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What was the major reason radicals were so angry? Europe wanted to put Louis XVI back in power. They wanted women and men to be able to vote. The revolution became more and more violent.
During the Reign of Terror, at least 300,000 suspects were arrested; 17,000 were officially executed, and perhaps 10,000 died in prison or without trial.
In 1789, food shortages and economic crises led to the outbreak of the French Revolution. King Louis and his queen, Mary-Antoinette, were imprisoned in August 1792, and in September the monarchy was abolished. … Marie-Antoinette followed him to the guillotine nine months later.
|National Assembly Assemblée nationale|
|Established||20 June 1789|
|Disbanded||30 September 1791|
|Preceded by||Estates-General of 1789|
|Succeeded by||National Constituent Assembly|
What was a positive result of the Reign of Terror? The whole aristocracy was eliminated by execution. Ordinary people won more political rights and freedoms. European countries admired what France had accomplished.
The Revolution became more radical because the French were losing badly in their war with Austria and Prussia. … This group started the Reign of Terror and executed anyone they thought was a threat to the Revolution and got rid of all traces of the Ancien Regime.
The revolution entered a radical phase, which was marked by the declaration of France as a republic, the execution of Louis XVI, radical secularism, and the Reign of Terror led by the Committee of Public Safety, including Maximilien de Robespierre and Georges Danton. Thousands of people fell to the guillotine.
After the elections, the newly elected Legislative Assembly came to be known as the National Convention On September 21, 1792, it ended the constitutional monarchy and declared France as a republic.
Great Fear, French Grande Peur, (1789) in the French Revolution, a period of panic and riot by peasants and others amid rumours of an “aristocratic conspiracy” by the king and the privileged to overthrow the Third Estate.
Why did the revolutionaries want to reform the Catholic Church? They wanted a state-controlled church. How did the actions of the Paris Commune move the French Revolution to a more radical stage? They were on the extreme left, they set up a new city government with representatives from each of Paris’s 48 sections.
The Reign of Terror was meant to protect France from enemies of the Revolution that threatened France’s stability.
September Massacres: A wave of killings in Paris (September 2-7, 1792) and other cities in late summer 1792, during the French Revolution. They were partly triggered by a fear that foreign and royalist armies would attack Paris and that the inmates of the city’s prisons would be freed and join them.
September Massacres, French Massacres du Septembre or Journées du Septembre (“September Days”), mass killing of prisoners that took place in Paris from September 2 to September 6 in 1792—a major event of what is sometimes called the “First Terror” of the French Revolution.
Radical revolutionaries opposed the monarchy because they wanted suffrage, or the right to vote.
What events occurred during the radical phase of the French Revolution? Initially, the monarchy was abolished and a republic was established. … After the radicals gained control, those who were against the revolution were subject to arrest or execution.
Why did the radical Legislative assembly declare war on austria and the prussia in 1792? D- to spread the revolution and destroy other monarchies. Which of the following statements best explains the conditions that led to the reign of terror? A- the committee of public safety had absolute power.
How did French Revolution enter a radical phase? … only popular public figures were army generals, who were winning victories abroad against the enemies of France,and (barely) propping the economy up through foreign plunder.
The central ideals of the French Revolution were liberty, equality, and fraternity. The French wanted basic human rights and freedom, and they got them.
During the 19th century in the United Kingdom, continental Europe and Latin America, the term radical came to denote a progressive liberal ideology inspired by the French Revolution. Historically, radicalism emerged in an early form with the French Revolution and the similar movements it inspired in other countries.
During the late 1700’s the French Revolution took a radical turn entailing terror at home and war with European powers because the monarchy fell. It did so by the total war effort undertaken by the Jacobins and with the creation of the Committee of Public Safety. radical turn BECAUSE the monarchy fell.
#1 Social Inequality in France due to the Estates System. #2 Tax Burden on the Third Estate. #3 The Rise of the Bourgeoisie. #4 Ideas put forward by Enlightenment philosophers.
|Louis Alphonse de Bourbon|
|Religion||Roman Catholicism|
With a population of just 38,000, the Mediterranean nation tended to ally itself with much larger countries for protection, according to Britannica. Thus, Monaco didn’t require its own king or queen because it answered to another nation, and so it was only ruled by a prince or princess.
Basilica Cathedral of Saint Denis, Saint-Denis, France
Complete Answer: Phrygian cap was worn by a slave on becoming free.
Answer: Livers stand for currency of France in monarchial regime.
Answer: It was utilized as a state jail by the lords of France which displayed despotic monarchy. Since it was unfair, unjust, and did not do any good for the people, the people in France hated the king and his government. The Storming of the Bastille occurred in Paris, France on July 14, 1789.
Answer: Mirabeau is a noble class family member, that led the national Assembly in tennis court on 20 June 1789. Explanation: He brought out a journal ( a big speech’s pages) and read it there loudly..
Hint: Mirabeau was the leader in the French revolution. During the time he along with Abbe Sieyes and members of the third state represented and spoke on behalf of the whole French nation. Members of the third estate declared themselves a national assembly and demanded a constitution for France.
Mirabeau was a member of the Third Estate, which served the common people of France, both rich and poor, and was thought to speak for the French nation. However, Mirabeau, born into a noble family, was against feudal privileges. He was a strong orator who with his speeches, inspired the masses at Versailles.
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In April , the joint session of Congress met, however, the border states were not interested and did not make any response to Lincoln or any Congressional emancipation proposal. Lincoln planned to free the Southern slaves in the Emancipation Proclamation and he was concerned that freedmen would not be well treated in the United States by whites in both the North and South.
Although Lincoln gave assurances that the United States government would support and protect any colonies that were established for former slaves, the leaders declined the offer of colonization. Many free blacks had been opposed to colonization plans in the past because they wanted to remain in the United States. President Lincoln persisted in his colonization plan in the belief that emancipation and colonization were both part of the same program.
By April Lincoln was successful in sending black colonists to Haiti as well as to Chiriqui in Central America; however, none of the colonies were able to remain self-sufficient. Frederick Douglass , a prominent 19th-century American civil rights activist, criticized Lincoln by stating that he was "showing all his inconsistencies, his pride of race and blood, his contempt for Negroes and his canting hypocrisy".
African Americans , according to Douglass, wanted citizenship and civil rights rather than colonies. Historians are unsure if Lincoln gave up on the idea of African-American colonization at the end of or if he actually planned to continue this policy up until Starting in March , in an effort to forestall Reconstruction by the Radicals in Congress, President Lincoln installed military governors in certain rebellious states under Union military control. Stanly resigned almost a year later when he angered Lincoln by closing two schools for black children in New Bern. Sheply as Military Governor of Louisiana in May , Sheply sent two anti-slavery representatives, Benjamin Flanders and Michael Hahn , elected in December , to the House which capitulated and voted to seat them.
Phelps as Military Governor of Arkansas, though he resigned soon after due to poor health. In July , President Lincoln became convinced that "a military necessity" was needed to strike at slavery in order to win the Civil War for the Union. The Confiscation Acts were only having a minimal effect to end slavery. On July 22, he wrote a first draft of the Emancipation Proclamation that freed the slaves in states in rebellion.
After he showed his cabinet the document, slight alterations were made in the wording. Lincoln decided that the defeat of the Confederate invasion of the North at Sharpsburg was enough of a battlefield victory to enable him to release the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation that gave the rebels days to return to the Union or the actual Proclamation would be issued. On January 1, , the actual Emancipation Proclamation was issued, specifically naming ten states in which slaves would be "forever free".
The proclamation did not name the states of Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, and Delaware, and specifically excluded numerous counties in some other states. Eventually, as the Union Armies advanced into the Confederacy millions of slaves were set free. Many of these freedmen joined the Union army and fought in battles against the Confederate forces.
Freed slaves suffered from smallpox, yellow fever, and malnutrition. President Abraham Lincoln was concerned to effect a speedy restoration of the Confederate states to the Union after the Civil War. In , President Lincoln proposed a moderate plan for the Reconstruction of the captured Confederate State of Louisiana. The plan granted amnesty to Rebels who took an oath of loyalty to the Union. The state was required to abolish slavery in its new constitution. Identical Reconstruction plans would be adopted in Arkansas and Tennessee.
By December , the Lincoln plan of Reconstruction had been enacted in Louisiana and the legislature sent two Senators and five Representatives to take their seats in Washington. However, Congress refused to count any of the votes from Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee, in essence rejecting Lincoln's moderate Reconstruction plan. Congress, at this time controlled by the Radicals, proposed the Wade—Davis Bill that required a majority of the state electorates to take the oath of loyalty to be admitted to Congress.
Lincoln pocket-vetoed the bill and the rift widened between the moderates, who wanted to save the Union and win the war, and the Radicals, who wanted to effect a more complete change within Southern society. Before , slave marriages had not been recognized legally; emancipation did not affect them. Before emancipation, slaves could not enter into contracts, including the marriage contract. Not all free people formalized their unions.
Some continued to have common-law marriages or community-recognized relationships. On March 3, the Freedmen's Bureau Bill became law, sponsored by the Republicans to aid freedmen and white refugees. A federal Bureau was created to provide food, clothing, fuel, and advice on negotiating labor contracts. It attempted to oversee new relations between freedmen and their former masters in a free labor market. The Bureau was to expire one year after the termination of the War.
Lincoln was assassinated before he could appoint a commissioner of the Bureau. A popular myth was that the Act offered 40 acres and a mule , or that slaves had been promised this.
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With the help of the Bureau, the recently freed slaves began voting, forming political parties, and assuming the control of labor in many areas. The Bureau helped to start a change of power in the South that drew national attention from the Republicans in the North to the conservative Democrats in the South. This is especially evident in the election between Grant and Seymour Johnson did not get the Democratic nomination , where almost , black voters voted and swayed the election , votes in Grant's favor. Even with the benefits that it gave to the freedmen, the Freedmen's Bureau was unable to operate effectively in certain areas.
Terrorizing freedmen for trying to vote, hold a political office, or own land, the Ku Klux Klan was the antithesis to the Freedmen's Bureau. Other legislation was signed that broadened equality and rights for African Americans. Lincoln outlawed discrimination on account of color, in carrying U.
Lincoln and Secretary of State William H. Seward met with three southern representatives to discuss the peaceful reconstruction of the Union and the Confederacy on February 3, in Hampton Roads , Virginia. The southern delegation included Confederate vice-president, Alexander H. Stephens , John A. Campbell , and Robert M. The southerners proposed the Union recognition of the Confederacy, a joint Union-Confederate attack on Mexico to oust dictator Maximillian , and an alternative subordinate status of servitude for blacks rather than slavery. Lincoln flatly rejected recognition of the Confederacy, and said that the slaves covered by his Emancipation Proclamation would not be re-enslaved.
He said that the Union States were about to pass the Thirteenth Amendment outlawing slavery. Lincoln urged the governor of Georgia to remove Confederate troops and "ratify this Constitutional Amendment prospectively , so as to take effect—say in five years Slavery is doomed. Although the meeting was cordial, the parties did not settle on agreements.
Lincoln continued to advocate his Louisiana Plan as a model for all states up until his assassination on April 14, The plan successfully started the Reconstruction process of ratifying the Thirteenth Amendment in all states. Lincoln is typically portrayed as taking the moderate position and fighting the Radical positions. There is considerable debate on how well Lincoln, had he lived, would have handled Congress during the Reconstruction process that took place after the Civil War ended. One historical camp argues that Lincoln's flexibility, pragmatism, and superior political skills with Congress would have solved Reconstruction with far less difficulty.
The other camp believes the Radicals would have attempted to impeach Lincoln, just as they did to his successor, Andrew Johnson, in Northern anger over the assassination of Lincoln and the immense human cost of the war led to demands for punitive policies. Vice President Andrew Johnson had taken a hard line and spoke of hanging rebel Confederates, but when he succeeded Lincoln as President, Johnson took a much softer position, pardoning many Confederate leaders and former Confederates. There were no treason trials.
Only one person—Captain Henry Wirz , the commandant of the prison camp in Andersonville, Georgia —was executed for war crimes. Andrew Johnson's conservative view of Reconstruction did not include blacks or former slaves involvement in government and he refused to heed Northern concerns when southern state legislatures implemented Black Codes that set the status of the freedmen much lower than that of citizens. Smith argues that, "Johnson attempted to carry forward what he considered to be Lincoln's plans for Reconstruction. It is likely that had he lived, Lincoln would have followed a policy similar to Johnson's, that he would have clashed with congressional Radicals, that he would have produced a better result for the freedmen than occurred, and that his political skills would have helped him avoid Johnson's mistakes.
Historians agree that President Johnson was an inept politician who lost all his advantages by his clumsy moves. He broke with Congress in early and then became defiant and tried to block enforcement of Reconstruction laws passed by the U. He was in constant conflict constitutionally with the Radicals in Congress over the status of freedmen and whites in the defeated South. In the words of Benjamin F. Perry , President Johnson's choice as the provisional governor of South Carolina: "First, the Negro is to be invested with all political power, and then the antagonism of interest between capital and labor is to work out the result.
However, the fears of the mostly conservative planter elite and other leading white citizens were partly assuaged by the actions of President Johnson, who ensured that a wholesale land redistribution from the planters to the freedman did not occur. President Johnson ordered that confiscated or abandoned lands administered by the Freedmen's Bureau would not be redistributed to the freedmen but be returned to pardoned owners. Land was returned that would have been forfeited under the Confiscation Acts passed by Congress in and Southern state governments quickly enacted the restrictive " black codes ".
However, they were abolished in and seldom had effect, because the Freedmen's Bureau not the local courts handled the legal affairs of freedmen. The Black Codes indicated the plans of the southern whites for the former slaves. They could not own firearms, serve on a jury in a lawsuit involving whites or move about without employment.
They were overthrown by the Civil Rights Act of that gave the freedmen full legal equality except for the right to vote. The freedmen, with the strong backing of the Freedmen's Bureau, rejected gang-labor work patterns that had been used in slavery. Instead of gang labor, freedpeople preferred family-based labor groups.
Such bargaining soon led to the establishment of the system of sharecropping, which gave the freedmen greater economic independence and social autonomy than gang labor. However, because they lacked capital and the planters continued to own the means of production tools, draft animals and land , the freedmen were forced into producing cash crops mainly cotton for the land-owners and merchants, and they entered into a crop-lien system.
Widespread poverty, disruption to an agricultural economy too dependent on cotton, and the falling price of cotton, led within decades to the routine indebtedness of the majority of the freedmen, and poverty by many planters. Northern officials gave varying reports on conditions for the freedmen in the South. One harsh assessment came from Carl Schurz , who reported on the situation in the states along the Gulf Coast. His report documented dozens of extra-judicial killings and claimed that hundreds or thousands more African Americans were killed.
The number of murders and assaults perpetrated upon Negroes is very great; we can form only an approximative estimate of what is going on in those parts of the South which are not closely garrisoned, and from which no regular reports are received, by what occurs under the very eyes of our military authorities. As to my personal experience, I will only mention that during my two days sojourn at Atlanta, one Negro was stabbed with fatal effect on the street, and three were poisoned, one of whom died.
While I was at Montgomery, one negro was cut across the throat evidently with intent to kill, and another was shot, but both escaped with their lives. Several papers attached to this report give an account of the number of capital cases that occurred at certain places during a certain period of time. It is a sad fact that the perpetration of those acts is not confined to that class of people which might be called the rabble. The report included sworn testimony from soldiers and officials of the Freedmen's Bureau. In Selma, Alabama , Major J. Houston noted that whites who killed twelve African Americans in his district never came to trial.
Many more killings never became official cases. Captain Poillon described white patrols in southwestern Alabama. The bewildered and terrified freedmen know not what to do—to leave is death; to remain is to suffer the increased burden imposed upon them by the cruel taskmaster, whose only interest is their labor, wrung from them by every device an inhuman ingenuity can devise; hence the lash and murder is resorted to intimidate those whom fear of an awful death alone cause to remain, while patrols, Negro dogs and spies, disguised as Yankees, keep constant guard over these unfortunate people.
Much of the violence that was perpetrated against African Americans was shaped by gendered prejudices regarding African Americans. Black women were in a particularly vulnerable situation. To convict a white man of sexually assaulting black women in this period was exceedingly difficult. Trials were discouraged and attorneys for black misdemeanor defendants were difficult to find. The goal of county courts was a fast, uncomplicated trial with a resulting conviction. Most blacks were unable to pay their fines or bail, and "the most common penalty was nine months to a year in a slave mine or lumber camp.
Black women were socially constructed as sexually avaricious and since they were portrayed as having little virtue, society held that they could not be raped. Sexual assaults on African-American women were so pervasive, particularly on the part of their white employers, that black men sought to reduce the contact between white males and black females by having the women in their family avoid doing work that was closely overseen by whites.
During fall , out of response to the Black codes and worrisome signs of Southern recalcitrance, the Radical Republicans blocked the readmission of the former rebellious states to the Congress. Johnson, however, was content with allowing former Confederate states into the Union as long as their state governments adopted the 13th Amendment abolishing slavery.
By December 6, , the amendment was ratified and Johnson considered Reconstruction over. Johnson was following the moderate Lincoln Presidential Reconstruction policy to get the states readmitted as soon as possible. Congress, however, controlled by the Radicals, had other plans. Congress, on December 4, , rejected Johnson's moderate Presidential Reconstruction, and organized the Joint Committee on Reconstruction , a member panel to devise reconstruction requirements for the Southern states to be restored to the Union.
Although Johnson had sympathies for the plights of the freedmen, he was against federal assistance. An attempt to override the veto failed on February 20, This veto shocked the Congressional Radicals.
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In response, both the Senate and House passed a joint resolution not to allow any Senator or Representative seat admittance until Congress decided when Reconstruction was finished. Senator Lyman Trumbull of Illinois , leader of the moderate Republicans, took affront at the black codes. He proposed the first Civil Rights Law , because the abolition of slavery was empty if. A law that does not allow a colored person to go from one county to another, and one that does not allow him to hold property, to teach, to preach, are certainly laws in violation of the rights of a freeman The purpose of this bill is to destroy all these discriminations.
All persons born in the United States The bill did not give Freedmen the right to vote. Congress quickly passed the Civil Rights bill; the Senate on February 2 voted 33—12; the House on March 13 voted — Although strongly urged by moderates in Congress to sign the Civil Rights bill, Johnson broke decisively with them by vetoing it on March 27, His veto message objected to the measure because it conferred citizenship on the freedmen at a time when eleven out of thirty-six states were unrepresented and attempted to fix by Federal law "a perfect equality of the white and black races in every State of the Union".
Johnson said it was an invasion by Federal authority of the rights of the States; it had no warrant in the Constitution and was contrary to all precedents. It was a "stride toward centralization and the concentration of all legislative power in the national government". The Democratic Party, proclaiming itself the party of white men, north and south, supported Johnson. Congress also passed a toned-down Freedmen's Bureau Bill; Johnson quickly vetoed as he had done to the previous bill. Once again, however, Congress had enough support and overrode Johnson's veto.
The last moderate proposal was the Fourteenth Amendment , whose principal drafter was Representative John Bingham. It was designed to put the key provisions of the Civil Rights Act into the Constitution, but it went much further. It extended citizenship to everyone born in the United States except visitors and Indians on reservations , penalized states that did not give the vote to freedmen, and most importantly, created new federal civil rights that could be protected by federal courts.
It guaranteed the Federal war debt would be paid and promised the Confederate debt would never be paid. Johnson used his influence to block the amendment in the states since three-fourths of the states were required for ratification the amendment was later ratified. The moderate effort to compromise with Johnson had failed, and a political fight broke out between the Republicans both Radical and moderate on one side, and on the other side, Johnson and his allies in the Democratic Party in the North, and the conservative groupings which used different names in each southern state.
Concerned that President Johnson viewed Congress as an "illegal body" and wanted to overthrow the government, Republicans in Congress took control of Reconstruction policies after the election of Radical Republicans in Congress, led by Stevens and Sumner, opened the way to suffrage for male freedmen. They were generally in control, although they had to compromise with the moderate Republicans the Democrats in Congress had almost no power. Historians refer to this period as "Radical Reconstruction" or "Congressional Reconstruction". Analysis of 34 major business newspapers showed that 12 discussed politics, and only one, Iron Age, supported radicalism.
The other 11 opposed a "harsh" Reconstruction policy, favored the speedy return of the Southern States to congressional representation, opposed legislation designed to protect the Freedmen, and deplored the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson. The South's white leaders, who held power in the immediate postwar era before the vote was granted to the freedmen, renounced secession and slavery, but not white supremacy. People who had previously held power were angered in when new elections were held. New Republican lawmakers were elected by a coalition of white Unionists, freedmen and northerners who had settled in the South.
Some leaders in the South tried to accommodate to new conditions. Three Constitutional amendments, known as the Reconstruction Amendments, were adopted. The 13th Amendment abolishing slavery was ratified in The 14th Amendment was proposed in and ratified in , guaranteeing United States citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States and granting them federal civil rights.
The 15th Amendment, proposed in late February and passed in early February , decreed that the right to vote could not be denied because of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude". The amendment did not declare the vote an unconditional right; it prohibited these types of discrimination. States would still determine voter registration and electoral laws. The amendments were directed at ending slavery and providing full citizenship to freedmen.
Northern Congressmen believed that providing black men with the right to vote would be the most rapid means of political education and training. Many blacks took an active part in voting and political life, and rapidly continued to build churches and community organizations. Following Reconstruction, white Democrats and insurgent groups used force to regain power in the state legislatures, and pass laws that effectively disfranchised most blacks and many poor whites in the South.
From to , Southern states passed new constitutions that completed the disfranchisement of blacks. Supreme Court rulings on these provisions upheld many of these new Southern constitutions and laws, and most blacks were prevented from voting in the South until the s. Full federal enforcement of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments did not reoccur until after passage of legislation in the mids as a result of the Civil Rights Movement.
The Reconstruction Acts as originally passed, were initially called "An act to provide for the more efficient Government of the Rebel States" the legislation was enacted by the 39th Congress, on March 2, It was vetoed by President Johnson, and the veto overridden by two-thirds majority, in both the House and the Senate, the same day. Congress also clarified the scope of the federal writ of habeas corpus to allow federal courts to vacate unlawful state court convictions or sentences in 28 U.
The first Reconstruction Act, authored by Oregon Sen. George H. Williams , a Radical Republican , placed 10 of the former Confederate states—all but Tennessee—under military control, grouping them into five military districts: . The four border states that had not joined the Confederacy were not subject to military Reconstruction. West Virginia, which had seceded from Virginia in , and Tennessee, which had already been re-admitted in , were not included in the military districts.
The ten Southern state governments were re-constituted under the direct control of the United States Army. One major purpose was to recognize and protect the right of African Americans to vote. Randolph Campbell describes what happened in Texas: . The first critical step The Reconstruction Acts called for registering all adult males, white and black, except those who had ever sworn an oath to uphold the Constitution of the United States and then engaged in rebellion Sheridan interpreted these restrictions stringently, barring from registration not only all pre officials of state and local governments who had supported the Confederacy but also all city officeholders and even minor functionaries such as sextons of cemeteries.
In May Griffin In every county where practicable a freedman served as one of the three registrars Final registration amounted to approximately 59, whites and 49, blacks. It is impossible to say how many whites were rejected or refused to register estimates vary from 7, to 12, , but blacks, who constituted only about 30 percent of the state's population, were significantly overrepresented at 45 percent of all voters. The eleven Southern states held constitutional conventions giving black men the right to vote. Until , most former Confederate or prewar Southern office holders were disqualified from voting or holding office; all but top Confederate leaders were pardoned by the Amnesty Act of It appealed to the Scalawag element.
For example, in Tennessee had disfranchised 80, ex-Confederates. In Virginia, an effort was made to disqualify for public office every man who had served in the Confederate Army even as a private, and any civilian farmer who sold food to the Confederate army. Strong measures that were called for in order to forestall a return to the defunct Confederacy increasingly seemed out of place, and the role of the United States Army and controlling politics in the state was troublesome. Increasingly, historian Mark Summers states, "the disfranchisers had to fall back on the contention that denial of the vote was meant as punishment, and a lifelong punishment at that Month by month, the unrepublican character of the regime looked more glaring.
During the Civil War, many in the North believed that fighting for the Union was a noble cause — for the preservation of the Union and the end of slavery. After the war ended, with the North victorious, the fear among Radicals was that President Johnson too quickly assumed that slavery and Confederate nationalism were dead and that the southern states could return.
The Radicals sought out a candidate for President who represented their viewpoint. In , the Republicans unanimously chose Ulysses S. Grant as their Presidential candidate. As early as , during the Civil War, Grant had appointed the Ohio military chaplain John Eaton to protect and gradually incorporate refugee slaves in west Tennessee and northern Mississippi into the Union War effort and pay them for their labor. It was the beginning of his vision for the Freedmen's Bureau. Immediately upon Inauguration in , Grant bolstered Reconstruction by prodding Congress to readmit Virginia , Mississippi , and Texas into the Union, while ensuring their constitutions protected every citizen's voting rights.
In Grant's two terms he strengthened Washington's legal capabilities to directly intervene to protect citizenship rights even if the states ignored the problem. Congress passed three powerful Enforcement Acts in — These were criminal codes which protected the Freedmen's right to vote, to hold office, to serve on juries, and receive equal protection of laws.
Most important, they authorized the federal government to intervene when states did not act. Grant's new Justice Department prosecuted thousands of Klansmen under the tough new laws. Grant sent federal troops to nine South Carolina counties to suppress Klan violence in Grant supported passage of the Fifteenth Amendment stating that no state could deny a man the right to vote on the basis of race. Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of giving people access to public facilities regardless of race.
To counter vote fraud in the Democratic stronghold of New York City , Grant sent in tens of thousands of armed, uniformed federal marshals and other election officials to regulate the and subsequent elections. Democrats across the North then mobilized to defend their base and attacked Grant's entire set of policies. Grant's support from Congress and the nation declined due to scandals within his administration and the political resurgence of the Democrats in the North and South. By , most Republicans felt the war goals had been achieved, and they turned their attention to other issues such as economic policies.
On April 20, , the U. Congressional members on the committee included Rep. Benjamin Butler , Sen. Zachariah Chandler , and Sen. Francis P. Subcommittee members traveled into the South to interview the people living in their respective states. James L. Orr , and Nathan B. Forrest , a former Confederate general and prominent Ku Klux Klan leader Forrest denied in his Congressional testimony being a member.
Other southerners interviewed included farmers, doctors, merchants, teachers, and clergymen. The committee heard numerous reports of white violence against blacks, while many whites denied Klan membership or knowledge of violent activities. The majority report by Republicans concluded that the government would not tolerate any Southern "conspiracy" to resist violently the Congressional Reconstruction.
The committee completed its volume report in February While Grant had been able to suppress the KKK through the Enforcement Acts, other paramilitary insurgents organized, including the White League in , active in Louisiana; and the Red Shirts , with chapters active in Mississippi and the Carolinas. They used intimidation and outright attacks to run Republicans out of office and repress voting by blacks, leading to white Democrats regaining power by the elections of the mid-to-late s.
Republicans took control of all Southern state governorships and state legislatures, except for Virginia. At the beginning of , no African American in the South held political office, but within three or four years "about 15 percent of the officeholders in the South were black—a larger proportion than in About black officeholders had lived outside the South before the Civil War.
Some who had escaped from slavery to the North and had become educated returned to help the South advance in the postwar era. Others were free blacks before the war, who had achieved education and positions of leadership elsewhere. Other African-American men elected to office were already leaders in their communities, including a number of preachers.
As happened in white communities, not all leadership depended upon wealth and literacy. There were few African Americans elected or appointed to national office. African Americans voted for both white and black candidates. The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution guaranteed only that voting could not be restricted on the basis of race, color or previous condition of servitude. From on, campaigns and elections were surrounded by violence as white insurgents and paramilitary tried to suppress the black vote, and fraud was rampant.
Many Congressional elections in the South were contested. Even states with majority African-American population often elected only one or two African-American representatives to Congress. Freedmen were very active in forming their own churches, mostly Baptist or Methodist, and giving their ministers both moral and political leadership roles. In a process of self-segregation, practically all blacks left white churches so that few racially integrated congregations remained apart from some Catholic churches in Louisiana.
They started many new black Baptist churches and soon, new black state associations. Four main groups competed with each other across the South to form new Methodist churches composed of freedmen. The Methodist Church had split before the war due to disagreements about slavery. Blacks in the South made up a core element of the Republican Party. Their ministers had powerful political roles that were distinctive since they did not depend on white support, in contrast to teachers, politicians, businessmen, and tenant farmers.
Pearce , an AME minister in Florida: "A man in this State cannot do his whole duty as a minister except he looks out for the political interests of his people," more than black ministers were elected to state legislatures during Reconstruction, as well as several to Congress and one, Hiram Revels , to the U. In a highly controversial action during the war, the Northern Methodists used the Army to seize control of Methodist churches in large cities, over the vehement protests of the Southern Methodists. Historian Ralph Morrow reports:. A War Department order of November, , applicable to the Southwestern states of the Confederacy, authorized the Northern Methodists to occupy "all houses of worship belonging to the Methodist Episcopal Church South in which a loyal minister, appointed by a loyal bishop of said church, does not officiate".
Across the North most evangelical denominations, especially the Methodists, Congregationalists and Presbyterians, as well as the Quakers, strongly supported Radical policies. The focus on social problems paved the way for the Social Gospel movement. Matthew Simpson , a Methodist bishop, played a leading role in mobilizing the Northern Methodists for the cause.
His biographer calls him the "High Priest of the Radical Republicans". Resolved, That no terms should be made with traitors, no compromise with rebels That we hold the National authority bound by the most solemn obligation to God and man to bring all the civil and military leaders of the rebellion to trial by due course of law, and when they are clearly convicted, to execute them.
The denominations all sent missionaries, teachers and activists to the South to help the freedmen. Only the Methodists made many converts, however. Many Americans interpreted great events in religious terms. White Baptists expressed the view that:. God had chastised them and given them a special mission — to maintain orthodoxy, strict biblicism, personal piety, and traditional race relations. Slavery, they insisted, had not been sinful. Rather, emancipation was a historical tragedy and the end of Reconstruction was a clear sign of God's favor. God's gift of freedom.
They appreciated opportunities to exercise their independence, to worship in their own way, to affirm their worth and dignity, and to proclaim the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man. Most of all, they could form their own churches, associations, and conventions. These institutions offered self-help and racial uplift, and provided places where the gospel of liberation could be proclaimed. As a result, black preachers continued to insist that God would protect and help him; God would be their rock in a stormy land. Historian James D. Anderson argues that the freed slaves were the first Southerners "to campaign for universal, state-supported public education".
Some slaves had learned to read from white playmates or colleagues before formal education was allowed by law; African Americans started "native schools" before the end of the war; Sabbath schools were another widespread means that freedmen developed to teach literacy.
The “Curse of Eve”—Is Pain Our Punishment? Part I
The Republicans created a system of public schools, which were segregated by race everywhere except New Orleans. Generally, elementary and a few secondary schools were built in most cities, and occasionally in the countryside, but the South had few cities. The rural areas faced many difficulties opening and maintaining public schools. In the country, the public school was often a one-room affair that attracted about half the younger children.
The teachers were poorly paid, and their pay was often in arrears. They had no vision of a better future for their residents. One historian found that the schools were less effective than they might have been because "poverty, the inability of the states to collect taxes, and inefficiency and corruption in many places prevented successful operation of the schools.
After the war, northern missionaries founded numerous private academies and colleges for freedmen across the South. In addition, every state founded state colleges for freedmen, such as Alcorn State University in Mississippi. The normal schools and state colleges produced generations of teachers who were integral to the education of African-American children under the segregated system. By the end of the century, the majority of African Americans were literate.
In the late 19th century, the federal government established land grant legislation to provide funding for higher education across the United States. Learning that blacks were excluded from land grant colleges in the South, in the federal government insisted that southern states establish black state institutions as land grant colleges to provide for black higher education, in order to continue to receive funds for their already established white schools.
Some states classified their black state colleges as land grant institutions. Former Congressman John Roy Lynch wrote, "there are very many liberal, fair-minded and influential Democrats in the State [Mississippi] who are strongly in favor of having the State provide for the liberal education of both races. Every Southern state subsidized railroads, which modernizers believed could haul the South out of isolation and poverty. Millions of dollars in bonds and subsidies were fraudulently pocketed. Instead of building new track, however, it used the funds to speculate in bonds, reward friends with extravagant fees, and enjoy lavish trips to Europe.
There were complaints among taxpayers because taxes had historically been low, as the planter elite was not committed to public infrastructure or public education. Taxes historically had been much lower in the South than in the North, reflecting the lack of government investment by the communities. The lines were owned and directed overwhelmingly by Northerners. Railroads helped create a mechanically skilled group of craftsmen and broke the isolation of much of the region. Passengers were few, however, and apart from hauling the cotton crop when it was harvested, there was little freight traffic.
Reconstruction changed the means of taxation in the South. In the U. In the South, wealthy landowners were allowed to self-assess the value of their own land. These fraudulent assessments were almost valueless, and pre-war property tax collections were lacking due to property value misrepresentation. State revenues came from fees and from sales taxes on slave auctions. Some revenue also came from poll taxes. These taxes were more than poor people could pay, with the designed and inevitable consequence that they did not vote.
During Reconstruction, the state legislature mobilized to provide for public need more than had previous governments: establishing public schools and investing in infrastructure, as well as charitable institutions such as hospitals and asylums. They needed to increase taxes which were abnormally low. The planters had provided privately for their own needs. There was some fraudulent spending in the postwar years; a collapse in state credit because of huge deficits, forced the states to increase property tax rates. In places, the rate went up to ten times higher—despite the poverty of the region.
The planters had not invested in infrastructure and much had been destroyed during the war. In part, the new tax system was designed to force owners of large plantations with huge tracts of uncultivated land either to sell or to have it confiscated for failure to pay taxes. The following table shows property tax rates for South Carolina and Mississippi. Note that many local town and county assessments effectively doubled the tax rates reported in the table. These taxes were still levied upon the landowners' own sworn testimony as to the value of their land, which remained the dubious and exploitable system used by wealthy landholders in the South well into the 20th century.
Called upon to pay taxes on their property, essentially for the first time, angry plantation owners revolted. The conservatives shifted their focus away from race to taxes. Lynch , a black Republican leader from Mississippi, later wrote,. The argument made by the taxpayers, however, was plausible and it may be conceded that, upon the whole, they were about right; for no doubt it would have been much easier upon the taxpayers to have increased at that time the interest-bearing debt of the State than to have increased the tax rate. The latter course, however, had been adopted and could not then be changed unless of course they wanted to change them.
While the "Scalawag" element of Republican whites supported measures for black civil rights, the conservative whites typically opposed these measures. Some supported armed attacks to suppress black power. They self-consciously defended their own actions within the framework of an Anglo-American discourse of resistance against tyrannical government, and they broadly succeeded in convincing many fellow white citizens says Steedman. The opponents of Reconstruction formed state political parties, affiliated with the national Democratic party and often named the "Conservative party".
They supported or tolerated violent paramilitary groups, such as the White League in Louisiana and the Red Shirts in Mississippi and the Carolinas, that assassinated and intimidated both black and white Republican leaders at election time. Historian George C. Rable called such groups the "military arm of the Democratic Party".
By the mids, the Conservatives and Democrats had aligned with the national Democratic Party, which enthusiastically supported their cause even as the national Republican Party was losing interest in Southern affairs. Historian Walter Lynwood Fleming , associated with the early 20th-century Dunning School , describes the mounting anger of Southern whites:.
The Negro troops, even at their best, were everywhere considered offensive by the native whites The Negro soldier, impudent by reason of his new freedom, his new uniform, and his new gun, was more than Southern temper could tranquilly bear, and race conflicts were frequent. Often, these white Southerners identified as the "Conservative Party" or the "Democratic and Conservative Party" in order to distinguish themselves from the national Democratic Party and to obtain support from former Whigs.
These parties sent delegates to the Democratic National Convention and abandoned their separate names by or Democrats nominated some blacks for political office and tried to steal other blacks from the Republican side. When these attempts to combine with the blacks failed, the planters joined the common farmers in simply trying to displace the Republican governments. The planters and their business allies dominated the self-styled "conservative" coalition that finally took control in the South. They were paternalistic toward the blacks but feared they would use power to raise taxes and slow business development.
Fleming described the first results of the insurgent movement as "good," and the later ones as "both good and bad". According to Fleming , the KKK "quieted the Negroes, made life and property safer, gave protection to women, stopped burnings, forced the Radical leaders to be more moderate, made the Negroes work better, drove the worst of the Radical leaders from the country and started the whites on the way to gain political supremacy".
The lynchings were used for intimidation and social control, with a frequency associated with economic stresses and the settlement of sharecropper accounts at the end of the season, than for any other reason. Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer a northern scholar in explained:. Outrages upon the former slaves in the South there were in plenty. Their sufferings were many. But white men, too, were victims of lawless violence, and in all portions of the North and the late "rebel" states. Not a political campaign passed without the exchange of bullets, the breaking of skulls with sticks and stones, the firing of rival club-houses.
Republican clubs marched the streets of Philadelphia, amid revolver shots and brickbats, to save the negroes from the "rebel" savages in Alabama The project to make voters out of black men was not so much for their social elevation as for the further punishment of the Southern white people—for the capture of offices for Radical scamps and the entrenchment of the Radical party in power for a long time to come in the South and in the country at large.
As Reconstruction continued, whites accompanied elections with increased violence in an attempt to run Republicans out of office and suppress black voting. The victims of this violence were overwhelmingly African American, as in the Colfax Massacre of After federal suppression of the Klan in the early s, white insurgent groups tried to avoid open conflict with federal forces.
In in the Battle of Liberty Place , the White League entered New Orleans with 5, members and defeated the police and militia, to occupy federal offices for three days in an attempt to overturn the disputed government of William Kellogg , but retreated before federal troops reached the city. None were prosecuted. Their election-time tactics included violent intimidation of African-American and Republican voters prior to elections, while avoiding conflict with the U.
Army or the state militias, and then withdrawing completely on election day. Conservative reaction continued in both the north and south; the "white liners" movement to elect candidates dedicated to white supremacy reached as far as Ohio in The so-called "Redeemers" were the Southern wing of the Bourbon Democrats , the conservative, pro-business faction in the Democratic Party.
They sought to regain political power, reestablish white supremacy , and oust the Radical Republicans. Led by rich former planters, businessmen, and professionals, they dominated Southern politics in most areas from the s to Chase , a leading Radical during the war, concluded that:. Congress was right in not limiting, by its reconstruction acts, the right of suffrage to whites; but wrong in the exclusion from suffrage of certain classes of citizens and all unable to take its prescribed retrospective oath, and wrong also in the establishment of despotic military governments for the States and in authorizing military commissions for the trial of civilians in time of peace.
There should have been as little military government as possible; no military commissions; no classes excluded from suffrage; and no oath except one of faithful obedience and support to the Constitution and laws, and of sincere attachment to the constitutional Government of the United States. By , President Ulysses S. Grant had alienated large numbers of leading Republicans, including many Radicals, by the corruption of his administration and his use of federal soldiers to prop up Radical state regimes in the South.
The opponents, called "Liberal Republicans" , included founders of the party who expressed dismay that the party had succumbed to corruption. They were further wearied by the continued insurgent violence of whites against blacks in the South, especially around every election cycle, which demonstrated the war was not over and changes were fragile. Leaders included editors of some of the nation's most powerful newspapers.
Charles Sumner, embittered by the corruption of the Grant administration, joined the new party, which nominated editor Horace Greeley. The badly organized Democratic party also supported Greeley. Grant made up for the defections by new gains among Union veterans and by strong support from the " Stalwart " faction of his party which depended on his patronage , and the Southern Republican parties. Grant won with The Liberal Republican party vanished and many former supporters—even former abolitionists—abandoned the cause of Reconstruction.
In the South, political—racial tensions built up inside the Republican party as they were attacked by the Democrats. In , Georgia Democrats, with support from some Republicans, expelled all 28 black Republican members from the state house, arguing blacks were eligible to vote but not to hold office.
In most states, the more conservative scalawags fought for control with the more radical carpetbaggers and their black allies. Most of the Republican newspapers in the South were edited by scalawags — only 20 percent were edited by carpetbaggers. White businessmen generally boycotted Republican papers, which survived through government patronage. In Mississippi, the conservative faction led by scalawag James Lusk Alcorn was decisively defeated by the radical faction led by carpetbagger Adelbert Ames.
The party lost support steadily as many scalawags left it; few recruits were acquired. The most bitter contest took place inside the Republican Party in Arkansas, where the two sides armed their forces and confronted each other in the streets; no actual combat took place in the Brooks—Baxter War. The carpetbagger faction led by Elisha Baxter finally prevailed when the White House intervened, but both sides were badly weakened, and the Democrats soon came to power. Meanwhile, in state after state the freedmen were demanding a bigger share of the offices and patronage, squeezing out carpetbagger allies but never commanding the numbers equivalent to their population proportion.
By the mids, "The hard realities of Southern political life had taught the lesson that black constituents needed to be represented by black officials. Finally, some of the more prosperous freedmen were joining the Democrats, as they were angered at the failure of the Republicans to help them acquire land. The South was "sparsely settled"; only ten percent of Louisiana was cultivated, and ninety percent of Mississippi bottomland were undeveloped in areas away from the riverfronts, but freedmen often did not have the stake to get started.
They hoped government would help them acquire land which they would work. Only South Carolina created any land redistribution, establishing a land commission and resettling about 14, freedmen families and some poor whites on land purchased by the state. Although historians such as W.
Du Bois celebrated a cross-racial coalition of poor whites and blacks, such coalitions rarely formed in these years. Writing in , former Congressman Lynch, recalling his experience as a black leader in Mississippi, explained that,. While the colored men did not look with favor upon a political alliance with the poor whites, it must be admitted that, with very few exceptions, that class of whites did not seek, and did not seem to desire such an alliance. Lynch reported that poor whites resented the job competition from freedmen. Furthermore, the poor whites.
As a rule, therefore, the whites that came into the leadership of the Republican party between and were representatives of the most substantial families of the land. By , the Democratic—Conservative leadership across the South decided it had to end its opposition to Reconstruction and black suffrage to survive and move on to new issues. The Grant administration had proven by its crackdown on the Ku Klux Klan that it would use as much federal power as necessary to suppress open anti-black violence.
A new Republican Calendar was established in , with day weeks that made it very difficult for Catholics to remember Sundays and saints' days. Workers complained it reduced the number of first-day-of-the-week holidays from 52 to During the Reign of Terror , extreme efforts of de-Christianisation ensued, including the imprisonment and massacre of priests and destruction of churches and religious images throughout France. An effort was made to replace the Catholic Church altogether, with civic festivals replacing religious ones.
The establishment of the Cult of Reason was the final step of radical de-Christianisation. These events led to a widespread disillusionment with the Revolution and to counter-rebellions across France. Locals often resisted de-Christianisation by attacking revolutionary agents and hiding members of the clergy who were being hunted. Eventually, Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety were forced to denounce the campaign, replacing the Cult of Reason with the deist but still non-Christian Cult of the Supreme Being.
The Concordat of between Napoleon and the Church ended the de-Christianisation period and established the rules for a relationship between the Catholic Church and the French State that lasted until it was abrogated by the Third Republic via the separation of church and state on 11 December Historians Lynn Hunt and Jack Censer argue that some French Protestants, the Huguenots , wanted an anti-Catholic regime, and that Enlightenment thinkers such as Voltaire helped fuel this resentment.
Factions within the Assembly began to clarify. The "Royalist democrats" or monarchiens , allied with Necker , inclined towards organising France along lines similar to the British constitutional model; they included Jean Joseph Mounier , the Comte de Lally-Tollendal , the comte de Clermont-Tonnerre , and Pierre Victor Malouet, comte de Virieu. Almost alone in his radicalism on the left was the Arras lawyer Maximilien Robespierre. In Paris, various committees, the mayor, the assembly of representatives, and the individual districts each claimed authority independent of the others.
The increasingly middle-class National Guard under Lafayette also slowly emerged as a power in its own right, as did other self-generated assemblies. The electors had originally chosen the members of the Estates-General to serve for a single year. However, by the terms of the Tennis Court Oath , the communes had bound themselves to meet continuously until France had a constitution. Right-wing elements now argued for a new election, but Mirabeau prevailed, asserting that the status of the assembly had fundamentally changed, and that no new election should take place before completing the constitution.
In late the French army was in considerable disarray. The military officer corps was largely composed of noblemen, who found it increasingly difficult to maintain order within the ranks. In some cases, soldiers drawn from the lower classes had turned against their aristocratic commanders and attacked them. This and other such incidents spurred a mass desertion as more and more officers defected to other countries, leaving a dearth of experienced leadership within the army. This period also saw the rise of the political "clubs" in French politics.
Foremost among these was the Jacobin Club ; members had affiliated with the Jacobins by 10 August The Jacobin Society began as a broad, general organisation for political debate, but as it grew in members, various factions developed with widely differing views. Several of these factions broke off to form their own clubs, such as the Club of ' Meanwhile, the Assembly continued to work on developing a constitution.
A new judicial organisation made all magistracies temporary and independent of the throne. The legislators abolished hereditary offices, except for the monarchy itself. Jury trials started for criminal cases. The King would have the unique power to propose war, with the legislature then deciding whether to declare war. The Assembly abolished all internal trade barriers and suppressed guilds, masterships, and workers' organisations: any individual gained the right to practise a trade through the purchase of a license; strikes became illegal.
Louis XVI was increasingly dismayed by the direction of the revolution. Eventually, fearing for his own safety and that of his family, he decided to flee Paris to the Austrian border, having been assured of the loyalty of the border garrisons. On the night of 20 June the royal family fled the Tuileries Palace dressed as servants, while their servants dressed as nobles.
However, late the next day, the King was recognised and arrested at Varennes and returned to Paris. The Assembly provisionally suspended the King. He and Queen Marie Antoinette remained held under guard. As most of the Assembly still favoured a constitutional monarchy rather than a republic, the various groups reached a compromise which left Louis XVI as little more than a figurehead: he was forced to swear an oath to the constitution, and a decree declared that retracting the oath, heading an army for the purpose of making war upon the nation, or permitting anyone to do so in his name would amount to abdication.
An immense crowd gathered in the Champ de Mars to sign the petition. Georges Danton and Camille Desmoulins gave fiery speeches. The Assembly called for the municipal authorities to "preserve public order". The National Guard under Lafayette's command confronted the crowd. The soldiers responded to a barrage of stones by firing into the crowd, killing between 13 and 50 people. In the wake of the massacre the authorities closed many of the patriotic clubs, as well as radical newspapers such as Jean-Paul Marat 's L'Ami du Peuple.
Danton fled to England; Desmoulins and Marat went into hiding. Meanwhile, in August , a new threat arose from abroad: the King's brother-in-law Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II , King Frederick William II of Prussia , and the King's brother Charles-Philippe, comte d'Artois , issued the Declaration of Pillnitz , declaring their intention to bring the French king in the position "to consolidate the basis of a monarchical government" and that they were preparing their own troops for action, hinting at an invasion of France on the King's behalf.
The French people expressed no respect for the dictates of foreign monarchs, and the threat of force merely hastened their militarisation. Even before the Flight to Varennes, the Assembly members had determined to debar themselves from the legislature that would succeed them, the Legislative Assembly. They now gathered the various constitutional laws they had passed into a single constitution, and submitted it to the recently restored Louis XVI, who accepted it, writing "I engage to maintain it at home, to defend it from all attacks from abroad, and to cause its execution by all the means it places at my disposal".
The King addressed the Assembly and received enthusiastic applause from members and spectators. With this capstone, the National Constituent Assembly adjourned in a final session on 30 September The Legislative Assembly first met on 1 October , elected by those 4 million men — out of a population of 25 million — who paid a certain minimum amount of taxes.
The King had to share power with the elected Legislative Assembly, but he retained his royal veto and the ability to select ministers. Over the course of a year, such disagreements would lead to a constitutional crisis. Late in , a group of Assembly members who propagated war against Austria and Prussia was, after some remark of politician Maximilien Robespierre , henceforth indicated as the ' Girondins ', although not all of them really came from the southern province of Gironde. In response to the threat of war of August from Austria and Prussia , leaders of the Assembly saw such a war as a means to strengthen support for their revolutionary government, and the French people as well as the Assembly thought that they would win a war against Austria and Prussia.
On 20 April , France declared war on Austria. The Legislative Assembly degenerated into chaos before October Francis Charles Montague concluded in , "In the attempt to govern, the Assembly failed altogether. It left behind an empty treasury, an undisciplined army and navy, and a people debauched by safe and successful riot. Lyons argues that the Constituent Assembly had liberal, rational, and individualistic goals that seem to have been largely achieved by However, it failed to consolidate the gains of the Revolution, which continued with increasing momentum and escalating radicalism until Lyons identifies six reasons for this escalation.
First, the king did not accept the limitations on his powers, and mobilised support from foreign monarchs to reverse it. Second, the effort to overthrow the Roman Catholic Church, sell off its lands, close its monasteries and its charitable operations, and replace it with an unpopular makeshift system caused deep consternation among the pious and the peasants. Third, the economy was badly hurt by the issuance of ever increasing amounts of paper money assignats , which caused more and more inflation; the rising prices hurt the urban poor who spent most of their income on food.
Fourth, the rural peasants demanded liberation from the heavy system of taxes and dues owed to local landowners. Finally, foreign powers threatened to overthrow the Revolution, which responded with extremism and systematic violence in its own defence. In the summer of , all of Paris was against the king, and hoped that the Assembly would depose the king, but the Assembly hesitated. On 26 August, the Assembly decreed the deportation of refractory priests in the west of France, as "causes of danger to the fatherland", to destinations like French Guiana.
With enemy troops advancing, the Commune looked for potential traitors in Paris. On 2, 3 and 4 September , hundreds of Parisians, supporters of the revolution, infuriated by Verdun being captured by the Prussian enemy , the uprisings in the west of France, and rumours that the incarcerated prisoners in Paris were conspiring with the foreign enemy, raided the Parisian prisons and murdered between 1, and 1, prisoners , many of them Catholic priests but also common criminals.
Jean-Paul Marat , a political ally of Robespierre, in an open letter on 3 September incited the rest of France to follow the Parisian example; Robespierre kept a low profile in regard to the murder orgy. The Commune then sent a circular letter to the other cities of France inviting them to follow this example, and many cities launched their own massacres of prisoners and priests in the "September massacres".
The Assembly could offer only feeble resistance. In October, however, there was a counterattack accusing the instigators, especially Marat, of being terrorists. This led to a political contest between the more moderate Girondists and the more radical Montagnards inside the Convention, with rumour used as a weapon by both sides. The Girondists lost ground when they seemed too conciliatory. But the pendulum swung again and after Thermidor, the men who had endorsed the massacres were denounced as terrorists. Chaos persisted until the Convention , elected by universal male suffrage and charged with writing a new constitution, met on 20 September and became the new de facto government of France.
The next day it abolished the monarchy and declared a republic. The following day — 22 September , the first morning of the new Republic — was later retroactively adopted as the beginning of Year One of the French Republican Calendar. From to France was engaged almost continuously with two short breaks in wars with Britain and a changing coalition of other major powers. The many French successes led to the spread of the French revolutionary ideals into neighbouring countries, and indeed across much of Europe.
However, the final defeat of Napoleon in and brought a reaction that reversed some — but not all — of the revolutionary achievements in France and Europe. The politics of the period inevitably drove France towards war with Austria and its allies. The King, many of the Feuillants, and the Girondins specifically wanted to wage war. The King and many Feuillants with him expected war would increase his personal popularity; he also foresaw an opportunity to exploit any defeat: either result would make him stronger. The Girondins wanted to export the Revolution throughout Europe and, by extension, to defend the Revolution within France.
The forces opposing war were much weaker. Barnave and his supporters among the Feuillants feared a war they thought France had little chance to win and which they feared might lead to greater radicalisation of the revolution. On the other end of the political spectrum Robespierre opposed a war on two grounds , fearing that it would strengthen the monarchy and military at the expense of the revolution, and that it would incur the anger of ordinary people in Austria and elsewhere. The invading Prussian army faced little resistance until it was checked at the Battle of Valmy 20 September and forced to withdraw.
The new-born Republic followed up on this success with a series of victories in Belgium and the Rhineland in the fall of The French armies defeated the Austrians at the Battle of Jemappes on 6 November, and had soon taken over most of the Austrian Netherlands. This brought them into conflict with Britain and the Dutch Republic , which wished to preserve the independence of the southern Netherlands from France. After the French king's execution in January , these powers, along with Spain and most other European states, joined the war against France.
Almost immediately, French forces suffered defeats on many fronts, and were driven out of their newly conquered territories in the spring of At the same time, the republican regime was forced to deal with rebellions against its authority in much of western and southern France. But the allies failed to take advantage of French disunity, and by the autumn of the republican regime had defeated most of the internal rebellions and halted the allied advance into France itself.
This stalemate ended in the summer of with dramatic French victories. The French defeated the allied army at the Battle of Fleurus , leading to a full Allied withdrawal from the Austrian Netherlands. They pushed the allies to the east bank of the Rhine, allowing France, by the beginning of , to conquer the Dutch Republic itself. These victories led to the collapse of the anti-French coalition. Prussia, having effectively abandoned the coalition in the fall of , made peace with revolutionary France at Basel in April , and soon thereafter Spain also made peace with France.
Britain and Austria were the only major powers to remain at war with France. Although the French Revolution had a dramatic impact in numerous areas of Europe, the French colonies felt a particular influence. Late in August , elections were held, now under male universal suffrage , for the new National Convention , which replaced the Legislative Assembly on 20 September From the start the Convention suffered from the bitter division between a group around Robespierre, Danton and Marat, referred to as ' Montagnards ' or ' Jacobins ' or the 'left', and a group referred to as ' Girondins ' or the 'right'.
But the majority of the representatives, referred to as ' la Plaine ', were member of neither of those two antagonistic groups and managed to preserve some speed in the Convention's debates. In the Brunswick Manifesto , the Imperial and Prussian armies threatened retaliation on the French population if it were to resist their advance or the reinstatement of the monarchy. This among other things made Louis appear to be conspiring with the enemies of France.
On 17 January Louis was condemned to death for "conspiracy against the public liberty and the general safety" by a close majority in Convention: voted to execute the king, voted against, and another 72 voted to execute him subject to a variety of delaying conditions. This encouraged the Jacobins to seize power through a parliamentary coup , backed up by force effected by mobilising public support against the Girondist faction, and by utilising the mob power of the Parisian sans-culottes.
An alliance of Jacobin and sans-culottes elements thus became the effective centre of the new government. Policy became considerably more radical, as "The Law of the Maximum" set food prices and led to executions of offenders. The price control policy was coeval with the rise to power of the Committee of Public Safety and the Reign of Terror. The Committee first attempted to set the price for only a limited number of grain products, but by September it expanded the "maximum" to cover all foodstuffs and a long list of other goods.
The Committee reacted by sending dragoons into the countryside to arrest farmers and seize crops. This temporarily solved the problem in Paris, but the rest of the country suffered. By the spring of , forced collection of food was not sufficient to feed even Paris, and the days of the Committee were numbered. When Robespierre went to the guillotine in July , the crowd jeered, "There goes the dirty maximum! According to archival records, at least 16, people died under the guillotine or otherwise after accusations of counter-revolutionary activities.
Following these arrests, the Jacobins gained control of the Committee of Public Safety on 10 June, installing the revolutionary dictatorship. On 24 June, the Convention adopted the first republican constitution of France, variously referred to as the French Constitution of or Constitution of the Year I.
It was progressive and radical in several respects, in particular by establishing universal male suffrage. It was ratified by public referendum, but normal legal processes were suspended before it could take effect. Georges Danton , the leader of the August uprising against the king , undermined by several political reversals, was removed from the Committee and Robespierre, "the Incorruptible", became its most influential member as it moved to take radical measures against the Revolution's domestic and foreign enemies. The Reign of Terror ultimately weakened the revolutionary government, while temporarily ending internal opposition.
The Jacobins expanded the size of the army, and Carnot replaced many aristocratic officers with soldiers who had demonstrated their patriotism, if not their ability. At the end of , the army began to prevail and revolts were defeated with ease. However, this policy was never fully implemented. Three approaches attempt to explain the Reign of Terror imposed by the Jacobins in — The older Marxist interpretation argued the Terror was a necessary response to outside threats in terms of other countries going to war with France and internal threats of traitors inside France threatening to frustrate the Revolution.
In this interpretation, as expressed by the Marxist historian Albert Soboul , Robespierre and the sans-culottes were heroes for defending the revolution from its enemies. Soboul's Marxist interpretation has been largely abandoned by most historians since the s. Hanson takes a middle position, recognising the importance of the foreign enemies, and sees the terror as a contingency that was caused by the interaction of a series of complex events and the foreign threat. Hanson says the terror was not inherent in the ideology of the Revolution, but that circumstances made it necessary.
North of the Loire , similar revolts were started by the so-called Chouans royalist rebels. In April , the Girondins indicted Jean-Paul Marat before the Revolutionary Tribunal for 'attempting to destroy the sovereignty of the people' and 'preaching plunder and massacre', referring to his behaviour during the September Paris massacres. Marat was quickly acquitted but the incident further exacerbated the ' Girondins ' versus ' Montagnards ' party strife in the Convention. While that committee consisted only of members from la Plaine and the Girondins , the anger of the sans-culottes was directed towards the Girondins.
On 2 June , the Convention's session in Tuileries Palace degenerated into chaos and pandemonium. Crowds of people swarmed in and around the palace. Incessant screaming from the public galleries suggested that all of Paris was against the Girondins. Petitions circulated, indicting and condemning 22 Girondins. Late that night after much more tumultuous debate, dozens of Girondins had resigned and left the Convention.
By the summer of , most French departments in one way or another opposed the central Paris government. Girondins who fled from Paris after 2 June led those revolts. In August—September , militants urged the Convention to do more to quell the counter-revolution. A delegation of the Commune Paris city council suggested to form revolutionary armies to arrest hoarders and conspirators. Criteria for bringing someone before the Revolutionary Tribunal , created March , had always been vast and vague. Meanwhile, the instalment of the Republican Calendar on 24 October caused an anti-clerical uprising.
The climax was reached with the celebration of the flame of Reason in Notre Dame Cathedral on 10 November. Because of the extremely brutal forms that the Republican repression took in many places, historians such as Reynald Secher have called the event a "genocide". The guillotine became the tool for a string of executions. The Revolutionary Tribunal summarily condemned thousands of people to death by the guillotine, while mobs beat other victims to death. In the rebellious provinces, the government representatives had unlimited authority and some engaged in extreme repressions and abuses.
For example, Jean-Baptiste Carrier became notorious for the Noyades "drownings" he organised in Nantes ; his conduct was judged unacceptable even by the Jacobin government and he was recalled. On 5 April, again at the instigation of Robespierre, Danton , a moderate Montagnard , and 13 associated politicians, charged with counter-revolutionary activities, were executed.
The end of Reconstruction
This hushed the Convention deputies: if henceforth they disagreed with Robespierre they hardly dared to speak out. On 7 June , Robespierre advocated a new state religion and recommended the Convention acknowledge the existence of the "Supreme Being". The frequency of guillotine executions in Paris now rose from on average three a day to an average of 29 a day. Meanwhile, France's external wars were going well, with victories over Austrian and British troops in May and June opening up Belgium for French conquest.
On 29 June , three colleagues of Robespierre at 'the Committee' called him a dictator in his face — Robespierre baffled left the meeting. This encouraged other Convention members to also defy Robespierre. On 26 July, a long and vague speech of Robespierre wasn't met with thunderous applause as usual but with hostility; some deputies yelled that Robespierre should have the courage to say which deputies he deemed necessary to be killed next, what Robespierre refused to do.
Finally, even Robespierre's own voice failed on him: it faltered at his last attempt to beg permission to speak. A decree was adopted to arrest Robespierre , Saint-Just and Couthon. Subsequently, the Law of 22 Prairial 10 June was repealed, and the ' Girondins ' expelled from the Convention in June , if not dead yet, were reinstated as Convention deputies.
After July , most civilians henceforth ignored the Republican calendar and returned to the traditional seven-day weeks. The government in a law of 21 February set steps of return to freedom of religion and reconciliation with the since refractory Catholic priests, but any religious signs outside churches or private homes, such as crosses, clerical garb, bell ringing, remained prohibited.
When the people's enthusiasm for attending church grew to unexpected levels the government backed out and in October again, like in , required all priests to swear oaths on the Republic. In the very cold winter of —95, with the French army demanding more and more bread, same was getting scarce in Paris as was wood to keep houses warm, and in an echo of the October March on Versailles , on 1 April 12 Germinal III a mostly female crowd marched on the Convention calling for bread.
But no Convention member sympathized, they just told the women to return home. Again in May a crowd of 20, men and 40, women invaded the Convention and even killed a deputy in the halls, but again they failed to make the Convention take notice of the needs of the lower classes. Instead, the Convention banned women from all political assemblies, and deputies who had solidarized with this insurrection were sentenced to death: such allegiance between parliament and street fighting was no longer tolerated.
Late , France conquered present-day Belgium. A French plebiscite ratified the document, with about 1,, votes for the constitution and 49, against. The first chamber was called the ' Council of ' initiating the laws, the second the ' Council of Elders ' reviewing and approving or not the passed laws. Each year, one-third of the chambers was to be renewed.
The executive power was in the hands of the five members directors of the Directory with a five-year mandate. The early directors did not much understand the nation they were governing; they especially had an innate inability to see Catholicism as anything else than counter-revolutionary and royalist. The Directory denounced the arbitrary executions of the Reign of Terror, but itself engaged in large scale illegal repressions, as well as large-scale massacres of civilians in the Vendee uprising.
The economy continued in bad condition, with the poor especially hurt by the high cost of food. State finances were in total disarray; the government could only cover its expenses through the plunder and the tribute of foreign countries. If peace were made, the armies would return home and the directors would have to face the exasperation of the rank-and-file who had lost their livelihood, as well as the ambition of generals who could, in a moment, brush them aside.
Barras and Rewbell were notoriously corrupt themselves and screened corruption in others. The patronage of the directors was ill-bestowed, and the general maladministration heightened their unpopularity. The directors baffled all such endeavours. On the other hand, the socialist conspiracy of Babeuf was easily quelled. Little was done to improve the finances, and the assignats continued to fall in value until each note was worth less than the paper it was printed on; debtors easily paid off their debts. Although committed to Republicanism, the Directory distrusted democracy.
It never had a strong base of popular support; when elections were held, most of its candidates were defeated. Its achievements were minor. The election system was complex and designed to insulate the government from grass roots democracy. The parliament consisted of two houses: the Conseil des Cinq-Cents Council of the Five Hundred with representatives, and the Conseil des Anciens Council of Elders with senators.
Executive power went to five "directors," named annually by the Conseil des Anciens from a list submitted by the Conseil des Cinq-Cents. The universal male suffrage of was replaced by limited suffrage based on property. The voters had only a limited choice because the electoral rules required two-thirds of the seats go to members of the old Convention, no matter how few popular votes they received. Citizens of the war-weary nation wanted stability, peace, and an end to conditions that at times bordered on chaos.
Nevertheless, those on the right who wished to restore the monarchy by putting Louis XVIII on the throne, and those on the left who would have renewed the Reign of Terror, tried but failed to overthrow the Directory.
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The earlier atrocities had made confidence or goodwill between parties impossible. The army suppressed riots and counter-revolutionary activities. In this way the army and in particular Napoleon gained total power. Parliamentary elections in the spring of , for one-third of the seats in Parliament, resulted in considerable gains for the royalists, who seemed poised to take control of the Directory in the next elections. This frightened the republican directors and they reacted, in the Coup of 18 Fructidor V 4 September , by purging all the winners banishing 57 leaders to certain death in Guiana, removing two supposedly pro-royalist directors, and closing 42 newspapers.
Not only citizens opposed and even mocked such decrees, also local government officials refused to enforce such laws. When the elections of were again carried by the opposition, the Directory used the army to imprison and exile the opposition leaders and close their newspapers. In , when the French armies abroad experienced some setbacks , the newly chosen director Sieyes considered a new overhaul necessary for the Directory's form of government because in his opinion it needed a stronger executive.
The Army at first was quite successful. It conquered Belgium and turned it into a province of France; conquered the Netherlands and made it a puppet state; and conquered Switzerland and most of Italy, setting up a series of puppet states. The result was glory for France and an infusion of much needed money from the conquered lands, which also provided direct support to the French Army. The allies scored a series of victories that rolled back French successes, retaking Italy, Switzerland and the Netherlands and ending the flow of payments from the conquered areas to France.
The treasury was empty. Despite his publicity claiming many glorious victories, Napoleon's army was trapped in Egypt after the British sank the French fleet at the Battle of the Nile. Napoleon escaped by himself, returned to Paris and overthrew the Directory in November Napoleon conquered most of Italy in the name of the French Revolution in — He consolidated old units and split up Austria's holdings. He set up a series of new republics, complete with new codes of law and abolition of old feudal privileges.
Napoleon's Cisalpine Republic was centred on Milan. Genoa the city became a republic while its hinterland became the Ligurian Republic. The Roman Republic was formed out of the papal holdings and the pope was sent to France. The Neapolitan Republic was formed around Naples, but it lasted only five months before the enemy forces of the Coalition recaptured it. In Napoleon formed the Kingdom of Italy , with himself as king and his stepson as viceroy. All these new countries were satellites of France and had to pay large subsidies to Paris, as well as provide military support for Napoleon's wars.
Their political and administrative systems were modernised, the metric system introduced, and trade barriers reduced. Jewish ghettos were abolished. Belgium and Piedmont became integral parts of France. Most of the new nations were abolished and returned to prewar owners in However, Artz emphasises the benefits the Italians gained from the French Revolution:. For nearly two decades the Italians had the excellent codes of law, a fair system of taxation, a better economic situation, and more religious and intellectual toleration than they had known for centuries Everywhere old physical, economic, and intellectual barriers had been thrown down and the Italians had begun to be aware of a common nationality.
In the Old regime there were a small number of heavily censored newspapers that needed a royal licence to operate. Newspapers and pamphlets played a central role in stimulating and defining the Revolution. The meetings of the Estates-General in created an enormous demand for news, and over newspapers appeared by the end of the year.
The next decade saw 2, newspapers founded, with in Paris alone. Most lasted only a matter of weeks. Together they became the main communication medium, combined with the very large pamphlet literature. The press saw its lofty role to be the advancement of civic republicanism based on public service, and downplayed the liberal, individualistic goal of making a profit. Symbolism was a device to distinguish the main features of the Revolution and ensure public identification and support.
In order to effectively illustrate the differences between the new Republic and the old regime, the leaders needed to implement a new set of symbols to be celebrated instead of the old religious and monarchical symbolism. To this end, symbols were borrowed from historic cultures and redefined, while those of the old regime were either destroyed or reattributed acceptable characteristics.
These revised symbols were used to instil in the public a new sense of tradition and reverence for the Enlightenment and the Republic. It acquired its nickname after being sung in Paris by volunteers from Marseille marching on the capital. The song is the first example of the "European march" anthemic style.
The anthem's evocative melody and lyrics have led to its widespread use as a song of revolution and its incorporation into many pieces of classical and popular music. Cerulo says, "the design of "La Marseillaise" is credited to General Strasburg of France, who is said to have directed de Lisle, the composer of the anthem, to 'produce one of those hymns which conveys to the soul of the people the enthusiasm which it the music suggests. Hanson notes, "The guillotine stands as the principal symbol of the Terror in the French Revolution. It was celebrated on the left as the people's avenger and cursed as the symbol of the Reign of Terror by the right.
Vendors sold programmes listing the names of those scheduled to die. Many people came day after day and vied for the best locations from which to observe the proceedings; knitting women tricoteuses formed a cadre of hardcore regulars, inciting the crowd. Parents often brought their children. By the end of the Terror, the crowds had thinned drastically. Repetition had staled even this most grisly of entertainments, and audiences grew bored. Cockades were widely worn by revolutionaries beginning in The tricolour flag is derived from the cockades used in the s.
These were circular rosette-like emblems attached to the hat. Camille Desmoulins asked his followers to wear green cockades on 12 July The Paris militia, formed on 13 July, adopted a blue and red cockade. Blue and red are the traditional colours of Paris, and they are used on the city's coat of arms. Cockades with various colour schemes were used during the storming of the Bastille on 14 July.
Lafayette argued for the addition of a white stripe to "nationalise" the design. Well after the revolution, by the French Third Republic had authorised the form of the tricolore cockade for use on its military aircraft by the Aeronautique Militaire as a national insignia , the first-ever in use worldwide — it is still in use by the current Armee de l'Air of France, and directly inspired the use of similar roundel insignia by the United Kingdom and many other nations worldwide. Fasces are Roman in origin and suggest Roman Republicanism.
Fasces are a bundle of birch rods containing an axe. The French Republic continued this Roman symbol to represent state power, justice, and unity. The Liberty cap, also known as the Phrygian cap , or pileus , is a brimless, felt cap that is conical in shape with the tip pulled forward. It reflects Roman republicanism and liberty, alluding to the Roman ritual of manumission of slaves, in which a freed slave receives the bonnet as a symbol of his newfound liberty. Historians since the late 20th century have debated how women shared in the French Revolution and what long-term impact it had on French women.
Women had no political rights in pre-Revolutionary France; they were considered "passive" citizens; forced to rely on men to determine what was best for them. That changed dramatically in theory as there seemingly were great advances in feminism. Feminism emerged in Paris as part of a broad demand for social and political reform.
The women demanded equality for women and then moved on to a demand for the end of male domination. Their chief vehicle for agitation were pamphlets and women's clubs; for example, a small group called the Cercle Social Social Circle campaigned for women's rights, noting that "the laws favor men at the expense of women, because everywhere power is in your hands. The movement was crushed. Devance explains the decision in terms of the emphasis on masculinity in a wartime situation, Marie Antoinette's bad reputation for feminine interference in state affairs, and traditional male supremacy.
When the Revolution opened, groups of women acted forcefully, making use of the volatile political climate. Women forced their way into the political sphere. They swore oaths of loyalty, "solemn declarations of patriotic allegiance, [and] affirmations of the political responsibilities of citizenship. The March to Versailles is but one example of feminist militant activism during the French Revolution.
On 20 June a number of armed women took part in a procession that "passed through the halls of the Legislative Assembly, into the Tuileries Gardens, and then through the King's residence. As part of the funeral procession, they carried the bathtub in which Marat had been murdered by a counter-revolutionary woman as well as a shirt stained with Marat's blood. The Society of Revolutionary Republican Women, a militant group on the far left, demanded a law in that would compel all women to wear the tricolour cockade to demonstrate their loyalty to the Republic.
They also demanded vigorous price controls to keep bread — the major food of the poor people — from becoming too expensive. After the Convention passage law in September , the Revolutionary Republican Women demanded vigorous enforcement, but were counted by market women, former servants, and religious women who adamantly opposed price controls which would drive them out of business and resented attacks on the aristocracy and on religion. Fist fights broke out in the streets between the two factions of women.
Meanwhile, the men who controlled the Jacobins rejected the Revolutionary Republican Women as dangerous rabble-rousers. At this point the Jacobins controlled the government; they dissolved the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women, and decreed that all women's clubs and associations were illegal. They sternly reminded women to stay home and tend to their families by leaving public affairs to the men. Organised women were permanently shut out of the French Revolution after 30 October Olympe de Gouges wrote a number of plays, short stories, and novels.
Her publications emphasised that women and men are different, but this shouldn't stop them from equality under the law. In her "Declaration on the Rights of Woman" she insisted that women deserved rights, especially in areas concerning them directly, such as divorce and recognition of illegitimate children. Madame Roland a. Manon or Marie Roland was another important female activist.
Her political focus was not specifically on women or their liberation. She focused on other aspects of the government, but was a feminist by virtue of the fact that she was a woman working to influence the world. Her personal letters to leaders of the Revolution influenced policy; in addition, she often hosted political gatherings of the Brissotins, a political group which allowed women to join.
As she was led to the scaffold, Madame Roland shouted "O liberty! What crimes are committed in thy name! Most of these activists were punished for their actions. Many of the women of the Revolution were even publicly executed for "conspiring against the unity and the indivisibility of the Republic". A major aspect of the French Revolution was the dechristianisation movement, a movement strongly rejected by many devout people. Especially for women living in rural areas of France, the closing of the churches meant a loss of normalcy.
When these revolutionary changes to the Church were implemented, it sparked a counter-revolutionary movement among women. Although some of these women embraced the political and social amendments of the Revolution, they opposed the dissolution of the Catholic Church and the formation of revolutionary cults like the Cult of the Supreme Being. Counter-revolutionary women resisted what they saw as the intrusion of the state into their lives. By far the most important issue to counter-revolutionary women was the passage and the enforcement of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy in In response to this measure, women in many areas began circulating anti-oath pamphlets and refused to attend masses held by priests who had sworn oaths of loyalty to the Republic.
These women continued to adhere to traditional practices such as Christian burials and naming their children after saints in spite of revolutionary decrees to the contrary. The French Revolution abolished many of the constraints on the economy that had slowed growth during the ancien regime. It abolished tithes owed to local churches as well as feudal dues owed to local landlords. The result hurt the tenants, who paid both higher rents and higher taxes.
It planned to use these seized lands to finance the government by issuing assignats. It abolished the guild system as a worthless remnant of feudalism. The government seized the foundations that had been set up starting in the 13th century to provide an annual stream of revenue for hospitals, poor relief, and education. The state sold the lands but typically local authorities did not replace the funding and so most of the nation's charitable and school systems were massively disrupted.
The economy did poorly in —96 as industrial and agricultural output dropped, foreign trade plunged, and prices soared. The government decided not to repudiate the old debts. Instead it issued more and more paper money called "assignat" that supposedly were grounded seized lands. The result was escalating inflation. The government imposed price controls and persecuted speculators and traders in the black market.
The assignats were withdrawn in but the replacements also fuelled inflation. The inflation was finally ended by Napoleon in with the franc as the new currency. Napoleon after paid for his expensive wars by multiple means, starting with the modernisation of the rickety financial system. The French Revolution had a major impact on Europe and the New World , decisively changing the course of human history.
Otto Dann and John Dinwiddy report, "It has long been almost a truism of European history that the French Revolution gave a great stimulus to the growth of modern nationalism. Hayes as a major result of the French Revolution across Europe. The impact on French nationalism was profound. For example, Napoleon became such a heroic symbol of the nation that the glory was easily picked up by his nephew, who was overwhelmingly elected president and later became Emperor Napoleon III.
The changes in France were enormous; some were widely accepted and others were bitterly contested into the late 20th century. The kings had so thoroughly centralised the system that most nobles spent their time at Versailles, and thus played only a small direct role in their home districts. Thompson says that the kings had "ruled by virtue of their personal wealth, their patronage of the nobility, their disposal of ecclesiastical offices, their provincial governors intendants their control over the judges and magistrates, and their command of the Army.
After the first year of revolution, the power of the king had been stripped away, he was left a mere figurehead, the nobility had lost all their titles and most of their land, the Church lost its monasteries and farmlands, bishops, judges and magistrates were elected by the people, and the army was almost helpless, with military power in the hands of the new revolutionary National Guard.
The central elements of were the slogan "Liberty, Equality and Fraternity" and " The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen ", which Lefebvre calls "the incarnation of the Revolution as a whole. The long-term impact on France was profound, shaping politics, society, religion and ideas, and polarising politics for more than a century.
The French Revolution differed from other revolutions in being not merely national, for it aimed at benefiting all humanity. The most heated controversy was over the status of the Catholic Church. The movement to dechristianise France not only failed but aroused a furious reaction among the pious. Priests and bishops were given salaries as part of a department of government controlled by Paris, not Rome. Protestants and Jews gained equal rights. They raged into the 20th century.
By the 21st century, angry debates exploded over the presence of any Muslim religious symbols in schools, such as the headscarves for which Muslim girls could be expelled. Christopher Soper and Joel S. Fetzer explicitly link the conflict over religious symbols in public to the French Revolution, when the target was Catholic rituals and symbols. The revolutionary government seized the charitable foundations that had been set up starting in the 13th century to provide an annual stream of revenue for hospitals, poor relief, and education. In the ancien regime, new opportunities for nuns as charitable practitioners were created by devout nobles on their own estates.
The nuns provided comprehensive care for the sick poor on their patrons' estates, not only acting as nurses, but taking on expanded roles as physicians, surgeons, and apothecaries. During the Revolution, most of the orders of nuns were shut down and there was no organised nursing care to replace them. They were tolerated by officials because they had widespread support and were the link between elite male physicians and distrustful peasants who needed help. Two thirds of France was employed in agriculture, which was transformed by the Revolution.
Enlightenment (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
With the breakup of large estates controlled by the Church and the nobility and worked by hired hands, rural France became more a land of small independent farms. Harvest taxes were ended, such as the tithe and seigneurial dues, much to the relief of the peasants. Primogeniture was ended both for nobles and peasants, thereby weakening the family patriarch.
Because all the children had a share in the family's property, there was a declining birth rate. In the cities, entrepreneurship on a small scale flourished, as restrictive monopolies, privileges, barriers, rules, taxes and guilds gave way. However, the British blockade virtually ended overseas and colonial trade, hurting the port cities and their supply chains.
Overall, the Revolution did not greatly change the French business system, and probably helped freeze in place the horizons of the small business owner. The typical businessman owned a small store, mill or shop, with family help and a few paid employees; large-scale industry was less common than in other industrialising nations. A National Bureau of Economic Research paper found that the emigration of more than , individuals predominantly supporters of the Old Regime during the Revolution had a significant negative impact on income per capita in the 19th century due to the fragmentation of agricultural holdings but became positive in the second half of the 20th century onward because it facilitated the rise in human capital investments.
The Revolution meant an end to arbitrary royal rule and held out the promise of rule by law under a constitutional order, but it did not rule out a monarch. Napoleon as emperor set up a constitutional system although he remained in full control , and the restored Bourbons were forced to go along with one. After the abdication of Napoleon III in , the monarchists probably had a voting majority, but they were so factionalised they could not agree on who should be king, and instead the French Third Republic was launched with a deep commitment to upholding the ideals of the Revolution.
Vichy denied the principle of equality and tried to replace the Revolutionary watchwords "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" with "Work, Family, and Fatherland. France permanently became a society of equals under the law. The Jacobin cause was picked up by Marxists in the midth century and became an element of communist thought around the world. In the Soviet Union , "Gracchus" Babeuf was regarded as a hero. Robinson the French Revolution had long-term effects in Europe. They suggest that "areas that were occupied by the French and that underwent radical institutional reform experienced more rapid urbanization and economic growth, especially after There is no evidence of a negative effect of French invasion.
A study in the European Economic Review found that the areas of Germany that were occupied by France in the 19th century and in which the Code Napoleon was applied have higher levels of trust and cooperation today. From this moment we may consider France as a free country, the King a very limited monarch, and the nobility as reduced to a level with the rest of the nation.
Britain led and funded the series of coalitions that fought France from to , and then restored the Bourbons. Philosophically and politically, Britain was in debate over the rights and wrongs of revolution, in the abstract and in practicalities. The Revolution Controversy was a " pamphlet war " set off by the publication of A Discourse on the Love of Our Country , a speech given by Richard Price to the Revolution Society on 4 November , supporting the French Revolution as he had the American Revolution , and saying that patriotism actually centers around loving the people and principles of a nation, not its ruling class.
Edmund Burke responded in November with his own pamphlet, Reflections on the Revolution in France , attacking the French Revolution as a threat to the aristocracy of all countries. Conversely, two seminal political pieces of political history were written in Price's favor, supporting the general right of the French people to replace their State.
One of the first of these " pamphlets " into print was A Vindication of the Rights of Men by Mary Wollstonecraft better known for her later treatise, sometimes described as the first feminist text, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman ; Wollstonecraft's title was echoed by Thomas Paine 's Rights of Man , published a few months later.
In Christopher Wyvill published Defence of Dr. Price and the Reformers of England , a plea for reform and moderation. This exchange of ideas has been described as "one of the great political debates in British history". In Ireland, the effect was to transform what had been an attempt by Protestant settlers to gain some autonomy into a mass movement led by the Society of United Irishmen involving Catholics and Protestants.
It stimulated the demand for further reform throughout Ireland, especially in Ulster. The upshot was a revolt in , led by Wolfe Tone , that was crushed by Britain. German reaction to the Revolution swung from favourable to antagonistic. At first it brought liberal and democratic ideas, the end of gilds, serfdom and the Jewish ghetto. It brought economic freedoms and agrarian and legal reform. Above all the antagonism helped stimulate and shape German nationalism. The French invaded Switzerland and turned it into an ally known as the " Helvetic Republic " — The interference with localism and traditional liberties was deeply resented, although some modernising reforms took place.
Both territories experienced revolutions in Both failed to attract international support. During the Revolutionary Wars, the French invaded and occupied the region between and , a time known as the French period. The new government enforced new reforms, incorporating the region into France itself. New rulers were sent in by Paris. Belgian men were drafted into the French wars and heavily taxed. Nearly everyone was Catholic, but the Church was repressed. Resistance was strong in every sector, as Belgian nationalism emerged to oppose French rule. The French legal system, however, was adopted, with its equal legal rights, and abolition of class distinctions.
Belgium now had a government bureaucracy selected by merit. Antwerp regained access to the sea and grew quickly as a major port and business centre. France promoted commerce and capitalism, paving the way for the ascent of the bourgeoisie and the rapid growth of manufacturing and mining. In economics, therefore, the nobility declined while the middle class Belgian entrepreneurs flourished because of their inclusion in a large market, paving the way for Belgium's leadership role after in the Industrial Revolution on the Continent.
The Kingdom of Denmark adopted liberalising reforms in line with those of the French Revolution, with no direct contact. Reform was gradual and the regime itself carried out agrarian reforms that had the effect of weakening absolutism by creating a class of independent peasant freeholders. Much of the initiative came from well-organised liberals who directed political change in the first half of the 19th century.
The Revolution deeply polarised American politics, and this polarisation led to the creation of the First Party System. In , as war broke out in Europe, the Republican Party led by Thomas Jefferson favoured France and pointed to the treaty that was still in effect. George Washington and his unanimous cabinet, including Jefferson, decided that the treaty did not bind the United States to enter the war.
Washington proclaimed neutrality instead. Jefferson became president in , but was hostile to Napoleon as a dictator and emperor. However, the two entered negotiations over the Louisiana Territory and agreed to the Louisiana Purchase in , an acquisition that substantially increased the size of the United States. The French Revolution has received enormous amounts of historical attention, both from the general public and from scholars and academics.
The views of historians, in particular, have been characterised as falling along ideological lines, with disagreement over the significance and the major developments of the Revolution. Historians until the late 20th century emphasised class conflicts from a largely Marxist perspective as the fundamental driving cause of the Revolution. By the year many historians were saying that the field of the French Revolution was in intellectual disarray.
The old model or paradigm focusing on class conflict has been discredited, and no new explanatory model had gained widespread support. Historians widely regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in history. It marks the end of the early modern period , which started around and is often seen as marking the "dawn of the modern era ". After the collapse of the First Empire in , the French public lost the rights and privileges earned since the Revolution, but they remembered the participatory politics that characterised the period, with one historian commenting: "Thousands of men and even many women gained firsthand experience in the political arena: they talked, read, and listened in new ways; they voted; they joined new organisations; and they marched for their political goals.
Revolution became a tradition, and republicanism an enduring option. Some historians argue that the French people underwent a fundamental transformation in self-identity, evidenced by the elimination of privileges and their replacement by rights as well as the growing decline in social deference that highlighted the principle of equality throughout the Revolution. This, combined with the egalitarian values introduced by the revolution, gave rise to a classless and co-operative model for society called " socialism " which profoundly influenced future revolutions in France and around the world.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see French Revolution disambiguation. Revolution in France, to The Storming of the Bastille , 14 July Part of a series on the. Early Middle Ages. Middle Ages. Direct Capetians — Valois — Early modern. Long 19th century. Main article: Causes of the French Revolution. Main article: Estates General of in France. Main article: National Assembly French Revolution. Main article: National Constituent Assembly France.
Main article: Storming of the Bastille. Main article: Abolition of feudalism in France. Main article: Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. Main article: French Constitution of Main article: Women's March on Versailles. Main article: Flight to Varennes.
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The struggle between endangered fish and thirsty California farmers requires an urgent answer. But for many, the Save Our Salmon (SOS) Act just passed by the U.S. House of Representatives isn’t it.
Introduced by Rep. Jeff Denham (R-Turlock), H.R. 4582 lays the blame on predatory, non-native fish species like striped bass for the dwindling population of endangered salmon in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. The bill eliminates a doubling requirement on bass and other predator fish established with the 1992 Central Valley Project Improvement Act – the idea being that looser restrictions on bass fishing could help boost populations of native Chinook salmon, steelhead trout and smelt, and free up more Delta water currently being held under the auspices of the Endangered Species Act (ESA).
There’s only one problem: Fisheries experts, policy analysts and the scientific community at large aren’t buying it.
“Predation removal is not a solution,” said Carson Jeffres, a researcher in aquatic ecology and the field and lab director at the Center for Watershed Sciences at the University of California, Davis. Jeffres, who coauthored this recent article about predation impacts on Delta native species, said predators like striped bass have been part of the Delta ecosystem since the 19th century. “There have been predation and prey as long as there have been rivers,” he said. “If you remove one predator, you’re never going to remove all of them. There’s always something else out there that can eat [the salmon].”
More importantly, reducing the population of one predator species can have unforeseeable – and potentially even more harmful – knock-on effects. For example, fishing out more bass could lead to the increase of inland silverside, one of bass’s primary food sources. What do inland silverside feed on? Smelt eggs and larvae. The same could be said for threadfin shad, which prey on juvenile salmon and are in turn kept in check by bass.
“There are all of these unintended consequences that haven’t been necessarily thought out. This very simplistic idea of managing a food chain is much more complicated than one fish eating another fish,” he said. “It’s a system problem, not a silver bullet problem.”
The risk that his legislation might backfire, biologically speaking, isn’t deterring Rep. Denham. On the contrary, while he says it is primarily aimed at saving salmon, Denham is forthright about the broader goal – to bring more Delta water to farms and communities further south that feel they’ve been hamstrung by ESA provisions on endangered fish species.
“More and more growers are paying for water and not seeing their deliveries,” Denham told Water Deeply. Bass, he said, are “devastating our native fish. People throughout our community want an ecosystem that allows our fish species to be able to populate, especially those that are threatened or endangered, but they also expect a water delivery and storage system that works well. This is one of the tools in our toolbox.”
Denham isn’t alone in seeking to cull predatory fish from the Delta. The Coalition for a Sustainable Delta last month filed a petition with the California Fish and Game Commission seeking to modify the size and bag limits for striped and black bass in an effort to help salmon populations recover. The California Farm Bureau Federation, Western Growers, California Chamber of Commerce and various water districts and agencies have backed the petition, saying the state is enforcing onerous water pumping restrictions at a time when farms and communities need the water.
But for many, scapegoating predator species in order to boost salmon stock and free up water smacks of a political power play – one being driven more by public relations and agricultural interests than by ecosystem science.
“Congress really ought not to be taking actions on issues that are scientific questions when the scientific perspective is that striped bass don’t have significant impact on [salmon and smelt] populations,” said Ron Stork, policy director at Friends of the River, based at Sacramento.
During California’s punishing drought, most water release into the Delta was done for the purpose of maintaining water quality, in order that it didn’t become salty with the upflow of seawater from the Bay. However, “the narrative has been, ‘We can’t receive as much water in these drought years because the water is going to support these endangered fish,’” said Stork. “There’s some truth to that, but the majority of the truth is that the water has been used to keep the state and federal pumps from getting brackish and therefore unable to pump at all.”
Denham, he added, is “standing up for generic farmers who are being ‘put upon’ by these federal and state officials trying to endorse the Endangered Species Act. That’s good politics for him, it just isn’t good science.”
Jeffres, the aquatic ecology researcher, agrees. “They’re starting to see this idea of having salmon security as water security. [But] the ecosystem is in crisis, and predatory reduction as a means to salmon and smelt recovery is not the most nuanced idea for getting to where we want to be,” he said.
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https://deeply.thenewhumanitarian.org/water/articles/2016/07/06/scientist-culling-predator-fish-wont-save-salmon
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is an island in Malaysia just NW of Singapore with an equatorial (Tropical) climate. The average rainfall per year is 240cm and the average temperature is 28C. The humidity is at 100% and tropical rainforests cover the island.
Organisms/Food Web
The marine life in Panau includes the manta rays, whale sharks, dugongs, barracuda, lion fish, sea turtles, jellyfish, algae, sea sponge, krill, plankton, seagrass, small fish and shrimp
The terrestrial life in Panau includes the Python, Jaguar, Vampire bats, Iguanas, Red-eyed tree frog, Chimpanzees, Parrots, Macaws, Fruit bats, Monkeys, Insects, Orchids, Seeds, Banana trees, Bamboo and Coconut trees.
Timeline
Scale
Impact of the Organisms
Once the initial plants are established,they make the island hospitable for other organisms by providing food, retaining top soil, their roots breaking up the hard volcanic sub-soil and providing shade from the harsh Malaysian sun.
An established insect population provides a permanent food source for insect eating birds. They also help with pollination of flowering plants and spread these plants more widely throughout the island.
The permanent bird population creates fertilization for areas of the island where there are no plants thus spreading the flora throughout the island. This also allows plants that rely on nutrient rich soil to establish themselves.
Bats compete for food sources with the birds.
The arrival of the Python poses a threat to the other wildlife, being a tertiary consumer. Macaw numbers are drastically reduced once the python is established. Previously, there were not natural predators of the birds who were thus able to feed off ground dwelling insects. Arrival of the Python and Iguana means that bird numbers reduce with their food sources now limited to the trees.
Again, the Red-eyed tree frog competes for the insects which reduce their numbers. But since there are more animals that means there is more animal matter and more places for the insects to lay their eggs. Thus insects increase in number providing more food for birds,bats, frogs and iguanas.
The jaguar poses the biggest threat. Because it is an introduced species it has no natural predator but preys on most all of the animals. Establishment of the jaguar population however stabilizes the population of the secondary level of animals (Birds, bats and frogs) leading to greater biodiversity.
The monkeys and chimanzees help to spred the population of coconut trees, orchards, bamboo and banana trees by eating the fruit of these so that the seeds are spred by their defecation. Jaguars begin to prey on the monkeys and chimps given the increasing population.
Introduction of Humans
Introduction of Humans.
If humans were to come to Panau the effects would be catastrophic. Humans need wood to make basic tools and huts. If they were to do this it would mean a great reduction in food for a lot of the animals as well as a loss of habitat for most of the animals. This would cause animals competing for the same food source to be greatly reduced maybe even causing some of the animals that rely on one food source such as the Red-eyed green tree frog or Iguana to die out.
Humans are also tertiary consumers. This means they would be competing for the same food source as the jaguar and python. This would probably affect the Python the most as the jaguar has a wide variety of different food sources whereas the python only has a few. Humans are naturally polluters and this could cause some marine species to be effected such as the sea turtle because if the sea turtle thought one of the pieces of pollution was food it could suffocate.
Humans naturally farm plants and animals. If humans were to farm plants this would mean a lot of species of flora to be replaced by a few crops. This would reduce biodiversity. A lot of species would lose their food source and die out or in some cases thrive by adapting to the new food source such as the iguana eating wheat or corn.
Humans rarely come alone so that would mean bringing with them some already domesticated animals such as sheep or cattle. Bringing already domesticated animals would mean the jaguar would be a pest and farmers would shoot them.
As well as bringing domesticated animals humans might bring unwanted pests that are more used to living with humans such as rats or mosquitos and because they are suited to living with humans they would thrive. Pest animals carry unwanted and foreign diseases which would destroy some of the mammals in the Eco-system (because they have not built up immunity for these alien diseases) but leave some of the reptiles that can't get diseases transmitted by mammals.
Animal classification
Flying Gibbon.
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https://tackk.com/Panau
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What is Predation?
Predation is a symbiotic relationship in which one species survives on costuming the other species. The species that consume or win is the predator, and the species that is eaten up is the prey.
There is usually a natural balance in the populations and relationships between predators and prey. More prey means more food for the predators, more energy, and therefore more offsprings. More offsprings mean more consumption of the prey, hence reduction in the number of prey populations. Fewer prey populations mean less food for the predator, hence predator populations suffer or reduce.
In many cases, predatory animals that prey on other animals end the lives of the prey. For example, a lion will hunt for an antelope or another animal and eat them. The predator (lion) benefits while the prey (antelope) is consumed. These predators are known as carnivores, which means meat-eating organisms.
Predators do not always end the lives of their prey. One example of this is known as herbivory. Herbivory involves animals (predators) that eat plants, seeds, fruits, or roots (prey). When herbivores eat plants, they often do not kill the plant immediately but may damage them. The plants have a chance to grow back.
Some predator species can consume their species. This behavior is known as cannibalism.
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https://eschooltoday.com/learn/what-is-predation/
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6.1: Materials can be classified as pure substances or mixtures, depending on their chemical and physical properties.
6.1.a: Mixtures are made of combinations of elements and/or compounds, and they can be separated by using a variety of physical means.
6.1.a.1: Everything is made of matter. All matter has mass and takes up space (volume). Mass differs from weight in that it is unrelated to gravitational forces.
6.1.a.2: Characteristic properties of matter, such as magnetic attraction, conductivity, density, boiling point, melting point and solubility, can be used to identify substances. Characteristic properties do not vary with the amount of the substance.
6.1.b: Pure substances can be either elements or compounds, and they cannot be broken down by physical means.
6.1.b.2: The Periodic Table of Elements is used to organize the elements into groups or families that have similar properties. Element names are represented by letter symbols on the Periodic Table.
6.1.b.9: In a chemical reaction, the same amount of matter (mass) is present at the start and the end.
6.2: An ecosystem is composed of all the populations that are living in a certain space and the physical factors with which they interact.
6.2.a: Populations in ecosystems are affected by biotic factors, such as other populations, and abiotic factors, such as soil and water supply.
6.2.a.1: Ecosystems are complex interactions among living things and the features of the environment they inhabit. The environmental (abiotic) features of an environment determine the living (biotic) things that can survive there. Environmental features include things such as soil, minerals, climate, water, sunlight, and wind.
6.2.a.2: Interactions among biotic and abiotic factors support the flow of energy and cycling of materials such as oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen in ecosystems.
6.2.a.6: Plants and animals within an ecosystem interact in various ways as they compete for limited resources (e.g., food, water, living space). Relationships among organisms can be beneficial or harmful to one or both organisms.
6.2.a.7: Populations of species within an ecosystem are affected by the availability and quality of resources such as food, water, living space, or mates.
6.2.a.8: Predator-prey relationships contribute to controlling populations in an ecosystem. Increases or decreases in prey populations result in corresponding increases or decreases in predator populations. A balanced population of predators and prey increases the variety of species (biodiversity) in an area.
6.2.a.10: All organisms cause changes to the environment in which they live. Some of the changes caused by organisms can be helpful to the ecosystem and others can be harmful.
6.2.b: Populations in ecosystems can be categorized as producers, consumers and decomposers of organic matter.
6.2.b.1: The sun is the main source of energy on Earth. During photosynthesis, green plants use the energy of sunlight to change the elements in carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H20) into materials (simple carbohydrates) that are a source of energy for the plant to carry on its life processes.
6.2.b.2: Photosynthesis is affected by abiotic factors such as amount of sunlight, availability of water and air temperature.
6.2.b.3: Green plants are the producers in an ecosystem; they rely directly on sunlight to produce the materials they use for energy.
6.2.b.4: Plants are a source of energy (food) and nutrients for animals that consume them. Energy passed to consumers that eat plants came indirectly from the sun as a result of photosynthesis. Some animals consume plants, and other animals consume animals that eat plants in predator-prey relationships.
6.2.b.6: Decomposers (mainly bacteria and fungi) consume dead plants and animals and break down organic materials, returning nutrients to the environment for reuse by other organisms.
6.2.b.7: Food chains are models that show how materials and energy are transferred from producers to different levels of consumers in an ecosystem. The basis of every food chain is the energy stored in green plants.
6.2.b.8: Food webs are models that show the complex variety of energy sources available to most consumers in an ecosystem.
6.2.b.9: Connecticut has forest and park ecosystems, as well as fresh water and marine ecosystems that include a variety of plants and animals.
6.2.b.10: An energy pyramid is a model that shows the availability and use of energy in an ecosystem. A large number of producers and primary consumers support a smaller number of higher-level consumers due to the consumption and loss of energy at each consumer level.
6.3: Variations in the amount of the sun’s energy hitting the earth’s surface affects daily and seasonal weather patterns.
6.3.a: Local and regional weather are affected by the amount of solar energy the area receives and proximity to a large body of water.
6.3.a.2: Weather on Earth is caused by the daily changes in the temperature, pressure and amount of moisture in the lower atmosphere.
6.3.a.3: Climate is the long-term conditions experienced by different regions on earth, and is influenced by the amount of solar energy penetrating the atmosphere to reach Earth’s surface.
6.3.a.16: Connecticut often has rapidly changing weather because three patterns of moving air interact here: cold, dry air from the north, warm, moist air from the Atlantic Ocean coastline, and air moving across the US from west to east.
6.4: Water moving across and through earth materials carries with it the products of human activities.
6.4.a: Most precipitation that falls on Connecticut eventually reaches Long Island Sound.
6.4.a.8: Water quality is important to support a variety of aquatic life and for human consumption. Water quality is evaluated by measuring indicators such as levels of dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity and the presence of other dissolved substances. Substances such as heavy metals (e.g., lead and aluminum), sulfur, fertilizers, and road salt are pollutants that may be dissolved in surface water or ground water, making the water unhealthy.
6.4.a.9: Water entering Long Island Sound carries with it the products of human use. These pollutants negatively impact the aquatic life, commercial and recreational uses of the Sound.
6.4.a.16: Laws, regulations and remedial actions have helped to protect and restore water resources.
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https://www.explorelearning.com/index.cfm?method=cResource.dspStandardCorrelation&id=2456&desktop=1
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Do you think we should be concerned about species extinction? Explain why or why not in a paragraph (at least four sentences).
34 thoughts on “Week 3 Question”
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I do think we should be concerned about species extinction, because there are certain animals we get food from. Animals feed off of each other sometimes to live, and we hunt them animals for our tastebuds. Some species exist because of a certain animal bred with another and produced them. Environment issues could possibly appear considering there might not be an animal presence it needs.
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I don’t think that we should be worried about species extinction because it has happened before, and the world is still in one piece. Also we have really good scientists that would probably be able to bring it back if we had some of the organisms DNA.
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We should be concerned about extinction for some species but not all. If a species that makes a very little impact on earth is going extinct I don’t think it’s a big deal. However if a largely relied on species would start heading towards extinction we should be worried about it. An example would be if cows went extinct we would lose a lot of the food we rely on.
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Species extinction is very concerning as it can lead to environmental problems, overpopulation, or further extinction. The loss of one species can change the environment that it once inhabited. If this species ate trees, the loss of this species could lead to an overgrown forest. If the extinct species was a predator, the animals or plants that they ate may become overpopulated. If the lost species is one that was relied on as food by other species, their extinction could lead to that of their predators extinction as well.
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Yes, I think we should be worried because a species extinction leads to a chain of events that could make other species go extinct. So say if a mouse went extinct other animals would also follow later on. It could affect our planet’s food chain and other things that follow. It could also affect plants that need animals to survive.
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Yes, I do believe we should be concerned about species extinction because when a species becomes extinct, it can cause unbalance in an ecosystem. There are other species, whether that be plants or animals, that often rely on another species or multiple species. Often times, the loss or extinction of one species leads to the loss of another. Some species are necessary for the survival of others.
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I think we should be concerned about the extinction of animals. When one species among possibly hundreds goes extinct it is not too bad for the environment. But when large amounts of similar species or few species among only a couple of other species in a given area start going extinct for whatever reason is very bad and could easily disrupt or destroy a food web.
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I believe we should worry about species extinction because there are some cool animals that shouldnt have went extinct. Such as dodos, and sabertooth tigers. But I mean there are still some extinct animals we should be grateful to have been deleted from the world. I dont really know any real reasons why an animal branch should be or not be extinct
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I think yes we should be concerned about a certain species extinction because it would shut all doors to future test and experiments to whatever cause. And if something were to go extinct it may cause others to suffer as well. If something like a seal were to go extinct than it would also make the polar bear suffer or maybe even go extinct because that is apart of the polar bears main diet.
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I think that we are not in any serious need to be concerned about the threat of extinction constantly as the chance of our species going extinct is inevitable someday. Altho I still do think making sure that we prolong that is important with issues like global warming and a shortage of resources and possibly war or disease. While these are all possible and in some cases ongoing problems I do not think it is something that we currently have to be all hands on deck for and focus on entirely as i assume for the time being we will get through most things one way or another.
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I think we should be concerned about species extinction. Animals are of more importance than we realize and if some of them died off that would cause a world of hurt for the other organisms that depend on it. Our lives would change drastically if we had say for example cows or pigs go extinct we would run out of all the meat that comes from them eventually. We would have to find another animal to get meat from.
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We as humans are the main contributor to the extinction of certain species. We destroy habitats by clearing out forests, polluting waters, developing infrastructure. It is important to find effective ways to not kill entire species in the process of doing something else. As well as making policy that prohibits hunting or destruction of a species.
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Yes, Because if one species of animals gets hunted to the point of male to female ratio is imbalanced that can cause extinction or make it hard for said animal to find a mate.
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Yes, we should be concerned about species extinction. If one species ceased to exist, then another would follow affecting the ecosystems which us humans and animals depend on. For example, bees help keep our crops alive by pollination. Without them, humans and animals would struggle to survive.
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if the top predator on the foods can go extinct it will have an effect on the ecosystem and it may become over population by unther speeches that have no pediter.
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I think we should definitely be concerned about the extinction of other species because of the manner in which humans consume. The rates of which humans consume species like cows or fruits and vegetables and trees is high, and without these resources we wouldn’t have access to food with limited oxygen. It would be in our best interest to moderate our consumption and monitor the populations of other species.
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https://jaakre.edublogs.org/2020/09/21/week-3-question/
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The grassroots organizations listed on this page are all committed to bringing art into urban communities. Although these programs manifest in different ways, they all share the fervent belief that arts education is important, meaningful, and has the power to change the life course of individuals and communities alike. Each organization is founded on the desire to uplift and beautify communities, help youth become leaders, effective collaborators, and socially adapted individuals. These grassroots organizations all started with community members noticing that there were problems in their communities and working to resolve these issues in creative ways. This list of grassroots organizations features organizations committed to all different types of art, from writing to music to visual arts to performance arts such as theatre and dance. Many of the organizations have expanded from their inception, with outside donors contributing and many professional artists committing their time to help and bring art to urban youth.
Click on the name of the group to visit their websites!
The Youth Art and Self-Empowerment Project is a youth-led program in Philadelphia committed to using art as a means of social justice. The group is especially focused on the issue of youth being tried as adults in courts and in helping to end the cycle of incarceration for Black males. YASP works within the prisons, bringing arts education to youth awaiting trial, as well as in schools to prevent students from entering the prison system in the first place. The group is founded on the belief that forms of art such as filmmaking, poetry, creative writing, and visual arts as a means of self-expression can help these youth avoid jail or lead successful lives after incarceration.
The Emergence Community Arts Collective (ECAC) is a community center in Washington, DC. The center was founded and is maintained by community members. The goal of the center is to find the beauty that already exists within the community through art classes, support groups, and educational seminars. Programming and events at ECAC include both visual and performing arts, heritage education, civic engagement, and support groups.
The 901 Arts Center was founded by the Better Waverly Community Organization, a neighborhood improvement organization, in order to create a space in which the community could become safer, stronger, more connected, and more vibrant. Since its inception, the 901 Arts Center has expanded to meet the needs of over 100 students in the community. The students are able to take classes in many forms of visual and performing arts, which helps them learn to express themselves, improve self-esteem, and enjoy time in the neighborhood in a safe and productive way.
The Laundromat Project capitalizes on the existence of laundromats as public community spaces in which people can get to know their neighbors. They aim to bring together artists in communities at laundromats and encourage them to collaborate to create art. This art then uplifts the community, creating more community pride, opportunities for youth to engage in creative self-expression, and connect and bond neighbors.
The Urban Arts program is one faction of Alternatives Youth, a Chicago-based organization founded by community members looking to find ways to put an end to the drug-use epidemic. Urban Arts teaches students self-esteem, confidence, self-expression, leadership, collaboration and hard work through their programs. Students at Urban Arts can participate in a variety of visual and performing arts programs after school.
Founded by local artists and activists, Groundswell Murals aims to strengthen communities through the process of mural making. The organization works with the people of the communities and works to beautify neighborhoods, create community pride, and foster connections between community members. Groundswell also provides programs for youth to learn leadership skills while creating murals.
SkyArt is an organization that creates a safe space in which youth in the community can attend classes. The program is available to students of all levels and ages. The programs run with an open-door policy, aiming to bring in all young members of the community and enrich their lives while honing their creativity, communication, and collaboration skills.
Heritage Works aims to connect the people of Detroit with both their cultural heritage and their creative side. The organization uses art as a means of understanding and appreciating heritage and history. This increases the students’ understanding of themselves and their community, which increases self-esteem and can aid in communication, leadership, and working skills.
The Detroit Children’s Choir began as a small group in one school. Since it’s founding it has grown to include youth from all over Detroit. The choir gives children a meaningful and safe space to spend their time. The choir promotes work ethic, collaboration skills, fosters friendship and community, and improves children’s ability to get in front of people and express themselves.
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https://courses.bowdoin.edu/education-2272-spring-2017-nalvarad/page-with-image-right-column/
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Founded in 1983, Mar Vista Family Center provides low-income, at-risk families with quality early childhood education, youth enrichment, and educational tools to create positive change in their lives and in their community. The By Youth For Youth (BYFY) Program was established in 1992, in response to growing violent activity among Mar Vista community youth, particularly those involved with neighborhood gangs. Since its inception, this program has helped transform the lives of at-risk youth by equipping them with the skills to navigate through their life, education, and career. It prevents self-destructive behavior by offering life skills building, leadership opportunities, and academic enrichment to youth. One of the BYFY program’s core focus has been providing educational opportunities and resources to improve the educational outcomes for low-income youth in higher education. Funding from Women Helping Youth will not only help support MVFC efforts by granting an $11,731.72 award to purchase 13 desktop computers, 3 laptop computers, and 1 printer to replace all out-of-date, donated equipment for a computer lab in the Center, but it will also help to provide a safe environment where youth can learn and better prepare for their future. Approximately 70 middle and high school children, ages 10-18, will have access to up-to-date computers after school for homework, tutoring, college preparation workshops and the STEM certificate program. Easily accessible computers will offer youth a safe space where they can relax and focus on their studies, away from gangs and other dangers that pervade their neighborhood, which will improve academic performance.
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http://www.womenhelpingyouth.org/recipients/2016/5/20/mar-vista-family-center
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Story and photo by BROOKE MANGUM
The University Neighborhood Partners (UNP) and Bad Dog Arts are collaborating to provide underprivileged youth on Salt Lake City’s west side opportunities to learn, discover and express themselves through art.
UNP is a program at the University of Utah that forms partnerships with organizations like Bad Dog Arts to create a greater sense of community between the U and west-side neighborhoods. It serves as a liaison between the U and west-side nonprofit organizations, resident groups and city governments.
“The reason for the focus on the west-side neighborhoods was because those neighborhoods were historically marginalized within Salt Lake City socially and economically and were incredibly under-represented at the U in terms of where students came from,” said Sarah Munro, UNP associate director.
Originally called the West Side Initiative, UNP developed about 10 years ago in response to feedback gathered during 300 interviews with area residents. Currently, UNP has 34 partnerships with 43 departments at the U that each focus on identified issues within the community such as race, ethnicity, religion, political views and geography.
“All of the UNP partners contribute to the community in different ways depending on their area of expertise,” said April Daugherty, program coordinator at Bad Dog Arts during an email interview. “Since our focus is in the arts, our role is to bring art into the community. Our role with UNP fulfills our mission to inspire youth from diverse cultures and offer art experiences to populations who would otherwise not have the opportunity.”
Bad Dog Arts has partnered with UNP for three years. It is located at 824 S. 400 West in Salt Lake City. Bad Dog Arts is a nonprofit organization that aims to inspire “at-risk and underserved” youth ages 5 through 18 to experience the power and freedom to imagine, dare, learn and challenge themselves through art. The hope is that youth will develop self-confidence and be able to use these skills throughout their lives.
“It is a form of expression that has no boundaries, transcending language barriers,” said Victoria Lyons, Bad Dog Arts co-founder and director, in an email interview. “Bad Dog programs instill confidence and pride and give children a safe space to discover their innate creativity, artistic ability, purpose, and potential.”
Through the partnership of Bad Dog Arts and UNP, art classes are offered on a weekly basis at UNP’s Hartland Partnership Center. The center, located at 1060 S. 900 West, is often used as a place for campus-community partnership activities to take place.
During the fall and winter of 2011 and the spring of 2012, Bad Dogs Arts will be working with UNP on a mural art project that will be displayed at the Hartland Partnership Center.
“This project will be a collaborative effort of all the residents and staff of Hartland, involving children, teens and adults,” Daugherty said. “The theme of the project is ‘Community.’ Art brings people together and on this scale can really function as a tool for building community.”
Through activities and programs like this, UNP and its partners hope to bring together the U and west-side resources and create a community environment of learning that is mutually beneficial.
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https://voices-of-utah.com/2011/10/20/university-neighborhood-partners-bad-dog-arts-collaborate-for-salt-lake-city%E2%80%99s-west-side/
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Epworth Drop-In Center
Providing a safe haven for homeless and at-risk teens and young adults.
Have questions? Reach out to us.
Deanna Allsman
Assistant Director
314-918-3470
The Epworth Drop-In Center services homeless and at-risk youth in the St. Louis area with a safe space and valuable resources.
Epworth Drop-In Center is a multi-purpose, safe space where youth ages 11 through 20 can come to relax, have fun, receive critical services, and have their most basic needs met. Equipped with a recreation room, computer lab, and full-service kitchen as well as laundry, shower, and clothes/food pantry, Epworth Drop-In Center has it all for youth in a variety of situations. Hot meals are prepared daily; case management services to help with housing, education, employment, and legal issues are readily available; and free clinical care is offered through a partnership with iFM Community Medicine, including health screens and HIV/STI testing. Additionally, educational classes are held frequently focusing on topics such as resourceful and nutritional cooking, safer sex practices, employment workshops, and much more.
The Epworth Drop-In Center team is available to guide homeless teens during times of crisis.
The Epworth Drop-In Center is located at 7520 Natural Bridge Road in Normandy, MO 63121 and is open Monday through Thursday from 12:00 – 5:00 PM and Friday from 1:00 – 5:00 PM. Hours may vary during the COVID-19 pandemic, so please contact the program to get the most updated schedule.
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https://www.epworth.org/services/epworth-drop-in-center/
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Children are innovators.
The Greenmount West Community Center opened its doors to the central Baltimore community in March 2017. Entering its third year of programming, the center serves thirty children daily and employs an additional five youth from within the community.
The Greenmount West Community Center Foundation is the place where exposure to opportunity and innovation collide.
The result is an unparalleled excitement for achievement and mastery.
The GWCCF provide youth and their families with sustainable programming and innovative partnerships in a safe, communal art space.
Our vision is a safe, welcoming, and inclusive gathering space where opportunities for growth, learning and to create are boundless.
We expose our youth to local and internationally known citizens from the arts, sciences, political landscape, academia and beyond. We intentionally arrange for our young people to work, create and innovate with them. This critical exposure opens worlds of opportunities and brings possibilities to life.
Kisha L. Webster
Executive Director, Co-Founder
Thank you for your support.
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https://www.greenmountwestcc.org/our-vision
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On the last Friday of every month, we come together to create an open friendly space; a safe place for queer women and allied people. We share drinks, conversation and stories... We are all ages.
Colony 47 is a Tasmanian, non-denominational service provider that is addressing the needs of people who are homeless and the causes of homelessness in our community.
Convict City Rollers is an empowered and socially inclusive sporting community. We value passion and team spirit and are dedicated to uniting people through flat track roller derby.
Deloraine House is a safe and inclusive place where you can receive a hand up not a hand out, share skills and knowledge, visit and utilise facilities and resources.
East Devonport Neighbourhood House provides a range of services to the East Devonport community. This includes social activities; health and well-being programs; skills and training; food support; information and referral; and community events.
'FRIENDZ' is an informal social group of LGBTIQ people mainly based in Southern Tasmania that hold social gatherings on a regular basis.
Hobart Out Tennis promotes, encourages and advances the game of tennis for the Tasmanian LGBT community by organising social tennis events as well as tennis tournaments.
Limbo Party - DJs and performers come together to bring a big, queer dance night our to our LGBTIQA+ community.
OUTspace South is a peer support group for LGBTIQ+ young people & their friends & supporters (ages 14-25).
Working It Out hosts Pop-In Fridays state-wide! A space for LGBTI+ people, friends and families to pop in for a cuppa and a chat. Browse our library of books and DVDs, or enjoy a mug of tea or coffee in our lounge.
Sacred Circle Dance facilitates building energy within you. The Circle is sacred space; where movement assists you to be fully present, provides freedom to express yourself and experience transformation and healing whilst immersed in loving energy. You become one with the Circle, becoming one within the dance. Using the Ancestral memory of rhythm and movement I create dances from the heart that unite each of us with the dance of life. Simple movements raise a beautiful radiating energy within.
TasTAFE Student Support services are available for all students and aim to make the TasTAFE learning experience easier. We recognise and respect individual differences and value the unique experiences, knowledge and skills that all students bring. TasTAFE has students who come from all parts of Tasmania both rural and urban, from other states of Australia and from many countries across the world and are diverse in gender, gender identity, abilities, caring commitments, languages, ethnicity, cultural background, age, sexual orientation and religious beliefs.
Tresca Community Centre offers a wide range of services, groups and classes including an online centre, rooms for hire, a community garden, Op-Shop, a large playground, a Men's Shed and help with literacy.
Our vision - To enrich the local community as a vibrant leader that is innovative and flexible in meeting the changing needs and attract a growing community involvement in a welcoming environment. Catchment areas - Warrane and Mornington.
YMCA Launceston is dedicated to providing the highest quality activities, facilities and services for the community we serve.
The Youth Arts & Recreation Centre is a creative, exciting, safe and engaging space for all young people aged 12 – 25. It’s a great place to meet up with friends, get involved in an art, music or recreation workshop, use the facilities, check out an art exhibition or see a music gig. Best of all it's free!
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https://signpost.org.au/social-groups/
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The DomCop scholarship program was started in 2016 to give opportunities for students to innovate and help create value with today’s modern technology. We wanted to help support the education of a deserving student who also shares our passion and drive for making the world a better place. We hope to assist the right student in reaching their full potential in delivering exceptional results.
Unfortunately, we no longer support this scholarship and have decided to shut it down in 2019. Details below on the last winner of the program
The winner of the previous DomCop Scholarship program is Kate Dorman. Kate is a Master's student at the University of Washington and is enrolled in their Social Work program. We at DomCop are impressed by Kate's Project Reel initiative. We wish her all the best with her efforts on this.
Kate's Essay -
Everyone has a story to share. Everyone. Too many people's experiences, feelings, and realities go untold and unheard, and every human, regardless of race, sexual orientation, religion, age, capability, and income, deserves to be heard, simply because they are human. Project Reel would facilitate the self-empowerment of at-risk children and adolescents by teaching them how to document the untold and unheard stories of low-income, homeless, and refugee people as well as the stories that they feel compelled to share and that may have a societal or environmental impact. Project Reel mission would be twofold: providing youth an alternative education and making individual and societal impacts through videography.
I worked with a single, teenage mother of two, whose perseverance to work and be a good mother while finishing high school inspired me to return to school to obtain my masters degree in social work. However, her struggle with prior gang involvement, a criminal record and battle with drug addiction motivated me to create a mini-documentary about her life, because I believe in the opportunity for everyone to be heard. This experience combined with my affinity for working with at-risk youth was the inspiration behind Project Reel.
The most effective programs worldwide for at-risk and low-income youth and adolescents empower them by providing them career, vocational, or trade opportunities that do not require a formal education. Oftentimes, these youth do not succeed in a traditional school setting, as the education system is not always structured to meet their unique needs. Venezuela's El Sistema invites all children as young as three years old to participate in a free youth orchestra up to six times per week for several hours each day. The idea of El Sistema is to take children off the streets, to provide them a safe space, and to teach them a skill. Hundreds of thousands of Venezuelan children have participated in this program, and the directors of the Los Angeles, Miami, and Boston philharmonics all participated in El Sistema. Loosely based off El Sistema, Project Reel would invite children as young as seven to begin exploring the industry of film. Project Reel would provide a safe and courageous space, encouraging exploration and analyzation of self, others, community, and the world.
Project Reel would partner with alternative high schools and middle schools, where the majority of the students are considered to be at-risk. This non-traditional form of learning would be an outlet for those students who do not feel called to academia. Oftentimes, at-risk students are not considered to be responsible or trusted. They are the "troublemakers". Instead of punishing them for not achieving in a traditional school setting, the intention of Project Reel would be to channel the inner passions and motivations of the youth. They would be entrusted with using expensive film equipment and laptops. When given a chance, most people greet opportunities with pride. At Project Reel, youth would participate in activities and projects dependent on their age. They would learn the basics - from how to charge a camera to how to use lavalieres and lighting equipment. They would learn how to operate editing programs such as Final Cut Pro X. These videos would require a story-telling creativity, which they would learn through watching documentaries and analyzing what makes them effective or ineffective. They would also practice the problem solving process of transforming the individual clips into a unified story. They would learn and implement interviewing techniques. Youth would also read local and national news articles to discuss current events and social justice issues. Students would read books on how documentaries and visual storytelling can raise awareness and spark social and environmental change.
Students would create a yearlong project, throughout which they would partner with professional mentors in their field of interest. For example, if they were filming a documentary about LGBTQ people in their community, they would be partnered with a mentor from organizations such as Gay City Health Project or Equal Rights Washington. They would be expected to create and present storyboards. Meanwhile, they would be required to film mini-documentaries on a family member, a favorite hobby, etc., in order to develop their skills. I would also partner with local news networks and look for opportunities for older students to have summer internships. Culminating in an end of the year film festival open to the public where the youth could display their hard work and answer questions from the audience.
During the school year, youth would have the opportunity to participate in Project Reel after classes, and during the summer, daylong workshops would be offered. Older youth would also be able to create and teach their own courses or workshops for younger children under the supervision of a teacher.
The main challenges in starting Project Reel would be financial as it would be a non-profit business and would therefore be competing for donations and grants. Project Reel would need to prove its success over time in order for it to gain notoriety leading to increased donations and credibility. With the ideas and support of the youth, fundraising events would take place throughout the year. Overhead would be expensive, as Project Reel would need to purchase camera equipment as well as laptops. Initially, to cut down on costs, Project Reel would not have a physical location. Youth and staff would meet in public settings such as community centers, libraries, or schools. Eventually, Project Reel would strive to employ a certain percentage of former Project Reel youth. It's growth would be driven by the generosity of others as well as word of mouth.
An additional barrier would be gaining youth interest in Project Reel. However, as far as I am aware, there is currently no competition for a program like this based in Seattle, WA, where I reside and where Project Reel would be founded. Working with school administration and staff, I would post fliers and promotional signs throughout alternative high schools and middle schools. Word of mouth would also contribute to the growth of Project Reel. I believe that people who have lived an experience can best tell the story. Oftentimes, youth, particularly at-risk youth, do not feel that they are heard. Project Reel would encourage them to express their worldview through their storytelling. I believe that all of these skills (problem solving, creativity, speaking with and listening to others, storytelling, and presenting a project) in addition to internships and networking opportunities within Seattle will increase youth employability. The content of the documentaries would undoubtedly have an impact on the community as well. Project Reel would be built on the foundation that an investment in children and youth always yields a high return, as they are the future.
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https://www.domcop.com/scholarship/
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The program is attended four half-days a week, and is supported by a multidisciplinary team. At the heart of the team is a teacher, who works collaboratively with consulting partners, including a psychologist and a child-and-youth psychiatrist to re-engage students in educational and social activities.
“Students who attend the LINKS program experience a learning environment that helps them further develop the coping strategies needed to integrate back into their regular classroom,” says Tammy Hagerman, LINKS program teacher.
Just looking around the LINKS classroom, it’s clear it is a unique space that encourages participation and inspiration. Students’ artwork occupies most of the wall space, thriving plants reach for the light coming through the big windows, afghan blankets cover comfy chairs and sofas, and a bird is whistling in its enclosure, while another one is perched on Hagerman’s shoulder.
“It’s a very welcoming, safe space for youth, and observing their behaviour in this more natural setting allows for more accurate diagnoses and treatment,” says Dr. Sarosh Khalid-Khan, a psychiatrist in the Child & Youth Mental Health program at Kingston Health Sciences Centre’s (KHSC) Hotel Dieu Hospital (HDH) site.
In addition to offering an inclusive, calm classroom that is favorable to learning, students in the LINKS program are also given an opportunity to interact with mental health care professionals who can help them learn coping skills to manage their feelings of worry, sadness and anger.
Dr. Davidson helped start LINKS seven years ago, which began as an outreach program to regular classrooms. “It was clear after about a year that we needed a separate place where students could feel comfortable enough to express themselves more fully,” she says.
Thanks to a recent $14,800 grant from the Community Foundation for Kingston & Area (CFKA), the LINKS program is set to expand on the current opportunities it offers youth to help them grow through real-life experiences, such as riding the bus, engaging in low-impact activities like walking, and field trips to public places like a grocery store.
The CFKA community grant will be used to ready the classroom and its participants for additional skills development, including learning to cook simple meals, searching for a job, preparing a resume and developing interview skills.
“Unlike a clinical setting where youth are recalling difficult moments that have happened and trying to learn from them afterward, in the LINKS environment, they receive support and learn how to cope with challenging situations in the moment, which helps them improve their resiliency,” says Dr. Khalid-Khan.
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http://www.kgh.on.ca/kghconnect/news/room-grow
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WE ARE CUrrently focused on emergency response in lesvos,
and long-term psychosocial programming in ritsona refugee camp on the mainland.
Click the buttons below to learn more about each of our active operations:
EMERGENCY RESPONSE
Since September 2015, Lighthouse Relief has organized emergency response operations on the north shore of Lesvos in the small fishing village of Skala Sikaminias. At a distance of 8km, Lesvos serves as a regular entry point for refugees crossing the Aegean Sea from Turkey into Europe. To ensure safe passage for those seeking refuge, Lighthouse Relief has built an around-the-clock team of emergency response volunteers that respond to all north shore landings, operate day and evening spotting shifts, and work in cooperation with the other organizations to ensure arrivals are supported in overnight transit.
Lighthouse Relief volunteers take part in daily spotting activities across the north shore of Lesvos. We operate 21-hours a day, 365 days a year under all weather conditions.
Established in 2017, the Lepetimnos Daywatch is one of Lighthouse Relief's newer spotting operations. These shifts are long and demanding, but our presence is vital and has been proven to save lives.
The Korakas Nightwatch team scans the sea under the guidance of an experienced Team Leader in search of incoming boats throughout the night. While the spotting function is the same as Lepetimnos, the Nightwatch team also occasionally serves as an interim landing team as boats often land close to our Korakas spotting location.
Our Lesvos landing team provides immediate response once a boat has landed anywhere on the north shore of Lesvos.
The landing team is on-call for 24 hour shifts and must be ready to immediately respond within five minutes of a landing call. Once the location of the boat is confirmed, the team will respond with basic nutrition, water, dry clothing and blankets for the new arrivals. Above all, they aim to provide comfort and a sense of calm to those who have just made a very difficult journey and are under high levels of stress.
Arrivals must often remain in an overnight transit camp in Lesvos for a brief period before they continue their journeys through the official asylum process.
Here, they will rest, eat and be provided dry clothes, to ensure that they can continue in the best possible condition. In overnight transit, Lighthouse Relief supports with the preparation of warm beds, distribution of non-food items and re-stocking of items as necessary. The team often remains overnight to provide basic needs and comfort whenever it is needed.
SAFE SPACES & PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT FOR VULNERABLE GROUPS
Our team of skilled international volunteers and staff offers long-term relief, in the form of psychosocial support services, to vulnerable groups such as women, children, and young people in Ritsona camp in mainland Greece, helping them to regain a sense of community, dignity and empowerment.
Youth Engagement Space
Child Friendly Space
Our Child Friendly Space (CFS) is a safe place where children aged 3 to 11 can learn through play and regain a sense of normality in the midst of an emergency. The purpose of the CFS is to offer psychosocial support services that reinforce the resilience and wellbeing of children. It allows them to play with volunteers, create art projects and express themselves creatively in a safe environment. Lighthouse Relief is also committed to identifying and referring vulnerable cases: abuse, neglect, exploitation and violence against children can occur in many different contexts, including as a result of conflict and forced displacement. Our CFS also offers targeted programming for young girls and parents when capacity permits.
Our Youth Engagement Space (YES) refuses to be reduced to a neat package. Bursting with creative projects, diverse voices, and never-ending fun, the YES is a drop-in center for youth aged 12-25. The YES provides a place for young Ritsona residents to find peer support, engage in dynamic activities, and play an active part in creating and leading programming. From musical performances to volleyball games to creative writing workshops - and everything in between - each day in the YES is packed with action and artwork. The YES gives Ritsona youth a space to create, share, and express themselves fully, rising above the difficult circumstances in Ritsona to create beauty in new ways each day.
Presenting the Ritsona Kingdom Journal
The Ritsona Kingdom Journal is a refugee youth-run magazine powered by young people aged 16-25 in our Youth Engagement Space (YES). It features artwork, creative writing and photography from these inspiring young men and women, bearing witness to their talent and untapped potential. Past content has included everything from letters to global leaders, essays on displacement issues and many beautiful pieces of artwork depicting life in Ritsona.
Click here to learn more.
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https://www.lighthouserelief.org/operations
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Can a week or even a day go by without a knock on our door? Every time our door opens, our family seems to grow at Casa Ruby, our Washington, D.C.-based bilingual, multicultural LGBT organization.
I remember three years ago when Mally showed up, not yet out of her teens. She told me about growing up in Georgia yet having lost her parents years ago. As a trans teen arriving in Washington without any family, friends or support, she scrambled to survive, never knowing if she’d have a safe place to sleep at night.
Without skills or stability, and facing tough and often dangerous streets, Mally found not merely a refuge but a future. After three years, today Mally works by my side helping others — like her and like me — not only to survive but to thrive. This week she moved into her own one-bedroom apartment, and she has a steady job and a huge heart that will help her make something not only of her life but many other lives.
Mally’s story is my story too. I first arrived in Washington when I was 16 with absolutely nothing. I know I wasn’t the first person to make a move like this, and as Mally knows, I won’t be the last. As a transgender youth, I felt especially alone and isolated. I quickly discovered there were almost no safe spaces for LGBT people to come together and connect with others who had similar needs, stories, and experiences.
I experienced firsthand how easy it is for transgender people to feel like they have nowhere to go and no family or friends to support them. I know the dangers of the streets and the violence that can prey upon us. And I still see that every day; most people who come to Casa Ruby don’t have a safe place to live or a family that accepts, protects, and loves them.
It breaks my heart to know there are so many LGBT youth around the world who feel left out every day. I have always wanted to help our community in Washington by building a truly safe space for LGBT youth who are disconnected or discarded. I started Casa Ruby as a welcoming and safe home for many LGBT young people at risk to take shelter and, above all, to be themselves.
At Casa Ruby, we provide a safe, supportive, and caring LGBT home for all we can help. Our clients can meet with counselors who speak English and Spanish, they can get checked for HIV and other STDs, enjoy a warm meal, and find a welcoming support system of people in similar situations. While we provide direct help to our clients and try to get them back on their feet, I also like to think of love as medicine for the heart, and I like to give a lot of love to my clients and guests who so often feel loneliness and fear. With all of the expressions of love at Casa Ruby, we’ve all become a family. Our own chosen family.
While groups like mine are doing whatever we can to help the community, and there has been solid progress, we still have a long way to go in making transgender individuals feel safe and included. Our voices so often are small, when what our community really needs is global support and to express love every day.
That’s why I feel the Marriott Rewards #LoveTravels campaign is such an important initiative. #LoveTravels encourages people around the world to create expressions of love for the LGBT community through art — whatever love means to them. We hosted our very own expression session at Casa Ruby where everyone got to dig in to create their own art to express their love, and it was amazing to see my family create their own expressions. For each artistic expression, Marriott Rewards will make a donation to Casa Ruby that we will use for our HIV Fellowship Program aimed at lowering HIV and sexually transmitted infections within the city’s transgender community. We’ll also use the funds to support our homeless youth programs.
During Capital Pride in June, all of the expressions will be shared in an art installation as a collaborative expression of support and love to the LGBT community. Jazz Jennings has already created her expression for the community, and YouTubers Miles Jai, Shannon Bereridge, Cammie Scott, Pepe and Teo, Trent Owens, and Luke Shayler all have posted videos of them creating their artworks. It’s beautiful to see our friends and allies joining the project.
The outpouring of love from the #LoveTravels campaign reminds us why it’s so important for more companies, leaders, and communities around the world to show their love for LGBT youth with their unique voices and reach.
By supporting Casa Ruby, Marriott Rewards is directly helping us and the transgender community to transform the world. Together, we see a world where transgender, genderqueer, and gender-nonconforming people are able to pursue our dreams and to be all we can be without fear of discrimination, harassment, or violence.
My hope is that this movement reminds people, especially those who feel isolated and lonely, that they’re part of something much bigger. This Pride season and every day — no matter where you are — we are one world and one people. If you feel like you are alone, there are millions of people just like you. And there are many expressions of love from friends, families, and strangers to make you realize you’re part of a big family where #LoveTravels with you.
RUBY JADE CORADO is the executive director of Casa Ruby.
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https://www.advocate.com/commentary/2016/6/02/making-dc-less-scary-lgbt-youth
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BY THE VILLAGE SUN | Manhattan District Attorney Alvin Bragg and local politicians will speak at the dedication of an East Village block as Avenues for Justice Way next month.
The Sat., May 21, event will be held on Avenue B between E. Sixth and Seventh Streets, just off of Tompkins Square Park. Also scheduled to attend will be Assemblymember Harvey Epstein and Councilmembers Carlina Rivera and Gale Brewer, formerly Manhattan borough president.
Politicians and stakeholders will start speaking at 12:15 p.m., before unveiling a new street sign at the northwest corner of E. Sixth Street and Avenue B. The celebration will then continue with food and entertainment until 5 p.m.
The street co-naming is in recognition of the Avenues for Justice / Andrew Glover Youth Program, a nonprofit, alternative-to-incarceration organization with a history of more than 40 years of working with local youth and young adults. The program aims to keep at-risk and court-involved youth ages 13 to 24 out of prison and put them on a path for success.
Community Board 3 and the City Council both gave their unanimous support to the street co-naming.
The roots of Avenues for Justice stretch back to the late 1970s when the Lower East Side, as the East Village was still known back then, was grappling with inadequate community resources. A law student named Robert Siegal and other neighbors came together to provide local youth with a safe space for meals, homework assistance, activities and mentoring.
When Siegal died from an illness, co-founder Angel Rodriguez launched Avenues for Justice in 1979 as one of the first alternative-to-incarceration programs for young people in the country. Up until then it had been known as the Andrew Glover Youth Program. Rodriguez turned an abandoned building at 100 Avenue B near Tompkins Square Park into the program’s flagship community center.
Today the Robert Siegal Center on Avenue B remains an active hub where African American and Hispanic, court-involved and at-risk participants, along with their families, can receive free court advocacy and wholistic wraparound services for job training, mental health services, tutoring and counseling available 24/7.
For more than four decades, Rodriguez has gone on to lead Avenues for Justice — which has its headquarters inside the Manhattan Criminal Courthouse to rapidly respond to young people entering for court appearances.
Avenues for Justice also has a second community center, in East Harlem. The nonprofit offers all court advocacy and wholistic wraparound services on a hybrid platform — online and in person — to New York City’s youth and young adults.
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https://thevillagesun.com/avenue-b-block-to-be-co-named-avenues-for-justice-way-for-longtime-program-helping-at-risk-youth
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Together we can make a lasting impact.
Together we can make a lasting impact.
We understand times get hard and unexpected hardships arise. That is why Safe Haven has created a space to assist families in need.
Safe Haven Bridging Gaps was founded in 2018. We observed a great need in low-income, underserved communities and we've decided to be the change we would like to see by affecting positive change.
Safe Haven is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization dedicated to making a lasting impact in the lives of at-risk youth and families facing hardships. We provide a safe space for youth to grow and thrive, while also offering resources and support to families in need.
We serve At-risk youth and families facing hardships in underserved communities.
We need volunteers, a physical space, and inventory. We need food and supplies, equipment, furniture and community outreach resources. Can you help?
Help us meet our monthly distribution goal by purchasing supplies from our Amazon Wishlist!
Your contribution will enable us to create programs around food insecurity and provide relief to low-income families in underserved communities.
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Copyright © 2022 Safe Haven Bridging Gaps Inc - All Rights Reserved.
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https://safehavenbg.org/
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PFLAG Annapolis/Anne Arundel County Children (Ages through 9 Years Old)
The PFLAG Annapolis/Anne Arundel County chapter needs to hear from you. If you have an LGBTQ+ child who is 9 years old or younger and would like support or assistance, please send a message to the Chapter using the contact form here.
PFLAG Tween Group (Ages 9 through 13)
3:30 PM the Fourth Sunday of the Month starting Sunday, August 27, 2017 at the Owen Brown Interfaith Center in Columbia, Maryland
Is your transgender/gender creative/gender fluid tween between the ages of 9 through 13 looking for a safe space to get to know other tweens like themselves, hang out, talk, offer support, and create a sense of empowerment and community? If so, join us at the PFLAG Tween Group!
PFLAG Annapolis/Anne Arundel County Rainbow Youth Alliance (RYA) (Ages 13 through 19)
7:00 PM the First and Third Tuesdays of the Month at the Fahs House (Behind the Unitarian Universalist Church of Annapolis)
A social group, PFLAG Annapolis/Anne Arundel County Rainbow Youth Alliance (RYA) meets twice per month and offers a safe space for 13 to 19-year olds to be themselves in an open, caring, safe, and accepting environment. The members spend time in conversation, getting to know themselves and others, watching movies, and planning special events. For many of the members, the group offers the first place to truly relax, explore their understanding of their sexual identities, and express the genders they know themselves to be.
Contact the Chapter if you or your youth have questions.
Visit the Additional Useful Resources page for a list of other local LGBTQ+-friendly providers.
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https://www.pflagannapolis.org/lgbtq-specific-resources/resources-lgbtq-youth-ages-through-19-years-old/?shared=email&msg=fail
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Bet Mishpachah (http://www.betmish.org/) is a congregation in Washington, DC for Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Jews and all who wish to participate in an inclusive, egalitarian, and mutually supportive community. Our membership is comprised of singles, couples, and families, and is open to everyone, regardless of religious affiliation, sexual orientation, or gender identity.
Equality Maryland (http://www.equalitymaryland.org/) lobbies in Annapolis and across the state to create equal protection under the law for LGBT Marylanders and their families; to eliminate prejudice and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity through outreach, education, research, community organizing, training and coalition building; and to utilize our Political Action Committee (PAC) to elect fair minded candidates.
Gay-Straight Alliance Network (http://www.gsanetwork.org/) is a youth leadership organization that connects school-based Gay-Straight Alliances (GSAs) to each other and community resources through peer support, leadership development, and training.
GLOE (http://washingtondcjcc.org/social-networks/gloe/) As the GLBT portal of the 16th Street J, The Kurlander Program for GLBT Outreach and Engagement (GLOE) engages metropolitan Washington’s GLBT Jewish community by sponsoring original programming and fostering a welcoming and inclusive environment at the Washington DCJCC.
GLSEN (http://www.glsen.org), the Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network, is the leading national education organization focused on ensuring safe schools for all students. Established in 1990, GLSEN envisions a world in which every child learns to respect and accept all people, regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity/expression. GLSEN seeks to develop school climates where difference is valued for the positive contribution it makes to creating a more vibrant and diverse community.
The Institute for Judaism and Sexual Orientation (IJSO) at Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion (http://huc.edu/ijso/) is a unique entity within the Jewish community with its explicit mission of preparing Jewish leadership with the capacity, compassion and skills to change congregational attitudes, policies, and, indeed, Jewish society so as to include each and every Jew, regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity. By encouraging dialogue on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender issues among the organizational arms of the Reform Movement in the United States, Israel and the rest of the world, as well as with local and national educational and social service organizations, the Institute will create a unique space where Jewish tradition, ethics and values combine in the spirit of social justice, holiness and community.
Rainbow Youth Alliance (http://infowebpage.org/rya) (Howard County, MD) provides a safe space for youth (up to age 22) who are Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, & Transgendered (GLBT), as well as their allies. Unlike ROH, which is a casual meeting space, RYA is a facilitated support group. Meetings are 7:30pm on the 2nd & 4th Tues. of the month, at Owen Brown Interfaith Center, 7246 Cradlerock Way, Columbia, MD.
The Trevor Project (http://www.thetrevorproject.org/) is determined to end suicide among LGBTQ youth by providing life-saving and life-affirming resources including our nationwide, 24/7 crisis intervention lifeline, digital community and advocacy/educational programs that create a safe, supportive and positive environment for everyone.
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http://www.rockvilleopenhouse.org/resources.html
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In Exodus 25:8, God says to Moses, “Create for me a sanctuary, and I will dwell among them.” These words set the building of the Tabernacle into motion. But the verse’s ending has an interesting grammatical anomaly. Instead of telling the Israelites to create a sanctuary so God can dwell within it, the wording suggests that the dwelling may be among the people, or within them, suggesting that God can live within us rather than exclusively in a physical sanctuary. This year at Beth Emet we’ll explore the multiples meanings of sanctuary—as physical space to gather as a community for prayer, as spiritual space where we feel safe and whole, and as an attitude that is welcoming and accepting of everyone.
Rabbi Andrea London introduced this year's Sanctuary theme on Kol Nidre with her sermon, And I Will Dwell Among Them (Listen | Read). The theme followed though to the next morning where during the Yom Kippur Chavurah Service, Beth Emet teens reflected on their recent border immersion trip to El Paso (Listen | Read). During the Yom Kippur Traditional Service, fellow Evanston Clergy, Pastor Daniel Ruen and Pastor Michael Nabors, spoke about their experiences and hopes for Evanston being a Sanctuary city (Listen).
This weekly e-mail project, curated by David and Ellen Barish, allows congregants to express themselves in any of a variety of media: speechmaking, poetry, essay, story, photography, film, paint, sculpture, printmaking, textile, sound or music. If you'd like to contribute, please email Ellen and/or David.
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https://bethemet.org/community/yearly-themes/sanctuary-5778.html
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Northwest Unitarian Universalist Church in Southfield will present the Love Award on Feb. 12 to The Ruth Ellis Center for its work with homeless LGBT youth.
“This year in the Detroit area 2,000 teens and young adults will become homeless or at-risk because of their identity. The Ruth Ellis Center saves the lives of many LGBTQ youth within Michigan. The center provides safe space at its drop-in center and residential facility, which serves LGBTQ youth through enrichment programs, counseling and testing, and several support services,” said NWUU Rev. Kimi Riegel.
The Love Award is presented for bold and courageous action and is a part of the UUA’s program Standing on the Side of Love. The program is a public advocacy campaign seeking to harness love’s power to stop oppression and was inspired by the 2008 shooting at a Tennessee Valley Unitarian Universalist Church in Knoxville, Tennessee. The Knoxville Community responded with an outpouring of love that inspired the leadership at the UUA to launch a campaign that would harness loves’ power in challenging exclusion, oppression and violence based on sexual orientation, gender identity, immigration status, race, religion or any other identity. For two years in a row the program re-imagined Valentine’s Day as a social justice holiday.
NWUU is a faith-based community that has been a beacon for liberal religion and social justice in southeast Michigan since the 1950s. It is a diverse church and among its many goals are to teach, learn and work to create a more just and peaceful world.
The Ruth Ellis Center, founded in 1999, is located at 77 Victor St. in Highland Park. It is a nonprofit organization and receives funding from individuals, foundations, corporations, community groups, faith based organizations and government. To find out more information about the Ruth Ellis Center visit http://www.ruthelliscenter.org.
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https://pridesource.com/article/ruth-ellis-center-to-receive-love-award/
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local Windsor Pride community. As a collective our goals as event organizers is to provide a safe, sober,
inclusive, anti-oppressive, 13+ space from which members of our communities can come together and
showcase their creative work and talents as musicians, poets, artists and writers of varying degrees.
SHORE Centre is a pro-choice organization that supports a person's choices and decisions in all situations.We provide confidential pregnancy options support for anyone facing an unplanned pregnancy. We will discuss any options you like (in clinic abortion, abortion pill, adoption and parenting). We will support you in making your decision and can make any referrals which are necessary. We can also talk to people about birth control options and an STI diagnosis. We do free pregnancy testing.
Queer Sphere is a committee under the Diversity & Equity Office that promotes the awareness, acceptance and social advocacy for Queer members on campus with the aim for students to meet and socialize with their peers, as well as to impact the university in a positive way. Regular events and meetings include discussions, games night, movie night and guest speakers.
Spectrum is a safe and positive drop-in space open to all Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, transgender, two spirit and questioning (LGBT2SQ+) youth ages 12-24.
Youth will experience:
One on one support
Knowledge of LGBT2SQ+ youth
Accurate up to date sexual health information
Hear guest speakers who identify as LGBT2SQ+
Friendships
A place where they find acceptance
Fun through art, board games, and movie nights
Are you a trans, gender non-binary or genderqueer youth 29 years old or younger?
Trans Fusion Crew is a weekly drop-in group to explore, learn about and share experiences of gender and everything else. TFC is a welcoming and supportive space for all of your different trans and non-binary gender experiences.
-discuss what’s on your mind about: gender, (a)sexuality, coming out, different ways of transitioning, race and being trans, finding community, issues with family, your mental/ physical/emotional health, housing, referrals;
-express yourself through arts-based activities;
-hear from trans mentors;
-have low-key outings in the city, such as going to movies and visiting Toronto Island;
-participate in our book club; and
-celebrate yourself and each other.
Food and TTC tokens provided.
The mission of Windsor-Essex Transgender and Allied Support is to enhance and sustain the health and well-being of transgender, gender queer, two spirit, gender non-binary, sexual diverse and gender and sexual questioning communities and their families, by providing activities, programs and services that create community; empower community members; provide essential resources; advocate for civil and human rights; and embrace, promote and support our cultural diversity.
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https://resources.youthline.ca/resources?page=14
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A week-long service learning trip immersing students in direct service and education, pushing students to become active citizens who explore the root causes of social issues. Student trip leaders recruit, fund-raise, and plan a week-long trip to assist a community in need. The week of spring break is spent on-site building, working, and assisting people and projects in need. During the fall, students fund-raise and learn more about working with non-profits and about the different region.
The Bias Education Response Team (B.E.R.T.) provides the university with a comprehensive method for addressing incidents of bias that fall below the status of hate crime in an effort to continue to create a safe and welcoming environment for all. B.E.R.T. monitors any trends related to bias incidents, and develops proactive strategies to inform and educate the campus.
Black Student Union (BSU) is a cultural group on the Framingham State University campus promoting diversity. BSU is open to all FSU students. Meetings consist of discussions, debates and planning for educational events, socials, and other activities. It's a great place to meet new people and learn about various cultures.
Prior to 2015, the CIE led Safe Space training which was instituted to help our campus further support LGBTQ students. Beginning in Academic Year 2015, the CIE is moving from Safe Spaces to Brave Spaces. As stated by Arao and Clemens, we are revising our language to shift away from the concept of safety to emphasize the importance of bravery instead, to help our community better understand-and rise to-the challenges of genuine learning and dialogue on diversity and social justice issues particularly as they relate to the LGBT+ community. In this program, participants will be introduced to the Brave Space concept, learn how they can further support the LGBT+ community and receive a Brave Space sticker to place prominently on their spaces denoting that they have participated in our training.
Brother to Brother (B2B) is a student organization established to support and inspire the educational, professional and social success of male students of color. The initiative assists students in their academic and professional endeavors, promotes campus and community engagement, and advocates for an inclusive educational experience and quality of life at Framingham State University. B2B membership is open to everyone, and encourages participation from those that are committed to its mission, goals and objectives.
The Center for Inclusive Excellence (C.I.E.) at Framingham State University is a Brave Space dedicated to creating and supporting an environment that reflects a collective commitment to promoting equity, advocating social justice and making excellence inclusive. The C.I.E. is located in O'Connor Hall.
The Council on Diversity & Inclusion is made up of Framingham State University Faculty and Staff from all areas of the university. CDI meets at regular times throughout the academic year. The CDI also provides grants and co-sponsorships for diversity related events and activities.
The CIE Community Conversation series is a program offered by the Center for Inclusive Excellence. Conversation are often held on either Mondays or Wednesdays during the free block of 1:30pm-2:20pm or sometimes in the evenings. These Conversation are opportunities for our community to talk about a range of topics, learn new ideas and concepts and connect with others.
The Diversity Studies Minor strengthens students’ understanding of how ability, age, ethnicity, gender, language, nationality, religion, sexual orientation, and social class interact to define identities and social relations. Students must apply in writing to the Chair of the English, history or Sociology department to earn a Diversity Studies minor.
The FSU Employees of Color Affinity Group serves as a resource to Framingham State University and its employees to positively influence the environment for and professional development of all employees of color.
GenerationOne (G1) is an affinity group that brings first-generation students together and connects them to faculty, staff and students whose parents did not attend college or earn a bachelor’s degree. G1 helps to foster a greater sense of belonging for these students by allowing them the opportunity to meet faculty and staff who were first in their family to attend college. To learn more, Like FSU GenerationOne on Facebook www.facebook.com/FSUgenerationone or email [email protected].
Framingham State University offers gender inclusive areas within some of our residence halls as well as gender inclusive restrooms in designated buildings throughout the campus.
The FSU Interfaith Prayer and Reflection Center is a place where students, faculty and staff of all faiths can go for private prayer, reflection and meditation in their own faith traditions. The Interfaith Prayer and Reflection Center is open daily to all students and employees of any religious or non-religious identity, and offers privacy during use.
The MetroWest College Planning Center (CPC) is a regional joint college access initiative founded by Framingham State University and Mass Bay Community College through the Department of Higher Education’s Vision Project. The CPC provides the necessary outreach, training, mentoring and advising to connect with youth and nontraditional adult learners in the region and guide them on their desired educational pathway to higher education. The Center welcomes and serves all members of the community and supports specific outreach focus for underrepresented, low-income, first generation, minority students and their families.
M.I.S.S is a student organization that was established to support and inspire the educational, professional and social success of female students of color. M.I.S.S. seeks to develop and engage in educational activities, developmental opportunities and co-curricular experiences to drastically improve college access, retention and completion for students of color that identify as Women. The initiative is steered by its 4 principles: Motivation, Intersectionality, Sisterhood & Solidarity.
Framingham State University students and employees who wish to identify themselves within the university’s information systems with a preferred name in addition to their legal name may do so. It is understood that student or employee’s preferred name can be used in university communications and reporting, except when the use of the legal name is needed for university business or is legally required.
The Pride Alliance is the Gay Straight Alliance on Framingham State University's campus. We exist to create a place on campus where members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (LGBTQ) community and their straight allies are comfortable.
FSU has compiled a wide array of truly affordable programs around the world through special affiliations and exchanges. Studying abroad helps promote academic and cultural exchange, world travel, and global understanding.
The Widening the Circle Faculty Institute assists with advancing Inclusive Excellence at Framingham State University through the focus area of Diversity in the Curriculum. Institute workshops explore incorporating themes of diversity and inclusion into all areas of teaching and assessment including curriculum design, pedagogical techniques, facilitating class discussions, assignment design, and assessment methods. For more information, please contact Professor Deborah MacMakin at [email protected].
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https://framingham.edu/the-fsu-difference/inclusive-excellence/inclusive-excellence-at-fsu/resources/index
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News at CEDARS
Receiving the 4-star rating again this year validates the trust our supporters have placed in us to carry out this important work of caring for the most vulnerable children in our community.
At the Youth Opportunity Center, homeless and at-risk youth can “drop-in” to receive a hot meal, do laundry, follow hygiene routines, complete job and housing applications, receive education support, and simply sit and relax in a safe environment.
We first met Olivia when she was in need of a safe place to sleep. She had recently run away from her living situation, which was unsafe for her.
As part of a state-wide effort, CEDARS is participating in Nebraska Thursdays, a project which connects local farmers and ranchers with schools and youth organizations to create locally sourced lunches for children and youth.
As a Nutrition Specialist, Andrew plays a role in helping children and youth stay healthy while in CEDARS care.
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https://cedarskids.org/news/news.html
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In recent years, downtown Raleigh has become a vibrant and thriving city center, home to businesses and cultural institutions alike. One particular cultural institution, Artspace, has led this revitalization. Located in the former home of the Sanders Ford Car Dealership, it’s appropriate that the organization has helped to drive the renaissance of the City Market area.
While Artspace officially opened its doors in 1986, its story began more than half a decade earlier, in 1980, when a group of community leaders approached the city with a plan to create an arts center downtown as a place where artists could rent studio space and share in a collaborative environment with each other and with the public.
Mary Poole, who has served as executive director of Artspace for the past 11 years, says one reason the organization has not just survived but thrived into its fourth decade is the role that it played in revitalizing the downtown area. It basically helped to bring the arts and artists back into a space of urban decay and made people excited about the city again.
With other groups, Artspace helped to create First Fridays, and it currently averages 2,500 visitors during these events. Its other numbers are just as impressive, with more than 100,000 visitors annually — including 2,000 children on field trips and 3,000 children and adults participating in workshops — and at least 30 separate exhibitions each year.
Growing arts appreciation
These exhibitions come from the core component of Artspace: its more than 30 artists in residence. Some artists rent out space, while others are sponsored by Artspace through its Regional Emerging Artist and Summer Artist programs. These sponsored artists have an opportunity to receive free studio space and the chance to show their work to a captive audience, growing their portfolios in a supportive and nurturing environment.
Artspace recently implemented term limits on its residents, which allows the organization to serve more artists as the local and statewide art community movement grows. It currently is looking into ways to expand these programs and support more artists each year as well. Additionally, it is looking toward embarking on a new strategic planning initiative.
“We’re looking to see down the road for a bigger vision for what’s next in Raleigh and how we can play a part,” Poole says.
In particular, the center is focusing on the art world outside of its 30,000 square feet of space, or “how to extend our reach beyond our walls,” as Poole puts it. One of its community collaborations this summer is with Raleigh Little Theatre in which its Teens on Stage will perform a theatrical adaption of George Orwell’s “Animal Farm.” Artspace will have students in ninth through 12th grades create protest-themed artwork to be displayed in the lobby during performances.
Both Poole and Linda O’Day Young, Raleigh Little Theatre’s youth theater and education director, are excited about the collaboration.
“We want to encourage the young people in the audience, as well as the cast and crew, to share their views on issues that affect their lives,” O’Day Young says. “It seemed a natural progression to reach out to Artspace as a way to involve more emerging teen artists.”
Other recent outreach efforts include Artspace’s first pop-up studio in North Hills. During spring, in a previously empty storefront, the organization held demonstrations by area artists and other educational programming like make-and-take events, where students of all ages were able to take their own art home with them.
“Some people are not really aware of the breadth of education and outreach that we offer,” Poole says. “Many people just think of us as a building with artists’ studios, but we truly are a partner with artists, making art available for all people, including underserved areas and at-risk youth.”
Emerging creativity
As Artspace continues to solidify its space in downtown Raleigh and reach out to Wake County as a whole, it encourages more and more budding artists — even if not in a formal studio setting.
“As people are exposed to Artspace, they are tapping into their inner creativity, and how it manifests in each person is different,” Poole says.
In other words, we might not each be the next Van Gogh or Pollock, but we each can find a way to express ourselves creatively. For instance, Poole — whose background is stronger in arts administration, grant writing and volunteer management than in the fine arts themselves — has dabbled in jewelry making and metal work since joining the organization.
Another secret to Artspace’s longevity is its availability to all people. Most artists in residence are happy to engage in conversation about their work with guests, for instance.
“We are a resource for the entire arts community: artists and art lovers,” Poole says.
Ann Davis is a freelance writer based in Raleigh.
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https://www.wakeliving.com/wake-county-treasure-artspace/
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- by providing and facilitating access to books and programs that encourage recreational reading in the family,
- by offering and stimulating the creation of opportunities for informal learning among members of the community,
- by helping to reduce educational, social and technological gaps through the library services that we offer, and
- by developing work-related skills and values among our youth through our volunteer service program.
Vision
That the MCL be a safe, culturally diverse space, center and welcoming heart of our community, where technological, bibliographic and cultural resources generate a positive social impact on the lives of the children and youth of the western area.
That the MCL be a meeting place where literature invites our children and youth to dream, satisfy their curiosity and have a better understanding of themselves and the world.
Brief History
Ms. Jackie Winter and her family arrived in Puerto Rico in 1991 with two small children; her husband had just accepted a position as professor in the Department of Marine Sciences at the University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez (RUM). Upon her arrival, Jackie realized that Mayaguez did not have a public library with good educational material aimed at promoting love of reading and good reading habits among children. Not knowing anyone in Mayaguez and with very little knowledge of Spanish, but with the tenacity and the will of a mother who only seeks the best for her children, she set out to find a place to begin a small library for children and youth.
The place she found was located on the third floor at the Citibank branch office on the Plaza Colón in the center of Mayagüez and has been our location ever since.The building was later acquired by Westernbank which sponsored the library for the next 14 years. Since 2010 our primary sponsor has been the Banco Popular Foundation. Over the years, the loyal support of many individuals, businesses and government entities and has made Jackie Winter’s dream a reality.
When the Mayagüez Children’s Library / Biblioteca Juvenil de Mayagüez Inc. (MCL/BJM) opened in 1992, it was the first independent, public, and bilingual community library specializing in providing services to the children and youth of Puerto Rico. It had a very modest beginning indeed – two bags full of books donated Children’s Literature for Children of Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Since then, it has grown to house a collection of approximately 20,000 fiction and non-fiction reading materials, in both Spanish and English, for children and youth at all reading levels and for mature readers as well. It now has a computer center with 12 up-to-date computers and free Wi-Fi for the community to use.
The name of the MCL/BJM has transcended the borders of our beloved city of Mayagüez; in 2004, it was recognized for its excellent service to the community by the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) and the First Lady of the United States, Mrs. Laura Bush. Juan Carlos Gaston, then Executive Director, went to the White House to receive the IMLS 2004 National Library Service Award, the highest award given to museums and libraries of the United States of America. The Mayagüez Children’s Library was the first Puerto Rican library to receive this recognition.
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https://bibliotecajuvenilmayaguez.org/mission-history/
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When deciding on whether or not to attend a specific school, students may look at the clubs and organizations that are offered by the college that they are interested in. While there are many different types of people, finding a club that is accepting and praising of difference may be difficult.
Safe Space is an group that celebrates differences within the community. Safe spaces were designed to make people feel comfortable on campus.
“The whole idea or concept of Safe Spaces is something that is very troubling to me, that we need to create a ‘safe space,’ and that this space is separate from this other, larger space. It started off with the LGBTQ+ community and we’ve kind of evolved into moving into this new wave,” said Ryan Button, sociology professor.
Safe space is a welcoming place to all people. Tyler Junior College is to be considered a safe space for students to be educated. Among top junior colleges in the nation, Tyler Junior College has made leaps and strides towards a more inclusive, non-discriminate campus.
“What safe space is for us is where anyone can relax and be able to express themselves without the fear to being made uncomfortable, unwelcome or unsafe on account of biological sex, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, cultural background, religious affiliation, age or physical or mental differences,” said Button.
Safe Spaces, referring to the entire campus, is intended to help make the campus more inclusive to students, as well as the community. The ideology that Safe Spaces perpetuate give an insight into equality for every person on Earth. Being ‘safe,’ or feeling that way helps students thrive on and off campus.
“What safe space means for us is that it is a place where you can come and we are all human, so that’s largely why we took up the moniker S.A.F.E., which is Students Advocating For Equality,” said Button. “This is a place where you can celebrate differences and the one aspect of it go tied onto this ‘safe place,’ like there is a location for it. There is obviously a place where the group meets and they talk and they discuss things, but we want to move this into a public forum.”
S.A.F.E. used to be the LGBTQ+ community club, but whenever Button came in, he wanted to make it less exclusionary for any group. Whenever a group is segregated from the community body as a whole, there is still differentiation that occurs.
“One aspect is the freedom to come together and express yourself,” said Button, “but that also has to be set in a context… The idea is never to just keep that idea of a ‘space’ localized but to try to expand it. I think the college does a great job with their community outreach in facilitating understanding between the Tyler Junior College and the community.”
Tyler Junior College is taking the first step of the campus viewed as a safe space. The notion that there are only a few safe spaces on campus is incorrect due to the fact that the entire campus is considered a ‘safe space’.
“With what I just defined a ‘safe space’ being, let’s make a planet like that and call it Earth,” said Button. “Let’s start fighting for humanity. What makes us all the same? It’s that humanness. This is a celebration of humanness. We are different, and we come from different backgrounds, and we grow when we share, so that’s what safe is.”
Fighting for humanity is an enormous task. Tyler Junior College has the job to make students feel safe. Tyler Junior College students and seniors in high school look at universities to see where they might want to go. Knowing that an entire campus should be a safe place eases the mind.
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http://thedrumbeat.com/student_life/ideology-of-safe-space-celebrated-throughout-campus/
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Excretory system consists of groups of organs that are responsible for excreting waste materials such as, harmful chemicals and other impurities from the body. The major excretory organ is kidney. However, there are some other organs also that perform the function of excretion.
Let us understand the function of the following organs as excretory organs.
Lungs
Respiration is a necessary process that provides energy for cellular activities. During respiration, carbon dioxide gets accumulated in the cells, from where it diffuses into the bloodstream and is finally transported to the lungs. From lungs, this carbon dioxide leaves the body every time we exhale.
Liver
Liver helps in the excretion of various unneeded substances in the body. It converts toxic ammonia into urea, a harmless fluid, by the process of deamination. This urea is then filtered by the kidney into urine. It does not directly eliminate excretory substances.
Skin
Skin also acts as an excretory organ. It possesses glands, namely, sweat glands and sebaceous glands. Sweat is a watery fluid that consists of metabolic wastes like water, sodium chloride, lactic acid, amino acids, urea, glucose, etc. Besides excreting metabolic wastes from the body, sweat also has a cooling effect on the body. On the other hand, sebaceous glands help in excretion of sebum which consists of lipids, fatty acids, etc.
How the other kinds of waste materials removed from the body? Is there a particular organ system that functions to remove waste materials from the body?
The organ system that performs the function of excretion is known as the excretory system. The excretory system removes the waste materials present in the blood.
Which organs are involved in this process? What mechanism is required for filtering blood?
The primary components of the excretory system are the kidneys, the ureter, the urinary bladder, and the urethra.
When blood reaches the kidneys, useful substances are absorbed back into blood, while the waste materials are dissolved in water and removed from the body in the form of urine.
The urine enters a long tube-like structure called the ureter. The ureter then passes the urine into the urinary bladder, which stores it until it is passed out of the body. Urine is passed out of the body through a muscular tube-like structure called the urethra.
Waste materials are also removed from the body through sweat. During sweating, water and salts are removed from the body.
What is blood and what are its functions?
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https://aakashdigitalsrv1.meritnation.com/cbse-class-7/science/nutrition-in-plants/transportation-in-animals-and-plants/studymaterial/9_2_4_56_9192
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PAW Denosyl Cats & Small Dogs 90mg x 30 Tablets contains S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), which aids in liver detoxification mechanisms in dogs and cats.
The liver is one of the largest organs in the body and performs many life-essential functions. It produces a vast number of hormones, enzymes, proteins, and other substances important for your pet’s life and well-being. It also detoxifies and removes waste products in the bloodstream by changing them to a form that can be eliminated. This filtering of waste products is important because toxins can damage the membranes of cells in the liver and other organs. The most important liver “detoxifier” is glutathione, a potent antioxidant and the liver’s first line of defense.
Contains the active ingredient S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) in an enteric coated tablet.
In cats, tablets or capsules can “stick” in the throat instead of passing into the stomach. Therefore, cat owners should gently administer a small amount of water (ask your veterinarian for details) immediately following tablet administration to aid swallowing.
Denosyl® tablets should not be broken as the enteric coating of the Denosyl® tablet protects the active ingredient from destruction while in the stomach.
The number of tablets can be gradually reduced or increased at any time depending on the pet's needs. When increasing or decreasing the dose, adjustments should be done in full tablet increments.
Center SA. Proceedings of the 18th ACVIM, Seattle, WA, 2000; 550-552.
Center SA. Proceedings of TNAVC, Orlando, FL 2001; 218-219.
Center SA, Warner K, Hoffman WE, et al. Am J Vet Res 2005;66(2):330-341.
Webster CRL, Boria P, Usechak P, Anwer MS. Vet Therapeutics 2002;3(4):474-484.
Center SA, Warner KL, Erb HN. Am J Vet Res 2002;63(8):1187-1197.
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https://www.petbucket.com/p/9243225/paw-denosyl-cats-small-dogs-90mg-x-30-tablets.html
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About Liver Functions
Functions of the liver include Production of Bile, which helps carry away waste and break down fats in the small intestine during digestión, Production of proteins for blood plasma, detoxification of blood.
The liver manufactures about half of the body cholesterol. The rest comes from food. Most of the cholesterol made by the liver is used to make bile, a greenish yellow, thick, sticky fluid that aids in digestion.
The liver manufactures other substances, including proteins needed by the body for its functions. For example, clotting factors are proteins needed to stop bleeding. Albumin is a protein needed to maintain fluid pressure in the bloodstream. The liver also breaks down harmful or toxic substances (toxins) absorbed from the intestine or manufactured elsewhere in the body and then excretes them as harmless by-products into the bile or blood. By-products excreted into bile enter the intestine, then leave the body in stool.
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https://www.scitechnol.com/scholarly/liver-functions-journals-articles-ppts-list.php
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Symptoms of body poisoning are quite traditional that many people will not notice, however most of them are the subsequent signs:
- Persistent fatigue and loss of appetite.
- Poor digestion
Persistent diarrhea or constipation despite eating a ton of fiber. This can be caused by an intestinal parasite infection.
- Frequent skin problems
Phenomena like itching, pimples, urticaria … seem continuously.
- Breath is smelly.
- Change in temperament, usually annoyed, irritable.
The effects of body detox
Anyone and anyone have toxins in them because this is often unavoidable. Toxins, if not eliminated from the body, might accumulate within the organs of the center, liver, kidneys, lungs, intestines … This is often additionally the reason for disease, particularly cancer. Therefore, detoxification of the body naturally according to the cycle is important for the body. Detoxification of the body has the subsequent effects:
- Strengthen immune system, forestall diseases
Eliminate the body by clearing toxins from the bloodstream and spending it out in the urine. This not only aids the kidney's elimination function, however additionally regulates blood pressure, balances electrolytes, and helps the center rate to be a lot of stable.
- Reducing the pressure load to detoxify the liver
Liver main organ helps to filter nutrients and push waste out, helping the body to be healthy, preventing disease. When toxins penetrate too much, inflicting overload for the liver's activity can harm the liver and body.
- Improve digestion
The detox process promotes laxative, facilitates the detoxification to take place smoothly by excretion, promotes metabolism, makes the digestive process more stable.
- Cheerful, cheerful spirit
Once the toxins are excreted, the absorption of nutrients into the body becomes easier, thereby increasing energy, making the mind additional refreshed.
7 How to detoxify the body naturally in three days
Detoxification of the body has a lot to try and do with diet, daily activities and exercise. Therefore, to detoxify the body naturally and effectively, you'll be able to apply the subsequent strategies:
1. Drink enough water every day
More than ninetyp.c of the human body is water. Water is the supply of life of the body and affects all activities of the body. Therefore, providing enough water each day is the foremost effective and simple detoxification.
Should drink masses of water in the early morning and gradually decrease till evening, particularly would like to right away load into the body concerning 0.five liters of warm water thirty degrees C right when waking up (when the abdomen is empty) and drink massive sips to help detoxifies the body and is good for the digestive system.
2. Exercise frequently
Sweating is additionally a good natural detoxification through the skin that not everyone knows. Regular and regular exercise improves blood circulation, strengthens resistance and clears toxins in the blood.
The exercises will be jogging, walking, cycling, swimming, skipping, yoga …
3. Use detox recipes
Currently there are quite some natural body detox formulas that can be made at home, that are widely shared, together with:
Watermelon juice and mint leaves
Watermelon helps detox quickly, and promotes metabolism effectively, watermelon is made in antioxidants, helps blood circulation, and improves cardiovascular disease.
- Ingredients embody 1 medium-sized watermelon and 10 mint leaves.
Shredded watermelon mixed with 1.5 liters of water and, add mint leaves to the water bottle, leave for some hours and then begin using.
- Strawberry – basil – lemon combination
Strawberries and lemons are made in vitamin C and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Basil contains flavanoids that help to guard the body from free radicals, preventing dangerous diseases.
Ingredients embrace eight items of strawberry hand, one slice of lemon, 12 leaves of basil and then put in a water bottle, refrigerate overnight. The next morning started drinking.
- Cucumber – lemon – mint
Lemons work to wash the digestive system, cucumbers have amino acid citrulline that helps to get rid of ammonia from the liver and kidneys, and mint helps the digestive system work effectively.
Ingredients embody 1 cucumber; 1 lemon; ten contemporary mint leaves; 2 liters of water.
Slice cucumbers and lemons into thin slices, combine with water, add mint leaves, then refrigerate for some hours.
4. Regularly massage and sauna for the body
Gentle massage not only helps refreshment and relaxation however conjointly helps blood circulation. Body steam is very effective in excreting toxins through the skin.
In addition, a foot bath in heat water mixed with salt, inexperienced tea or crushed ginger … is a very effective means of detoxifying the body at home.
5. Use detox products
Currently available there are quite a lot of toxic waste merchandise to serve the wants of consumers. These products can be detoxifying product or detoxifying products in a sure organ like liver, kidney … depending on the aim of the client. These products are also created in several forms:
- Sticker
- Oral supplements
- Functional foods in tablets
6. Use natural foods that have detoxification effects
Around the house, even in our daily kitchen, there are very effective natural detoxifying foods, that will be mentioned:
- Carrot
Carrots are wealthy in glutathione, beta-carotene and vitamin A, that improve the immune system and are smart for the cardiovascular system. Carrots can be included in the daily diet, processed with stir-fries, soup, mixed salads, juices …
- Onions and garlic
These 2 spices all contain flavonoids, which help in the assembly of glutathione – one in every of the antioxidants for the liver, promoting the liver to eliminate toxins from the digestive system. In addition, they additionally have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and immune boosting effects for the body.
- Dried fruits and seeds
Almonds, walnuts, flax seeds, sunflower seeds … all work to assist the liver detoxify, produce an excited, joyful spirit, and at the same time help higher brain activity.
- Ginger
Ginger helps in the assembly of acid in the stomach, kills parasites and protects the body from infection, whereas improving the digestive system. In addition, ginger also helps boost metabolism and support liver perform.
7. Use herbs that have detoxifying effects
- Dandelion tea
Dandelion works to help the liver filter toxins and waste products from the blood. Creating dandelion tea with hot water each day not only helps to detoxify, but additionally helps keep your body heat.
- Red artichoke tea
This is thought-about as a “miracle drug” that effectively eliminates toxins and gums. Artichoke not solely heats the body but also contains organic acids, flavonoids, taraxasterol and faradiol, which have terribly strong anti-inflammatory effects.
Separate the artichoke petals, wash with water, then soak them with white sugar and store in an exceedingly jar with lid. After about one week it can be used as a daily beverage.
- Human ceiling
Has liver detoxification, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. The remedy is sort of easy, wash a handful of gymnosperms and then cook with water. Drinking water daily will facilitate detoxify effectively.
Your body is the most valuable thing, defend your body from external influences with the following benign natural extracts:
Bactefort
Bactefort may be a product that helps the liver to cleanse and detoxify the liver, whereas promoting a stable digestive process. In Bactefort contains pumpkin extract – an efficient natural “worm bleach”, papaya extract and mint extract facilitate flush toxins out through the sewage and boost the body's immune system. .
Bactefort is completely safe and benign for the body, with no aspect effects.
Detoxic
Detoxic not only helps to cleanse parasites within the body due to its impressive natural ingredients, however it conjointly enhances and fosters health, helps improve the body's immune system against attack. of illness. Detoxic additionally helps restore the intestinal microflora, helps the digestive system work smoothly, and the patient includes a smart appetite.
Detoki
Detoki helps to remove toxins from the body, particularly toxins that accumulate in the liver, while boosting metabolism, improving digestion.
Detoki is intended as a sticker, straightforward to use. Product with ingredients from nature, utterly benign, will not contain preservatives, suitable for all subjects.
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https://www.todaykhoe.com/7-ways-to-get-rid-of-the-body-effectively-efficiently-in-3-days/
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To have a full understanding of the liver, kidney and cardiovascular health, it is very important to discuss each organ briefly, what it entails and how they are related.
The human liver which happens to be the largest human internal organ is an essential organ with a wide variety of functions.(1)
It is located below the diaphragm in the abdominal-pelvic region of a human stomach.
Looking into the functions in which the liver play a vital part in make it possible to categorically claim that the liver happens to have the highest number of functions in relation to other organs of the body.(1)
And up until date, no artificial organ has been devised to take up the entire role the liver plays.
The kidney is a bean shaped structure that serves the major function of filtering all the waste product from the blood and pass them into the urine.(2)
Every human naturally possesses two kidneys each on both sides of the body. But the body having two kidneys doesn’t mean it needs the two to function properly.(3)
One is perfectly enough to help a person throughout life. Without the kidney, an artificial process that takes up the full function of the kidney is available known as dialysis (which performs the function of filtering the blood), but note that; its function is very essential.
In regards to the cardiovascular health, the cardiovascular system has to be involved and it is made up of the heart and blood vessels coupled with the blood it transports.
The “cardiac” in cardiovascular is a Greek word that means “heart” while the “vascular” is from a Latin word which means “blood vessels”. But then what good is the discussion of blood vessels without talking about the blood itself.
The heart happens to be the center of the functionality of all other organs making it a very important organ that should not be sidelined in the body.
These three all has a common component; “blood”.
When you pay conscious attention to this three aspect of your health then your body is bound to function properly.
6 Natural Ways To Improve Liver, Kidney And Cardiovascular Health
When speaking in respects of ways of naturally improving your liver, kidney and cardiovascular health; then you are speaking in relation to what you take in.
What relates these three is more of a conjoined triplet situation in which they are connected but also different.
To improve them requires almost the same way but they all still perform separate functions.
They all take part in blood circulation and transport of materials through the body in one way or the other involves them.
The liver, kidney, heart and blood vessels work hand in hand to transport and remove toxic waste substances from the body.
Natural ways for you to improve the health of your liver, kidney and cardiovascular system to make you healthier are as follows;
1. Avoid Alcohol intake and smoking
Excess alcohol intake overworks the liver and kidney, hence changing how they regulate fluid and electrolyte in the body as well as makes the liver toxic.(4)
Whereas smoking of cigarettes which contains nicotine, a substance that constricts the blood vessels hence hindering the flow of blood.(5)
2. Healthy Food intake
What a man eats makes him. Not all food types are particularly good, but above all the balance of a particular type of food gives the body the necessary nutrients it needs to improve health generally.
3. Regular exercise
High cholesterol level in the body is extremely dangerous and the best way to cut down on body cholesterol is through exercise. Obesity has been known to increase the risk of kidney diseases.
Regular exercise improves blood circulation hence, improving liver, kidney and cardiovascular health.(6)
4. Regular detoxification
The best form of detoxification since time immemorial has been the regular intake of water as well as roughages.
Toxic substances naturally accumulate in the liver, kidney and heart from food intake and these substances needs to be removed regularly.
5. Avoid inhalation of lethal substances
Lots of household chemicals that we commonly use happen to be lethal.
For instance the concentrated chemical in aerosol sprays, substances containing inorganic arsenic. And the most common one which is carbon monoxide.
6. Relaxation
Relaxation can be in different forms and this is a very natural to calm the flow of blood hence minimizing the workload effect on the liver, kidney, heart and the blood vessels.(7)
Foods, Herbs and Spices That Improve Liver, Kidney and Cardiovascular Health
Foods, herbs, and spices serve various functions in the body but they mostly function for the liver, kidney, heart, and blood vessels. They include;
- Foods; that improve the liver, kidney and cardiovascular health are any substance consumed which provides nutritional value to the body as well as improve health.
They include the following;
√ Fresh fruits
√ Vegetables
√ Sea fish and Herring(Fish and oil containing omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids)
√ Chicken and beef liver
√ Legumes
√ Low-fat and non-fat dairy product
2. Herbs; that help to improve the liver, kidney, cardiovascular health are numerous but discussing a few of them is only appropriate. They are the leafy and green part of plants extracted to improve health.
They include;
√ Licorice
√ Milk thistle
√ Agrimony
√ Hawthorn
√ Guggul
√ Horse chestnut
√ Holly basil (tulsi)
√ Couch grass
√ Green tea
√ Uva ursi
3. Spices; are those substances gotten from the part of the plant that is not the leaf but rather parts like the stem, root, bulb, bark or seeds. They help to bring health to the liver, kidney and cardiovascular system.
They include;
√ Cinnamon
√ Turmeric
√ Garlic
√ Curcumin
√ Nutmeg
Foods, Herbs and Spices That Are Great For Detox And Cleanse
Foods that help to detoxify especially include water and the class of food known as roughages which help to cleanse not just the liver, kidney, heart and blood vessels alone but the entire body as a whole to bring perfect health.
They include;
√ Vegetables
√ Water
√ Apples
√ Lemons and lime
√ Cabbage
Herbs; that detoxify include;
√ Rosemary
√ Lavender
Spices; that detoxify include;
√ Turmeric
√ Rehmannia
√ Cumin
√ Horseradish
Conclusion:
On a final note, it’s important you include all the food listed above in your diet not just to improve your liver, kidney, cardiovascular health alone, but to have a healthy body system.
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https://www.thehealthyapron.com/liver-kidney-and-cardiovascular-health-detox-and-cleanse-tips.html
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If you follow this website, you know that detoxing is a subject of huge importance to us. In fact, performing regular body cleanses and detoxes are a core principle of my beliefs on health and healing. I talk about them so much that I sometimes take for granted that we're all on the same page. Maybe I should explain myself for the benefit of new readers.
What exactly is a detox? Simply put, a detox is a process in which a person makes lifestyle changes to clear their body of toxins. These lifestyle changes typically involve abstaining from certain harmful things and optimizing body processes. Some changes are temporary, such as following a cleansing diet, others are permanent.
I should also explain my use of the term “toxins.”
What are Toxins?
Toxins are any substance that can be poisonous or cause negative health effects. “Toxin” refers to all the metals, chemicals, pollutants, artificial food ingredients, pesticides, and poisons that cause the body harm. “Toxin” is a very broad term and it’s even, unfortunately, become a bit of a buzzword to some. Artificially created chemicals can be toxins, but naturally-occurring substances can be toxic, too. Arsenic is a natural toxin. Technically, so is cobra venom (though you’re less likely to find this contaminating your town’s water supply).
We are in constant contact with harmful organisms and pollutants. They’re in our water, in our food, and in the air we breathe; it’s very difficult to get away from them. The source of many health issues is the toxins that have built up in our bodies over the years.[2, 3, 4]
There is no practical way to protect yourself from all the toxins in the environment. Fortunately, there are ways to counteract some toxins and pollutants. Your body’s natural detoxification processes exist to deal with the ones we can’t avoid. You can help your body perform these processes with the help of regular cleansing.
First, let’s understand the natural ability we have to cleanse ourselves.
The Body and Detoxification
I try my best to educate people that the human body has a natural ability to detoxify itself. In fact, the body has several systems in place for removing waste. The excretory system plays the largest role in detoxification. The most obvious job of this system is defecation and urination. The main organs that compose the excretory system are the skin, liver, lungs, large intestine, and kidneys.
You may be surprised to learn that your skin is part of your excretory system, but it's true — the skin aids in elimination through the sweat glands. The purpose of sweat is to regulate body temperature, but it's a multifunctional system. When sweat passes through your sweat glands, it takes toxins with it.
The roles of the other organs are just as important. It’s the liver’s job to filter and excrete waste, hormones, drugs, and other foreign substances. The lungs help remove carbon dioxide (the waste gas resulting from breathing). The large intestine has several important jobs. It absorbs water and remaining nutrients from food. It also converts waste into stool to be expelled from the body through defecation. The kidneys filter the blood and help remove waste from the body through urination.
The entire body relies on this system to live a healthy life. Your body is detoxifying itself all the time, around the clock, 24/7. Even your brain flushes out toxins while you sleep. It’s essential to take care of these organs and allow them to do their job.
6 Ways To Detox Your Body
1. Choose the Right Foods
One of the best things you can do to support your body’s detoxification process is to lighten its load and decrease the toxins you put in your body in the first place. Choose organic vegetables and fruits over fast food and other processed foods. GMO products and pesticide-contaminated foods add harmful toxins to your diet. Avoid them.
2. Exercise and Meditation
Exercise and meditation help maintain a healthy body. Exercising helps you sweat, and sweating helps release toxins through your skin. Studies have found trace amounts of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury in sweat. Meditation helps clear your mind and reduce stress. Stress can be as toxic to your health as chemicals. A troubled mind can cause the physical body to function poorly.
3. Diet
Detoxifying your body is not only about what you avoid, but also about what you consume. Following a healthy diet can go a long way. There are also many foods that aid detoxification — garlic, lemon, broccoli sprouts, mung beans, and raw vegetables.
Many diets promote cleansing and detoxification. I follow and recommend an organic, variable, intermittent fasting diet but there are other options if that isn’t for you. You could also try a body detox diet. It’s a temporary cleanse consisting of only plant-based whole foods: fruits and vegetable, raw nuts, seeds, and sprouts. It’s a great strategy for detoxing the colon and liver.
Juicing is also helpful and is centered around consuming freshly-made fruit and vegetable juice — preferably organic.
4. Purify the Air You Breathe
Breathing clean air is another way to reduce your exposure to toxins. While you can’t control the whole environment, you can control the air in your home. Smoke, fumes, pet dander, mold, mildew, and microorganisms can make the air in your home more toxic than the air outside.
A high-quality air purification device is the best way to keep your air fresh and toxin-free. If a quality air purification device is out of your budget, get a few house plants instead; they're nature’s air fresheners. They help filter the air and remove toxins.
5. Purify Your Body With Water
Water is possibly the most valuable tool for detoxifying your body. The body’s most basic functions require water. Your body needs water to produce saliva, help with perspiration, and remove waste.
When I say drink water, I do mean water, not coffee, or sports drinks, or soft drinks. If you’re one of those people that find the taste of water boring, try adding lemon or cucumber to your water.
6. A Complete Body Detox
A complete body detox is a step-by-step process that focuses on each organ involved in ridding the body of toxins. The program should focus on removing harmful organisms, chemicals, and toxic metals while cleansing your colon, liver, and kidneys. Cleansing the colon is an important part of any full body cleansing protocol. Our Colon Cleanse Program™ will help open up your main route of elimination and maximize your body's natural ability to cleanse itself.
A complete body detox is a long and committed process but can be especially rewarding. If you’ve never performed a detox, I recommend the 9 Step Body Cleanse. It’s a total body detox that will help you eliminate toxin accumulation and feel great.
References (14)
- "What You Know Can Help You - An Introduction to Toxic Substances." New York Department of Health. New York State, Oct. 2013. Web. 16 Mar. 2016.
- "Causes of Food Poisoning." Foodsafety.gov. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2016.
- "National Biomonitoring Program: Toxins." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 28 Dec. 2012. Web. 16 Mar. 2016.
- "Toxic Substances Portal: Asbestos." Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3 Mar. 2011. Web. 16 Mar. 2016.
- "Reference Terms: Excretory System." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2016.
- Sears, Margaret E., Kathleen J. Kerr, and Riina I. Bray. "Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury in Sweat: A Systematic Review." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2012 (2012): 184745. PMC. Web. 16 Mar. 2016.
- "Normal Liver Physiology." Brown University Division of Biology and Medicine. Brown University, n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2016.
- "What Are the Lungs?" National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. National Institutes of Health, 17 July 2012. Web. 16 Mar. 2016.
- "Large Intestine (colon)." MedlinePlus. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 7 Dec. 2015. Web. 16 Mar. 2016.
- "Aging Changes in the Kidneys and Bladder: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia." MedlinePlus. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 27 Oct. 2014. Web. 16 Mar. 2016.
- "Brain May Flush out Toxins during Sleep | National Institutes of Health (NIH)." National Institutes of Health. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 17 Oct. 2013. Web. 16 Mar. 2016.
- Claudio, Luz. "Planting Healthier Indoor Air." Environmental Health Perspectives 119.10 (2011): a426–a427. PMC. Web. 16 Mar. 2016.
- "Water - a Vital Nutrient." Better Health Channel. Department of Health & Human Services, State Government of Victoria, May 2014. Web. 16 Mar. 2016.
- "Water in Diet: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia." MedlinePlus. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 14 July 2015. Web. 16 Mar. 2016.
†Results may vary. Information and statements made are for education purposes and are not intended to replace the advice of your doctor. If you have a severe medical condition or health concern, see your physician.
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https://explore.globalhealing.com/6-ways-to-body-detox/
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The liver is a large, fleshy organ in the human body that sits on the right side of the abdomen, which is protected by the rib cage. The liver, in combination with the intestines, pancreas, and gallbladder, help digest, absorb, and process food. The main Liver function consists of filtering the blood flowing from the digestive tract before it is released to the rest of the body. Another important function of this organ is the detoxification of chemicals and the metabolism of drugs. It excretes bile that returns to the intestines.
The liver is also responsible for producing proteins that are critical for blood clotting and many other functions. It is a storehouse of essential vitamins and chemicals that the body needs as building blocks, such as vitamin B12, vitamin A for vision, folic acid, vitamin D for calcium absorption, iron for red blood cell production, vitamin K for proper blood clotting .
Reasons for poor liver function
There are a number of reasons why the liver is poorly functioning, leading to liver failure. These include the following:
infection
Viruses and parasites can easily infect the liver, resulting in anti-inflammatory liver function. The viruses that damage the liver can spread through semen, blood, contaminated food or water, or even through close contact with an infected person. Some of the most common types of liver infections are hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and immune system abnormalities.
Diseases
The most common examples of autoimmune liver disease are primary biliary cholangitis, autoimmune hepatitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis.
genetics
Liver function can be affected by an abnormal gene inherited from one or both parents. This can cause various substances to build up in the liver and ultimately liver damage. Some of the most common genetic liver diseases include Wilson’s disease, hemochromatosis, cancer and other growths, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.
Risk factors that make you more susceptible to liver disease include:
– obesity
– Heavy alcohol consumption
– Type 2 diabetes
– Exposure to other people’s blood and body fluids
– tattoos or piercings
– Unprotected sex
– Family history of liver disease
– blood transfusion before 1992
– Injecting medicine with split needles
– exposure to certain chemicals or toxins
One-stop solution to support optimal liver function
Hepantix ™
Hepantix ™ is a long-term solution for optimizing liver function. It repairs, supports, and protects the liver so that it acts as the body’s natural detoxification system. The product consists of carefully selected ingredients and dosages. These are based on high-level clinical studies.
Who can take Hepantix ™?
Both men and women who are concerned about liver health should consider taking Hepantix ™. It contains natural ingredients that are completely safe, effective, and free from any adverse side effects. The supplement is also effective in patients with a family history of liver dysfunction. It really takes care of liver support and offers complete purity, potency and absorbency.
Clinical studies
All active ingredients in the Hepantix ™ formulation are clinically tested to ensure maximum results. All of the herbs, antioxidants and key nutrients used in the formulation have been shown to be able to aid liver function, protection and support.
Milk thistle extract has amplifying benefits derived from around 12,000 articles published. Selenium is widely valued for its ability to remove toxins from the liver. Artichoke adequately protects the liver from damage, based on promising research. Dandelion minimizes liver inflammation while vitamin D2 treats the loss of liver fat mass.
ingredients
The following natural ingredients in Hepantix ™ are clinically proven and used for their powerful ability to repair, support and protect the liver:
Siliphos® milk thistle extract for liver function
It promotes the optimal functioning of the liver and fights harmful toxins. Milk thistle protects the liver, prevents damage and normalizes elevated liver enzyme levels. Siliphos® is a patented and important component of Hepantix ™, which enables maximum absorbency and effectiveness.
Artichoke extract for liver function
It naturally stimulates the flow of bile from the liver to clear clogged toxins in the liver. The ingredient also repairs the damaged liver and promotes long-term liver function while maintaining healthy cholesterol levels and protecting the body from digestive problems.
Dandelion root extract for liver function
It provides health-promoting antioxidants and protects the liver from harmful toxins. The ingredient also acts as a protective barrier and natural detoxifier for the liver.
selenium
It protects you from harmful toxins in the liver, maintains a healthy liver, and reverses cirrhosis.
Vitamin D2
It is important for optimal liver health. The vitamin fights an overweight liver, helps with weight loss and with the flow of bile.
Results
Hepantix ™ starts to work on its own with the first dose. It immediately starts triggering the liver to start the self-repair process. The unique formulation prepared to give the liver the extra boost it needs to detox and reboot. Some users may see results within the first week. Professionals demand regular treatment for an optimal yet gradual result.
It can take about 4-6 weeks for your liver to be completely detoxified. This depends on the severity of your illness. Hepantix ™ can also be taken after results are achieved to maintain optimal liver function.
Related post:
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https://aninnews.com/one-cease-answer-for-supporting-optimum-liver-operate/
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Fasting is not a new method but our ancestors would say they did not have much of a choice.
It was just part of life in Palaeolithic times when food was scarce and people did not have the means to store huge amounts of food.
The community were dependent on the luck and expertise of their hunters and gatherers.
In ancient times however, cleansing and detoxing became more acknowledged and valued.
Our ancestors already used methods, such as water fasts, enemas or saunas to detoxify their bodies.
In the 21st century, we face very different challenges; environmental pollution has risen to such heights that the detoxification capabilities of our bodies are challenged even more than before.
(1) It is also important to consider additional factors like smoking and drinking alcohol on a regular basis. It should not come as a surprise that the most common way to put extra strain on the body is to consume foods high in sugar and simple carbohydrates.
The detoxification pathways
The way the body works is very efficient, if we use the right foods to fuel it.
We have several organs involved in continuous detoxification, such as the liver, the kidneys, the gut, the lungs and the lymphatic system.
The main role is played by the liver, which creates water-soluble substances that can be easily excreted from the body.
This happens in two phases: in the first phase, compounds are prepared for elimination via chemical reactions that can often transform them into more harmful substances.
This step prepares the liver for the second phase, (the conjugation pathway) where these toxic substances are bound to other chemicals that render them harmless and ready for excretion.
It is imperative to note that patients with chronic illnesses can be made to feel worse during fasting because of an increase in circulating toxins in the body.
Medical and naturopathic supervision is highly recommended to support clients and to avoid any potentially dangerous reactions.
(2) Pregnant women and individuals with liver, kidney or heart arrhythmias should not fast.
But what is Diabetes?
After eating carbohydrates the body breaks them down into glucose.
This is chased into the cells by a hormone produced in the pancreas called insulin.
In a very simplistic way, diabetes means that the insulin receptors on the cells are unable to respond to the insulin and glucose is left circulating in the blood.
Instead of creating stable blood sugar levels during food intake, glucose levels can fluctuate erratically, leading to sugar cravings and hunger.
The brain receives messages that it needs more food and this creates a vicious circle making it very hard for people even in a pre-diabetic state to lose and then maintain weight on their own.
A very common body characteristic is fat around the middle, which can also increase the risk of other illnesses, such as heart disease, arthritis or depression.
To improve the life of someone with diabetes, it’s important to break this cycle by taking the strain off the insulin-producing cells.
Studies prove that diet and lifestyle intervention can improve glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. (3)
Calorie restriction, intermittent fasting and alternate day fasting all seem to be great methods and depending on the patient’s condition and willingness, they might even be able to reduce or completely remove the need for medication. (3, 4)
Research (5), from Newcastle University has provided promising results on reversing type 2 diabetes, by reducing weight and therefore “reawakening” the insulin cells in the pancreas.
This could give even more motivation to those with type 2 diabetes, wishing to avoid medication.
Identifying the individual detoxification pathways and understanding the environmental and lifestyle factors is crucial, in order to give personalised nutritional support and to reduce symptoms associated with metabolic toxicity.
Fasting Related Stories:
- Fasting for Gut Health
- Fabulous Fasting: The Physical Benefits
- Fabulous Fasting: The Mental Benefits
- Beneficial Effects of Fasting on Diabetic Patients
- Is Water Fasting Out Dated Now There is the Pretend Fast
- Intermittent Fasting - A Natural Way To Live For Longer
- New Year New You: Could Fasting Help You Lose Weight?
- Water Fasting may help you live longer!
- Signs & Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes
Helpful Resources:
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https://www.amchara.com/type-2-diabetes/beneficial-effects-of-fasting-on-diabetic-patients
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Simply speaking, liver detoxification involves two steps; phase1 and phase 2, also referred to as phase I and phase II. A toxin initially enters phase1, the p-450 cytochrome system, and is reduced to smaller fragments. These fragments then progress to phase 2, where they are bound to molecules like glutathione, glycine and sulfate. This process creates a new non-toxic molecule that can be excreted in the bile, urine or stool. Some substances do not require phase I activity, being processed by phase II only.
Phase I and phase II enzymes are found in virtually all organs of the body. They are most abundant in the liver, which reemphasizes the liver’s crucial role in detoxification. These enzymes are inducible by a variety of chemicals ranging from drugs to nutrients.
There are six different Phase II conjugation reactions: glucuronidation, acetylation, esterification, amino acid conjugation, sulfation and glutathione conjugation. Both Phase I (oxygenation) and Phase II detoxification enzymes are affected by the quality of the diet and specific nutritive substances within it.
If you are having trouble with addictions that are damaging your liver and need some help, many Naturopathic doctors specialize in providing the support that is needed to strengthen your liver.
One or both detoxification phases can be inefficient or over-loaded. A particularly damaging combination in an ill person is an excessive over-load of toxins coming into phase1, with an inefficient phase II. Such a person is considered a pathological detoxifier. Sometimes it is felt this combination may be the cause of marked environmental sensitivities and drug intolerances and interactions that characterize many chronic fatigue and fibromyalgia patients. As patients improve clinically, serial testing of their liver detoxification capacity shows corresponding improvement.
If a patient is very ill with severe toxic symptoms, hepatic detoxification must be done very slowly and gradually. It is always preferable first to reduce toxin exposure and any liver inflammation. Also, leaky gut syndrome should be addressed and repaired prior to liver detoxification.
Nutrients which encourage or activate Phase I include:
- Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
- Vitamin B3 (niacin)
- Lipotrophics (cysteine, methionine, choline, and inositol)
- Vitamin C
- Magnesium
- Iron
- Milk Thistle
- Indoles from cruciferous vegetables.
- Diets adequate in protein (especially vegetable protein)
- Other things which can induce phase I activity include acetate, alcohol, barbiturates, carbon tetrachloride, charcoal-broiled meats, dioxin, exhaust fumes, high protein diets, oranges, organophosphorus pesticides, paint fumes, sassafras, saturated fats, steroid hormones, sulfonamides and tangerines
Nutrients which encourage or activate Phase II include:
- Glycine
- Sulfur-containing amino acids like Cysteine (or NAC), Taurine or Methionine. Meat protein has a relatively high amount of sulfur-containing amino acids, as do eggs.
- Blue green algae
- Bee pollen
- Glutamine
- Glutamic acid
- Aspartic acid
- Cruciferous vegetables (broccoli, cabbage, brussels sprouts, cauliflower)
- Garlic, onions, leeks and shallots
- Vitamin B12
- Molybdenum
- Grapefruit juice contains naringenin, a substance which slows down Phase I enzyme activity. This increases the half life of some drugs, causing them them to remain active longer. Caution is advised when taking large doses of grapefruit juice and some drugs.
There are various combination products available to support liver detoxification with an emphasis on one phase or both phases. Because of the complexity of this issue, detoxification testing is recommended before treatment.
Liver Detoxification Support can help with the following
Environmental Illness / MCS
Reducing the body burden of chemicals can be enhanced by maximizing Phase II liver detoxification pathways with selected nutrients.
Adolescent Acne
The liver is the most important organ in metabolizing hormones so including foods and supplements which support liver function would be beneficial. Examples include dark leafy greens, beets, artichoke, burdock root, dandelion greens, carrots, parsley, yams, garlic and onions.
Key
|Likely to help|
|Highly recommended|
Glossary
Glutathione
A natural sulfur-bearing peptide formed from the linking of three amino acids: glutamic acid, cysteine and glycine. Glutathione acts as an antioxidant and detoxicant and is involved with the selenium-containing enzyme glutathione peroxidase. Glutathione is also involved in amino acid transport across cell membranes.
Glycine
The simplest amino acid which is a constituent of normal protein and an inhibitory neurotransmitter, used as a dietary supplement. A natural antacid and sweetener, it is involved in the syntheses of DNA, phospholipids and collagen.
Bile
A bitter, yellow-green secretion of the liver. Bile is stored in the gallbladder and is released when fat enters the first part of the small intestine (duodenum) in order to aid digestion.
Enzymes
Specific protein catalysts produced by the cells that are crucial in chemical reactions and in building up or synthesizing most compounds in the body. Each enzyme performs a specific function without itself being consumed. For example, the digestive enzyme amylase acts on carbohydrates in foods to break them down.
Amino Acid
An organic acid containing nitrogen chemical building blocks that aid in the production of protein in the body. Eight of the twenty-two known amino acids are considered "essential," and must be obtained from dietary sources because the body can not synthesize them.
Naturopathy
Medical practice using herbs and other various methods to produce a healthy body state by stimulating innate defenses without the use of drugs.
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
CFS (Chronic Fatigue Syndrome) is a disorder of unknown cause that lasts for prolonged periods and causes extreme and debilitating exhaustion as well as a wide range of other symptoms such as fever, headache, muscle ache and joint pain, often resembling flu and other viral infections. Also known as Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome (CFIDS), Chronic Epstein-Barr Virus (CEBV), Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME), "Yuppy Flu" and other names, it is frequently misdiagnosed as hypochondria, psychosomatic illness, or depression, because routine medical tests do not detect any problems.
Fibromyalgia
(FMS): Originally named fibrositis, it is a mysteriously debilitating syndrome that attacks women more often than men. It is not physically damaging to the body in any way, but is characterized by the constant presence of widespread pain that often moves about the body. Fibromyalgia can be so severe that it is often incapacitating.
Riboflavin
(Vitamin B-2): A B-complex vitamin that acts as a coenzyme that activates the breakdown and utilization of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. It is essential for cellular oxidation and necessary for healthy skin and eyes.
Niacin
(Vitamin B-3): A coenzyme B-complex vitamin that assists in the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Essential for the health of the skin, nerves, tongue and digestive system. It is found in every cell of the body and is necessary for energy production. Niacin is also needed for DNA formation.
Cysteine
A nonessential amino acid but may be essential for individuals with certain diseases or nutritional concerns. Cysteine is a sulfur-bearing amino acid with antioxidant properties. It is important for keratin synthesis, a protein found in skin, hair and nails and is a component of coenzyme A and glutathione.
Methionine
Essential amino acid. Dietary source of sulfur and methyl groups. Important for proper growth in infants, nitrogen balance in adults, healthy nails and skin and the synthesis of taurine, cysteine, phosphatidylcholine (lecithin), bile, carnitine and endorphins. It is an antioxidant nutrient and lipotropic agent which promotes the physiological utilization of fat.
Choline
A lipotropic substance sometimes included in the vitamin B complex as essential for the metabolism of fats in the body. Precursor to acetylcholine, a major neurotransmitter in the brain. Choline prevents the deposition of fats in the liver and facilitates the movement of fats into the cells. Deficiency leads to cirrhosis of the liver.
Inositol
Usually considered part of the vitamin B complex. It is thought that along with choline, inositol is necessary for the formation of lecithin within the body. Involved in calcium mobilization.
Vitamin C
Also known as ascorbic acid, Vitamin C is a water-soluble antioxidant vitamin essential to the body's health. When bound to other nutrients, for example calcium, it would be referred to as "calcium ascorbate". As an antioxidant, it inhibits the formation of nitrosamines (a suspected carcinogen). Vitamin C is important for maintenance of bones, teeth, collagen and blood vessels (capillaries), enhances iron absorption and red blood cell formation, helps in the utilization of carbohydrates and synthesis of fats and proteins, aids in fighting bacterial infections, and interacts with other nutrients. It is present in citrus fruits, tomatoes, berries, potatoes and fresh, green leafy vegetables.
Magnesium
An essential mineral. The chief function of magnesium is to activate certain enzymes, especially those related to carbohydrate metabolism. Another role is to maintain the electrical potential across nerve and muscle membranes. It is essential for proper heartbeat and nerve transmission. Magnesium controls many cellular functions. It is involved in protein formation, DNA production and function and in the storage and release of energy in ATP. Magnesium is closely related to calcium and phosphorus in body function. The average adult body contains approximately one ounce of magnesium. It is the fifth mineral in abundance within the body--behind calcium, phosphorus, potassium and sodium. Although about 70 percent of the body's magnesium is contained in the teeth and bones, its most important functions are carried out by the remainder which is present in the cells of the soft tissues and in the fluid surrounding those cells.
Iron
An essential mineral. Prevents anemia: as a constituent of hemoglobin, transports oxygen throughout the body. Virtually all of the oxygen used by cells in the life process are brought to the cells by the hemoglobin of red blood cells. Iron is a small but most vital, component of the hemoglobin in 20,000 billion red blood cells, of which 115 million are formed every minute. Heme iron (from meat) is absorbed 10 times more readily than the ferrous or ferric form.
Protein
Compounds composed of hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen present in the body and in foods that form complex combinations of amino acids. Protein is essential for life and is used for growth and repair. Foods that supply the body with protein include animal products, grains, legumes, and vegetables. Proteins from animal sources contain the essential amino acids. Proteins are changed to amino acids in the body.
Saturated Fat
A type of fat that is readily converted to LDL cholesterol and is thought to encourage production of arterial disease. Saturated fats tend to be hard at room temperature. Among saturated fats are animal fats, dairy products, and such vegetable oils as coconut and palm oils.
Steroid
Any of a large number of hormonal substances with a similar basic chemical structure containing a 17-carbon 14-ring system and including the sterols and various hormones and glycosides.
Hormones
Chemical substances secreted by a variety of body organs that are carried by the bloodstream and usually influence cells some distance from the source of production. Hormones signal certain enzymes to perform their functions and, in this way, regulate such body functions as blood sugar levels, insulin levels, the menstrual cycle, and growth. These can be prescription, over-the-counter, synthetic or natural agents. Examples include adrenal hormones such as corticosteroids and aldosterone; glucagon, growth hormone, insulin, testosterone, estrogens, progestins, progesterone, DHEA, melatonin, and thyroid hormones such as thyroxine and calcitonin.
NAC
(N-acetyl-l-cysteine): A sulfur compound that is a precursor of glutathione.
Taurine
A nonessential amino acid but may be essential for individuals with certain diseases or nutritional concerns. May be needed for the proper development and maintenance of the central nervous system. Taurine's role in bile formation is important for fat metabolism and blood cholesterol control.
Glutamine
A non-essential amino acid, glutamine is considered to be a brain fuel. Glutamine has been used therapeutically for alcoholism, mild depression and to reduce the craving for sweets. Glutamine is very important in the functioning of the metabolism and muscle maintenance. Glutamine supplementation can help prevent muscle and other tissue breakdown by providing the body with nitrogen and fuel.
Glutamic Acid
Involved in the synthesis of DNA, glutathione and some amino acids. Helps remove excess ammonia from the body. Interconverted by the body into glutamic acid and gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA).
Cobalamin
Vitamin B-12. Essential for normal growth and functioning of all body cells, especially those of bone marrow (red blood cell formation), gastrointestinal tract and nervous system, it prevents pernicious anemia and plays a crucial part in the reproduction of every cell of the body i.e. synthesis of genetic material (DNA).
Molybdenum
An essential trace element. It helps regulate iron stores in the body and is a key component of at least three enzymes: xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase and sulfite oxidase. These enzymes are involved with carbohydrate metabolism, fat oxidation and urine metabolism. The average adult has about 9mg of molybdenum concentrated mostly in the liver, kidney, adrenal glands, bones and skin. Molybdenum deficiencies are associated with esophageal cancer, sexual impotency and tooth decay.
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Calcium d-glucarate helps rid the body of toxins and hormones in Phase 3 of detoxification which continues in the gut. It ensures that estrogen, that has been broken down by the liver and excreted into the intestines, remains safely bound as it leaves the body in faeces.
Estrogen, that is excreted into the intestines form the liver, is safely bound and ready to be safely carried out the body in the faeces. But a certain 'bad' or harmful gut bacteria (Escherichia coli, Bacteroides species, and Clostridium perfringens) release an enzyme called beta-glucuronidase. This enzyme splits bound estrogen and releases it to be reabsorbed through the intestinal wall. Once back in the bloodstream, it recirculates and can contribute to estrogen dominance.
Benefits | Features
- Helps populations of good gut bacteria keep these harmful bacteria out-numbered
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Ingredients
Serving Size: 1 Capsule
Cautions | Warnings | Interactions
Consult your healthcare practitioner before use. Do not exceed recommended dosages unless on the advice of a healthcare provider. If you are on medication, taking nutritional supplements, suffering from any medical condition, pregnant, or breastfeeding, it is advisable to seek medical advice before starting any new food, supplement or remedy. Do not use this product if you are allergic to any of the ingredients. Keep out of the reach of children.
Storage
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by Christopher Rowe, Professor of Greek, University of Durham 1 part i ARCHAIC AND CLASSICAL GREECE Greek political thought: the historical context 11 by Paul Cartledge, Reader in Greek History, University of Cambridge 1.
Terminology 11 2. The ÔpoliticalÕ 12 3. The polis 17 4. Political theory 20 THE BEGINNINGS the great Greek statesman Pericles sagely predicted, “Future ages will wonder at us, as the present age wonders at us now.” *** For a comprehensive, yet readable, work on Greek philosophy, see W.K.C. Guthrie’s authoritative The History of Greek Philosophy,six volumes. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, –).
W.T. Jones, The File Size: KB. Dec 21, · The discovery of the mind; the Greek origins of European thought by Snell, Bruno, Publication date Topics Greek literature -- History and criticism, Civilization, Greek and Roman Publisher Oxford, Blackwell PDF download.
download 1 file. SCAN FACTORS download. download 1 file. SCRIBE Pages: In the history of ancient Greek thought the question of how to live a livable life is the principal arouser of those who dedicate time to think about the meaning and sense of the human being and his place in the universe1. Greek poets and philosophers observed that in the empirical world everything changed and nothing was eternal.
History Of Greek Philosophy Free pdf books from Bookyards, one of the world's first online libraries to offer ebooks to be downloaded for free. The Legacy of Greek Philosophy The Greeks and the History of Philosophy The legacy of Greece to Western philosophy is Western philosophy.
Here it is not merely a matter, as in science, of the Greeks having set out on certain paths in which modern developments have left their achieve ments far behind. The demand of philosophising in Africa has faced a history of criticism that has been particularly Eurocentric and strongly biased. However, that trend is changing with the emergence of core philosophical thinking in Africa. This paper is an attempt. predates his monumental (and sadly unfinished) six-volume A History of Greek Philosophy by more than a decade (those volumes were published between and ) but is always likely to be the more widely read of the two.
matter of philosophy, the formal enterprise of philosophy is said to basically originate in the West, in the wonder of the Greek civilisation (Olu-Owolabi14). Still, it would be unfair to wrongly assume that Greek philosophy possesses no originality of its own, as every culture is seed for the development of philosophical thought.
Thinkers from the Greek world (sixth and fifth centuries BC) Attempted to create general theories of the cosmos (world) Mythos ÆLogos There must be a good explanation to the appearances of the world beyond the tales of how the god’s had created everything Important for grasping the origins of Western philosophy and science.
HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY I: ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY Shellbourne Conference Center, July MMX Professor John Gueguen This course explores the thinkers and doctrines of classical Greek and Roman philosophy from its emergence in the VIII century B.C.
to its early contacts with Christianity. To understand why and how philosophy came into. Mar 25, · History of Greek Philosophy is an immense work in two volumes about ancient Greek xn--80aahvez0a.xn--p1ai (Philosophie der Griechen) was written in German by Dr. E. Zeller a professor at the University of Berlin, this is the English translation published in England in Jean-Pierre Vernant's concise, brilliant essay on the origins of Greek thought relates the cultural achievement of the ancient Greeks to their physical and social environment and shows that what they believed in was inseparable from the way they lived.
The emergence of rational thought, Vernant claims, is closely linked to the advent of the open-air politics that characterized life in the. PDF | On Nov 12,Nicholas Chukwudike Anakwue published The African Origins of Greek Philosophy: Ancient Egypt in Retrospect | Find, read and cite. Chapter 4 post- ionian thought Pythagoras · 68 / Heraclitus · 80 Parmenides · 87 / Post- Eleatics · 96 Chapter 5 socrates and empire The Athenian Empire and Democracy · Sophists and Rule by Rhetoric · / The Trial of Socrates · The Riddle of Socrates · / Daimon · The Socratic Method · / Plato and Pythagoras · The Philosopher- King · / Isonomia and the.
Greek mythology tells of many heroes who defeated their enemies by superior wit. Odyesseus, for example, was said to have thought of the wooden Trojan horse, inside which were hidden invading Greek soldiers. Greek intelligence went much further than clever strategy. The Greeks had a clear-eyed curiosity about them-selves and all creation. of Greek philosophers is mere speculation; 4. The compilation of the history of Greek philosophy was the plan of Aristotle executed by his school.
Chapter II So-called Greek Philosophy was Alien to the Greeks and their Conditions of Life The period of Greek philosophy (– B.C.) was a period of internal and external wars and. at the beginning of the Greek philosophical tradition. Let us just con-sider the three most important figures at the origin of Greek philo-sophical speculation.
Pythagoras, who is said to have coined the term philosophy, was certainly not an ordinary philosopher like Descartes or Kant. He was said to have had extraordinary prophetic powers and. Naslovnica - Fakultet hrvatskih studija. I thought this was an interesting book about the background of Greek philosophy.
It really helped to set up what a Greek's view of citizenship was during his time. The evolution was also quite startling-- to go from valuing the individual accolades to becoming a part of a whole was an important change/5.
Jean-Pierre Vernant’s book, “The Origins of Greek Thought,” is a critical reassessment of a dominant historical trope for Western antiquity: that Greek philosophy amazingly materialized out of thin air after the Dorian Invasion. As an alternative to this popular idea, Vernant rationalizes the revolution of Greek thought as it pertains to. The third volume of Professor Guthrie's great history of Greek thought, entitled The Fifth-Century Enlightenment, deals in two parts with the Sophists and Socrates, the key figures in the dramatic and fundamental shift of philosophical interest from the physical universe to man.
What is Philosophy? "Philosophy is the love of wisdom" The rather vague definition 'love of wisdom' comes from the origin and etymology of the Greek word 'philosophy': philo ("love") and sophia ("wisdom"). According to an ancient tradition Pythagoras of Croton (born on the Greek island of Samos, c.
B.C.) coined the Greek word 'philosopher' meaning 'lover of wisdom' to contrast with 'wise Missing: pdf. The view of philosophy as a critical activity whose function embraces an interrogation of its own nature and meaning is undoubtedly a legacy of the Greek philosophers.
It is worth noting that African philosophy according to Hountondji, bears a direct relation to history and culture and that the reflection of African intelligentsia upon. The Cosmological Character of Early Greek Philosophy IT was not till the traditional view of the worldand the customary rules of life hadbroke ndown, that the Greeks began tofeel the needs whichphilosophies of nature andof conduct seek to satisfy.
Nor were those needs felt all at once. The. Eduard Gottlob Zeller (German: ; 22 JanuaryKleinbottwar – 19 MarchStuttgart) was a German philosopher and Protestant theologian of the Tübingen School of xn--80aahvez0a.xn--p1ai was well known for his writings on Ancient Greek philosophy, especially Pre-Socratic Philosophy, and most of all for his celebrated, multi-volume historical treatise The Philosophy of Greeks in their Historical Missing: pdf.
Author by: Anthony Preus Languange: en Publisher by: Rowman & Littlefield Format Available: PDF, ePub, Mobi Total Read: 20 Total Download: File Size: 47,9 Mb Description: This second edition covers the history of Greek philosophy through a chronology, an introductory essay, a glossary, and an extensive xn--80aahvez0a.xn--p1ai dictionary section has over cross-referenced entries on.
Origins of Greek Mathematics 2 the Greek heritage. The detailed study of Greek mathematics reveals much about modern mathematics, if not the modern directions, then the logic and methods. The best estimate is that the Greek civilization dates back to BCE — just about the time of the construction of the great pyramids in Egypt.
Logos, (Greek: “word,” “reason,” or “plan”) plural logoi, in ancient Greek philosophy and early Christian theology, the divine reason implicit in the cosmos, ordering it and giving it form and meaning. Although the concept is also found in Indian, Egyptian, and Persian philosophical and theological systems, it became particularly significant in Christian writings and doctrines as a.
Created Date: 5/25/ PM. Both these terms derive from the Greek word legō, (le,gw), meaning to tell, to say, to speak, to count. But the meanings which have philosophical and religious implications are basically two: as an inward thought or reason, an intuitive conception, and as an outward expression of thought in speech. Sep 10, · A classic, this work attempts to find the origins of Greek thought through the reconstuction of mythology and religion -- there is, by the way, a difference between these.
Vernant's work always shows new insights and new avenues but he is so tied to the structionalist concepts that I believe he makes some assumptions without ample xn--80aahvez0a.xn--p1ai by: Understanding the Origin of the Greek Gods The most complete version of the Greek creation myths that survives is a poem called the Theogony (“Birth of the Gods”) by a poet named Hesiod, who lived in the late eighth or early seventh century B.C. (that is, the low-numbered s or high-numbered s BC).
philosophy puts great emphasis on clarity, and it usually sees philosophy as a matter of clarifying important concepts in the sciences, the humani-ties, politics, and everyday life, rather than pro-viding an independent source of knowledge. Analytical philosophy is often contrasted with continental philosophy, the sort of philosophy that.
The history of logic deals with the study of the development of the science of valid inference ().Formal logics developed in ancient times in India, China, and xn--80aahvez0a.xn--p1ai methods, particularly Aristotelian logic (or term logic) as found in the Organon, found wide application and acceptance in Western science and mathematics for millennia. The Stoics, especially Chrysippus, began the.
Article (PDF Available) · February The Greek Origins of European Thought. Translated by RosenmeyerT. G. Pp. xii+ Oxford: Blackwell, Cloth, 27s. 6d. net. - Volume 4 Issue The Rise of Greek Civilization 3 Chapter II. The Milesian School 24 Chapter III. Pythagoras 29 Chapter IV.
Heraclitus 38 Chapter V. Parmenides 48 Chapter VI. Empedocles 53 I have aimed at giving only so much general history as I thought necessary for the sympathetic comprehension of philosophers in relation to the times that. Jan 02, · This makes Greek philosophy a profound influence on the words, systems, and discussions by which Christians throughout history have sought to explain their faith.
In short, Greek philosophy is not literally a source of Christian belief or a meaningful influence in. Feb 04, · There are actually whole episodes in this series devoted to your questions: check out the India series episode 59 for Greece and India (though that is more about Indian influence on Greek philosophy than the other way around, which I think is unlikely), and under Philosophy in the Islamic World for Greece and Islam.
Rationalism - Rationalism - History of rationalism: The first Western philosopher to stress rationalist insight was Pythagoras, a shadowy figure of the 6th century bce. Noticing that, for a right triangle, a square built on its hypotenuse equals the sum of those on its sides and that the pitches of notes sounded on a lute bear a mathematical relation to the lengths of the strings, Pythagoras.
Jul 08, · The dramatic story of the origins of humanity in Greek mythology involves love, pain, and a hefty dose of violent fighting between divine family members. Variations of the creation story of Greek mythology can be found within many ancient texts.
The most complete example is Theogony by the Greek poet Hesiod, who lived around the 8th century BC. Above, you can watch 81 video lectures tracing the history of philosophy, moving from Ancient Greece to modern times. Arthur Holmes presented this influential course at Wheaton College for decades, and now it's online for xn--80aahvez0a.xn--p1ai lectures are all streamable above, or available through this YouTube playlist. Philosophers covered in the course include: Plato, Aquinas, Hobbes Descartes, Spinoza.
May 30, · anaximander and the origins of greek cosmology pdf May 30, admin Relationship Through criticism and analysis of ancient traditions, Kahn reconstructs the pattern of Anaximander’s thought using historical methods akin to the reconstructive.
Early Greek Philosophy. John Burnet Early Greek Philosophy John Burnet This is a comprehensive look at the development of Ancient Greek philosophy back in antiquity.
From the intro: "IT was not till the traditional view of the world and the customary rules of life had broken down, that. Greek Thought and the Origins of the Scientific Spirit. Prof. Léon. Robin. By. Translated from the new revised and corrected French edition By M. R. Dobie. The word philosophy (fuh•LAH•suh•fee) comes from the Greek word for “love of wis-dom.” Greek philosophy led to the study of history, political science, science, and mathe-matics.
Greek thinkers who believed the human mind could understand everything were called philosophers (fuh•LAH•suh•fuhrs). Many philosophers were teachers. One.
Download PDF Greek Mathematical Thought And The Origin Of Algebra book full free. Greek Mathematical Thought And The Origin Of Algebra available for download and read onl.
It should therefore should be possible to teach the essential, experiential meaning of Greek philosophy by suppling key definitions, and de-emphasizing doctrine. Let us then test the conjecture in the following pages, which treat of ten leading Greek philosophical terms. References Hadot, Pierre.
Jul 29, · Thus when Hebrew mythical thought met the Greek philosophical thought it was only natural that some would try to develop speculative and philosophical justification for Judaism in terms of Greek philosophy.
Philo of Alexandria (20 BCE CE), a Hellenized Jew, produced a synthesis of both traditions developing concepts for the future. THE ASSYRIAN TREE OF LIFE: TRACING THE ORIGINS OF JEWISH MONOTHEISM AND GREEK PHILOSOPHY* SIMO PARPOLA, University of Helsinki I. INTRODUCTION A stylized tree with obvious religious significance already occurs as an art motif in fourth-millennium Mesopotamia, and, by the second millennium B.C., it is found.
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https://xn--80aahvez0a.xn--p1ai/harvard-classics/32613632958.php
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On Monday, February 26, the Hellenic Studies Program at the MacMillan Center hosted a presentation by Dimitri Gutas, Professor of Arabic and Graeco-Arabic, Yale University, on “Hellens, Romans, Christians, Arabs, Turks, Romioi: Greeks Studying Hellenism.” The talk is the first of a series called “Post-Antiquity Revisited” and is dedicated to Professor Gutas, who is retiring.
Professor Gutas states in his article, The Historical and Ideological Dimensions of Graeco-Arabic Studies: The Conquest of Knowledge from Alexander the Great to Meḥmed the Conqueror, “The Graeco-Arabic translation movement of the early ʿAbbāsid period (eighth to tenth centuries) is not an isolated cultural phenomenon, but is part—indeed, arguably the most important and central part—of a long historical process…” In his presentation, he notes that the scholarly discipline of historical linguistical transfer of one culture’s philosophical works, including medicine, mathematics into Arabic was critical in shaping of information and knowledge that spanned hundreds of years. The very expensive and time-consuming translation movement, in discussion, spanned from approximately ca. 850 with the beginnings of Syriac translations of Greek philosophical texts to ca.1330 with the Hermannus Alemannus in Latin and Todros Todrosi in Hebrew. While transfer movements are often known in linear forms, this was not the case according to Professor Gutas. The entire movement was complex and critical in helping to shape the dissemination of interdisciplinary subjects. These core subjects addressed various socio-political underpinnings of their time bringing together visionaries, thinkers, ideas from the far East and Europe into Baghdad—a city which became a hub of knowledge exchange. The movement furthermore, became a major social, political, system that propelled many types of ancient Greek knowledge forward. It is also established that Syriac became a strong intermediary or liaison system for the movement of Greek works into Syriac and into Arabic for codification and use by the caliphates. Professor Gutas credits the success of this dissemination to Aristotle’s innovation to organize and classify knowledge. Aristotle provides us with theoretical knowledge (metaphysics), the practical sciences (governance in regular city life and structure, ethics), productive sciences (creation of rhetoric in order to instill better political influence).
Professor Gutas outlined three key foundational elements in ancient Hellenic thought: First, that the science was consciously an “open-ended study into the reality of ‘how things work’ accomplished on the basis of experience and reasoning. Second, the establishment of casual relationships, and, finally, the ‘self-interrogation’ to see if the methodology was correct. It is also known that the translation movement came to be a highly political act.”
After the conquests of Alexander, the spread of Greek learning throughout the middle east and north Africa became ubiquitous. Many of the native cultures participated in the scientific inquiry and the area gave birth to many young philosophers of considerable note. Professor Gutas also noted that by the end of the 4th c. a number of other Greek institutions fell into disrepute or were completely abandoned (theater and ancient athletics, for example) but not the curriculum. Its core elements were adopted and translated into Syriac, Arabic, Latin, and Hebrew for posterity.
The 7th century, heralded translations of Aristotelian works into Arabic. Furthermore, it became important for the rulers in that region, to be seen as a protector and progenitors of culture. With the passage of time, this era came to be known as the Islamic Golden Age, the Abbasaid historical period where science, literature, philosophy, mathematics flourished. The entire area of interest developed an enduring curiosity to transmit Greek scientific and philosophical works to the Islamic world through the significant Graeco-Arabic translation movement, jump-started by the Caliphates during the 9th century. Importantly, the Muslim rulers saw no contradiction between Greek writings and religious belief and therefore continued on the process of translations.
Professor Gutas stated that throughout the period between Alexander the Great to Meḥmed the Conqueror the prevalent translations were from Greek into Syriac, Hebrew, Arabic, and Latin. Quite often the translations into Latin were based on Arabic and on occasion on Hebrew translations. It was only toward the end of the Medieval period that the western Latin had access to Greek manuscripts. The transmitted scientific knowledge was of practical nature and benefitted its community and “knowledge codified and stored became a desired commodity to show how great rulers are. All rulers throughout history desire to see themselves legitimized in the eyes of the people and other rulers, by having access to, and being the protector of knowledge.”
The intellectual history of early Islamic civilization, transformed ancient Greek thought and facilitated its spread beyond the boundaries of Greek speaking areas. The movement’s incredible position in Islamic civilization of the early period of the Abbasaid Caliphate provides us with a unique and deep understanding of the major political, ideological, and social factors involved in the creative process of knowledge translation and dissemination.
The burning of the Great Library of Alexandria and the Baghdad Library—also known as the House of Wisdom—were a colossal loss for humanity. It is thought that only two percent of ancient manuscripts survived. However, of those that did survive through the ages, as Professor Dimitri Gutas continues to demonstrate in his ground-breaking work, the translations enable us to reconstruct the complex network of scientific inquiry through the ages.
Written by Shams-il Arefin Islam, a Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Science 2017 graduate. He researched for Ashoka Fellows on climate change, and worked for the U.S. Presidential Award Recipient and Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Professor Muhammad Yunus.
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https://macmillan.yale.edu/news/post-antiquity-revisited-hellens-romans-christians-arabs-turks-romioi-greeks-studying-hellenism
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I came to Cambridge in 1995, as Curator of the Whipple Museum of the History of Science, part of the Department of History and Philosophy of Science, and became a Fellow of Newnham College in 1996.
I was thrilled to come to Newnham, not least because as a graduate student at the University of Oklahoma in the 1980s, I had studied history of chemistry using a book published by Newnham’s College Lecturer in Chemistry (1893-1912), Ida Freund: The study of chemical composition. An account of its method and historical development, with illustrative quotations (CUP, 1904).
I was, and continue to be, inspired by the women of Newnham College.
Research Interests
History of early science, particularly ancient Greek and Roman astronomy, physics and meteorology; history of scientific instruments. I am currently completing a book considering the different genres used in Greco-Roman antiquity to communicate about scientific ideas and mathematics (including poetry, letters, encyclopedia, commentaries and biographies). My previous books include: Aetna and the Moon: Explaining Nature in Ancient Greece and Rome (2008), Ancient Meteorology (2003), and Ptolemy’s Universe: The Natural Philosophical and Ethical Foundations of Ptolemy’s Astronomy (1993).
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https://www.newn.cam.ac.uk/person/professor-liba-taub/
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Ancient Greek Culture and Its Influence Today
Ancient Greece marks a civilization that thrived for nearly 1,300 years starting in the 8th century BC. The time period is particularly rich in history, and great strides were made in the areas of politics, economic structure, and education. Learning from past cultures is one of the most valuable ways to build and improve upon our current society and practices. The Ancient Greek culture left lasting impressions on literature, philosophy, science, architecture, and religion that we continue to see traces of today.
Literature
Authors and poets were held in high regard in Ancient Greek culture. Literary themes included war, honor, and love, as seen in the famous epic poems The Iliad and The Odyssey that most high school students read to this day. Lyricism and detailed imagery traditions can be traced back to the Ancient Greeks. Additionally, Greek playwright Aeschylus is credited with the invention of dialogue, as he was the first writer who gave characters a way to interact with each other. Significant strides were also made by Sophocles who was the first to use irony in literature, and Euripides who used plays as an avenue for personal expression and the challenge of social norms.
Philosophy
The Ancient Greeks pursued knowledge in a very systematic and inquisitive manner. Their curiosity of the unknown let them down the path to many great discoveries. We see similar patterns of reason and continual questioning in our philosophy and scientific fields today.
Science & Technology
We have the Ancient Greeks to thank for the development of geometry and mathematical proofs as we know them today. Mathematicians of the time were interested in number theory and advanced analytical applications. The Greeks treated astronomy as rigorously as they did mathematics, developing models to explain planetary motion, and to estimate the magnitude of the Earth. They also documented the stars of the night sky. Hippocrates, the father of medicine, was a practicing physician in Ancient Greece. He worked to turn medical practice into a true academic discipline, and the Hippocratic oath still dictates the ethical aspects of modern medicine.
Art & Architecture
Much of the art we associate with the Roman Empire is modeled after the sculptures and architecture that arose in Ancient Greece. Public venues were of particular architectural interest, and Greek theaters, stadiums, and palaces were constructed using the traditional and stately pillars that we continue to associate with leadership and wealth today. Most importantly, the Greeks established that sculpture and architecture could be used as creative outlets to construct innovative designs that were both beautiful and functional.
Religion
Ancient Greek mythology is a collection of stories that center around twelve gods known as the Olympians. Zeus ruled over Mount Olympus as the king of the universe, and his strength is symbolized by the thunderbolt. Poseidon ruled over the sea and controlled earthquakes that could prove deadly for even the most seasoned traveler. Aphrodite was known as the goddess of love and beauty who was treasured for her strength and power as a woman. These gods and others continue to hold a place in our understanding of the human condition.
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http://eliki.com/ancient-greece/
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Pythagoras Society History
Since 2000ce, The Pythagoras Society's activities are chiefly organised around its annual Symposium. This conference is organized as a working platform for the discussion, study and dissemination of Pythagorean thought and related works. The intention of these conferences is to create a stable research and practice group among the scientific and academic community and society in general. Below is a brief list of the previous years conference and workshop programmes.
The Pythagoras Society Symposium XLVII: Köln, Germany, 2012
"Between Religious Belief & Reason: Pythagoras– Rationalist – Mystic".
PS 2012 included workshops on “Greek Geometry and Architecture” and “The Secularist Beliefs of Religion, Individuality, and Late Antiquity".
The Pythagoras Society Symposium XLVI: Edinburgh, Scotland, 2011
“The Influence of Greek Thought on Modern Science and Mathematics”.
PS 2011 included workshops on “Mathematical Concepts and Their Origins”, “Science in Ancient Greece” and “The Mathematical Traveller”.
The Pythagoras Society Symposium XLV: Porto, Portugal, 2010
“The Theatre of Ancient Greece – Mask and Ritual”.
PS 2010 included a workshops on “Performance Art as Critical Play in Ancient Greece”, “Esoteric and Metaphysical Beliefs held by Pythagoras and his Followers” and “Pythagorean Modes of Thinking”.
The Pythagoras Society Symposium XLIV: Belfast, Northern Ireland, 2009
“Pythagorean Philosophy and the Scientific Revolution”.
PS 2009 included workshops on “Platonic Solids in the Work of De Vinci”, “Copernican Theory of Heliocentrism” and a demonstration of “ Harmonic Ratios as a Basis of Islamic Musical Theory”.
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http://pythagoras.org/history.html
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What are the contributions of ancient Greece to the modern times?
What are the contributions of ancient Greece to the modern times?
The Greeks made important contributions to philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, and medicine. Literature and theatre was an important aspect of Greek culture and influenced modern drama. The Greeks were known for their sophisticated sculpture and architecture.
What is the contribution of Greek?
The ancient Greeks created the world’s first democracy. Athens started out with a monarchy and then advanced to an oligarchy until it finally reached a democracy. The democratic government consisted of 6,000 assembly members, all of whom were adult male citizens. The assembly voted on issues throughout Athens.
What is the contribution of Greece in the development of physical education?
Physical skills were taught from a young age, and Ancient Greece developed the first “gymnasiums,” which were large structures where sports and races could held. Sparta was particularly fond of physical education. Young boys were sent off to military training from early childhood.
What are the contribution of Greek and Roman education?
The Romans implemented principles of building up knowledge through application in both their military and political training systems that are still used today. Greeks education had famous philosophers and their on education, which form part of this writing became the basis of our so called modern education. …
What are ancient Greek inventions that we still use today?
20 Amazing Ancient Greek Inventions Still in Use Today
- Alarm clock. Ctesibius’ water clock, as visualized by the 17th-century French architect Claude Perrault.
- Vending machine. The original vending machine, for holy water.
- Computer.
- Central heating.
- Plumbing.
- Shower.
- Automatic doors.
- Urban planning.
What is the most important contribution of the Greeks to science?
One of the most important contributions of the Greeks was their development of geometry, culminating in Euclid’s Elements, a giant textbook containing all the known geometric theorems at that time (about 300 BC), presented in an elegant logical fashion.
What was the primary focus of ancient Greek philosophy?
The central focus of ancient Greek philosophy was the problem of motion. Many pre-Socratic philosophers thought that no logically coherent account of motion and change could be given.
What is Greek physical education?
Abstract. Physical education consists a primary sector for young children’s development in Greek Early Years curriculum. The aim of physical education at Early Years is the enhancement of motor, social, emotional and cognitive development of children through daily developmentally appropriate movement experiences.
What is Greek system of education?
The Greek educational system is mainly divided into three levels: primary, secondary and tertiary, with an additional post-secondary level providing vocational training. Primary education is divided into kindergarten lasting one or two years, and primary school spanning six years (ages 6 to 12).
What are the aims of Greek education?
The primary objectives of the higher education in Greece are to ensure that students have knowledge of international standards, gain professional and cultural qualifications, produce information and research that will contribute to the development of the country and the labor market (www.euroeducation.net).
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https://www.pursuantmedia.com/2019/03/20/what-are-the-contributions-of-ancient-greece-to-the-modern-times/
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Science (from Latin scientia, meaning "knowledge") is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.
The earliest roots of science can be traced to Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in around 3500 to 3000 BCE. Their contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine entered and shaped Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity, whereby formal attempts were made to explain events of the physical world based on natural causes. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, knowledge of Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Western Europe during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the Middle Ages but was preserved in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age. The recovery and assimilation of Greek works and Islamic inquiries into Western Europe from the 10th to 13th century revived natural philosophy, which was later transformed by the Scientific Revolution that began in the 16th century as new ideas and discoveries departed from previous Greek conceptions and traditions. The scientific method soon played a greater role in knowledge creation and it was not until the 19th century that many of the institutional and professional features of science began to take shape.
Modern science is typically divided into three major branches that consist of the natural sciences (e.g., biology, chemistry, and physics), which study nature in the broadest sense; the social sciences (e.g., economics, psychology, and sociology), which study individuals and societies; and the formal sciences (e.g., logic, mathematics, and theoretical computer science), which study abstract concepts. There is disagreement, however, on whether the formal sciences actually constitute a science as they do not rely on empirical evidence. Disciplines that utilize existing scientific knowledge for practical purposes, such as engineering and medicine, are described as applied sciences.
Science is based on research, which is commonly conducted in academic and research institutions as well as in government agencies and companies. The practical impact of scientific research has led to the emergence of science policies that seek to influence the scientific enterprise by prioritizing the development of commercial products, armaments, health care, and environmental protection.
The term RADAR was coined in 1941 as an acronym for Radio Detection and Ranging. This acronym of American origin replaced the previously used British abbreviation RDF (Radio Direction Finding). The term has since entered the English language as a standard word, radar, losing the capitalization in the process.
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Craniometry is the technique of measuring the bones of the skull. Craniometry was once intensively practiced in anthropology and ethnology. Human skulls can be classified into three main categories based on cephalic index: dolichocephalic: long and thin; brachycephalic: short and broad; mesocephalic: intermediate length and breadth.
After his return to continental Europe, Forster turned towards academics. From 1778 to 1784 he taught natural history. Most of his scientific work consisted of essays on botany and ethnology, but he also prefaced and translated many books about travels and explorations, including a German translation of Cook's diaries. Forster was a central figure of the Enlightenment in Germany.
The following Wikimedia Foundation sister projects provide more on this subject:
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What were the main contribution of the Greeks to art?
Ancient Greek art emphasized the importance and accomplishments of human beings. Even though much of Greek art was meant to honor the gods, those very gods were created in the image of humans. Much artwork was government sponsored and intended for public display.
What important contribution did the Greeks make to literature?
The Greeks created poetry before making use of writing for literary purposes. Poems created in the Preclassical period were meant to be sung or recited (writing was little known before the 7th century BC). Most poems focused on myths, legends that were part folktale and part religion.
What was the Greek impact on art and literature?
The Greek literature that had the most stylistic impact was theater. Greek play writers created the styles of tragedy, focused on human suffering, and comedy, defined by ironic or funny events. So, the next time you have an epiphany and type a program to create symbols of mythology out of meteors, thank the Greeks.
How did ancient Greece influence art?
The artwork of Ancient Greece influenced the world of art in several ways. It impacted much detail to sculpture within pottery and created the foundation for the materials (stone, marble, limestone, clay) that we use today. This included imagery and going beyond the closed curtain of whats seen by the naked eye.
How did Greek art influence modern art?
A number of ways were created by the art of Ancient Greece to influence subsequent generations of artists. We use materials such as stone, marble, limestone, and clay today as a result of it influencing pottery sculpture in many ways. They often depict human anatomy in their sculptures, often depicting people walking.
How did Greek literature influence us today?
Greek literature has influenced not only its Roman neighbors to the west but also countless generations across the European continent. Greek writers are responsible for the introduction of such genres as poetry, tragedy, comedy, and western philosophy to the world.
What did Greece contribute to the world?
The Greeks made important contributions to philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, and medicine. Literature and theatre was an important aspect of Greek culture and influenced modern drama. The Greeks were known for their sophisticated sculpture and architecture.
Which art style was the result of Greek influence?
After the 1st century CE, Hellenistic influence continued to be perceived in the syncretic Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara, down to the 4th–5th centuries CE. Arguably, Hellenistic influence continued to be felt indirectly in India arts for many centuries thereafter.
What inspired Greek art?
Ancient Greek art was influenced by the philosophy of the time and that shaped the way they produced art forms. So, for the Ancient Greeks, art and technology were closely entwined, and it could be argued that this was influenced by the theories of Plato and Aristotle.
What influenced Greek artistic styles?
How did Ancient Greece contribute to the modern world?
Government. Divided into city-states, ancient Greece has been a source of inspiration for many political systems we know today. Democracy was invented in Athens and it was unique in the sense that every citizen (read non-slave males) had the right to vote and speak at the assembly, where laws and decisions were made.
How did Ancient Greek art influence modern art?
Greek art and architecture had a significant influence over western art for thousands of years to come. Much of Roman art and architecture was borrowed from the Greeks. Later, the artists of the Renaissance were inspired by the work of Greek artists.
What is the most important work of Ancient Greek literature?
Some of the first and probably the most important works of ancient Greek literature are the two books written by the poet Homer: The Illiad and The Odyssey. Both of these stories feature heroes trying to defeat enemies and then return home, with trials and complications along the way.
How did the ancient Greeks develop the concept of literature?
The Greeks developed literature as we know it today, creating the ideas of heroes, villains, and story structure. The first Greek literature was memorized, then later written down. Some ancient Greek works have not survived, and we only know about fragments of the original stories.
How did ancient Greeks influence the world?
Greek literature was so influential that it managed to actually impact our language. Words like skeleton are derived from ancient Greek because the first texts that wrote about the skeleton were by ancient Greeks. Ancient Greek literature began with epic poetry, lengthy stories about heroes told in verse, like the Iliad and the Odyssey by Homer.
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PHIL 210H.001 – Honors: Ancient Greek Philosophy
Instructor: James Lesher. This course meets TR 9:30 – 10:45 a.m. in GM 210.
In PHIL 210H we will explore the development of Greek philosophy from its beginnings in the 6th century BC down to the end of the classical period. The major figures studied will be the Presocratic philosophers, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. We will explore such questions as What factors may have sparked the onset of Western philosophy and science?, What were the most important contributions made by the Presocratic thinkers?, What challenges do we face in determining the nature of Socrates’ philosophical views, and What were his chief innovations?, What were the main elements of Plato’s philosophy?, and What were Aristotle’s major contributions to scientific and ethical thought? The course is intended to serve as an introduction to ancient Greek philosophy, to shed light on the classical origins of modern thought, and to provide experience in formulating and evaluating philosophical arguments.
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https://philosophy.unc.edu/undergraduate/undergraduate-courses/spring-2018/phil-210h-001-honors-ancient-greek-philosophy/
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Toward a New Historiography of Mathematics: Thomas S. Kuhn's Historical Philosophy of Science and the Responses to It by Some Historians of Mathematics
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Chapter 9 – the age of enlightenment: eighteenth-century thought
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Science (from the Latin word scientia, meaning "knowledge") is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.
The earliest roots of science can be traced to Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in around 3500 to 3000 BCE. Their contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine entered and shaped Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity, whereby formal attempts were made to explain events of the physical world based on natural causes. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, knowledge of Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Western Europe during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the Middle Ages but was preserved in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age. The recovery and assimilation of Greek works and Islamic inquiries into Western Europe from the 10th to 13th century revived natural philosophy, which was later transformed by the Scientific Revolution that began in the 16th century as new ideas and discoveries departed from previous Greek conceptions and traditions. The scientific method soon played a greater role in knowledge creation and it was not until the 19th century that many of the institutional and professional features of science began to take shape.
Modern science is typically divided into three major branches that consist of the natural sciences (e.g., biology, chemistry, and physics), which study nature in the broadest sense; the social sciences (e.g., economics, psychology, and sociology), which study individuals and societies; and the formal sciences (e.g., logic, mathematics, and theoretical computer science), which study abstract concepts. There is disagreement, however, on whether the formal sciences actually constitute a science as they do not rely on empirical evidence. Disciplines that use existing scientific knowledge for practical purposes, such as engineering and medicine, are described as applied sciences.
Science is based on research, which is commonly conducted in academic and research institutions as well as in government agencies and companies. The practical impact of scientific research has led to the emergence of science policies that seek to influence the scientific enterprise by prioritizing the development of commercial products, armaments, health care, and environmental protection.
Selected article
Selected image
Lightning is a powerful natural electrostatic discharge of lighted streaks produced during a thunderstorm. This abrupt electric discharge is accompanied by the emission of visible light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation. The electric current passing through the discharge channels rapidly heats and expands the air into plasma, producing acoustic shock waves (thunder) in the atmosphere.
Selected biography
After his return to continental Europe, Forster turned towards academics. From 1778 to 1784 he taught natural history. Most of his scientific work consisted of essays on botany and ethnology, but he also prefaced and translated many books about travels and explorations, including a German translation of Cook's diaries. Forster was a central figure of the Enlightenment in Germany.
Did you know...
- ...that silica aerogel (pictured) holds 15 entries in the Guinness Book of Records for material properties, including best insulator and lowest-density solid?
- ...that acoustic levitation is a method for suspending matter in a fluid by using acoustic radiation pressure from intense sound waves in the medium?
- ...that the genus Entomocorus includes a catfish species that lives only one year?
- ...that a successful experimental system must be stable and reproducible enough for scientists to make sense of the system's behavior, but unpredictable enough that it can produce useful results?
- ...that Abbott Lawrence Rotch established the Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory in 1885, which maintains the longest-running meteorological record of any observation site in the United States?
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Who Were the Top Ancient Greek Philosophers?
Comments Off on Who Were the Top Ancient Greek Philosophers?
Western philosophy begins with Greek philosophy. The ancient Greeks were the first civilization that began to ponder the big questions of life. Without the Greek philosophers, the entire field of philosophy as we know it wouldn’t exist, or at least would be radically different. Here are the five most important Greek philosophers and their contributions to serious thought:
Pythagoras
Pythagoras was a mathematician who is credited with developing the Pythagorean Theorem, which describes the fundamental relationship of the three sides of a triangle. He was alive from 570 BC to – 495 BC. Although he is better known for his mathematical contributions, his philosophical thoughts also exerted great influence on later philosophers, particularly Plato. Like many of those who followed him Pythagoras established his own school, which had many adherents.His main contribution to philosophy was teaching that people should try to live a harmonious life. He also stated rules for daily living and may also have been the first individual to put forth the idea that the earth was round.
Socrates
The most well known of all Greek philosophers and arguably the most influential in some schools of thought, Socrates was the first to fully apply philosophy to daily living. He is best known for the Socratic Method that uses discussion, argument and dialogue to come to a conclusion. This way of finding truth was radically different than what his predecessors did as they essentially based their ideas on their own interpretations. The Socratic Method is essentially evidenced-based philosophy. As he was a stonemason by trade, he never wrote down any of his philosophies. That was left to his followers, particularly Plato. His radical thinking eventually led to his downfall and death, as he chose death by suicide rather than exile. He was alive from 469 BC to – 399 BC.
Plato
Plato, Socrates’ most famous student, combined his teacher’s ideas and took them several steps further. He was alive from 427 BC to 347 BC. Plato is known for his three-pronged approach to the universe that uses Socrates’ ideas, along with metaphysics and nature theology. His theory of forms also takes a threefold approach that combines dialects, ethics and physics. He is widely regarded as the father of political science, with his work on the subject, “The Republic,” describing the workings of a utopian society. Plato is also the founder of possibly the first recognized institution of higher learning, the precursor to medieval universities, The Academy in Athens.
Aristotle
The philosophical son of both Plato and Socrates, Aristotle believed that all of the peoples’ knowledge was based on their perceptions of the outside world. His approach differed from Plato’s in that he broke down knowledge into distinct categories. Aristotle studied a number of different subjects that contributed to his philosophical theories, including ethics, biology, mathematics and physics. Many of his theories on biology were ultimately dismissed. Aristotle’s philosophy became the basis of much of Western religious thought, especially that of Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas. He was alive from 384 BC to 322 BC.
Thales of Miletus
Generally unknown outside of philosophy circles, Thales of Miletus is considered the father of Greek philosophy. He predates all of the preceding philosophers in the list, having lived in the 7th century BCE. His observations all came from what he could see physically, however, what he espoused proved to be the pivotal point for all of the Greek philosophers who came after him. He was the first individual that tried to explain natural phenomena without including theological origins. He also established the basic elements as earth, air, fire and water and its the first individual to discuss evolution in a scientific manner. He was alive from 620 BC to 546 BC.
Although there were a lot of philosophers who came from Ancient Greece, these are amongst the most influential and well known.
Categorized in: Ancient Greek History
This post was written by GreekBoston.com
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In contrast to philosophy in the ancient Greek world, or to philosophy as studied and practiced in the medieval West, it is commonly thought that there was very little philosophy of any significant value being done in the Byzantine period from roughly 700 AD to 1453. But this is false, and to help set the record straight I will discuss over the next few months some of the major philosophical figures of the Byzantine era, thereby showing that philosophy in Byzantium was much more creative and insightful than is often supposed.
In this article, however, I will only provide a brief background to philosophy in the Byzantine Empire. The Greeks of the Middles Ages saw themselves as the heirs of ancient Greece. Although elements of ancient Greek culture fell into oblivion during the Byzantine period (such as pagan religious practices and some philosophical traditions), much of ancient Greece retained some presence in Byzantium.
For example, Homer’s Illiad remained on the ‘reading lists’ of secondary schools throughout the Byzantine period, and the Byzantines (unlike their Arab and Latin contemporaries) never had to discover or rediscover the writings of Plato and Aristotle, since these were always at hand. Higher education in Byzantium was never structured along the lines of the Western university system, but was only aimed at a kind of vocational training for officials of the state and church. Nevertheless, philosophy continued to be taught and studied in private tutorials and tertiary institutions, the most important of which was the University of Constantinople.
The university was established in 11th century during the reign of Constantine IX. It was responsible for training high functionaries, lawyers and notaries, and its curriculum included Greek and Latin grammar, law, rhetoric, and philosophy. The university also came to include a School of Philosophy which produced many distinguished thinkers and was headed by what was called the hypatos ton philosophon, the “chief of the philosophers”. The first philosopher to receive this title was the great polymath Michael Psellos, and the same honour was bestowed upon his pupil and successor, John Italos.
Psellos and Italos, like many scholars in Byzantium, struggled to reconcile the Christian faith of Byzantium with their Greek philosophical heritage. Some were more successful in this respect than others. John Italos, for example, was condemned at a trial in 1082, accused of heresy and paganism. But the majority agreed that there need not be any opposition between the ancient classics and Christian theology.
Another common misconception about Byzantium is that its intellectuals were beholden to Plato and the Neoplatonist view of the world. Although Plato’s ideas were often seen as more favourable to the Christian faith than the writings of Aristotle, the Byzantines were by no means unfamiliar with Aristotle. The standard philosophical curriculum, for example, included elementary Aristotelian logic (together with some ‘natural philosophy’ and basic mathematics), and most Byzantine philosophical texts consist of commentaries on Aristotle, not Plato.
In my next article, I will continue my series on Byzantine philosophy by looking at one of its great founders: John of Damascus.
Dr Nick Trakakis is a Research Fellow in Philosophy at the Australian Catholic University. He recently edited ‘Southern Sun, Aegean Light: Poetry of Second-Generation Greek-Australians’.
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https://neoskosmos.com/en/7477/byzantine-philosophy/
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· Ancient Physics
In ancient times, the systematic study of fundamental natural laws was not a huge concern. The concern was staying alive. Science, as it existed at that time, consisted primarily of agriculture and, eventually, engineering to improve the daily lives of the growing societies. The sailing of a ship, for example, utilizes air drag, the same principle that keeps an airplane aloft. The ancients were able to figure out how to construct and operate sailing ships without precise rules for this principle.
Looking to the Heavens and the Earth
The ancients are known perhaps best for their astronomy, which continues to influence us heavily today. They regularly observed the heavens, which were believed to be a divine realm with the Earth at its center. It was certainly obvious to everyone that the sun, moon, and stars moved across the heaven in a regular pattern, and it’s unclear whether any documented thinker of the ancient world thought to question this geocentric viewpoint. Regardless, humans began identifying constellations in the heavens and used these signs of the Zodiac to define calendars and seasons.
Mathematics developed first in the Middle East, though the precise origins vary depending upon which historian one talks to. It is almost certain that the origin of mathematics was for simple recordkeeping in commerce and government.
Egypt made profound progress in the development of basic geometry, because of the need to clearly define farming territory following the annual flooding of the Nile. Geometry quickly found applications in astronomy, as well.
Natural Philosophy in Ancient Greece
As the Greek civilization arose, however, there came finally enough stability – despite the fact that there still frequent wars – for there to arise an intellectual aristocracy, an intelligentsia, that was able to devote itself to the systematic study of these matters. Euclid and Pythagoras are just a couple of the names that resonate through the ages in the development of mathematics from this period.
In the physical sciences, there were also developments. Leucippus (5th century B.C.E.) refused to accept the ancient supernatural explanations of nature and proclaimed categorically that every event had a natural cause. His student, Democritus, went on to continue this concept. The two of them were proponents of a concept that all matter is comprised of tiny particles which were so small that they could not be broken up. These particles were called atoms, from a Greek word for “indivisible.” It would be two millennia before the atomistic views gained support and even longer before there was evidence to support the speculation.
· The Natural Philosophy of Aristotle
While his mentor Plato (and his mentor, Socrates) were far more concerned with moral philosophy, Aristotle’s (384 – 322 B.C.E.) philosophy had more secular foundations. He promoted the concept that observation of physical phenomena could ultimately lead to the discovery of natural laws governing those phenomena, though unlike Leucippus and Democritus, Aristotle believed that these natural laws were, ultimately, divine in nature.
His was a natural philosophy, an observational science based on reason but without experimentation. He has rightly been criticized for a lack of rigor (if not outright carelessness) in his observations. For one egregious example, he states that men have more teeth than women which is certainly not true.
Still, it was a step in the right direction.
The Motions of Objects
One of Aristotle’s interests was the motion of objects:
- Why does a rock fall while smoke rises?
- Why does water flow downward while flames dance into the air?
- Why do the planets move across the sky?
He explained this by saying that all matter is composed of five elements:
- Fire
- Earth
- Air
- Water
- Aether (divine substance of the heavens)
The four elements of this world interchange and relate to each other, while Aether was an entirely different type of substance. These worldly elements each had natural realms. For example, we exist where the Earth realm (the ground beneath our feet) meets the Air realm (the air all around us and up as high as we can see).
The natural state of objects, to Aristotle, was at rest, in a location that was in balance with the elements of which they were composed. The motion of objects, therefore, was an attempt by the object to reach its natural state. A rock falls because the Earth realm is down. Water flows downward because its natural realm is beneath the Earth realm. Smoke rises because it is comprised of both Air and Fire, thus it tries to reach the high Fire realm, which is also why flames extend upward.
There was no attempt by Aristotle to mathematically describe the reality that he observed. Though he formalized Logic, he considered mathematics and the natural world to be fundamentally unrelated. Mathematics was, in his view, concerned with unchanging objects that lacked reality, while his natural philosophy focused upon changing objects with a reality of their own.
More Natural Philosophy
In addition to this work on the impetus, or motion, of objects, Aristotle did extensive study in other areas:
- created a classification system, dividing animals with similar characteristics into “genera.”
- studied, in his work Meteorology, the nature not only of weather patterns but also geology and natural history.
- formalized the mathematical system called Logic.
- extensive philosophical work on the nature of man’s relation to the divine, as well as ethical considerations
Aristotle’s work was rediscovered by scholars in the Middle Ages and he was proclaimed the greatest thinker of the ancient world. His views became the philosophical foundation of the Catholic Church (in cases where it didn’t directly contradict the Bible) and in centuries to come observations that did not conform to Aristotle were denounced as heretic. It is one of the greatest ironies that such a proponent of observational science would be used to inhibit such work in the future.
· Archimedes of Syracuse
Archimedes (287 – 212 B.C.E.) is best known for the classic story of how he discovered the principles of density and buoyancy while taking a bath, immediately causing him to run through the streets of Syracuse naked screaming “Eureka!” (which roughly translates to “I have found it!”). In addition, he is known for many other significant feats:
- outlined the mathematical principles of the lever, one of the oldest machines
- created elaborate pulley systems, reputedly having been able to move a full-size ship by pulling on a single rope
- defined the concept of the center of gravity
- created the field of statics, using Greek geometry to find equilibrium states for objects that would be taxing for modern physicists
- reputed to have built many inventions, including a “water screw” for irrigation and war machines that helped Syracuse against Rome in the First Punic War. He is attributed by some with inventing the odometer during this time, though that has not been proven.
Perhaps Archimedes’ greatest achievement, however, was to reconcile Aristotle’s great error of separating mathematics and nature. As the first mathematical physicist, he showed that detailed mathematics could be applied with creativity and imagination for both theoretical and practical results.
Hipparchus
Hipparchus (190 – 120 B.C.E.) was born in Turkey, though he was a Greek. He is considered by many to be the greatest observational astronomer of ancient Greece. With trigonometric tables that he developed, he applied geometry rigorously to the study of astronomy and was able to predict solar eclipses. He also studied the motion of the sun and moon, calculating with greater precision than any before him their distance, size, and parallax. To aid him in this work, he improved many of the tools used in naked-eye observations of the time. The mathematics used indicates that Hipparchus may have studied Babylonian mathematics and been responsible for bringing some of that knowledge to Greece.
Hipparchus is reputed to have written fourteen books, but the only direct work that remains was a commentary on a popular astronomical poem. Stories tell of Hipparchus having calculated the circumference of the Earth, but this is in some dispute.
Ptolemy
The last great astronomer of the ancient world was Claudius Ptolemaeus (known as Ptolemy to posterity). In the second century C.E., he wrote a summary of ancient astronomy (borrowed heavily from Hipparchus – this is our main source for knowledge of Hipparchus) which came to be known throughout Arabia as Almagest (the greatest). He formally outlined the geocentric model of the universe, describing a series of concentric circles and spheres upon which other planets moved. The combinations had to be exceedingly complicated to account for the observed motions, but his work was adequate enough that for fourteen centuries it was seen as the comprehensive statement on heavenly motion.
With the fall of Rome, however, the stability that supports such innovation died out in the European world. Much of the knowledge obtained by the ancient world was lost during the Dark Ages. For example, of the 150 reputed Aristotelian works, only 30 exist today, and some of those are little more than lecture notes. In that age, the discovery of knowledge would lie to the East: to China and the Middle East.
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http://tut2learn.com/tutblog/physics-of-the-greeks/
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Thales, a Greek mathematician and philosopher lived in Pre-Socratic times around 620-625 BC. He is commonly known as Thales of Miletus as he belonged to Miletus in Asian region. He is also acclaimed to be one of seven Greek sages that left invincible impact upon philosophy and other sciences. Thales unveiled an era not only in world of science but also in philosophy that’s why he has been dubbed as “father of science”.
Contribution
He made important contribution to astronomy, mathematics and philosophy as Bertrand Russell said “western philosophy begins with Thales”. Aristotle also described him as the first philosopher among Greeks. He not only influenced the later philosophers but also played important role in development of philosophy. He initiated a new tradition that is negation of previous influence of mythology in providing an explanation of the natural phenomena or existence. This altogether brought about revolution in philosophy. Instead of conventional ideas, he advanced scientific method by setting forth hypothesis and then identified the underlying principles. He influenced later Greek thinkers and philosophers such as Pythagoras and others. His essential belief was as Laertius said “Water constituted the principles of all things”.
As Cicero said this about Thales:
“Thales assures that water is the principle of all things; and that God is that mind which shaped and created all things from water”
He also brought up new rational basis of things rather than initially held supernatural explanations. One such example was his attempt to explain earthquakes by movement of earth or floating of earth on water rather than attributing it to some supernatural incidence.
Contribution in Mathematics
In regards to mathematics, he reached at solution of problems through geometry for instance the height or distance was calculated by him through geometry. He also used the same scientific method that is method of deduction and reasoning rather than alluding to mythology. Thus he was a pioneer in discovering new scientific method in mathematics that’s why he is regarded as the first true mathematician. Another remarkable achievement of his was deriving the theorem, popularly known as Thales theorem on basis of deductive reasoning.
His perception of geometry can be realized from his strongly held notion that “space is the greatest thing as it contains all things”
With regards to geometry, his approach was much more scientific and theoretical. Most of times, he made use of his knowledge in practical ways for instance he utilized his knowledge of right and similar triangles in finding the height or length of pyramids. Besides this, he also invented his own theorem, which is related with inscription of triangle in circle and circle’s diameter is equivalent to one leg. In addition to this, he is also attributed to establish another theorem often called as intercept theorem. He is known to make discovery regarding circle that if cut half by its diameter and that base angles as well as vertical angles of triangle are equal.
Thus he brought new vistas to existing ideals of mathematics and philosophy mainly by his attempt to rediscover it in more practical or theoretical terms.
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https://famous-mathematicians.com/thales/
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Helen Finch and Other Bathing Suit Contestants at W. T. Kemper Annual Picnic
Description:
Photograph of Helen Finch (far right), winner of the "bathing beauty contest", along with the other 14 contestants after the contest at W. T. Kemper, Sr.'s annual picnic for employees of Commerce Trust Company and associated banks.
Genre:
Date:
June 20th 1936
Subject:
Owning Organization:
Modern Location:
800 Kenneth Road
Kansas City, MO
Neighborhood:
Building Name:
Organization:
Person Name:
Finding Aid URL:
Rights Statement:
Publication, commercial use, or reproduction of this image or the accompanying data requires prior written permission from the Jackson County Historical Society. Use of this image also requires that credit be given to the Jackson County Historical Society.
Collection Title, Call or Box Number:
William T. Kemper Sr. Scrapbooks: S7.16A, Page 15
Digital Object Identifier:
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The IBO is an international competition for secondary school students. The purpose of the IBO is to enable students to apply analytical skills and creativity through tackling challenging problems in biology and conducting experiments. This year, the IBO was held from July 14 to 20 in Szeged, Hungary, and there were around 285 contestants from 73 countries/regions participating in the event.
Li Yung-chi (Diocesan Boys' School) won a gold medal in the competition. The two silver medallists were Chow King-ngai (La Salle College) and Wong Chi-ngai (St Paul's Co-educational College). Bruce Chum (Hoi Ping Chamber of Commerce Secondary School) received a bronze medal.
The Secretary for Education, Mr Kevin Yeung, congratulated the Hong Kong team today (July 22) on their remarkable performance. "The Education Bureau (EDB) supports a number of outstanding students every year to represent Hong Kong to take part in various significant national and international competitions. It is with great joy that the Hong Kong team has achieved good results in its first participation in the IBO. The IBO emphasises both theory and practice. It is believed that Hong Kong students can further broaden their horizons and pursue excellence through participating in these challenging learning activities.
"The Finance Committee of the Legislative Council in October last year approved an injection of $800 million into the Gifted Education Fund. Different organisations may apply for funding support to provide a variety of off-school advanced learning programmes for gifted students starting from the 2019/20 school year, including programmes with themes of 'STEM Education'. The programmes aim to provide high quality learning opportunities for talented students so as to further develop their potential," he added.
The members of the Hong Kong team achieved excellent results in the International Biology Olympiad – Hong Kong Contest, a territory-wide competition newly organised last year. They subsequently completed the biology enhancement programme provided by the Hong Kong Academy for Gifted Education. The outstanding students in the programme were then selected as contestants representing Hong Kong to participate in the IBO this year. The Hong Kong team was fully funded by the EDB to join this competition.
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https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201907/22/P2019072200305.htm?fontSize=1
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In this contest we will fill regular hexagonal grids1 with positive integers so that when a cell contains some integer k, the integers 1, 2, …, k-1 will be among that cell's neighbors2. Figure 1 is an example.
|Figure 1||Figure 2|
Figure 2 is the same as Figure 1, except that we've used blue to single out one cell and red for its neighbors. Notice that, because the blue cell is 4, its neighbors include 1, 2 and 3.
1A hexagonal grid is a grid whose cells are regular hexagons. A regular hexagonal grid is one that has six sides and has the same number of cells along each side. A regular hexagonal grid has n3 - (n - 1)3 cells, where n is the number of hexagons on each side, and is said to be "order n".
2We consider two cells to be neighbors if they share a side. Interior cells, for example, have 6 neighbors and corner cells have 3.
The Contest
For each value of n from 3 through 27 submit an order n hexagonal grid as described above. Your objective, for each n, is to maximize the sum of the grid's cells. For example, in Figure 1 the sum of the cells is 47.
For each value of n you can submit more than one grid, but only your best grid will count.
See How to Enter, below, for instructions on how to submit grids.
See The Scoring System, below, to learn how we determine the winner.
This contest was inspired by IBM's December 12 Ponder This challenge. Thanks to Dan Dima for calling it to my attention.
The Prizes
The participants who finish in first or second place will each receive a crystal award plaque, engraved with the details of their accomplishment.
How to Enter
Paste your grids into the appropriate box on the Submit page and click Submit Entry. Format your grids as follows:
-
Represent each row of your grid as a comma-delimited
list of integers, enclosed in parentheses. An order
n
grid has
2n
- 1
rows.
-
Enter the rows as a comma-delimited list.
-
To submit more than one grid at a time,
separate them with semicolons.
Do not put a semicolon after your last grid.
- Include spaces and line breaks anywhere you like (except within a number) to improve readability.
For example, if you wanted to submit the grid shown
above you could enter:
(4,3,2), (2,1,3,1), (3,1,5,2,4), (2,1,4,3), (2,3,1)
The Scoring System
The entrant with the highest "contest score" wins. Here's how we calculate your contest score:
-
For each of the 25 values of
n,
we find your best grid (that is, the one whose cells
have the largest sum). Your "raw score" for that
n
is the total of the values in the grid, minus
(3n2 -
3n + 1).
For example, for the grid shown above,
the raw score is 47 - 19 = 28.
-
For each of the 25 values of
n,
we compute your "subscore". We do this by dividing each
n's
raw score by the highest raw score for that
n
across all entrants. Every subscore therefore has a value from 0 to 1.
-
Your contest score is the sum of your 25 subscores.
If two entrants have the same contest score, we break the tie by giving preference to the entrant whose last improvement was submitted least recently.
Let's walk through a simplified example. Suppose we modify the contest by asking you to submit grids for only three values of n: 3, 4 and 5. Further suppose that we have 3 entrants: Amy, Bernadette and Penny.
We begin by summing the cell values in each submitted grid:
|n = 3||n = 4||n = 5|
|Amy||47||112||181|
|Bernadette||49||107||185|
|Penny||51||97||180|
Next, we subtract (3n2 - 3n + 1) from these sums to obtain raw scores:
|n = 3||n = 4||n = 5|
|3n2 - 3n + 1||19||37||61|
|n = 3||n = 4||n = 5|
|Amy||28||75||120|
|Bernadette||30||70||124|
|Penny||32||60||119|
We note the highest raw score for each value of n:
|n = 3||n = 4||n = 5|
|Highest Raw Score||32||75||124|
Finally, we compute the subscores and contest score for each entrant:
|n = 3||n = 4||n = 5||Contest Score|
|Amy||28 / 32 = .875||75 / 75 = 1.000||120 / 124 = .968||2.843|
|Bernadette||30 / 32 = .938||70 / 75 = .933||124 / 124 = 1.000||2.871|
|Penny||32 / 32 = 1.000||60 / 75 = .800||119 / 124 = .960||2.760|
Bernadette has the highest contest score and therefore is the winner.
Getting Your Questions Answered
First, check the FAQ section below. If you can't find the information you need there, send your question to the discussion group. If your question is of a personal nature, and not of general interest, send an email directly to Al Zimmermann.
The Discussion Group
If you think you might enter the contest, you should join the contest discussion group. You can join either by sending a blank email here or by visiting the group on groups.io. The discussion group serves two purposes. First, it allows contestants to ask for clarifications to the rules. Be aware that sometimes these requests result in changes to the rules, and the first place those changes are announced is in the discussion group. Second, the discussion group allows contestants to interact with each other regarding programming techniques, results and anything else relevant to the contest.
My Lawyer Would Want Me To Say This
I reserve the right to discontinue the contest at any time. I reserve the right to disqualify any entry or entrant for any reason that suits me. I reserve the right to interpret the rules as I see fit. I reserve the right to change the contest rules in mid-contest. In all matters contest-related, my word is final.
Frequently Asked Questions
-
Can teams enter the contest?
Yes. But a team can only be formed by those who have not already entered the contest as individuals. Once you enter as an individual, team membership is no longer open to you. Likewise, once you've joined a team you can't resign from it and start submitting grids on your own behalf.
If you would like to form a team, please follow these instructions:
-
If they do not already exist, create individual accounts for each team member.
Do not create a second account for any team member who already has one.
-
Let me know
each team member's name and registered email address. It is important that
no team member submit any entries to this contest until I notify you
that the team has been created.
- After I've created the team, team members can submit entries to the contest from their individual accounts. The contest engine automatically intercepts these entries and diverts them to the team account. The team is listed on the standings page.
Note: Teams are contest-specific. Joining a team for this contest does not affect your participation in other contests.
- If they do not already exist, create individual accounts for each team member. Do not create a second account for any team member who already has one.
-
May I write a program that submits entries by bypassing my browser?
Yes and no. If your program keeps track of your submissions and only submits improved grids, yes. Otherwise, no. For the Son of Darts contest a few years ago, there was one participant who wrote a program to exhaustively generate all possible entries and submit every one of them. Within two weeks he'd submitted over a million entries. The AZsPCs database had grown to 10 times its normal size and this individual was single-handedly responsible for 90% of the entries in the database. Please compute responsibly.
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I've written a little program that draws grids and highlights the portions of the grid that contribute the least to the sum of the cell values. May I distribute the executable to other contestants?
No. This is a programming contest and writing useful tools is something a programmer should be able to do for himself. That alone would be sufficient reason to disallow the distribution of such tools, but consider also that you'd be disadvantaging those who don't hear about your tool and those who can't run your executable in their environment.
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What topics are appropriate for the discussion group?
With only one exception, if it's related to AZsPCs then it's fine to talk about it in the discussion group. The exception is spoilers. Spoilers include:
- specific grids
- detailed algorithms
If you are not sure if something would be considered a spoiler, ask me.
-
After I submit a grid, the scorer shows me the grid's "canonical representation". What is that?
To create the canonical representation of a grid, the scorer considers the 12 versions of the grid resulting from rotations and reflection and then selects the version that is lexicographically first. Representing grids canonically makes it easier to notice when two seemingly different grids are fundamentally the same.
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http://azspcs.com/Contest/HexagonalNeighbors
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Create a program which can rearrange pixels in image so it can't be recognized. However your program should able to convert it back to original image.
You can write two functions - for encoding and decoding, however one function which applied repeatedly gives original image (example in math -
f(x) = 1 - x) is a bonus.
Also producing some pattern in output gives bonus too.
Image may be represented as 1D/2D array or image object if your language supports it. Note that you can only change order of pixels!
Will be logical to select as winner code which produces less recognizable image, however I don't know how to measure it exactly, all ways I can imagine can be cheated. Therefore I chose this question to be popularity contest - let users choose what the best answer!
Test image 1 (800 x 422 px): Test image 2 (800 x 480 px): Please provide with code output image.
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https://codegolf.stackexchange.com/questions/35005/rearrange-pixels-in-image-so-it-cant-be-recognized-and-then-get-it-back/35331
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Pierce county teens have the opportunity to enter their original works of poetry and short stories in the popular Pierce County Library System’s Teen Poetry and Fiction Writing Contest through March 21.
The short pieces of fiction and poems will be published as written and the contest winners will also have the chance to read from their original pieces of work at an awards ceremony in their honor at Pacific Lutheran University in Lagerquist Hall on May 27.
There is no fee to register; but contestants do need to be a teenage resident or attend school in Pierce County. Judges will review entries on the basis of originality, style, general presentation, grammar and spelling; and contestants may enter both the short story and poetry categories with one entry per category.
David Lloyd Whited is a Puyallup Tribal member and published book author and poet who will be judging the poetry category this year. His poems have been published in literary journals throughout the United States, and Whited currently works as a grant writer and planner for the Puyallup Tribe of Indians.
Back again this year to judge the short works of fiction will be Dia Calhoun. Dia is a young adult and children’s fantasy writer and is one of the founding members of the www.readergirlz.com website.
First prize winners will receive $100, second place $75 and third place $50. Winner’s names will appear on the Library’s web site. Prizes will be awarded in three age groups: 7th and 8th grade, 9th and 10th grade and 11th and 12th grade; and in two categories: poetry and short story.
Mary Getchell, Pierce County Library Communications Director said, “last year we had 800 entries submitted. Most of the time contestants select one or the other; but sometimes they will submit in both categories, which they are more than welcome to do.”
According to Getchell the premise of this popular and successful contest is to engage the creativity of the teen students and to also bring them into the library where there are so many resources for them.
Pierce County Library Foundation will award six sets of prizes in each age group. The contest is sponsored by Pierce County Library System, Pierce County Library Foundation and The News Tribune.
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https://keypennews.com/budding-authors-wanted-teen-writing-contest/
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With the aim of escalating attention to language and linguistics in the Asia Pacific region, the Asia Pacific Linguistics Olympiad (APLO) has been held every year since 2019. Last year, a total of 213 contestants participated in 14 testing sites simultaneously, representing 8 countries/regions. Additionally, 7 guest countries outside the Asia-Pacific region were invited and participated in the contest.
We, the Board of APLO, are eager to keep pushing this initiative forward and are hereby inviting you to join this international collaboration of educating young and brilliant minds around the Asia-Pacific region by participating in our fifth Olympiad, to be held on the 9th of April, 2023.
APLO is not a contest where students from different countries physically meet in one place to participate in the competition. Instead, problem sets will be distributed to the local organizing committees of the participating countries or regions beforehand, and all contestants will compete in their home countries on the same day. Detailed plans have been drawn up as below.
Regional Delegations
We would like to invite the countries or regions to participate in APLO 2023, that
(a) are part of the Asia-Pacific region, and
(b) have either participated or have shown interest in participating in the APLO or IOL in the past.
Any country or region from outside the Asia Pacific region will be welcomed to take part in APLO 2023 as a guest country.
Contest Format
The contest is a one-day paper-based contest, with individuals competing within their home countries. There is no team contest. The contest will run for five hours, where contestants are asked to solve five problems featuring languages and linguistics.
- Each delegation must run one or more official contest site(s) that is/are fully supervised by the invigilator(s) designated by the local organizers. All contestants must sit the contest at one of the official contest sites.
- Local organizers are free to choose the number of candidates participating in APLO as a part of their delegation. However, only the top eight competitors from each delegation will be awarded and recorded as official participants (the process of selecting the top eight candidates is described later in this letter).
- Contestants are eligible for the APLO if and only if they are eligible for the IOL in the same year.
Languages
Each delegation has the right to claim one local language to be added to the official languages of the APLO, with responsibilities to (i) recommend a member to the International Jury, who has the competence of translating problems into the claimed language and (ii) have Local Jury with ability to grade the submissions written in the claimed language. Every contestant, no matter which region they represent or are sitting in for the contest, has the right to choose a working language among all official languages of the APLO and solve problems in it. There is no advantage or disadvantage in choosing English as a working language.
Accreditation Criteria for Local Organizers
Countries or regions seeking to participate for the first time should seek accreditation from the International Board. Accreditation can be sought at any time, but the deadline of January 31st must be met to guarantee participation in the upcoming APLO.
To be accredited, Local Organizers should either (a) be local organizers of a country or region that is accredited by the IOL or (b) fulfil the following criteria:
- must not be an individual;
- have a general contact for local inquiries (an email address, and, preferably, a website or social media page);
- have at least one person (coordinator) who arranges the contest and serves as a point of contact with the board and at least one person (jury) who can translate the problems and mark the papers and send back to the International Jury;
- advertise the contest to a non-negligible number of students, and report the results to the board. (If the country or region has a first round before the APLO, they should mention the APLO on the notice of their national contest.)
Guest Countries
Countries or regions from outside the Asia Pacific region are welcome to take part in APLO 2023 as a guest country. Local Organizers of guest countries should meet the same criteria of accreditation and apply before the same deadline. The differences between fully participating countries and guest countries follow:
- contestants are given certificates of participation but not awards;
- contests must start during or after the official starting time slot of APLO.
Bodies of the APLO
Below are the bodies that constitute the APLO, and their responsibilities.
- International Board
- establishes and amends constitutions of the APLO
- internationally coordinates the competition
- accredits the delegations
- shall be (re-)elected every year, at the annual meeting
- International Jury
- creates the problem set in all official languages
- collects the results reported by Local Jury and awards contestants
- Local Organizers
- represent the delegation and locally coordinates the competition – advertise the APLO in the region they represent
- distribute certificates after the results are published
- Local Jury
- marks the submissions and reports the scores to the International Jury
International Board of the APLO
- Minkyu Kim, General chair
- Monojit Choudhury, Member
- Rujul Gandhi, Member
- Shu-Kai Hsieh, Member
- Simona Klemenčič, Public Relations Chair
- Vlad A. Neacșu, International Jury Chair
- Suhaimi Ramly, Member
Timeline of APLO 2023
By the end of January 2023: Each delegation in the region should apply for accreditation. The International Board will accredit the delegations and finalize the list of participating delegations in the APLO of that year.
Second week of March: International Jury distributes the multilingual versions of the problem set.
9th of April 2023 (Sunday): The APLO is held in each testing site.
10th of April 2023 (Monday): International Jury distributes the multilingual versions of the solution and the grading scheme. The Local Jury must start grading the submissions as soon as possible and send the results to International Jury along with the scanned copies of up to top thirteen submissions within seven days.
International Jury confirms the scores of the top thirteen submissions from each delegation and awards medals to the top eight candidates (see below for awarding scheme).
By the end of April: International Jury notifies the results to local organizers. Local Organizers create the certificates in the format prescribed by APLO and distribute them in any manner — physical or digital — they deem appropriate. The announcement of the results should be scheduled under the consensus of all participating local organizers as well as the Board.
During the IOL: Annual meeting of the APLO is held.
Awarding Scheme
After judging is complete, the top eight contestants from each delegation will be counted as the delegation’s official participants.
- Let m and s be the mean and the standard deviation of all official participants.
- m + s is the cut-off score for Gold medals;
- m is the cut-off score for Silver medals;
- m − s is the cut-off score for Bronze medals.
- Maximum number of the medals within the delegation:
- Gold ≤ 1;
- Gold + Silver ≤ 4;
- Gold + Silver + Bronze ≤ 8.
- Official participants who have not received any medal will be awarded Honourable Mentions.
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https://aplo.asia/aplo-2023-invitation-letter/
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(1) A person, or group of persons, may conduct, sponsor and participate in any competition or contest in which prizes are offered for the amount, quality, size, weight or other physical characteristics of black bass or walleye, provided that the rules of a competition or contest are prepared and distributed by the sponsors to the contestants and are administered and enforced by the sponsors. Such rules shall include, but are not limited to:
(a) A requirement that the contestants use aerated live wells or other equipment so that all reasonable efforts are made to maintain the fish taken in a live and healthy condition.
(b) A requirement that all fish caught that are in a healthy condition are immediately returned to the water where they were caught, after weighing. Black bass may be turned over to the State Department of Fish and Wildlife for restocking.
(c) A requirement that bass tournament contestants use only artificial or other such prepared baits.
(2) As used in this section, “black bass” means largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, redeye bass, spotted bass and all other basses of the genus Micropterus.
(3) The State Fish and Wildlife Commission may adopt rules to limit the number of contests and participants, determine the location of contests and prescribe other terms and conditions regarding the conduct of contests under this section. [1981 c.510 §3; 1985 c.562 §1; 1987 c.299 §1; 2001 c.186 §1]
3 OregonLaws.org assembles these lists by analyzing references between Sections. Each listed item refers back to the current Section in its own text. The result reveals relationships in the code that may not have otherwise been apparent.
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https://www.oregonlaws.org/ors/498.279
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One key motivation for using contests in real-life is the substantial evidence reported in empirical contest-design literature for people's tendency to act more competitively in contests than predicted by the Nash Equilibrium. This phenomenon has been traditionally explained by people's eagerness to win and maximize their relative (rather than absolute) payoffs. In this paper we make use of "simple contests," where contestants only need to strategize on whether to participate in the contest or not, as an infrastructure for studying whether indeed more effort is exerted in contests due to competitiveness, or perhaps this can be attributed to other factors that hold also in non-competitive settings. The experimental methodology we use compares contestants' participation decisions in eight contest settings differing in the nature of the contest used, the number of contestants used and the theoretical participation predictions to those obtained (whenever applicable) by subjects facing equivalent non-competitive decision situations in the form of a lottery. We show that indeed people tend to over-participate in contests compared to the theoretical predictions, yet the same phenomenon holds (to a similar extent) also in the equivalent non-competitive settings. Meaning that many of the contests used nowadays as a means for inducing extra human effort, that are often complex to organize and manage, can be replaced by a simpler non-competitive mechanism that uses probabilistic prizes.
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https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/11508
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The theme for the 29th Annual Robert N. Murrell Oratorical Contest was “Celebrating a Legacy of Pride and Progress”. This year, the Department of Communications allotted more students to participate in this event; a total of 36 students had the opportunity to showcase their oratorical skills to kick off Homecoming week. The event, like many of TSU events, has a history that dates back to 1988.
The contest first started when Mr. Marion Spears, director of Boyd Hall, had members of TSU’s football team, who resided in Boyd Hall at the time, participate in this enriching experience of bettering their own public speaking skills and improving the acumen of their thoughts they were expressing to the audience. The spectacle took flight from there was then offered to all students to share their gifts. By this change, the Oratorical Contest was included into Homecoming Week and its theme was therefore incorporated into the Contest.
The admittance of 36 students into this year’s Contest was allowed by the generous donation of increased funds by the Robert N. Murrell Scholarship Fund which had the ability to give $1,200 to the first place winner, $800 for the second place winner, and $500 to the third place winner for both the freshman and upperclassmen orators. All the speakers did a fantastic job while mentioning the triumphs and recognitions made by individuals who have helped TSU get national attention like Wilma Rudolph, Ed Temple, and Oprah Winfrey. Some orators also included recent political matters like the Black Lives Matter movement, President Obama’s legacy, the Civil Rights Movement and the Aristocrat of Bands performance at the White House. The students did not fail to mention black excellence and the direct call of racism within this country.
History was made today and barriers were broken in terms of persistence and will by the courageous 36 individuals who took the stage in the Forum this afternoon. Nothing short of honesty was expressed by the orators and their will to change and convince the students, faculty, and staff of this illustrious University to be better individuals and leaders in this community and to Tennessee State University—for if they make strides towards greatness so does the University.
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http://tsuthemeter.com/2016/10/10/homecoming-2016-robert-n-murrell-oratorical-contest/
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Students around the world who are in 11th and 12th grade are able to enter The Fountainhead essay contest for the chance to win $10,000. To enter, students can choose one of three pre-determined topics based upon the novel The Fountainhead by Ayn Rand and write an essay between 800 and 1,600 words. There is not an application for this contest, however, along with an essay, individuals must submit a contact sheet with the following information by April 26th:
- Name and address of applicant
- Email address
- Name and address of school
- Topic selected
- Current grade level
This contest is sponosored by the Ayn Rand Institute, and the following prizes will be awarded based upon the evaluation of the pre-determined judges:
- First prize: $10,000
- Second prize (5): $2,000
- Third prize (10): $1,000
- Finalists (45): $100
- Semifinalists (175): $50
Portrait of a serious student writing an essay photo courtesy of Shutterstock
7 Comments
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i also want to participate
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i want to participate
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what are the three topics?
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I think it’s useful for us. It’s not only a sholarship but also experiences for our life
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am i to choose the name of the university am interested and submit or you are the one to give list of the universities?
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https://blog.iefa.org/2013/04/04/the-fountainhead-essay-contest/
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Sasuke – an action game show produced by VTV will officially launch the qualifying round in next March.
As one of the highest rated television programs in Japan and the US, Sasuke will come to Vietnam in the name of Unlimited. The program will air on VTV3 in the future.
– Citizens of Vietnam and other countries aged 18 or older, with no criminal record.
– Those with a certificate of good health issued by Central hospitals or prestigious medical organizations.
– Application form (in the specified form – with photo). Application form will be provided by the Organizing Committee at place of recruitment.
– Candidates who pass the record inspection records will be admitted to a number of medical tests such as push-ups, pull-ups, running before entering the final round.
– Contest in Hanoi: 7-8 March 2015 at the forecourt of My Dinh National Stadium (direction from Le Duc Tho Street to Thang Long Avenue).
– Contest at Da Nang: 14-15 March 2015 in the Bien Dong Park and beach area in front of the park.
– Candidates in turn participate in action games as arranged by the Organizing Committee. Candidates shall be eliminated when they fail to overcome the challenges or fail to complete the challenges before the time specified by the Organizing Committee.
– At the end of qualifying round, the Organizing Committee will select 140 contestants for next rounds. The contestants in round 2 and round 3 are 40 and 5, in respectively. And the two best contestants shall be present in the final round.
– The final round is held at Thu Dau Mot City, Binh Duong from 25 April – 10 May 2015 Note: The entire cost of accommodation and travel until the end of round 1 are paid by contestants. The Organizing Committee only pays for 40 candidates shortlisted in round 2 onwards.
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http://sasukevietnam.vtv.vn/en/the-le-tuyen-sinh/
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Show off your knowledge of the dairy industry in a fun, competitive event.
State Contest Eligibility
- All 4-H members age 8 to 18 are eligible to participate. All contestants must be current 4-H members. Contestants are not required to be enrolled in a dairy project.
- Each Extension county or multi-county group may enter an unlimited number of four-member teams or individual members (they will be grouped to form teams). Junior team ages are 14 and under; senior age division are 15 and over (by January 1 of current year).
- Study reference sources include the Illinois 4-H dairy manuals plus Hoard's Dairyman Reference Books, IL Extension Livestock E-Quiz website, Holstein Foundation website, and Virginia 4-H Dairy Quiz Bowl study materials online.
If you need reasonable accommodation to participate, please contact the event coordinator. Early requests are strongly encouraged to allow sufficient time to meet your needs.
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https://4-h.extension.illinois.edu/events/illinois-4-h-dairy-quiz-bowl
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The purpose of the SME Graduate Student Research Poster Contest is to recognize excellence in research in various minerals-related fields. The contest will provide an opportunity for the graduate students to showcase their work in a visible setting and to compete for cash prizes based on the quality of their posters as determined by a team of judges. The goal of the contest is to bolster graduate student education and contribute to research in mining and mineral studies.
Info
The Graduate Student Research Poster Contest is open to any SME student member who is currently enrolled in a minerals-related graduate program. The posters will be on display in a designated area near the exhibit hall at the MINEXCHANGE 2023. The contestants will be required to be present at a predetermined time, discuss their research with interested attendees and answer questions posed by the judges. The judging team will consist of five members from academia, industry and government. A rubric for judging the posters will be prepared in advance of the contest and made available to the contestants.
Details
WHO PARTICIPATES? Graduate student members from all SME disciplines.
LOCATION: MINEXCHANGE 2023 SME Annual Conference & Expo
TOPIC: Open topic reflecting the graduate student’s thesis.
The topic should highlight the graduate student’s research work.
ABSTRACT: The abstract is limited to 200 words and is due by January 31, 2023. The abstract should describe what the graduate student intends to display on the poster and a brief description of the research.CRITERION:
The entries will be judged on:
- Technical competence
- Thoroughness of approach
- Quality of the delivery and oral presentation
PRIZES:
1st place - $1,000
2nd place - $800
3rd place - $600
4th place - $400
5th place - $200
Abstracts
Abstract submissions are available beginning December 15, 2022.
Authors will be notified of acceptance by February 5, 2023.
Those accepted will be sent poster guidelines and should plan on presenting their posters during the MINEXCHANGE 2023 SME Annual Conference & Expo.
For additional information, contact Dr. Pedram Roghanchi at [email protected], Dr. Mohammad Rezaee at [email protected], or the SME Education Department at [email protected].
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https://www.smenet.org/Professional-Development/Awards-Competitions/Graduate-Student-Research-Poster-Contest
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HRidya is organized by Dhruva, the HR Club of IIM Udaipur, as a part of Solaris 2022, the Annual Management Fest of IIM Udaipur.
Round 1: Rapid Fire
The first round will be an online quiz based on the concepts and general information related to HR. Participants answering it in the shortest possible time will be considered for further rounds.
Round 2: Picturesque
The second round will be a unique online event where the contestants will be given an image, and they are expected to describe a situation based on the image, relating it to appropriate HR concepts/terminology. Selection for the final round will be based on the scores obtained in this round.
Round 3: HRMania
In the third round, the participants will be given a short video of around 2 minutes. The to identify the corresponding human resource concept and provide a suitable recommendation for the same through a video submission of around 5 minutes.
Rules and Guidelines:
- Each team must comprise of 2-3 members.
- All B-School students are eligible to participate in this event.
- All the members of the team should be from the same institute.
- Both 1st year & 2nd-year students are eligible.
- Teams can be a mix of 1st & 2nd-year students irrespective of the specialization.
- There is no restriction on the number of teams from an institute.
- There is no restriction on the number of events a team can participate in Solaris.
- Rules of the contest are binding, and all decisions of the organizers will be final.
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https://solarisiimu.com/hridya-4-0/
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The Department of Mathematics of Chowan University invites you and your students to participate in our 34th Regional Mathematics Contest, which we will host on our campus on Friday, March 20, 2020. Competition will be offered in four divisions: Level 1, Level 2, Level 3, and Comprehensive. The use of calculators will NOT be allowed in any of the contests.
First, second, and third place awards will be given in each division for both individual and team categories. A minimum of three contestants is required to enter the team competition in a given division. Because of limited space and personnel, we ask that you limit your Level 1, 2, and 3 teams to ten (10) students each. We are not placing a limit on the number of Comprehensive contestants since these students could win college scholarships and/or positions on the NC ARML team by performing well at the state contest.
Registration for the contest must be done online (see below). A registration fee of $5.00 per registered student will be charged to cover the costs of test preparation, grading, postage, and awards. Checks should be made to Chowan University and may be sent in advance (ATTN: Thomas H. Whitaker) or presented when you check-in on March 20th. See the section below for information regarding how to register for our contest.
Names of contestants in each division must be submitted IN ADVANCE. The deadline for submitting registrations is 5:00pm, Friday, March 6th. Due to the time required to make arrangements for testing facilities, no late submissions will be accepted.
In order to streamline the registration process, we are ONLY ACCEPTING ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS. Before submitting your registration form, please be as sure as possible about the names of your contestants in each category. Students are eligible to compete in a division based on which mathematics classes they have been enrolled in during the current academic year.
Level 1 - Students enrolled in Math 1 during the current academic year.
Level 2 - Students enrolled in Math 2 during the current academic year.
Level 3 - Students enrolled in Math 3 during the current academic year.
Comprehensive - Students enrolled in a course beyond Math 3 (e.g. precalculus) during the current academic year.
Students who qualify for competition in more than one division may choose which division to compete in. However, no student may compete in more than one division, nor at more than one test site, each year. For complete NCCTM State Mathematics Contest Rules of Eligibility, click here.
Download and complete the 2020 Registration Form, then e-mail the file as an attachment to [email protected]. The file is in Microsoft Excel (XLS) format, and should be readable by any compatible spreadsheet application. (It is known that the file will not easily convert to the Google document format.)
You will receive a confirmation e-mail when your registration has been received and processed. If you have any problems with the registration form, please report them immediately.
8:30 a.m. – 9:30 a.m. Check-InLobby, McDowell Columns Building
9:30 a.m. – 9:50 a.m. Welcome and AnnouncementsTurner Auditorium, McDowell Columns Building
10:00 a.m. – 11:30 a.m. TestingRooms as Assigned
11:30 a.m. – 1:30 p.m. LunchThomas Dining Hall or Hawk’s Nest
1:30 p.m. – 2:30 p.m. Awards and PhotographsTurner Auditorium, McDowell Columns Building
For more information on the state contest, visit the official North Carolina State Mathematics Contest website.
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https://chowan.edu/academics/school-arts-and-sciences/mathematics/nc-northeast-regional-mathematics-contest
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Rethinking Sustainable Cities
Interchange, a thought leadership initiative facilitated by London Transport Museum, has just published their latest report, “Rethinking Sustainable Cities: This is all in the air”. The need to make changes is highlighted at the outset. The world is becoming increasingly urbanised; cities are one of the biggest detractors from environmental health; and focussing on cities worldwide can impact 70% of all carbon dioxide emissions. However, the report is concerned not only with environmental factors but sustainability in a broader sense.
The report benefits from the perspective given by a year of periodic lock downs. The segregated nature of our city centres was highlighted, large areas were deserted for weeks and months. Green spaces were found to be lacking. Social divides widened. The report surmises that we are in a period of opportunity “we have never been better placed to make change”. The next three years are identified as a pivotal period within which to recover and rebuild.
Three important aspects of building sustainable cities are considered in the report: technology; infrastructure; and the built environment. The aim is to create cities that are long term socially inclusive, environmentally friendly and with economically sustainable urban design.
The report calls for the creation of a unified blueprint for building successful, inclusive and sustainable cities. The blueprint requires redefining value away from short term economic gain and towards prioritising wellbeing and inclusion, making behavioural change at an individual level through education and empowerment and overhauling institutional governance to open up new ways of working.
Ideas within the report include a flexible energy model, aiming to flatten the peaks of energy demand (therefore reducing use of fossil fuel to cater for the increasing times of maximum demand) and generating individual wealth through the sale of surplus energy back to the grid. Infrastructure needs to be considered from various angles. The value of green infrastructure is increasingly recognised, however hurdles remain. Thinking around park provision needs to recognise benefits of wilder parkland, and overcome concerns about maintenance. More joined up thinking on infrastructure projects will provide opportunities for integrated, better green infrastructure funding and delivery. Repurposing the bult environment rather than simply building anew where possible can create a more socially valuable space. New development must achieve high levels of sustainability. Opportunities to balance land use within cities should be taken to avoid areas being underutilised for much of the time. The existing housing stock needs improvement to combat the major issue pollution caused by home heating, in turn creating jobs.
Much of the content of the report is not new, but it pulls together various initiatives and reinforces the need to consider sustainability broadly, in terms of economic, green and social sustainability. The report adds weight to the need for an holistic approach as government looks to infrastructure projects to stimulate growth following the devastating impacts of Covid and in furtherance of its levelling up agenda. The full report can be read here https://www.ltmuseum.co.uk/interchange/rethinking-sustainable-cities#report.
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https://www.ortolanlegal.com/news/2021/04/01/rethinking-sustainable-cities
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Walworth/ London is under enormous pressure from private development and Council ‘regeneration’. It is described by some (in positions of power) as deprived, socially and economically dysfunctional and environmentally problematic.
London has a long history of urban open space, which has significantly influenced development of modern parks, and is still among the greenest capital cities in the world. This scheme unlike new schemes we see around the regeneration area from increased pressure to increase densities, celebrates this by generating more green city space as a stop off point before continuing north towards Burgess Park.
The Proposal aims to be a representation of the socio-economic climate we live in today especially around the central London area. Forward thinking ideas and good design can also create vibrant living and animated public space for the members of the community to enjoy regardless of a restricted budget.
Therefore, this Proposal presents an alternative method of construction by using various engineered timber products to provide a solution to the many issues we face across the construction industry within the UK and Abroad. This method saves time and money allowing for the addition of extra units with increased density on-top of existing structures as timber is far lighter than typical concrete structures. Furthermore, timber construction reduces the impact on the environment by the amount of CO2 that goes into the atmosphere through the nature of the product and the prefabricated design.
This Project also incorporates new and existing community garden space which will be gardened by residents as a collective, utilizing the shared plots. These Community gardens will provide fresh produce and plants, as well as contributing to a sense of community and connection to the environment with an opportunity for satisfying labor and neighborhood improvement. It will be publicly functioning in terms of ownership, access, and management.
Community Activity will encourage the development to thrive through Events and the nature of the surrounding Architecture enclosing the green space to create a warm sheltered outdoor environment.
Brisbane House, Caspian Street, Camberwell, London, SE5 7NG
Click images to enlarge
Robert, 22 Years Old. Born in Hexham, Northumberland, UK, is currently completing a Masters of Architecture Degree at London Southbank University to achieve RIBA Part 2 accreditation, after recently obtaining one year and six months’ work in Architectural Practice, specializing in Masterplanning and Urban design in the UK and Internationally. He is an Architectural student who endeavors to design with resource efficiency and sustainability across all projects that he is actively involved in. He endeavors to complete the course with a view in the future to becoming a Professional Charted Architect practicing these design principles.
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https://www.metsawood.com/global/Campaigns/planb/cases/urban-wood/Pages/Project-1.aspx
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About the Sustainable Smart Cities Research Center
The main goal of the UAB Sustainable Smart Cities Research Center (SSCRC) is to foster cross-disciplinary research, training, and outreach that integrates health, socio-economic impacts, and infrastructure design for the purpose of developing innovative solutions within emerging sustainable smart cities and communities. Specifically, the Center brings together multidisciplinary faculty with diverse expertise—green construction materials; sustainable building and design concepts; social impacts of technology; modeling and simulation; medical sociology, health informatics, and social psychology; public health, emergency preparedness and response, and community resiliency; and government and public policy—to develop tools and methods for sustainable infrastructure design.
The SSCRC was established to serve as an enabling platform to become an agent of change in public policy and to shift the paradigm of urban infrastructure to one that is economically affluent, environmentally responsible, and socially equitable.
Rationale
More than half of the world’s population resides within an urban environment. The challenges presented by co-locating large populations, industry, and aging infrastructure can be numerous and significant. Cities are responsible for the consumption of approximately 75% of all energy, 60% of all water demands, and produce 80% of all greenhouse gases worldwide. Cities are the engines of growth, but also generate environmental pollution and consume scarce natural resources. In addition, metropolitan areas also exhibit some of the most serious social inequities.
As the world’s population continues to urbanize, metropolitan areas will increasingly be the focal point of environmental protection, social justice, energy conservation, and greenhouse gas reduction policies. To face the challenges arising from urbanization, we need sustainable smart cities with significantly improved infrastructure that makes them environmentally friendly, increases their residents’ quality of life, and cuts costs all at the same time.
A sustainable urban area is characterized by the preservation of natural environment, use of renewable or highly efficient energy resources, home to a healthy population with access to public services, and the presence of economic vitality, social equity, and engaged citizenry. Such a vision can be achieved with an integrated approach that includes environmental management; counter-sprawl measures; linkages between community, ecology, and economy; and coordinated stakeholder interaction.
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https://www.uab.edu/engineering/smartcities/about
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Research carried out by The World Health Organisation (WHO) indicates that since 2008 the majority of the world's population live in cities, and that urban populations will increase with an estimated 3 out of 5 people living in an urban area by 2030. With more people moving to live in cities and urban areas, naturally, more people are growing older in these environments and it is becoming apparent they have not been built with an ageing population in mind.
There is work to be done to improve current urban environments as well as things to consider when developing new urban areas. While some things seem obvious to incorporate to make urban buildings and outdoor environments more age friendly and accessible, like for example, level non slip surfaces and incorporating lifts and ramps. Other things are more challenging and need a little more creativity. For example, how can spaces be designed to encourage social interaction and cater for all ages and abilities, not just the average city dweller.
Of course, it is not only up to architects and city planners to make urban areas more age friendly. There is a social responsibility too. As a culture, we need to respect and be inclusive of the growing elderly percentage of urban populations. Improving the natural and built environment of a city is a good place to start though.
The WHO has established a Global Network for Age Friendly Cities made up of over 500 cities and communities across 37 countries. These communities are improving their urban environments to be more accommodating for their elderly population based on a global guide produced by WHO Global Age Friendly Cities A Guide.
The guide was put together following extensive research across 33 cities, carried out by WHO and supporting parties, and covers a spectrum of topics from housing, transportation, and social participation to employment. We have focused on a few of their key findings on how to improve outdoor spaces and buildings.
WHO’s age friendly outdoor spaces and buildings checklist:
- Green Spaces
More garden and park spaces that are well maintained and have adequate shelter and seating areas as well as clean and accessible toilet facilities. These spaces should have low noise levels and be away from unpleasant or harmful odours.
- Outdoor seating
Ensure there is ample outdoor seating and resting areas available in public areas like parks and piazzas as well as at public transport stops and spaced between public buildings and services.
- Pavements
Pavements should be well-maintained, smooth, level, non-slip and wide enough to accommodate wheelchairs with low curbs that taper off to the road. They should also be clear of any obstruction like street vendors or parked cars and pedestrians should have priority of use.
- Buildings
Buildings should be accessible and have the following features:
– elevators
– ramps
– adequate signage
– railings on stairs
– stairs that are not too high or steep
– non-slip flooring
– rest areas with comfortable chairs
– sufficient numbers of public toilets.
- Facilities and settings
Community spaces and facilities should be used to encourage exercise and social interaction. These facilities need to accessible and equipped to enable participation by people with disabilities or by those who require assistance.
You can find a link to the full WHO global guide to age friendly cities here.
Another useful guide is ‘an alternative age friendly handbook for the socially engaged urban practitioner’ which is available here and was produced in a partnership between; Age UK, the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA), the University of Manchester Institute for Collaborative Research on Ageing (MICRA) and Age-friendly Manchester (Manchester City Council).
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https://www.gripsure.co.uk/blog/post/age-friendly-cities---how-to-make-outdoor-spaces-and-buildings-more-inclusive
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By the late 20th century the effects of a less regulated planning regime were evident. Liberalisation of liquor licensing laws and zoning regulations had encouraged the growth of a vibrant urban café culture and a return to inner-city living – a trend apartment developers encouraged.
But other reforms were more detrimental. Economic deregulation in the mid-1980s had created a commercial building boom in city centres. Ornate and much-loved historic buildings were razed and replaced with austere skyscrapers that won few friends. In Christchurch the old green belt had been breached by a stampede of 4-hectare lifestyle blocks which formed a new belt around the city. The city core was ringed by large malls and business parks, starving the centre of people and workers. In Auckland continued suburban sprawl and low investment in public transport had created even more congestion on streets and motorways. The need for a more coordinated approach to city planning and growth was apparent.
Urban design
One response was the emergence of urban design. It looked past land-use zoning and the erection of single buildings to consider the physical arrangement, appearance and functioning of cities: how a place worked, looked and felt. This meant building public places that people used, valued and felt good in. Urban designers wanted to create cities that were:
- environmentally sustainable
- economically and culturally innovative
- accessible and inclusive
- sensitive to their heritage and sense of place.
Underpinning the approach was the environmentalist assumption that good urban design could improve the experience and quality of city life.
Urban Design Protocol
The Urban Design Protocol was launched in 2005 by the Ministry for the Environment. Signatories included central and local government as well as private-sector organisations involved in city building. Its objective was to make towns and cities more economically and culturally successful through quality urban design.
Wellington led the way in urban design. In 1993 the city council established an urban design unit to oversee and manage city development. Successes like the revitalisation of the waterfront and the remaking of Courtenay Place as an entertainment district proved the value of the new approach. Other cities followed Wellington’s lead.
Urban growth strategies
The more coordinated approach also saw the creation of new regional or master plans. Auckland’s Regional Growth Strategy was adopted by all its councils in 1999 and set out a 50-year vision for managing growth. The population was projected to reach 2 million by 2036. The strategy adopted ideas the city’s planners had rejected half a century before. These included a stronger suburban train network and a more compact settlement pattern (urban consolidation) to inhibit sprawl. Corridors of medium- and high-density housing and apartments were proposed beside major transport routes.
Christchurch’s Urban Development Strategy released in 2007 also argued for more urban consolidation, especially in the central city and inner suburbs.
Greater community consultation
Disquiet about the lack public input into city planning led councils to introduce more open consultation processes where citizens could express their views – usually through submissions and committee meetings. Greater consultation with local Māori was also encouraged, although some iwi complained their voices were not sought early enough to be effectively heard. In 2009 there were signs that this was beginning to change as councils increasingly recognised city planning needed to reflect the growing cultural diversity of city life.
Sustainable towns
The renaissance of planning was also evident in new town developments. In 2009 this included a new town for 40,000 people at Flat Bush, South Auckland. While its plan showcased urban design principles, the legacy of garden-city planning was also evident. The town was set in a 45-square-kilometre network of parkland, bush and waterways, providing recreational space, encouraging wildlife and aiding storm-water management. Neighbourhood shops and facilities were to be built within walking distance of homes to reduce car reliance. A central aim was to create a healthy community where ‘people feel a sense of place and well-being’.1
Similar ideas informed another new town development, Pegasus, near Christchurch.
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https://teara.govt.nz/en/city-planning/page-6
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Current spatial planning and sustainability approaches attempt to create competitive, lively and sustainable cities. This paper argues that place-making approaches and green-planning approaches can assist in this regard as these approaches focus on creating qualitative, socially viable and environmentally friendly spaces. These approaches furthermore assist in transforming temporary spaces to permanent places by introducing green-initiatives as captured from pilot studies included in this paper, namely city-trees, green roofs, green graffiti, green walking routes and green impulses. The objective as captured in this paper is to transform public space and reclaim public space for public use, by means of green-planning initiatives.
|Original language||English|
|Pages (from-to)||349-366|
|Journal||Journal of Urban Design|
|Volume||20|
|Issue number||3|
|DOIs|
|Publication status||Published - 2015|
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Green Place-making in practice: from temporary spaces to permanent place'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
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https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/green-place-making-in-practice-from-temporary-spaces-to-permanent
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We are excited to launch our 1st monthly Best Practices Feature which we hope will inform and inspire you on initiatives that are making effective interventions to improve the lives of urban residents around the globe. Each month, we will feature one of the Best Practices winners from the 11th Cycle of the Dubai International Award endorsed by UN-Habitat and Dubai Municipality. If you scroll down, you will this month read about an innovative community-driven approach in rehabilitation and management of public and semi-public spaces in Kenya.
In line with the New Urban Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goal 11 – to make cities and communities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable – the Best Practice Award recognizes significant contributions which: Have a demonstrable and tangible impact on improving people’s quality of life; Are the result of effective partnerships between the public, private and civic sectors of society; Are socially, culturally, economically and environmentally sustainable.
The 11th Cycle of the Dubai International Award on Best Practices comprised of the following categories:
WINNER for Best Practice Transfer in Local Implementation, Urban Redevelopment and Redesign of Urban Spaces
This Award category aims to recognize local governments, private sector, NGOs and other organizations and institutions for designing and implementing local physical actions that have driven transformative change in the urban area.
Name of Organization: Dandora Transformation League (DTL)
Title of Best Practice Initiative: Courtyard System for Management of Public Spaces
Country: Kenya
What is the Courtyard System for Management of Public Spaces?
This is an innovative community-driven approach in rehabilitation and management of public and semi public spaces implemented by the Dandora Transformation League (DTL) in Nairobi, Kenya. The interventions pursued under this approach have resulted in creation of new public spaces, more vibrant street life, increased sense of personal safety, jobs and economic opportunities for the youth, better waste management, mitigation of urban decay and a general improvement of quality of life for area residents.
What is the implementation process?
To scale up this approach from one courtyard to over 120 courtyards in the neighbourhood, DTL conceived an innovative gamification approach known as the Changing Faces Competition. In this approach, youth groups are challenged to compete against each other to see who will create the cleanest, greenest and safest public space in the area. The winners are assessed on the basis of BEFORE and AFTER photos taken over a three-month period. During the three-month-long competition, the youth initiate the transformations as volunteers. They are incentivized to identify income-generating opportunities within their courtyards and engage dialogue with the residents of the plots surrounding the space, asking them for monthly contributions for maintenance - after they demonstrate the impact of the transformations. Most of transformations initiated during the competition have been maintained beyond the competition due to identified income-generating opportunities. Moreover, DTL co-opted local youths who are influencers including renown hip-hop stars who grew up but left Dandora to engage with the youth and show them the long-term benefits of the intervention. The competition has run three successful editions from 2014 - 2016 and now in 2018, it is being scaled to the rest of Nairobi.
How has the initiative improved the living environment?
1. Physical transformation of public open spaces
- Changing Faces Competition has mobilized over 120 youth groups comprising over 3000 youths involved in transformation of 120 spaces.
- 37 spaces have undergone a significant transformation and been maintained constantly. Spaces have functional drainages and waste management system.
- The DTL staff monitors the state of places quarterly through a grading system.
2. Improvement of safety
- The insecurity in the neighbourhood has declined by more than 70% since the initiative has started (source: The Dandora Officer Commanding Police Station)
- A survey monitoring perception of safety among residents confirms the increased feeling of safety: 53% of respondents stated safety has improved a lot.
3. Enhanced Social Cohesion and a child-enabling environment
- Social activity at public spaces (including evening hours) has increased significantly over last three years.
- The environment in the neighborhood has become child-friendly: children can play in a safe and clean environment and new playgrounds have been created.
4. Change of the narratives
- Media and informal discussions with Nairobians have shifted from picturing Dandora as a "no-go-zone" to a "new Dandora". Dandora residents express the increasing sense of belonging to the community.
5. Scalable model
- The courtyard model was successfully scaled up to the entire neighbourhood. Groups from other neighbourhoods have expressed interest to implement the model in their areas.
- In 2018, DTL banded with other similarly minded organizations and stakeholders from across Nairobi to form the Public Space Network (PSN). PSN is now scaling up Changing Faces Competition to the entire Nairobi.
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https://spark.adobe.com/page/XJcFiDc0JEGKp/
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Institute of Future Cities (IOFC) established in 2013, which aims to create a hub for researchers in diverse fields to collaborate in examining a wide range of past and present urban issues and to collectively envision, research and advocate innovative approaches to shape future cities to be environmentally friendly, economically prosperous and socially just. The Institute serves as a research hub for local as well as international scholars; a base to enhance learning and teaching for CUHK and; a dynamic Institute for evidence-based knowledge transfer as well as an Institute that vibrates with positive energy and hope in the construction of sustainable future cities.
Vision
To develop IOFC into an Institute of excellence, a leading multi-disciplinary research Institute in Asia with significant impacts on academic research and urban theories and practices including policy, plans and design especially in Hong Kong, mainland China and Asia. It will also play a key networking role between the international urban research communities and the Chinese ones in Asia.
Mission
A Multidisciplinary Hub
The Institute serves as a multidisciplinary research platform to facilitate innovative, collaborative and/or comparative research work and to serve as a learning site on research methodologies and consultation approaches in Hong Kong, the Pearl River Delta and beyond.
A Teaching & Learning Platform
The Institute provides a learning and training platform for students, interns or even professionals in Hong Kong and mainland China, to nurture them to think BIG from multidisciplinary perspectives with both local/regional/national knowledge and global outlook.
A Knowledge Transfer Centre
Members of the Institute offer advice and influence government policy-making through solid and evidence-based research work. It also serves as a social learning centre to educate citizens and empower communities through theoretical and practical research innovation.
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http://www.iofc.cuhk.edu.hk/vision-missions
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Explore the selected projects, perspectives and practices from Oslo Architecture Triennale’s Open Call for submissions contributing to the mission: creating more diverse, generous and sustainable neighbourhoods.
Selected for exhibition
The Croydon ‘Urban Room’ is a shopfront for public participation, fostering meaningful connection between people & place; past, present & future.
Selected for exhibition
Reimagining how a mixed-use cooperative housing development could be conceived at a neighbourhood scale.
Honorable mention
Frizz23 and the five pioneering participatory processes behind it have charted a new approach to community focussed urban development.
Honorable mention
Transformative Densification is a design programme with the aim of rethinking densification models within the changing conditions of nowadays society.
AUA is an experimental, participatory youth project on the cross section of urban pedagogy, sustainability education, action research & placemaking
Project displays how neighbourhood is socially and physically crucial for post-disaster recovery with an idea of a floating, post-disaster settlement.
Jubileumsparken is an example of a long-term place-building process where a neighborhood is created years before the first residents move in.
This publication explores informal architecture and urbanism, analysing practical actions in three different continents (Africa, America, Asia).
Taking small steps, collectively, towards a respected and lively neighborhood
The value of creating a “Playable City,” as an ecosystem of multiscale playable opportunities intertwined within our existing infrastructure.
Use of alternative and artistic methods to emphasise and investigate planning, participation, ecology and urban development at the Tromsø waterfront.
The entry conceptualizes the key neighbourhood principle of “sharing” through regulatory structures specific to Western Norway’s land division and use
Co-Carts are multifunctional vehicles whose forms and functions stimulate collaboration, encourage experimentation and transform collective spaces.
Proposal for a novel air rights management platform and structural strategy to develop housing with lasting benefits for residents through co-owning.
Gyaw Gyaw is small non-profit organization, utilising sustainable architecture as a tool for development in the Karen areas on the Thai-Burma border.
Youth-led Transitions is an urban transformation project seeking to make degraded spaces in northern Norway more liveable, vibrant and sustainable.
Modernist Neighbourhoods’ Preservation is an education project to inform people about values of Modernist housing estates and ways to preserve them.
Parkly is modular and circular outdoor furniture that creates green and happy public places for more friendly neighborhoods and liveable cities.
A year-long pilot project for a place-based data trust for the benefit of the coastal community of Brixham, a fishing town in South West UK.
ecovillage Hannover is a future-oriented urban development which is guided by sufficiency and highest ecological standards
Transformation of a former industrial area into a new urban neigbourhood
It aims to revisit the idea of the neighbourhood not through its administrative boundaries or urban form, but through a multi-scalar approach
Cohousing project with owner-occupied and cooperative apartments, artists’ studios and space provision for social associations and commerce
The proposal questions inherited domestic spaces through the implementation of a basic set of retroactive tools for communal reset.
We develop a participatory methodology utilizing a data-driven digital tool. The aim of is to deliver policy outcomes at the neighborhood scale
The Star Homes project explores ways to develop low-cost and insect-proof housing to enhance the health of people in rural areas of Sub-Saharan Africa
TAKING PART showcases new creative methods of involving young people from vulnerable social housing in the planning of their own neighbourhoods.
Semipublic network of ‘living-working as a service’ shared spaces spread throughout the empty shops of the city center of Geleen.
Self-initiated public realm project in Tallinn, functioning as a garden, a playable space and as material laboratory for outdoor use of rammed earth.
Designers are doulas responsible for supporting communities through the co-creation of places that center the joy, wellbeing, and dignity of all.
Integrated approaches for public spaces to overcome conflicts and make them drivers in developing inclusive neighbourhoods.
The aim of the project has been to look at the potential for future development of a district of Kristiansand with a focus on social sustainability.
A book providing inspiration as well as theoretical and practical knowledge on how to design public space for people of all ages.
Miniature Megalopolis radically reimagines what a neighbourhood can be, through the lens of one of Oslo’s most complex urban areas - Groruddalen.
We search and research patient methods to approach the demolition of decaying modern neighborhoods and document them by photos and concrete models.
This project maps the history and present of the Swedish gemensamhetslokal with the aim to understand its function in a sustainable future.
We needed to change perspective on the meaning of our own practice and present what might be inspiring in a contemporary situation
A worn down nonplace, absent on the locals mental city map has been transformed into a modern urban space with a luminous landmark.
Expanding the possibilities of design by galvanizing power, amplifying the voices of everyday people, and activating shared visions for place.
retouch™ any neighbourhood for more health & less stress.
Reconversion of a derelict working-class “ilha” neighborhood into longterm affordable rental housing, in the historical city center of Porto,Portugal
Living The Future rehabilitates a dismissed urban fragment in Milan introducing social dwelling spaces and new public services for the neighborhood.
A speculation of a neighborhood where “waste” becomes a property of individuals, and legacy of ‘’waste’’ registered on a collective network.
The project explores how TKB´s physical and social structures has been influenced by societal changes during 100 years and discusses lessons learned.
an architectural inquiry into the future of microrayons in former socialist states
‘Model of Jamaika’ is a 1:10 scale, walk-in model of the neighbourhood’s recently demolished Bloco 10, in the outskirts of Lisbon.
Neighbourhoods as Networks of Care is a body of work investigating the neighbourhood as both a site and a material for creating participatory artworks
Participatory Action Research could aid in creating sustainable & thriving communities/cities engaging the most prominent users & observers -Children.
Together we matter; diversity forges the communities that hold our collective power to accelerate change and elevate the quality of our environment.
REFURBISHMENT OF THE ANCIENT BENEDICTINE MONUMENTAL COMPLEX
BLCE showcases methods, models and policies of local ecosystem building, backed by case studies and a 4-year research and knowledge exchange process.
The project aims to create a neighboorhood, which seemingly created itself through many back and forths and in many years, unique at every corner.
The Opportunity Districts are identified as strategic areas of development in Guatemala City that promote investment, innovation and sustainability.
One day of open courtyards!
Data is the new resource. We proposed to move from large data centres to small, diffuse data centres that feed neighbourhoods with their energy waste
How to “preserve & tranform" the urban fabric of Barcelona ? How to create a flexible urban system reflecting the diversity of the city?
A research pamphlet evaluating the under valued success of South London's urban mutualism and establishing alternatives for neighbouring development
Civil society and the public sector are jointly turning a vacant building complex into affordable spaces for art, education, housing & administration
We aspire to impact policies, disciplines, hearts & minds by exemplifying vibrant green spaces, striving for ecological restoration.
Magnete is a community driven innovation hub, a place of care and culture, of relationship and plurality in the northeast metropolitan area of Milan
...is an artistic examination of key locations in open space concerning neighbourhood.
Community festival mobilising citizens and fostering urban stewardship through raising awareness for built heritage to decrease social isolation.
'Let the sunshine in' is prospective research proposing 3 scales of actions for a better relationship between housing and the metropolitan city.
Plugin Architecture is a form of practice that argues for a nimble and adaptive architecture ensuring housing is inclusive and accessible.
Groma aims at defining the guidelines for the design of a Cultural Hub in Ivrea able to strengthen the sense of community.
This is one office’s introspective study about their own choice of neighborhoods and how this corresponds to the neighborhoods being made today.
This self-initiated proposal investigates how to upgrade post-war residential housing buildings to meet current environmental and social standards.
A knowledge based analysis with inspirational examples of housing with new qualities for better neighborhoods.
Rolling Radio is a tool for Artists and Activists. A biketrailer that fits everything that is needed to hold a talk or performance in public space.
A meeting place/plays for the neighborhood, with the neighborhood of Rudshøgda
NABO_Lab is a pop-up platform for research and a neighbourhood laboratory .
Bridging the gap between community & public space:Placemaking+Guatemala City´s Opportunity Districts
Three action-oriented practices to produce real outcomes in public space starting with temporary interventions and working toward long-term change.
Turning a neglected urban environment into an exciting mixed-use neighbourhood with adequate housing, commercial spaces and functional public areas.
Neighborhood planning platform and practice focused on the environments supportive of early childhood and caregiver wellbeing
Neighbourhood scale frameworks and demonstrations for energy and resource-efficient, climate positive circular communities in Norway and Europe.
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https://neighbourhoodindex.org/index/?category=rethinking-processes-and-governance
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Facing the Environmental Challenge
Urban regions are the world's dominant population centers and the main growth engines of the global economy. For effective governance, citizenship, urban planning, and economic strategy in metropolitan areas, every level of government and the private and civic sectors must collaborate across jurisdictional boundaries. Public policy and urban management today generally do not correspond to the reality of metropolitan regions as fundamental units of market activity, social interaction, culture, transportation systems, land-use planning, and environmental protection. Many people across the globe are now economic "citizens" of metropolitan regions, but in most cases they are politically disenfranchised within these dynamic and rapidly growing urban agglomerations. Even stable public institutions are increasingly unable to cope with the vast array of problems confronting the entire urban region, and metropolitan residents are generally disconnected at the regional level from governmental decision-making, democratic participation, and citizenship rights and responsibilities. Global Urban Development directly addresses this 21st century challenge by developing cooperative partnerships among the public, private, and civic sectors in urban regions. These partnerships design and implement metropolitan economic strategies to generate increased prosperity; metropolitan land-use and transportation strategies to invest in infrastructure, manage growth, and enhance the urban environment; and metropolitan community development strategies that promote livable neighborhoods with improved housing, education, health, safety, and quality of life. Through effective and inclusive metropolitan strategic partnerships, urban regions can become more economically productive, technologically innovative, socially equitable, and environmentally sustainable.
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https://globalurban.org/metro_challenge.htm
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City as Platform is more than a tour, and more than just a conference session—it is a hands-on, collaborative learning experience in the field.
A time-compressed design process that gathers all of the stakeholders and practitioners together has great potential for creating more holistic communities, experts say.
All politics is local—and to that we could add, all politics is rooted in the public spaces we share at the local level.
Urban living with kids, part three: For cities vying for the best and brightest, a mixed-use urban neighborhood with a great public school is a slam dunk.
There are two models for development of cities and towns. One, the neighborhood model, founded on thousands of years of trial and error, brings people together.
Note: This article was written as a speech to the first annual Jane Jacobs Award at Met Council Housing.
Building a Better Burb can sometimes fall victim to raw politics unless public officials see grassroots support.
Whenever we are writing character-based zoning, one of the first things we do is a regional tour to analyze the DNA of the most loved places. Places cannot be resilient unless they can be loved.
Detroit’s real renaissance is now happening in many small places, not the few big ones. Walk around Brush Park, Lower Woodward, and Midtown, and you’ll find all sorts of cool stuff popping up.
Suburban areas in need of transformation often lack an oversight organization to join, providing a network of support.
Historic buildings create the kind of character and vitality that makes older communities perform well economically, socially, and environmentally—and that is the central thesis of a new book.
A walkable community is the most common term to describe the alternative to drive-only suburbia. Yet walking is so basic to human life that we often take it for granted. Perhaps a more inspiring term is livability.
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https://www.cnu.org/publicsquare/category/community?page=1
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America’s Capitals Initiative.
The announcement was made today by EPA Regional Administrator Shawn M. Garvin and District Mayor Vincent C. Gray across the street from the Anacostia Metro Station.
“EPA’s technical design assistance will help build on Mayor Gray’s sustainability efforts that are already underway. The project also involves public participation that will allow residents who live in Anacostia, Barry Farm, Sheridan and Buena Vista neighborhoods to have a voice in creating ideas to restore and re-imagine this key District community,” said Garvin.
Improvement to this area is a high priority for Mayor Gray. The street network around the Anacostia Metro Station serves more than 7,757 people on average per week and is surrounded by neighborhood schools, a recreation center, a historic residential neighborhood, and churches, as well as major federal and local government employment centers.
“I am excited that the District has been selected for this partnership opportunity with EPA,” Mayor Gray said. “The Greening America’s Capitals program will provide us with critical innovative thinking and tools to leverage this transportation hub into a safer and more sustainable asset for the Anacostia community.”
In addition to the District of Columbia, EPA announced that the capital cities of Alabama, Arizona, Mississippi and Nebraska would also receive technical design assistance to help stimulate economic development.
Greening America’s Capitals Initiative is a project of the Partnership for Sustainable Communities among EPA, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), and the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT). The interagency collaboration coordinates federal investments in infrastructure, facilities, and services to get better results for communities and use taxpayer money more efficiently. The partnership is helping communities across the country to create more housing choices, make transportation more efficient and reliable, reinforce existing investments, and support vibrant and healthy neighborhoods that attract businesses. HUD and DOT were involved in the review and selection process and will provide technical expertise on each project. This is the second year of the GAC program. The capital cities selected last year were Boston, Mass.; Jefferson City, Mo.; Hartford, Conn.; Charleston, W.Va.; and Little Rock, Ark.
This year the five capital cities were selected from 23 letters of interest received through a solicitation of interest by EPA. The agency will organize teams of regional urban designers, planners, and landscape architects to provide customized technical assistance as requested by each community. In addition to helping the selected state capitals build a greener future and civic pride, the assistance will help create models that many other cities can look to in creating their own environmentally and economically sustainable designs for growth and development.
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https://www.manufacturing.net/home/news/13084879/epa-provides-district-of-columbia-with-green-design-assistance-dc
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Building a cutting edge, premier stem cell program that integrates expertise in regeneration and precision medicine and shapes a novel basic and translational understanding of stem cell in health and disease for biomedical research.
Our Mission
The Columbia Stem Cell Initiative (CSCI) studies stem cells with the intent to:
- Model human diseases
- Develop new diagnostics and therapies
- Create new cells and tissues to replace damaged, aged, or diseased body parts.
Toward this end, CSCI encourages diverse experts to come together to conduct basic research in stem cell biology and tissue regeneration, and to translate discoveries into new stem cell-based therapies.
CSCI sponsors a monthly Stem Cell Seminar Series with leaders in the field, a bi-monthly Work-In-Progress (WIP) Talk from CSCI trainees, a monthly faculty meeting for CSCI members, and various specialty events, including a monthly Happy Hour, to promote scientific exchanges and foster collaborative interactions among faculty and trainees in formal and informal settings. CSCI provides technical support with its Stem Cell Core Facility for cell derivation and gene editing, and its Flow Cytometry Core Facility for single cell isolation and analyses. CSCI also supports its members with seed funds and preferential access to its core facilities.
CSCI supports teaching about stem cells and regenerative medicine, engages in ethical discussion, and promotes outreach and public education regarding the promise of the field and the potential of stem cells for human treatment. We invite you to support our work with donations.
CSCI strongly supports the use of human embryonic stem cells in research
Human embryonic stem cells are essential for our understanding of human development and disease, and are already being used in clinical trials to treat incurable conditions such as blindness link to age-related macular degeneration or Parkinson’s disease. Some members of congress would like to see a ban on federal funding of human embryonic stem cell research because they say that this will protect the sanctity of life and protect the moral standing of the USA. Unfortunately the opposite is true: the moral failure will be in preventing or delaying the development and delivery of new medical treatments, which will be the consequence of such a ban. CUIMC and CSCI are committed to advancing cures through human embryonic stem cell research.
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https://www.stemcell.columbia.edu/mission-and-vision
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Welcome to UC Davis Neurology
Thank you for your interest in our Fellowship programs at UC Davis. The Department of Neurology offers fellowships in Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, Clinical Neurophysiology, Clinical Neuropsychology, Epilepsy, Movement Disorders, and Vascular Neurology.
Program information, curriculum, faculty resources, reserach, academics, and how to apply can be found on each fellowship program's page. Explore now to see if a Neurology Fellowship at UC Davis would be an ideal fit for you.
*Given the COVID pandemic, we will be conducting a completely virtual interview season. If you have any questions, please contact the Fellowship Coordinator.
Message from the Chair
The 21st century is a remarkable time to be training in the field of Neurology. Thanks to unprecedented advances in neuroscience and bioengineering research– leading to life-saving treatments for previously incurable illness – we’re experiencing a dynamic transformation. Today, we know more about the nervous system and have more effective treatments for neurological diseases than ever before. To deliver these new therapies to the many patients who need them, we will require a large, diverse, and well-trained Neurology workforce.
At UC Davis Health, we offer fellowship programs in a variety of specialty areas: clinical neurophysiology, epilepsy, movement disorders, neurobehavior and vascular. All our fellowship programs are committed to training neurologists who will be prepared to meet these challenges. Our fellows benefit from all the resources of UC Davis Health and the Department of Neurology, gaining opportunities to learn from an experienced, dedicated, and innovative faculty in an inclusive and welcoming environment. Our team brings together academic neurologists, neuropsychologists, and basic and clinical research scientists to pursue a three-fold mission of world-class patient care, groundbreaking research, and innovative education.
We look forward to having you learn more about UC Davis Health and the Department of Neurology and our shared mission of improving lives and transforming health care by providing outstanding patient care, conducting groundbreaking research, fostering innovative education, and creating dynamic, productive partnerships with the community.
Sincerely,
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https://health.ucdavis.edu/neurology/education/fellowship-index.html
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December 16, 2013 — Katherine A. High, MD, of The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) was honored for her trailblazing scientific and clinical research in the bleeding disorder hemophilia when she received the 2013 E. Donnall Thomas Prize from the American Society of Hematology (ASH) at its annual meeting on Dec. 9 in New Orleans.
Named for the late Nobel Prize laureate E. Donnall Thomas, the award recognizes pioneering research achievements in hematology that have helped move the field forward. An internationally recognized expert in the molecular basis of hemophilia, Dr. High has developed novel approaches to correcting hemophilia with gene therapy in studies over the past two decades. Her studies continue today in a current NIH-funded clinical trial for hemophilia.
The Prize recipient customarily delivers the E. Donnall Thomas Lecture to the ASH conference audience. Dr. High’s lecture, “Sailing to Ithaca: Gene Therapy’s Odyssey from Investigational Agent to Therapeutic Product,” described the successes and obstacles of the evolving science and practice of gene therapy as it pursues the goal of offering long-lasting treatments of previously incurable diseases.
In presenting the E. Donnall Thomas Prize, ASH president Janis L. Abkowitz, MD, said, “Dr. High is unquestionably a leader in gene therapy and has made remarkable, groundbreaking contributions to the field, demonstrating creativity, determination, and the ability to overcome numerous obstacles. Through her countless discoveries, Dr. High has transformed the notion of utilizing genetically engineered mechanisms for treatment of incurable inherited disorders from a distant vision to reality.”
Dr. High is the founder and director of the Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. She also is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator, the William H. Bennett Professor of Pediatrics at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, and an attending physician at CHOP. A former president of the American Society of Gene and Cell Therapy, she also is an elected member of both the Institute of Medicine and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She is a scientific co-founder and advisor to Spark Therapeutics, a fully integrated gene therapy company launched in October 2013 with a capital investment from CHOP.
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https://www.chop.edu/news/chop-scientist-honored-gene-therapy-research
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Lymphedema Management- Physical Medicine And Rehabilitation
Lymphedema, also known as lymphoedema and lymphatic edema, is a condition of localized fluid retention and tissue swelling caused by a compromised lymphatic system,
which normally returns interstitial fluid to the bloodstream. The condition is most frequently a complication of cancer treatment or parasitic infections, but it can also be seen in a number of genetic disorders. Though incurable and progressive, a number of treatments can ameliorate symptoms. Tissues with lymphedema are at high risk of infection.
Disclaimer: Please note that Mya Care does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. The information provided is not intended to replace the care or advice of a qualified health care professional. The views expressed are personal views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of Mya Care. Always consult your doctor for all diagnoses, treatments, and cures for any diseases or conditions, as well as before changing your health care regimen. Do not reproduce, copy, reformat, publish, distribute, upload, post, transmit, transfer in any manner or sell any of the materials on this page without the prior written permission from myacare.com.
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https://myacare.com/procedure/lymphedema-management
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Table of Contents
Proposition 14 would authorize the sale of $5.5 billion in general obligation bonds for the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, known as CIRM, for stem cell studies and trials.
Here is a rundown of the ballot measure:
The measure
In 2004, voters approved a bond measure to pay for stem cell research.
Now, with the money from that bond running out, supporters of the state’s stem cell agency are asking taxpayers for a new infusion of cash.
With interest, the bond could cost the state $260 million per year, or $7.8 billion over the next 30 years, according to the nonpartisan Legislative Analyst’s Office.
Pro arguments
Proponents of Proposition 14 say the measure will help find new treatments and cures for chronic diseases and conditions, including cancers, spinal cord injuries, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and heart disease. They say the previous bond advanced research and treatments for more than 75 diseases, including two cancer treatments for fatal blood disorders that were approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Without new funding to keep the program going, supporters of Proposition 14 say, groundbreaking medical discoveries and lifesaving research will be slowed or stopped.
Anti arguments
Opponents say that the state shouldn’t take on new debt while facing a pandemic-induced deficit and that medical advances attributed to the previous stem cell bond have been overstated. In addition, opponents say CIRM has been hampered by conflicts of interest and too little oversight, neither of which are remedied by the ballot measure.
The campaign to pass the 2004 ballot measure told voters that the bond would save millions of lives and cut healthcare costs by billions. Critics say that’s not been the case to date, although supporters of this year’s measure note that they never intended those results within 16 years. While there is not much organized opposition, some newspaper editorial boards, including those at the Los Angeles Times and San Francisco Chronicle, have opposed it.
Reading list
With Prop. 14, California voters will be asked for more borrowing to keep stem cell research going
Explaining Prop. 14
Times columnist George Skelton assesses Prop. 14
The California stem cell program’s $5.5-billion funding request might be its downfall
California’s stem cell program faces an existential moment — and a chance for reform
When it comes to disease, stem cells are a game-changer, scientists say. This is why
This story originally appeared in Los Angeles Times.
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https://www.isrcer.org/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-5-5-billion-stem-cell-measure.html
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The GORDON AND LLURA GUND LEADERSHIP AWARD honors individuals who have made a significant contribution to increasing the level of advocacy for medical and health research at the local, state or national level.
Jed Manocherian is the founder and chairman of ACT for NIH: Advancing Cures Today at the National Institutes of Health.
A successful real estate investor, developer, and philanthropist, Jed has had a profound impact on global health as the founder and chairman of ACT for NIH. Jed’s life mission is to advocate for biomedical research as a means of reducing pain and suffering worldwide. Through his service on the Board of Visitors of MD Anderson Cancer Center, he learned about our nation’s chronic underinvestment in biomedical research. He originally resolved to double funding for the National Cancer Institute but realized that the National Institutes of Health (NIH) had seen its budget erode by nearly 25% since 2003, and grant success rates decline by 50%. Recognizing that the NIH is the largest funder of medical research in the world and our nation’s premier medical research agency, Jed founded ACT for NIH with the singular mission of restoring and then doubling the NIH budget. He formed a world class team, and a distinguished Advisory Committee that includes Nobel Laureates Dr. Jim Allison, Dr. David Baltimore, and Dr. Jennifer Doudna, as well public health leaders Dr. Ronald DePinho, Mike Milken, Dr. Sid Mukherjee, and Sean Parker. He also founded ACT for NIH Foundation to support medical research and research advocacy organizations. The entire effort is self-funded by Jed and his family.
Jed meets and speaks with members of Congress on a weekly basis and has developed meaningful relationships and friendships with the members that are most influential in determining NIH funding levels. He is a persuasive and influential force that has galvanized our nation’s leadership to accelerate funding for biomedical research. Through his leadership and advocacy, NIH funding has become a bi-partisan Congressional priority. This is evidenced by a $12.9 billion, 42% increase to NIH’s budget over the last six years.
Jed’s stated position is that “there are no incurable diseases, only diseases that haven’t been cured yet. And even with historic increases to the NIH budget in the past six years, funding levels are not even close to adequate to capitalize on all of today’s great scientific opportunities. NIH funded research will drive our economy, rein-in unsustainable entitlement costs, and spare millions across the globe from the ravages of disease. We must double the NIH budget to inoculate our economy from the threats of the next pandemic and vanquish afflictions that have vexed us for centuries. The cost is billions, the return is trillions, and it is priceless to patients and their families anxiously awaiting cures.”
ACT for NIH was also an important player in passage of the 21st Century Cures Act, which will increase biomedical research funding at the National Institutes of Health by $4.8 billion over ten years and accelerate the discovery and development of life-saving drugs and therapies. More broadly, the $6.3 billion package of medical innovation bills contained in the 21st Century Cures Act includes: $1.4 billion for the Precision Medicine Initiative; $1.8 billion for The Beau Biden National Cancer Moonshot; and $1.6 billion for the BRAIN initiative. The legislation also provides $1 billion to states to supplement opioid abuse prevention and treatment activities. Many members of Congress consider this the most important legislation of their career. Jed worked closely with key members of Congress on a bipartisan basis, championed the law from its inception, and attended the White House bill signing ceremony. Then Vice-President Biden graciously recognized Jed by inscribing in his book, “without your efforts through ACT for NIH, 21st Century Cures would not have passed."
Jed is currently working closely with Congress and the Biden-Harris administration to secure a robust increase to the NIH budget for fiscal year 2022, and for the creation of ARPA-H (Advanced Research Project Agency for Health) which promises to accelerate translational research that will result in treatments and cures for some of the most intractable diseases and conditions. Jed’s personal commitment and collaboration with many influential health advocates to increase biomedical research funding, and for bold policy and legislation are significant and far-reaching.
He concludes every correspondence with “there are too many patients to be patient.”
For more information about the Gordon and Llura Gund Leadership Award, click here.
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https://www.researchamerica.org/jed-manocherian-2022-advocacy-awards-gordon-and-llura-gund-leadership-award
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Extreme Procedures: Worth the Risk?
See groundbreaking yet risky treatments to cure severe seizures and maddening migraines. And, is permanent makeup right for you?
The world of medicine evolves at a dizzying rate, delivering a cornucopia of cures, remedies and procedures almost daily. See groundbreaking treatments for the relief of seizures and migraines.
Neurosurgeon Dr. Aaron Cohen-Gadol from Clarian Health Methodist Hospital in Indianapolis demonstrates how a hemispherectomy can correct a seizure disorder.
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https://www.thedoctorstv.com/tags/hemispherectomy
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Crown Scientific is a medical research company, located in the heart of the San Antonio Medical Center in Texas. Crown Scientific has a 2,600 gross ft2 space with an 800 ft2 environment-controlled animal research/surgery suite and 1400 ft2 of wet laboratory. Crown Scientific provides a variety of equipment, resources and expertise to make translational science possible; from molecular and cellular analyses, to animal studies and cGMP manufacturing, we provide the resources necessary to execute projects from basic science research to early phase clinical trials.
At Crown Scientific our mission is to find cures for autoimmune diseases, with a focus on cell therapeutics and regenerative medicine. With the immune system in mind, we have developed a battery of functional assays and animal models to evaluate, compare, and discover novel biological therapeutics that offer innovative solutions to incurable diseases.
We are located in the heart of San Antonio, the second largest city in Texas. San Antonio, the military city USA, is home to one of the largest concentrations of military bases in the United States and the city is heavily involved in medical research from government entities, academia, and private industry.
At Crown Scientific our Mission is to discover novel biological therapeutics and bring them to the clinic at an affordable price.
Our immediate efforts are focused on isolating and concentrating active ingredients of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSC), in order to provide robust treatments with less risk, continued benefits, and at an affordable price.
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https://crownsci.com/about-us/
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On Thursday, November 2, UTS was the site of the first Medicine by Design student conference. The University of Toronto initiative, created in 2015 thanks in part to a grant from the federal government’s Canada First Research Excellence Fund, is strengthening the university’s position as a global leader in regenerative medicine research. This is only fitting, as the University of Toronto was the site where stem cells were first identified in 1961 by James Till and Ernest McCulloch. Learn more about stem cells here: http://mbd.utoronto.ca/about-stem-cells/ .
Stem cells hold the promise of revolutionary new treatments for diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and stroke. Medicine by Design is truly a multidisciplinary initiative which brings together the expertise of researchers in the physical and life sciences, engineering, mathematics, and medicine, who work across the University of Toronto and its affiliated hospitals.
On Thursday, approximately 150 students from 12 secondary schools had the unique opportunity to learn about this groundbreaking research and meet some of the scientists involved. UTS teachers Dr. Maria Niño-Soto and Mr. Alan Kraguljac have worked with a team from Medicine by Design to plan this exciting learning opportunity: “Regenerative Medicine: The Next Frontier.”
This one-day symposium brought together Grade 10-12 students from schools across the city to explore the field of regenerative medicine, and showcased the incredible research, clinical and commercialization work taking place in Toronto.
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https://www.utschools.ca/blog/content/introducing-students-groundbreaking-research
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Hi! My name is Meghna Datta, and I’m a freshman. I’m from Madison, Wisconsin, so North Carolina weather has been quite the adjustment. Apart from the humidity, though, I’m so excited to be at Duke! I’m an aspiring pre-med student with absolutely no idea what I want to major in. And it’s funny that I’ve grown to love science as much as I do. Up until tenth grade, I was sure that I would never, ever work in STEM.
My first love was the humanities. As a child I was hooked on books (still am!) and went through four or five a week. In high school, I channeled my love for words into joining my school’s speech and debate team and throwing myself into English and history classes, until being forced to take AP Biology my sophomore year completely changed my trajectory.
Science had always bored me with its seemingly pointless intricacies. Why would I want to plod through tedious research when I could be covering a groundbreaking story or defending justice in a courtroom instead? But the lure of biology for me was in its societal impact. Through research, we’ve been able to cure previously incurable diseases and revolutionize treatment plans to affect quality of life.
In AP Bio, understanding the mechanisms of the human body seemed so powerful to me. Slowly, I began to entertain the notion of a career in medicine, one of many scientific fields that works to improve lives every day.
Now, the research going on at Duke doesn’t cease to amaze me. Specifically, I’m interested in science for social good. Be it sustainable engineering, global health, or data-driven solutions to problems, I love to see the ways in which science intersects with social issues. As I have learned, science does not need to be done in isolation behind pipettes. Science is exciting and indicative of society’s shared sense of humanity. At Duke, there’s no shortage of this environment.
As a blogger I’m so excited to see the inspiring ways that peers and faculty are working to solve problems. And because science isn’t a traditionally “showy” field, I am looking forward to shining the spotlight on people at Duke who tirelessly research behind the scenes to impact those at Duke and beyond. The research community at Duke has so much to celebrate, and through blogging I’m excited to do just that!
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https://researchblog.duke.edu/2019/11/04/meet-the-new-blogger-meghna-datta/
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The University of Maryland School of Medicine has embarked on the most ambitious recruiting drive of its 210-year history — an effort to hire top scientists with the goal of making its biomedical research programs the best in the country.
The mission, Dean E. Albert Reece said, is to attract by 2020 scores of researchers who will focus on finding new cures and treatments with a particular focus on three key areas — brain disorders, cancer, and cardiovascular and metabolic diseases — which are among the leading causes of death.
The medical school has hired a professional recruiting firm to help — something it does for senior positions, but never on such a large scale. It has already brought in four scientists from other institutions, Reece said. Another 12 are at various stages of the recruiting process; some are to visit in October, and others are nearing decisions.
Every scientist who is hired will likely bring along a "mini team" of researchers who are already involved in the work, Reece said.
"We are not just recruiting haphazardly," Reece said. "We have identified scientific gaps and created a profile of who we will be looking for. It is a targeted recruitment of investigators of a high caliber."
The new hires are to move into a 450,000-square-foot research scheduled to open in Baltimore next year. The school is using the $300 million state-of-the-art facility on West Baltimore Street as a key recruiting tool.
High-caliber staff can go a long way toward raising the prestige of a medical research school, professionals say. That, in turn, can help attract patients, other medical staff and research dollars.
Such staff also increase the potential for the school to become known for great medical discoveries.
"Patients want to go to a place where there are new treatments and cutting-edge care," said Alexander Ommaya, chief scientific officer of the Association of American Medical Colleges. "And that happens in places where you have this robust connection and commitment to research."
The budget of the National Institutes of Health, which funds the majority of medical research in the United States, has declined by 22 percent in the last decade when adjusted for inflation.
Landon King is executive vice dean of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. He says the increasing scarcity of research dollars puts pressure on medical institutions to find an advantage when competing for grants.
"There has certainly been a lot of jockeying around the country to try to identify good people and recruit them," he said.
The University of Maryland School of Medicine is already well respected as a research institution. The school received $400 million in research funding last year, and it has made groundbreaking discoveries over the years in organ and limb transplants, HIV, and proton cancer treatment, among other areas.
Reece says administrators want to improve patient care, as well as make the school a major player in solving some of the country's most pressing health challenges and developing cures or treatments for some of the deadliest diseases.
"Our goal is to advance discoveries for the benefit of patients," Reece said. "Secondarily, there may be other benefits, such as more patients, but that is not our primary goal."
He said the research areas — brain disorders, cancer, and cardiovascular and metabolic diseases — were chosen for the broad shadow they cast on the population.
"They have had such a demonstrative impact on the health and well-being of people, and they kill so many people," Reece said.
The Obama administration has made finding cures to cancer and brain illnesses a top priority. President Barack Obama has launched a BRAIN Initiative — Brain Research Through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies — aimed at unlocking "the mystery of the three pounds of matter that sits between our ears."
Obama has also put Vice President Joe Biden in charge of a "cancer moonshot" initiative, intended to produce a decade's worth of progress against cancer in five years. Biden's son, Beau, died of cancer last year.
Ommaya says it's good strategy for the University of Maryland to focus on research areas that will likely draw an infusion of funding.
"I think it is exciting to build on the priorities within the government and take advantage of the infrastructure being built … and making sure they have scientific expertise to supercharge this effort," Ommaya said.
Reece said the new researchers will work with faculty in departments throughout the University of Maryland system. The medical school has put more emphasis on research across disciplines — so, for example, the engineering department in College Park could work on health strategies with the medical school in Baltimore.
Michael Cryor, chairman of the medical school's board of visitors, said scientists want to work in an environment that encourages innovation.
"The ability to recruit has become much easier because the physician-science community really appreciates this is a growing institution, coupled with collaboration with Johns Hopkins and proximity to the NIH," Cryor said.
The new hires include dentists Motomi Enomoto-Iwamoto and Masahiro Iwamoto, a husband-and-wife team from the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia specializing in orthopedics who will start in January.
Masahiro Iwamoto wasn't looking to move when a recruiter called him a year ago. His interest was piqued when he learned of the school's work with trauma patients.
He believes his work on the rare disease FOP, in which the body forms bone over muscles and ligaments, can be useful in treating soldiers who suffer similar bone formation after amputations.
The extra bone can be painful, he said.
The Morning Sun
"University of Maryland is the perfect place for me to apply my research," he said. " I like that they are eager to explore new therapy by doing clinical trials."
Physicians Konstantin Birukov and Anna Birukova, another husband-and-wife team, are specialists in pulmonary critical care at the University of Chicago School of Medicine and are expected to join the school in January.
Margaret M. McCarthy, professor and chair of the school's department of pharmacology, says attracting established scientists can be difficult. They might be comfortable where they are, or have families they may not want to uproot. Their current institutions might present strong counteroffers.
McCarthy is trying to recruit a researcher with expertise on life stress and how it increases the risk for depression, neurological disorders and other diseases. She wants her department to do more research in psychiatry, given the role of psychiatric medications in the treatment of mental illnesses.
"I think that it is always good to get top-notch scientists, especially at stages in their career when they can spark new initiatives," she said.
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https://www.baltimoresun.com/health/bs-hs-um-research-recruitment-20160916-story.html
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Mental Health Awareness In India
The ancient science like Ayurveda states the importance of mental health. In one of the shlokas defining health, sage Charak states “A person with balanced digestion, balanced physiological factors, and metabolism, balanced excretion, happy heart, senses, and mind only can be called HEALTHY”. It is important to note that the health according to Ayurveda is not complete without the mental health. However, mental health awareness is very low in India. In fact, a lot of prejudices are related to it. If anyone is diagnosed with mental problems, the common crowd directly jumps to the conclusion that the person has gone mad. There is no culture to consult psychologists for mental problems like depression, anxiety, OCD etc. In fact, there is extremely low awareness about mental disorders or the importance of mental health. In a country where so many kids commit suicide, there is no awareness about mental disorders like depression. According to the WH, India has a huge number of undiagnosed mental patients, ranging from diseases like depression, OCD, phobias, manias etc.
Need to Improve Mental Health Awareness
Because of the undiagnosed mental problems, lots people commit suicide or live a substandard emotional life and are not able to reach their full potential. India loses a lot of manpower and productive working hours to the mental problems. The status of awareness about the mental health is grim. However, if we look at the scenario in last 50 years, there were major social health problems like cholera, typhoid, TB, malaria, malnutrition, maternity health earlier. The poor health infrastructure, a dearth of even plain MBBS graduates and low average income was the cause of overall low health awareness. A person can think about mental health, only if he is getting enough food and is not physically ill. With this kind of background, we have made significant progress. Now, with better average income and lifestyle, is the time to bat for improvement in mental health in India.
Concealed Institutions of Mental Health
India is a land of gurus and religions. We are deeply religious people, sometimes to the extent of superstition and irrational rituals. But, this institution is faith has offered free mental health care to the Indian for centuries. Indian religious teachers have introduced mental health techniques like yoga, breathing exercises and meditation to the masses. These tools for mental and physical health are free and accessible for everyone, rich or poor. The religious discourses that talk about forgiveness, harmony, acceptance, patience, and introspection, are the excellent tools for mental health. The confession box in the church is a redeemer of mental health, free and available to all. These tools provide a deep placebo effect even on the body. There are instances of miracle cure in many diseased people. The pillar of mental health was somewhat supported by these social institutions in the absence of formal individualized mental health treatment.
How to Improve Mental Health Awareness
The food is first noticed by the hungry! The mental health awareness can come not by talking about the concepts of mental health. It can come easily by identifying the wide-spread mental problems and telling people the way they can get rid of their problems. Otherwise, the agenda of spreading mental health will miss its target.
For example, depression is a big problem in India and the world. In fact, every human being passes through a phase of depression at least once in his lifetime. Unfortunately, most of the depressed people don’t even know that they are depressed. Therefore, talking about “depression” as a medical term might not be productive in India. One has to talk about the symptoms that the people can easily relate to, like sadness, lack of interest in the social company, aloofness, negative thinking etc. so that the people can walk to understanding depression as a combination of all these symptoms.
The religious and social institution with deep roots in the masses can be very helpful in spreading awareness about mental health. They have a large and devout audience which is sure to accept and absorb the message about mental health. They can also offer free mental health services to the masses. Dedicated Ngo can go a long way to improve mental health awareness.
As for the Govt., a lot can be done but it is not the ideal institution in India to expect anything from.
One feasible way to improve mental health awareness is to incentivize the education industry to produce more graduates in psychology. If we take the example of the oral health awareness in India, it has increased exponentially in the last decade, as more and more dentists passed out each year from the ever-increasing dental colleges. All these dentists eventually started their business and indirectly increased the availability and affordability of the oral healthcare facilities. This self-propagating business model can work for mental health awareness as well. An increased number of psychologists will automatically spread the mental health awareness. This is a complete solution, as what is the benefit of increasing the mental health awareness when there are not enough number of specialists to solve the mental problems.
Corporate hospitals can play a big role in spreading mental health awareness as the niche of middle-class people and above, that they cater to are educated enough to appreciate the information about the mental disorders and can spend enough for mental health disorders. This awareness can easily trickle down to the lower masses as they tend to copy the higher classes.
Movies, Tv programs and newspapers can do an excellent job in spreading the mental health awareness in a fun way. Movies like Shutter Island, Karthik calling Karthik, Bhoolbhulaiya can go a long way in actually impressing in the minds of people that mental disorders are also natural phenomena like the other physical disorders and can be treated.
Problems with High Mental Health Awareness
This is a far-fetched idea but too much awareness about mental health might lead people to self-diagnose and practice self-treatment. Awareness of being afflicted with depression might make a depressed person even more depressed. However, we are far from that post, so the topic is currently not relevant.
Finally…..
As more and more people have more disposable income and more susceptibility to lifestyle disorders and mental disorders, our society is finally graduating to a higher standard of healthcare. It is important to spread mental health awareness so that the mentally sick people are not judged and side-lined by the society. I hope that very soon we will have a good level of mental health awareness and enough infrastructure to cater to the sick!
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https://ritucharya.com/2018/03/02/are-you-nuts-mental-health-awareness-in-india/
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Health is a condition of mental, physical and social wellbeing where infirmity and disease are absent. The five element theory postulates that health consists of the following elements: harmony, equilibrium, flexibility, harmony and reliance. Mental health is also included in the elements of health.
The current trend in education, research and practice suggests that a major contribution to good health depends on how we perceive our own health, what we eat and how much we exercise. We have a duty to take care of ourselves and others. This involves taking time out for ourselves, as well as our family, and keeping active with job opportunities, social occasions such as parties and festivals, sport activities and volunteering. It is important for all of us to maintain a sense of personal balance between work, home and recreation. In addition, individuals need to make time to relax, rest and take pleasure in their leisure time, as well as manage their physical health, and in this context, health conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, obesity and osteoporosis can create challenges.
With the increasing stress in modern society, health promotion has become an increasingly important consideration for both public and private entities. Public health and healthcare often work hand-in-hand, providing information on how individuals can reduce their risks of contracting illnesses and diseases. Some measures of prevention include controlling and reducing tobacco use, controlling dietary intake, promoting healthy eating practices and making it a lifestyle choice to participate in regular exercise. Public health and healthcare professionals are also concerned about increasing awareness and understanding of stress-related illnesses, as well as developing methods to address and treat them. As part of these efforts, there is an increased focus on promoting mental health and wellness and improving the quality of life for people living with chronic illness and disability.
As defined by the American Psychological Association, positive psychology focuses on the individual’s capacity for personal change and improvement, focusing on the self rather than others. This definition differs slightly from the Mayo Clinic’s description of mental health, which emphasizes the need to treat illness as a symptom of an underlying disorder. Positive psychology incorporates elements of behavior therapy, cognitive therapy and family counseling into its definition. The National Institute of Mental Health also has a definition of positive psychology that includes several other elements, such as feelings of self-worth, power, achievement and control. The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry has a more detailed definition, which focuses on the importance of enhancing children’s mental health and wellbeing through education, support, and therapy.
The challenge of fighting the stigma attached to Illness and Disease is far greater today than ever before. Many people are unwilling to accept the fact that they may be physically ill, or in pain, or in need of treatment for an illness. Some employers will take the “undisabled” route and refuse to hire someone with a physical limitation. And even within the medical community, many doctors are reluctant to prescribe medication for patients with mental health issues. Stigma is an issue in itself, but it can make living with a mental illness more difficult.
A society that treats its mentally ill as a special category of the population is harmful to the mental health of everyone. A society that believe it is OK to have bad health conditions and treat those illnesses as if they were a different type of cancer is also harmful to everyone. Treating mental health conditions as a different class of illness opens up new and creative ways to combat mental health conditions, but doesn’t do anything to improve the quality of life for those who suffer from them.
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https://robaseball.com/2021/05/26/mental-health-2/
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You may be feeling a build-up of anxiety this holiday season. Thoughts of all the events and gatherings with family, coworkers and friends may fill you with anticipation along with a little angst.
Growing evidence shows an association between depression and inflammation. But the connections are complex and not well understood. Understanding these links is important because it could lead to better depression treatment, especially for the many people who don’t respond to traditional treatments.
Despite increased awareness and understanding of mental health issues, the tragedy of teen suicide and self-harm are growing problems in the U.S. Among teens and young adults age 10 to 24, suicide is the second-leading cause of death (after accidents), according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The rate of teen suicide has been on the rise for more than a decade.
New research finds that specific type of psychotherapy, dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), may help save lives and prevent self-harm among high-risk teens.
National Children’s Mental Health Awareness Day, May 10, this year focuses on Partnering for Health and Hope Following Trauma. The observance highlights the importance of an integrated health approach to supporting children, youth and young adults with serious emotional disturbance who have experienced trauma.
It is well-established that adults with mental health disorders spend more on medical care than adults without mental illness, and members of racial and ethnic minority groups have in the past often had less access to care. Researchers led by Judith Weissman, Ph.D., J.D. with the Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, wanted to evaluate the impact the Affordable Care Act has had on ethnic, racial and gender disparities in access to health care among adults with mental health conditions.
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https://www.psychiatry.org/news-room/apa-blogs?catid=5d97c8d5-3fb0-4786-9a69-47d670f6ddf3&parentid=5d97c8d5-3fb0-4786-9a69-47d670f6ddf3
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"As a society, we are much more open about our mental health than ever before, but the modern world has brought new pressures for children, while potentially making others worse.
"To support this, we’re introducing compulsory health education in all schools, within which children will start to be introduced gradually to issues around mental health, wellbeing and happiness right from the start of primary school.
"We are rolling out significant additional resources to schools to improve mental health provision at an earlier stage through the Government’s Green Paper proposals, including awareness of ‘mental health first aid’ techniques and teams of trained mental health staff to work with and in schools."
"I want to see all children and young people have the opportunity to flourish – and protecting their mental health is vital to this.
• Two approaches focused on increasing awareness in secondary schools through short information sessions either led by a specialist instructor or by trained teachers. These include a set of tools to increase understanding of mental health and mental disorders among both pupils and teachers.
• Three approaches in primary and secondary schools that focus on lighter-touch approaches such as exercises drawn from mindfulness practice, breathing exercises and muscle relaxation techniques and recognising the importance of support networks including among their own peers.
"We know schools have a strong commitment to supporting children’s mental health and wellbeing but have had little clear guidance about the best ways to approach this. We want children and young people, parents and teachers to be confident that mental health in schools has an absolutely robust evidence base.
"This world leading research which, we at the Anna Freud Centre are proud to be leading, will provide that and has the potential to transform mental health promotion in schools across England. We also need to better identify the mental health needs of the most vulnerable children in society, particularly children in the care system, and an improved mental health framework will greatly help."
"We welcome these trials in continuing to build an evidence base of effective ways to make a real difference to children’s mental health. We know from Place2Be’s work in schools across the UK the importance of working not only with children and young people, but in partnership with teachers, parents, and the wider community to promote mental health and life-long resilience."
"Every day our frontline services see children and teenagers struggling to get to grips with how they fit into the increasingly complex modern world - contending with things like intense pressure at school, bullying or problems at home, all while being bombarded by social media.
"It’s really encouraging to see the Government taking action to tackle the children’s mental health crisis by trialling different approaches in schools. We know from our own school programmes how vital it is to step in early with support to stop problems in their tracks. Crucially, services like these can lessen the anxiety, pain and anguish that some teens go through, but also reduce their need for intensive support further down the line."
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https://www.public-sector.co.uk/article/a05f348484102455809d187ec67077cd
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In spring 2018, HUGHF hosted visiting speakers for engaging dinner discussions about global mental health.
Sheena Wood spoke to HUGHF about her field experience at a mental health clinic in India and stressed the importance of increasing service delivery in regions of severe need. She will contribute to this service herself as she trains to become a nurse. Sheena also described her research with Dr. Vikram Patel, an HMS professor who focuses on narrowing the treatment gap for mental illnesses in developing countries. Sheena supported Dr. Patel in organizing the Inaugural Global Mental Health Open Day in April that showcased the research about and resources for global mental health at Harvard.
HUGHF also organized a fascinating dinner panel with Harvard alumni working in mental health. Dr. Mark Albanese shared his experience from his work in addiction psychiatry at the Cambridge Health Alliance (CHA) and stressed the importance of fostering culturally supportive treatment for diverse populations, including Boston’s Haitian and Latino populations. Maureen Rezendes, who is the Associate Chief of Counseling and Mental Health Services at HUHS, noted that she has witnessed exciting progress since she was an undergrad in the understanding of how the brain works at a neurological, cellular level. Sreeja Kalapurakkel described that her passion for mental health – which grew out of her involvement with SMHL and ECHO as an undergrad – has inspired her work since as a research associate at the Broad Institute. All alumni expressed their gratification that awareness about mental health on Harvard’s campus has increased rapidly in recent years.
Leave a Reply.
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http://www.hughf.org/blog/spring-2018-global-mental-health-speakers
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May is Mental Health Awareness Month. Also referred to as “Mental Health Month,” it has been observed in the United States since 1949. It was established as an effort to reach out to and educate millions of people through various means, including media and local events.
We live in an age where it is not uncommon for there to be an Awareness Month or even an Awareness or National Day or Week for any number of issues, causes, or conditions. Some are for seemingly obscure reasons or issues that are of importance to a limited portion of the population. You might see reminders of National Car Care Awareness Month for example, or World Vegan Month. Word has it (perhaps tongue in cheek?) that December is actually Awareness Month of Awareness Months Month!
However, if we stop to consider how utterly different the world we live in was back in 1949, we can begin to understand how important Mental Health Awareness was. We can see how determining that a month be designated as a time for outreach was vitally important in shedding light on mental health issues and mental illness.
Mental Health Month
Developed by The Mental Health America Organization, Mental Health Awareness Month was and is a way to help to spread the word that mental health is something everyone should care about. In the 1950s, America was in its infancy, if you will, as far as de-stigmatizing mental illness. Not too long beforehand, those considered mentally ill were institutionalized and in many cases subjected to drastic medical procedures in an effort to treat or cure the illness. Those not considered to be mentally healthy were often feared and misunderstood.
It was commonplace for them to be seen as violent, people who were unable to conform to the rules and norms of society at large. Treatments like lobotomies (a surgical procedure where neural passages from the front of the brain were separated from those in the back of the brain) and electro-convulsive shock therapy were routinely used. These same barbaric approaches were used to treat illnesses as benign as depression and anxiety, as well as psychosis or far more serious mental illnesses.
Mental Health Month came about just as there began to be a shift in the perception of those in need of mental health care. The fifties were the early days of de-institutionalizing those with mental illness. It was also when medications like anti-depressants came to be used in the treatment of mental disorder and disease, instead of life-altering surgical procedures. So we can see, then, that having a month set aside to concentrate on educating the public in areas of mental health was vitally important.
It is still very important.
Today’s Day and Age
One is left to imagine how well such information was received, how much impact it had in those earliest days, and how far-reaching and permanent the consequences were. Although treatment has come quite a long way, society’s view of the mentally ill has not.
For years the Mental Health America Organization has developed themes each May to highlight various aspects of the broader topic of mental health. Themes such as 2008’s “Get Connected” sought to underscore the importance of social connectedness in one’s overall well-being, particularly in times of personal stress. More recently, last year’s “Mental Illness Feels Like…” utilized social media as an aid to encourage mentally ill people to share what they are feeling. It’s quite beneficial to discuss stressors or traumatic events they have experienced. It tends to help others suffering from mental illness to recognize in themselves symptoms of mental illness, ways to cope, and even risk factors to substance abuse.
There appears to be a high correlation between drug and/or alcohol abuse and mental illness or disorder. This is not to say that one is a direct cause of the other; however, the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) maintains that drug use can be a means of self-medicating for people suffering from mental illness.
The National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) also points out that some drugs can trigger or create mental health symptoms like paranoia, depression or even delusions. Another unfortunate fact is that people who are dealing with a drug/alcohol addiction or a mental illness (or who have a dual diagnosis) fall into the category of individuals least likely to seek help with these issues. This leads one to believe that even given as far as we have come as a society, there is still a pressing need for the insight and education that having a Mental Health Awareness Month can afford us.
Even though we don’t necessarily seek to institutionalize or surgically alter a person with mental health issues, we still have far to go before one’s mental health or lack thereof is given the same respect and consideration that a person’s physical well-being is afforded.
Mental Health Defined
So what is mental health? Surely it involves more than just the absence of a diagnosed mental illness! Dictionary.com defines it as “psychological well-being and satisfactory adjustment to society and to the ordinary demands of life,” as well as “the field of medicine concerned with the maintenance or achievement of such well-being and adjustment”. The World Health Organization defines it as “a state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community.
Given these similar but verbally diverse definitions, one has to wonder why there remains such a stigma regarding mental illness or disorder. How many of us can say confidently and consistently that we are in a good state of mental health? How many of us are even comfortable in discussing issues surrounding our mental health, surrounding our ability to cope with daily stressors, setbacks, trials & tribulations, much less serious trauma or hardship?
Removing the Stigma
How many of us can say we have never questioned our ability to contribute to our community? How many of us have not questioned our worth, our inherent value when faced with so many of life’s demands and setbacks? How many among us can say that we have never sought to “solve” a problem with a glass of wine or some beers with friends?
Is it not easier to see, if not to identify with, a person who seeks such self-medication only to find out they are NOT in control? That they are in fact addicted? That they can no longer function without the crutch of a drink or a drug?
Isn’t it time that shame was taken out of the equation?
Perhaps that is one of the many goals of Mental Health Awareness Month. Let’s take this topic out into the open where it belongs, where it can be seen, discussed, understood. No one would cower in shame if they were diagnosed with a setback to their physical health. Sometimes even those challenges, physical health problems, have roots in voluntary behaviors. Sometimes a physical health issue will arise directly or indirectly as a result of life choices and decisions we have made.
Why then is mental health so often viewed through a different lens?
Mental Health Awareness Month is a valuable tool in at least opening a dialogue that can have broad repercussions for those people who also find themselves dependent on drugs and/ or alcohol. It is an opportunity to reach out and say “you are not alone” and “I know how you feel”.
Mental Health America also offers mental health screening which can, through a series of tests a person can take independently, help one to identify or recognize that they are experiencing symptoms of a mental health condition. These can include tests for depression, anxiety, PTSD, psychosis, or alcohol/substance abuse. These screenings can help at-risk populations to identify problems and seek help before the mental health condition severely impacts their lives. Once identified, these mental health conditions can be treated and recovery is possible.
May 2017
This year Mental Health America chose “Risky Business” as its theme for May’s Mental Health Awareness. It is an effort to make people aware of habits and behaviors that can put them at risk for either developing a mental illness or for making an existing mental health issue worse. Also, quite significantly, this month seeks to make people aware that sometimes a risky behavior one is engaged in can actually be a sign or symptom in itself of an underlying mental health issue they are already suffering from – perhaps without even being aware of it.
One would hope this would be the type of outreach that may reach the youngest of the “at risk” population: college age kids, teenagers, even kids at the elementary school level. If we consider the self-medicating theory set forth by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, and the very definition of mental health noted previously, then our children seem particularly vulnerable. There is the need to belong and to fit in, coupled with the increased prevalence of bullying which has been taken to an all new level with social media and its power to influence young minds. No longer is a child just made to feel worthless or outcast on a playground or school campus; now their humiliation is on the internet for all to see and hear about.
Bullying has the power to shape kids’ realities. And then there is the impact that celebrity and mainstream media can have on how mental health is viewed as well as how substance use and abuse is viewed. Both mental illness and substance abuse are not realistically portrayed in the media. Mental illness still has a tendency to be depicted in a stereotypical way, and substance abuse is often treated less as the disease that it is than as a matter of personal choice and even privilege. Once again, the afflicted, or the user, is portrayed as being somehow responsible for that which is not theirs to control.
Conclusion
No doubt we as a society, and the mental health and medical professions, have come a long, long way since the seemingly ancient days when those suffering from mental illness or alcoholism were thought to be possessed by evil spirits and were housed in asylums which were little more than prisons. Locked away from society and any semblance of beneficial treatment. But there can be little doubt either that we have much room for continued improvement in the understanding of and care for those who suffer from mental health and substance abuse issues.
Remembering Mental Health Awareness during the month of May, year after year, continues to bring this most worthy of issues to light. Mental Health Month brings greater and more open dialog to a much misunderstood topic which seems only to become more important as the years and decades pass.
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http://alcoholawareness.org/recovery/may-mental-health-be-with-you-its-mental-health-month/
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There has been a 23% increase in the number of people presenting with self-harm since 2017.
That is according to the charity Pieta House which, along with St Patrick's Mental Health Services, is highlighting Self-Injury Awareness Day.
They are urging awareness and education of self-harm.
Recent self-harm figures show that children as young as 10 are presenting with self-harm, and that incidences among LGBTI+ young people are twice as high compared to their non-LGBTI+ peers.
St Patrick's Mental Health Services and Pieta House are highlighting the need for more education around self-harm and are encouraging the public - particularly parents and those working with young people - to increase their understanding around the issue.
The highest rates of self-harm in both men and women in the first six months of 2018 were among adolescents and young adults.
There were 6,124 self-harm presentations to hospitals in the first half of this year, representing a 4% increase from 2017.
While there was a 21% increase in self-harm in 10-24 year olds between 2007 and 2017.
Director of services at St Patrick's Mental Health, Tom Maher, said: "The increase in the incidence of self-harm presentations since 2010 highlights the fundamental need for further education, awareness and understanding around self-harm.
"In reality, the incidences of self-harm are even higher than the recorded figures as many people will not present to hospitals at all - often as a result of the stigma and negative attitudes towards mental health difficulties that are still engrained within Irish society."
Lena Lenehan, senior clinical director at Pieta House, added: "Pieta House has seen a 23% increase in the number of clients presenting with self-harm since 2017.
"This is a significant increase and we want to highlight the importance of awareness on self-harm and positive mental health and tackling the stigma surrounding mental health issues."
Speaking about the increased risk of self-harm in the the LGBTI+ community, BeLonG To executive director Monnine Griffith said: "Growing up LGBTI+ can be challenging, particularly when someone is hiding their sexual orientation or gender identity.
"Discovering and beginning to accept that part of your identity is often associated with a sense of isolation, fear of rejection and confusion.
"Feelings of anxiety, depression and loneliness are everyday realities for many LGBTI+ young people, resulting in two times the level of self-harm compared to their non-LGBTI+ friends.
"The presence of a supportive adult can be a lifeline for LGBTI+ young people. Together we can create a safer, more supportive Ireland where all of our young people belong."
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https://www.newstalk.com/news/20-increase-self-harm-rates-832677
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What do you think of when you hear the term “mental health”? Do you think of depression and anxiety? Of eating disorders, and psychological trauma? Of self-harm and suicide?
Or do you think about being well rested, being productive in your daily tasks and being able to manage the stresses and anxieties of your daily life?
There remains a challenge and a disconnect with the negative sentiment that can surround the phrase “mental health”, and as we celebrate Mental Health Awareness Week in the UK, it seems an appropriate time to restate the need to approach mental health not just with open arms and open minds, but with excitement and enthusiasm.
Mental health is by no means a new phenomenon, although has quite the coloured history.
As far back as 6500BC, supernatural theories attribute mental illness to demons, curses and sins stuck within the brain. As covered in Richard Restak’s ‘Mysteries of the Mind’, the only way to release these evil spirits involved a drill and a skull, and not too much imagination.
In fact, supernatural theories as explanation for people’s abnormal behaviour would prevail through many historical eras, from the Egyptians through to the Middle Ages. Witch hunting, where mentally ill women were deemed possessed and burned at the stake, didn’t decline until as late as the 18th century.
Other explanations and theories have been popularised too. Around 2700BC, Chinese medicine considered the concept of complimentary bodily forces (“yin” and “yang”), attributing any imbalance to mental and physical illness.
Hippocrates, in around 400BC, proposed separating religion and superstition from medicine, by defining essential bodily fluids (such as blood) as responsible for mental and physical illness. He didn’t believe mental illness was shameful, nor individuals should be accountable for their behaviour. In fact, ancient Greeks believed that physical and mental health were interrelated.
By the 1900s, treatment methods had at least started to change for the better, as fields of psychology and neurology provided alternative explanations for mental illnesses. Nonetheless, mental health remained poorly understood both clinically and within society, and a person with mental illness would often be heavily stigmatised, and categorised by their illness alone. Mental health was arbitrary — you either had a mental illness, or you didn’t.
This definition of mental health as “the absence of mental illness” provided the rocky foundations that formed people’s understanding of mental health deep into the 21st century. It’s contributed to the stigmas and challenges we face with mental health today.
Fortunately, as the science matures, our understanding has increased and allowed the definition to evolve, too.
The WHO, perhaps the most senior organisation to turn to, now defines mental health as:
A state of well-being in which an individual realises his/her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully and is able to make a contribution to his/her community.
It’s a definition of such positivity and hope. It’s a definition of what we ‘can’ do, not what we’re limited by. It’s a definition of aspiration. It’s wonderful.
The WHO definition opened my eyes to what mental health really is about. Mental health encompasses so many of the core components of our daily lives. It’s holistic. It’s also the total opposite of the binary outputs that once defined it — either having or not having a mental illness.
Realising our own potential calls on aspects like our education, experience and determination to succeed. Productivity is not just an output of how organised we are, but a product of what we do when we’re not trying to be productive — like being well rested and sleeping well. Contributing to our community is our capacity to give back, to feel altruistic in our interactions with others.
The definition paves the way for mental health becoming front and centre of everything we should strive for, and build our lives around. It’s inspiring and motivational, and places equal grounding alongside our physical health in contributing to our wellbeing.
Re-educating people on Mental Health is a timely but tough challenge. While researching this article, I googled “what is mental health?”. My first hit was the Mental Health Foundation, the organisation behind this week’s Mental Health Awareness Week in the UK. I read the opening sentence of their “What is Mental Health?” section:
Being mentally healthy doesn’t just mean that you don’t have a mental health problem.
It seems the scar of the past remains but won’t quite go away. We should no longer be stuck with the notion of mental health being about ‘not’ having a mental health issue or illness, rather than the many other positive notions it can represent. Being physically healthy has associations of exercise, nutrition and balanced way of life — not being devoid of illness.
Of course, it would be remiss not to get past their opening sentence, as the full definition is thorough and encompassing, and is testament to the superb work the Mental Health Foundation and others do in promoting the importance of mental health. But it does show we are still a society in transition, and embracing a full holistic view of mental health will take time.
This week in particular offers a chance to learn, absorb and think about our own mental health. It’s not just about opening up about our feelings, but opening our minds to all the areas of our daily lives that impact our overall mental wellbeing.
I wrote previously about how nature can help our mental health, as it’s one incredibly powerful and available source that can help us to improve our overall wellbeing.
Suitably, this week’s theme for Mental Health Awareness Week is ‘kindness’. It’s a perfect reminder that it’s not just our own mental health to consider, but helping those all around us too.
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https://portal.app/campfire/mental-health-is-a-positive-term-not-a-negative-one
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