and hard working.
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📃 10 Tips for Writing Essays on the American Dream
The American dream is an interesting topic that one can discuss from various perspectives. If you need to write an essay on the American dream, you should understand this concept clearly.
You can choose to present the American dream as a miracle that one cannot reach or depict a free and wealthy nation. In any case, the American dream essay is a good opportunity to reflect on the concept and learn more about it.
There are many topics you can choose from while writing your essay. Here are some examples of the American dream essay topics we can suggest:
- The true meaning of the American dream
- The image of the American dream in the Great Gatsby
- Is the American dream still relevant in today’s society?
- The role of the American dream: Discussion
- Americans’ beliefs and values: The American dream
- Can we achieve the American dream?
- The American dream in today’s world and society
Remember that you do not have to select one of the American dream essay titles and can come up with your own one. Once you have selected the topic, start working on your essay. Here are ten useful tips that will help you to write an outstanding paper:
- Start working on your essay ahead of time. You will need some time to study the issue, write the paper, and correct possible errors.
- Do preliminary research on the issue you want to discuss. The more information you know about the question, the better. We advise you to rely on credible sources exclusively and avoid using Wikipedia or similar websites.
- Check out the American dream essay examples online if you are not sure that the selected problem is relevant. Avoid copying the information you will find and only use it as guidance.
- Write an outline for your essay. Think of how you can organize your paper and choose titles for each of the sections. Remember that you should include an introductory paragraph and a concluding section along with body paragraphs.
- Remember that you should present the American dream essay thesis clearly. You can put it in the last sentence of your introductory paragraph.
- Your essay should be engaging for the audience. Help your reader to know something new about the issue and include some interesting facts that may not know about. Avoid overly complex sentences and structures.
- Make your essay personal, if it is possible. Do not focus on your opinion solely but provide your perspectives on the issue or discuss your concern about it. You can talk about your experiences with the American dream, too.
- Provide statistical data if you can. For example, you can find the results of surveys about people’s perspectives on the American dream.
- The concluding paragraph is an important section of the paper. Present the thesis and all of your arguments once again and provide recommendations, if necessary. Remember that this paragraph should not include new information or in-text citations.
- Do not send your paper to your professor right away. Check it several times to make sure that there are no grammatical mistakes in it. If you have time, you can put the paper away for several days and revise it later with “fresh” eyes.
Feel free to find an essay sample in our collection and get some ideas for your outstanding paper!
🏆 Best American Dream Topic Ideas & Essay Examples
- Fitzgerald’s American Dream in The Great Gatsby & Winter Dreams To my mind, Winter Dream is a perfect example of the American Dream, since the main hero, Dexter, implemented each point of it, he was persistent and very hard-working, he was a very sensible and […]
- In pursuit of the American dream: an analysis of Willa Cather’s O Pioneers The experiences of the characters in the novel portray the endeavors of the early immigrants’ pursuit of the American dream. The instinct to forgo the comforts, which a home country offers by default and then […]
- A response to the article “Inequality and the American Dream” It has drawn my attention that other world countries embrace the “American model” since the super power has enormous wealth and its economic development is marked by up-to-date juggernauts of globalization and technology.
- Inequality and the American Dream Essay – Research & Examples It is only after the poor workers are assured of their jobs that the American model can be said to be successful.
- The American Dream by Edward Albee Play Analysis The American Dream play is an apologue of how American life has turned awry under the pretext of the American Dream.
- The American Dream Living the American dream is the ultimate dream for most of the American citizens and those aspiring to acquire American citizenship.
- The death of the American dream It is the moral decay that leads to the loss of freedom, the very essence of the founding of the American dream.
- American Dream: “Fences” by August Wilson The American dream makes it clear through its guarantee of the freedom and equality with the promise of prosperity and success as per the ability or personal achievements of every American citizen.”Fences” reveals the obstacles […]
- The American Dream: Walt Disney’s Cinderella and Ron Howard’s Cinderella Man This is attributed to the fact that the original ideas and the fundamental principals that founded the dream are quickly fading away given the changing fortunes of the average American.
- Is the “American Dream” still alive? It is a dream for immigrants from the Middle East to be in America; a country where discrimination is history and where no one will prevent them from achieving their dreams in life.
- Is the American Dream Still Alive? The American Dream can be defined as a summation of national values entrenched in the culture of the United States. In this regard, the minority groups in the United States are often on the receiving […]
- Francis Scott Fitzgerald & His American Dream In the novel “Tender is the Night,” Fitzgerald describes the society in Riviera where he and his family had moved to live after his misfortune of late inheritance.
- Portrayal of the American Dream in the 20th Century Theatre However, different analysts criticized the use of the amelting pot’ in the play to show the pursuit of the American dream terming it as unrealistic in the sense that the term amelting’ creates a picture […]
- The American Dream: Negative and Positive Aspects The American dream is one of the most revered ideals of the nation and it has become a part of the American national identity.
- The reality of American dream The government encouraged the immigration of the population whose labor and skills were required in the United States. The housing in the urban was overcrowded with very unsanitary conditions, and some of the immigrants did […]
- Role of Money in the American Dream’s Concept Many people lack the meaning of the American dream because they are always looking forward to find opportunity and fail to realize that the opportunity to succeed is always around them in the work they […]
- The American Dream Negative Sides and Benefits The United States is thought of as the land of opportunity and there are many people who want to live “The American Dream”.
- The definition of the great american dream: Hearing opportunity knock Although the concept of the American Dream is very recognizable, its essence is very hard to nail down, since it incorporates a number of social, economical and financial principles; largely, the American Dream is the […]
- The American Dream in The Great Gatsby After spending some time in this neighborhood, Nick finally attends Gatsby’s exuberant parties only to realize that Gatsby organizes these parties to impress Daisy, Nick’s cousin, and wife to Tom.
- The book American dream by Jason DeParle From the name of the book, it is clear that the cardinal theme of the book is the American dream. This is contrary to the fact that she was pregnant and in a crack house.
- The concept of progress or the pursuit of the American Dream The concept of progress or the pursuit of the American Dream since 1930s has been a matter of concern for many immigrants who believe that they can achieve much in the US than in their […]
- The Dilemmas of the American Dream in The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby is a story of a young man in the early twentieth century who seems to know what he wants in the way of that dream and what to do to achieve it.
- The American Dream’s Concept The American economy is also likely to improve as a result of realizing the American dream 2013 since most of the residents are likely to indulge in productive activities as stipulated in the American dream […]
- Michelle Obama’s Remarks on American Dream She added that the main goal was to secure the blessings of liberty and to bring about the fulfillment of the promise of equality.
- Music Talent Shows and the American Dream Talent search shows, like American Idol and The Voice, have suffered a lot of criticism for different reasons. Stanley says the main reason for this cynicism is the failure of such shows to focus on […]
- “Park Avenue: Money, Power and the American Dream” It can be taken as the national ethos of the citizens of the USA. The basis of the American society is broken and it is not united anymore.
- American Dream in “The Pursuit of Happiness” Film In America today, there is a general belief that every individual is unique, and should have equal access to the American dream of life “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”.
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The book "The Great Gatsby" by F. Scott Fitzgerald was an icon of its time. The book discusses topics that were important, controversial and interesting back in 1920's America. The novel is an exploration of the American Dream as it exists in a corrupt period of history. The Great Gatsby describes the decay of the American Dream and the want for money and materialism. The 1920's were a time of corruption and the degradation of moral values for the United States. Many people believed that money could buy happiness which contributed to the destruction of the American Dream. The Great Gatsby is a highly symbolic meditation on the disintegration of the American Dream in an era of decayed social and moral values evidenced in overarching cynicism, greed, and the empty pursuit of pleasure.
Cynicism is a strong theme and throughout the novel Gatsby, Daisy, and Tom reveal themselves to Nick.
He realizes that his newfound friends are completely inept of moral and social values and they are completely self-serving individuals. This is shown by Nick uncovering that Tom is cheating on his cousin Daisy. George and Myrtle; they don't care about each other or anyone around them, solely themselves. This is summed up by Nick's opinion as he described Daisy, Tom, Jordan, and Gatsby "They were careless people - They smash up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness, or whatever it was that kept them together and let other people clean up the mess they made...(Fitzgerald, 180-181). These types of things show the cynical side of Fitzgerald's characters and how they contribute to the American Dream.
The most obvious characteristic in this novel is greed. Greed is defined to as the excessive desire to acquire or possess more (especially more...
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When mammals are born, their gastrointestinal (GI) tract is sterile.1 Within the first 24 hours of life, microbes begin to populate the GI tract. The resulting microbial population is called the GI microbiota. Evolution has led to a stable, mutually beneficial relationship between the host and these microbes.1 This relationship is complex, and we are just beginning to understand the GI microbiota and how it influences health and disease.
The microbiota is composed of living microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses, parasites, and archaea (single-celled organisms known as prokaryotes).2 The GI tract of domestic animals is home to several hundred different genera of bacteria with >1000 phylotypes. These organisms outnumber the host’s own cells by a factor of 100, totaling 1010 to 1014 (10 with 10 to 14 zeros after it!). Likewise, some genetic components (eg, DNA, mitochondria) of the microbiota exceed the host’s by 100 times or more. The collective genome of the microbiota is called the microbiome or, sometimes, the second genome.3
COMPOSITION
The microbiota is not confined to the GI tract. Every part of the body that communicates with the external world has its own microbiota, the composition of which can vary between and within various sites. For example, the skin microbiota is different from the respiratory tract microbiota, and the composition of the skin or respiratory microbiota can differ between the upper and lower respiratory tract and between the aural and the inguinal skin.3
The development of a healthy GI microbiota is critical to normal development and maintenance of health in the host, and an absence of the microbiota is incompatible with life3; however, the GI microbiota changes throughout the life of an animal, depending on factors such as species, environment, and health.3 Dietary changes can also affect the composition of the GI microbiota, with relatively small changes in dietary fiber causing significant and detectable changes in the microbiota (see Effects of Diet on the Microbiota).1 Production of metabolites by the resident microbiota is a driving force behind coevolution of the GI microbiota with the host.2 Because of this, the microbiota in any individual depends on the animal’s diet, environment, stage of life, disease state, and myriad other factors.3
The GI microbiota is one of the densest microbial populations on the planet, and alterations to it have been associated with various diseases for some time. Its composition is viewed as a moving target, with some general aspects being understood, but details remaining unclear.3
Bacteria
Historically, the assessment of the bacterial microbiota relied heavily on bacterial culture. This method of identification has some serious limitations because a large percentage of the microbiota consists of bacteria that do not grow under conventional culture conditions, leading to an underestimation of the true bacterial numbers and diversity of species. Culture is also limited in that it is impractical for detection of a single species in billions of bacteria.3
Molecular methods for bacterial identification continue to evolve, allowing assessment of complex microbial populations and generating massive amounts of data.3 DNA gene sequencing through polymerase chain reaction allows better assessment of the true bacterial populations in the GI tract, but it is still only available through large research labs.
Oxygen requirement is one of the biggest determinants of the microbiota. The differing oxygen levels present in the stomach, small intestine, and colon lead to different bacterial populations in each area. Aerobic bacteria (ie, bacteria that require oxygen for growth) are part of the microbiota of small intestine, while the large intestine is populated almost exclusively by anaerobic or facultative anaerobic bacteria (ie, bacteria that do not grow well in the presence of oxygen).4
The normal canine stomach typically contains high numbers of Helicobacter bacteria colonizing the superficial mucosa, gastric glands, and parietal cells.4 The colon also contains high numbers of mucosally associated bacteria, while the healthy small and large intestine have very few bacteria in the mucosa.4 The primary bacteria found in the intestinal tract of dogs and cats are Firmacutes (~40%), Bacteroides (~30%), and Fusobacteria species (~30%).1 Specific beneficial bacterial species found in the largest amounts in dogs include Enterococcus (Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis) and lactic acid species. Beneficial species in cats include Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, and Bifidobacterium species.5
Other Components
Although bacteria account for the bulk of the microbiota, archaea, viruses, fungi, and parasites are also present. The archaea most likely play a minor role and may be present simply from environmental exposure.3 The viral microbiota is likely vast, with a combination of bacteriophages and mammalian viruses. At present, there is no easy or cost-effective way to assess this population. There have been no studies of the fungal component of the microbiota.3
BENEFITS TO HOST
A balanced microbial ecosystem is crucial to the host’s optimal health. Physiologically, the microbiota stimulates the immune system, helps in defense against invading pathogens, and provides nutritional benefits to the host (BOX 1).6
Immune System Stimulation
The immune system consists of innate and adaptive mechanisms that protect the animal from environmental pathogens.7 The innate immune system functions independently of previous exposure to organisms and includes mechanical barriers such as the skin, mucus, and epithelial linings, as well as cellular components such as macrophages and neutrophils.7 The adaptive (or acquired) immune system consists primarily of B and T lymphocytes and relies on generation of immunologic memory to recognize specific invading agents after an initial exposure.7 This memory can be acquired through transfer of antibodies from colostrum, vaccination, or infection.7 The two systems are not entirely separate but act as a continuum with much overlap in response.
Establishing a resident microbiota early in life is crucial for developing oral tolerance to normal bacterial and food antigens to prevent the onset of inappropriate immune response to these.4 This is usually accomplished through intake of colostrum during the early hours of life and through exposure to the maternal microbiota during birth, nursing, and cleaning. Animals that are born via cesarean section are not inoculated with maternal vaginal bacteria and show slower than expected immune development.5
Typically, constant exposure to the microbial and antigenic components of the GI microbiota causes no problems for the host. Immunologic intolerance of the microbiota (caused by a congenital or immune system problem) can contribute to myriad infectious and inflammatory conditions, including diseases caused by opportunistic pathogens, allergies, metabolic diseases, neoplasia, and obesity.3
Defense Against Pathogens
The GI microbiota defends the host against undesirable and pathogenic organisms by competing with them for adhesion sites and nutrients, secreting antimicrobial substances (bacteriocins), altering gut pH, assisting with GI transit time, and producing vitamins and growth factors for intestinal cells.2–6 As such, it plays a crucial part in the intestinal barrier system.
Digestion and Nutrients
The nutritional benefits of the microbiota to the host include aiding in nutrient breakdown and energy release from food; providing nutritional metabolites for enterocytes in the form of the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) propionate, butyrate, and acetate; and metabolizing drugs and other xenobiotics that otherwise cannot be absorbed by the host.2,3,5,6
The GI microbiota is also important in the normal development of physiologic gut structures, and in specific pathogen-free (germ-free) animals, mucosal architecture is altered. Changes to the microbiota may lead to altered intestinal barrier function, damage to the brush border and enterocytes, increased competition for nutrients and vitamins, and increased deconjugation of intestinal bile acids.2 Damage to the intestinal absorptive surfaces such as the brush border and enterocytes directly affects the amount of energy extracted by the host from consumed food. If the bacterial population is not ideal, the microbiota can compete with the body for vital nutrients, decreasing the amount available for the host. Some bacteria produce nutrients required by the host, such as cobalamin; if these bacteria are not present, these nutrients are not available for the host.
SCFAs produced by the microbiota provide energy directly to the intestinal cells, provide important growth factors for epithelial cells, help modulate the immune properties of the intestinal tract, inhibit pathogenic bacterial overgrowth through modulation of colon pH, and influence gastrointestinal motility.4
EFFECTS OF DIET ON THE MICROBIOTA
SCFAs are produced primarily from dietary fibers, which are defined as the edible portion of plants that is resistant to digestion by the host animal and absorption in the small intestine. Dietary fibers can be classified based on their physical or chemical characteristics and according to their effects on the bowel microflora; however, the most important characteristic for intestinal bacteria is fermentability.8 These fibers may be nonfermentable, such as cellulose and lignin; moderately fermentable, such as beet pulp, tomato pomace, and pea fiber; or highly fermentable, such as guar gum and pectin. Dietary fibers that can undergo bacterial fermentation include polysaccharides (eg, resistant starches, pectin, inulin, guar gum) and oligosaccharides (eg, fructooligosaccharides [FOS]).8 Most dietary fibers are polysaccharides, meaning they are composed of long strands of carbohydrates. The fermentability of a polysaccharide depends on the complexity of the molecule.
Fermentation (complete or partial) is performed by the resident bacteria in the distal small intestine and large intestine.8 The degree to which each fiber is fermented and the by-products produced are influenced by the structure of the carbohydrate and the individual animal’s microbiota. Utilization of most fermentable fibers is never 100%, and most natural fiber sources contain a range of carbohydrates (monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides) of varying fermentability.
Complete fermentation produces hydrogen, carbon dioxide and water; incomplete fermentation produces methane, acetone, propionate, and butyrate.8 These products create a selection advantage for the bacterial species adapted for their use; therefore, a healthy microbiota helps perpetuate an environment that is beneficial to itself.
Butyrate
Butyrate is an SCFA produced through bacterial fermentation. In most domestic species, including dogs, it is an energy source for colonocytes; in dogs, it is also used by enterocytes. Butyrate can also increase colonocyte proliferation, intestinal mucosal weight, water and electrolyte absorption, and brush border enzyme activity.8 These are all seen as positive effects from fermentable fibers in the diet.
Fibers such as FOS, inulin, and resistant starch can lead to a significant increase in the production of butyrate, while fibers found in citrus pectin, citrus pulp, beet pulp, and cellulose yield relatively low levels of butyrate.8 This difference in butyrate production is directly related to the carbon structure of the individual fibers.
Prebiotics
A fermentable dietary fiber that leads to a shift in the microbiota with a positive effect in the host animal is defined as a prebiotic. Positive effects include reduction in the mucosal adherence of pathogenic bacterial species, reduction in the numbers of pathogenic species, and immune modulation of the host.8
Certain fibers, such as FOS and inulin, can stimulate the growth and/or activity of intestinal bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species. It has been proposed that increasing the numbers of these nonpathogenic bacterial species may have the positive effects listed above.8
Ideally, prebiotics would be incorporated in the diet either as functional fibers in the ingredients or through the addition of actual vegetable products. While fiber supplements can be added to a diet, digestion is increased when the fibers are incorporated into the diet during manufacturing.4 Care must be taken to add only enough fermentable fiber to benefit the microbiota; too much fiber can cause GI distress through gas production or impaired motility. Fibers that lead to a higher concentration of butyrate in the proximal colon may have more positive effects than less fermentable sources of fiber.8 Currently, insufficient information is available to make an informed therapeutic recommendation beyond the initial introduction of mixed fermentable fiber sources, and proceeding with trial and error may be best to see which source is most effective in a particular animal.8
EMERGING MARKERS OF DYSBIOSIS
Dysbiosis refers to an imbalance in the microbiota of the animal. Maintaining a balance of the microbes is important for intestinal homeostasis, and changes in the microbiota may directly or indirectly influence the host’s metabolic pathways.6
GI disease can be caused directly by invading pathogens, but also by dysbiosis caused by opportunistic resident bacteria or by altered communication between the innate immune system and the commensal microbes living in the intestine.2 Due to the complex interactions between intestinal absorption and microbial metabolism, the exact cause of changes in serum concentrations of serum metabolites is often unknown, but a better understanding of the physiologic pathways is helpful to potentially pinpoint specific diseases.6
Cobalamin and Folate
Serum concentrations of cobalamin and folate are important, albeit indirect, markers for GI disease. The uptake of cobalamin (vitamin B12) and folate (vitamin B9) from the small intestine depends on several factors. Disorders that may affect serum cobalamin and/or folate concentrations include small intestinal inflammation, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI), and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO).
Cobalamin absorption is complex and requires a functioning GI tract. Major disorders that interfere with cobalamin uptake are EPI, distal or diffuse small intestinal inflammatory disease, and excess bacterial utilization of cobalamin in bacterial dysbiosis. Decreased absorption ultimately leads to metabolic consequences on a cellular level.6
Prebiotic A type of moderately fermentable fiber that can be used as an energy source by resident intestinal bacteria Probiotic A classification of live bacteria that are believed to confer benefits on the host when consumed Saccharides Carbohydrates, including sugars; may be made of single molecules (monosaccharides), such as lactose, sucrose, and fructose; small groups of molecules (oligosaccharides), such as fructooligosaccharides; or chains of molecules (polysaccharides), such as inulin Specific pathogen-free (germ-free) animal Animals raised under laboratory conditions to prevent colonization by many normal bacterial species and are therefore guaranteed to be free of specific pathogens that may interfere with an experiment Xenobiotic Chemical substance found within an organism that is not normally naturally produced by or expected to be present in that organism; also, substances that are present in much higher concentrations than are usual3
Prebiotic A type of moderately fermentable fiber that can be used as an energy source by resident intestinal bacteria
Probiotic A classification of live bacteria that are believed to confer benefits on the host when consumed
Saccharides Carbohydrates, including sugars; may be made of single molecules (monosaccharides), such as lactose, sucrose, and fructose; small groups of molecules (oligosaccharides), such as fructooligosaccharides; or chains of molecules (polysaccharides), such as inulin
Specific pathogen-free (germ-free) animal Animals raised under laboratory conditions to prevent colonization by many normal bacterial species and are therefore guaranteed to be free of specific pathogens that may interfere with an experiment
Xenobiotic Chemical substance found within an organism that is not normally naturally produced by or expected to be present in that organism; also, substances that are present in much higher concentrations than are usual3
Dietary folate is typically poorly absorbable. In dogs, the receptors responsible for folate uptake are located exclusively in the proximal small intestine. Therefore, increased serum folate concentrations can be seen with proliferation of folate-producing bacteria in proximal SIBO, but not in SIBO of the distal small intestine (ie, ileum) or large intestine. In contrast, diffuse inflammation in the proximal GI tract may lead to damage of folate receptors and decreased serum folate concentrations.6
Bile Acids
Another important pathway that can be altered in GI disease is bile acid metabolism. Changes in intestinal bile acid metabolism have been implicated as an important factor in intestinal inflammation in human IBD patients as well as Clostridium difficile infection6; so far, these changes have not been studied in veterinary medicine. Unconjugated bile acids are toxic to epithelial cells, which may result in increased intestinal permeability from cellular damage. Altered bile acid profiles can lead to changes in fat absorption from the small intestine. Altered serum unconjugated bile acids have also been associated with altered small intestinal microbiota in dogs.6
D-Lactate
A recent study has shown an increased serum D-lactate concentration in cats with various GI diseases. D-lactate is not normally found in any appreciable quantities in serum from mammals. The increase in serum D-lactate in cats with GI disease is possibly due to disturbances in the intestinal microbiota and increased bacterial production of D-lactate. An increase in D-lactate levels has been shown to lead to neurologic signs in some cats.6
CONCLUSION
Associations between the intestinal microbiota and health or disease must be interpreted for what they are: associations and not necessarily causation.3 Separating causation and association can be difficult, particularly when there may be different influences on the disease process and microbiota, including differences in diet.3
As we learn more about the composition and function of the microbiota, we will also need to address ways to keep this population as healthy and happy as the host it inhabits. The microbiota plays an important role in the development, immune regulation, and maintenance of health for all animals.3
- Middlebos IS, Vester Boler BM, Qu A, et al. Phylogenetic characterization of fecal microbial communities of dogs fed diets with or without supplemental dietary fiber using 454 pyrosequencing. PLOS One 2010;5(3):e9768. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009768. Accessed September 2017.
- Suchodolski JS. The GI microbiome in domestic animals – contributions to health and disease. ACVIM Proc 2015.
- Weese JS. The gut microbiota: can we predict and prevent gastrointestinal disease? ACVIM Proc 2015.
- Suchodolski JS, Simpson K. Canine gastrointestinal microbiome in health and disease. Vet Focus 2013;23(2):22-28.
- Weese JS. Beneficial bacteria: primer on probiotics and GI health. Nutramax Laboratories Quick Course handout. Available from researchgate.net/publication/287906095_Beneficial_bacteria_A_primer_on_probiotics_and_GI_halth.
- Suchodolski JS. Metabolic consequences of gut dysbiosis and inflammation. ACVIM Proc 2015.
- Wolowczuk I, Verwaerde C, Viltart O, et al. Feeding our immune systems: impact on metabolism. Clin Dev Immunol 2008:639803. doi: 10.1155/2008/639803
- Cave N. Nutritional management of gastrointestinal diseases. In: Fascetti A, Delany SJ, eds. Applied Veterinary Clinical Nutrition. Ames, IA: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing; 2012:177-182.
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https://todaysveterinarynurse.com/articles/the-gastrointestinal-microbiota-an-introduction/
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Everything we eat and drink passes through the gut along the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It seems simple enough, but the GI tract, lined with a thin mucous, is embedded with 100’s of trillions of microorganisms that live, grow, and metabolize in what’s considered a complex ecosystem, called the gut microbiome. Your gut microbiome makes up 80% of your immune system and contains 10x more bacterial cells, both beneficial and harmful, than human cells. Everyone’s gut microbiome is different and is as unique as each individual’s fingerprint. Altogether, these microbes may weigh as much as 2–5 pounds, which is roughly the weight of your brain. Together, they function as an extra organ in your body and play a huge role in your health.
Most of us are familiar with the term “Gut-brain axis”. The gut-brain axis is believed to be a bidirectional communication between your gut and the brain, which occurs through multiple pathways that include hormonal, neural, and immune mediators. Your gut bacteria impacts many different key aspects of your health, including how your brain responds to stress (Gut-brain axis), how well your body can digest certain carbohydrates, the health of your immune system, how you store fat, and much, much more. If your gut microbiome is disrupted, it can cause dysbiosis*—which leads to chronic illness.
*dysbiosis – an imbalance between healthy and unhealthy microbes present in a person’s natural microflora, especially that of the gut, thought to contribute to a range of conditions of ill health.
This brings us to the question of: What Exactly Does the Gut Microbiome Do Within Our Body?
● Maintains Gastrointestinal (GI) Motility
Gut microbes support digesting and moving food through the GI tract by regulating neurotransmission throughout the enteric nervous system of the gut. The microbiome and GI motility have a symbiotic relationship. If the microbiome is altered it can impact motility and issues with motility can also impact the microbiome.
● Supports Gut Barrier Integrity
Gut microbes help stimulate the cells that make up the lining of the intestines and regulate the proteins that bind cells in the intestine together. They also boost the development of a type of tissue found exclusively in the gut that assist with immunity called gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT).
● Competes with Pathogens
Gut microbes compete with pathogens for colonization in the human gut; the healthier the microbiota is, the lower the risk of gut infections.
● Produces Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFA)
Gut bacteria produce SCFA which have multiple beneficial functions. Two key functions of SCFAs are digestion and anti-inflammatory effects.
● Synthesizes Vitamins
Gut bacteria synthesize a selection of important nutrients such as vitamins K2, B12, folate, and thiamine.
Bottom line: The gut microbiome affects the body from birth and throughout life by controlling the digestion of food, immune system, central nervous system and other bodily processes.
What can happen if your Gut Microbiome is Imbalanced?
Because the functions of a healthy gut microbiome are so diverse, any number of symptoms can appear due to dysbiosis*.
● Compromised Immune System
Metabolites of beneficial gut bacteria, such as SCFA promote the development of a robust immune system. Gut dysbiosis may impair the immune response, increasing the likelihood of GI infections and respiratory infections.
● Allergies
Your gut bacteria are responsible for “teaching” your immune system how to tolerate proteins in food and environmental allergens such as pollen. When the gut microbiota is disrupted, this teaching process is impaired and the body has a negative reaction to allergens, resulting in food and environmental allergies.
● Autoimmunity
In addition to influencing autoimmune diseases directly linked to the gut, such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, we know from emerging research that the gut microbiota also affects the development of non-intestinal autoimmune disorders, including lupus, multiple sclerosis, and type 1 diabetes.
● Bone Health
Two of the underlying causes of skeletal issues, such as osteoporosis, are inflammation and nutrient deficiencies. By regulating the body’s inflammatory balance, gut microbes can either promote or inhibit bone loss. A healthy gut microbiome also enhances the absorption of critical bone-building nutrients, including vitamins D and K2, calcium, and magnesium.
● Brain Function
The gut microbiome influences the brain and neurobehavior via the gut–brain axis, a network of neurons and signaling molecules linking the enteric nervous system of the gut with the central nervous system. Disruptions of the gut microbiome are implicated in anxiety, depression and neurodegenerative diseases.
● Heart Disease
Heart Disease is the leading cause of death worldwide!
Gut dysbiosis causes bacteria to move from the gut into the bloodstream, initiating an inflammatory response that triggers the growth and build-up of arterial plaque (atherosclerosis), which can cause heart attack and stroke.
● Type 1 and 2 Diabetes
Gut dysbiosis is highly associated with insulin dysfunction in type 1 diabetes. Studies show that children with type 1 diabetes have lower levels of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium (healthy bacterias) compared to children without diabetes. Gut microbes may promote type 1 diabetes by inducing a pro-inflammatory immune response that damages insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells.
The gut microbiome also plays a critical role in type 2 diabetes. Several studies have shown that opportunistic pathogens are increased while microbes that produce a beneficial compound with an anti-inflammatory effect are decreased in type 2 diabetes. The resulting gut dysbiosis allows harmful bacteria into circulation inducing chronic inflammation, an important underlying cause of type 2 diabetes.
● Gastrointestinal Health
Not surprisingly, gut microbes play crucial roles in the development and progression of GI disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
In IBS, there is an abundance of pro-inflammatory bacteria such as Enterobacteriaceae and reduced levels of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium.
● Obesity
Dysbiosis* may promote obesity by increasing the amount of calories obtained from the diet, by promoting inflammation, increasing appetite, and inflaming the nervous system, leading to overeating.
How do you keep your gut healthy?
Our microbiome is influenced on a daily basis by our food and lifestyle choices, chronic stress, antibiotic use, infections, and toxins. An imbalance in our microbiome, or dysbiosis*, has been implicated in countless chronic health conditions. Making lifestyle and dietary modifications is key in restoring our gut health and function which directly correlates to improving our immune system and minimizing inflammation.
1. Eat a Diverse Range of Foods
As previously stated, there are hundreds of species of bacteria in your intestines. Each species plays a different role in your health and requires different nutrients for growth. Generally speaking, a diverse microbiota is considered to be a healthy one. This is because the more species of bacteria you have, the greater number of health benefits they may be able to contribute to. A diet consisting of different food types can lead to a diverse microbiota!
2. Eat Lots of Vegetables, Legumes, Beans and Fruit
Vegetables, fruit, beans and legumes are the best sources of nutrients for a healthy microbiota. They are high in fiber which can’t be digested by your body, but can be digested by certain bacteria in your gut, which stimulates the growth of healthy gut bacteria. Some high-fiber foods that are good for your gut bacteria include:
● Raspberries
● Artichokes
● Green peas
● Broccoli
● Chickpeas
● Lentils
● Beans (kidney, pinto and white)
Apples, artichokes, blueberries, almonds and pistachios can all increase a beneficial bacteria called Bifidobacteria in humans. Bifidobacteria can help prevent GI inflammation.
3. Eat Fermented Foods
The process of fermenting usually involves bacteria or yeasts converting the sugars in food to organic acids or alcohol. Examples of fermented foods include:
● Yogurt
● Kimchi
● Sauerkraut
● Kefir
● Tempeh
Many of these foods are rich in lactobacilli, a type of bacteria that can benefit your health.
4. Don’t Eat too Many Artificial Sweeteners
Artificial Sweeteners are commonly used as low calorie replacements for sugar. Studies show that they can negatively impact gut bacteria.
5. Eat Prebiotic Foods
Prebiotics are foods that promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut, especially Bifidobacteria.
They are mainly fiber or complex carbs that can’t be digested by human cells. Instead, certain species of bacteria break them down and use them for fuel. Many fruits, vegetables and whole grains contain prebiotics, but they can also be found on their own. A few examples of prebiotic foods include:
● Garlic
● Onions
● Asparagus
● Bananas
● Leeks
6. Eat Whole Grains
Whole grains contain lots of fiber and non-digestible carbs. These carbs are not absorbed in the small intestine and instead make their way to the large intestine. In the large intestine, they are broken down by the microbiota and promote the growth of certain beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli.
7. Eat a Plant-Based Diet
Diets containing plant-based foods promote the growth of different types of intestinal bacteria than animal-based diets do. A number of studies have shown that vegetarian diets may benefit the gut microbiota. This may be due to their higher fiber contents.
8. Eat Foods Rich in Polyphenols
Polyphenols are plant compounds that have many health benefits, including reductions in blood pressure, inflammation, cholesterol levels and oxidative stress. Polyphenols can’t always be digested by human cells and make their way to the colon, where they can be digested by gut bacteria.
Good sources of polyphenols include:
● Cocoa and dark chocolate
● Red wine
● Grape skins
● Green tea
● Almonds
● Onions
● Blueberries
● Broccoli
To conclude, take care of your gut and it will take care of everything for you. Eat a clean, healthy, plant based diet loaded with nutrients that support your gut health. It is never too late to start eating healthy. If you suffer from dysbiosis and gut problems and need help, I would suggest working with a practitioner who specializes in gut health to manage your specific concerns.
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https://www.nourishingexpert.com/how-does-our-gut-microbiome-play-a-role-in-our-immunity/
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Constipation is the most common digestive problem. According to epidemiological studies, this problem affects 20-40% of adults in the world. Constipation, due to its recurrent nature, significantly reduces the quality of life. So how do you counteract constipation?
1. Risk factors for constipation
Constipation is defined as less than 3 bowel movements per week, with hard stool consistency . In addition, it is accompanied by the following symptoms: increased pressure and a feeling of incomplete bowel movement.
Factors that affect constipation include:
- female,
- age over 65,
- diet low in fiber ,
- irregular nutrition
- stopping stools,
- insufficient fluid supply,
- taking medication (morphine, antihypertensive, diuretic, antifungal, ibuprofen, ranitidine, omeprazole, iron, calcium),
- mental disorders ( anxiety , depression , stress ),
- gastrointestinal diseases – intestinal cancers ,
- hypothyroidism ,
- diabetes .
In addition, constipation is conducive to climate change during travel and pregnancy.
2. Management of constipation
To start with, you need to change your lifestyle. You should eat properly balanced meals at least 3 times a day, use a high-residual diet with a lot of fiber and drink at least 3 liters of water a day. In addition, you should avoid dazzling products, which include:
- sweets (jelly, creams, halva, cakes, pies),
- Cocoa, Chocolate,
- white flour bread (fresh light rolls),
- groats and macaroni (semolina, white rice, rice flakes, wheat flour pasta),
- sour cream,
- black berries,
- peas, beans, broad beans , cabbage, cauliflower,
- coffee,
- strong tea
- hot drinks.
In addition, you should increase physical activity and enrich your diet with products containing probiotics (natural yogurt, kefir, buttermilk) and prebiotics (bananas).
The following medicines are used to treat constipation:
- increasing stool volume – fiber, plantain,
- osmotic – magnesium sulfate , sorbitol,
- stool softening – paraffin oil,
- irritating to the digestive tract – castor oil, buckthorn bark, glycerin,
Of these, fiber-containing preparations are the safest . These are substances of plant origin that are not digested and absorbed in the digestive system. Insoluble fiber fractions (cellulose, lignins), by binding water, increase stool mass, reduce intestinal transit time and reduce intestinal pressure. In turn, intestinal soluble fractions (pectins) take the form of a gel, limiting passage.
Thanks to this, a larger amount of bile acids and fats reach the large intestine, which are transformed by intestinal bacteria into laxative substances. In addition, water-soluble fiber stimulates the growth of intestinal bacteria, enhances fermentation and thereby increases stool mass.
Recently, a preparation from the Japanese plant – Konjac-mannan appeared on the market. Glucomannan, which is a polymer of glucose and mannose, has a positive effect on the rhythm of bowel movements by improving intestinal motility, reduces the retention time of fecal masses and facilitates their excretion.
Often people suffering from constipation use laxatives. However, this is not a good idea, because these preparations make the intestines lazy, causing a vicious circle, and make the bowel habits dependent on their intake.
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http://www.kiambutownshipsec.com/how-to-deal-with-constipation/
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Probiotic bacteria favorably alter the intestinal microflora balance, inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria and yeast colonies, promote good digestion, boost immune function, and increase resistance to infection.
People with flourishing intestinal colonies of beneficial bacteria are better equipped to fight the growth of disease-causing bacteria. Prebiotics are soluble fibers that stimulate the growth and activity of beneficial flora.
Syntol contains inulin as its prebiotic which is completely resistant to bodily digestion, able to pass safely through the stomach and into the intestine where it stimulates the growth of probiotics and bifidobacteria by fermenting and creating the ideal conditions for microflora colonization.
The enzyme yeast cleanse is beneficial for the breaking down of dead and decaying yeast. This allows the body to remove the toxic yeast before it has a chance to ferment and release chemicals such as formaldehyde that are known to cause uncomfortable detox symptoms.
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https://www.spectrumsupplements.eu/supplement/syntol-90-capsules/
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Why Is There Bacteria In The Large Intestine?
The human large intestine contains a microbiota, the components of which are generically complex and metabolically diverse. Its primary function is to salvage energy from carbohydrate not digested in the upper gut.
Why is there a lot of bacteria in the large intestine?
Causes of such disruptions include stress, alcohol, holidays, poor diet and taking antibiotics (which kill good bacteria as well as bad ones so can seriously disrupt your balance). There are more bacteria in your large intestine than there are humans on this planet.
Why do we have bacteria in our intestines?
It turns out our bodies are already loaded with trillions of bacteria. They help digest food and play an important role in your well-being. Research suggests your gut bacteria are tied to your probability of things like diabetes, obesity, depression, and colon cancer.
What bacteria is found in the large intestine?
The main types of bacteria in the colon are obligate anaerobes, and the most abundant bacteria are members of the genus Bacteroides, anaerobic gram-positive cocci, such as Peptostreptococcus sp., Eubacterium sp., Lactobacillus sp., and Clostridium sp.
What are the benefits of having millions of bacteria in your large intestine?
The gut microbiome plays a very important role in your health by helping control digestion and benefiting your immune system and many other aspects of health. An imbalance of unhealthy and healthy microbes in the intestines may contribute to weight gain, high blood sugar, high cholesterol and other disorders.
How much bacteria is in the large intestine?
In contrast, the large intestine normally contains a luxuriant microflora with total concentrations of 1011 bacteria/g of stool (Fig. 95-1). Anaerobes such as Bacteroides, anaerobic streptococci, and clostridia outnumber facultative anaerobes such as E coli by a factor of 1,000.
Are there bacteria in small intestine?
The small intestine is where food mixes with digestive juices and nutrients are absorbed into your bloodstream. Unlike your large intestine (colon), your small intestine normally has relatively few bacteria due to rapid flow of contents and the presence of bile.
What is the function of the large intestine?
By the time partially digested foodstuffs reach the end of the small intestine (ileum), about 80% of the water content has been absorbed. The colon absorbs most of the remaining water.
Why are bacteria in the human intestines beneficial quizlet?
The presence of the microbiota and the substances it produces help maintain the mucosal layer that lines the intestine and serves as a barrier, modulate the amount of inflammation in the gut, and prevent the growth of disease-causing bacteria.
How many bacteria are in the intestine?
About 100 trillion bacteria, both good and bad, live inside your digestive system. Collectively, they’re known as the gut microbiota.
What are three diseases caused by bacteria?
Other serious bacterial diseases include cholera, diphtheria, bacterial meningitis, tetanus, Lyme disease, gonorrhea, and syphilis.
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https://lastfiascorun.com/africa/why-is-there-bacteria-in-the-large-intestine.html
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There are 40 trillion bacteria that reside in your body. The majority of them reside in your digestive tract.
Collectively, they’re referred to as the microbiome of your gut, and they’re vital for overall well-being. However, certain kinds of bacteria in your intestines may contribute to various diseases.
Various factors, such as the food you consume, can affect the bacteria in your digestive tract.
Let’s read the best things for your gut health.
9 Best Things for Your Gut Health
Here are the nine best things for your gut health based on science to boost your gut health.
#1. Explore a Wide Range of Meals
A myriad of bacteria resides in your intestines, each that plays a particular function in your health and requires specific nutrients for growth.
A varied microbiome is deemed to be healthy. The reason is that the more varieties of bacteria you can have, the more excellent health benefits they might be capable of contributing.
A varied diet that includes a variety of kinds of food can result in an increased diversity of biome.
The traditional Western diet is not that varied and is awash in sugar and fat. In reality, it is estimated that 75 percent of the world’s food comes from only 12 animal and five plant varieties.
But, the diets of particular rural areas are typically more varied and richer in various plants.
This is why some studies have demonstrated that the diversity of gut microbiomes is significantly higher among people living in rural regions of Africa and South America than in people who live in urban areas of Europe and those in the United States.
Summary
A varied diet rich in whole food sources can result in a varied microbiome, which is advantageous to your overall health.
#2. Take A Large Number of Legumes, Vegetable Beans, Fruits, and Vegetables
Fruits and vegetables are among the top sources of nutrients to maintain an enlightened microbiome.
They’re rich in fiber which the body isn’t able to process. But, some bacteria within your gut can take in fiber, stimulating these bacteria’ growth.
The legumes and beans also contain significant amounts of fiber.
Certain high-fiber food items that are beneficial to your gut bacteria are:
- Raspberries
- Artichokes
- Green Peas
- Broccoli
- Chickpeas
- Lentils
- Beans
- Whole Grains
- Bananas
- Apples
One study revealed that a diet plan high in vegetables and fruits stopped the growth of certain bacteria that cause disease. Do you know what is the best fruit for Gut Health? Read here; Best Fruit for Gut Health.
Apples, artichokes, blueberries, almonds, pistachios, and blueberries are also known to boost Bifidobacteria in humans.
Bifidobacteria is a beneficial bacteria because they can help reduce intestinal inflammation and improve the gut’s overall health.
Summary
Many vegetables and fruits contain a lot of fiber. Fiber is a key ingredient in developing gut-friendly bacteria, including specific varieties like Bifidobacteria. You may also read about the Best Foods for Gut Health and Digestion.
#3. Consume Fermented Foods
Fermented foods have undergone fermentation, a process by which the sugars they contain are broken into smaller pieces by bacteria or yeast.
Examples of fermented foods include:
- Yogurt
- Kimchi
- Sauerkraut
- Kefir
- Kombucha
- Tempeh
Many of these food items are high in lactobacilli, an encapsulated type of bacteria that may benefit your health.
Research has shown that people who consume a lot of yogurts have more lactobacilli within their intestines. Also, they have fewer Enterobacteriaceae, which is a type of bacterium which is associated with inflammation as well as various chronic illnesses.
Similar to this, several studies have demonstrated that eating yogurt may improve the intestinal microbiome and lessen signs of intolerance to lactose.
Additionally, yogurt can aid in the functioning of the microbiome and its composition. You may also read here; Is Yogurt Good for Gut Health? Amazing Facts Revealed 2022
However, most yogurts, including flavor-based yogurts, have large sugar levels. So, it’s better to go with plain unsweetened yogurt or flavor-based yogurts with little added sugar. It is made solely of bacteria, and milk mixtures, sometimes referred to as “starter cultures.”
In addition, for the benefits of gut health, make sure the label says “contains live active cultures.”
In addition, fermented soybean milk could encourage the development of beneficial bacteria, for example, Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, and decrease the amount of other bad strains. Kimchi could also improve the gut colon.
Summary
Fermented foods, such as plain yogurt benefit the microbiome by increasing its functions and decreasing the number of harmful bacteria in the digestive tract. You may also read the List of Fermented Foods for Gut Health.
#4. Consume Prebiotic Food Items
Prebiotics are foods that help promote the growth of beneficial bacteria within the gut.
They are mostly fiber or complex carbohydrates that our cells can’t digest. Instead, bacteria of certain species within the gut break them down to make them into fuel.
Many vegetables, fruits, and whole grains have prebiotics. They are also available on their own.
Resistant starch is also prebiotic. This kind of starch is not absorbed into the small intestine. It is then passed through the large intestine, where microbiota breaks it down.
Numerous studies have proven that prebiotics may encourage the growth of beneficial bacteria. This includes Bifidobacteria.
Specific prebiotics has been found to decrease insulin, triglyceride, and cholesterol levels among people suffering from obesity. This could help prevent diseases like heart disease or Type 2 Diabetes.
Summary
Prebiotics can encourage the growth of beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacteria. Certain studies suggest that prebiotics can lower the risk factors associated with specific health issues by reducing amounts of insulin, triglycerides, and cholesterol.
#5. Consume Whole Grains
Whole grains are loaded with carbohydrates that are not digestible, like beta-glucan. These carbohydrates are not digested in the small intestine but instead travel into the large intestine to encourage the development of beneficial bacteria within the gut.
Research indicates that whole grains could encourage the development of Bifidobacteria Lactobacilli, Bifidobacteria, and Bacteroidetes in humans. In these research studies, whole grains also enhanced feelings of fullness and reduced inflammation and cardiovascular risk factors.
Keep in mind that research has shown that gluten-rich grains — like barley, wheat and rye could have adverse effects on the health of your gut by increasing inflammation and permeability in specific individuals.
Although this is mostly the case for people with celiac disease or gluten sensitivity, further research is required to establish whether eating grains containing gluten can change the gut microbiome for healthy adults who do not have these health conditions.
Summary
Whole grains contain non-digestible carbs, which can encourage the development of beneficial bacteria in your gut’s microbiome. These changes to gut flora could enhance certain aspects of metabolic health. You may also read; Is Oatmeal Good for Gut Health? Surprising Facts Revealed 2022.
#6. If You Can Feed Your Baby for At Least Six Months
The microbiome of babies develops appropriately from the time of birth. However, research suggests infants may be exposed to certain bacteria before birth.
The infant’s microbiome continues to develop in the first two days of their life. It is awash in beneficial Bifidobacteria that can break down the sugars in breast milk.
Numerous studies have revealed that infants fed formula have a different microbiome and have fewer Bifidobacteria than infants fed breastmilk.
Additionally, it is associated with lower levels of allergies or obesity, as well as other health issues that could be caused by variations in gut microbiota.
Summary
Breastfeeding can help a baby build a healthy microbiome which can help prevent certain diseases later in life.
Read More:
Best Probiotic for Vaginal and Gut Health: An Ultimate Guide 2022
#7. Get a Plant-based Diet
Foods derived from animals encourage the growth of various intestinal bacteria, whereas those based on plant foods do.
Numerous studies have proven that eating vegetarian foods can benefit the gut microbiome. This could be due to their fiber amount.
For instance, a tiny 2013 study showed that a vegetarian diet leads to lower levels of bacteria that cause disease in obese people and a decrease in body fat, inflammation, and levels of cholesterol.
A review from 2019 found that plants are rich in particular nutrients that increase the number of beneficial bacteria as well as reduce bacteria that cause harm to improve the health of your gut.
It is unclear whether the positive effects of an all vegetarian diet on the gut microbiome are due to reduced meat consumption or if other factors could be involved.
Summary
Vegan and vegetarian diets can enhance the microbiome. It is unclear what the benefits these diets bring can be explained by a deficiency of meat consumption or other factors that could be responsible.
#8. Eat Foods Rich in Polyphenols
Polyphenols are plant-based compounds with numerous health benefits, such as reductions in inflammation, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and oxygenating stress.
Human cells can’t always digest polyphenols. Since they’re not absorbed in a streamlined manner, most polyphenols make their way into the colon. Bacteria process them from the gut.
A few examples of foods that are rich in polyphenols include:
- Dark Chocolate and Cocoa
- Red Wine
- Grape Skins
- Green Tea
- Almonds
- Onions
- Blueberries
- Broccoli
Polyphenols in cocoa may increase the quantity of Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in humans and decrease the amount of Clostridia.
In addition, these changes to the microbiome can be linked to lower triglycerides and C-reactive protein levels, which is a sign of inflammation.
The polyphenols present in red wine exhibit similar effects. They have increased the quantities of healthy bacteria among people suffering from metabolic disorders.
Summary
Polyphenols cannot be efficiently digested by human cells. However, they are quickly eliminated by the microbiota of the gut. They could improve aspects of health related to inflammation and heart disease.
#9. Intensify Your Intake of Probiotics
Probiotics are live microorganisms, typically bacteria that offer specific health benefits when consumed.
Probiotics do not permanently colonize the intestinal tract in the majority of cases. However, they can improve your health by altering the microbiome’s composition and assisting in metabolic processes.
A study review of 63 revealed mixed evidence on probiotics’ efficacy when changing the microbiome. The researchers also noted that the most effective results were restoring the microbiome to an optimal state after damage.
However, certain studies have proven that probiotics enhance the function of specific gut bacteria and the types of chemical compounds they produce.
You can boost your intake of probiotics by eating more probiotic-rich food items, such as fermented foods such as kimchi sauerkraut, kefir, and yogurt.
Alternately, you could think about probiotic supplements. But, make sure you consult your physician before beginning any supplementation, particularly when you’re taking other medications or have underlying medical conditions.
Summary
Probiotics can boost microbiome functioning and bring the microbiome back into good health for those suffering from particular health conditions.
The most important thing is the bottom line.
The bacteria in your gut are crucial to various aspects of your health.
Numerous studies have revealed that a weakened microbiome could result in a myriad of chronic illnesses.
The best method to maintain an enviable microbiome is by eating an assortment of fresh, whole foods from plant sources such as vegetables, fruits, and legumes. Beans, legumes as well as whole grain. You may also read, ‘Are Beans Good for Gut Health?’
One thing
Take a look today. Foods that ferment are highly nutritious and are an excellent method to spice up your diet and improve the health of your digestive system. Consider substituting the milk for kefir in smoothies, using miso as a base to make sauces and soups, and adding tempeh to your stir-fry recipes!
Read More:
Biotics 8 Review: SCAM or A Legit Probiotic for Men?
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A new study shows that bacteria in the intestinal microbiota can influence the immune system and hinder bone growth after puberty.
The bacteria that colonize our intestines can affect our health in many ways from depression and anxiety to arterial health. Gut bacteria can actually regulate our biological functions, including those of the skeleton. Researchers at South Carolina Medical University have studied the influence of certain bacteria, segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB), on the development of the post-pubertal skeleton. Their results, published in the Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Plus, show that these bacteria increase the response of immune cells in the intestine and liver. This disrupts the accumulation of bone mass.
Read Also: Researchers at Baylor College of Medicine Discover How to Improve Bone Repair
“This is the first known report to show that within the complex gut microbiome, specific microbes have the capacity to affect normal skeletal growth and maturation,” said Chad M. Novince, D.D.S., lead author of the study. He and his team are focusing on the development of the post-pubertal skeleton. During this time, a person’s bone mass increases by 40%. To analyze the effects of segmented filamentous bacteria on skeletal health, the researchers worked on mice with a defined microbiota. One group of mice had segmented filamentous bacteria and the other group was missing them. The composition of the bone is based on the balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts are involved in bone formation and osteoclasts are involved in bone resorption, which is necessary to maintain bone strength. “SFB colonization caused a shift in both sides of the axis: the osteoclast activity went up, and the osteoblast activity went down, which is detrimental to the skeleton.” Professor Novince said.
Read Also: HGH Is Now A Solid Treatment For Osteoporosis According To Studies
In addition, the researchers found that the presence of segmented filamentous bacteria stimulates liver immunity. In particular, they increase the immune factors produced in the liver. One of these factors is lipocalin-2, which influences bone metabolism. These results show that the filamentous, segmented bacteria not only have effects on the intestine but also on the liver, which influences bone metabolism.
Modification of the microbiome to maintain bone mass
“If we can avoid colonization or degrade specific microbes, such as segmented filamentous bacteria from the microbiome, there is a clinical potential to optimize the accumulation of bone mass during the development of the postpubertal skeleton,” predicts Chad Novince. The majority of a person’s bone mass accumulates during adolescence and after puberty.
As a person gets older, he or she slowly starts to lose bone mass, with the risk of fractures or osteoporosis. Modulation of the content of segmented filamentous bacteria can reduce the risks of aging. For example, it is already known that diet, probiotics, and antibiotics have important effects on the composition of the microbiota.
References
https://asbmr.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jbm4.10338
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You have just been told that the abdominal pain, bloating and discomfort you have been experiencing for some time now is due to small intestinal bacterial overgrowth or SIBO, as it is often referred to. You are relieved that you have a diagnosis and want to do whatever you can to recover from SIBO as quickly as possible. But you are confused and have a couple of questions like what is SIBO? What causes SIBO? And what can you do to cure SIBO naturally? These questions are the right approach to understanding and treating SIBO so you can get rid of the unpleasant symptoms and get back to feeling normal again. So let's get started by answering these questions and figure out how to treat SIBO naturally.
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), as the name indicates, is when there is excessive growth of bacteria in the small intestine. The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is home to many microorganisms and while there are some bacteria present in the small intestine, most of them reside in the large intestine or colon. These microorganisms, also known as microflora or microbiota, play a vital role in your health such as fermenting fiber and other foods not digested in the small intestine. They also help in the absorption of some minerals, production of some vitamins, and supporting the immune system. (1) Any change in GI microbiota has a negative impact on overall health, but especially on the health of the GI tract. One such change in the gut microflora causes SIBO, which is an overgrowth of the bacteria in the small intestine. Which brings us to the next questions, how and why did this happen?
There are several antibacterial measures in place in the digestive system that prevent growth of bacteria in the small intestine starting with the acidic gastric juices in the stomach that destroy bacteria from ingested food and drink. If any bacteria survive the acidic conditions of the stomach and they move on into the small intestine, they are killed by any one of the antibacterial mechanisms in place in the small intestine. These include actions of pancreatic enzymes, bile, and the intestinal immune system. In addition, normal movement of the small intestine called peristalsis prevents bacteria from sticking to the intestinal walls, while the ileocecal valve allows the passage of undigested foods into the large intestine but prevents the contents of the large intestine from reentering the small intestine.
As you can see, there is a whole system in place to keep GI microflora in their respective place. However, this also means that if any of these processes fails, it can result in microbial dysbiosis or an imbalance of microorganisms in the intestines, which can cause bacteria from the large intestine to move into the small intestine. (2,3)
There are also some other ways that SIBO can develop. This includes regular intake of antacids that decrease production of gastric acids in the stomach and create an environment that encourages growth of bacteria. Use of antibiotics can also disrupt the natural balance of beneficial bacteria in the GI tract. Furthermore, risk of developing SIBO may increase in people who have diabetes, Crohn's disease, celiac, diverticulosis, lupus, or HIV. (4)
With any one of these reasons, what you end up with is having the wrong kind of bacteria in the wrong place. While these bacteria are helpful in the large intestine, they can create havoc when they start growing in the small intestine. Overgrowth of these bacteria in the small intestine results in the development of SIBO and a wide range of symptoms linked to gastrointestinal disturbances.
Now that bacteria are in the small intestine, they feed off the nutrients that are supposed to be available for use in the body. This allows unchecked growth of unwanted bacteria in the small intestine. Here, they can damage intestinal walls and affect production of digestive enzymes that can lead to malabsorption and loss of nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats and vitamins. (2) Additionally, bacteria ferment short chain carbohydrates in the small intestine producing gases like hydrogen, methane and carbon dioxide, which are responsible for some of the most common symptoms associated with SIBO – bloating, flatulence, abdominal pain and distension. (3) But symptoms of SIBO are not limited and some are similar to those experienced by patients suffering from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). (3,4,5)
SIBO is a complex condition to be completely free of. That is not to say it cannot be done but be prepared that it will take time, patience, and a can-do attitude. There are several steps that you need to take that will not only help treat SIBO but may also prevent a relapse. These include proper measures to eliminate bad bacteria, restore proper gut flora, and making lifestyle as well as dietary changes to help you treat SIBO naturally.
One of the best ways to eliminate overgrown bacteria in the small intestine is to starve them by not eating foods that encourage their growth. This means staying away from foods rich in fermentable carbohydrates that the bacteria thrive on. The overgrown bacteria ferment these carbohydrates in the small intestine, releasing gases such as hydrogen and methane in the process that cause bloating and abdominal distension.
A low-FODMAP diet, meaning a diet low in Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides and Polyols may be helpful in decreasing symptoms of SIBO by starving the bacteria. The low-FODMAP diet is carried out in three phases.
In the first phase, try to eliminate all fermentable carbohydrates from your diet for 2 to 6 weeks, after which, in the second phase, you can slowly reintroduce these foods in the following 6 to 8 weeks.
Get the SIBO Food Plan for Free Here
It is important to make note of foods that do not cause any of the adverse effects associated with SIBO. In the third and last phase, you can include foods that were well-tolerated in phase two as part of your daily diet. Foods to avoid on the low-FODMAP diet include all-time favorites like bread, cookies, cakes, milk, legumes and sweet fruits. It is best to eat lean meats, non-starchy vegetables, and green leafy vegetables that are low in total carbohydrates. (6)
Next, you need to restore your gut with good bacteria so that they can carry out functions that support digestion, nutrient absorption and a strong immune system from their rightful place, the large intestine. While taking probiotics is widely believed to help restore healthy gut bacteria, it is critical that you do not aggravate symptoms of SIBO as certain probiotics can do that. This is why we specifically use a probiotic designed without prebiotics, perfect for those with SIBO.
Dr. Zyrowski has put together a kit containing natural ingredients for the treatment of SIBO. The kit includes the same nutrients he used to reverse SIBO naturally in his own life. The natural SIBO solution includes herbs and botanicals such as oregano, olive leaf extract, ginger and turmeric in Microbe Cleanse that are natural antimicrobial agents that help inhibit growth of bacteria and reduce inflammation. Gastro pH helps restore the acidic environment in the stomach, while GI Repair aids in reducing inflammation of the gut through the action of aloe vera leaf extract, l-glutamine, licorice and arabinogalactan. Excessive bacteria in the small intestine can also cause nutrient deficiencies because they consume nutrients that were to be absorbed and used by the body. To make up for any nutrient deficiencies that can occur if you have SIBO, the SIBO Kitcontains supplements of essential vitamins and minerals to help meet needs of these nutrients.
Conclusion
It is great that you have taken the first step to learn more about SIBO. I hope you found this post helpful and that it has addressed some common questions about SIBO, its causes, and treatment options. Remember that healing SIBO is a journey that you need to start by making small changes at a time to get your gut microflora back in balance. To learn more about SIBO, you can watch Dr. Zyrowski' s video and if you would like to consult him about your struggle with SIBO, you can consult him through his Precision Nutrition program.
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https://store.nuvisionhealthcenter.com/blogs/gut-health/how-to-treat-sibo-naturally
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What is Inulin?
Inulin is a prebiotic that stimulates healthy intestinal bacteria function. Prebiotic refers to food elements that nurture useful bacteria in the colon (large intestine). Inulin is considered a fiber and is found in many common foods, including bananas, onions, asparagus, and chicory. It is also used in more concentrated form as a dietary supplement and is an ingredient in many processed foods.
What are the health benefits of Inulin?
By stimulating the growth of certain bacteria in your large intestine, Inulin helps the body to digest efficiently and especially to absorb calcium and magnesium. Inulin may also lower cholesterol and tryglicerides as well as improve immune system function. It is also appropriate for those on low-carb restricted diets.
When delivered intravenously, Inulin is used to help diagnose certain kidney problems. New research is studying Inulin’s value in helping to prevent colon cancer.
What are the guidelines for taking Inulin?
Inulin is sold in powder form. Its taste is similar to sugar and it can be mixed in beverages.
Are there any precautions for taking Inulin?
Consuming large quantities of Inulin can lead to gas and bloating.
To unlock more health secrets from the Natural Health Dictionary, download your copy for Amazon Kindle.
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Human skin and mucosa are dotted with hundreds of microorganisms. They are even larger than the human cells. Microbial diversity in the amount of 60% has a gastrointestinal tract of man.
Contents:
- 1 Good and bad bacteria
- 2 Signs and symptoms of dysbiosis in babies
- 3 Causes of dysbiosis in babies
- 4 Types of dysbiosis in babies
- 5 Diagnostics dysbiosis
- 6 Than to treat goiter baby
- 6.1 bifidobacteria and lactobacilli
- 6.2 more about prebiotics and probiotics
- 7 Preventionand correction of nutrition of nursing mothers to maintain a healthy baby microflora
Good and harmful bacteria
But in the kingdomsThe microorganism of the intestine, unfortunately, included not only the composition of beneficial bacteria, such as: bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, intestinal rods, bacteriogens-both neutral and harmful inhabitants joined in.
The life of neutral bacteria such as: peptostreptococcus, clostridia, staphylococcus, proteus, klebsiel, valyllon, does not give the body neither bad nor good. And "bad" microorganisms cause significant damage. And a happy time when the baby only came into the world and she and her mom spend time at home, may be clouded by his unexpected deterioration in health.
An important problem, which always stirs the parents of the newborn remains the state of his digestive organs. When the baby begins to restlessly behave, he has intestinal colic, constipation, hypovitaminosis, then parents begin to sound the alarm. And it is right. Because such manifestations are similar to dysbiosis.
Manifestations and symptoms of dysbiosis in infants
- The child stops recovering. He loses his weight.
- Skin changes. The skin becomes dry. Redness and peeling are noticeable. Even the corners of the lips are prone to crackling of the skin.
- There is a manifestation of allergic dermatitis, thrush or stomatitis on the mucosa.
- The appetite is reduced or not at all.
- The baby begins to suck badly. May, after the beginning of feeding, give up breast.
- Babies show constipation.
- The multiplicity is multiplied and the consistency of the stool varies.
- Watery and green feces appear with slices of mucus and bloody veins and an unpleasant odor.
- The baby belches or vomits.
- Feel putrid odor with increased release of gases.
- There is an increase in salivation.
- There are signs of flatulence, bloating and pain in it.
- Begins often to cry, to be nervous, to bend the legs.
- Suffers colds of various kinds and intestinal infections.
Causes of dysbiosis in infants
A newly born child has a sterile intestine. There are no bacteria in it. All microorganisms are colonized through the maternal pathways, when labor occurs.
The outside world meets a child with a huge number of bacteria. They are in the air, on the hands of doctors, on clothes on the body of the mother.
At the beginning of the baby's life the microflora has different organisms. Gradually it becomes normal. Thanks to the action of mother's milk, which has all the necessary components for growth. About a week later, bifidobacteria appear in the intestines of the baby, and by the month of birth of the baby - lactobacilli. They are observed from 90 to 95% in the intestinal microflora. This is a unified ecological system. And in the event of its imbalance, dysbacteriosis appears.
- Absence or insufficient quantity of some kind of bacteria.(which, in turn, leads to intestinal disorders, impaired immunity, metabolic disorders, the development of food allergies and rickets).
- If the nursing mother was forced to take antibiotics.
Pathology was observed during childbirth.
- In case of late attachment of the baby to the breast due to prolonged stay in the maternity hospital.
- Physiological immaturity of the intestine.
- Small pustular infection.
- Disturbance of intestinal absorption.
- Weakened immunity.
- Early artificial feeding.
- Frequent acute viral diseases.
Independently to parents experiments on the child to spend it is not necessary, in occasion of selection of a medical preparation which will approach the kid. For this, there are doctors.
Types of dysbacteriosis in infants
Dysbacteriosis has 2 types:
- Compensated
- Uncompensated
The baby's microflora has been formed since his birth. With a compensated form, the presence of dysbacteriosis can be detected only with the delivery of stool. Outwardly, clinically, it does not appear. The child feels well.
With dysbacteriosis in infants, a decrease in the number of beneficial bacteria is observed.
And "neutral", "bad" bacteria, on the contrary, begin to colonize the body. Although, sometimes, and it is traced quite often, dysbiosis is a temporary ailment. Because the action of beneficial microorganisms is restored to equilibrium. But there are cases when certain medications are required.
Uncompensated dysbiosis has all the clinical signs. About them it was spoken above. In this case, it is urgent to treat the baby. The most effective treatment is breastfeeding. If there is no possibility to breastfeed, then it is necessary to use adapted mixtures that are endowed with protective factors. When taking such medications, a medical consultation is required.
Diagnosis of dysbacteriosis
The correct diagnosis will be after a laboratory diagnosis. To make the correct diagnosis, several methods of analysis are used:
-
-
- Fecal analysis for conditionally pathogenic flora
- Fecal analysis for dysbiosis
To reveal how the components of food are digested by the intestines of the baby, make a photocopy. To recognize the level of neutral bacteria, the second method is used. And to determine the number of normal and conditionally pathogenic zones and sensitivity to drugs, do the third analysis.
The feces of the child for analysis should only be collected. It should not be stored in the open air for a long time. The amount of it for the analysis is from 5 to 10 grams. When the feces are given for dysbiosis, it is advisable not to give the child, at this time, preparations of normal flora. The attending physician will give advice on this matter. After examining the stool tests, a diagnosis is made and treatment begins.
Than treating the baby's dysbiosis
The best treatment is breast milk. It contains all the substances that help the body grow and prevent the development of harmful bacteria. If the child develops normally, and even if there are lumps in the child's chair, a small amount of mucus or greens, he should not be treated. But with the manifestation of the symptoms listed above, you need to seek help from medicine.
At the first stage of treatment the growth of pathogenic organisms is suppressed. That is, these unnecessary organisms either are completely removed, or reduce their number. To do this, there are specific viruses. They are harmful to a certain type of bacteria, without touching other, necessary "good" bacteria. Such viruses are "tamed".Their effect is on conditionally pathogenic and pathogenic bacteria.
If a child has a serious case of illness, then doctors can prescribe antibiotics.
Antimicrobial therapy is combined with sorbents. Sorbents help to bind and remove unnecessary bacteria. During this period, the child is treated with enzyme preparations. They will help the baby to digest and suck food.
The second stage is the colonization of healthy flora in the microorganism of the intestine. In addition to prebiotics, which help to assimilate and reproduce a healthy microflora, the probiotics are prescribed by the doctor. They activate the processes in the intestine, develop a useful microflora. There is a concentration of amino acids, fatty and dairy.
Bifido- and lactobacilli
These are living microorganisms: bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, E. coli, and also the products of their vital activity, which help them to successfully settle in the intestines. This application of biologically active drugs with live bifido and lactobacilli and fermented milk mixtures. They are non-pathogenic: they do not have the properties of disease. Microorganisms colonize the gastrointestinal tract to have a positive effect.
Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli constitute 90% of the whole intestinal flora. Probiotics are inhabited by all fermented "live" foods.
Bifidobacteria are a special kind of bacteria that colonize the large intestine. Their main purpose lies in the utilization and purification of the body. When there is no normal amount of bifidobacteria in a baby, then persistent constipation begins to develop. Bifidobacteria help to produce a substance that stimulates the contractile activity of the intestine.
Lactobacilli include acidophilin rods. These are the most studied lactobacilli. It is thanks to him, the child's immunity rises, because their life activity is comprehensive. The intestine, stomach, and saliva contain lactobacilli. Dysbacteriosis, which was detected as a result of clinical and laboratory methods, should be treated in a complex and consistent manner.
Diseases Infants can be appointed by the attending physician:
- Dufalak
- Lineks
- Enterol
Dufalac is prescribed by the doctor with severe constipation. It is a brake on the growth of pathogenic organisms and facilitates the normal development of important and beneficial intestinal bacteria. Linex appoint if there is a dilution of the stool. Enterol eliminates the activity of Candida fungus in the intestine.
In the treatment of dysbacteriosis, patience and understanding are necessary, both for the doctor and for the parents. If the doctor correctly prescribes treatment, and the parents strictly adhere to the treatment of the child, then in a few months the results will be visible. But with the first result, do not relax. Be sure to complete the full course of treatment. Inclusion in the treatment of multivitamin preparations, in which there are mineral supplements, can also give a definite result.
More about prebiotics and probiotics
Prebiotics are an inanimate substance that feeds microorganisms. That is, microorganisms use it for body growth. It is capable of fermentation.
Here are its types:
- Lactose
- Polysaccharides
- Inulin
- Oligosaccharides
Thus, for probiotics, the role of useful living organisms for colon colonization is assigned. And for prebiotics - the role of nutrition of these microorganisms.
Prevention and correction of nutrition of nursing mothers to maintain a healthy baby microflora
A future mother needs to eat foods that contain a lot of fiber. In the daily menu lay culinary dishes from bran, oatmeal. There are salads dressed with vegetable oils. Apples, apricots, grapefruits, black currants.
Try to attach to the breast of a newborn baby as early as possible and feed the baby naturally for a long time. A rational balanced diet for mothers should be present after delivery. It is necessary to use coarse fiber, to stimulate peristalsis and to develop a useful microflora of the gastrointestinal tract. Also there are bran, muesli, porridge from buckwheat and rice, flour products from a flour of a rough grinding. Eat fresh and raw vegetables and fruits, preferably grown in the native region, sour-milk and dairy products, meat, fish, poultry, eggs. And only 5% - sweets and fats.
It is very important to preserve microorganisms in the child's gastrointestinal tract. They are engaged in lining the mucosa of internal organs, thereby creating obstacles for pathogens. They control the process of digestion and absorption of food, monitor the absorption of micro- and macro elements into the body.
If the child has a normal microflora, then his immunity will be strong - with normal functioning of the body stimulates immunocompetent cells and prevents the development of food allergies.
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Intestinal dysbacteriosis is a clinical and laboratory syndrome characterized by a change in the number, species composition and ratio of various microbes throughout the small and large intestines.
Usually dysbacteriosis accompanies other diseases and is their consequence. For example, dysbacteriosis in gastritis, pancreatitis, cholelithiasis, etc.
Also, dysbacteriosis can occur with errors in the diet, a sharp change in nutritional culture, nutritional deficiencies or, conversely, excessive food intake, with hormonal disruptions, immune disorders, after intestinal infections, when taking certain drugs (antibiotics, hormonal drugs, drugs that reduce stomach acidity ) and etc.
Signs of dysbacteriosis
Gastrointestinal manifestations:
- unstable chair,
- bloating, flatulence, bloating,
- rumbling and pain in the abdomen,
- gallstones,
- bitterness in the mouth, hepatitis.
Manifestations from other organs:
- frequent cystitis, urolithiasis, pyelonephritis;
- inflammatory diseases in gynecology;
-
atherosclerosis and hypertension;
-
food allergies, frequent colds;
- beriberi and obesity;
-
bronchial asthma and chronic bronchitis;
-
anemia, weakness, fatigue, irritability, depression, poor sleep;
- skin and oncological diseases.
However, despite such a number of symptoms, dysbacteriosis is not a separate disease. This is a syndrome that is often hidden under various names of syndromes: irritable bowel syndrome, bacterial overgrowth syndrome in the small intestine, microbial contamination disorder of the large intestine, intestinal dysbiosis, etc.
Diagnostics:
- sowing feces for dysbacteriosis;
- sowing aspirate of small intestine contents or biopsy of the wall of the small intestine. In this case, we obtain data on the state of the flora in the small intestine. But such a diagnosis is rarely used;
- gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. For analysis, the contents of the intestine are used, in which the concentration of substances is determined – the waste products of microflora, and then a conclusion is made about its qualitative and quantitative composition;
- breath tests, when the waste products of bacteria are determined in the exhaled air.
Treatment:
For the treatment of dysbacteriosis, it is necessary, first of all, to get rid of factors that interfere with the development of normal microflora in the intestine: quit smoking and alcohol, normalize the diet, enriching it with fiber, dairy products, and vitamins. Eat food by the hour, do not abuse delicacies, giving preference to familiar foods. Don’t experiment with diets either. After all, in the end, only those microbes that we feed grow in our intestines. And what we feed them depends on their species composition, growth rate, and so on.
Drug Therapy:
Probiotics contain microorganisms from among the beneficial inhabitants of the intestine (symbiotic bacteria), as well as their metabolic products. Taking preparations and dietary supplements from this group, we strive to populate the intestines with “necessary lodgers”.
Prebiotics do not contain microorganisms themselves, but create good conditions for their life. As a rule, these preparations consist of oligosaccharides, enzymes, acids and other substances that are used in food by the intestinal microflora or have a stimulating effect on its growth and development.
In addition, for the treatment of dysbacteriosis, paradoxically, antibiotics, sorbents and other drugs that improve the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract are prescribed. Therefore, you should not be treated on your own, sorting through all the possible medicines on the shelves of pharmacies: the choice of probiotics and prebiotics is now very large. Treatment will be more effective if it is carried out under the supervision of a doctor and includes complex therapeutic measures.
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https://goodshapetips.com/intestinal-dysbacteriosis/
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How to Improve Your Microbiome With Capsaicin
By Michael J. Rudolph, Ph.D.
The time-honored motto, “You are what you eat,” suggests being healthy requires a well-balanced diet. While this is certainly true, the contemporary version of this proverbial saying should state, “You and your microbiome are what you eat.” This is because the microbiome, which contains a plethora of different types of bacteria that live in the gut, is a key contributor to overall health and microbiome impact on human health is heavily influenced by the food you eat. The microbiome in your gut is comprised of trillions of bacterial cells living symbiotically within the human gastrointestinal tract. In exchange for providing these bacteria somewhere to live along with an ample food supply, the microbiome in your gut breaks down some of the nutrients we consume into essential compounds that play a critical role in human physiology and health.
Diversify Your Microbiome
How to Improve Your Microbiome? Diet is the most effective way to improve diversity and function of the microbiome. For starters, increasing dietary intake of insoluble carbohydrates (fiber) also referred to as prebiotics, preferentially from raw fruits and vegetables, supports growth of a healthy microbiome. Eating more insoluble fiber can increase the number of bacteria that improve health, such as Bacteroidetes, in just a few weeks.1 Directly ingesting beneficial bacteria, or probiotics, also tends to improve microbiome function. The most commonly used probiotic organisms include Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Evidence of a therapeutic effect of probiotics dates as far back as the early 20th century. A study describing improvement in autoimmune arthritis after supplementation with live cultures of Streptococcus lacticus and Bacillus bulgaricus was reported in 1909.2 More recent studies have shown probiotics protect against several gastrointestinal maladies such as irritable bowel disease, diarrhea and ulcerative colitis. To the contrary, eating a high-fat, nutrient-deficient diet negatively impacts the composition of your gut microbiome3, reducing its diversity, ultimately rendering it unable to convert certain foods into nutrients that bolster health and wellness.
Other lifestyle choices seemingly detrimental to a fitter microbiome include ingestion of processed foods, excessive use of antibiotics and too much stress. In fact, too much stress can reshape the gut bacteria’s composition through stress hormones and inflammation – favoring an unhealthier microbiome, which tends to release metabolites and neurohormones into the body that create a predilection for an unhealthy diet while boosting stress levels to even greater heights, creating a vicious cycle.4 Consequently, effective stress-reducing techniques like meditation should also help break this cycle by improving an ailing microbiome. Thankfully, there is increasing evidence indicating regular cardiovascular exercise benefits gut microbiota as well, which may be partially responsible for the comprehensive benefits of regular physical activity on health.5 Further scientific inquiry is needed to reveal the precise impact aerobic exercise frequency and intensity can have on the microbiome and whether resistance training has any impact on microbiome function at all.
Prebiotics Support a Healthier Microbiome
In addition to probiotics being an effective way to augment the microbiome, consuming prebiotics also improves microbiome diversity and function. Dietary prebiotics are nondigestible fiber that pass through the digestive tract, stimulating the growth and activity of advantageous bacteria in the colon by functioning as a fermentable energy source for these bacteria.6 Fermentation of prebiotic fiber by microbiomic bacteria in the gut generates copious amounts of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which can mitigate obesity.7 Acetate, propionate and butyrate are the main SCFAs produced from microbial fermentation in the gut.8 Each of these SCFAs serve not only as energy substrates for the epithelial cells that line the gut but also as signaling molecules between the gut and other organs in the body.9
All three SCFAs decrease appetite and satiety employing different mechanisms. Acetate suppresses appetite and food intake by crossing the blood-brain barrier into the hypothalamic region of the brain where it stimulates lactate production, which mitigates hunger and feeding.10 Propionate directly stimulates production of the appetite-suppressing hormone leptin in human adipose tissue.11 Butyrate also prevents diet-induced obesity by suppressing activity of neurons that express the hunger-inducing neuropeptide Y in the hypothalamus, reducing food intake.12
Acetate, propionate and butyrate also inhibit a class of enzymes known as histone deacetylases (HDACs). Inhibition of HDACs in muscle tissue directly activates the PGC1-alpha gene, which then triggers mitochondrial biogenesis and function within muscle.13 Since mitochondria are the power-producing organelles within the cell that oxidize fat, the ability of SCFAs to enhance mitochondrial activity conceivably increases the ability to burn fat, explaining how an optimal microbiome can reduce obesity.
Optimize Your Microbiome With Capsaicin
Outside of prebiotics and probiotics, the phytochemical capsaicin is seemingly next in line as a very potent way to modulate microbiome function towards a leaner and healthier body. Capsaicin, and the related nonpungent capsinoids like capsiate, belong to a class of compounds that provide powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects while also improving cardiovascular health.14 Recent data shows regular consumption of chili-rich foods, loaded with capsaicin, reduces the likelihood of death from chronic diseases such as cancer and heart disease relative to those who did not consume chili-rich, spicy foods, suggesting capsaicin has considerable disease-fighting properties.15†
The positive health impact from capsaicin, and capsinoids, is unquestionably intertwined with capsaicin’s rather uncommon fat-burning qualities. This compound class brings about fat loss in a very unique way promoting a process known as thermogenesis, which burns fat without converting the energy into ATP. Instead, the energy is directly converted into heat which effectively increases energy expenditure, ultimately leading to significant fat loss. Capsaicin can also reduce appetite16, further supporting the ability of this compound to torch body fat and, perhaps more importantly, keep it off. Although the appetite-suppressant effect of capsaicin has been observed in several trials, it is not entirely understood how capsaicin reduces appetite. There is some evidence that the release of noradrenaline triggered by capsaicin contributes to appetite reduction, as the stimulation of the noradrenaline receptors in the brain has been shown to produce feelings of satiety.17
There is mounting evidence suggesting capsaicin influences the composition and function of the microbiome, indicating some of capsaicin’s fat-burning and appetite-suppressing qualities come from a capacity to regulate the microbiome. Diversity of the microbiome is greater in healthy people relative to those who are obese.18 In a recent study by Wang et al.19, the researchers found capsaicin improves the diversity of gut microbiota while also decreasing body fat levels even in mice fed a high-fat diet. In the same study, Wang et al.19 also showed that capsaicin significantly increased the concentration of the fat-burning compounds acetate and propionate in the gut. Further analysis showed the reason more acetate and propionate were found was due to higher levels of a specific bacterial species in the gut of the capsaicin-treated mice, indicating capsaicin triggered growth of this healthy bacterium.
Capsaicin also has strong antibacterial activity and may reverse an unhealthy gut microbiota by killing harmful bacteria while stimulating beneficial bacteria as seen in the Wang et al. study. Taken together, these findings suggest in addition to the thermogenic fat-burning action of capsaicin, this spicy molecule also reduces body fat by improving microbiome diversity, increasing the relative amount of certain fat-lowering bacteria while coaxing these fat-lowering bacteria to produce more SFCAs, which systematically decreases appetite and stimulates fat loss.
Incidentally, if you're looking for a good capsaicin supplement after seeing the remarkable impact this molecule has on the microbiome, look no further than Advanced Molecular Labs remarkable product Thermo Heat®, which is chock full of capsaicin along with several additional ingredients that will transform your microbiome into a fat-burning furnace that will torch body fat and keep it off.
†These statements have not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
© Published by Advanced Research Media, Inc., 2022
© Reprinted with permission from Advanced Research Media, Inc.
For most of Michael Rudolph’s career he has been engrossed in the exercise world as either an athlete (he played college football at Hofstra University), personal trainer or as a research scientist (he earned a B.Sc. in Exercise Science at Hofstra University and a Ph.D. in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology from Stony Brook University). After earning his Ph.D., Michael investigated the molecular biological effects of exercise as a fellow at Harvard Medical School and Columbia University. That research contributed seminally to understanding the function of the incredibly important cellular energy sensor AMPK – leading to numerous publications in peer-reviewed journals including the journal Nature. Michael is currently a Senior Scientist working at the New York Structural Biology Center where he investigates the molecular nature of human illness and disease.
References:
- Oliver A, Chase AB, et al. (2021). High-Fiber, Whole-Food Dietary Intervention Alters the Human Gut Microbiome but Not Fecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids. mSystems 6.
- Warden CC. (1909). The Toxemic Factor in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Cal State J Med 7, 299-301.
- Barko PC, McMichael MA, et al. (2018). The Gastrointestinal Microbiome: A Review. J Vet Intern Med 32, 9-25.
- Madison A and Kiecolt-Glaser JK. (2019). Stress, depression, diet, and the gut microbiota: human-bacteria interactions at the core of psychoneuroimmunology and nutrition. Curr Opin Behav Sci 28, 105-110.
- Mailing LJ, Allen JM, et al. (2019). Exercise and the Gut Microbiome: A Review of the Evidence, Potential Mechanisms, and Implications for Human Health. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 47, 75-85.
- Hutkins RW, Krumbeck JA, et al. (2015). Prebiotics: why definitions matter. Curr Opin Biotechnol 37, 1-7.
- Blaak EE, Canfora EE, et al. (2020). Short chain fatty acids in human gut and metabolic health. Benef Microbes 11, 411-455.
- Cummings JH, Pomare EW, et al. (1987). Short chain fatty acids in human large intestine, portal, hepatic and venous blood. Gut 28, 1221-1227.
- Cummings JH. (1981). Short chain fatty acids in the human colon. Gut 22, 763-779.
- Frost G, Sleeth ML, et al. (2014). The short-chain fatty acid acetate reduces appetite via a central homeostatic mechanism. Nat Commun 5, 3611.
- Al-Lahham SH, Roelofsen H, et al. (2010). Regulation of adipokine production in human adipose tissue by propionic acid. Eur J Clin Invest 40, 401-407.
- Li Z, Yi CX, et al. (2018). Butyrate reduces appetite and activates brown adipose tissue via the gut-brain neural circuit. Gut 67, 1269-1279.
- Arany Z. (2008). PGC-1 coactivators and skeletal muscle adaptations in health and disease. Curr Opin Genet Dev 18, 426-434.
- Wang Y, Zhou Y and Fu J. (2021). Advances in antiobesity mechanisms of capsaicin. Curr Opin Pharmacol 61, 1-5.
- Lv J, Qi L, et al. (2015). Consumption of spicy foods and total and cause specific mortality: population based cohort study. Bmj 351, h3942.
- Whiting S, Derbyshire E and Tiwari BK. (2012). Capsaicinoids and capsinoids. A potential role for weight management? A systematic review of the evidence. Appetite 59, 341-348.
- Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Smeets A and Lejeune MP. (2005). Sensory and gastrointestinal satiety effects of capsaicin on food intake. Int J Obes (Lond) 29, 682-688.
- Guo H, Wu H, et al. (2011). Whole grain cereals: the potential roles of functional components in human health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 1-16.
- Wang Y, Tang C, et al. (2020). Capsaicin has an anti-obesity effect through alterations in gut microbiota populations and short-chain fatty acid concentrations. Food Nutr Res 64.
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https://advancedmolecularlabs.com/blogs/news/how-to-increase-your-microbiome-with-capsaicin
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The gut microbiome is a condition in which the balance between beneficial intestinal bacteria (bifidobacteria and lactobacilli) and pathogens (Klebsiella, Proteus, enterobacteria, etc.) is disturbed.
Violation of the intestinal microflora
Eating on foot, junk and dry food can lead to a change in the qualitative and quantitative composition of the intestinal microflora. With gut microbiome – the so-called violation of the intestinal microflora, the number of beneficial bifidobacteria and lactobacilli is reduced, the number of harmful bacteria, on the contrary, is growing.
Causes
In a healthy person, about 500 species of bacteria live in the intestines. Useful bacteria digest food, enrich the body with nutritious stuff, support the immune system. These bacteria constantly work and regulate bowel function, maintain ionic balance, neutralize various toxins, break down proteins, carbohydrates and even synthesize some vitamins.
Together with beneficial bacteria in the intestines pathogens, unpleasant bacteria live. They can be activated by weakened immunity, frequent stress, a violation of the diet or exacerbation of the gastrointestinal tract diseases.
Violation of the intestinal microflora can reduce the absorption of beneficial substances in the intestine and thus upset the digestion process. Leftovers from undigested food result in gurgling, bloating, diarrhea and other symptoms.
The main causes of intestinal microflora disorders include:
- uncontrolled intake of drugs, for example, antibiotics that affect both pathogenic and “beneficial” intestinal bacteria;
- an improper diet containing unvaried food in which do not contain all the nutrients necessary for a person;
- impaired intestinal motility;
- uncontrolled dieting;
- intestinal infections;
- chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (gastritis, enteritis, colitis, etc.);
- endocrine diseases;
- stress and depression;
- alcohol abuse;
- smoking.
Gut microbiome manifests itself in the form of dyspeptic phenomena associated with a gastrointestinal tract violation. This condition leads to bloating, alternating constipation and diarrhea, abdominal pain, etc. With dysbiosis, unexpected allergic reactions to some foods may develop, accompanied by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, skin itching, rash. In some cases, when microflora is disturbed, the absorption of nutrients is disturbed, a deficiency of iron, vitamins, etc. develops, and immunity decreases. The patient may complain of weakness, headaches, lack of appetite.
Recovery of gut microbiome
If you notice any signs of dysbiosis, it is recommended to consult a gastroenterologist right away. The basis of treatment is the elimination of the cause of the intestinal microflora violation. If the dysbiosis is caused by antibiotics, their intake must be withdrawn, and if you choose the wrong regime or diet, you need to return to the original diet.
However, the symptoms of dysbiosis themselves also need treatment. With dysbiosis, 3 types of treatment are recommended:
- dieting;
- prebiotics;
- probiotics.
Diet
A special diet may be sufficient for the treatment of mild forms of gut microbiome. The diet should contain a sufficient amount of protein, fat, carbohydrates. It is recommended to drink a glass of warm water for half an hour. It is important that the following substances are included in the diet:
- lactobacteria and bifidobacteria. They are found in fermented milk products, butter;
- fiber is found in vegetables and fruits;
- amino acids are glutamine and arginine, the source of which is chicken meat, beef, nuts, fish, dairy products, and peas.
- fatty, fried, smoked, spicy foods should be avoided.
Medications
In more severe forms of gut microbiome, the use of prebiotics and probiotics is necessary. Despite the similar name, these drugs vary significantly.
Prebiotics are substances that activate the growth of normal microflora. They are not absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. In other words, they contain a lot of “good” bacteria. These drugs include Lactulose, Lactitol, Hylak Forte.
In addition to medications, there is natural prebiotics. These are fermented milk products, cereals.
Probiotics are drugs that contain microorganisms that are necessary for the body. These are mainly bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Their entry into the intestine contributes to the microflora restoration.
Among the most famous probiotics, Linex, Bifiform, Bifidumbacterin, Lactobacterin, etc. can be noted.
In severe forms of dysbiosis, antibacterial drugs are prescribed that inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. These drugs are selected based on the type of bacteria that caused microflora disturbance.
As symptomatic agents for dysbacteriosis, immunomodulators (prescribed for strengthening immunity), antihistamines (to reduce the likelihood of allergic reactions), antispasmodics (No-Spa) should be noted.
Prevention of intestinal microflora disorders
In order to avoid the development of dysbiosis, it is enough just to follow simple recommendations. Keep a healthy lifestyle, choose a balanced diet, do not abuse diets and various “cleansing” of the body. Do not take antibacterial drugs without a doctor’s prescription.
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https://g-2-c-2.org/search/Microbiome
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The gut microbiota affects health and disease
The intestinal barrier is man’s first defense against dangerous substances in the intestines and the system has many physical and chemical properties. The function of the intestinal barrier can be compared to a filter. It should protect against harmful substances and bacteria while absorbing nutrition from the diet. Recent years’ research has shown that the gut flora (microbiota) of the gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth to the large intestine, but also on skin and mucous membranes, is important for health and disease. Today, extensive microbiota research is conducted in the world.
The gut has two contradictory tasks; partly to absorb nutrients from the food we eat, but at the same time not pass through unwanted substances. Therefore, a dense barrier to the outside is required and also immune cells that capture substances in the intestinal mucosa and are ready to initiate the body’s defense of cells and antibodies if any toxic substance or similar has passed through the intestinal barrier. It is therefore important that bacteria stay on the right side of the intestine. If some bacteria succeed in getting into the blood on the other side of the intestine, this could lead to death, as the bacteria can multiply rapidly. In the past, people have not been aware of the critical function of the intestinal barrier to maintain good health or how to positively affect the barrier function by improving the intestinal flora.
Contents
Leakage in the intestinal barrier can cause increased ill-health
The intestinal barrier can be affected by many factors, such as diet, bacteria, stress and various disease states. Some bacteria seem to be able to affect the intestine to become more permeable, while other bacteria can help seal the intestinal barrier, but exactly how this goes to is not known today. It has also been seen that during stress the number of good lactobacilli decreases, which opens up the intestinal barrier. This can be one of the reasons why you can get stomach problems when you stress too much. It has been seen that the intestinal barrier leaks in a number of diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, gluten intolerance and various inflammatory bowel diseases, and that this leakage may even have occurred even before the disease broke out. In various skin diseases such as flexor eczema and psoriasis, impaired bowel barrier function has also been observed. When it comes to allergies, for example, it seems that the lactobacilli can calm down the immune cells that are in the gut, so that even the rest of the body’s immune cells stop responding too much. Here, bacterial strains such as Lactobacillus and Bifidibacterium appear to be able to suppress the immune system, reducing overreactions.
Intestinal function
The stomach produces hydrochloric acid, which means that the amount of bacteria there is relatively low. The upper part of the small intestine, closest to the stomach, has a low pH because partially digested food from the stomach is still acidic by the hydrochloric acid. In addition, the small intestine is an ideal environment for the acid-producing lactobacilli. The large intestine contains a large amount of bacteria. This is where the food lies for the longest time before the body finally gets rid of the substances it does not want.
Human intestinal system contains just over one kilo of bacteria. The bacteria are ten times more than the own cells that make up our body. A normal intestine contains a little simplified between 400 and 1000 different bacterial species. In healthy individuals, there is a greater variation between different gut bacterial strains, while in obesity and some other diseases there is a less pronounced variation. Fewer than 100 species of bacteria are dangerous for us, while the vast majority are “beneficial”. The gut also contains between 70 and 90 percent of all immune cells. The bacteria train our immune system and are necessary to form hormones, vitamins, minerals and neurotransmitters. Both dopamine and the “lean” hormone serotonin are produced in the gut. Like the adrenaline and norepinephrine needed to deal with stress and Gaba calming the nervous system.
The intestinal flora can affect the immune system
Research indicates that the gut flora plays a major role in our immune system and therefore in the future it will also be very interesting to study whether the gut flora can affect mental and neurological conditions such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s disease, autism, ADHD, stress, anxiety and depression. .
Saturated fat and sugar could adversely affect the gut flora. This can form a large proportion of bacteria whose envelope consists of a substance called lps, lipopolysaccharides. When these bacteria die and enter the bloodstream, the intestinal barrier is loosened up so that lps more easily enter the bloodstream. They can then increase the inflammatory processes in the body and decrease the immune system. However, larger studies are required where you also compare a more normal intake of sugar and saturated fat. This could be interesting as there are studies showing that people with Alzheimer’s and severe depression have abnormally high levels of LPS.
Food with extra bacteria
Acidified vegetables contain many of the good bacteria that the body seems to need, such as Kimchi and kombucha with over 100 billion beneficial bacteria per gram. The reason for this large amount of beneficial bacteria is its fermentation processes. The method is called fermentation or lactic acid fermentation and is the key to creating good bacteria for the important intestinal flora.
The gut microbiome affects our health
It is complex and there is still a lot we do not know, but thanks to research we have learned that the immune system, the hormone system and the neurological system, cooperate with the intestinal nervous system. In other words, a tight intestine seems to be necessary for you to feel good. What we put in us affects the gut flora and if we eat products with beneficial bacteria and a lot of fiber we can affect our health more positively than we think. On the other hand, if we choose to eat very fast foods and semi-manufactured foods, the risk of inflammatory processes is greater, which in the worst case can make us sick. New diet products may conceivably lead to better health through a beneficial effect on the gut microbiota, but it cannot replace a varied and good diet.
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https://zrehab.com/the-gut-microbiota-affects-health-and-disease/
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Lactobacillae are located throughout the digestive tract but are especially abundant in the small intestine.
Bifidobacteria are located in the entire digestive tract but are especially abundant in the large intestine. The system’s first inhabitants, these species evolve according to age, diminishing progressively towards the end of life.
Lactobacillus acidophilus is one of the most prominent micro-organisms found in the small intestine.L.acidophilus produces lactic acid which inhibits yeast growth, as well as natural antibiotics which enhance immune functions. L.acidophilus has been shown to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, Shigella, S.faecalis and E.coli. Moreover, studies have shown thatL.acidophilus is effective in reducing lactose intolerance, reinforcing the immune system, as well as reducing cholesterol levels and risks of cancer.
Lactobacillus bulgaricus is a transient (non-implanting) strain from dairy origin that carries out important protective functions on its way through the intestinal tract. Traditionally, L.bulgaricus is found in yogurt along with S.thermophilus. Results of studies indicate that L.bulgaricus produces interferon, a substance that can improve the body’s natural response to infection and disease. Additional studies have also demonstrated the benefits of L.bulgaricus in cases of acute diarrhoea and lactose sensitivity.
Lactobacillus casei is a bacteria commonly used for milk fermentation and is naturally occurring in the mouth and digestive tract. L.casei breaks down carbohydrates and inhibits the growth of pathogenic and putrefactive bacteria in the small intestine. L.casei has been studied for its antimicrobial effects, its efficacy against cancer cells and its role in cellular immunity. It has also shown to be helpful in treating diarrhoea caused by antibiotics and viruses.
Lactobacillus plantarum a strain from vegetal origin, is another major species found in the intestinal tract. It secretes the natural occurring antibiotic lactolin and has beneficial anti-microbial activities. This microbiotic is being studied for its efficacy against allergies, cancer and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS).
Lactobacillus rhamnosus is one of the most important microbiotic strains for the health of the adult digestive tract from the mouth to the small intestine. It is primarily found in the small intestine and vaginal tract and is beneficial in inhibiting the bacteria involved in vaginal and urinary tract infections. L.rhamnosus has a high resistance to bile salts and stomach acid and therefore grows prolifically. It protects against the invasion of harmful microorganisms by stimulating gut lining cells to produce mucin, a mucous coating that also prevents toxins from reaching the blood. It provides excellent control over putrefactive microbes, and effectively inhibits disease-causing pathogens. One of the most intensively studied strain of Lactobacillus, it has been shown to stimulate immune responses, enhance the effectiveness of oral vaccinations against rotavirus and serve as an oral therapy for viral gastroenteritis.
Lactobacillus salivarius is found in the mouth and in the small intestine. It has been shown to improve bleeding gums, tooth decay, bad breath, oral thrush and canker sores. L.salivarius produces B vitamins, enzymes and lactic acid, breaks down proteins and has strong anti-microbial effects which have been demonstrated clinically.
Bifidobacterium bifidum is found primarily in the large intestine. As a producer of B vitamins, B.bifidum helps the body in the completion of its digestive process, specifically in the absorption of calcium, iron, magnesium and other vitamins and minerals. B.bifidum produces lactic and acetic acids, which lower the intestinal pH and inhibit unfriendly bacteria from growing. Recent studies haveshown that B.bifidum can reduce the incidence of acute diarrhoea in infants and is beneficial in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). With regular use, B.bifidum can improve immunological and inflammatory responses in seniors.
Bifidobacterium breve colonizes the large intestine and is a producer of lactic and acetic acids that inhibit the growth of undesirable bacteria. It enhances immune responses against various pathogenic antigens and has been shown to repress the growth of ulcer-inducing bacteria. Recent studies have demonstrated that B.breve can colonize the immature bowel of infants very effectively and is associated with better weight gain in very low birth weight infants. Bifidobacterium infantis is the most important microorganism found in the large intestine of infants and has been validated as an effective adjunct therapy in the treatment of acute diarrhoea. Bacteriocidal activity has also been observed against such pathogens as Clostridia, Salmonella, and Shigella. B.infantis has been shown to stimulate the production of immuno-modulating agents.
Bifidobacterium longum colonizes the intestinal tract in very large quantities and plays a direct role in preventing invasion of pathogenic and putrefactive bacteria. B.longum breaks down bile salts, helps to synthesize B-complex vitamins and has been studied for its anti-carcinogenic activities. It also stimulates the immune system, through its effects on immunoglobulin A (lgA). B.longum produces lactic and acetic acids that lower the intestinal pH and inhibit the growth of undesirable bacteria. In clinical studies, B.longum has been found to improve lactose digestion and constipation.
Streptococcus thermophilus is a transient microbiotic from dairy origin. Often used in combination with L.bulgaricus, it produces large quantities of lactic acid, which limits the growth of unfriendly bacteria and helps in the prevention and treatment of diarrhoea. It has been shown to have antioxidant and antitumor activities. S.thermophilus also breaks down lactose and produces the enzyme lactase,improving lactose intolerance.
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https://www.mummypages.ie/friendly-bacteria-and-their-different-roles
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How to Promote Gut Health
It is essential to know how to improve your digestion. This article offers suggestions on how to consume a balanced diet and avoid hidden sources of monosaccharides. Avoid processed foods, sugar, and NSAIDs. Eat a variety of whole foods that are rich in polyphenols, and stay away from medications such as aspirin. Your digestive tract is composed of billions of bacteria, and it’s essential to ensure that it is healthy and functioning well.
Diversify your diet
One of the most efficient ways to boost the health of your gut microbiome is to diversify your diet. Western diets are characterised by inconsistency due to high levels of sugar, fat and processed foods. However an diversified diet will increase the development of beneficial bacteria. Concentrate on whole fruits, vegetables and whole grains to diversify your diet. These foods can be incorporated into your meals and snacks.
American food is awash with processed foods, sugars and dairy products with high fat content. These foods can make our guts work harder, causing toxic by-products to accumulate. Consuming refined and processed carbs can increase inflammation and reduce microbiome diversity. Diversifying your diet can support proper digestion and improve overall health. You can improve your gut health by incorporating more vegetables and fruits in your meals every day.
Beware of monosaccharides that are hidden sources of
Changes in your diet can help you stay away from monosaccharides in the form of hidden sources and help improve your gut health. Concentrate on eating plenty of fermented vegetables, meat that is not processed and fiber-rich fruits and vegetables. Certain foods can harm the beneficial bacteria in the gut. If you’re looking for a diet which improves gut health, consider cutting out foods that cause digestive problems, such as gluten and sugar. You can also consider taking probiotic supplements. Probiotic supplements can aid in the development of beneficial bacteria within your body. Chronic stress can cause damage to beneficial bacteria in your gut.
Research has proven that a diet that is rich in fiber and omega-3 fat acids can help reduce the number of pro-inflammatory bacteria in the gut. Gut health is also improved by flavonoids. Flavonoids are abundant in foods that belong to the cabbage family soups, vegetable broths, as well as other vegetables. They are essential to support healthy gut bacteria. It is also important to drink plenty of water, avoid alcohol and limit your consumption of processed food items.
Eat foods rich in polyphenols
Polyphenols are a kind of antioxidant that is found in a large variety of plants. They protect the body from disease and provide beneficial effects for the microbiome. Polyphenols are particularly high in colorful fruits and vegetables. People with a lower chance of certain diseases prefer to eat a diet rich in vegetables and fruits. Try to include more organic foods in your diet like vegetables and fruits. Stay clear of foods that are processed or that contain added chemicals.
Flavonoids are the largest class of polyphenols. These include the well-known quercetin and anthocyanin. Green and black teas are excellent sources of polyphenols and have a large quantity of these compounds. Some of these compounds have anti-cancer properties. If you’re wondering how to include enough polyphenols in your diet, here’s a list of them.
Avoid NSAIDs
While NSAIDs are commonly prescribed to alleviate pain, they can have detrimental effects on the gut. Inflammation can lead to bleeding, ulcers and other symptoms and they could contribute to long-term issues with the gut which include leaky gut syndrome as well as irritable bowel syndrome and Crohn’s disease. In the end, you should stay clear of NSAIDs to improve gut health and avoid these adverse effects.
Antibiotics are a highly effective treatment for serious infections caused by bacteria. However they are frequently misused or overused. Therefore, antibiotics should be only used when prescribed by your physician and should not be used to treat self-resolving infections. Antibiotics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) interfere with the normal balance of bacterial activity in the gut. This is why avoiding NSAIDs essential for maintaining gut health.
Drink fermentable fiber
One of the most effective ways to improve your health is to eat more fiber. It’s easy to do and there are a variety of fiber sources that are available, including vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and VINA sodas. All of these foods are essential to a healthy gut microbiomes. Fiber is crucial to maintain healthy cholesterol levels as well as lowering blood pressure.
Recent advancements in microbiome research have resulted in an increasing number of probiotics and prebiotic components that can improve the health of your gut. Research continues to demonstrate that prebiotics’ fermentation may improve the immune system as well as improve blood levels of lipids. While the function of these products is undetermined, there are plenty of positive aspects. One study showed that fermentable fibers can help enhance glycemic control. Other studies did not show any impact.
Exercise
Researchers at the University of New Mexico discovered that regular exercise is beneficial for the stomach’s health. Exercise boosts the growth of healthy bacteria which is vital for our overall wellbeing. This, in turn, can enhance our moods and mental health. It also plays a key role in neurogenesis, which helps to ensure the growth of new neural connections in the brain. You should choose a kind of exercise that improves gut health.
The effects of exercise on the gut microbiome were discovered in a study which monitored two previously inactive men and women for six months. Particularly, both groups showed improvements in the composition of gut bacteria and higher levels of metabolites that are relevant to the physiological process. Moreover, both high-intensity aerobic exercise and voluntary wheel running led to an increase in the amount of bacteria in the gut. These results are encouraging, but more research is required to confirm them.
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https://www.thinktwicepakistan.com/gut-health-myths/
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Digestion is the process food takes as it passes through the bodyreleasing nutrients necessary for health. Starting in the mouth, food begins its winding journey through the stomach and into the small and large intestine (also called the colon) where most of what your food has to offer is extracted and then leaves the body greatly changed from its original state.
You may already know that what you eat has an impact on more than just your waistline. Diets high in fat and low in fiber have been attributed to higher rates of colon disease, and a variety of other conditions. Today a new class of starches, known as resistant starches, are proving beneficial to colon health, and show signs of prevention for some types of cancer, and even diabetes.
Resistant starches are a form of carbohydrate that resists digestion in the small intestine, allowing them to enter the large intestine in just about the same form they were in when you swallowed them. Why does that matter? According to researchers, these resistant starches reach the colon and begin to ferment, lowering the pH of the intestines which allows good bacteria to grow, and slowing the production of bad ones. This also helps the cells that line the colon to thrive, and serves as a barrier against infection.
What else can resistant starches do for me?
What foods should I eat?
If you are already eating a diet high in fiber (think fruits and vegetables) you may already be getting some resistant starches, but here are a few foods that you may consider getting more of:
Keeping your body and your digestion on track means feeding it foods high in nutrients, and fiber and low in fat. Talk with your doctor for suggestions on how you can eat for better health.
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This information is intended for educational and informational
purposes only. It should not be used in place of an individual consultation or examination
or replace the advice of your health care professional and should not be relied upon to determine
diagnosis or course of treatment.
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https://www.cccdoc.com/FromtheDoctorsDesk/tabid/25020/ContentPubID/103616/settmid/52537/Default.aspx
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Butyrate, a fatty acid, comes from two dietary sources. First, it is one of the metabolic end products of unabsorbed dietary carbohydrate that has been bacterially fermented in the gut. Butyrate is the single biggest metabolite of fiber. Second, the only direct source in the diet is from butter, which contains 3% butyrate. Adequate amounts of butyrate are necessary for the health of the large intestine cells.
It has a particularly important role in the colon, where it is the preferred substrate for energy generation by colonic cells. Whether by supplement or by enema, a few pilot studies suggest it is useful in reducing symptoms and restoring indicators of colon health in ulcerative colitis, but one study showed no benefit over placebo. Several doctors claim that many people are helped with butyrate enemas. Butyrate levels are commonly measured in comprehensive stool analyses and act as a marker for levels of beneficial bacteria.
Butyrate has been shown to significantly inhibit the growth of cancerous colon cells. Scientists have found a human gene that stops the growth of cancer cells when activated by fiber processing in the colon. Although scientists have long linked butyrate to overall reductions in the incidence of colon cancer, the molecular basis of that benefit has remained largely unknown. Butyrate effects a chemical “unloosening” of molecules that otherwise bind and constrict the activity of the p21 gene. This gene is responsible for the manufacture of p21 protein, a compound that slows the growth of cancer cells. A separate study has indicated a possible benefit in breast cancer prevention.
Butyrate can help with the following
Ulcerative Colitis
Butyrate by enema has substantially reduced the number of bowel movements and amount of bleeding in patients who have not responded to other therapies. This is especially true when the distal colon is involved – an area where the enema can easily reach.
Key
|May do some good|
|Likely to help|
Glossary
Butyrate
Butyrate is an important short chain fatty acid that provides fuel for colon cells and may help protect against colon cancer. The most potent dietary source is butter (3%).
Fatty Acids
Chemical chains of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms that are part of a fat (lipid) and are the major component of triglycerides. Depending on the number and arrangement of these atoms, fatty acids are classified as either saturated, polyunsaturated, or monounsaturated. They are nutritional substances found in nature which include cholesterol, prostaglandins, and stearic, palmitic, linoleic, linolenic, eicosapentanoic (EPA), and decohexanoic acids. Important nutritional lipids include lecithin, choline, gamma-linoleic acid, and inositol.
Metabolism
The chemical processes of living cells in which energy is produced in order to replace and repair tissues and maintain a healthy body. Responsible for the production of energy, biosynthesis of important substances, and degradation of various compounds.
Carbohydrates
The sugars and starches in food. Sugars are called simple carbohydrates and found in such foods as fruit and table sugar. Complex carbohydrates are composed of large numbers of sugar molecules joined together, and are found in grains, legumes, and vegetables like potatoes, squash, and corn.
Metabolite
Any product (foodstuff, intermediate, waste product) of metabolism.
Colon
The part of the large intestine that extends to the rectum. The colon takes the contents of the small intestine, moving them to the rectum by contracting.
Ulcerative Colitis
(Colitis ulcerosa): Ulceration of the colon and rectum, usually long-term and characterized by rectal bleeding or blood in the stool, frequent urgent diarrhea/bowel movements each day, abdominal pain.
Placebo
A pharmacologically inactive substance. Often used to compare clinical responses against the effects of pharmacologically active substances in experiments.
Bacteria
Microscopic germs. Some bacteria are "harmful" and can cause disease, while other "friendly" bacteria protect the body from harmful invading organisms.
Cancer
Refers to the various types of malignant neoplasms that contain cells growing out of control and invading adjacent tissues, which may metastasize to distant tissues.
Protein
Compounds composed of hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen present in the body and in foods that form complex combinations of amino acids. Protein is essential for life and is used for growth and repair. Foods that supply the body with protein include animal products, grains, legumes, and vegetables. Proteins from animal sources contain the essential amino acids. Proteins are changed to amino acids in the body.
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https://www.digitalnaturopath.com/treatments/butyrate/
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The colon is inhabited by a large population of microorganisms that are able to ferment carbohydrates and proteins that escape absorption in the small intestine during digestion. These microogranisms produce a wide range of metabolites, including short chain fatty acids (SCFA).
Acetate is the most abundant SCFA in the colon and makes up more than half of the total SCFA detected in feces. These beneficial SCFA have anti-inflammatory properties, provide energy to nourish the colonic epithelial cells and intestinal microbiota, and exert numerous positive effects on gut homeostasis.
Diet affects the gut microbiota composition and activity, and therefore the profile of SCFA and BSCFA synthesized, this having a deep impact on human health. The amount and relative abundance of SCFA may be considered as biomarkers of a healthy status. For example, high fiber-low fat and meat diets are characterized by the presence of higher amounts of fecal SCFA than diets with reduced fiber intake.
Sources:
Intestinal Short Chain Fatty Acids and their Link with Diet and Human Health, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4756104/
Disclaimer:
The information on healthmatters.io is NOT intended to replace a one-on-one relationship with a qualified health care professional and is not intended as medical advice.
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https://blog.healthmatters.io/2018/07/06/what-the-heck-is-acetate/
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CHICAGO, Jan. 20 (Xinhua) -- A study suggests that some species of gut bacteria break down the fiber in such a way that it not only becomes digestible, but releases ferulic acid, an important antioxidant with multiple health benefits
The researchers at the University of Illinois (UI), the University of Michigan (UM) and Mie University in Japan studied the genomes and digestive activity of bacteria in the intestine, and found that a group of Bacteroides bacteria have several enzymes that break down arabinoxylans, some of which had not been seen or catalogued before. One enzyme the group discovered is so active that it cuts off any ferulic acid it comes across, releasing large amounts of the antioxidant.
"These bacteria can sense the difference between simple and complex arabinoxylans to deploy a large set of enzymes that function like scissors to cut the linkages in complex arabinoxylans into their unit sugars, and at the same time release the ferulic acid," said study leader Isaac Cann, a professor of animal sciences and microbiology at UI.
Importantly, none of the bacteria the group studied used the ferulic acid after releasing it, thus making it available for absorption in the human gut.
Understanding this mechanism of how bacteria in the colon help the body break down dietary fiber and access ferulic acid has applications for personalized nutrition. With the compound's protective activity against certain diseases and its role in modulating inflammation and immune response, patients may benefit from probiotic ingestion of the ferulic acid-releasing bacteria or from consuming a diet rich in arabinoxylan fiber, Cann said.
"This is one example of how the microbiome impacts human health and nutrition," Cann said.
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http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-01/21/c_139684905.htm
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How to Promote Gut Health
If you’re suffering from digestive issues, understanding how to maintain gut health is crucial. This article offers suggestions on how to eat a balanced and healthy diet and avoid monosaccharides hidden in your diet. Avoid processed foods, sugar, NSAIDs, and other artificial sweeteners. Avoid aspirin-related drugs and eat a wide range of whole foods rich in polyphenols. Your digestive tract is made up of billions of bacteria, and it is crucial to keep it well-functioning and healthy.
Diversify your diet
Diversifying your diet is among the best ways to improve the health of your microbiome. While a typical western diet is lacking in diversity owing to the significant amount of processed foods sugar, fat, and other substances and sugar, a varied diet can help to promote the growth of beneficial bacteria. To broaden the range of your diet, make sure you are eating whole fruits and vegetables, nuts, whole grains, seeds and legumes. These foods can be included into your meals and snacks.
American food is awash with processed foods, sugar , and high-fat dairy products. These foods can make it more difficult for our digestive systems to work properly, which can cause toxic by-products. Consuming refined and processed carbohydrates can increase inflammation and reduce microbiome diversity. Diversifying your diet can help improve digestion and overall health. You can improve your gut health by including more fruits and vegetables into your daily meals.
Avoid hiding sources of monosaccharides
It is possible to make dietary changes to reduce hidden sources of monosaccharides, and improve your gut health. Try eating fermented foods, unprocessed beef, and fiber-rich vegetables. Some foods can actually harm the beneficial bacteria that live in the gut. If you’re looking for a diet plan that helps to improve gut health, you should try cutting out foods that trigger digestive issues like gluten and sugar. Also, you can try taking probiotic supplements. Probiotic supplements can aid in the development of beneficial bacteria in your body. Chronic stress can damage the beneficial bacteria in your gut.
Research suggests that a diet high in fiber and omega-3 fatty acids can help regulate the amount of pro-inflammatory bacteria in the gut. Flavonoids can also be beneficial to gut health. Flavonoids are abundant in foods from the cabbage family soups, vegetable broths, as well as other vegetables. These are essential to help support gut health and healthy bacteria. Drink plenty of water, avoid alcohol, and limit your intake of processed food.
Eat foods rich in polyphenols
Polyphenols are a kind of antioxidant that is found in a large range of plants. They protect the body from illnesses and can have beneficial effects for the microbiome. Polyphenols are particularly high in bright fruits and vegetables. People who are less at risk of certain ailments tend to eat a diet that is rich in vegetables and fruits. Include more natural foods such as fruits, vegetables, and stay clear of foods that are processed or contain added chemicals.
The largest class of polyphenols has flavonoids. This includes the well-known quercetin anthocyanin, anthocyanin, and Hesperetin. Green and black teas are excellent sources of polyphenols and contain a high quantity of these compounds. Some of these are known to possess anti-cancer properties. If you’re trying to figure out how you can include enough polyphenols in your diet, here are a few of them.
Avoid NSAIDs
While NSAIDs are commonly prescribed to ease discomfort, they can also have negative effects on the gut. Inflammation can cause bleeding, ulcers or other signs. They may also contribute to long-term issues related to the gut like IBS, leaky gut syndrome and Crohn’s disease. To maintain gut health and prevent side consequences, it’s recommended to stay away from NSAIDs.
Antibiotics can be a very effective treatment for serious bacterial infection. However they are frequently misused or over-used. Therefore, antibiotics should only be used when prescribed by a physician and should not be taken for self-resolving bacterial infections. Antibiotics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) interfere with the normal balance of bacterial activity in the gut. It is important to avoid NSAIDs in order to improve gut health.
Drink fermentable fiber
One of the best ways to improve your health is to consume more fiber. It’s easy and there are many fiber sources, including vegetables, fruits whole grains, whole grains and VINA sodas. All of these foods are essential to a healthy gut microbiome. Fiber is essential to maintain healthy cholesterol levels and for lowering blood pressure.
Recent advances in microbiome research have led to a growing number probiotic and prebiotic ingredients that improve your gut health. Prebiotic fermentation can boost the immune system, boost blood levels of lipids, and continues to be investigated. While the precise role of these substances is yet to be established however, there are numerous advantages. One study has found that fermentable fibers improve the control of glycemic level, while others failed to show any effect.
Exercise
Researchers at the University of New Mexico discovered that regular exercise is good for the health of the stomach. Exercise can promote healthy growth of bacteria which is essential to our overall health. This can lead to more positive mood and better mental health. It is also a crucial component in neurogenesis, which allows for the creation of new neural connections in our brains. It is important to choose a form of exercise that improves gut health.
The effects of exercise on gut microbiomes were observed in a study that monitored two previously inactive men and women for six months. Specifically, both groups showed improvement in the composition of gut bacteria as well as higher levels of physiologically relevant metabolites. Furthermore, both high-intensity aerobic exercise and voluntary wheel running resulted in increases in the number of bacteria in the gut. While these results seem promising, they need to be confirmed by more studies.
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https://www.thinktwicepakistan.com/gut-health-protein-shake/
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A lack of fiber is one of the main flaws of the modern diet.
Whole plant foods have largely given way to heavily processed products that have lost most of their fiber.
Growing evidence suggests that low-fiber diets may adversely affect the gut microbiota, contributing to the development of many chronic lifestyle diseases.
A recent review discusses the importance of dietary fiber for the beneficial bacteria living in your gut, and how you can preserve a healthy gut microbiota.
Article Reviewed
This review discusses the importance of maintaining a healthy gut microbiota by eating enough fiber.
The Fiber Gap and the Disappearing Gut Microbiome: Implications for Human Nutrition.
What is the Gut Microbiota?
The microbes — bacteria and yeasts — living in your digestive system are collectively known as the gut microbiota or gut flora.
Most of these microbes rely on the things you eat. For example, some thrive on fiber, whereas others multiply when your diet is high in fat and sugar.
Simply put, your dietary choices determine what types of bacteria live in your digestive system. This can have important health implications.
Generally, a diet based on whole, fiber-rich foods promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria, whereas other diets may favor bacteria you would do better without.
Bottom Line: The bacteria in your digestive system are collectively known as the gut microbiota. Their numbers and diversity depend on your diet.
The Importance of a Healthy Gut Microbiota
A healthy gut contains trillions of bacteria. The types of bacteria that are dominant, as well as their quantities, are also important.
For optimal health, your gut should host a variety of beneficial bacteria. Some of their health benefits include:
- Colon nutrition: The bacteria produce short-chain fatty acids in your colon, providing nutrition for the cells lining the colon, improving colon health and reducing inflammation.
- Stronger gut wall: The bacteria may protect and strengthen the gut wall, preventing harmful substances from entering the blood.
- Vitamin K: The bacteria also produce vitamins, such as vitamin K.
- Immune system regulation: Animal studies indicate that the gut microbiota provides the immune system with important signals, regulating its function.
An imbalance in the gut microbiota, often referred to as dysbiosis, is when beneficial bacteria are lacking and undesirable bacteria overpopulate the gut.
As discussed in a previous research review, dysbiosis is associated with inflammation, obesity and metabolic diseases.
Bottom Line: Your health may depend on the dominant bacteria in your gut. Some may harm your body, whereas others provide health benefits.
Is the Gut Microbiota Disappearing?
Evidence indicates the modern diet may have led to the loss of beneficial microbes.
The consumption of processed foods has increased, and diets may have become deficient in fiber, at least compared to pre-industrial levels.
This is supported by observational studies comparing the gut microbiota of people living in primitive societies with that of people living in Western countries.
For example, gut microbial diversity is significantly greater in people living in rural communities in Papua New Guinea, South America and Africa, compared to people in the US and Europe.
Furthermore, the average diet of people in Western society is low in fiber. In fact, it’s only half of what is recommended in official guidelines.
Bottom Line: The Western diet contains low amounts of fiber. This may have led to a reduction in the diversity of microbes living in people’s guts.
A Low-Fiber Diet Harms the Gut Microbiota
Multiple factors may affect the gut microbiota. However, the strongest determinant of gut microbial health and diversity is your diet, especially your fiber intake.
Not all fiber is equal. The types of fiber that promote the growth of beneficial bacteria are known as prebiotics or microbiota-accessible carbohydrates (MACs).
Prebiotics are indigestible carbs that pass down into the lower parts of the digestive tract, where they are fermented by the resident bacteria.
A diet deficient in prebiotic fiber reduces the numbers of bacteria that rely on them.
As a result, levels of short-chain fatty acids in the colon decrease, potentially leading to poor colon health and inflammation.
Bottom Line: Fiber intake is very important to gut microbial health. A prolonged low-fiber diet may reduce the numbers of beneficial bacteria.
How to Preserve the Gut Microbiota
The single most important thing you can do to preserve your gut microbiota is to eat enough prebiotic fiber.
Human studies have shown that eating fiber and whole grains increases the diversity of fecal bacteria, which is an indicator of bacterial diversity in the colon.
Although fiber can be obtained from a variety of whole foods, supplements may be convenient for those who find it hard to get enough from their diet.
Here is a list of a few types of prebiotic fiber:
- Beta-glucan: Found in cereals, especially oats and barley.
- Galacto-oligosaccharides: A food additive also sold as a supplement.
- Guar gum: A food additive widely used in a variety of products.
- Inulin: Found in chicory root, Jerusalem artichokes, garlic, onions and asparagus.
- Pectin: Found in fruits, such as apples, oranges, plums and bananas.
- Resistant starch: Found in whole grains, legumes, green bananas and potatoes.
Bottom Line: Eating enough prebiotic fiber may be a good way to preserve or even restore the gut microbiota.
Summary and Real-Life Application
Evidence indicates the modern lifestyle may have reduced the number of beneficial gut bacteria, potentially contributing to chronic disease.
The low fiber content of the Western diet is partly to blame.
So if you value your health, getting enough prebiotic fiber from whole foods or supplements should be a high priority.
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https://otgar.com/low-fiber-diets/
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EWRC-Assoc. Prof. Ivan Ivanov PhD "The regulator efforts are aimed at creating a stable and predictable energy market in Bulgaria"
Assoc. Prof. Ivan Ivanov PhD "The regulator efforts are aimed at creating a stable and predictable energy market in Bulgaria"
Chairman of the Bulgarian regulator participates in the Annual regional forum on the prospects of the Bulgarian electricity market.
"Adopted by EWRC changes in rules for electricity trading are important factors for the successful launch and operation of the Bulgarian electricity market. In this way Bulgaria will become a regular player in the European energy market, because electricity prices will be determined in terms of competition, transparency and market basis, in accordance with the fundamental principles of the EU for the sector. " It stressed in his speech the chairman of the regulator Assoc. Prof. Ivan Ivanov PhD told participants in the Annual Energy Forum "Electricity market infrastructure and services“. The event is an initiative of the Bulgarian Federation of Industrial Energy Consumers, with the support of the Ministry of Energy. Presentations on various aspects of the boot in our energy market were presented by Bulgarian independent energy exchange, ESO, leading companies in the energy sector and experts.
With the adoption of the changes in rules for electricity trading, the Bulgarian regulator has fulfilled its commitment to promptly establish the necessary regulatory framework for starting exchange trading and creating a stable and predictable energy market, said Assoc. Prof. Ivan Ivanov PhD. He pointed out that most of the suggestions made by stakeholders during the public discussion of the rules were adopted by the regulator and are enshrined in their final version. With the adoption of rules IBEX is now able to fulfill its plans to begin from November 16 this year registration of market participants in the energy market and carry out tests before its actual launch on December 8 this year. Due to the great importance of the normative act for the successful launch of the Energy Exchange EWRC has made representations to be publish priority in the "State Gazette", said Assoc. Ivanov. Turning to the results of the overall work of the new Commission for Energy and Water Regulation, Assoc. Ivan Ivanov PhD.. Turning to the results of the overall work of the new Commission for the Energy and Water Regulation, Assoc.Prof.Ivan Ivanov PhD stressed that it was founded on the principles of transparency, legality, sustainability and compliance solutions to the market logic. The purpose of the commission is to create conditions for the financial recovery of the Bulgarian energy and to solve the accumulated problems in the sector, said Ivan Ivanov. He informed the participants in the event that only by pricing decisions to restrict the purchase of energy produced in a highly efficient manner from CHP, NEK has reduced the cost of her from 650 million Lv. - to 480 million lv.
Chairman of EWRC expressed hope that the agreement with the two American plants will be successfully finalized, resulting in the public service will save a further 97 million Lv. annually by reducing the cost of availability, which will also reduce the tariff deficit. The launch of the liberalization of the energy market will require changes in the legislation and EWRC will ready immediately and fully to transpose into secondary legislation within its competence through changes in regulations, methodology and other acts, said the chairman of EWRC to the participants in the Annual Regional Forum.
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http://old.dker.bg/newsen.php?n=2710
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Do Your Research
Despite the volatility of the crypto market, it has provided several ways of making money, holding crypto assets. Also, with the evolution of DeFi and CeFi protocols and how they are rolling out various means of putting your crypto to work, it is becoming almost irresistible to ignore doing your research before considering them. Knowing the right platform and rates is one major constraint in making money with LEDU and other cryptos. To know this, it is a requirement that every crypto trader who wants to make money holding, borrowing, or even saving crypto must do due diligence to make the right choice. Hence, the phrase; do your own research (DYOR).
This is a Do Your Own Research kind of article that helps crypto traders including LEDU traders compare the interest rates of the top stable coins offered by the top reputable providers. The table shown below is part of Education Ecosystem’s weekly stable coin interest rate comparison. We compared the top stable coin interest rates of the top crypto platforms to help LEDU traders and other crypto traders make informed decisions of stable coin interest rates. .
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https://ledu.educationecosystem.com/highest-stable-coin-interest-rate-in-the-market-w42-2021/
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What is Commodity Data?
Commodity data is information on the sales and purchasing activities of commodities such as mineral resources, national products and exported materials in international markets. This involves the type of commodities, falls and rises in price, what they are being used for, who is buying them, who sells commodities, and all other information concerning trading commodities, especially factors that determine the conditions of the commodity market. It is usually used in the documentation and analysis of the international commodity market’s structure.
How is Commodity Data collected?
Commodity data is a type of financial market data. This means that the methods and measures employed in the collection of most financial market data can be used in the collection of commodities data. These methods and measures include research from research firms, trading information, economic data, the opinions of investors, traders and buyers, as well as expert opinions. Regulatory bodies are also a source of information for collecting commodities data, as well as online services. News aggregators are also a valid means of data collection for commodities data and the commodities market as a whole.
What are the attributes of Commodity Data?
Commodities data is information on agricultural, mineral, metal, energy and manufactured materials, how they are bought, sold or exchanged, their prices, and all other trading activities. A typical commodities data should contain accurate pricing for these items, their price rises or price falls, the current commodities market conditions, and projected trends. Commodities data should contain information on exchange rates, trading attributes, and bidding attributes. All of these should help make decision-making for market participants in commodities more accurate and informed.
What is Commodity Data used for?
Commodity data is a type of financial market data. Commodity data can be used in various cases:
Portfolio optimization - creating portfolios on commodities that avoid as much risk as possible.
Yield increase - to increase profit returns on investments.
Trading - to make informed decisions about which commodities are profitable trade items, and how to go about trade processes.
Asset management - to help businesses properly manage or handle wealth.
Commodity market intelligence - for investment decisions, as well as academic purposes.
What information is available from Commodity Data today?
In contemporary businesses, commodity data is actionable intelligence which presents business owners and financial traders with detailed overviews of trends concerning different commodities, such as fossil fuels and precious metal. Commodity data today allows users to forecast future supply and demand and identify the market factors that are likely to affect them. Commodity data providers offer data systems that can be integrated into business and trading strategies and offer detailed insights and analytics of commodities’ trends. Commodity data today gives investors and business owners a ‘bird’s eye view’ of the performance of their commodities. Through tools like commodity data models, a trader can carry out analytics, modelling, finance agreements and settlements based on real-time commodity data.
What is Commodity Data analytics?
Commodity data analytics refers to means by which commodity traders make decisions based on accurate, consistent, timely, well-documented and structured data. Analytics is a branch of data science. As a result of the digitisation of trading and the constant stream of financial news updates, over recent years, there’s been an unprecedented rise in data concerning commodities being sold. As such, commodities data analysis is a complex process that often requires machine learning and artificial intelligence to obtain meaningful insights. Data marketplaces today continue to make big data accessible to trader who need external intelligence to analyze commodity market trends. Commodity data vendors provide commercial datasets to these traders, primed for their analytics.
How to carry out Commodity Data science?
Modern day commodity trading activities sometimes bring unpredictable developments. Coupled by the need for businesses to succeed in a competitive environment, commodity trading challenges are further exacerbated by price volatility and economic uncertainties. These challenges in commodity trading has prompted commodity traders to search for data science mechanisms that will help them optimise the value of assets or speculate upon price shifts as a means to enhance trading activities. Commodity data science involves finding the right analytical tools from data vendors and using these tools to obtain meaningful data that help the business gain complete market transparency, reduce the risks of a loss, and help make optimal decisions concerning trading and market strategies. As far as commodity data science is concerned, seeking the services of professional data scientists to assist in commodity data acquisition and analysis can often be a smart move for traders and investors, as it helps their commodity portfolio management in the long run.
What is a Commodity Price?
The market price of a commodity that is usually quoted in news platforms essentially represents the market futures price for the given commodity. This futures price differs from the spot price, which refers to the price of the commodity that a buyer would pay for in the present moment. Commodity prices are affected by the laws of demand and supply. As such, commodity prices rise with inflation.
Does the World Bank provide Commodity Data?
Yes, the World Bank provides commodity data. However, for a trader who is looking for detailed analytical models of commodity data, the World Bank’s provision is a bit narrow because in most cases, the body only provides prices and price fluctuations of commodities without due consideration of other data analytics factors that may affect these changes. In order to bridge the gap in the data provided by World Bank, commodity data vendors and data marketplaces provide professional data mining and analytics services to data consumers. Proprietors are increasingly choosing to buy commodity data from professional data providers for these high level insights.
Does the IMF provide Commodity Data?
No, the IMF does not provide commodity data. The core mandate of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) is to ensure that the overall stability of the international monetary system is maintained. This is accomplished by means of three core initiatives: keeping tabs of the overall international economic wellbeing as well as that of individual member states, advancing financial assistance to countries that are struggling to maintain their balance of payment, and giving practical assistance to member states through the help of economic experts.
How can a user assess the quality of Commodity Data?
Commodities data is used by a great number of individuals, businesses and countries. It is important that whatever data you buy is of high quality. To assess the quality of commodities data, it must be transparent, in such a way that users of the information are able to make informed and accurate decisions and expectations on market conditions. Commodities data must also be authentic, meaning whatever sources it is being attained from, must verify its impartiality and collection methods. Commodities data must also be accurate, reliable, and precise for users and participants in the commodities market.
What is the Commodity Data outlook for 2021?
2020 has been the most eventful year in recent human history. The economic implications of the pandemic are expected to reverberate deep into 2021, a factor that will have repercussions on commodity prices. In spite of this, 2021 is set to be a better year for commodity trading than 2020. Economic activities are expected to pick up by the middle of the year, which will see the commodity market begin to recover. Experts predict that the global real GDP growth will advance by 5.5 % in 2021.
Where can I buy Commodity Data?
Data providers and vendors listed on Datarade sell Commodity Data products and samples. Popular Commodity Data products and datasets available on our platform are Brain Sentiment Indicator - Currencies, Cryptocurrencies and Commodities by Brain Company, Tradefeeds Commodity Prices API by Tradefeeds, and Commodity Prices API by Finnworlds by Finnworlds.
How can I get Commodity Data?
You can get Commodity Data via a range of delivery methods - the right one for you depends on your use case. For example, historical Commodity Data is usually available to download in bulk and delivered using an S3 bucket. On the other hand, if your use case is time-critical, you can buy real-time Commodity Data APIs, feeds and streams to download the most up-to-date intelligence.
What are similar data types to Commodity Data?
Commodity Data is similar to Alternative Data, ESG Data, Merger & Acquisition Data, Currency Data, and Fixed Income Data. These data categories are commonly used for Trading and Asset Management.
What are the most common use cases for Commodity Data?
The top use cases for Commodity Data are Trading, Asset Management, and Portfolio Optimization.
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https://datarade.ai/data-categories/commodity-data
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In practice, traders, such as high-frequency and day traders, rely in part or primarily on moving averages to predict market directions, but their equilibrium impact is unknown. This paper presents a model to analyze how such technical traders compete trading with informed investors and how they affect the market risk premium. Our model can explain both the time series momentum, documented by Moskowitz, Ooi and Pedersen (2012), that market prices tend to be positively correlated in the short-run and negatively correlated in the long-run, and the trend factor, proposed by Han and Zhou (2013), that high abnormal returns can be earned on a portfolio using moving averages to capture trends of various time horizons.
Keywords: Technical analysis, trend-following, asymmetric information
JEL Classification: G11, G12, G14, C11, C61
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation
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https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2326650
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Speculative trading of cryptocurrencies carries high risk since price fluctuations are very high.
Individuals who are not accustomed to trading should be especially cautioned, as speculators rely on unseasoned investors buying after large upside moves on the market, when they themselves take advantage of the opportunity to sell at the same time. Same goes for large downward price swings, when unseasoned traders panic sell out of fear of prices going further down. This is when speculators use the opportunity to accumulate. This game is played in all markets and inexperienced investors usually lose money in such fluctuations. There is always someone who buys at the highest prices and someone who sells at the lowest prices.
Therefore, it is particularly cautioned to unseasoned traders to engage in irresponsible high leveraged trading of Bitcoin without responsible risk management.
Cryptocurrency prices will continue to be highly volatile while there is no general economy using the currencies. When the economy starts using cryptocurrencies, supply and demand will no longer only move because of speculation in the market, but because of real need for the coins. Subsequently, the market will find more stable prices for cryptocurrencies followed by reduction in risk.
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https://balkar.is/en/2019/11/16/speculative-trading-and-risk/
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A trend is the price direction behavior of a financial asset either upward or downward. When it goes sideways, there is no trend.
An uptrend in the financial market is also called a bull market. And a downtrend is also called a bear market.
All participants of every financial market use trends in their analysis. It does not matter what financial asset you are trading. And, here what you read can be applied to all of them.
A trend can be a long-term trend or a short-term. A longer period (timeframe) shows a long-term trend, and a shorter period shows a short-term trend.
Trends commonly used for analysis are monthly, weekly, daily, four hourly, hourly, 30 minutes, 15 minutes, 5 minutes, and 1 minute.
Investors use different periods for trend analysis. Long-term investors rely on the longer period charts, and short-term investors rely on shorter periods.
Traders commonly use shorter periods, and investors use longer periods. Traders are those who actively buy and sell financial assets. Investors are those market participants that keep their positions for months and years.
How to Determine a Trend?
There is no strict rule on how to determine a trend.
Generally, investors determine a trend in four ways: using moving averages, a specific percent rise and fall, trendlines, and patterns. And my favorite one is the pattern technique.
Notice that the direction of a market needs to be confirmed by other tools and techniques. None of the techniques that you will read below; can make you a successful trader alone.
Determining a Trend Using Moving Averages
Some traders prefer to determine a direction in the financial market simply by using a moving average.
They believe that if on average, the price is rising, there is a bull market, and if it is falling, there is a bear market.
Different traders apply various periods (number of candlesticks) in a moving average to determine a trend. However, the 52 moving average and 32 moving average are more common among investors.
In a 32 Simple Moving Average chart, when the price falls below the moving average, there is a downtrend (bear market). On the other hand, if the price rise above this MA, there is a new uptrend.
Example of Trend Reversal Recognition Using MA
Here is a chart that shows both successful and failed recognition trend reversal using Moving Average (MA).
In the above chart, you see that a MA successfully recognized a trend reversal only once (marked with a rectangle shape) but failed four times (marked with circles).
Recognition of a trend and trend reversal using MA is risky. It crosses frequently in a sideways period, making a trader confused about whether to place a trade or not.
If you use this method, it is helpful to combine your analysis with other techniques. In the above chart, on the left side, after the price crossed the MA line, it also formed a small correction pattern, and the MACD indicator confirmed that bears are in power.
Trend Determination by Specific Percent Rise and Fall in the Market
There is a type of investor who determines a trend by a specific percent rise and fall in price.
Commonly, stock investors use this type of analysis. Other investors such as forex and commodity don’t use this method, because these assets do not fluctuate 20% easily.
For example, if an index drops 20% from its last major high, the trend has changed from an uptrend to a downtrend. And, if an index rises 20% from a recent low, the trend has changed from a downtrend to an uptrend.
In March 2020, all major indexes in the USA fell 20% and started a new trend for a short period.
In the above chart, you see that SP 500 fell below 20% and continued going down for some time. This direction did not last for a long time, and a bullish market resumed again in April 2020.
Generally, in the stock market, an uptrend lasts longer than a downtrend. On the other hand, in the forex and oil market, the market direction changes frequently. Thus, recognition of a trend by a specific percent fall and rise is not useful in other markets except the stock market.
Determining a Trend by Trendlines
Some traders determine the direction of a market by drawing trendlines.
In an uptrend, investors draw the trendline by connecting two or more bottoms in the chart. On the other hand, in a downtrend, a trader draws a trendline by connecting two or more tops to determine market direction.
In this method, as the time pass, a trader should adjust his trendlines because the market moves in a way that a trader cannot control.
Determining Direction of a Market by Patterns
The pattern technique is my favorite method for the recognition of market direction. In my opinion, this method is the best one.
In this method, you just look at the chart for correction patterns. And you may need to drag the trendline to draw the patterns.
If the price direction is upward and the market makes a bullish correction, then the market is still in an uptrend. On the other hand, in an uptrend, if the market pulls back, makes a bearish consolidation, and finally breaks the correction pattern downward, then the trend has changed.
In a downtrend, if the price is falling and then make a bearish consolidation pattern, it indicates that we are still in a downtrend. Conversely, in a downtrend, if the market pushes back, makes a bullish correction pattern, and finally breaks the pattern upward, then the market trend has changed from a downtrend to an uptrend.
The Slope of a Trend
Trend slope can be steep and shallow. When the trend slope is steep, the volume of trading activities is high, and when the trend slope is shallow, the trading volume is low. And, when trading volume is very low, the market moves sideways, which is not any trend in the market.
Trade With Market Direction
Trends usually continue for a very long period.
When a trend is established, no one knows how long it will continue. That is why you have to trade with trends.
However, a direction does not mean that it continues forever. It can reverse from upward to downward and downward to upward. The job of an investor or trader is to act according to trends.
If the trend is established after a big fundamental change, it is very likely to be a bad idea to trade against the trend. Because, as mentioned, no one knows the end of a direction in the financial market.
Trend Channel
Traders draw trend channels by drawing two parallel lines, one at the top and the other at the bottom of a trend. On the top, the line is drawn by connecting higher points and the bottom line by lower points.
Trend channels help traders to understand how volatile the market is. A wider channel reflects a more volatile market, and a narrower channel reflects a less volatile market.
Trend channels cannot be perfect or even cannot be drawn in a trend that volatility changes over time, so you should not stick strictly. For example, if at the start of the trend volatility is high, and at the end of the trend volatility is low, a trend channel will not exist. Instead, by drawing lines at the top and bottom of the graph, you will get a nice pattern.
Bottom Line
A direction can last from days to years. So, to become a successful trader, you have to trade with the trend.
The difficult part of trading the price direction is the recognition of the trend.
There are various ways to determine price movement directions. However, we found that the best method among all of them is the pattern technique. Pattern technique is easier to trade, more reliable, and helps you to manage your emotion better.
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https://srading.com/what-is-trend/
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ROCKVILLE, Md. (December 1, 2022) – Institutional Shareholder Services Inc. (“ISS”), a leading provider of corporate governance and responsible investment solutions to the global financial community, today released updates to its 2023 ISS benchmark proxy voting policies. The updated policies will generally be applied for shareholder meetings taking place on or after Feb. 1, 2023, except for those, as noted, that are being announced now with a one-year transition period and which will become effective in 2024, or those relating to a small number of markets that have off-cycle main proxy seasons.
By way of background, each year ISS conducts a robust, inclusive, and transparent global policy development process to update its benchmark voting policies for the upcoming year, led by ISS’ Global Policy Board. After an assessment of emerging issues, relevant regulatory changes, and notable trends seen across global, regional, and individual markets, plus relevant academic research and empirical studies, to ensure its benchmark voting policies take into consideration the changing views and needs of its institutional investor clients, and to gain further insights from a broad range of market participants, ISS then gathers input from institutional investors, companies, and others worldwide through a variety of channels and over a number of months. For further details on this year’s policy development process, please see here. The updates announced today have been informed by the careful consideration of the many inputs received.
“Institutional investors, companies and other interested market constituents globally have provided thoughtful feedback on a wide range of issues through the ISS benchmark policy survey, multiple policy roundtables and discussions, and through our public open comment period on proposed changes,” said Georgina Marshall, Global Head of Research and Chair of the ISS Global Policy Board. “ISS’ transparent, market-based approach to evolving the policies that are the basis of our informed, independent research and voting recommendations continues to help support our institutional investor clients in making informed voting decisions according to their own investment and governance philosophies with regard to their investment stewardship responsibilities and fiduciary duties.”
For full details of all ISS benchmark policy updates announced, please visit the ISS Policy Gateway.
ISS will be hosting an informational webcast on the 2023 policy updates as well as other developments in the governance landscape, on January 19, 2023 at 5:00p.m. CET | 4:00p.m. GMT | 11:00a.m. EST | 8:00a.m. PST. To register, please click here.
The ISS benchmark policy updates announced include:
For 2023, for high emitting companies – identified as those in the Climate Action 100+ Focus Group – ISS is extending to all applicable markets globally the climate board accountability policy first introduced in 2022 under which negative vote recommendations may be made in cases where the company is not considered to have adequate disclosure or does not have quantitative GHG emission reduction targets covering at least a significant portion of the company’s direct emissions. In addition, ISS is updating the factors considered under the policy for 2023, with differentiated implementation of any negative vote recommendations depending on relevant market and company factors, for example, voting item availability. Additional relevant data and information will be included in the company information section of the ISS research reports for all Climate Action 100+ Focus Group companies globally.
Among the changes for the U.S., a policy is being introduced specifically for U.S. Domestic Issuers incorporated outside the U.S. and listed solely on a U.S. exchange to generally recommend “For” resolutions to authorize the issuance of common shares up to 20 percent of currently issued common share capital, where not tied to a specific transaction or financing proposal. This is intended to better reflect the expectations and concerns of investors in the U.S. market. A further specific new policy for the U.S. is being introduced for shareholder proposals that request company transparency on the congruency of its political contributions and lobbying with its public commitments and policies, codifying the case-by-case approach used by ISS in the 2022 proxy season. Other U.S. policy updates include a new policy to recommend a case-by-case review of proposals providing for officer exculpation provisions in a company’s charter, removing the grandfathering of older companies with unequal voting rights and also defining a de minimis exception threshold of 5% and defining the “reasonable sunset period” for other problematic governance structures (including classified boards and supermajority vote requirements) to be no more than 7 years from the date of a company going public. The board gender diversity policy being extended to all U.S. companies covered under the U.S. policy, announced in 2021 with a one-year grace period, will become fully effective in 2023 and its application to Foreign Private Issuers (FPIs) will be expanded for 2023 from Russell 3000 and S&P 1500 FPIs only to all FPIs.
For Canada, after a one-year grace period, in 2024 Canadian S&P/TSX Composite Index constituents will be expected under the updated policy to have at least one racially/ethnically diverse director. This reflects broadened Canadian disclosure requirements in this area and increasing investor expectations of board diversity.
For the U.K. and Ireland policy on remuneration, due to a concern that the wording of the existing policy could be misunderstood as encouraging companies to increase directors’ base salaries proportionally in line with increases made to the wider company workforce, the language is being modified to clarify that keeping directors’ annual salary increases low and ideally lower proportionally than general increases across the broader workforce is considered to be good market practice.
In Continental Europe, against the backdrop of several markets approving legislation that allows for virtual-only general meetings, investor feedback from ISS’ policy survey and roundtables indicated that there remain concerns about the use of virtual-only meetings, and that there is far from universal agreement that virtual-only meetings will not be problematic for shareholder rights. The updated policy for assessing proposals that would allow companies to hold virtual-only shareholder meetings will be to review on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration the company rationale provided, and any disclosed safeguards, such as a commitment that virtual meetings will not preclude in-person or hybrid meetings, ensuring that shareholders would have the same participation rights as they have at an in-person meeting, and any possible time restriction for the authorization. Also for Continental Europe, a new policy on unequal voting rights structures is being introduced. After a one-year grace period, in 2024, and for widely held companies, ISS will generally recommend voting “Against” directors individually or “Against” the discharge of non-executive directors for maintaining a corporate structure with unequal voting rights. A de minimis exception will be applied where distortion between voting and economic power does not exceed 10 percent.
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About ISS
Founded in 1985, Institutional Shareholder Services group of companies (ISS) empowers investors and companies to build for long-term and sustainable growth by providing high-quality data, analytics and insight. ISS, which is majority owned by Deutsche Börse Group, along with Genstar Capital and ISS management, is a leading provider of corporate governance and responsible investment solutions, market intelligence, fund services, and events and editorial content for institutional investors and corporations, globally. ISS operates on an arm’s-length basis and Deutsche Börse has adopted Principles protecting the independence and integrity of ISS’ research offerings. ISS’ 2,000 employees operate worldwide across more than 30 global offices in 15 countries. Its more than 4,000 clients include many of the world’s leading institutional investors who rely on ISS’ objective and impartial ESG and governance research, market intelligence and fund services and data and analytics, as well as public companies focused on ESG and governance risk mitigation as a shareholder value enhancing measure. Clients rely on ISS’ expertise to help them make informed investment decisions.
Media Contact:
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https://insights.issgovernance.com/posts/iss-announces-2023-benchmark-policy-updates/
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New York Fed Official Says Balance Sheet Reduction Going Well
The man responsible for the implementation of Federal Reserve decisions on monetary policy says the start to the trimming of the central bank's $4.5 trillion balance sheet is going well, and he expects that to continue.
"I am confident that the [Federal Open Market Committee's] plan will reduce the size of the portfolio in a gradual and predictable, 'no surprises' manner," and that this plan will promote stable market conditions, Federal Reserve Bank of New York Markets Desk leader Simon Potter said in remarks prepared for delivery before the The European Money and Finance Forum.
Mr. Potter said allowing Treasurys and other securities owned by the Fed to mature, while not being replaced, should happen largely in the background, allowing traders and investors to set prices based on other factors. He suggested bond yields might rise over time as the Fed's holding shrink.
"We cannot and should not prevent Treasury and MBS prices from reacting to relevant economic and financial developments, or indeed from gradually moving over time in response to the progressive decline in the size of the Federal Reserve's holdings and consequent increase in the amount of securities held by the private sector," the official said.
Mr. Potter is responsible for executing Fed policy, not making it, even as he's an influential voice in how officials make their decisions. He spoke as the Fed has begun to allow its holdings to run off.
The Fed's balance sheet rose to $4.5 trillion from just above $800 billion in 2007 as part of a series of campaigns to buy longer-dated securities to help stimulate the economy.
With four interest-rate rises under their belt, Fed officials met long-held expectations last month and announced that they'd start the process of allowing their holdings to move back toward normal levels. The amount of shrinkage is set to progressively expand over the year, although officials have yet to determine where they'd like the balance sheet to rest.
Fed officials have said they see the balance sheet reduction running on autopilot, and reckon a clear communications effort will make the process smooth.
"Early signs on this front are encouraging, with financial market volatility around recent balance sheet announcements quite modest relative to what we saw in 2013," when markets convulsed at the prospect of balance sheet reduction, Mr. Potter said. But he added that "it's much too early to declare success."
He said the Fed would actively monitor markets for trouble and be prepared to respond if needed. Mr. Potter explained the New York Fed "will maintain an appropriate set of capacities should the FOMC deem something different be required to promote the Federal Reserve's objectives."
Mr. Potter explained that in addition to the strong communications effort, the process may be running smoothly because the economy is doing well and the Fed is already well into the process of raising short-term rates.
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https://www.foxbusiness.com/features/new-york-fed-official-says-balance-sheet-reduction-going-well
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New York Attorney General Letitia James has issued an investor alert to investors to highlight various risks associated with cryptocurrencies.
James has noted that the cryptocurrency market experienced a massive correction last month that affected both well-established cryptocurrencies as well as new projects.
Cryptocurrencies may bring “more pain than gain” for market participants, she warns.
James singled out high volatility, theft, and fraud among the main risks.
The American lawyer and politician also notes that investors may struggle to cash out their investment during a major market crash since cryptocurrency exchanges tend to halt trading due to technical difficulties.
She adds that buying cryptocurrencies may come with high transaction fees and hidden trading costs.
Without directly mentioning the failed Terra project, Letitia also took aim at stablecoin. She claims that these cryptocurrencies are not actually stable, and their quality can vary greatly.
Finally, James also warned about conflicts of interest within the cryptocurrency industry, claiming some crypto exchange operators may make traders on their own platforms due to the lack of oversight.
Bitcoin is currently trading slightly above the $30,000 level after recently paring most of this week’s gains.
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https://frcusvi.org/new-york-ag-issues-warning-about-cryptocurrencies-as-bitcoin-struggles-to-recover/
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The European Union and China are two of the biggest traders in the world. China is now the EU's second-biggest trading partner behind the United States and the EU is China's biggest trading partner.
The EU is committed to open trading relations with China. However, the EU wants to ensure that China trades fairly, respects intellectual property rights and meets its obligations as a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO).
In 2013 the EU and China launched negotiations for an Investment Agreement. The aim is to provide investors on both sides with predictable, long-term access to the EU and Chinese markets and to protect investors and their investments.
Possible change in the way the EU establishes dumping in trade defence investigations
- China is the EU's biggest source of imports and its second-biggest export market. China and Europe trade on average over €1 billion a day
- EU’s main imports from China are industrial and consumer goods, machinery and equipment, and footwear and clothing
- EU main exports to China are: machinery and equipment, motor vehicles, aircraft, and chemicals
- EU-China trade in services amounts to more than 10% of total trade in goods, and the EU's exports of services make up 19% of EU's total exports of goods
Although the EU currently has a trade deficit with China, this is compensated by European exports to other destinations; in fact the EU's overall trade balance is positive.
EU-China: Trade in goods
|Year||EU imports||EU exports||Balance|
|2015||351.0||170.4||-180.7|
|2016||345.1||169.7||-175.3|
|2017||374.8||198.2||-176.6|
EU-China: Trade in services
|Year||EU imports||EU exports||Balance|
|2014||23.1||30.3||7.2|
|2015||28.7||38.3||9.7|
|2016||29.6||38.3||8.8|
EU-China: Foreign direct investment
|Year||Inward stocks||Outward stocks||Balance|
|2016||45.1||177.7||132.6|
EU and China
When China joined the WTO in 2001 it agreed to reform and liberalise important parts of its economy.
While China has made progress, some problems remain:
- a lack of transparency
- industrial policies and non-tariff measures that discriminate against foreign companies
- strong government intervention in the economy, resulting in a dominant position of state-owned firms, unequal access to subsidies and cheap financing
- poor protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights
In 2016 the EU adopted a new strategy on China mapping out the European Union's relationship with China for the next five years. The Strategy promotes reciprocity, a level playing field and fair competition across all areas of co-operation.
The strategy also includes a trade agenda with a strong focus on improving market access opportunities – including negotiations on a Comprehensive Agreement on Investment. It also deals with overcapacity and calling on China to engage with ambition at multilateral level.
Investment
The EU-China 2020 Strategic Agenda for Cooperation puts an EU-China Investment Agreement as central to the EU’s long-term bilateral relations with China. Negotiations for the Investment Agreement began in 2013
The negotiations aim to:
- improve investment for European and Chinese investors by creating investment rights and guaranteeing non-discrimination
- improving transparency, licensing and authorisation procedures
- providing a high and balanced level of protection for investors and investments
- rules on environmental and labour-related aspects of foreign investment
The EU concluded an impact assessment before negotiations started. It is now carrying out a Sustainability Impact Assessment to assess the potential economic, social, environmental, and human rights impact of the agreement.
The EU has commissioned studies to keep negotiators informed of the current trade picture, including:
- existing foreign investment restrictions on the Chinese market
- whether national treatment would be a sufficient basis to ensure market access under an EU-China investment agreement
- the latest available data on investment between the EU and China. Their latest reports cover the third and fourth quarter of 2016, the first and second quarter of 2017.
Dialogues and meetings
The EU and China discuss policies and issues regarding trade and investment in a range of dialogues:
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http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/china/
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Panel 2: Market Data Fees, Which Side Are You On?
Moderator: Matt Simon, Senior Analyst, Aite Group
Panelists:
Kirsten Wegner, Chief Executive Officer, Modern Markets Initiative
Greg Babyak, Global Head of Regulatory Affairs, Bloomberg
Douglas Munn, Head of Elektron Real Time, Refinitiv
Michael Mook, Senior Managing Director, Program Trading Group, Weeden & Co.
The data that empowers the decisions of all market participants, from computer-driven traders to large asset management firms, is critical. But the data-access fees that U.S.-based exchange groups charge brokers and investors have become a serious source of contention. Brokers and investors complain that exchanges are price gouging their customers. Exchange groups defend prices as a function of supply and demand, and participants should compare value propositions by looking at the total cost to transact on exchanges. Key discussion points include:
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https://aitegroup.swoogo.com/ageofoutrage/296163
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One of the more interesting topics I’ve come across in my delving into research in the area of Behavioral Finance is the term “noise trader”. I’ve been reading a paper on the subject which has former Treasury Secretary Larry Summers as one of the co-authors. To put it simply, noise traders are those who do not operate on a strictly rationale valuation basis when making buy/sell decisions in the market. In other words, if you’re reading this blog post you are almost certainly a noise trader in the way academia defines the term.
One of the things I find interesting is how Summer & Co. refer to the non-noise set of market participants as “sophisticated investors”. The implication is that these folks can build a proper valuation model with the correct inputs that correctly account for risk. The implication is that noise traders can’t correctly estimate future risk (among other things), while the so-called sophisticated investors never makes any errors in estimating all the contributing factors which go into a valuation calcuation. Not very realistic in a world of failable human actors, in the latter case, or in terms of valuing the abilities of some very smart researchers on the other.
What’s kind of funny is the expressed observation of the paper that noise traders make value investing a sub-optimal course. One the one side, noise traders are said to increase volatility, and thus risk, reducing asset prices (stocks, really) in terms of their attractiveness to the non-noise set. On the other side, the added volatility actually increases the returns accruing to a noise trading approach. I think a lot of traders will feel vindicated in this. 🙂
I haven’t gotten all the way through the paper, and there’s a lot of very academic stuff, so it’s not the easiest read in the world. For those with an inclination, though, it’s an interesting bit of intellectual discourse.
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http://theessentialsoftrading.com/Blog/tag/sophisticated/
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What’s the Best Time of Day to Buy Stocks?
What is the best time of day to buy stocks? This is a question that all investors must consider before diving into the stock market. Moreover, this has become a major point of analysis, or superstition, for day traders. Let’s take a deeper look behind the topic. Does the time of day really make a difference when investing in stocks?
Is There a Best Time of Day to Buy Stocks?
Investing in the stock market is built around data analysis. Investors can spend hours on end breaking down financial reports, such as quarterly earnings and projections. In addition, traders will scour the internet in search of news reports and press releases that help them make more informed decisions when investing in companies.
Overall, you want to have as much information as possible. This gives you the ability to find stocks with upside potential.
So, what is the best time of day to buy stocks? In general, the first two hours of trading each day are considered the best. For the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), this is between 9:30 a.m. EST and 11:30 a.m. EST.
The NYSE opens at 9:30 am EST and closes at 4:00 p.m. EST. Pre-market trading typically begins at 8:00 a.m. EST. However, it’s been known to start as early as 4:00 a.m. EST. After-market trading begins at the closing bell and lasts until 8:00 p.m. EST each night. The stock market is also closed for specific holidays.
Market Movement Insight
Why are the first two hours of trading considered best? This is because, in general, it offers the most market movement in a short period of time.
The market can move quickly at the start of trading. And investors are using this information to their advantage each and every day.
In fact, most investors have a pattern to their trading habits. Some will make all of their trades within the first 30 minutes of the day. Others will buy early and sell late. Everyone has their own strategy. But many investors will create a plan and stick to it.
Therefore, what’s the best time of day to buy stocks? Frankly, it depends on a lot of different factors. This includes your specific strategy and the type of stocks or securities you wish to invest in.
Take the “10 a.m. rule” for example. This is a common strategy in which investors will wait until after 10:00 a.m. to buy stocks and options. They will then sell once the stock or option reaches new highs for the day. However, they will also put a stop-loss in place to protect themselves.
This is just one of many different investment strategies that focuses on timing. And these strategies evolve as the market shifts.
Market Volatility
It’s important to consider market volatility when investing in stocks. Volatility is measure of a security’s price change over time.
If the stock price stays within a relatively stable range, it has a low volatility. If the stock price is moving more erratically, it has a high volatility.
And high volatility is more unpredictable. This means the stock price can be jumping from new highs to new lows in a short amount of time.
Specifically, market volatility is a way for investors to measure the amount of risk a stock carries. Next, they have to determine if that risk is worth the investment.
Best Time of Day to Buy Stocks
Investing in the stock market can be a great way to create passive income in your life. Yet, you will want to build a balanced portfolio that weighs the risks and rewards.
For more specific stock analysis, sign up for the Trade of the Day e-letter below. This daily newsletter provides stock tips and trends from some of Wall Street’s most experienced investors.
What is the best time of day to buy stocks? The first two hours of trading is the common standard. But you will find the best time for you by gaining more experience trading on the stock market.
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https://investmentu.com/best-time-of-day-to-buy-stocks/
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Over the course of 15 years working as a performance coach with traders and investors, from daytrading shops to hedge funds and investment banks, I've enjoyed an unusual front row on the factors that contribute to success and failure in financial markets. During that time, I've conducted numerous interviews, directly observed hundreds of traders, and administered countless personality tests. That experience has convinced me that much of what we think we know about trading success is just plain wrong. In this article, I tackle three myths of trading success and offer alternate perspectives.
Myth #1: Markets Are Efficient And No One Can Sustain Success As A Trader
Myth #2: Markets Are Inefficient And Anyone Can Achieve Success As A Trader
If we were to look at the academic finance literature, we could easily come away with the impression that markets are highly efficient and that beating markets over an extended period is not possible. When we look at the popular literature on trading, however, we readily get the impression that success is possible to anyone who works hard enough at market mastery. What are we to believe?
My first observation is that, at just about every firm where I have worked, there have been traders who have achieved envious track records of success. These are not traders who merely happened to catch one large market move, but rather ones who have sustained high risk-adjusted and absolute returns over extended periods. Some are hedge fund managers with decades of consistently positive returns; others are daytraders who place many trades per day and sustain meaningful profitability year after year even after transaction expenses.
My second observation is that these highly successful traders are a small proportion of the total professional trading pool. That is sobering, given that the professional trading universe is a small proportion of the total number of people who try their hand at trading financial markets. When Brad Barber and team investigated returns from daytraders in Taiwan, they found that more than 8 out of 10 participants lost money in a typical six month period, but a small proportion of participants sustained success over multiple time periods. Their subsequent study confirmed that the great majority of active traders are not able to make money. Barber and Odean found that individual investors as a group also underperform standard market benchmarks. One 30 year study found that individual investors earned only a third of the returns of the overall market averages.
This suggests that trading is no different from other performance activities in its dynamics of success. Many are called, few are chosen. This is true with respect to professional athletes, Broadway stars, and chess grandmasters. The proportion of participants able to sustain a living from their performance activities is small relative to the pool of total participants. Elite levels of success do exist, but few people achieve such stature. That, of course, is what makes performance success elite.
Myth #3: Becoming A Successful Trader Is A Function Of Finding The Right "Style" For Your Personality
The unusually successful traders I have worked with indeed have found ways of engaging financial markets that draw upon their distinctive personality strengths. One such money manager is quite introverted and analytical and has created work routines to make the most of those characteristics. At the same office, another very successful manager is extremely gregarious and uses social interactions to successfully gauge market sentiment and positioning. As Jack Schwager has noted in his Market Wizard books, what elite money managers do is intimately connected with who they are.
Unfortunately, many rookie traders have seized upon Jack's seminal findings to advance a far different view: that anyone can succeed in financial markets if they just find a style that fits their predilections. No doubt, we find a congruence of personality and playing styles among chess grandmasters. Does that mean that anyone can be a grandmaster if they simply find a style that feels right to them? What makes elite performers special is that they find ways of expressing inborn talents and traits through their work, which ignite what psychologist Ellen Winner has called a "rage to master". As Daniel Coyle observes in The Talent Code, this ignition results in deep practice an unusually rapid and prolonged learning curve. It is not mere passionate interest in a field that distinguishes the best performers, but the ability of this passion to ignite sustained deliberate practice and learning.
Over the years, my consistent observation has been that cognitive strengths are more important to trading success than personality traits. In an intriguing recent book, Annie Duke, the poker champion, describes success in many performance domains as "thinking in bets". In day to day life, we fall prey to "resulting": the tendency to judge decisions by their outcomes. Champion poker players make decisions based upon odds--probabilities. This is what we find among highly successful market participants as well. They are skilled at identifying situations in which there is a favorably skewed reward relative to risk.
Duke points to the work of Daniel Kahneman, who observed two information processing systems within the brain. One is fast and broad and detects patterns in real time; the other is slow and deep and examines relationships among variables. The ice hockey star who is able to skate to where the puck is likely to end up utilizes the fast processing system. The scout for the ice hockey team, searching for new talent, engages in a slower, deliberative process. When we think effectively in bets, we often utilize both information processing systems. The poker star can read the mannerisms of other players in real time and infer whether they are likely to be holding strong or weak hands. That star also knows the odds of success holding any particular hand. Both sources of information go into a betting decision.
Elite traders in financial markets are extraordinarily gifted in one or the other of these information processing modes--and often both. Some are phenomenal pattern recognizers with unusually fast perception and response times (common among shorter-term participants). Others are unusually skilled data analysts, able to uncover meaningful relationships among variables that predict market outcomes (common among longer-term participants). When we look at how these talented individuals actually conduct their work, we often see both fast and slow information processing modes operating in harmony, as with the poker champion. For example, the rapid daytrader will notice an economic data release and will realize the implications for particular industries. This analytical insight will then fuel short-term trades that take advantage of the fact that others have not yet digested the data. Similarly, the longer-term portfolio manager will have a well-researched view, but can detect when other market participants, who have been leaning the wrong way, are now taking the other side. That creates an unusual opportunity to size up the position.
In both cases, the elite traders succeed because they see things that others miss, and that is a function of how they process information, not just their personality traits.
What Does This Mean For Trading Success?
Given the ability of computers to process information faster than ordinary humans, but also process more relationships than individuals can, it's no surprise that the best financial returns in recent years have been achieved by quantitative firms employing large data sets. Mere perceptual or analytical competence is not enough to yield elite outcomes, especially as machines think both fast and deeply.
That being said, I continue to see outperformance among a select group of discretionary traders and investors who are skilled at thinking in bets. They, like Annie Duke, approach each market in a probabilistic way, with an uncanny ability to update odds in real time and adjust exposures accordingly. One unusual example is Peter L. Brandt, who publicly shares his trade recommendations and calculates his returns in real time. His portfolio is up healthily this year and indeed has produced meaningful positive returns over an 18 year horizon. What makes Brandt unusual is his reliance on charting, a technical analysis method often denigrated as subjective and without value.
Close observation of Brandt's work finds that he uses charts in highly non-traditional ways. The chart pattern is used to dynamically frame hypotheses, not establish conclusions. Consider a few quotes from Brandt's Twitter feed:
If you think you know what a given market is going to do, you are only fooling yourself.
Keeping your pile of chips intact is the only thing that really matters at the end of the day.
I know changing one's mind is antithetical to many, but as a Bayesian I must continually modify short-term opinion as price action unfolds.
Many of my best trades in the past 43 years came about when a chart failed to perform as expected.
Charts are constantly morphing, being redefining and resetting reward-to-risk profiles.
Notice that Brandt has taken a cognitive strength--the ability to process information visually--and used it to assess and reassess market probabilities in real time. That is a clear blending of fast thinking and slower, analytical reasoning. Indeed, he finds opportunity when shorter-term pictures line up with longer-term ones. Most important of all, he thinks in bets and prioritizes money management. This appears to be central to trading success.
Do you have what it takes to be a successful participant in financial markets? The answer to that question hinges on your personality strengths, cognitive talents, and your ability to channel these in fast and slow ways to perceive what others miss. Great traders generate better ideas, and they have a greater velocity to their idea generation. When talent fuels the rage to master, that creativity and productivity appear relatively early in a learning curve, providing the best possible indication of one's money management potential.
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https://www.forbes.com/sites/brettsteenbarger/2018/03/17/do-you-have-what-it-takes-to-successfully-trade-financial-markets/
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As an industry leader in the financial markets, leading news outlets, analysts, research firms and market participants alike rely on Tradeweb as their go-to-source for trusted, reliable market data and analytics.
Make quicker, more informed decisions with precise, reliable pricing data for modeling, research and analysis. Analyze trading activity and performance, evaluate ways to reduce transaction costs and monitor adherence to best execution requirements.
Key Features:
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https://www.tradeweb.com/our-markets/data--reporting/
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A systematic review of randomised trials may be conclusive signalling no further research is needed; or identify gaps requiring further research that may then be included in review updates. In qualitative evidence synthesis (QES), the rationale, triggers, and methods for updating are less clear cut. We updated a QES on adherence to anti-retroviral treatment to examine if thematic saturation renders additional research redundant.
Methods
We adopted the original review search strategy and eligibility criteria to identify studies in the subsequent three years. We assessed studies for conceptual detail, categorised as ‘rich’ or ‘sparse’, coding the rich studies. We sought new codes, and appraised whether findings confirmed, extended, enriched, or refuted existing themes. Finally, we examined if the analysis impacted on the original conceptual model.
Results
After screening 3895 articles, 301 studies met the inclusion criteria. Rich findings from Africa were available in 82 studies; 146 studies were sparse, contained no additional information on specific populations, and did not contribute to the analysis. New studies enriched our understanding on the relationship between external and internal factors influencing adherence, confirming, extending and enriching the existing themes. Despite careful evaluation of the new literature, we did not identify any new themes, and found no studies that refuted our theory.
Conclusions
Updating an existing QES using the original question confirmed and sometimes enriched evidence within themes but made little or no substantive difference to the theory and overall findings of the original review. We propose this illustrates thematic saturation. We propose a thoughtful approach before embarking on a QES update, and our work underlines the importance of QES priority areas where further primary research may help, and areas where further studies may be redundant.
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https://www.evidence4health.org/publications-multimedia/testing-for-saturation-in-qualitative-evidence-syntheses-an-update-of-hiv
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Radiation exposures from accidents, nuclear detonations or terrorist incidents are unlikely to be homogeneous; however, current biodosimetric approaches are developed and validated primarily in whole-body irradiation models. A workshop was held at the Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute in May 2008 to draw attention to the need for partial-body biodosimetry, to discuss current knowledge, and to identify the gaps to be filled. A panel of international experts and the workshop attendees discussed the requirements and concepts for a path forward. This report addresses eight key areas identified by the Workshop Program Committee for future focus: (1) improved cytogenetics, (2) clinical signs and symptoms, (3) cutaneous bioindicators, (4) organ-specific biomarkers, (5) biophysical markers of dose, (6) integrated diagnostic approaches, (7) confounding factors, and (8) requirements for post-event medical follow-up. For each area, the status, advantages and limitations of existing approaches and suggestions for new directions are presented.
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Translations are not retained in our system. Your use of this feature and the translations is subject to all use restrictions contained in the Terms and Conditions of Use of the BioOne website.
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https://complete.bioone.org/journals/radiation-research/volume-173/issue-2/RR1993.1/Synopsis-of-Partial-Body-Radiation-Diagnostic-Biomarkers-and-Medical-Management/10.1667/RR1993.1.short
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Do you use qualitative research methods to evaluate the wellbeing impact of your work? Do you use qualitative evaluation data to make strategic or funding decisions?
We want to help organisations choose appropriate methods to qualitatively research and evaluate the impact of their interventions on wellbeing, ensuring that the evaluation outputs generated can be trusted and regarded as high quality evidence, making an important contribution to the evidence base for use by practitioners, funders, policy makers and other decision makers. We want to have a great answer to: How can I do great qualitative evaluation for my project?
What is happening?
We are working with two independent researchers, Jonathan Breckon and Ruth Puttick, to identify what guidelines, frameworks and resources currently exist and how they are used to guide the application and interpretation of qualitative evaluation research.
We want to draw upon these to identify gaps in provision, and create a new framework which helps organisations choose the right research methods to qualitatively research and evaluate the impact of their interventions on wellbeing for their context.
Criteria for submission
We want to know how you assess, commission and generate good qualitative evaluation & evidence, and any issues or barriers you face.
Specifically, we are looking for:
- Guidelines, frameworks, standards of evidence, or other resources, you use which help you to decide which qualitative evaluation methods to use, and/or how to assess their quality, when conducting impact evaluations.
- Examples of qualitative impact evaluations which you conducted or have used. These may be examples of best practice in wellbeing qualitative impact evaluations which others could emulate. Or these examples may provide useful lessons for how not to conduct a qualitative impact evaluation.
- Where are gaps in provision? What other guidelines or frameworks would help you to generate high quality qualitative evaluation? What else is needed to help you make sense of qualitative evaluation data?
Next steps
Please send your research, or the list of resources and guidance you use, by Monday 12 April 2021 to [email protected] with the subject header ‘Quality in Qualitative Evaluation’.
Thank you for your help.
We will email the findings to everyone who submits material when we publish them. If you don’t have evidence to submit, but would like to find out the results of the research, sign up to our email alert below.
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https://whatworkswellbeing.org/blog/better-qualitative-research-call-for-evidence/
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position working Monday – Friday.
The professional will help
WSD complete ergonomic studies in the Center for Maritime Safety and Health Studies,
aimed at determining the impact of work-related risk factors on maritime
workers’ musculoskeletal health. They
use their ergonomic expertise to better understand the burden of MSDs in
maritime industries, help with development of research priorities, analysis of
work sites, collection of injury data, analysis of ergonomic data, and
assistance with analyzing, interpreting, writing, and disseminating the results
of the various projects..
Skills for Ergonomist /
Industrial Hygienist:
· The
right individual should have a M.S. (PhD preferred) in Ergonomics, Industrial
Engineering, Human Factors, Occupational Biomechanics, Kinesiology or a related
discipline.
· In
addition, they should have 3-5 years' experience working in a process and / or
manufacturing industry (fishing, construction, shipyards) with a focus on
reducing work-related injuries and fatalities.
· The
professional must be able to work independently in a fast-paced environment and
be able to follow through to ensure the completion of assigned duties.
· Lastly,
the person must have demonstrated exceptional written and oral communication
and organizational skills.
Responsibilities for Ergonomist / Industrial Hygienist:
· Review
existing literature and data on MSDs in maritime industries and help to
identify knowledge gaps and develop research priorities around that burden;
· Design
ergonomic research studies to better understand the burden of MSDs, their
associated risk factors, and their impact on musculoskeletal health in maritime
industries.
· Collect,
analyze, and interpret ergonomic data for workers in maritime industries.
· Identify
and describe risk factors associated with occupational injuries on the basis of
research findings.
· Produce
scientific manuscripts describing the results of occupational injury research
in maritime industries.
· Identify
and evaluate appropriate workplace intervention measures or technologies based
upon study results.
· Ability
to work and function as part of a team and collaborating with epidemiologists,
industrial hygienists, engineers, health communication specialists.
Note: The position does require travel to
various locations in order to collaborate with NIOSH researchers in other
locations, conduct field research, meet with partners, and attend national
and/or international conferences. Field research locations may require personal
protective equipment such as eye protection, hearing protection, and personal
flotation devices. Travel will be less
than 20% in total.
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http://www.synergyamerica.com/Job/3041/ErgonomistIndustrialHygienist_Spokane_Washington
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In this assignment you will demonstrate your ability to draw a direct link between what is known in the scholarly literature and the gaps in the literature and the development of your own research problem.
Assignment Instructions
Complete the following:
Describe the scientific problem you selected – The psychological effects of US Deportation Officers, who deport aliens that face punishment in their country, as it relates to job satisfaction. In one paragraph, describe the scientific problem. This paragraph goes beyond the social problem to express the scientific problem. Think about it in these terms: We know x from the literature, we also know y, but we do not know z, and that is why this study’s research question is important. Review section 2.1 on the Research Plan/Scientific Merit Review Form.
Analyze how this research will advance scientific knowledge in your specialization area (Criminal Justice). In developing a comprehensive problem statement, your assignment must answer the following questions:
1)How is this study new or different from other studies?
2)Does the study address something that is not known or has not been studied before?
3)So what? How did the findings impact that field of interest?
4)Who cares? What possible practical implications do the authors predict the results of their research will have? For instance, what will be the impact of these results on the sample, the site location, or the workplace?
Identify the gaps between what is known in the literature and the development of your own research problem.
Analyze the purpose of the study. The purpose of the study needs to address the methodological reason why the study is being conducted. It is a response to the problem statement and must align with the problem statement. The entire problem statement section should include a complete background and introduction to the problem, then the succinct problem statement and this must lead into why the study is being conducted
Place an order in 3 easy steps. Takes less than 5 mins.
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https://www.thecollegepapers.com/describing-a-research-problem/
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Introduction Nodding syndrome (NS) is an encephalopathy of unknown origin that affects children aged between 3 and 15 years old. Cases have been reported since the 1950 in Tanzania and South Sudan, the most heavily affected population is the Acholi community in Uganda. In response to the high incidence of the disease, the Ugandan Government has developed a management algorithm, but access to such measures in affected communities is limited. There is little funding for research on the disease, consequently, few studies have been conducted to date. Nevertheless, the number of scientific publications on NS has increased since 2013, reporting several aetiological hypotheses, management algorithms and cases of stigmatisation; however, none has obtained conclusive results.
This document describes a protocol for a scoping review of NS to date aimed at obtaining a broad overview of the disease. The results will identify gaps in knowledge in order to better guide future research, intervention strategies, health policies in areas at risk and cooperation and development programmes.
Methods and analysis To identify the relevant data, we will conduct a literature search using the electronic databases PubMed/Medline, Embase, Social Science Citation Index Scopus, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud (LILACS), Social Science Citation Index Expanded and The Cochrane Library. We will also include grey literature. The search strategy will be designed by a librarian.
Two members of the team will work independently to identify studies for inclusion and perform data extraction. The search results will be assessed by two independent reviewers and data from the included studies will be charted and summarised in duplicate. The data will be summarised in tables and figures to present the research landscape and describe and map gaps.
Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval is not required. The scoping review will adhere to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews andMeta-Analyses-ScR guidelines. The results will be disseminated at scientific congresses and meetings.
- tropical medicine
- neurology
- community child health
- health policy
- pathology
This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.
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Strengths and limitations of this study
This scoping review is aimed to provide new perspectives after approaching broadly nodding syndrome.
We will conduct a systematic and exhaustive search of the literature that addresses the proposed study parameters.
To avoid bias, two expert reviewers will work independently to identify studies for inclusion and perform data extraction.
We acknowledge two main limitations: the possibility of misidentifying relevant articles in the grey literature, mitigated by consulting international experts, and an input bias secondary to an objective over-representation of Onchocerca volvulus aetiology in the literature.
The scoping review will be reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses scoping review guidelines.
Introduction
Background
Nodding syndrome (NS) is an encephalopathy of unknown origin that affects children aged between 3 and 15 years old.1–3 The first cases of NS date back to the 1950s, when Louise Jilek-Aall, a Norwegian psychiatrist working in southern Tanzania, reported an unusual form of epilepsy that began with head nodding and progressed to various deficits in cognitive function.4–6 In 1990, health programme workers in South Sudan reported a steady increase in the incidence of NS in children.7–9 Warren Cooper (1997) reported to the WHO on this unknown disease, and in 2001, the Sudanese health authorities acknowledged the existence of an emerging epidemic of NS.6 10 11
The first cases in Uganda appeared in 1997, where districts of Kitgum, Pader and Lamwo, in the north of the country, were specially affected.5 6 9 10 However, it was not until 2003 that NS was first reported in the biomedical literature12 13 In 2009, the Ugandan Ministry of Health began investigating the possible aetiology of the disease, identifying up to 2000 affected children in the north of the country.5 In 2011, the scientific community began to take an interest in the disease,14 15 which presented the characteristics of an epidemic and was associated with significant morbidity and mortality.16–18 The term NS was not coined until 2012, on the occasion of the first International Scientific Meeting on Nodding Syndrome convened by the WHO and held in Kampala (Uganda). At the subsequent NS Workshop in Nagasaki, observations made on the ground in northern Uganda were reported and it was concluded that due to the high prevalence of the disease, a research strategy was to elucidate the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of NS in the region.5 6 Since then, NS has aroused increasing research interest among the scientific community specialising in tropical diseases.19–21 Nevertheless, few studies have attempted to clarify the aetiology of NS.6 Consequently, its aetiology remains unknown and treatment is symptomatic.19
Current research has proposed various aetiological hypotheses,10autoimmune22 disease following infection by the nematode Onchocerca volvulus (OV)23–25 and a possible viral origin related to measles. In collaboration with the Government of South Sudan, the Atlanta Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)26 and UNICEF, the WHO has funded research on NS in the South Sudan counties of Witto and Maridi aimed at describing NS, confirming the risk factors, establishing possible connections with the OV parasite and determining the possible role of malnutrition and its effects on this disease. Although it may take years to discover the cause and cure for NS, the CDC has pledged to collaborate for as long as necessary.27 28
On October 2017, during the first international workshop on onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy was accepted that OV is an important contributor to epilepsy in endemic areas, and is associated with a spectrum of epileptic seizures, mainly generalised tonic-clonic seizures but also atonic neck seizures (Nodding), and stunted growth.22 Accordingly to this hypothetical relationship between NS and onchocerciasis, ongoing studies do exist in endemic areas of OV (eg, Democratic Republic of Congo and Cameroon).29 30
Clinical stages of NS include inattention and blank stares, aggressive behaviour, dizziness, lethargy, vertical head nodding, convulsive seizures, cognitive and psychiatric dysfuncion, catatonia, physical deformities and severe cognitive and motorsystem disability.31 32
The Ugandan Government developed a NS management algorithm33 to assess and classify the severity of the disease and identify the consequent health interventions and treatment to apply. Nevertheless, these measures fail to reach all affected families because most of them live in remote and impoverished areas, hindering their access to the resources available. Furthermore, considerable stigma34 35 is associated with NS in these communities, as demonstrated by several qualitative studies in which semistructured interviews with family members, teachers and religious leaders in the villages revealed substantial social stigma and isolation in the affected children’s environment. Authors propose strategies to combat epilepsy stigma and the associated psychosocial consequences.36
A recent publication has described how and why NS has become politicised in Uganda, the effect of this politicisation on health interventions—including research and dissemination—and the possible implications for disease prevention and treatment.37
Rationale
Scientific publications on NS have proposed several aetiological hypotheses, management algorithms and have described the associated social stigma, but none has obtained conclusive or effective results.
Objectives
Consequently, it is necessary to systematically review NS literature. Following objectives have been identified for this scoping review38 39: (1) to identify gaps in knowledge which impede research progress, providing directions for future research; (2) to systematise present knowledge by generating an evidence map and disseminating it in high impact publications; and (3) derived from the above, to propose a comprehensive approach to NS, helping to improve prevention policies, treatment protocols and health strategies for affected children in their social and geographic context.
The above objectives will be achieved on the basis of the following questions:
Principal question: Which hypothesis proposed in the research conducted to date provides evidence-based criteria to clarify the etiophathogenesis of NS and thus identify a treatment and design prevention and support programmes for affected children and their families?
Secondary questions:
What are the different aetiological hypotheses?
From an epidemiological perspective, what regions are affected by NS?
How can we improve current NS prevention and treatment programmes for those affected, in their social and geographical context?
Do affected children and their families receive comprehensive care that helps reduce the stigma they are subject to in their communities?
Method, design and analysis
Scoping reviews offer a robust method to map areas of research and present results in an accessible format for scientists. They thus represent a rigorous and systematic approach to synthesising knowledge.
We will adhere to the methods described by Arksey and O’Malley and the initiative of Evidence Synthesis International in partnership with Cochrane for scoping reviews.
Eligibility criteria
We will include theoretical and empirical studies published between January 1999 and September 2019, with no language limitation. The following types of documents listed in the selected databases will be included: original articles reporting quantitative studies (eg, randomised controlled trials, case-control studies, clinical cases, prospective or retrospective cohort studies and quasi-experimental studies) and qualitative research, project reports, literature reviews, comprehensive and systematic reviews with or without meta-analysis, scoping reviews, guidelines, leaflets, protocols, theses and dissertations. In addition, reference lists in the included publications will be reviewed for any other relevant studies on NS.
Any search limitations, date of publication or study design filters, will be documented clearly and accompanied by a rationale.
Information sources
A search for articles listed in online databases will enable us to identify relevant studies. The following databases will be consulted: PubMed/Medline, Embase, Social Science Citation Index, Social Science Citation Index Expanded, Scopus, SciELO, LILACS and The Cochrane Library. We will include grey literature through Opengrey as also the following clinical trials registries: ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO, International Clinical Trials Registry Platform and EU Clinical Trials Register. Finally, we will contact individuals or organisations adding handsearching, conference and workshop proceedings.
Search strategy
Our search terms will be combined (table 1). The search strategies will be adapted to each database. We will develop the final search strategy in collaboration with an expert medical sciences librarian.
The strategy will be defined so as to facilitate replication and retrieval of the information by others and will be described in its entirety in the text, a table or an appendix. Additional information will include the person who performed the literature search (eg, an experienced librarian or information specialist) and whether it was reviewed by another librarian using the peer review of electronic search strategies checklist, intended for use by librarians and other information specialists to assess electronic search strategies.
A complete search strategy will be provided for one electronic database PubMed/Medline. Other search strategies can be found in online supplemental file 1. In the case of grey literature, a detailed description will be given of the method employed.
Supplemental material
Study selection
The research team will compile the results obtained from the database searches, eliminating any studies retrieved from more than one database in order to exclude duplicates. Subsequently, one member of the team will screen the article titles and abstracts to exclude those that do not meet the eligibility criteria. For those that do meet the criteria, the complete article will be retrieved. Another member of the team will then screen a sample of the retrieved articles to ensure consistent application of the eligibility criteria and correct inclusion in the review. In the event that the first reviewer is unable to determine eligibility for inclusion, the article titles and abstracts concerned will be reviewed a second time. Disagreements about eligibility will be discussed between the two reviewers until reaching consensus or, if necessary, will be decided by a third reviewer.
Data presentation
The literature search results will be presented in a chart showing the number of references screened, the duplicates eliminated and the included documents. In accordance with the original Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement, a flow chart will be included detailing the grounds for exclusion.
The results obtained will be presented in tables and graphs according to the review questions and objectives.
Data synthesis
We expect research on NS to present very heterogeneous characteristics, ranging from the population of children affected, epidemiology, aetiological hypotheses and access to prevention and the prevention procedures and treatment implemented by governments in affected countries. Therefore, we will summarise the data obtained using tables and figures (bubble chart) to present the research landscape and describe possible gaps.
The results will be presented in tables and figures according to their relationship with the review questions and objectives.
Patient and public involvement
No patient involved.
Perspective
This scoping review will provide us with sufficient study data to create an evidence map informing new lines of research for a broad approach to NS. To our knowledge, this is the first scoping review on NS and underpinned on a comprehensive approach. Not only because of a complete search strategy, but also because explores and compiles the existing literature related to the different aetiological hypothesis, system to detection, intervention strategies, health policies in areas at risk and cooperation and development programmes.
Other approaches tend to be narrow in scope and there has also been a tendency for research on NS to be siloed within limited academic communities and research groups, hindering knowledge translation.
This protocol will undertake a comprehensive scoping review, to systematically capture the broad corpus of health-related research, without disregarding the important social stigma that NS implies.
Ethics and dissemination
This study will only use previously published data and therefore does not require ethical approval. We intend to publish the review in scientific journals on tropical medicine, neurological diseases and parasitology, and in high impact general interest journals.
In addition, the project, the protocol and the results will be presented at scientific conferences and congresses.
References
Supplementary materials
Supplementary Data
This web only file has been produced by the BMJ Publishing Group from an electronic file supplied by the author(s) and has not been edited for content.
Footnotes
Twitter @lunapersa6
Contributors ACDC is the guarantor, Tropical Medicine and International Health expert, and drafted most of the protocol. IO-D gave information and support for a good practice in systematic reviewing and drafting process. Both authors read and provided feedback on the final version of the protocol.
Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent for publication Not required.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.
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Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this paper is to evaluate existing scenarios for 3D Printing in order to identify the “white space” where future opportunities have not been proposed or developed to date. Based around aspects of order penetration points, geographical scope and type of manufacturing, these gaps are identified. Design/methodology/approach: A structured literature review has been carried out on both academic and trade publications. As of the end of May 2016, this identified 128 relevant articles containing 201 future scenarios. Coding these against aspects of existing manufacturing and supply chain theory has led to the development of a framework for identify “white space” in existing thinking. Findings: The coding shows that existing future scenarios are particularly concentrated on job shop applications and pull based supply chain processes, although there are fewer constraints on geographical scope. Five distinct areas of “white space” are proposed, reflecting various opportunities for future 3DP supply chain development. Research limitations: Being a structured literature review, there are potentially articles not identified through the search criteria used. The nature of the findings is also dependent upon the coding criteria selected. However, these are theoretically derived and reflect important aspect of strategic supply chain management. Practical implications: Practitioners may wish to explore the development of business models within the “white space” areas. Originality/value: Currently, existing future 3DP scenarios are scattered over a wide, multi-disciplinary literature base. By providing a consolidated view of these scenarios, it is possible to identify gaps in current thinking. These gaps are multidisciplinary in nature and represent opportunities for both academics and practitioners to exploit.
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http://orca.cf.ac.uk/103561/
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Large Survey to Identify Unmet Needs of Underserved Parkinson’s Populations in US
The Parkinson’s Foundation is launching a large paper-based survey to identify gaps in existing research in traditionally underserved people with Parkinson’s disease by gathering patient-reported information about treatment and care, access, unmet needs, and outcomes.
The survey was developed by the foundation, together with researchers at the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Chicago, with the support of the Michael J. Fox Foundation.
Its design was shared in a scientific poster, “Measuring Unmet Need in Underserved Parkinson’s Populations (UPPs),” during the recent virtual 2020 International Congress of Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders.
Underserved Parkinson’s Populations include racial and ethnic minorities, women, residents of rural areas, individuals older than 70, and those not seeing Parkinson’s specialists. When research is conducted in these specific patient populations, the focus is usually limited in scope.
“A deeper understanding of the healthcare needs and access barriers for underserved Parkinson’s populations can inform providers, institutions, organizations, and people with [Parkinson’s disease] about key issues and aid in developing programs, activities, and resources that best reach and serve these populations,” the researchers wrote.
The survey was scheduled to launch in the U.S. in April 2020, but was delayed due to the current COVID-19 pandemic. The foundation expects to release the results later this fall.
Designed to be self-administered, the survey will be sent via mail to 9,500 people with Parkinson’s disease (diagnosed after age 67) who meet the criteria for underserved populations and whose data will be obtained through a data sample attained through the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Research Data Assistance Center and identified via Medicare claims.
Survey categories include all aspects of health, including the mental, social, and emotional aspects, of these underserved populations. The survey combines validated tools with newly developed questions on access to care, support, and information and experiences since the start of the pandemic.
The study will focus on core areas such as structural gaps in care (assessing desire, as compared to ability, to access care), personal activation and motivation (evaluating access to and use of Parkinson’s information), and existing support (understanding access to and use of social and care networks).
Researchers expect that the results of the survey will pinpoint differences, preferences, and the impact of access to care in these underserved populations.
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https://parkinsonsnewstoday.com/news/foundation-launches-us-survey-unmet-needs-underserved-patient-populations/
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Last month I wrote about communication in the midst of uncertainty around breaking news. Yet uncertainty is part of science, and has a different meaning for researchers than in everyday discourse. Scientific uncertainty is a quantitative measurement of variability, rather than an implication of doubt.
The way researchers convey uncertainty can impact trust in their research and more broadly in their field. If a researcher says they cannot be absolutely certain about something, that is fine, but too many caveats can muddle a message. Though it isn’t true that the public wants yes and no answers, they are often looking for reassurance from experts.
So, how to maintain a clear and simple message about complex research, while also acknowledging scientific uncertainty?
Try sharing what IS known and why, and then move to what’s less clear. For example: what we generally see is X. We can trust these results because Y, but some gaps remain because Z. It is OK if there are important gaps in the knowledge; it’s an opportunity to explain why these gaps still exist and what is being done to address them; in other words, to explain the way science works. Discussing where the evidence comes from and its limitations shows openness and transparency, which will draw people in.
Rather than talking and talking into more detail, step back and try to find a simple way to explain the issue. Storytelling can help here: people find it easier to understand anecdotes than large numbers and risk factors. Focusing on a single person provides a character to identify with. It is still possible to give specifics; but explaining by way of a story allows for empathy and often means the audience will better retain what they’ve heard.
A bold quote can be just that; bold without a lot of caveats or qualifiers to water it down. But do avoid hype or overstating confidence in an outcome. You can be personable, entertaining, memorable and confident while also providing context. Talking about the motivation for the research, stories about the discovery process, or reaction to the results can make the most vivid quotes.
When discussing results, give real numbers where relevant, rather than percentages and averages as it is clearer to the audience and easier to understand. Saying that something is an estimate helps convey uncertainty without going overboard. Don’t use jargon – I know I’ve said this before, but it is especially important when discussing scientific uncertainty. If you lack confidence in appropriate lay language, look at media reports on your field and think about which terms you like and think work well before using them yourself.
This way, you can communicate uncertainty without confusing your audience or undermining their trust in the research. Of course, there are times when it is important and necessary to discuss varying quality of statistics and how that affects interpretation. But in general, worry less about the nitty gritty and focus on the big picture.
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Ruth Francis is a communications expert with 20 years of experience working in academia and publishing, including Springer Nature, BioMed Central, Cancer Research UK and King's College London.
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https://www.asiaresearchnews.com/content/communicating-confidently-while-acknowledging-uncertainty
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A website presence of the project informs about the scope of the project, the current progress, and scheduled activities.
The report summarises the findings and outcomes of all technical tasks and gives recommendation for an on-board system of future VLL drones.
The report gives an evaluation and feasibility analysis with a SWOT analysis of the proposed on-board system concept.
The report defines the further work by identification of the operational environment and the classification of drones, and giving an initial working model of a UTM concept.
For each of the operating environments identified in Task 2.1 the report summarises identified infrastructure that is relevant for CNS. It examines its usability, any future developments expected that may impact VLL drones and derives requirements for on-board standards and systems.
The report identifies various development approaches for the different on-board technologies in the context of different drone categories. It will also detail qualification level, performance and cost. It will also identify the open points with respect to the research questions of topic 3 in the technical specification and therefore indicate whether the concept and the recommendations to be developed in this project will be beneficial to the research questions.
The report describes identified gaps in technologies and gives recommendations for development of additional on-board system technologies.
The report gives the result of the risk assessment task and proposes mitigating measures for the on-board system.
The report details the on-board system specifications and concepts of integration. It will include components and the distribution of functionalities over these components.
The report summarises identified on-board systems and points out limitations of the technologies.
The report defines functional requirements for the on-board system concept based on results from WP 2, categorised according to EASA.
Searching for OpenAIRE data...
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https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/212350/results/en
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L Susan Wieland, Ilana Moffet, Sydney Shade, Ashkan Emadi, Cheryl Knott, Emily F Gorman, Christopher D'AdamoBMJ open 2021 Apr 13
Antioxidant dietary supplements are used by many patients with cancer to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy and improve prognosis. While some research indicates oral antioxidant supplementation reduces side effects and improves patient survival, other studies suggest the use of antioxidant dietary supplements may interfere with chemotherapy and reduce its curative effects. There is a need to clarify the evidence base on the impact of dietary antioxidant supplementation during chemotherapy on both side effect and treatment efficacy outcomes. We will use a scoping review approach to identify what systematic review evidence exists regarding beneficial and harmful effects of dietary antioxidant supplements when used during cancer treatment. We will use Arksey & O'Malley and Joanna Briggs Institute methods for scoping reviews. We will systematically search PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus, Dissertations & Theses Global and the Cochrane Library from inception to October 2020. Systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials of oral dietary antioxidant supplements used by participants receiving curative chemotherapy, radiotherapy or other biological therapy for cancer will be eligible. Two reviewers will screen citations and full texts for inclusion and chart data on research questions from included reviews. Two reviewers will assess the overall confidence in systematic review results using A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews-2 (AMSTAR-2), and summarised evidence will focus on reviews rated at high or moderate overall confidence. Tables will be used to map existing evidence and identify evidence gaps for safety and effectiveness outcomes. This scoping review does not require ethical approval as it is a secondary assessment of available literature. The results will be presented at conferences and submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal. We will also disseminate results to community and clinical stakeholders and involve them in developing subsequent research to address critical existing gaps in the evidence as identified by the scoping review. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.
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https://accounts.public.ce.basespace.illumina.com/b/search/article.nb?id=33849858
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To respond to poverty, policy must be informed by robust data that are fit for purpose. Currently, poverty data are in a state of flux as the limitations of traditional approaches are recognised. Household level data are insensitive to gender and other differences among household members. Income-based measures leave significant gaps in our understanding of poverty. As a result, the most marginalised groups often remain invisible.
The Sustainable Development Goals have prioritised eradicating poverty in all its forms and fostering gender equity. Yet, the means of measuring and responding to multi-dimensional poverty in a way that is sensitive to gender, age and disability remains elusive.
Focusing on developing contexts in the global South, this workshop will illuminate problems with household level data and the limits of income-based measures of poverty. It will introduce new approaches to defining and measuring poverty, focusing on the practical benefits for policies and interventions.
Course overview
Participants will have the opportunity to understand and critique assumptions on which mainstream measures of poverty are based, and the implications for policy. They will be introduced to tools to determine what kind of data they need to make informed policy decisions that are sensitive to gender, age and geographic location. They will have the opportunity to become familiar with the Individual Deprivation Measure (IDM), as an example of a gender-sensitive measure of multi-dimensional poverty, able to provide policy-relevant data to inform decision-making.
Core topics:
- Understanding the nature and limitations of mainstream approaches to poverty
- Key principles in gender and poverty analysis
- Beyond the feminisation of poverty arguments
- Recent debates and developments around poverty measurement and responses to poverty
- The Individual Deprivation Measure (IDM), as a measure of multi-dimensional poverty that are sensitive to gender, age, geographic location and disability
The course will adopt an interactive workshop-based approach. A mix of learning activities will be employed, with the aim of drawing out and building on the existing knowledge of participants.
Learning outcomes
Understanding of the value of multidimensional, individual and gender-sensitive approaches to poverty.
Understanding of dominant global poverty measures.
Ability to identify gaps in existing poverty data and understand why these gaps need to be filled.
Ability to identify and understand the principles that inform gender sensitive policies on poverty.
Understanding of the value of the IDM in providing gender-sensitive, policy-relevant data to inform policies.
Who should attend?
- APS staff making decisions on what kind of data is needed to inform policy decisions
- Consultants working in the development sector
While the course focuses on developing country contexts, the ideas and tools provided will be of interest and relevant to anyone working on issues of poverty.
Course presenter(s)
Professor Sharon Bessell
Sharon Bessell is Professor at the Crawford School of Public Policy, where she is Director of Gender Equity and Diversity and heads the Poverty and Inequality Research Centre and the Children’s Policy Centre. She is editor of Policy Forum’s Poverty InFocus.
Sharon’s research focuses on the gendered and generational nature of poverty. She co-leads (with Associate Professor Janet Hunt), the ANU Individual Deprivation Measure (IDM) Program, which is a partnership between ANU, the International Women’s Development Agency and the Australian Government, through the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT). Sharon was a member of the original research team that developed the IDM through an Australian Research Council Linkage grant, and was responsible for designing the three-phase participatory methodology that underpins the IDM. She is also currently leading research on childhood poverty in Indonesia, and has previously undertaken research on childhood poverty and disadvantage in Australia.
Sharon has provided professional development training and executive education on gender analysis and human rights for a range of organisations including, DFAT/AusAID, Save the Children Sweden, and UNICEF. In 2016 she was awarded the ANU College of Asia and Pacific Award for Teaching Excellence.
Sharon has undertaken research across a number of geographic regions, including Australia, Southeast Asia (particularly Indonesia and the Philippines), the Pacific (particularly Fiji) and Southern Africa. She has worked with government, non-government and international agencies in Australia, Asia and the Pacific.
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https://crawford.anu.edu.au/executive-education/course/policy-essentials/14402/measuring-multi-dimensional-poverty-inform-policy
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DURHAM, North Carolina, April 17, 2019 – Precision BioSciences (Nasdaq: DTIL) (“Precision”), a genome editing company dedicated to improving life (DTIL) through its proprietary ARCUS® genome editing platform, announced today it has dosed the first patient in the Phase 1/2a clinical trial of PBCAR0191, its first gene-edited allogeneic anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell product candidate. Precision is developing PBCAR0191 in collaboration with Servier, an international pharmaceutical company. PBCAR0191 is made from donor-derived T cells that are modified using Precision’s ARCUS genome editing technology. These edits are designed to generate CAR T cells that specifically recognize CD19, an important target in several B-cell cancers, and to prevent graft-versus-host disease, a significant complication associated with existing donor-derived cell-based therapies. This CAR T cell product candidate is being evaluated in adult patients with relapsed or refractory (“R/R”) non-Hodgkin lymphoma (“NHL”) or R/R B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) as an off-the-shelf cell therapy. The first patient dosed in this trial is being treated for R/R NHL, and Precision believes this is the first U.S.-based clinical trial to evaluate an allogeneic CAR T therapy for NHL.
This multi-center, open label study of PBCAR0191 is expected to enroll up to 80 patients and several dose levels of PBCAR0191 will be investigated. Clinical sites include City of Hope, Moffit Cancer Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and MD Anderson Cancer Center. The primary objective of the trial is to evaluate the safety of PBCAR0191 and determine the maximum tolerated dose. Secondary objectives include evaluating the anti-tumor activity of PBCAR0191. Precision will also evaluate the expansion, trafficking and persistence of PBCAR0191 in treated patients. Lymphodepletion will be conducted several days prior to PBCAR0191 infusion. Patient outcomes will be collected for up to one year.
Under their February 2016 partnership with Baxalta, now with Servier, Precision is solely responsible for early-stage research activities and Phase 1 execution for PBCAR0191, as well as preparation of clinical supply for any Phase 2 clinical trials. Servier has the exclusive right to opt in for late-stage development and commercialization, and Precision has the right to participate in the development and commercialization of any licensed products resulting from the collaboration through a 50/50 co-development and co-promotion option in the United States.
This press release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements other than statements of historical facts are forward-looking statements, including without limitation, the promise and potential impact of our genome editing platform and product candidate PBCAR0191. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “could,” “expect,” “should,” “plan,” “intend,” “estimate,” “target,” “may,” “will,” “would,” “should,” “could,” “target,” “project,” “predict,” “contemplate,” “potential,” or the negative thereof and similar words and expressions.
Forward-looking statements are based on management’s current expectations, beliefs and assumptions and on information currently available to us. Such statements are subject to a number of known and unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions, and actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements due to various factors, including, but not limited to, our ability to become profitable; our ability to procure sufficient funding; our limited operating history; our ability to identify, develop and commercialize our product candidates; our dependence on our ARCUS technology; the initiation, cost, timing, progress and results of research and development activities, preclinical or greenhouse studies and clinical or field trials; our or our collaborators’ ability to identify, develop and commercialize product candidates; our or our collaborators’ ability to advance product candidates into, and successfully complete, clinical or field trials; our or our collaborators’ ability to obtain and maintain regulatory approval of future product candidates, and any related restrictions, limitations and/or warnings in the label of an approved product candidate; the regulatory landscape that will apply to our and our collaborators’ development of product candidates; our ability to achieve our anticipated operating efficiencies as we commence manufacturing operations at our new facility; our ability to obtain and maintain intellectual property protection for our technology and any of our product candidates; the potential for off-target editing or other adverse events, undesirable side effects or unexpected characteristics associated with any of our product candidates; the success of our existing collaboration agreements; our ability to enter into new collaboration arrangements; public perception about genome editing technology and its applications; competition in the genome editing, biopharmaceutical, biotechnology and agricultural biotechnology fields; potential manufacturing problems associated with any of our product candidates; potential liability lawsuits and penalties related to our technology, our product candidates; and our current and future relationships with third parties; and other important factors discussed under the caption “Risk Factors” in our final prospectus filed with the SEC under Form 424(b) on March 28, 2019, as such factors may be updated from time to time in our other filings with the SEC, which are accessible on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.
All forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this press release, and except as required by applicable law, we do not plan to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements contained herein, whether as a result of any new information, future events, changed circumstances or otherwise.
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https://precisionbiosciences.com/precision-biosciences-announces-dosing-of-first-patient-in-off-the-shelf-car-t-cell-therapy-phase-1-2a-clinical-trial/
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Ok, so using the overlay filter, one can change the x/y location of a video over time by using the "t" variable. For example,
overlay=x='if(gte(t,2), -w+(t-2)*20, NAN)':y=0 can be used to start sliding an overlayed element from the top left to top right, after 2 seconds has passed.
What I want to do is to use a similar principle for scaling elements. I would like to be able to change the scale of a video over time by using an expression (like,
scale=w=iw*t, or something along that line).
Is this possible?
when I run that expression through -filter_complex, I get
Error when evaluating the expression 'iw*t'.
Maybe the expression for out_w:'iw*t' or for out_h:'-1' is self-referencing.
I'm feeling like there's a fair chance I'm going to need to patch FFMpeg if I want to get this functionality, but I thought I would ask first, to see if anyone would be in the know about this kind of thing!
Does anyone know how such a task might be accomplished?
Thanks for the help!
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https://video.stackexchange.com/questions/12125/is-it-possible-in-ffmpeg-to-change-scale-over-time
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The line perpendicular to the reflective surface is the ..........
line of refraction
line of reflection
normal
line of incidence
2)
Your image in a bathroom mirror results from_____
diffuse reflection
specular reflection
diffuse refraction
specular refraction
3)
How does light normally travel?
always towards a dark area
in concentric circles
in a curved line
in a straight line
4)
What if you have an object 2.0 m from the concave mirror, and the image is 4.0 m from the mirror?
0.67 m
2.0 m
1.3 m
4.0 m
5)
In a concave mirror, an object placed __________ will result in a virtual image.
twice the distance of the focal point
past the focal point
between the focal point and twice the distance of the focal point
between the focal point and mirror
6)
Which type of mirror produces an image that is always erect, always the same height as the object, and always virtual?
concave
plane
convex
none of these
7)
__________ is located behind a convex mirror.
The object
A ray
A real image
The focal point
8)
The image from a convex mirror will _________.
always be projected
always be real
always be virtual
never be virtual
9)
Light travels fastest through which among the following materials?
glass
air
diamond
water
10)
The SI unit of electric charge is __________
tesla (T)
volts (V)
ampere (A)
coulomb (C)
11)
By convention, the charge on a glass rod that has been rubbed with silk is called
either positive or negative
negative
none of these
positive
12)
Two charged bodies having equal potential are connected through a conducting wire, in this case
current will flow, if a resistor is also connected
current will not flow
current will flow
cannot say
13)
The potential difference between two terminals can be measured by _________
a rheostat
an ohm-meter
a voltmeter
an ammeter.
14)
The net charge flowing through a cross section of a conductor in unit time is known as______
resistance
electric potential
ampere
volt
15)
Which of the following correctly represents the relation among Charge (Q), Potential difference (V) and Work done (W)
V = W × Q
V = Q / W
W = V / Q
V = W / Q
16)
The voltmeter is always connected in _________ across the points between which the potential difference is to be measured.
series
none of these
parallel
either series or parallel
17)
How many electrons will be there in 1.6C charge?
1019
1017
1018
1020
18)
A galvanometer is used to
measure amount of current flowing
measure potential difference
detect direction of current
measure electric power of the circuit
19)
An electric fuse is based on ________
the chemical effect of the current
the heating effect of the current
none of these
the magnetic effect of the current
20)
A ball is thrown upwards vertically. What is the velocity of the ball at its highest point? (Take g = 9.8 m/s2)
9.8 m/s
1 m/s
0 m/s
cannot be determined since time is not given.
21)
An object of mass 20 kg moves with uniform acceleration from rest to a speed of 2m/s in 20 secs. On average how much power is generated in 20 seconds duration.
10 W
20 W
2 W
40 W
Cite this Simulator:
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http://aven.amritalearning.com/index.php?sub=104&brch=307&sim=1602&cnt=3957
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If a car rolls gently (v0 = 0) off a vertical cliff, how long does it take it to reach 73 km/h?
A helicopter is ascending vertically with a speed of 7.50 m/s. At a height of 110 m above the Earth, a package is dropped from a window. How much time does it take for the package to reach the ground? [Hint: The package's initial speed equals the helicopter's.]
Homework Equations
Vf = Vi + at
Vf^2 = Vi^2 + 2ad
d = Vi(t) + (.5)(a)(t)^2
t= Vf/a or Vf-Vi/a
The Attempt at a Solution
For the first one : I set Vi at 0, Vf at 73, and a(acceleration) at 9.8. From there i did 73/9.8 to find the time when it is traveling 73 km/h, and got 7.44, which is obviously wrong. I'm guessing I have to find distance, but I'm not sure how.
For the second one: I set Vi at 7.5, d (distance) at 110, and a at 9.8. Then I used the Vf^2 formula to find Vf, which was 47. Then i did (47-7.5)/9.8 to get about 4 seconds, which was wrong.
|
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/time-of-free-fall.345746/
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Does the wave speed depend on the shape or size of the pulse?
Experts are waiting 24/7 to provide step-by-step solutions in as fast as 30 minutes!*
Q: Find the input resistance of the circuit between point A and B? 4 A 6. D 8 34 В 00 ww 4-
A: The expression for the equivalent resistance of the resistances connected in parallel can be calcula...
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Q: **63. When perspiration on the human body absorbs heat, some of the perspiration turns into water va...
A: Given data: The latent heat of vaporization at body temperature is L=2.42x106 J/kg. The expres...
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A: Given Data: Mass of the Nicholas, m=72.6 kg Slide height, h=28.5 m g=9.8 m/s2
Q: Taking a break from hiking up a steep hill, a hiker stands still on the incline. What are the forces...
A: The free body diagram of the system is
Q: Parts d,e and f
A: (d) The formula for the frequency is: The change in the resonant frequency will be: On further sol...
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A: Given: The radius of the sphere is 0.88 m. The mass of the sphere is 0.58 kg. The length of the rod ...
Q: 27. ssm A water tower is a familiar sight in many towns. The purpose of such a tower is to provide s...
A: The mass of water stored in the reservoir is, m=5.25×105 kg The density of water is, ρ=1000 kg/m3 ...
Q: 4-
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A: The tangent is basically a trigonometric function defined on a subset of real numbers (except multip...
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A: Follow through is when the movement of stroke is continued after the ball has been struck.
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A: The geosynchronous orbit around the Earth is a circular orbit of a fixed radius. Let this radius be ...
Q: Parts e,f,g
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A: Given data: The length of the string is L=0.627 m. The value of mass attached to the string is m=0....
Q: Two electric charges are separated by a finite distance. Somewhere between the charges, on the line ...
A: The expression for the electric field is, E=q4πε0r2 Here, q is the charge, r is the distance between...
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A: Given: The mass of liquid water is m=12.5 g. The initial temperature is T1=100oC. The final tempera...
Q: A homogeneous cube of side length a and density ρc is pushed down into a liquid of density ρl , wher...
A: Given: Density of cube =ρc Density of liquid =ρl Cube length = a Area =2a2
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A: Considering the diameter of the drop of water is 2mm, then the radius of the drop of water would be ...
Q: Calculate the mass of an astronaut that weighs 291N on the surface of the moon; the gravity of the m...
A: The expression for mass in term of weight is m=Wg=W16gE
Q: Solve #2 b
A: Given quantities: Height of the cliff (H) = 45 m distance of the target (d) = 240 m acceleration due...
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A: The initial velocity of the car u=25 m/s The final velocity of the car as the car is stopped v=0m/s ...
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A: Let A be the amplitude of the motion. The pendulum moves 4 times to its maximum displacement in time...
Q: How far must the point charges q1 = +6.22 mC and q2 =-22.1 mC be separated for the electric potentia...
A: q1 = + 6.22 mC q2 = - 22.1 mC Potential energy, U = - 106 J
Q: The hydrogen atom consists of one electron and oneproton. In the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, th...
A: Given: The radius of orbit is 0.592x10-10 m.
Q: A 0.75@mF capacitor is connected to a 9.0-V battery. How muchcharge is on each plate of the capacito...
A: Capacitance of the capacitor C=0.75 mF voltage of the connected battery V=9 V
Q: A man of weight W is on the top of a symmetric two-legged ladder, which is standing on a horizontal ...
A: Here given that, W weight is applied on both the legs of the ladder, therefore there are 2 normal re...
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A: (a) Explanation: When the South Pole of a magnet is suddenly thrust toward the center of the circle,...
Q: A police car traveling south toward Sioux Falls, Iowa, at 160 km/h pursues a truck traveling east aw...
A: Distance of police car from Sioux Falls y=50 km Distance of truck from Sioux Falls x=40 km Speed of ...
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A: Analyze the following diagram. Since the force acting on the ball is not a conservative force, the ...
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A: The cross-sectional area of the brass bar is, The length of the bar from the hot end is, The therm...
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A: Given quantities: Maximum force the cord can handle (T) = 300 N Mass of the bucket with water (m) = ...
Q: A system consists of two charges of equal magnitude and oppositesign separated by a distance d. Sinc...
A: Consider two equal and opposite charges separated by a finite distance is d. The net charge of the s...
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A: Given data: The separation distance between plates is d=1.5 mm=1.5x10-3 m. Part-(a) Given data: ...
Q: Suppose a car travels 108 km at a speed of 35.0 m/s, and uses 2.20 gallons of gasoline. Only 30% of ...
A: Given, The energy content of gasoline is 1.30 ✕ 108 J per gallon a) F=? Volume, V=2.2 gallon×1.3×10...
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https://www.bartleby.com/questions-and-answers/does-the-wave-speed-depend-on-the-shape-or-size-of-the-pulse/55ccaa8e-0b31-4566-9f94-0b08aa407060
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In Buddhism, death, rebirth, and salvation are guided by the moral structure of “cosmological models.” The subject matter of this painting reimagines the myth, beliefs, and stories of rebirth in this Buddhist model, while reframing traditional media of Buddhist painting. The work relays stories of the afterlife and the uncertainties of existence.
The painting centers on a myth of the underworld and focuses on Meng Po, the Lady of Forgetfulness, who mediates memory and forgetting in the circle of life and rebirth. In the myth, Meng Po would offer the soup of oblivion to the dead souls. While some souls would choose to accept the soup and get reborn, other would choose to remember their past lives at the expense of being reincarnated. To the right of Meng Po, Dizang Bodhisattva, or the Bodhisattva of Hell Beings, is perceived in Buddhism as an underworld sovereign, who takes responsibility for the instruction of all beings in the underworld. Instead of replicating the conventional imagery, the painting accentuates a more disturbing, ambiguous, and sensual demeanor in the visual narrative.
Inspired by medieval Chinese cave paintings in Dunhuang, which employ traditional Chinese mediums to express Western pictorial vocabulary, this painting traces the significance of these cultural intersections. It serves as an extension of what is in fact a much longer historical process of cultural interaction and transformation in the making of Chinese identity.
Advisor
Mangubi, Marina
Department
Art and Art History
Recommended Citation
Tang, Hao, "Intersections" (2019). Senior Independent Study Theses. Paper 8430.
|
https://openworks.wooster.edu/independentstudy/8430/
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Oil Painting -> History of Painting"In spite of everything I shall rise again:
I will take up my pencil,
which I have forsaken in my great discouragement,
and I will go on with my drawing."
History of Painting
The oldest known paintings are at the Grotte Chauvet in France, dated at about 32,000 years old. They are engraved and painted using red ochre and black pigment and show horses, rhinoceros, lions, buffalo, and mammoth. There are examples of cave painting all over the world.
History painting is the painting of scenes with storyline content from classical history, Christian history,and mythology, as well as depicting the historical events of the near past. These include paintings with religious, mythological, historical, literary, or allegorical subjects--they embodied some interpretation of life or conveyed a moral or intellectual message. The historical events chosen would be iconographic, not only depicting important events, but ones of particular significance to the painter's society, as for instance, the signing of the declaration of independence in American history painting.
The event, if suitable, does not need to have actually occurred, and artists have frequently taken great liberties with historical facts in order to portray the message desired. The gods and goddesses from the ancient mythologies represented different aspects of the human psyche, figures from religions represented different ideas, and history, like the other sources, represented a dialectic or play of ideas. For a long time, especially during the French Revolution, history painting often focused on depiction of the heroic male nude; though this waned into the 19th century. Other artists depicted scenes, regardless of when they occurred, in classical dress. When, in 1770, Benjamin West proposed to depict "The Death of General Wolfe" in contemporary dress, he was firmly instructed to use classical attire by many people.
He did depict the scene in clothing that had occurred on the scene. Although George III refused to purchase the work, he succeeded both in overcoming his critics' objections and inaugurating a more historically accurate style in such paintings. In the mid-nineteenth-century there arose a style known as historicism, which marked a formal imitation of historical styles and/or artists. Another development in the nineteenth century was the blending of this genre with that known as genre painting: the depiction of scenes of everyday life.
Grand depictions of events of great public importance were supplemented with scenes depicting more personal incidents in the lives of the great, or the everyday life in historical settings. The artists who depicted them sometimes connected the change with the moral messages conveyed by the public events; they asserted that moral messages were also instructive in the ordinary life, and indeed, were even superior because more people would be able to apply the lesson implicit in a depiction of family life than in one of a heroic death on the battle field.
Pre-history :
Main articles:
Prehistoric art, Art of the Upper Paleolithic, Art of the Middle Paleolithic, and List of Stone Age art Pettakere Cave are more than 44,000 years old, Maros, South Sulawesi, Indonesia The oldest known paintings are approximately 40,000 years old, found in both the Franco-Cantabrian region in western Europe, and in the caves in the district of Maros (Sulawesi, Indonesia).
The oldest type of cave paintings are hand stencils and simple geometric shapes; the oldest undisputed examples of figurative cave paintings are somewhat younger, close to 35,000 years old. In November 2018, scientists reported the discovery of the then-oldest known figurative art painting, over 40,000 (perhaps as old as 52,000) years old, of an unknown animal, in the cave of LubangJerijiSaléh on the Indonesian island of Borneo (Kalimantan).
In December 2019, however, figurative cave paintings depicting pig hunting in the Maros-Pangkep karst in Sulawesi were estimated to be even older, at least 43,900 years old. The finding was noted to be "the oldest pictorial record of storytelling and the earliest figurative artwork in the world". And more recently, in 2021, cave art of a pig found in an Indonesian island, and dated to over 45,500 years, has been reported. There are examples of cave paintings all over the world—in Indonesia, France, India, Spain, Southern Africa, China, Australia etc.
Various conjectures have been made as to the meaning these paintings had to the people that made them. Prehistoric artists may have painted animals to "catch" their soul or spirit in order to hunt them more easily or the paintings may represent an animistic vision and homage to surrounding nature. They may be the result of a basic need of expression that is innate to human beings, or they could have been for the transmission of practical information.
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https://www.reviewpainting.com/History-of-painting.htm
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Art export laws are designed to prevent art and artifacts of significant cultural value from leaving its country of origin while also preserving the home country’s competitiveness in the international art market. Many countries have struggled with striking the right balance: Germany’s recent amendment to its cultural heritage protection law in June 2016 was fiercely opposed by the country’s private collectors and art dealers who are now required to obtain an export license for works older than 50 years that are valued over £150,000. Italy sought to achieve balance between government and individual interests by increasing the threshold for artworks from 50 to 70 years under its amendment passed in August 2017. The following article written by Dr. Linda Roland Danil explores the UK’s efforts to resolve these competing interests—as complicated by the post-Brexit exchange rate—in the context of the recent, successful export ban on Bernardo Bellotto’s masterpiece, The Fortress of Königstein from the North.
The purchase by the London National Gallery in August 2017 of a painting by the Venetian artist Bernardo Bellotto (1722 – 1780) – the nephew of Giovanni Antonio Canal, or Canaletto – who, like Bellotto, painted, amongst other things, ‘vedute’ or views of landscapes) – was achieved consequent to the imposition of a temporary export bar that allowed the National Gallery to raise the necessary funds to match the £11 million offer by a private buyer. (The National Gallery actually paid £11, 670,000 – the additional £670,000 reflected the fall in the value of the pound after the Brexit referendum).
The painting, The Fortress of Königstein from the North (c. 1756 – 58), was one of a series of five, large-scale paintings commissioned by Augustus III, Elector of Saxony and King of Poland, and depicts the renovated medieval fortress in the countryside near Dresden, Germany. The retention of the painting in the UK is a clear example of how the UK export licensing system for cultural goods – which has been described as one of the best in the world – works. The system provides that for certain cultural goods, such as those above a certain financial threshold (but not exclusively) and over 50 years of age, an individual licence is required for export. This provides the opportunity for the UK to retain cultural goods that have been deemed to be of outstanding national importance that would otherwise be exported, thus providing a balancing act, insofar as it is possible, between protecting national treasures in the public interest; private property rights; and the position and reputation of the UK as an international art market.
History: Is it closely connected with our history and national life?
Aesthetics: Is it of outstanding aesthetic importance?
Scholarship: Is it of outstanding significance for the study of some particular branch of art, learning or history?
In relation to history, the category can include objects which were produced abroad, but which have acquired national importance by association with an important person, location or event. In relation to aesthetics, the assessment of outstanding aesthetic importance does involve a subjective judgment; however, the condition, as well as the quality of the work, and the extent of the damage or restoration to which it may have been subjected may also be taken into consideration. Finally, in relation to scholarship, the object may be considered of outstanding significance for scholarship either on its own merits, or on account of its connection with a person, place, event, archive, collection or assemblage. Further, scholarship in relation to culture can cover a wide range of disciplines – and could therefore encompass art history, archaeology, ethnography, anthropology, palaeontology, science, engineering, architecture, literature, and so forth. By all means therefore, the list is merely illustrative and not comprehensive, and could cover additional disciplines.
If a decision is made that the object does meet one or more of the Waverley Criteria, the export licence is not outright refused; rather, a delay period, generally in between two to six months, is granted in order to allow an offer to be made at or above the market price (the ‘fair market price’) The right of the Committee to deny an export licence is not absolute, and can only be upheld if a bona fide offer is forthcoming from a potential purchaser; otherwise, the licence must be granted.
The purchase of The Fortress by Bellotto does not have any significant implications on the system of export licensing for cultural goods as it stands in the UK. However, the purchase does provide a clear example of a ‘success’ story in terms of the UK retaining a work of outstanding national importance whilst balancing all of the relevant parties’ rights. The UK system provides a clear example of the benefits of a more liberal (but not unrestricted) approach to the export of cultural goods vis-à-vis, for example, the stricter, only recently changed Italian system. The change was brought about specifically through Law n. 124 of 4 August 2017, which came into effect 29 August 2017. Under previous law in force in Italy, any artwork created more than 50 years ago by a deceased artist necessitated an export licence – regardless of its market price. This was argued by critics to seriously undermine Italy’s competitiveness in the international art market. Consequent to Law n. 124 however, the age restriction was pushed up to 70 years and a minimum monetary threshold of Euros 13,500 was also introduced, although this excludes archaeological artefacts, manuscripts, and incunabula. However, the minimum monetary threshold is much below, for example, the Euros 150,000 set out for ‘Pictures’ in Council Regulation (EC) No. 116/2009, as per Annex I, B. In the UK, on the other hand, and specifically when an item is being exported within the EU – an individual export licence for a ‘[…] painting in oil or tempera (excluding any portrait of a British historical personage)’ and over 50 years of age, for example, will be required when the value of the work is or exceeds £180,000. Paintings in any other medium other than oil and tempera and over 50 years of age for which an individual export licence would be required, one would presume, would fall under the minimum monetary threshold of £65,000.
The National Gallery (2017): Saved for the nation [Online] Available at: https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/about-us/press-and-media/press-releases/saved-for-the-nation-bellotto (accessed 10 September 2017).
Department for Digital, Culture, Media & Sport and Hancock, M. MP (2016) Export bar to save £11m Bellotto painting: Culture Minister steps in to prevent painting of Königstein fortress from export [Online] 18 November. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/export-bar-to-save-11m-bellotto-painting (accessed 10 September 2017).
The National Gallery (undated) The Fortress of Königstein from the North, about 1756-8, Bernardo Bellotto [Online] Available at: https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/bernardo-bellotto-the-fortress-of-konigstein-from-the-north (accessed 11 September 2017).
Furness, H. (2017). Give art world ‘legal muscle’ to stop paintings selling abroad, experts argue. The Telegraph [Online] 20 January. Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/20/give-art-world-legal-muscle-stop-paintings-selling-abroad-experts/ (accessed 11 September 2017).
Arts Council England, 2016. UK Export Licensing for Cultural Goods: Procedures and guidance for exporters of works of art and other cultural goods. [Online] Available at: http://www.artscouncil.org.uk/sites/default/files/download-file/Guidance_for_exporters_issue_1_2016.pdf (accessed 27 September 2017).
The Waverley Criteria were adopted in the United Kingdom in 1952, and were based on recommendations in a report chaired by John Anderson, first Viscount Waverley: Chamberlain, K. and Hausler, K. (2015) United Kingdom. In: Nafziger, J.A.R. and Kirkwood Paterson, R (eds.) Handbook on the Law of Cultural Heritage and International Trade. Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, pp. 460 – 505.
Arts Council England, Op. cit.
Arts Council England, Op cit., p. 14.
Crewdson, R. (2006). Hypothetical on the Enforcement of Export Prohibitions and a Commentary on the Hypothetical. In: Hoffman, B.T. (ed.) Art and Cultural Heritage: Law, Policy and Practice. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, pp. 194 – 196.
Cipollini and Favero, Op. cit.
Arts Council England, Op.cit, p. 30.
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https://www.artlawgallery.com/2017/11/articles/art-galleries/bellotto-export-licence/
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Do You know the names of Banksy, Keith Haring or Nug? In that case you might be a connoisseur of art, or perhaps of graffitti. The debate about what is art or vandalism continues to challenge.
- There is a great need for research on street art's importance in today's urban environment. Both in a conservation purpose and in a developmental perspective. Currently, LTU in an application for The Middle Room´s value to highlight the economic, social, democratic and cultural aspects of graffiti. The aim is to highlight and strengthen the alternative values of what creates an attractive city, said Björn Ekelund, a researcher at the Department of Architecture and water.
Tomas Örn, a PhD student at the Department of Architecture and water, research on energy efficiency of historically important buildings in cold climates. But besides this, he has a keen interest in street art, graffiti, where he tries to map out everything from trends, law and history.
- Right now I am researching on the issue outside the service at the University. I look closely at the graffiti's historical significance and its function in the city. In early September, I spoke at the Critical Legal Conference in Belfast, and discussed how the graffiti painting Fascinate can be understood as historically important, and how zero tolerance towards graffiti prevent the conservation of important works. A scientific article based on the lecture will hopefully be published in an anthology later in the winter. Graffiti was also part of my duties at the National Heritage Board and Stockholm City Museum, says Tomas Örn.
What makes graffitti interesting?
- Graffiti and street culture engages many, especially young, people. They and their cultural expression and significance in society must be taken seriously. Graffiti is also a subculture partly expressions partially question the majority society's norms and ideas about how society should be. This puts the finger on the question of who has the right to make an impression in the public domain and who are included in the official story.
- Historic preservation is often used to indicate who is part of a community and who does not. But it can also be used on the contrary, as a way to challenge these beliefs. To conserve and k-letter phenomenon that challenges prevailing norms is a way to be standard critical and questioning. Unlike the traditional preservation, rather confirms existing hierarchies and ideals. K-labeling may thus be a way to make their voice heard. Both the labor movement and the women's movement has written his story in order to gain influence over joint decisions.
- To create and reformulate city room meaning and narrative is also a democratic act as curators, urban planners and policy makers must learn to manage. Otherwise the risk is that many risk being marginalized the decisions corridors of power and at worst discriminatory.
Why is graffiti so controversial?
- Graffiti is defined by it is a private and unsanctioned expression in a context where it is not otherwise legally or otherwise of community acceptance. In the case of vandalism is a crime, and challenge both ownership and majority decisions. Many also believe vandalism creates insecurity because it indicates a lack of social control. But notions of what is considered insecure is something that is constantly changing. It is these beliefs that the graffiti challenge. I also think it is important to emphasize that the link between crime and graffiti has no scientific or factual support. There is no research or similar which supports the thesis that graffiti leads to drug use or that legal graffiti leads to illegal graffiti, zero tolerance of graffiti is rather based on an ideology than research and knowledge.
Are there "good graffiti" and things that just is vandalism?
- A street painting executed by Ernst Billgren is as much illegal as a graffiti painting by an anonymous graffiti artist. However, there is a greater public acceptance of certain cultural and artistic expression while others have a smaller acceptance. Graffiti and graffiti artists are often met with intolerance. However, this is not a legal issue but a discussion to be held in the wider community.
Is tolerance for graffiti greater today than it was 20 years ago?
- Stockholm Politicians have stated that the preservation of a legally executed graffiti painting leads to increased crime which can only be understood as intolerance towards aesthetics a certain way to be in the public domain. For example it is no arguing against conservation of churches and that they would lead to greater Christianity or to the maintenance of royal palaces would lead the maintenance of the privileges, even though Sweden is a secular elected democracy.
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https://www.ltu.se/org/sbn/Nyheter-och-aktuellt/debate/Utmanande-taggar-1.109257?l=en
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REBIRTH OF AJANTA CAVE PAINTINGS BY ARTIST M . R PIMPARE 2017-03-27آ HISTORY OF AJANTA •...
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REBIRTH
OF AJANTA CAVE
PAINTINGS
BY ARTIST –
M . R PIMPARE
CONTENT
1. AIM.
2. HISTORY OF AJANTA.
3. PRESENT SITUATION.
4. INTRODCUTION OF PIMPARE’S
WORK.
5. DETAILS OF AJNATA PAINTING.
6. ACHIVEMENTS.
7. NEED FOR THIS PRESERVATION.
AIM
• To preserve the Indian heritage of Ajanta
Cave Painting from 2nd century BC to 7th
century AD including all Jatak stories, in
order to reveal the world the real beauty of
Ajanta caves which one no has tried till now.
HISTORY OF AJANTA
• AJANTA is world's greatest historical monument
• Discovered in AD 1819 and were built up in the earlier 2nd century BC-AD.
Paintings in Ajanta are right from 2nd century BC-AD and some of them about
the fifth century AD and continued for the next two centuries.
• Heavy religious influence and center around Buddha, Bodhisattvas, incidents
from the life of Buddha and the Jatakas.
• The paintings are executed on a ground of mud-plaster in the tempera technique
• Fresco-type paintings are the chief interest of Ajanta. Paintings depict colorful
Buddhist legends and divinities with an exuberance and that is unsurpassed in
Indian art.
PRESENT
POSITION
OF AJANTA
CAVE
PAINTING
RECONSTRUCTED
PAINTING BY
ARTIST
Mr. PIMPARE.
Wall paintings, one of the earliest forms of
art all over the world.
Presently, on account of a variety of factors
like climatic conditions, human behavior,
these wall paintings undergo deterioration.
Growth of fungi over these has been
considered a major factor in their decay.
Many experts researcher attempt to preserve
paintings has failed
The only way to sustain the glory of our
world Heritage Ajanta caves in future is
through the recreation work done by of Mr.
Pimpare in his painting.
Some of the sample work u can see ahead.
PRESENT SITUATION OF CAVES
PRESENT CAVE
PAINTING
RECONSTRUCTED
AJNATA CAVE
PAINTING
BY Mr. PIMPARE.
THIS THE
RECONSTRUCRED FORM
ORIGNAL PAINTING
(BELOW)
INTRODUACTION OF PIMPARE’S WORK
After a span of nearly 2000 years, now the
Ajanta cave paintings are in a mostly damaged
and vanished condition, either ravaged by
nature of brutalized by man.
So here appears an artist, reborn to provide an
antidote to the injured paintings giving a new
life and a longer span too through his recreation
work.
With the mere vision to bring back the golden
era of Indian culture. Mr. Pimpare has
reconstructed the whole Ajanta Paintings.
Mr. Pimpare has undertaken an entirely new
approach of preservation and conservation as
well as restoration of paintings with the help of
most modern scientific technique and with the
reference of the old books from last 55 years.
Its honor that he individually has succeeded his
dream & we are lucky to live the old 2nd century
Ajanta era in 21st centuries through his selfless
individual research work.
INTRODUACTION OF PIMPARE’S WORK
His new approach at conservation of
paintings has made us realize the richness
of past Indian culture & revealed cultural
evolution of India through Centuries.
With Mr. Pimpare’s work we can see
original form of Ajanta Paintings same as it
was 2000yrs before.
Mr. M. R Pimpare has completed 350
paintings which measure from 1 foot to 65
feet in length capturing minute details of
expression, facial flexion, contours of the
body, movement of the muscles and other
minute details.
Now this the only kind of work exist
through out the world and no one has
attempt till now.
Mysterious work in this 65 feet long painting
has break the Limca book of record for
worlds’ longest reconstructed painting and
which is 90% vanish in cave
Through these painting portions of the
invisible parts would become visible,
more figures there expressions more
architectural details, background, Jataka-
kathas, costumes, textiles, jewelry,
furniture, musical instruments,
geometrical details will come to life,
opening new horizons and vistas.
Limca Book of record
certificate for longest
Painting
Here are some Hair styles
Designs and facial
expressions
From This painting we
can see the different
instruments, there textile
design.
From this Painting we come to
know that, Medical Science was
so much vast that this King had
donated his Eye.
Currently this painting is not
present in cave, The original small
wall patch was taken and kept in
London Museum in year aap.1822
SOME OF THE FAMOUS PAINTING OF AJANTA CAVES
ACHIEVMENTS
Mr. Pimpare was invited to Japan to attend the
second international conference on
biodeterioration of cultural property of ancient
heritages, at Yacohama. His papers on this
subject were well acclaimed by the Japanese.
PIMPARE’S WORK WAS APPRICIATED BY MOST ALL THE MINISTERS AND
ICONS
Today almost all the paintings in Ajanta
have been destroyed because of various
factors and Preservation and protection
of Ajanta murals (World class historical
monument) is a big problem today.
In the rule of ASI ,wherever the plasters of
the oriental paintings from the wall peel off,
they replace them with a layer of cement, as
a result of this in most of the caves there are
more cement blotches than actual paintings
and if this trend continues, in future there
will be only cement blotches.
No results despite govt. Spending Cores of
rupees for the preservation of the cave
frescos.
With Mr. Pimpare’s work , we are lucky and
able to see the “ Ajanta” in it’s original look.
Therefore to overcome from this situation ,
it is very essential to set up the Art Gallery
for these Painting in Aurangabad.
NEED FOR THE PRESERVATION
T H A N K S
Mr. M. R Pimpare,
A4, VENUS COMPLX,
BEED BY PAAS,
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https://fdocuments.in/document/rebirth-of-ajanta-cave-paintings-by-artist-m-r-pimpare-2017-03-27-history-of.html
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The project is located in the upper reaches of Laoju River. It is of great significance to the water body and ecology of the middle and lower reaches. We integrated the landscape upgrading with the original topography and human elements. Ecology protection is the design principle. We engaged modern technology with local characteristic historical and cultural elements such as loess high slope landform, cave architecture art, ancient bronze culture and colour painting into the landscape design layout. It has developed into a quiet ecological rehabilitation park, an interesting ecological wild amusement park and a resort with rich cultural heritage. This is now an eco cycling park integrated with functions of science education, leisure travel, vacation and industrial cycle. The project area has since become a venue for daily leisure and relaxation gatherings for the nearby residents. Daily chat, friend gathering, or casual visiting, you can always find your own world here.
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http://www.cbsj.com/en/cms/a/57.html
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While in college Madga’s work focused on the role of fine art and craft in migration, multiculturism, and identity through the lens of her own experience of being local to Poland, Bulgaria and Ireland. She investigated the potential of craft as a universal language and its potential significance in understanding commonalities and shared experiences between cultures.
A part of this process was to understand her experience as a migrant in relation to her locality in North-Inner City Dublin; the day to day reality of this place, and Irish society as a whole; its history and its collective memory. In more recent work, drawing on the experiences of her daughter and her peers, she explored how these multicultural identities shift and change in the children of migrants born and raised in Ireland. Magda tries to understand the role of art, craft, acquired histories and languages in how identity is formed and performed.
Fragments | A4 Graduate Award Exhibition
www.fleastudio.com
Email: [email protected]
Instagram: @magda_oleksiewicz
Melancholia
The concept of unity appeared over the centuries in many works of art, literature, philosophy and in religious believes. The most recent scientific research on neuroaesthetic proved superior activity of the brain in the evaluation of paintings, sculptures, music and mathematics regardless of the style, gender, socio cultural and ethnic context or education. It was revealed as a phenomenon of the “experience of beauty”.
In Magda’s work she is concerned with neutral language combining what is usually considered as feminine and masculine in art. She applied this neutrality to both materials and selected issues in her research and analysis of architecture and well – known historical paintings representing women. Her process was based on the translation of nude female bodies from selected historical paintings into the language of architecture, drawn lines and urban maps. These objects were eventually placed as virtual proposals for buildings, lanes, parks and public sculptures around Dublin Docks.
The alleged story of spouses from 15th century in painting ‘Arnolfini Portrait‘ has become the main axis of the installation. Some elements represented in Jan van Eyck’s painting were recreated directly while others were interpreted and processed. The interior in this painting was deconstructed and redefined.
Represented objects were made of things collected or gathered during her studies such as, textiles, thread, clay and left overs from printing studio practice. Fabrics and prints were stitched and formed as an unidentified part of clothing, the reminiscent of aprons.
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https://a4sounds.org/magda-oleksiewicz/
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Gustave Caillebotte’s Iris Bleus, Jardin du Petit Gennevilliers, the focus of a long legal battle between an auction house and a consortium of Canadian art museums over the definition of art of “national importance”, has been acquired by the Art Gallery of Ontario (AGO) and will be unveiled to the public at the museum on 24 August.
The painting, which dates from around 1892, was acquired with the aid of a federal Moveable Cultural Property Grant, an emergency government funding mechanism that assists museums in purchasing works that might otherwise leave the country.
The CBC reported that the grant totaled $540,000, and that the AGO acknowledged that it was almost half of the purchase price. The rest came from bequests from the R. Fraser Elliott estate and a bequest from F.W.G. Fitzgerald, it said.
The tussle over the painting dates to November 2016, when it was purchased by the Richard Green Gallery of London for $678,500 at Heffel’s Toronto auction house. (The seller has remained anonymous.)
The painting, which had been blocked from export to the purchaser in London last year by a federal court, “allows us to tell a more comprehensive story of 19th-century art in Paris and to showcase one of the great Impressionists,” says Julian Cox, the museum’s deputy director and chief curator.
It is only the second work by Caillebotte to enter a major Canadian museum, after a painting that was acquired by the McMaster Museum of Art in 1984. Caillebotte’s relative wealth freed him of the need to sell his art to private collectors, and most of it remains in the Musée d’Orsay in Paris. “When this painting first came to view for us in 2016, we saw this fabulous opportunity to enrich our19th-century European section,” Cox says.
Caillebotte painted Iris Bleus, which bridges the gap between still life and landscape, not long before his death in 1894. “We know from letters that this work was part of an active dialogue he had with Monet about gardening,” says Caroline Shields, the AGO’s associate curator and head of European art. “It was a shared passion. And in terms of art historical importance, the decorative impulses on display in this work, evident in the ways he treated the surface, presage the Impressionists’ move towards abstraction in interesting ways.”
Cox says that the painting is an experimental one that reflects a “shift from Post-Impressionism into early abstract forms of rendering”.
Caillebotte executed this transitional work, he says, when he had just moved to the Paris suburb of Petit Gennevilliers, planted a garden with his own irrigation system and dedicated himself to his twin passions of painting and gardening. As revealed in his exchanges with Monet, Cox adds, “he was doing work in his own back garden” instead of heading to the woods of Fontainebleau like many of his artistic contemporaries.
During the lengthy legal battle to keep the painting in Canada, the country’s Federal Court of Appeal ruled in April that a work by an international artist could be deemed to be of "national importance" to Canadian heritage. But “we decided to drop the definition of national importance (as defined by the Canadian Cultural Property Export Review Board) and just argue for ‘artistic significance,’” Cox says.
“Because Canada is an open and multicultural nation” with a diverse population such as Toronto’s, “for us it’s important to have international works of art that reference a breadth of different cultures and styles,” he says. As the review board noted, “Gustave Caillebotte's work has been reassessed over the last 20 years and there is now substantial interest in it.”
In the last five years, several major museums have acquired garden-related canvases by Caillebotte that date to within a year of Iris Bleus. The Musée des Impressionnismes Giverny acquired Parterre de Marguerites (1892-93) in 2016, the Metropolitan Museum of Art acquired Chrysanthemums in the Garden at Petit-Gennevilliers (1893) in 2014, and the National Gallery of Art acquired Dahlias, Garden at Petit Gennevilliers (1893) in 2016.
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https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/art-gallery-of-ontario-acquires-a-caillebotte-after-long-legal-struggle
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Authors:
Veronika Arestova
Abstract
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Number of views: 551
Russian educational system today is called up to maintain and support ethnic originality of people living on Russian territory, their humanistic cultural traditions. Ethno-theatrical forms of traditional-ceremonial culture are able to provide the transfer of social and cultural values between generations. Authors understand ethno-staging as the process of reconstruction of folklore material saving significant specific features of national ceremonial-playing traditions. The aim of application of ethno-staging in school education is ethno-cultural upbringing.
4-7
CLASSIFICATION OF TYPES OF SPATIAL FORMATION IN PAINTINGS OF CONTEMPORARY ARTISTS OF KAZAKHSTAN
Authors:
Sadybek Beisenbayev
Abstract
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Number of views: 621
All systems of spatial construction of images connected with certain epochs and cultural traditions are used in full being supplemented, developed and enriched with new categories in our modern society. In the history of Kazakhstan painting the spatial interpretation methods correspond to the world-outlook, realize a certain national idea-aesthetic complex.
8-10
FUNCTIONING OF TRADITIONAL MUSIC IN CONTEMPORARY CULTURE OF KAZAKHSTAN
Authors:
Gulnara Kuzbakova
Abstract
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Number of views: 856
Article is devoted to modern functioning of traditional music and folklore in Kazakhstan. The author investigates the various parties of musical life of the republic, activity of musicians and composers, performing collectives, puts theoretical and sociohistorical problems and analyzes their decision.
11-13
«ELOQUENCE» AND «INARTICULATENESS» OF MANIFESTATIONS OF FASHION: NARRATIVE MEASUREMENT
Authors:
Oksana Lagoda
Abstract
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Number of views: 560
The author analyzes relativity in the description of a fashionable suit on the basis of its image. Due to this relativity specific meanings, senses, fragmentariness of image decisions, narratives are formed. It gives an opportunity to create different senses, values, fashionable images, characters, narrative.
14-16
EMBODIMENT OF TRADITIONS OF THE RUSSIAN ART SCHOOL IN CREATIVITY OF KAZAKH PAINTERS OF THE XX CENTURY
Authors:
Yelena Lichman
Abstract
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Number of views: 591
This article is connected with the problem of easel painting development in Kazakhstan in the context of influence of traditions of Russian art school, as well as the problem of correlation of traditions of Kazakh folk art and traditions of Russian realistic painting in the process of creation of historical paintings, landscapes, still life by Kazakh artists of the XXth century.
17-19
MUSICAL DOCUMENT EVOLUTION
Authors:
Darya Izyumova, Tatyana Lugovaya
Abstract
View in PDF
Number of views: 578
The article is devoted to consideration of the musical document evolution, musical recording and their role in development of music in the context of artistic perception of the world by the man. Authors justify the idea that the nature of materials of musical document (carrier of musical data and methods of documenting) affects the development of music. The musical document itself reflects an idea of world-outlook specific for a certain historical-cultural epoch.
20-21
RESEARCH OF ACTUALIZATION OF COLOR GROUPS IN SUBSYSTEMS OF CSS "COSTUME" AND "ENVIRONMENT"
Authors:
Tatyana Makarova
Abstract
View in PDF
Number of views: 550
Color symbolics in the modern costume design is examined in the article.
22-24
ADVERTISING ON BILLBOARDS IN KAZAKHSTAN. EXPERIENCE, PROSPECTS
Authors:
Anastassiya Mogilnaya
Abstract
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Number of views: 553
Matters of billboard advertising in Kazakhstan ar5e considered in the article. The relevant analysis is made. Experience, existing problems, ways, prospects and possibilities of further development of this area in the republic are considered.
25-27
KAZAKHSTAN MODERN ART AND NATIONAL SYMBOLISM
Authors:
Sadybek Beisenbayev
Abstract
View in PDF
Number of views: 590
In modern Kazakh painting we face a paradoxical fact: newest, aimed at tomorrow human knowledge and trends of development of arts seem to be directly connected with ancient spiritual tradition, traditional Kazakh world-outlook. Symbols in Kazakh easel painting embody the strongest sides of Kazakh mentality.
28-29
ORNAMENTAL ART OF KAZAKHSTAN
Authors:
Gulnar Soltanbayeva
Abstract
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Number of views: 695
Kazakh ornamental art has gone through several stages of development before coming to its modern forms and characteristics. With formation of the sovereign independent state - the Republic of Kazakhstan the traditional art has been reborn. Further development of ornaments goes deeper in history and uses all cultural achievements of the steppe.
30-33
ART EXHIBITION IN THE PROCESS OF INTERACTION OF CULTURES
Authors:
Tamara Stepanskaya
Abstract
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Number of views: 566
In article Russian art school in the course of integration of Western and Eastern cultures (XX – the beginning of the XXI century) is considered. The author considers certain features of perception of works of modern Siberian artists by the viewer from the Western Europe.
34-36
DEVELOPMENT OF CREATIVE IMAGINATION AND ASSOCIATIVE THINKING OF MUSICIANS ON THE BASIS OF INNOVATIVE SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE IN THE FIELD OF NANO-TECHNOLOGY
Authors:
Evgenia Titova
Abstract
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Number of views: 603
The author presents information about the new opportunities of development of associative thinking, creative imagination and fantasy of musicians, based on modern scientific achievements in the field of nanotechnology.
37-40
FORMATION OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITY OF UKRAINIAN CITIZENS: VALUE-BASED MEASUREMENT
Authors:
Tetyana Voropayeva
Abstract
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Number of views: 591
Problems of self-identification and development of the collective identity of Ukrainian citizens are analyzed in this article. The author analyzes results of the empirical research of Ukrainian citizens' self-identification by the Berry method and results of the empirical research of basic values by the Schwartz method. Empirically distinguished types are interpreted.
41-43
EDUCATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE LITERARY TEXT
Authors:
Liubov Jdanova
Abstract
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Number of views: 898
The subject of this paper is to consider the use of a literary text as a mechanism for multicultural education of students. Just like any other science education is based on the study and interpretation of various texts (philosophical, scientific, historical, artistic, philological, cultural etc.). The ability to interpret the text is widely used in different research areas. It is particularly important in pedagogy, because every text is the information the most of the pedagogical views are built on.
44-47
THE ROLE AND PRINCIPLES OF USING THE MATERIAL IN ETHNO-FUTURISM ON THE EXAMPLE OF A STONECASTED ART OBJECT IN THE SPIRIT OF THE PERM ANIMAL STYLE
Authors:
Anna Ignatova
Abstract
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Number of views: 592
The author investigates the role of the material in the spiritual value of art-works. The object of study is the ethno-futurism of art. The author has formulated principles of using the material in ethno-futuristic genre.
48-51
GENDER TYPOLOGY OF A SUBJECT OF CREATIVE ACTIVITY IN GRAPHIC CREATIVITY
Authors:
Nina Konopleva
Abstract
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Number of views: 604
The author considers theoretical and methodological approaches to the analysis of cultural and historical typology of the subject of creative activity. The author analyzes the following concepts: person, subject, typology, gender. The author also considers basic typological approaches to the analysis of the person in the psychology and the cultural science.
52-54
CULTURAL ROLE AND TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE FOLKLORE RIDDLE IN THE INFORMATION SOCIETY
Authors:
Tatyana Lugovaya
Abstract
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Number of views: 613
The article is devoted to the description of the transformation of a riddle as a folklore genre and a cultural text in conditions of the information society. The author substantiates an idea that the folklore riddle is one of methods of making socially meaningful objects and phenomena sacred (this is often used in advertising).
55-58
CINEMATOGRAPHY AND ORTHODOXY IN PRE-REVOLUTIONARY RUSSIA
Authors:
Liudmila Presnyakova
Abstract
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Number of views: 557
Problems of interrelations of the Orthodox Church and cinematography in pre-revolutionary Russia are considered. Analyzing the repertoire of movie theaters, problems of distribution, the Holy Synod’s decrees and police circulars about the cinematograph, the author comes to the conclusion that the Orthodox Church considered the cinematograph an evil, corrupting youth and attracting people away from religion, It used to build relations with this new kind of art through prohibitions and couldn't succeed in using the potential of the cinematograph in its activities.
59-60
ETHIC-AESTHETIC WORLD PERCEPTION IN JOURNALISM
Authors:
Svetlana Rzhanova
Abstract
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Number of views: 580
The author considers the information space created by mass media with the environment cultural codes are being produced, aesthetized and translated in. Everyday life of a person is characterized by the addiction to a structured semiotic media product. Social memory of different cultural epochs is kept publicistic works. Therefore the translation of sample texts into the category of cultural values, regardless of the time of creation is created.
61-62
PERSONALITY-EXTROVERT AND ITS SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL: SPONTANEOUS CULTUROLOGICAL PHENOMENON
Authors:
Anna Rybachuk, Dmitry Zerbino
Abstract
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Number of views: 591
Authors consider the problem of the role of an identity in science and in the general cultural sphere. The research work is a deeply creative work, based on internal motivations and individual talent. A person can be an extravert involving many new scientists to the filed of own interests, but if a person is an introvert, he will be interested only in own scientific activity, without attracting followers. The main idea 0 creation, development and strengthening of scientific schools in the country - this can be handled only by strong personalities – leaders extroverts. They are able to establish own scientific school and to convey years of own experience to young colleagues, students, followers. The role of the sociology of science is significant within this problem.
63-64
THEATRE AS А MECHANISM OF STUDENTS' EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors:
Ekaterina Petrova, Elena Semenova, Vladimir Semenov
Abstract
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Number of views: 634
The article deals with the problem of students' emotional development. Authors analyze the experience of organization of performances at the students’ theatre at the Pedagogical Institute. The article proves the idea of opportunities through which such kind of the theatre can develop students’ emotional sphere.
65-68
UNITY OF LIGHT AND THE SANCTITY IN THE ORTHODOX TRADITION
Authors:
Olga Soldatenkova
Abstract
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Number of views: 550
In the article the orthodox concept of light and sanctity interrelation, and also interrelation of old Russian pagan and orthodox perception of sanctity and light are considered.
69-73
THE STRUCTURE OF EXPERIENCE AND INSPIRATION
Authors:
Elisabeth Uglova, Maria Prokofieva, Pavel Starikov
Abstract
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Number of views: 622
The article is devoted to the problem of inspiration in the contemporary pedagogies. The author analyses contemporary approaches and opportunities of the inspiration experience rationalization. The research results show the importance of the inspiration experience in the pedagogies of the creative activity and the completive structure of the inspiration phenomenon.
74-77
FRAME-BASED APPROACH IN CONSIDERATION OF OBJECTS OF THE CULTURAL HERITAGE IN OWN ENVIRONMENT
Authors:
Dmitry Syraev
Abstract
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Number of views: 552
Revision of the cultural heritage for the purpose of its widening takes the amplitudinous tone all over the world. Whole terrains, historical cities, cultural landscapes are starting to be heritaged and museumified; unique historical and cultural territories are forming. The new vision of this vector: framework elements of cultural heritage, which allow to study the terrain locally, unparted through the historical process stages.
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