content
stringlengths 71
484k
| url
stringlengths 13
5.97k
|
|---|---|
“The question whether inductive inferences are justified, or under what conditions, is known as the problem of induction” (Popper, 1959; 2005, p. 4).
Now that the underpinnings have been provided, the next task is to explore the reasoning that makes scientific inquiry coherent. To do this requires a better understanding of the observer. What are the cognitive and behavioral traits of a social science researcher? Which necessary components precede the activity of inquiring scientifically? The following will provide some explanation of this process.
Reflecting on Heuristics
Heuristic approaches to thinking involve using rules of thumb to arrive at conclusions. Such rules of thumb are not irrational responses, as they are based upon experience, but rather, they are cognitive shortcuts that reduce the cognitive load necessary to come to conclusions (Chen, Duckworth, & Chaiken, 1999). Unfortunately, conclusions based upon these shortcuts can sometimes be inaccurate. In scientific inquiry, checking and correcting during observation and experiment are necessary to produce credible results. In science, making a correct inference requires carefully using inductive, deductive, and abductive reasoning.
Inductive, Deductive, and Abductive Reasoning
As implied by heuristics, mental acts follow a pattern. As Minnameier (2010) stated, the scaffolding of this pattern can be understood as the binding of ideas through observation to form judgments. Suppose a person lights a candle. After an hour, the same person observes the candle flickering, and then the flame ceases. One judgment might be that the melting wax extinguished the flame. This is a simple case of binding ideas through observation to form a judgment. This, however, does not preclude other reasons for the flame going out (a gust of wind or a defective wick), but it does offer a glimpse into a normal pattern of reasoning. In this same pattern, researchers use inductive and deductive reasoning to form propositions.
As Dewey (1938/1986) stated, the activities of inductive and deductive reasoning are cyclical; they are two sides of the same process of discovery. Inductive reasoning involves putting forth propositions, or claims, based upon exemplars found in experience. This occurred in concluding that the flame ceased due to melting wax. Deductive reasoning, in contrast, involves eliminating alternative explanation for the same phenomenon, such as the idea of wind as a factor in the flame ceasing. Deductive reasoning subtracts items no longer relevant because of new information, such as if it were discovered that the windows were closed. Induction then is the binding of ideas through observation to form conclusions, while deduction is the introduction of new evidence through observation to eliminate possible conclusions. This ebb and flow of reasoning, from induction to deduction and back, allows scientists to arrive at warranted assertions, inferences rigorously confirmed and, therefore, grounded through experience, in the back and forth of idea making and deduction (Dewey, 1938/1986). This reasoning does not, however, account for surprising results or provide reasons to pursue alternative explanations for such results.
Creative intuition is an indispensable but often overlooked component of reasoning in science (Policastro, 1995; Popper, 1959/2005). Contrary to putting forth probable inferences (induction) or eliminating unlikely conclusions (deduction), abductive reasoning refers to a kind of strategic guessing (McKaughan, 2008). In some cases, this kind of reasoning provides the motivation to pursue an inference that may seem improbable. In the candle example, a defective wick might have been excluded from explanation after close inspection reveals that the wick remains, but this would not absolutely exclude this conclusion as a possible direction for inquiry. In research, one must determine which paths seem worthy for exploration, at least worthy enough to expend considerable time, effort, or monetary resources. As McKaughan (2008) explained, “abductions yield recommendations about what courses of action to pursue given our values and given the information and resources at our disposal,” referred to as pursuit-worthy endeavors (p. 454).
Developing Hypotheses
Both hypotheses and propositions are predictions, but there is a difference between the two within scientific inquiry. A proposition is a conceptual prediction expressed in words, while a hypothesis is an expanded proposition that includes the criterion of testability.
Proposing an idea on logical grounds does not mean it exists, let alone that it can be tested. If a person proposes that all swans are white, this person would be making a categorical claim (Dewey, 1938/1986; Popper, 1959/2005). The person would not be making a claim about kinds of swans, or a singular swan, only an abstract claim that every creature categorized as a swan is white. Assume a person inspected 100 swans. If all swans were known to be white, the person would ordinarily expect to find that all 100 swans in the sample were white. The evidence in this sample is 100 white swans, but how exhaustive does the evidence have to be? Suppose another sample of 100 swans contained at least one that was black. As Popper (1959/2005) stated, “no matter how many instances of white swans we may have observed, this does not justify the conclusion that all swans are white” (p. 4). This is the purpose of testing a hypothesis, not to prove conclusively that all swans are white, but to provide a falsifiable backdrop to inference. This requires testing the hypothesis through experiment. To restate Popper's point, observing that all swans in the sample are white does not mean that all swans everywhere are white. It simply means that all swans in the sample are white. The phrase in the sample is the key to understanding how researchers use hypotheses in scientific inquiry. In social science, a hypothesis refers to a prediction about a sample of people. How then are hypotheses developed in social science?
A good hypothesis starts with a clear research question. The resulting hypothesis of a question that is too broad might be difficult to answer. A hypothesis based on a question that is too narrow might not be relevant enough to pursue for scientific purposes. A literature review, which involves analyzing previous empirical studies on the topic in question, is an efficient way of determining the right questions to ask. The literature review will also provide exposure to types of hypotheses previously put forth on the topic. Once questions are determined, then testable predictions can be formulated. However, not all scientific inquiry requires a hypothesis, but understanding hypothesis development will be useful where it applies, as well as helpful in contrast with scientific inquiry that does not make predictions.
In science, making a correct inference requires carefully using inductive, deductive, and abductive reasoning.
|
https://lc.gcumedia.com/res811/find-your-purpose-the-path-to-a-successful-doctoral-experience/v1.1/chapter-5-scientific-reasoning.html
|
Matt blogged last week on Doe v. City of Charlotte, in which we were given multiple lessons in both how to and how not to handle an appeal. Authoring Judge Dietz’s pre-bench experience as an appellate practitioner shows.
This month, we were also treated to State v. Smith (No 119PA18, filed 14 August 2020), a helpful opinion from the Supreme Court detailing an aspect of issue preservation in criminal cases that the Court addressed earlier this year in State v. Golder, 374 N.C. 238, 839 S.E.2d 782 (2020), and about which I blogged.
In Smith, as often in cases with important or useful procedural aspects, the underlying facts are not particularly critical. The defendant worked at Knightdale High School in Wake County. Though not certified, he was employed as an In-School Suspension teacher and a Physical Education teacher.
The defendant was charged with sexual activity by a teacher with a student, in violation of North Carolina General Statute § 14-27.7. The issue on appeal was whether or not the defendant was a “teacher” under that statute. The Supreme Court affirmed the Court of Appeals’ finding that he was, but first addressed a significant error preservation issue.
At trial, the defendant argued both at the conclusion of the State’s evidence and at the conclusion of all the evidence that his case should be dismissed on the basis of insufficient evidence. Specifically, the defendant contended that the evidence was inconsistent and contradictory. “There’s been conflict in the victim’s own testimony. Based on that we would renew our Motion to Dismiss.” The trial court denied the motion and the jury convicted defendant.
On appeal, defendant argued to the Court of Appeals that the State’s evidence failed to establish that he was a “teacher” as that term is used in the statute. That court observed that the defendant’s contention about the definition of the term was new and that defendant’s sufficiency argument to the trial court had been limited to contradictions in the evidence. Concluding that the defendant’s theory about his status as a teacher had not been preserved, the Court of Appeals, dismissed those arguments and found no error in the defendant’s conviction.
The Supreme Court allowed discretionary review and modified and affirmed the Court of Appeals’ decision. After noting that the Court of Appeals opinion was issued before Golder was released, the Supreme Court held that under Rule of Appellate Procedure 10(a)(3), all issues relating to sufficiency of the evidence are preserved “simply by making a motion to dismiss the action at the proper time.” Accordingly, even though trial counsel explicitly had limited his motion to dismiss argument to a specific perceived weakness in the State’s evidence that the reviewing court found unpersuasive, the defendant’s motion to dismiss was adequate to raise and preserve additional sufficiency issues that had not been presented below.
This holding and Golden are good news for criminal appellate practitioners. Just as Doe v. City of Charlotte identified an “easy workaround” for a potential Civil Rule 54(b) problem, Smith and Golder have relieved criminal trial practitioners of having to jump through multiple hoops to preserve sufficiency of the evidence arguments for appellate review.
|
https://ncapb.foxrothschild.com/2020/08/27/golder-applied/
|
Superconductivity is a phenomenon occurring in certain materials at extremely low temperatures, characterized by exactly zero electrical resistance and the exclusion of the interior magnetic field (the Meissner effect). The electrical resistivity of a metallic conductor decreases gradually as the temperature is lowered. However, in ordinary conductors such as copper and silver, impurities and other defects impose a lower limit. Even near absolute zero a real sample of copper shows a non-zero resistance. The resistance of a superconductor, on the other hand, drops abruptly to zero when the material is cooled below its 'critical temperature', typically 20 kelvin or less. An electrical current flowing in a loop of superconducting wire can persist indefinitely with no power source. Like ferromagnetism and atomic spectral lines, superconductivity is a quantum mechanical phenomenon.It cannot be understood simply as the idealisation of 'perfect conductivity' in classical physics. Superconductivity occurs in a wide variety of materials, including simple elements like tin and aluminium, various metallic alloys and some heavily-doped semiconductors. Superconductivity does not occur in noble metals like gold and silver, nor in most ferromagnetic metals. In 1986 the discovery of a family of cuprate-perovskite ceramic materials known as high-temperature superconductors, with critical temperatures in excess of 90 kelvin, spurred renewed interest and research in superconductivity for several reasons.As a topic of pure research, these materials represented a new phenomenon not explained by the current theory. And, because the superconducting state persists up to more manageable temperatures, more commercial applications are feasible, especially if materials with even higher critical temperatures could be discovered. This new book presents leading research from around the world in this dynamic field.
|
https://avxhm.se/ebooks/Superconductivity_Research.html
|
A superconductor is an element or metallic alloy which, when cooled below a certain threshold temperature, the material dramatically loses all electrical resistance. In principle, superconductors can allow electrical current to flow without any energy loss (although, in practice, an ideal superconductor is very hard to produce). This type of current is called a supercurrent.
The threshold temperature below which a material transitions into a superconductor state is designated as Tc, which stands for critical temperature. Not all materials turn into superconductors, and the materials that do each have their own value of Tc.
Type I superconductors act as conductors at room temperature, but when cooled below Tc, the molecular motion within the material reduces enough that the flow of current can move unimpeded.
Type 2 superconductors are not particularly good conductors at room temperature, the transition to a superconductor state is more gradual than Type 1 superconductors. The mechanism and physical basis for this change in state is not, at present, fully understood. Type 2 superconductors are typically metallic compounds and alloys.
Superconductivity was first discovered in 1911 when mercury was cooled to approximately 4 degrees Kelvin by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, which earned him the 1913 Nobel Prize in physics. In the years since, this field has greatly expanded and many other forms of superconductors have been discovered, including Type 2 superconductors in the 1930s.
The basic theory of superconductivity, BCS Theory, earned the scientists—John Bardeen, Leon Cooper, and John Schrieffer—the 1972 Nobel Prize in physics. A portion of the 1973 Nobel Prize in physics went to Brian Josephson, also for work with superconductivity.
In January 1986, Karl Muller and Johannes Bednorz made a discovery that revolutionized how scientists thought of superconductors. Prior to this point, the understanding was that superconductivity manifested only when cooled to near absolute zero, but using an oxide of barium, lanthanum, and copper, they found that it became a superconductor at approximately 40 degrees Kelvin. This initiated a race to discover materials that functioned as superconductors at much higher temperatures.
In the decades since, the highest temperatures that had been reached were about 133 degrees Kelvin (though you could get up to 164 degrees Kelvin if you applied a high pressure). In August 2015, a paper published in the journal Nature reported the discovery of superconductivity at a temperature of 203 degrees Kelvin when under high pressure.
Superconductors are used in a variety of applications, but most notably within the structure of the Large Hadron Collider. The tunnels that contain the beams of charged particles are surrounded by tubes containing powerful superconductors. The supercurrents that flow through the superconductors generate an intense magnetic field, through electromagnetic induction, that can be used to accelerate and direct the team as desired.
In addition, superconductors exhibit the Meissner effect in which they cancel all magnetic flux inside the material, becoming perfectly diamagnetic (discovered in 1933). In this case, the magnetic field lines actually travel around the cooled superconductor. It is this property of superconductors which is frequently used in magnetic levitation experiments, such as the quantum locking seen in quantum levitation. In other words, if Back to the Future style hoverboards ever become a reality. In a less mundane application, superconductors play a role in modern advancements in magnetic levitation trains, which provide a powerful possibility for high-speed public transport that is based on electricity (which can be generated using renewable energy) in contrast to non-renewable current options like airplanes, cars, and coal-powered trains.
Edited by Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.
Which Element Is the Best Conductor of Electricity?
|
https://www.thoughtco.com/superconductor-2699012
|
The long-standing quest to find a material that can conduct electricity without resistance at room temperature may have taken a decisive step forward. Scientists in Germany have observed the common molecule hydrogen sulfide superconducting at a record-breaking 203 kelvin (–70 C) when subjected to very high pressures. The result confirms preliminary findings released by the researchers late last year, and is said to be corroborated by data from several other groups.
Some physicists urge caution, however. Ivan Schuller at the University of California in San Diego, says that the results "look promising" but are not yet watertight. However, Antonio Bianconi, director of the Rome International Center for Materials Science Superstripes (RICMASS), thinks that the evidence is compelling. He describes the findings as "the main breakthrough" in the search for a room-temperature superconductor since the 1986 discovery of superconductivity in cuprates—exotic ceramic compounds that exhibit the phenomenon up to 164 K.
Last December, Mikhail Eremets and two other physicists at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Mainz reported that they had discovered hydrogen sulfide superconducting below 190 K. When they placed a 10 micrometre-wide sample of the material in a diamond-anvil cell and subjected it to a pressure of about 1.5 million atmospheres, they found that its electrical resistance dropped by more than a factor of 1,000 when cooled below the threshold, or 'critical', temperature.
At that time, however, the researchers had not been able to demonstrate a second key characteristic of superconductivity, known as the Meissner effect, in which samples expel a magnetic field when cooled below the critical temperature.
In the latest work, the authors got together with two physicists from the University of Mainz to build a non-magnetic cell and acquire a very sensitive type of magnetometer known as a SQUID. They placed 50 micrometre-wide samples of hydrogen sulfide under pressures of up to 2 million atmospheres in an external magnetic field, and slowly warmed them, starting from a few degrees above absolute zero. They observed the tell-tale sign of the Meissner effect—a sudden increase in the sample's 'magnetization signal'—when the temperature rose past 203 K.
As to why they measured a higher critical temperature than they did last year, the researchers point to possible tiny variations in the samples' crystal structure. (Under conditions of high pressures and low temperatures, hydrogen sulfide is in a solid state.)
Growing acceptance
Bianconi says that many superconductivity researchers were sceptical of the findings when they were presented at a conference of the American Physical Society in San Antonio, Texas, in March. But the data were "very well accepted" by participants at a RICMASS conference he organized on the Italian island of Ischia in mid-June.
During discussions at the Ischia meeting, he says, it emerged that some groups in China and Japan had reproduced the results, including the drop in electrical resistance and the Meissner effect. Bianconi will not say who the groups are, explaining that they want to delay announcing their results until Eremets and colleagues have published their findings in a peer-reviewed journal (the papers are available in the arXiv online repository).
Katsuya Shimizu, a physicist at Osaka University in Japan, says that he and his colleagues have confirmed the 190 K electrical transition, using their own refrigerator to hold several samples and cells provided by Eremets.
And Schuller argues that the Mainz group should do further checks to make sure that they have not overlooked "an uncontrolled artefact," such as background noise picked up during the delicate measurements of magnetization.
Eremets and his colleagues propose that the superconductivity is likely to originate in the vibrations of the crystal lattice of H3S, which is created when hydrogen sulfide is compressed. These vibrations bind electrons together in pairs that then move through the lattice without resistance, as described by the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) theory that holds true for conventional, low-temperature superconductors.
If so, they point out, other hydrogen compounds might then superconduct at even higher temperatures, and possibly even at room temperature, given that the BCS theory does not place any upper limit on the superconducting transition.
Some theorists, however, are not sure that BCS theory is the correct interpretation. "The question of where the high critical temperature comes from is still wide open in my opinion," says theoretical physicist Jorge Hirsch at the University of California, San Diego.
This article is reproduced with permission and was first published on June 29, 2015.
|
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/superconductivity-record-bolstered-by-magnetic-data/
|
Nuclear Physics is the field of physics that studies atomic nuclei and their constituents and interactions. We offer Geiger-Mueller tube systems for investigating the statistics of radioactive decay, as well as scintillator based systems for gamma spectroscopy.
X-ray experiments can include radiography, x-ray fluorescence, and x-ray diffraction. All can be performed with the TEL-X-Ometer, a compact x-ray source designed for student use. Take a look at the TEL-X-Ometer and accessories today.
Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic flux fields occurring in certain materials when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature. We carry both yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO) and bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide (BSCCO) experiments.
Instrumentation is needed for a wide variety of experiments. This category includes both power supplies and measuring devices.
Classical Physics is the foundation for studies in modern physics. This category includes experiments in Newtonian dynamics, electricity and magnetism.
|
https://www.telatomic.com/all-products
|
Superconductivity is a phenomenon in which a material's resistance suddenly drops to zero as its temperature is lowered past a certain point. This point, called the critical temperature, is different for each material. Superconductors are divided broadly into two classes, "low temperature" and "high temperature", based on their critical temperature. The high temperature superconductors, discovered more recently, are not completely understood; their behavior is one of the major unsolved problems of modern physics. Superconductors currently have significant use in extremely high-field electromagnets and wires which carry very large currents, seen in their role as an essential part of the Large Hadron Collider.
The low temperature superconductors were first discovered in 1911 when Heike Kammerlingh Onnes cooled solid mercury past 4.2 Kelvin, leading to an abrupt loss of resistance. Many materials like this, most individual metals and all with similarly low critical temperatures, have been found. It took until 1957 for a model which explained the behavior of these materials to emerge; this model is known as the BCS theory after its authors Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer. The BCS theory explained the very low critical temperatures and predicted that they could not rise above 30 K.
In 1986 the first high-temperature superconductor, a complex copper-oxide material, was discovered with a critical temperature of 35 K. Karl Müller and Johannes Bednorz won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1987 for this breakthrough. New high-temperature superconductors were rapidly discovered and by 1988 the highest critical temperature had grown to 120 K .
The superconducting transition's rapid loss of resistance is accompanied by an expulsion of magnetic field from the material. This phenomenon is called the Meissner effect. This expulsion has the effect of pushing away permanent magnets, which allows a superconductor to levitate a magnet.
|
https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Superconductivity
|
Superconductivity at room temperature is still an unsolved challenge in science. A superconductor with the capability of operating at ambient temperatures might have the capacity to reduce the energy dissipation by almost 5% during electricity transmission. This would bring a paradigm shift in large-scale energy transmission and energy usage in small-scale computing systems, while it may also work as a reservoir for energy storage. Room-temperature superconductors have the potential to revolutionize the energy industry.
What is a Room-Temperature Superconductor?
Superconductors are a special class of materials that pose zero-resistance electron transmission under a specific threshold temperature typical to the material concerned.
This threshold temperature is called the ‘critical temperature’ or Tc in short. In general, any material can be called a superconductor if it shows the following characteristics below Tc:
Zero electrical resistance
Perfect diamagnetism (the Meissner effect)
A room-temperature superconductor can operate at temperatures above 0 ◦C. Even though this is not strictly ‘room temperature’, it is the temperature in which ice forms and is the most easily attainable temperature.
What are Some Examples of Superconducting Materials?
The most promising amongst these materials explored until 2019 is Lanthanum Decahydride (LaH10) with the highest transition temperature recorded at −23 °C/ 250 K.
Hydrogen sulfide was known before this to hold the highest recorded operable temperature of −70 °C/ 203 K. With respect to atmospheric pressure, Cuprate compounds have demonstrated superconductivity at approximately −135 °C/ 138 K. On the other hand, Ternary Superhydrides are predicted to reach very high temperatures of approximately 200 °C/ 473 K, at 250 GPa, which is much higher than atmospheric pressure.
Origins of Room Temperature Superconductivity
The origins of superconductivity were first explained by the Ginzburg-Landau theory. A more precise microscopic explanation of the phenomenon of superconductivity can be derived from the Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer (BCS) theory.
The BCS theory has its origin in the concept previously proposed by Cooper that the ground state of a material is unstable with respect to pairs of ‘bound’ electrons. These ‘bound’ electrons, also called Cooper pairs, are formed by electron-phonon interactions, a phonon being a quanta of crystal lattice vibration.
An electron in the cation lattice distorts the local lattice surrounding it, creating an area of higher positive charge density around itself. Another electron some distance away in the lattice is then attracted to this charge distortion. The electrons become indirectly attracted to each other and mediated by the lattice vibrations, acting as a kind of glue between the two electrons. All this happens at much lower temperatures, usually below Tc.The reasons behind the resistance-less transmission of Cooper pairs within a superconductor can be explained with respect to two aspects:
Mathematically speaking, a Cooper pair is more stable than a single electron within the lattice, while it experiences less resistance.
Physically speaking, the Cooper pair is more resistant to lattice vibrations than a single electron due to the glue that holds the pair of electrons together. They transmit through the lattice relatively unaffected by electron-phonon interactions below Tc.
However, the BCS theory could only predict the theoretical maximum of Tc at around 30-40 K. Above this, the high thermal energy would cause high energy electron-phonon interactions, which might not allow the formation of or sustainment of the Cooper pairs. The mechanism that might explain high-temperature superconductivity is still highly debatable.
Research On Room-Temperature Superconductors: A Chronology
In the absence of a detailed understanding of the mechanism of room-temperature superconductivity, there had only been incremental progress.
The first superconductor, Mercury (Hg) cooled to ultra-low temperature, was discovered by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, who found that when Hg was placed inside a liquid helium container and cooled to very low temperatures, its electric resistance suddenly dropped to zero.
In 1987, Alex Müller and Georg Bednorz at IBM in Zurich, Switzerland, discovered high-temperature superconductors. These were new ceramic compounds made of copper and oxygen and mixed with other elements such as Lanthanum (La), Barium (Ba) and Bismuth (Bi). Minimal amounts of electrical currents could flow through them.In more recent times, a group of researchers in Germany’s University of Leipzig, led by Dr. Pablo Esquinazi, have found a 2D graphene structure that shows remarkable electron transmission properties at room temperatures and above.
The team soaked flakes of graphite with water, which induced more free electrons to introduce superconductivity into the structure made out of layers of carbon atoms arranged in hexagonal lattices.
Compounds such as lanthanum superhydrides are considered conventional superconductors, and their superconducting properties have been acknowledged since the 1950s.
In 2018, Russell Hemley and his team from the George Washington University in Washington DC reported observing a sudden drop in electrical resistance at 7 °C in a ‘superhydride’ material synthesized by them. It is a type of compound that contains a large amount of hydrogen along with La (LaH10).
This drop was a sign of superconductivity. They placed a diamond anvil in a synchrotron beamline at the Argonne National Laboratory. They squeezed a minuscule sample of lanthanum and hydrogen using the anvil’s diamond tips by raising pressures to 200 GPa. The compound was then heated, and its structure changed along with its conductive properties. The process was monitored using X-ray diffraction.
They produced a new structure called LaH10, which was previously simulated and studied by the team and others. The structure superconducted at very high temperatures. The material was then cooled while keeping it at high pressure, and its electronic properties were measured.
The electrical resistance was found to drop at a temperature of 7 °C/280 K in some instances. However, in follow-up experiments inside the laboratory, the transition temperature was lower than 7 °C but still an impressive -23 °C.
In 2019, Salvatore Cezar Pais from the US Navy received a patent for an application that showed a room-temperature superconductor could be built using a wire with an insulator core coated with aluminum PZT (Lead Zirconate Titanate) with a thickness of approximately the London penetration depth.
The coating was deposited by vacuum evaporation and was polarized after deposition. He showed that when an electromagnetic coil is positioned circumferentially around the coating, a non-linear vibration is induced, enabling room temperature superconductivity when the coil is activated with a pulsed current.
Neutron Scattering Experiments on Zirconium Vanadium Hydride
In 2020, another international team of researchers with scientists from the Empa research institute (Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology), the University of Zurich, Polish Academy of Sciences, the University of Illinois at Chicago, and US Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), conducted neutron scattering experiments on Zirconium Vanadium Hydride (ZVH) at atmospheric pressure and at temperatures ranging between 5 K – 250 K at ORNL.
This led to the first observations of extremely small hydrogen-hydrogen atomic distances in the metal hydride ~ 1.6 Angstroms. Its predicted value was 2.1 angstrom.
|
https://codex-international.com/en/supra-room-temperature-superconductors-the-future-shift-in-energy-transmission/
|
At the beginning of the 20th century, a small laboratory at the University of Leiden was known as “the coldest place on Earth”. That cryogenics center would play a key role in the development of modern physics after, in 1908, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes succeeded in liquefying helium at 4.2 kelvin, or –268.8 degrees Celsius. From that moment, the cream of world physics began to visit the laboratory, since something extraordinary had been achieved there: cooling a material until it reached a temperature very close to absolute zero (about – 273 degrees Celsius). Indeed, the lowest temperature ever reached on the planet.
Such temperatures made it possible to pose hitherto unimaginable experiments and address some fundamental questions of the time. How does a metal conduct electricity at ultra-low temperatures? How did the electrical resistance vary as a function of temperature? Motivated by these questions, Kamerlingh Onnes investigated the behavior of electric current through rings of mercury cooled with liquid helium, and in 1911 he discovered something totally unexpected: at 4.2 kelvin, the electrical resistance of mercury disappeared completely. Kamerlingh Onnes also showed that, at temperatures close to absolute zero, other elements and alloys exhibited the same prodigious phenomenon, which he dubbed superconductivity. For those works, Kamerlingh Onnes would end up receiving the Nobel Prize in physics in 1913. However, it would take many years before superconductivity could be understood from a theoretical point of view.
The path that led to understanding superconductivity and other exotic properties of matter, such as superfluidity, illustrates one of the great paradigm shifts that have taken place in twentieth-century physics. This change has meant moving from an exclusively reductionist vision focused on particle physics as the only fundamental theory, to one that claims the same essential role for emerging phenomena and the collective behavior of systems made up of a large number of constituents. Not surprisingly, the same theoretical concepts that high-energy physicists use to describe elementary particles, such as the photon, the electron or the Higgs boson, are used today in materials physics, where the variety of known emergent particles already exceeds to that of elementary particles in the standard model. In recent years, these new particles and the corresponding “universes” they give rise to (universes that “live” within materials such as graphene, superconductors, or topological insulators) have revolutionized our understanding of the properties of complex matter and have led to advances and applications unthinkable until very recently.
The birth of a science
In his first experiments in 1911, Kamerlingh Onnes already observed that, when cooled, liquid helium-4 expanded instead of contracting. Later studies showed that both the density and the specific heat of helium had a very pronounced maximum around 2.2 kelvin. This temperature was called the “lambda point” and its existence generated much debate due to its possible interpretation as a phase transition; that is, an abrupt change in the properties of helium. The phase with the lowest temperature, below 2.2 kelvin, was named helium II, while the phase corresponding to higher temperatures was named helium I.
|
https://childishman.com/astronomy-and-astrophysics/the-many-universes-of-condensed-matter/
|
Researchers at the George Washington University studying superconductivity at room temperature found that it could be used efficiently at room temperature
During the process of superconductivity, there occurs no electrical resistance when the materials are cooled below a critical temperature. The scientists assumed that superconducting materials cooled at very low temperature temperatures (minus 180 degrees Celsius or minus 292 degrees Fahrenheit), which limited its application.
However, scientists at the George Washington University discovered that by eliminating some of the electrical resistance, superconductors allow efficient electricity generation, enhanced energy transmission, and powerful computing systems. The research work was published in the journal Physical Review Letters in January 2019 issue.
Maddury Somayazulu, an associate research professor at the GW School of Engineering and Applied Science, said: “Superconductivity is perhaps one of the last great frontiers of scientific discovery that can transcend to everyday technological applications. Room temperature superconductivity has been the proverbial 'holy grail' waiting to be found, and achieving it—albeit at 2 million atmospheres—is a paradigm-changing moment in the history of science.”
The researchers developed a metallic, hydrogen-rich compound at very high pressures (about 2 million atmospheres), using diamond anvil cells. They then heated the samples and observed major changes in structure. This resulted in the formation of a new structure, LaH10, which the researchers previously predicted would be a superconductor at high temperatures.
The team observed that using X-ray diffraction, they were able to obtain the same result. They were able to achieve the transition occurring at even higher temperatures, up to 280 K. This was done through a synchrotron beamline of the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory in Argonne, Illinois.
Pareesh
All Posts
Subscribe to our newsletter to get notification about new updates,information, discount, etc..
|
https://www.adsenseinternetmarketing.com/86/new-insights-of-superconductivity-at-room-temperatures
|
Physicists worldwide are on a quest to understand the secrets of superconductivity because of the exciting technological possibilities that could be realized if it could be achieved closer to room temperatures. In conventional superconductivity, materials that are cooled to nearly absolute zero (−273.15 Celsius) exhibit the fantastic property of electrons pairing up and being able to conduct electricity with practically zero resistance. If superconductivity worked at higher temperatures, it could have implications for creating technologies such as ultra-efficient power grids, supercomputers and magnetically levitating vehicles.
New superconductivity findings published in journal Science
The new findings from an international collaboration, led by Waterloo physicists David Hawthorn and Dr. Andrew Achkar, along with CLS Scientists Feizhou He and Ronny Sutarto, present direct experimental evidence of what is known as electronic nematicity – when electron clouds snap into an aligned and directional order – in a particular type of high-temperature superconductor. The results, published in the prestigious journal Science, may eventually lead to a theory explaining why superconductivity occurs at higher temperatures in certain materials.
“In this study, we identify some unexpected alignment of the electrons – a finding that is likely generic to the high temperature superconductors and in time may turn out be a key ingredient of the problem,” said Hawthorn, a professor in Waterloo’s Department of Physics and Astronomy.
The findings show evidence that electronic nematicity is a universal feature in cuprate high-temperature superconductors. Cuprates are copper-oxide ceramics composed of two-dimensional layers or planes of copper and oxygen atoms separated by other atoms. They are known as the best of the high-temperature superconductors. In the 1980s, materials that exhibit superconductivity under somewhat warmer conditions (but still -135 Celsius, so far from room temperature) were discovered. But how superconductivity initiates in these high-temperature superconductors has been challenging to predict, let alone explain.
“It has become apparent in the past few years that the electrons involved in superconductivity can form patterns, stripes or checkerboards, and exhibit different symmetries – aligning preferentially along one direction,” says Hawthorn. “These patterns and symmetries have important consequences for superconductivity – they can compete, coexist or possibly even enhance superconductivity.”
Scientists use resonant soft X-ray scattering in superconductivity research
The scientists used a novel technique called resonant soft x-ray scattering to probe electron scattering in specific layers in the cuprate crystalline structure. Specifically, they looked at the individual cuprate (CuO2) planes where electronic nematicity takes place, versus the crystalline distortions in between the CuO2 planes.
Electronic nematicity happens when the electron orbitals align themselves like a series of rods. The term nematicity commonly refers to when liquid crystals spontaneously align under an electric current in liquid crystal displays. In this case, the electron orbitals enter the nematic state as the temperature drops below a critical point.
Cuprates can made to be superconducting by adding elements that will remove electrons from the material, a process known as “doping.” A material can be optimally doped to achieve superconductivity at the highest and most accessible temperature, but in studying how superconductivity happens, physicists often work with material that is “underdoped,” which means the level of doping is less than the level that maximizes the superconducting temperature.
Results from this study show electronic nematicity likely occur in all underdoped cuprates.
Physicists also want to understand the relation of nematicity to a phenomenon known as charge density wave order. Normally, the electrons are in a nice, uniform distribution, but charge-ordering can cause the electrons to bunch up, like ripples on a pond. This sets up a competition, whereby the material is fluctuating between the superconducting and non-superconducting states until the temperature cools enough for the superconductivity to win.
Future work will tackle how electrons can be tuned for superconductivity
Although there is not yet an agreed upon explanation for why electronic nematicity occurs, it may ultimately present another knob to tune in the quest to achieve the ultimate goal of a room temperature superconductor.
“Future work will tackle how electronic nematicity can be tuned, possibly to our advantage, by modifying the crystalline structure,” says Hawthorn.
Prof. Hawthorn is a Fellow of the Canadian Institute For Advanced Research.
Feizhou He and Ronny Sutarto are staff scientists on the REIXS beamline at the CLS synchrotron in Saskatoon, University of Saskatchewan campus.
A. J. Achkar, M. Zwiebler, Christopher McMahon, F. He, R. Sutarto, Isaiah Djianto, Zhihao Hao, Michel J. P. Gingras, M. Hücker, G. D. Gu, A. Revcolevschi, H. Zhang, Y.-J. Kim, J. Geck, D. G. Hawthorn. "Nematicity in stripe-ordered cuprates probed via resonant x-ray scattering”. Science. 5 Feb 2016 : 576-578. DOI:10.1126/science.aad1824
For more information, contact:
|
https://www.lightsource.ca/public/news/pre-apr-2019/2016/canadian-physicists-discover-new-properties-of-superconductivity.php
|
RBOSCHCO:boron powder, Zinc sulfide, Molybdenum disulfide, Quartz powder, Silica powder, Zirconium carbide & Manufacturer.
The latest forecast from consulting firm AlixPartners is that the chip shortage may cost the global auto industry $110 billion; it will reduce global auto
sodium aluminium silicate.
Because the melting and boiling points of crystal boron are also very high and the hardness is large, it is an atomic crystal;
What is boron? Is it good for people?
Chemical properties of boron
In a word, boron is mainly non-metallic in chemical properties, but some metallic in crystalline state. Therefore, it is often classified as a semi metallic or quasi metallic element. The chemical activity of boron is closely related to its purity, powder fineness and reaction conditions. The high-purity crystalline boron is quite stable, while the powder amorphous boron of general purity is relatively active; High purity boron is stable even if it is very fine, but it is quite active under the action of high temperature or strong oxidant.
What are the differences between high temperature superconductors and traditional superconductors?
Keywords: superconducting technology High temperature superconducting material MgB2 Yttrium barium copper oxide complex YBCO
1、 The Generation and Development of Superconducting Technology
Superconducting technology, as a new energy-saving technology and its environmental characteristics, will become the core technology in the 21st century. Its development has gone through three stages:
1. The first stage is the basic understanding and exploration of superconductivity and the advent of BCS theory.
In, Onnes found that the resistance of Hg dropped suddenly at 4. 00 to the extent that the instrument accuracy at that time could not be measured, that is, Hg would lose its resistance below a certain critical temperature Tc=4. Later, people also found this characteristic in Pb and other materials: when the critical conditions (critical temperature Tc, critical current Ic, critical magnetic field Hc) are met, the resistance of the material suddenly disappears, which is the zero resistance phenomenon of superconductivity. Another basic property of superconductors is complete diamagnetism. That is to say, when the superconductor is in the superconducting state, it can completely exclude the entry of magnetic field lines. This phenomenon was discovered by Meissner and Oschenfeld in, so it is called the Meissner effect. These are the two basic properties of superconductors. In, B.T. Matthias research group of Bell Laboratories discovered alloy superconductive materials, which made the dawn of superconductivity in the 1960s, but it needed to show superconductivity at very low temperatures (in liquid helium).
2. The second stage is from to the discovery of high-temperature oxide U-Ba-Cu-0 in, which is the preparatory exploration stage for the application technology of superconductivity. Many countries have vigorously tried the application of superconductivity in laboratory scale; In, J. The mixed powder of silver and tin with excessive tin was filled into the silver tube and processed into wire rod. After heat treatment, Ic reached 1.5 at 4.2K and 8.8T ×/ cm2。 After that, Tc=23.3K for a long time is regarded as the limit value.
3. The third stage was the discovery of high-temperature copper oxide in, which opened the prelude to the development of superconductivity technology. The Lanthanum Silver Copper composite oxide discovered by Zurich scientists and others in has reached, which breaks through the traditional BCS theory and has caused great repercussions worldwide. People began to look for higher critical temperature superconducting materials. Later in, Zhu Jingwu of the University of Houston and others found that the superconducting critical temperature (Tc=) of YBCO exceeded the liquid nitrogen temperature (b.p=), causing a world sensation; Because most superconductors used liquid helium as coolant before, the price of liquid helium is very high, which hinders the application of superconducting technology. Liquid nitrogen is cheap and easy to obtain (it is a by- sodium aluminium silicate, etc. If you are looking for high-quality materials, please feel free to contact us and send an inquiry.
|
https://www.taoge1992.com/News/What-is-the-relationship-between-crystalline-boron-and-amorphous-boron.html
|
The Energy Transition is an unavoidable global priority. We must decarbonise the economy by the second half of this century and tremendous challenges are ahead of us.
Superconductivity is a fascinating state of matter characterised by the absence of electrical resistivity that certain materials exhibit when cooled below a certain critical, cryogenic temperature. Together with other unique properties, like the ability to carry huge currents and trap extremely large magnetic fields, superconductors pave the way for accelerating the Energy Transition.
High-temperature superconducting (HTS) materials, able to enter superconductivity above the temperature of (cheap) liquid nitrogen, make possible more compact, efficient, and even disruptive technologies that can be integrated into all the links of the electrical energy chain, from generation to transmission and distribution, use and energy storage, enabling its decarbonisation.
Despite the potential benefits and successful demonstrators of HTS technologies, they still lack mass penetration in the electrical system. Several reasons pointed out by industry include concerns related to costs and uncertainty about cryogenics’ reliability and the idea that only highly skilled professionals will be able to operate the latter. Other causes relate to a lack of systematic knowledge about the design of HTS systems for the grid, and on how to simulate their performance using standard software packages. There is also a general unawareness about these materials, particularly on the reliability of the associated technologies.
This COST Action tackles all the above challenges, by a systemic approach that will create the path from materials to devices; foster improved modelling and advanced computation paradigms; provide methodologies and demonstrators for addressing industrial challenges and applications; and develop tools for the economic and sustainability assessment of HTS technologies.
Full article here.
|
https://hi-scale.eu/news/ut-lectus-arcu-bibendum-at-varius-vel-pharetra-vel-turpis-tellus/
|
Physics research at ISIS. Credit: Dreamstime.
Helical magnetic structures helter-skeltering towards skyrmion-based low energy data storage and logic processing.
Single-molecule magnets offer great potential as a future technology for data storage. In these systems each molecule is able to host a bit of information, pushing the storage capability of our devices to the singular molecular level.
Investigating the magnetic field – temperature phase diagram of MnSi: it’s not easy to untwist!
Neutron scattering has allowed researchers to investigate the magnetic phase diagram of the chiral magnet MnSi in depth, leading to results that challenge established approaches to chiral magnetism.
Yttrium Iron Garnet (YIG) is an artificial Garnet (similar to the semiprecious stone) used in various microwave, acoustic, and optical devices.
The use of electron-volt neutron spectroscopy in materials research is a growing area of neutron science, capitalizing upon the unique insights provided by epithermal neutrons on the behaviour and properties of an increasing number of complex materials.
Condensed matter physics is the study of how matter can organise itself. The different forms a material can take are called phases, and these phases determine the properties of the material – for example metals, magnets, insulators or superconductors.
The search for novel states of matter have led many researchers to focus on layered oxide metals. These contain planes of atoms which dominate the electrical conduction.
Superconductors are materials where below a certain critical temperature (Tc) all electrical resistance disappears. Discovered in 1911, superconductors have the potential to revolutionise the ways in which we store and transport electricity.
When is a ferroelectric not a ferroelectric?
Ferroelectrics are insulating materials with an electrical polarisation that can be switched by an applied voltage. Ferroelectricity cannot occur in metals because polarisation would be screened by the conduction electrons.
Magnetic frustration stems from the inability of magnetic systems to simultaneously minimise the energy of all interactions in the system in order to reach a unique ground state.
Manganese is a common element, the 12th most abundant element in the Earth's crust. It’s essential to all forms of life, and used in industrial processes such as steel production.
Neutron diffraction studies at ISIS have given scientists new insights into the nature of certain magnetic materials, work that has led to a major breakthrough in the field of multiferroics.
The high resolution of the new LET instrument enables scientist to investigate materials in order to answer fundamental questions in quantum physics.
Muons are used to probe the magnetic properties of a phase that is of great interest to physicists.
Neutron scattering proves to be a useful way of investigating the behaviour of electron clouds.
Superconductive and magnetic materials, a rare combination, have been brought together and ISIS muons have been used to investigate the result for the first time.
Electron-doped europium oxide (EuO) is a semiconductor which undergoes a simultaneous ferromagnetic and metal-to-insulator phase transition, across which the resistivity drops by 8 to 13 orders of magnitude.
A powder diffraction study reveals an unexpected structural transformation of the compound Ca3Co2O6 below 12K.
First detection of an energy level crossing in a molecular nanomagnet with implanted muons.
The recent discovery of superconductivity with Tc up to 55 K in Fe-based materials has generated much excitement, yet the mechanism underpinning superconductivity in these ‘unconventional’ superconductors remains elusive.
The presence of iron in glassy materials, either as a ubiquitous impurity or as an intentional additive, affects important properties such as melt rheology, and optical and thermodynamic properties.
Phase transitions in perovskites and their variants, of general formula ABX3, are important for technological applications and also of great interest in the earth sciences.
Spin ice is an example of a system in which thegeometry of the lattice produces frustration, i.e. if two neighbouring spins are mutually arranged a third neighbouring spin cannot be.
The recent discovery of superconductivity in several iron- and arsenic-based compounds with critical temperatures as high as 55K has caused great excitement because they are the first non-copper-based high-temperature superconductors.
Experiments at ISIS suggest that magnetic interactions may be the cause of high-temperaturesuperconductivity.
A heavy-metal magnet shows intriguing behaviour in which unusual quantum effects come into play.
Minerals prefer to form a perfectly ordered crystal structure when they are cooled, but for some this is a hard task.
Most materials expand when they are heated, but a few do exactly the opposite and contract. Recent work at ISIS has helped to explain this puzzling phenomenon by studying the way that the atoms move.
Searching for superfluidity in solids.
|
https://www.isis.stfc.ac.uk/Pages/Physics.aspx
|
Brand new physics of superconducting metals refuted by Lancaster physicists
Superconducting circuits find applications in sensing and information processing.
Credit: Lancaster University
Lancaster scientists have demonstrated that other physicists’ recent “discovery” of the field effect in superconductors is nothing but hot electrons after all.
A team of scientists in the Lancaster Physics Department have found new and compelling evidence that the observation of the field effect in superconducting metals by another group can be explained by a simple mechanism involving the injection of the electrons, without the need for novel physics.
Dr. Sergey Kafanov, who initiated this experiment, said: “Our results unambiguously refute the claim of the electrostatic field effect claimed by the other group. This gets us back on the ground and helps maintain the health of the discipline.”
The experimental team also includes Ilia Golokolenov, Andrew Guthrie, Yuri Pashkin and Viktor Tsepelin.
Their work is published in the latest issue of Nature Communications.
When certain metals are cooled to a few degrees above absolute zero, their electrical resistance vanishes—a striking physical phenomenon known as superconductivity. Many metals, including vanadium, which was used in the experiment, are known to exhibit superconductivity at sufficiently low temperatures.
For decades it was thought that the exceptionally low electrical resistance of superconductors should make them practically impervious to static electric fields, owing to the way the charge carriers can easily arrange themselves to compensate for any external field.
|
https://www.alternative-learning.org/nl/wordpress/?p=77648
|
Topics: Applied Physics, Superconductors, Thin Films
Superconductors' never-ending flow of electrical current could provide new options for energy storage and superefficient electrical transmission and generation, to name just a few benefits. But the signature zero electrical resistance of superconductors is reached only below a certain critical temperature, hundreds of degrees Celsius below freezing, and is very expensive to achieve.
Physicists from the University of Belgrade in Serbia believe they've found a way to manipulate superthin, waferlike monolayers of superconductors, such as graphene, a monolayer of carbon, thus changing the material's properties to create new artificial materials for future devices. The findings from the group's theoretical calculations and experimental approaches are published in the Journal of Applied Physics.
"The application of tensile biaxial strain leads to an increase of the critical temperature, implying that achieving high temperature superconductivity becomes easier under strain," said the study's first author from the University of Belgrade's LEX Laboratory, Vladan Celebonovic.
|
https://blacksciencefictionsociety.com/profiles/blogs/list/tag/superconductors
|
In a square ABCD with side a = 6 cm, point E is the center of side AB and point F is the center of side BC. Calculate the size of all angles of the triangle DEF and the lengths of its sides.
- Top of the tower
The top of the tower has the shape of a regular hexagonal pyramid. The base edge has a length of 1.2 m, the pyramid height is 1.6 m. How many square meters of sheet metal is needed to cover the top of the tower if 15% extra sheet metal is needed for joint
- Five circles
On the line segment CD = 6 there are 5 circles with radius one at regular intervals. Find the lengths of the lines AD, AF, AG, BD, and CE
- The conical
The conical candle has a base diameter of 20 cm and a side of 30 cm. How much dm ^ 3 of wax was needed to make it?
- Integer sides
A right triangle with an integer length of two sides has one leg √11 long. How much is its longest side?
- Squares above sides
Two squares are constructed on two sides of the ABC triangle. The square area above the BC side is 25 cm2. The height vc to the side AB is 3 cm long. The heel P of height vc divides the AB side in a 2: 1 ratio. The AC side is longer than the BC side. Calc
- Land boundary
The land has the shape of a right triangle. The hypotenuse has a length of 30m. The circumference of the land is 72 meters. What is the length of the remaining sides of the land boundary?
- Two parallel chords
The two parallel chords of the circle have the same length of 6 cm and are 8 cm apart. Calculate the radius of the circle.
- Castle tower
The castle tower has a cone-shaped roof with a diameter of 10 meters and a height of 8 meters. Calculate how much m² of coverage is needed to cover it if we must add one-third for the overlap.
- Interior angles
Calculate the interior angles of a triangle that are in the ratio 2: 3: 4.
- Altitude difference
What a climb in per mille of the hill long 4 km and the altitude difference is 6 meters?
- Ladder
Adam placed the ladder of the house, the upper end reaching to the window at the height of 3.6m, and the lower end standing on level ground and was distant from a wall of 1.5m. What is the length of the ladder?
- Similar triangles
Triangle A'B'C 'is similar to triangle ABC, whose sides are 5 cm, 8 cm, and 7 cm long. What is the length of the sides of the triangle A'B'C ' if its circumference is 80 cm?
- The second
The second angle of a triangle is the same size as the first angle. The third angle is 12 degrees larger than the first angle. How large are the angles?
- Cone roof
How many m2 of roofing is needed to cover a cone-shaped roof with a diameter of 10 m and a height of 4 m? Add an extra 4% to the overlays.
- Diamond area from diagonals
In the diamond ABCD is AB = 4 dm and the length of the diagonal is 6.4 dm long. What is the area of the diamond?
- A kite
Children have a kite on an 80m long rope, which floats above a place 25m from the place where children stand. How high is the dragon floating above the terrain?
- Vertex points
Given the following points of a triangle: P(-12,6), Q(4,0), R(-8,-6). Graph the triangle. Find the triangle area.
- Trapezium diagonals
It is given trapezium ABCD with bases | AB | = 12 cm, |CD| = 8 cm. Point S is the intersection of the diagonals for which |AS| is 6 cm long. Calculate the length of the full diagonal AC.
- A cell tower
A cell tower is located at coordinates (-5, -7) and has a circular range of 12 units. If Mr. XYZ is located at coordinates (4,5), will he be able to get a signal?
Do you have an interesting mathematical word problem that you can't solve it? Submit a math problem, and we can try to solve it.
See also our trigonometric triangle calculator. See also more information on Wikipedia.
|
https://www.hackmath.net/en/word-math-problems/triangle?page_num=4
|
Perimeter and area are two ways to measure 2D shapes.
Perimeter is the total distance around a shape.
Area is the amount of space inside a shape.
Let's review how to find the area and perimeter.
To find the perimeter, add up the lengths of all the sides.
Let's say we have a triangle.
Its sides are a, b, and c long.
To find the perimeter, we just add up the length of all its sides.
a + b + c = perimeter
Can you find the perimeter of this triangle? 👇
You just add the length of all the sides.
7 + 8 + 9 = 24
The perimeter of this triangle is 24.
Remember: If the sides have a unit of measure, make sure the write the perimeter with the same unit of measure.
So if the side lengths were measured in inches, we write the perimeter in inches.
7 in + 8 in + 9 in = 24 inches
If the sides were in meters, then we write meters after 24.
7 m + 8 m + 9 m = 24 meters
Great work learning about perimeter! 🎉
When finding the area of a shape, we try to figure out how much space it covers.
There are different formulas for each type of shape.
For the area of a rectangle, we multiply its width and its height.
Let's write the formula:
w × h = area
Let's find the area of this rectangle together.
We multiply its width and height.
9 × 6 = 54
If the unit of measurement for the height and width is meter, then our answer will be 54 square meters.
9 m × 6 m = 54 square meters
If the measurements were in inches, then it would be 54 square inches.
9 in × 6 in = 54 square inches
We add the word "square" because we measure area in square units. 😀
It's like counting how many squares can fit inside a shape's space.
|
https://www.classace.io/learn/math/4thgrade/perimeter-and-area-review
|
What does perimeter mean?
Definitions for perimeter
pəˈrɪm ɪ tərperime·ter
Here are all the possible meanings and translations of the word perimeter.
Princeton's WordNet
margin, border, perimeter(noun)
the boundary line or the area immediately inside the boundary
perimeter(noun)
a line enclosing a plane areas
circumference, perimeter(noun)
the size of something as given by the distance around it
Wiktionary
perimeter(Noun)
The sum of the distance of all the lengths of the sides of an object.
Etymology: From περίμετρος.
perimeter(Noun)
The outer limits of an area. See Synonyms at circumference.
Etymology: From περίμετρος.
perimeter(Noun)
The length of such a boundary.
Etymology: From περίμετρος.
perimeter(Noun)
A fortified strip or boundary usually protecting a military position.
Etymology: From περίμετρος.
Webster Dictionary
Perimeter(noun)
the outer boundary of a body or figure, or the sum of all the sides
Etymology: [Gr. ; peri` around + measure: cf. F. primtre.]
Perimeter(noun)
an instrument for determining the extent and shape of the field of vision
Etymology: [Gr. ; peri` around + measure: cf. F. primtre.]
Freebase
Perimeter
A perimeter is a path that surrounds a two-dimensional shape. The word comes from the Greek peri and meter. The term may be used either for the path or its length - it can be thought of as the length of the outline of a shape. The perimeter of a circle or ellipse is called its circumference. Calculating the perimeter has considerable practical applications. The perimeter can be used to calculate the length of fence required to surround a yard or garden. The perimeter of a wheel describes how far it will roll in one revolution. Similarly, the amount of string wound around a spool is related to the spool's perimeter.
Chambers 20th Century Dictionary
Perimeter
pē-rim′e-tėr, n. (geom.) the circuit or boundary of any plane figure, or the sum of all its sides: an instrument for measuring the area over which a person can see distinctly.—adjs. Perimet′ric, -al, pertaining to the perimeter.—n. Perim′etry, the act of making perimetrical measurements. [Gr. perimetros—peri, around, metron, measure.]
Dictionary of Nautical Terms
perimeter
The sum of all the sides of a geometrical figure taken together.
Numerology
Chaldean Numerology
The numerical value of perimeter in Chaldean Numerology is: 9
Pythagorean Numerology
The numerical value of perimeter in Pythagorean Numerology is: 1
Examples of perimeter in a Sentence
Before we send humans in to clear a building or check that critical infrastructure site for IED contamination, one of things that we'll do is bring these specially-trained mine detecting dogs up to sniff the perimeter, determine if there are explosives in that building and based on where the dogs may be indicating, find out where in the building perhaps do we think those explosive hazards are.
What's important is that the Serebryanka is inside that exclusion zone. It's there. It's inside the ocean perimeter that they set up. It's not there by accident, i think they were probably there to pick up a propulsion unit off the ocean floor.
Currently natural parks use a lot of resources against poaching, two very clear examples are, in the first place, the hiring of helicopters to chase poachers or locate elephants or things like these. They use a big part of their budget for that. With the budget national parks spend on a three month helicopter rental, we could fill the air with drones. And use technology better. On the other side, if they need to monitor the perimeter of the whole area they use two or three-men crews. What we could achieve if we placed drones in specific parts of the park is full monitoring of the park in only a few hours or a few minutes.
The Iraqis are under pressure there and have lost some control of the perimeter and some control of the road network that leads to it through the emplacement of ... IEDs (improved explosive devices), we've been working with them. We've conducted 26 airstrikes since the fifth of May.
The perimeter was expanded to help enforce the 7 p.m. curfew in the same area where rioters attempted to burn down one of our nations most historic churches the night before. Protesters were given three warnings by the U.S. Park Police.
Popularity rank by frequency of use
Translations for perimeter
From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary
Get even more translations for perimeter »
Translation
Find a translation for the perimeter definition in other languages:
Select another language:
- - Select -
- 简体中文 (Chinese - Simplified)
- 繁體中文 (Chinese - Traditional)
- Español (Spanish)
- Esperanto (Esperanto)
- 日本語 (Japanese)
- Português (Portuguese)
- Deutsch (German)
- العربية (Arabic)
- Français (French)
- Русский (Russian)
- ಕನ್ನಡ (Kannada)
- 한국어 (Korean)
- עברית (Hebrew)
- Gaeilge (Irish)
- Українська (Ukrainian)
- اردو (Urdu)
- Magyar (Hungarian)
- मानक हिन्दी (Hindi)
- Indonesia (Indonesian)
- Italiano (Italian)
- தமிழ் (Tamil)
- Türkçe (Turkish)
- తెలుగు (Telugu)
- ภาษาไทย (Thai)
- Tiếng Việt (Vietnamese)
- Čeština (Czech)
- Polski (Polish)
- Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian)
- Românește (Romanian)
- Nederlands (Dutch)
- Ελληνικά (Greek)
- Latinum (Latin)
- Svenska (Swedish)
- Dansk (Danish)
- Suomi (Finnish)
- فارسی (Persian)
- ייִדיש (Yiddish)
- հայերեն (Armenian)
- Norsk (Norwegian)
- English (English)
Discuss these perimeter definitions with the community:
Word of the Day
Would you like us to send you a FREE new word definition delivered to your inbox daily?
Citation
Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography:
"perimeter." Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2020. Web. 13 Aug. 2020. <https://www.definitions.net/definition/perimeter>.
|
https://www.definitions.net/definition/perimeter
|
0.5*3.141593*r + 2*r
perimeter of what quadrant?
If you the radius of the circle is r then the perimeter of a quadrant = r*(2 + pi/2).
It is the sum of its 4 sides which is its perimeter.
In a circle of radius, r, perimeter of quadrant = pi*r/2 + 2r = r*(pi/2 + 2)
that would be a squere xD
-1
If you know the perimeter, there is no need to find it again.
Pi / 5 would be in Quadrant I.
Here's how to do that: 1). Find its length. 2). Find its perimeter. 3). Divide (its length) by (its perimeter). The quotient is the ratio of its length to its perimeter.
To find the perimeter you add and to find the area we multiply.
perimeter = circumference
The perimeter of a triangle is the distance around it. Add the lengths of the three sides to find the perimeter.
It is not possible. A quadrant extends infinitely far in two directions and so has no centre.
If A is in quadrant IV, then A/2 is in quadrant II. Yes, the fact than cos(A) is 0.1 means that A is in quadrant I or IV, but it really is not required in order to answer the question. It is superfluous.
If the radius of the circle is r, then the area of the quadrant is 0.25*pi*r^2
what is the perimeter of a pentegon?
Find the distance of each side and add to find the total perimeter.
There is no reason for the perimeter of a triangle to have any relation to the perimeter of an unrelated rectangle!
you can only find the perimeter of shapes, honey, not fractions.
You find perimeter by adding all the sides of a figure.
8
There is no way to find perimeter from a 3D figure. However, you can find the perimeter of a side of a triangular prism by using perimeter formulas for a parallelogram or triangle.
Quadrant I : (+, +) Quadrant II : (-, +) Quadrant III : (-, -) Quadrant IV : (+, -)
In the first quadrant.
There are many formulas for perimeter depending on what shape you are trying to find the perimeter of. The perimeter is the distance around a shape, so one formula to find perimeter is simply adding all the side lengths together.
|
https://www.answers.com/Q/How_do_you_find_the_perimeter_of_a_quadrant
|
Gutter flashing is also commonly known as a gutter apron. It is installed on the top of the roof near the eave of the house and is slid under the shingles. The gutter flashing comes in various widths and 12-foot lengths. It is a solid sheet that is pre-formed to fit under the shingles and over the gutter underneath the roof line. It helps direct rain water into the gutter and prevents water damage to the fascia and soffit. Installing gutter flashing is one of the final steps of the installation process for gutters.
Things You'll Need
Tape measure
Ladder
Roofing nails
Hammer
Pencil
Tin snips
Step 1
Measure all the sides of the roof line of the house with a tape measure, and record the measurements. Add all four sides together for the total number of feet. Divide that number by 12 to get the number of pieces of flashing necessary for installation. Add an extra piece to your total to compensate for odd lengths of cuts that will be made.
Step 2
Position a ladder on the ground at any corner of the house. Climb up the ladder, and pull back the shingles at the corner of the roof by hand. Move down the entire distance of the first side, and pull back all the shingles. Reposition the ladder when necessary.
Step 3
Slide the ribbed end of the gutter flashing underneath the shingles, and insert a 1-inch roofing nail every 16 inches down the center of the gutter flashing with a hammer. Nail the bent side of the flashing over the gutter at the same 16-inch locations down the entire piece.
Step 4
Overlap the second piece by four inches, and nail it down at the overlap. Install the second piece and all the remaining pieces of the first side in the same manner until reaching the end of the wall. Measure and mark the cut line of the final piece with a tape measure and pencil if a cut must be made for it to fit. The measurement for the final piece should include a 4-inch overlap from the edge of the last length of flashing.
Step 5
Cut the final piece to size with tin snips. Follow along the pencil mark. Install the final piece of the first side in the same manner. Nail the shingles back down into place with roofing nails. Move on to the next side, and repeat the process for all of the sides of the house.
Warning
Be very careful when working on a ladder. Make sure it is on level, steady ground when you are on it.
Wear gloves when using tin snips to prevent cuts by the snipped metal.
|
https://www.ehow.com/how_8327314_install-gutter-flashing.html
|
). Its boundary must be clearly marked, the inner edge of the marking being the actual boundary.
BOUNDARIES
The boundaries are known as the north, south, east and west boundaries regardless of the actual orientation of the court.
YARD-LINE
The perimeter of an inner rectangle whose sides are parallel to and one yard from the boundary is called the yard-line, its corners the corner spots and the space between the yard-line and the boundary the yard-line area. The yard-line is not marked on the court. Certain balls which leave the court or come to rest in the yard-line area are replaced on the yard-line.
BAULK-LINES
The parts of the yard-line that extend from the corner spots at corners 1 and 3 to a line extended through the centres of hoops 5 and 6 are known as the A and B baulk-lines respectively. The ends of the baulk-lines may be marked on the boundary but any raised markers used must not intrude or lean into the court. The baulk lines are where a ball may be placed before it is played into the game under Law
8(b)
(start of game) or played under Law
13
(wiring lift) (or Law
36
(optional lift in advanced play)).
THE STANDARD SETTING
The peg is set in the centre of the court. There are six hoops which are set parallel to the north and south boundaries; the centres of the two inner hoops are 7 yards to the north and south of the peg; the centres of the four outer hoops are 7 yards from the adjacent boundaries.
VARIATIONS TO THE STANDARD COURT
COURT LAYOUT
The length and width of the court are each subject to the tolerances set out in Appendix 1 provided the court remains a rectangle. Where more than one boundary marking is visible and it is not obvious which one should be used, the most recent defines the true boundary or, if that cannot be determined, the innermost defines the true boundary. Exceptional cases may be dealt with under Law
55
. The actual boundary at any point is the straight line which best fits the inner edge of the boundary marking in the vicinity of that point.
MOVABLE BOUNDARY MARKING
The boundary may be marked with a movable cord, which should be fastened to the court at several intermediate points. If the cord is displaced, Law
35(d)
applies.
YARD-LINE
Where a boundary marking is not straight, the yard-line is taken to be a line one yard inside and parallel to the boundary. However, where it is critical that balls that have been or are to be placed on the yard-line lie on the straight line joining the corner spots, their positions should be adjusted by the minimum amount necessary to ensure that they do so.
TOLERANCE ON SETTING
Each hoop and the peg may be displaced up to 6 inches from its standard position provided that the lines joining the centres of hoops 1 and 2, 3 and 4, and 5 and 6 remain parallel to the east and west boundaries, that the peg lies on the lines joining the centres of hoops 1 and 3, 2 and 4, and 5 and 6 and that the baulk-lines still terminate on a line extended through the centres of hoops 5 and 6.
ACCEPTANCE OF SETTING
Once players have started a game, it is deemed that they have accepted that the locations of all boundary markings, hoops and the peg are correct. Material discrepancies may be remedied under Law
55
.
SMALLER COURTS
If the available area is too small for a standard court, a smaller court may be laid out by retaining the court proportions of five length units by four length units but using a length unit shorter than the standard 7 yards. The appropriate governing body may approve other proportions and dimensions.
Author: The Croquet Association
All rights reserved © 2009
Updated 28.i.16
About
,
|
http://www.oxfordcroquet.com/laws/6th/2.asp
|
A median of a triangle is a straight line through a vertex and the midpoint of the opposite side, and divides the triangle into two equal areas. You have one side that's 5, and the other two sides are exactly 5 when straightened.
That means the side opposite angle A side BC is the smallest side. Remember that in a triangle, the range of possible lengths of a side depends on the lengths of the other two sides.
Triangle Inequality 5 minutes After a lively whole-class discussion, I know I need to give students some quiet time to really check their own understanding.
Angles A and B may vary.
The shortest distance between city X and city Y is miles. The original illustration shows an open figure as a result of the shortness of segment HG. The three symmedians intersect in a single point, the symmedian point of the triangle.
You can't make a triangle!
These angle-side relationships characterize all triangles, so it will be important to understand these relationships in order to enrich our knowledge of triangles. This is the kind of problem that is great for whole-class discussion because it encourages multiple solution paths in addition to having students explain why they chose to discuss the sides of the parallelogram as opposed to the angles and diagonals--important thinking required for proof.
This fact allows us to say that? The sides of the triangle are known as follows: Solve for the variables in the equations to find the unknown triangle lengths. Since all side lengths have been given to us, we just need to order them in order from least to greatest, and then look at the angles opposite those sides.
All of our inequalities are not satisfied in the diagram above. Isosceles triangles are used in the regular polygon area formula and isosceles right triangles are known as triangles.
Otherwise, you cannot create a triangle from the 3 sides. Find the shortest side of triangle ABC. I project sets of three side lengths and ask students to determine whether they will make triangles: Sine, cosine and tangent The sine of an angle is the ratio of the length of the opposite side to the length of the hypotenuse.
In this section, we will learn about the inequalities and relationships within a triangle that reveal information about triangle sides and angles.
The three medians intersect in a single point, the triangle's centroid or geometric barycenter, usually denoted by G. C, tells us that segment AB is the smallest side of?triangles and will describe the triangle using side lengths and angle measurements.
Using a map, students transfer a location onto a coordinate plane and answer questions related to the situation.
2 Is it possible to build a triangle using the given side lengths?
If so, order the angle measures of the triangle from least to greatest. Describe the possible lengths of the third side of the triangle given the. I ask students whether it is possible for two different sets of three given lengths to form triangles (1 cm, 3 cm, and cm; 6 inches, 8 inches, and 14 inches).
I give students about a minute in their groups to discuss with the goal of convincing others that they are correct. The Triangle Inequality says that the sum of the lengths of any two sides of a nondegenerate triangle is greater than the length of the third side.
This inequality is particularly useful and shows up frequently on Intermediate level geometry problems. Solving triangles with inequalities Basic Properties.
In any triangle we can find the following to be true: (1) The length of each side is less than the sum of the lengths of the other two sides, and greater than the difference between these lengths.
It turns out that there are some rules about the side lengths of triangles. You can's just make up 3 random numbers and have a triangle!
|
https://puwavamezomyxi.agronumericus.com/write-an-inequality-relating-the-given-side-lengths-of-triangles-87726zaw5987.html
|
main objective of this lecture is to present on Perimeter and Area. To find the perimeter of a rectangle or square you have to add the lengths of all the four sides. x is in this case the length of the rectangle while y is the width of the rectangle. The perimeter of a closed plane figure is the length of its boundary. The area is measurement of the surface of a shape. Area is the space within the boundary of a figure.
|
https://www.assignmentpoint.com/science/mathematic/lecture-perimeter-area.html
|
You are ready to set-out and cut the common rafter lengths as soon as the wall plates have been squared, levelled and fixed (strapped) down onto the brickwork. These are used in almost every roof, including a gable end roof, lean to roof and hipped roof as well.
There are two quick calculations to determine the two lengths as shown in the picture above. One for the actual length from plate to ridge, the other for the added overhang that will take the fascia and Soffit boards if your roof has these.
You can see in the picture above where the two right angle triangles are that we use to make the calculations for our rafters.
The difference between the green span and the purple span below is the addition of the horizontal overhang shown above to allow a fixing for the fascia and soffit boards.
If your walls and wall plate are all perfectly straight and square, you are probably safe to cut the complete rafters in one go on the ground and then take them all up and assemble the roof.
If the brickwork is not so great and the walls are not perfect, it may be safer to cut the rafters with longer overhangs at the bottom, and then mark the tails for cutting later. That way you can get a perfect straight line for the wall and your fascias will look right even if the brickwork is less than perfect.
We'll cover the purple overhang separately and deal initially with the green triangle in the picture that takes the rafter to the wall plate.
The first thing to do when working out the actual length of a common rafter is determine the horizontal span of the rafter as discussed in the previous page.
Each common rafter span is calculated by subtracting the thickness of the ridge from the total span, then dividing the answer by two. You might need a long tape measure to get the span, then;
(Total span - ridge) / 2 = individual rafter span
The other thing you'll need is the roof pitch/angle. The roof pitch should be specified on your technical drawings for the job, along with the sizes of the roof timbers. If you are deciding yourself on the pitch make sure it is suitable for your roof covering. There are minimum roof pitches many tiles like slates for example must be laid on in order to stay put and not leak.
Some of the different methods you can use to work out your rafter lengths;
There are a few good ready reckoners available. I bought a copy of Goss's Roofing Ready Reckoner that a friend recommended for around £20. No sh#t, it has probably paid for itself a hundred times over.
All the complicated trigonometry calculations are done for you, and there's loads more in there too, like diminishing jack measurements and hip rafter lengths and angles as well. I use it with an adjustable stanley quick square and can cut the whole roof on the ground, take all the timbers up and assemble the lot in one go. This saves a ton of time and trips up/down the ladder.
Once you've measured the run of a rafter, simply look up the right table in the ready reckoner for your roof pitch angle and using the measurements relevant to the span of the wall plates it tells you everything from all the common rafter lengths, plumb and seat angles to the length of the hips, the jack rafter cuts and several others are covered too.
It is also handy when quoting a price for a roof that you haven't been supplied a technical drawing for. You don't need a framing square or rafters to calculate the rafter lengths, you can do it all on paper allowing you to calculate all the materials needed to price the job accurately just by knowing the size of the roof and the centres for the rafters.
To show how easy it is to use, let's imagine the roof has a 3.265m total span from outside to outside of the wall plates, the ridge is 45mm thick and the pitch is 30°.
First thing to do is to subtract the thickness of the ridge from the span of the roof so that the ridge will fit perfectly between the two common rafters. Next, divide the remaining measurement by two. This will give us the span for each individual roof rafter:
3265 - 45 = 3220mm (total span less ridge thickness)
3220 / 2 = 1610mm (horizontal span each rafter will cover and before meeting the ridge)
Now, when we turn to the 30° page in the rafter ready reckoner and when looking up the common rafter lengths, one of the things it tells us is;
The length of rafter per meter of run is 1.1543. This means that for every 1m the rafter travels horizontally, the angled length of the roof will be 1.1543m.
All we do now is use a calculator to multiply 1.610 by the measurement in the book:
1.1543 x 1.610 = 1.858m
So, the rafter lengths 1.86m long - Easy!
To work out the second length of the rafter so that it runs past the brickwork and can have a fascia board fixed to it, we need to work out the overhang measurement. This will ultimately define the width of the eaves soffit board as well, so it's important to know what you are going to use for that.
When building a roof, in some instances I will work out the exact overhang needed for the fascia and soffit boards and add that to the rafter lengths already calculated. That way you can completely finish all the cutting down on the bench before taking them up and installing them.
Instances like that include things like sheds, dormers, timber framed and other structures where there's little chance of getting it wrong (or the walls being wavy).
If I'm cutting a roof where the wall plate or brickwork aren't perfectly straight/parallel it can be better to leave the rafter lengths too long and then cut them off after the roof is installed. You can do this by using a string or chalk line to mark them. So in that instance, I work out roughly what the overhang will be at each end of the roof and make sure the rafter tails are long enough to allow for that before cutting the rafters to length.
If you are building an extension you will probably need to match it with the existing soffit size of the main building. Otherwise, if you are building new and will be using UPVC fascia and soffit you'll want to know the sizes that it's available in. For this example we'll assume the soffit will be 250mm deep.
That measurement though is horizontal from the end of the rafter to the brickwork (shown in green). We need to hold a spirit level up vertically against the brickwork and measure from the wall plate to the brickwork as well (purple).
Adding these two measurements to the original span (blue) will arrive at the total span for the second rafter length we need. Lets assume for this example from the wall plate to the outside of the brickwork measures 300mm and the soffit size we want is 200mm. Add these to the span we calculated before;
1610 + 300 + 200 = 2110
Now we need to multiply that by the length in the ready reckoner which was 1.1543.
2110 x 1.1543 = 2,435.57mm
So the second rafter length we need is 2.436 metres (round to the nearest mm).
If you prefer to use the mathematical trigonometry method that you would have learned during school, the calculation for the hypotenuse/rafter size using the pitch and run of rafter can be found
Cutting roof rafters can be done as simply as with just a sharp hand saw and a bevel (or two to save setting them up twice) if that's all you have but it is both labour intensive and time consuming.
The problem with two bevels though is they are easy to mix up and therefore make a mistake with and they can also move if knocked. It's better to make a ply jig (cut a plumb cut on an off-cut of ply or timber around 500mm long and a birds mouth, this can be used to quickly mark rafters once measurements have been applied) or use a roofing or framing square.
For speed when cutting lots of rafters use a circular saw.
It is all well and good having these lengths, but how do they transfer onto the timber to create a roof rafter?
There are three terms to familiarise yourself with:
A Plumb cut - this is an angle to cut that will create a vertically 'plumb' line on the rafter
A Seat cut is a horizontally level cut, so the rafter can sit flat onto the wall plate
A Birds mouth is a combination of the two cuts made so the roof rafter sits tightly onto the wall plates square edge
It's also worth noting that the seat cut and plumb cut are always 90° from each other. So if you know one, you can put a square on it to find the other. Also, they will both add up to 90 (a right angle triangle is 90°). So if the plumb cut is 45, so is the seat cut. If the plumb cut is 30°, the seat cut must be 60° and so on.
When constructing roof rafters, always cut a pair first and try them to check they fit. Once happy, use one of those as a pattern to cut the rest with. Always use the same rafter as the pattern to ensure accuracy.
The picture below shows how these cuts are used to create the angles that help the timber form the shape of an angled roof rafter;
You can see there are three plumb cuts, one at each end plus one for the birds-mouth. The dotted line is how the rafter length measurement is used, measure from the point at the top, down the length and plumb a line there.
Before you can mark the rafter lengths and layout, check the camber of the timber. Lengths of roofing timber almost always bow slightly. Look down the length of the timber to see which way it 'bows'.
The Bow should always be on the uppermost side of the rafter so that when the weight of the roof tiles goes on it will more likely straighten the rafters out than bow them down even more.
With the tape measure hooked onto the top end, transfer your two rafter lengths onto the top edge of the timber. Use your roofing square set to the plumb cut to mark the plumb angles down from those points.
The picture below shows the first rafter lengths in green which is from the ridge to the wall plate. The purple length is the second length to carry the fascia.
When cutting the birds mouth it should only be cut into the roof rafter up to 1/4 of the timbers width (see the red marking on the image below).
Sometimes it is easy to measure the width and divide it by 4. The fastest way I've found to mark 1/4 of the width when it's not straight forward?
Take for example, a rafter with a width of 175mm, or 7 inches. Hold the tape measure across the width of the timber and keeping the 'zero' end in place, pivot the other end of the tape round until the 8 inch mark meets the timber. Now mark 2 inches onto the timber, which is a 1/4 of 8 (alternatively if metric, hold 200mm across and mark where 50mm falls).
Cut the birds mouth with a circular saw and finish off with a handsaw if needed.
The final cut to make is the seat cut at the bottom. This will govern the height of your fascia boards, so it is often best to put two rafters up in place and check where you want that to fall so it is easy for you to construct the fascia and soffit section of the roof later.
Hold two rafters up in-situ and check they fit, if good cut the rest of the rafters you need ready to assemble.
|
https://www.carpentry-tips-and-tricks.com/Rafter-lengths.html
|
To find the perimeter, we simply add up the lengths of each outside edge. It may be helpful to look out for number bonds when adding the sides.
If we split the shape up into rectangles, then it will become a lot easier to find the area of the total shape.
To find the area, you can use these 4 steps:
1.) Split your compound shape into a series of rectangles.
2.) Work out the missing lengths you need around the edge.
3.) Work out the area of each separate rectangle. (Remember that this is done by multiplying the length by the width.)
4.) Add these separate areas for each rectangle up together to find the total area of the compound shape.
|
https://republicofsouthossetia.org/question/how-to-figure-out-the-area-and-perimeter-of-compound-shapes-15109504-91/
|
A point moves around inside a rectangle. What are the least and the greatest values of the sum of the squares of the distances from the vertices?
This article discusses how every Pythagorean triple (a, b, c) can be illustrated by a square and an L shape within another square. You are invited to find some triples for yourself.
This is the second article on right-angled triangles whose edge lengths are whole numbers.
The first of two articles on Pythagorean Triples which asks how many right angled triangles can you find with the lengths of each side exactly a whole number measurement. Try it!
Four identical right angled triangles are drawn on the sides of a square. Two face out, two face in. Why do the four vertices marked with dots lie on one line?
It is obvious that we can fit four circles of diameter 1 unit in a square of side 2 without overlapping. What is the smallest square into which we can fit 3 circles of diameter 1 unit?
Can you make sense of these three proofs of Pythagoras' Theorem?
Investigate the number of points with integer coordinates on circles with centres at the origin for which the square of the radius is a power of 5.
Prove Pythagoras' Theorem using enlargements and scale factors.
Semicircles are drawn on the sides of a rectangle. Prove that the sum of the areas of the four crescents is equal to the area of the rectangle.
Prove that the shaded area of the semicircle is equal to the area of the inner circle.
Can you make sense of the three methods to work out the area of the kite in the square?
The largest square which fits into a circle is ABCD and EFGH is a square with G and H on the line CD and E and F on the circumference of the circle. Show that AB = 5EF. Similarly the largest. . . .
If the hypotenuse (base) length is 100cm and if an extra line splits the base into 36cm and 64cm parts, what were the side lengths for the original right-angled triangle?
Take any rectangle ABCD such that AB > BC. The point P is on AB and Q is on CD. Show that there is exactly one position of P and Q such that APCQ is a rhombus.
Triangle ABC is an equilateral triangle with three parallel lines going through the vertices. Calculate the length of the sides of the triangle if the perpendicular distances between the parallel. . . .
The incircles of 3, 4, 5 and of 5, 12, 13 right angled triangles have radii 1 and 2 units respectively. What about triangles with an inradius of 3, 4 or 5 or ...?
ABC and DEF are equilateral triangles of side 3 and 4 respectively. Construct an equilateral triangle whose area is the sum of the area of ABC and DEF.
Sets of integers like 3, 4, 5 are called Pythagorean Triples, because they could be the lengths of the sides of a right-angled triangle. Can you find any more?
What is the ratio of the area of a square inscribed in a semicircle to the area of the square inscribed in the entire circle?
What is the relationship between the arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means of two numbers, the sides of a right angled triangle and the Golden Ratio?
Two semi-circles (each of radius 1/2) touch each other, and a semi-circle of radius 1 touches both of them. Find the radius of the circle which touches all three semi-circles.
Equal touching circles have centres on a line. From a point of this line on a circle, a tangent is drawn to the farthest circle. Find the lengths of chords where the line cuts the other circles.
What is the volume of the solid formed by rotating this right angled triangle about the hypotenuse?
A belt of thin wire, length L, binds together two cylindrical welding rods, whose radii are R and r, by passing all the way around them both. Find L in terms of R and r.
What is the same and what is different about these circle questions? What connections can you make?
A 10x10x10 cube is made from 27 2x2 cubes with corridors between them. Find the shortest route from one corner to the opposite corner.
Draw a square and an arc of a circle and construct the Golden rectangle. Find the value of the Golden Ratio.
If you continue the pattern, can you predict what each of the following areas will be? Try to explain your prediction.
Find the sides of an equilateral triangle ABC where a trapezium BCPQ is drawn with BP=CQ=2 , PQ=1 and AP+AQ=sqrt7 . Note: there are 2 possible interpretations.
Medieval stonemasons used a method to construct octagons using ruler and compasses... Is the octagon regular? Proof please.
Chris is enjoying a swim but needs to get back for lunch. If she can swim at 3 m/s and run at 7m/sec, how far along the bank should she land in order to get back as quickly as possible?
Equal circles can be arranged so that each circle touches four or six others. What percentage of the plane is covered by circles in each packing pattern? ...
Four circles all touch each other and a circumscribing circle. Find the ratios of the radii and prove that joining 3 centres gives a 3-4-5 triangle.
The net of a cube is to be cut from a sheet of card 100 cm square. What is the maximum volume cube that can be made from a single piece of card?
A ladder 3m long rests against a wall with one end a short distance from its base. Between the wall and the base of a ladder is a garden storage box 1m tall and 1m high. What is the maximum distance. . . .
A small circle fits between two touching circles so that all three circles touch each other and have a common tangent? What is the exact radius of the smallest circle?
A ribbon runs around a box so that it makes a complete loop with two parallel pieces of ribbon on the top. How long will the ribbon be?
A spider is sitting in the middle of one of the smallest walls in a room and a fly is resting beside the window. What is the shortest distance the spider would have to crawl to catch the fly?
What remainders do you get when square numbers are divided by 4?
The ten arcs forming the edges of the "holly leaf" are all arcs of circles of radius 1 cm. Find the length of the perimeter of the holly leaf and the area of its surface.
Can you work out the dimensions of the three cubes?
Find the ratio of the outer shaded area to the inner area for a six pointed star and an eight pointed star.
The area of a square inscribed in a circle with a unit radius is, satisfyingly, 2. What is the area of a regular hexagon inscribed in a circle with a unit radius?
A ribbon is nailed down with a small amount of slack. What is the largest cube that can pass under the ribbon ?
A circle touches the lines OA, OB and AB where OA and OB are perpendicular. Show that the diameter of the circle is equal to the perimeter of the triangle
Is the sum of the squares of two opposite sloping edges of a rectangular based pyramid equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sloping edges?
A square of area 40 square cms is inscribed in a semicircle. Find the area of the square that could be inscribed in a circle of the same radius.
Cut off three right angled isosceles triangles to produce a pentagon. With two lines, cut the pentagon into three parts which can be rearranged into another square.
Prove that for every right angled triangle which has sides with integer lengths: (1) the area of the triangle is even and (2) the length of one of the sides is divisible by 5.
|
https://nrich.maths.org/public/topic.php?code=124&cl=4&cldcmpid=747
|
This article for teachers suggests ideas for activities built around 10 and 2010.
During the third hour after midnight the hands on a clock point in the same direction (so one hand is over the top of the other). At what time, to the nearest second, does this happen?
A lady has a steel rod and a wooden pole and she knows the length of each. How can she measure out an 8 unit piece of pole?
Mr. Sunshine tells the children they will have 2 hours of homework. After several calculations, Harry says he hasn't got time to do this homework. Can you see where his reasoning is wrong?
Which times on a digital clock have a line of symmetry? Which look the same upside-down? You might like to try this investigation and find out!
Investigate the different distances of these car journeys and find out how long they take.
On the table there is a pile of oranges and lemons that weighs exactly one kilogram. Using the information, can you work out how many lemons there are?
Investigate what happens when you add house numbers along a street in different ways.
A group of children are using measuring cylinders but they lose the labels. Can you help relabel them?
If you have only four weights, where could you place them in order to balance this equaliser?
In this section from a calendar, put a square box around the 1st, 2nd, 8th and 9th. Add all the pairs of numbers. What do you notice about the answers?
If the answer's 2010, what could the question be?
Well now, what would happen if we lost all the nines in our number system? Have a go at writing the numbers out in this way and have a look at the multiplications table.
Start with four numbers at the corners of a square and put the total of two corners in the middle of that side. Keep going... Can you estimate what the size of the last four numbers will be?
This challenge asks you to investigate the total number of cards that would be sent if four children send one to all three others. How many would be sent if there were five children? Six?
This is an adding game for two players.
Use your logical-thinking skills to deduce how much Dan's crisps and ice-cream cost altogether.
I was looking at the number plate of a car parked outside. Using my special code S208VBJ adds to 65. Can you crack my code and use it to find out what both of these number plates add up to?
These two group activities use mathematical reasoning - one is numerical, one geometric.
I throw three dice and get 5, 3 and 2. Add the scores on the three dice. What do you get? Now multiply the scores. What do you notice?
There are 4 jugs which hold 9 litres, 7 litres, 4 litres and 2 litres. Find a way to pour 9 litres of drink from one jug to another until you are left with exactly 3 litres in three of the jugs.
If you wrote all the possible four digit numbers made by using each of the digits 2, 4, 5, 7 once, what would they add up to?
Look carefully at the numbers. What do you notice? Can you make another square using the numbers 1 to 16, that displays the same properties?
Can you draw a continuous line through 16 numbers on this grid so that the total of the numbers you pass through is as high as possible?
Arrange eight of the numbers between 1 and 9 in the Polo Square below so that each side adds to the same total.
Start by putting one million (1 000 000) into the display of your calculator. Can you reduce this to 7 using just the 7 key and add, subtract, multiply, divide and equals as many times as you like?
In sheep talk the only letters used are B and A. A sequence of words is formed by following certain rules. What do you notice when you count the letters in each word?
Zumf makes spectacles for the residents of the planet Zargon, who have either 3 eyes or 4 eyes. How many lenses will Zumf need to make all the different orders for 9 families?
A game for 2 people. Use your skills of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division to blast the asteroids.
You have four jugs of 9, 7, 4 and 2 litres capacity. The 9 litre jug is full of wine, the others are empty. Can you divide the wine into three equal quantities?
A game for 2 people using a pack of cards Turn over 2 cards and try to make an odd number or a multiple of 3.
Ben’s class were cutting up number tracks. First they cut them into twos and added up the numbers on each piece. What patterns could they see?
Here are the prices for 1st and 2nd class mail within the UK. You have an unlimited number of each of these stamps. Which stamps would you need to post a parcel weighing 825g?
There is a clock-face where the numbers have become all mixed up. Can you find out where all the numbers have got to from these ten statements?
On the planet Vuv there are two sorts of creatures. The Zios have 3 legs and the Zepts have 7 legs. The great planetary explorer Nico counted 52 legs. How many Zios and how many Zepts were there?
Here you see the front and back views of a dodecahedron. Each vertex has been numbered so that the numbers around each pentagonal face add up to 65. Can you find all the missing numbers?
What is happening at each box in these machines?
Write the numbers up to 64 in an interesting way so that the shape they make at the end is interesting, different, more exciting ... than just a square.
Using 3 rods of integer lengths, none longer than 10 units and not using any rod more than once, you can measure all the lengths in whole units from 1 to 10 units. How many ways can you do this?
Can you substitute numbers for the letters in these sums?
How could you put eight beanbags in the hoops so that there are four in the blue hoop, five in the red and six in the yellow? Can you find all the ways of doing this?
Vera is shopping at a market with these coins in her purse. Which things could she give exactly the right amount for?
You have 5 darts and your target score is 44. How many different ways could you score 44?
Winifred Wytsh bought a box each of jelly babies, milk jelly bears, yellow jelly bees and jelly belly beans. In how many different ways could she make a jolly jelly feast with 32 legs?
This problem is based on the story of the Pied Piper of Hamelin. Investigate the different numbers of people and rats there could have been if you know how many legs there are altogether!
Mrs Morgan, the class's teacher, pinned numbers onto the backs of three children. Use the information to find out what the three numbers were.
The Scot, John Napier, invented these strips about 400 years ago to help calculate multiplication and division. Can you work out how to use Napier's bones to find the answer to these multiplications?
Where can you draw a line on a clock face so that the numbers on both sides have the same total?
Place the digits 1 to 9 into the circles so that each side of the triangle adds to the same total.
There were chews for 2p, mini eggs for 3p, Chocko bars for 5p and lollypops for 7p in the sweet shop. What could each of the children buy with their money?
|
https://nrich.maths.org/public/leg.php?code=31&cl=2&cldcmpid=10349
|
How to manage work-life balance with hybrid or remote work
Work-life balance took on a whole new meaning for employees, and particularly working parents, over the past year as students learned from home while many of their parents worked from home throughout the pandemic. In 2021, as school districts and employers continue to work out the kinks of our new working environment, more people continue to figure out how to manage a hybrid schedule.
Hybrid schooling and hybrid work arrangements are becoming popular solutions to the pandemic challenge: Having only half the number of students in school or employees at work at the same time allows for easier social distancing, while offering the benefits of in-person learning or working at least some of the time. Research shows that 81 percent of professional employees either don’t want to go back to the office at all or would prefer to work in the office two or three days per week and at home the other days.1
And more employers are embracing the idea of full-time or half-time remote work: Facebook says at least half of its workforce will be permanently remote by 20302, and Twitter and Square have said their employees will be allowed to work from wherever they want from now on.3
With a year of working and learning remotely under their belts, many employers and employees have figured out some of the nuances to being successful in these new ways of operating. As you endeavor to find the right solution that works for you, your work and your personal life, keep these factors in mind.
Work and life are intricately connected
During the pandemic, with so many people working, learning and doing everything from home, our personal lives and professional lives became intricately connected. In many organizations, that connection will continue to be recognized, and supervisors are likely to be more lenient with remote workers who need to take an hour out of the workday to pick up kids from school. In return, employees may be expected to make up that time by answering emails in the evening or completing a project after hours when needed.
There’s no substitute for open, regular communication
If you have children still learning from home, make sure you’re aware of all the communication channels available with school as well as with work. With the ability to communicate regularly, you can ensure that you and your kids are able to accomplish all you’re supposed to do during at-home days.
If you’re working on a hybrid schedule, use your in-person days to build strong face-to-face relationships with co-workers and supervisors. Having a positive personal relationship with others at work will make it easier to communicate with them during your at-home days.
Time management is crucial
Achieving an appropriate work-life balance has always required strong time management, but that’s even more true when working remotely or on a hybrid schedule. To succeed, build a consistent schedule that will work for your family on both at-home days and away-from-home days. That means waking up at the same time each day and keeping kids on a consistent schedule.
On work-from-home days, working parents who rise before their children can knock a few items off their to-do lists before meeting the demands of helping children with schoolwork or other needs throughout the day. Getting an early start can take off some of the pressure of everything that has to be done—and being able to stop work when it’s time will help you avoid increased stress at home.
Adaptability may trump experience and training
During the pandemic, many employees’ traditional job descriptions were thrown out the window as employers had to reconfigure their business models almost overnight. The employees who were able and willing to adapt to the changes and contribute in any area they were needed, regardless of their job description, contributed to their employers’ ability to survive and succeed during a difficult time.
In addition to finding a balance between work and home life, tomorrow’s employees will also need to find a balance between performing their job requirements and being flexible enough to perform other duties their employer may need.
|
https://pga.aigrs.com/home/financial-education/education-center/life-events/how-to-manage-work-life-balance
|
the new world of work.
As pandemic measures come to an end in Asia, companies reckon with return-to-office friction, sparking conversations around long-term hybrid and remote work.
The return-to-office discussion is merely the beginning of a new negotiation between companies and their employees. The ensuing dialogue may help recast the mismatch of expectations against changes to how work should be performed after the pandemic in the era of advancing technology.
our white paper gathers insights from three surveys to understand what talent want:
- Randstad Employer Brand Researchdownload white paper
what employees really care about?
Purpose is the ‘why’ behind the reason we work. The sense of purpose brings meaning to the daily grind and can increase overall satisfaction.
However, each of us define purpose differently.
how do you define your purpose at work?
Across Hong Kong SAR, Malaysia and Singapore, 1 in 3 respondents said that their purpose at work is to successfully complete their tasks and earn a steady salary.
This data may reflect the phenomenon known as ‘quiet quitting’, where employees limit their work contributions within their contractual requirements. Employees don’t avoid their responsibilities, nor will they proactively contribute more than what is legally required of them.
discover how your employees define their work purpose
Still, an alignment in values and purpose remains important among employees. This includes understanding how their work contributes to business growth or knowing that they are making the world a better place to live in.
flexibility: where work-life balance begins.
Do you know how people in Asia define ‘work-life balance’?
According to the Talent Expectations Survey, it’s all about having enough personal time for themselves.
how do you define work-life balance?
27% said that work-life balance is about having enough personal time to do the things they like with the people they care about.
Another 27% said that ‘work-life balance’ means having the flexibility to work anytime and anywhere they want as long as they can meet all the deadlines.
Flexible work enables workers to have greater control over how they want to spend their time working, so that they can carve out enough personal time to do the things they like with the people they care about.
time is a non-renewable resource
Employees’ insistence on hybrid and remote work is not just about their resistance to returning to the office.
There is a greater underlying implication: returning to the office when work can be done at home is not a good use of the hours that could go towards their personal time.
It’s a luxury to have enough personal time, no matter how employees choose to spend it. They want time to enjoy and relax so that they feel more recharged to focus better at work.
flexible work is no longer a benefit, it should already be a part of the employment terms
Even though 1 in 2 workers in Asia said that being able to work flexibly can help improve their work-life balance, 63% are not willing to take a pay cut in exchange for the opportunity to work remotely.
what flexible work can’t fix.
Flexible work is a good start to meeting talent expectations about work-life balance – but it’s not the be-all and end-all solution.
the top 3 situations that led to poor work-life balance in companies are:
- An overwhelming workload
- Unnecessary or excessive overtime
- An unreasonable boss and/or unsupportive colleagues
When an employee has too much work with limited or no support, they are more likely to sacrifice their personal time and mental health for work, resulting in burnout and eventual resignation.
the dangers of ‘virtual’ presenteeism
This culture of presenteeism hasn’t just disappeared with the rise of flexible work arrangements. According to a Cigna study, 37% of employees in Asia Pacific are clocking longer hours when working from home.
Another common fear that drives presenteeism – in the office or virtually – for workers is career FOMO, which is the fear of missing out on promotions, project opportunities and pay increments when working remotely.
This is why employees often feel compelled to come back online after working hours when they see an email or message from their managers to show their dedication to the job.
why do people dislike hybrid and remote work?
In our Talent Expectations survey, 31% of respondents said they dislike hybrid and remote work because they are unable to communicate or work effectively with their bosses and colleagues.
28% tend to work overtime because their colleagues send emails and messages at night and on weekends.
27% fear that they’ll miss out on work and promotion opportunities if they are not physically present at the office.
overcome the challenges of remote communications.
Poor communication in remote teams correlates strongly with the problem of overtime. Our survey shows that communication is a two-pronged issue that impacts employee satisfaction.
Teams may often find themselves working overtime to compensate for ineffective communication, while also contending with constant work communication after working hours.
Digital channels make it convenient for employers to reach their teams at any time – but this always-on approach will tire employees very easily and result in burnout.
be flexible with communication channels
Narrow your channels down to a few that work best for your team and empower them to select the right tools based on their needs.
fix your core hours
Find a window of time when everyone can be online and available for meetings and leave them to their own devices for the rest of the day.
limit over communication
While communication can help keep your team on the same page, too many calls and emails can be seen as a waste of time.
stay transparent and be available
Leaders should stay transparent and accessible by having an ‘open door policy’ to offer support to employees.
listen with your heart
Encourage your team members to be open about their personal challenges and practise empathetic listening to their needs to come up with solutions.
always be a step ahead of the changes
The Reimagine Work White Paper explores further into details the whole work-life balance experience and how employers and employees can work together to achieve the equilibrium.
As experts in talent recruitment and strategic HR solutions, we use data-driven insights as well as our knowledge and expertise to help transform your employer brand into the most powerful talent attraction tool.
Download the white paper to learn more about the latest talent expectations to attract the best talent the world has to offer.
related articles.see all articles
-
3 strategies on how to improve employee productivity in the workplace.
-
16 November 2022
best tips on how to conduct a successful skills assessment test.
-
14 November 2022
suite brew: thermo fisher’s winning talent attraction and engagement strategy.
-
03 November 2022
70% of singapore employees have poor work-life balance due to overwhelming workload: reimagine work white paper 2022.
-
01 November 2022
how does employee wellbeing, or the lack of, affect your workplace productivity.
-
10 October 2022
global technology report 2022: employer brand research.
|
https://www.randstad.com.sg/hr-trends/white-paper/reimagine-work-talent-expectations-white-paper-2022/
|
Today’s modern workplace has a fluid, casual atmosphere where work-life balance is advocated. People are also working from home more frequently, and they are being busier and doing more work than ever before. So it’s no astonishment that the modern workplace is showing up in some surprising ways. New research from Google shows that an average office worker now spends nearly 40 hours a week working from home and another 30 working remotely. And, according to a study led by the University of California, San Francisco, your brain becomes more engaged and focused after a long period of working remotely — a strangely refreshing revelation from a job that’s all too often defined by hours spent in a cubicle staring at a computer screen.
The need for a happy, healthy, and productive workplace is becoming increasingly important. It’s not entirely clear why so many people are working these days remotely — perhaps it’s the ease of a flexible schedule or a growing acceptance that everyone’s needs have to be met, even if they’re not at an office. But, like it or no the modern workplace is changing, and business leaders need to understand how their companies are keeping up.
The workplace owners felt that the old, inflexible style of the workplace reduced the employees’ efficacy and abridged their power to meet new challenges. However, in the modern workplace, the environment is flexible, and the employees are more productive nowadays. Employees use software and tools like Skype, Google meets, and Google Docs to communicate and work as a team more effectively.
What are some Workplace trends that need to be adopted?
- Collaboration
Collaboration is a fundamental factor in problem-solving and idea creation, and we know that we’re most productive when we’re all on the corresponding page. However, there is a deficiency of data about how to make collaboration work in today’s workplace.
Here you’ll learn about some of the challenges of collaboration in the workplace and what you can do to make the cooperation a productive fixture in your team or organization.
- Think about the problem. One of the essential functions of collaboration is that it allows different parties to interact and develop a solution. While all things are relative, some of the vital factors in cooperation are:
- Utilizing technology to give everyone access to the same information
- Providing the proper tools for everyone on the team or in the organization to share and work out ideas
- Active and engaged participation from everyone involved
- Tangible, attainable goals to move the project forward
- Flexible Workforce
By 2020, the freelancer workforce will comprise 40 percent of the crew, up 32 percent in 2015. Freelancers are being used in the U.S. workforce due to the high cost of overhead for employers, and the ease freelancers provide in administering payroll, benefits, and other expenses. “The study found that the top reason for using freelancers was to save money, with 66 percent of respondents indicating that they used freelancers because of the lower cost, compared to 40 percent who used freelancers because of the higher quality of work,” said a recent outsourcing research study by Intuit.
Low overhead and high flexibility are the top reasons companies choose to hire freelancers over full-time employees. “Long-term, it will make sense for businesses to outsource their work, as they can more easily and affordably outsource critical tasks such as fulfillment, sales, customer service, as well as contracting administrative and finance employees.
The rapid growth in the number of remote workers in the office has presented a new set of challenges and opportunities for managers. A manager needs to manage the employees in a secluded setting skillfully, but those employees may live anywhere in the world. They can now communicate and collaborate remotely using the latest communications tools. A manager has many responsibilities, not the least of which is prepping employees for remote working. And it is constantly evolving. Managers need to stay up to date on the latest communication and collaboration tools, to communicate with their employees, and ultimately, to manage their remote.
- Work-Life Balance
The need for employees to stay connected and a near-constant business cycle has placed more pressure on employees to be connected at all times. Unfortunately, when employees are forced to work outside of the office, productivity and morale can hit. According to a study by The Work-Life Balance Council, work-life balance is becoming a top priority for companies of all sizes. Unfortunately, traditional time management techniques don’t continually improve this situation. Work-life balance is defined as having your work demands and personal life needs aligned and balanced.
According to the Wall Street Journal, the idea of work-life balance or work-life harmony is making rapid growth in workplaces across the country. Why? Because employers realize that the more they can accommodate life outside the office, the more productive their employees are.
- Considering Traditional Performance Reviews
The traditional performance review process has been dysfunctional. It’s an annual, top-down HR process that evaluates employee performance without any reference to the larger environment of the workplace, the employee’s responsibility around project completion, or the prevailing climate of the organization. And while the traditional review process may have served as a valuable means to evaluate employees over the years, the relationship between employee performance and overall company performance is more complex than the simple metrics and scores used in the traditional review process. While more and more employers recognize the need to adjust the conventional review process, it’s clear that many companies are still fighting to understand the relationship between employee performance and overall company performance.
- Substitute presentation methods
In current times, tools and software like Prezi and Keynote are some of the replacements for PowerPoint presentations as modern and latest companies demand superior graphics and designing to impress their clients. PowerPoint presentations can seem to be monotonous, especially with repetitive templates that have been seen by almost everyone. Keynote has animations and transitions that excite the clients and make them understand things better.
|
https://blogs.buopso.com/is-your-business-keeping-up-with-the-new-work-trends/
|
To add to this trend, several initiatives have been introduced in the past couple of years, including a playbook on hybrid workplaces, a tripartite advisory on mental being, and an after-hours communication policy template for employers.
On 11 January (Tuesday), Singapore's Ministry of Manpower (MOM) responded to various parliamentary questions related to the future of hybrid work arrangements.
While addressing these questions on behalf of MOM, Minister of State for Manpower Gan Siow Huang, acknowledged that the pandemic has catalysed a transformation of workplace practices. Despite so, businesses have adapted well and successfully implemented work-from-home arrangements. MOM further encouraged SMEs to tap on Government grants, such as the Productivity Solution Grant, to adopt suitable cloud-based digital solutions that can enable productive remote work arrangements for their employees.
In 2020, three in four employees worked in firms that provided some form of remote working. However, the number of hours spent on remote work itself would vary depending on businesses’ and workers’ needs, which MOM does not track.
In response to questions on the possibility of work-from-home (WFH) becoming a permanent feature and any introduction of WFH legislations, MOM "expects work-from-home arrangements to become a more mainstream option". The majority of employers said that they would allow their workers to continue to work from home for at least a quarter of the time, the ministry noted. At the same time, the minister also indicated that MOM will not rush into hasty legislation that creates workplace rigidity and impedes economic recovery.
Instead, she noted, MOM encourages a more inclusive workplace flexibility approach. As previously highlighted by the 2019 Citizens’ Panel on Work-Life Harmony, different sectors will have diverse needs, such as the needs of frontline workers differing significantly from office workers. Work-from-home is not possible for the work that frontline workers perform. It is, therefore, more critical that a whole-of-society approach be taken, to help more workers to access appropriate workplace flexibilities, including flexi-load, flexi-time, and flexi-place.
Minister Gan stated: "The tripartite partners have been working on doing so through outreach and promotion of the Tripartite Advisory and Standard on Flexible Work Arrangements."
She went on to share various initiatives and resources to support employers in implementing work-from-home arrangements.
As one of the examples mentioned, the Alliance for Action on Work-Life Harmony (AfA on WLH) was formed last year, involving community stakeholders such as employers, employees, and HR professionals. Besides the Communities of Practice (CoP) for the Food Services, Manufacturing, and Finance sectors respectively, the HR profession also came together to develop a Playbook on Hybrid Workplaces through the Institute of Human Resource Professionals. MOM is furthering this ground-up effort by growing a community of Work-Life Ambassadors to champion and support these efforts at their workplaces.
Even as work-from-home arrangements stabilise, the minister noted that it is "mindful of the risks from blurred work-life boundaries."
To protect employees' mental health, the Tripartite Advisory on Mental Well-being was introduced in 2020. With this advisory, one of the key recommendations was for employers to set reasonable expectations of after-hours work communications, such as not requiring employees to respond to non-urgent work-related messages and emails after-hours. The AfA on Work-Life Harmony has also developed an after-hours communication policy template to make it easier for companies to establish and communicate progressive after-hours communications practices.
Concluding this parliamentary response, Minister Gan said the Government will continue to work with Tripartite Partners to support the provision of flexible work arrangements in a sustainable manner.
Following the parliamentary response, she said in a Facebook post: "It is through partnerships and knowledge-building that we can support the provision of flexible work arrangements in a sustainable manner and strengthen work-life harmony in Singapore."
Image / MCI's YouTube
Follow us on Telegram and on Instagram @humanresourcesonline for all the latest HR and manpower news from around the region!
|
https://www.humanresourcesonline.net/wfh-arrangements-expected-to-become-a-more-mainstream-option-in-singapore
|
Work-life 'blend' the on-the-job trend
Employees are no longer as fussy about taking holidays as they are about achieving a work-life balance, a new survey suggests.
According to the New Zealand Institute of Chartered Accountants, more than two-thirds of respondents (70%) rate flexible working hours as a key factor, while 59% do not want to let work stress affect home life.
At the other end of the scale, just 17% rated being able to take more holidays as a key way to achieving the balance.
More than 8800 NZICA members completed the survey between June and July.
The institute's 2011 survey showed a similar trend, with 62% of respondents rating a work-life balance as one of the three most important considerations when changing jobs.
Meanwhile, just 6% of employers used work-life balance practices to attract or retain staff.
Institute human relations and marketing general manager Jeana Abbott says achieving the balance is about when and how to work so it fits with family and out-of-work commitments.
Part 6AA of the Employment Relations (Flexible Working Arrangements) Amendment Act 2007 provides certain employees with the “right to request” flexible working arrangements and employers have “a duty to consider” any requests made under this right.
Ms Abbott says employers should accommodate flexible working arrangements in order to attract and retain staff.
Positive affect on business
A 2010 Department of Labour survey showed 70% of the employers involved as having some or all of their employees working flexibly and nearly 87% of them reported flexible working arrangements had a positive effect on the business.
Executive work-life coach John Groom says he is seeing more and more people wanting a better balance.
One of the new terms is "work-life blend", which suggests employees are more realistic about when and how they work.
Mr Groom says there seems to be two camps of thought since the recession. He had heard from one large employer whose boss felt their employees were lucky to have a job at all, yet at the other end of the scale people are reprioritising.
“People are starting to ask themselves what really matters in life,” he told NBR ONLINE.
|
https://www.nbr.co.nz/article/work-life-blend-new-trend-amongst-workers-and-bosses-weekend-review-bc-p-131229
|
Flexible Working Arrangements
Flexible working arrangements are an increasingly common way for employees to achieve a healthy work life balance. Being able to work non-standard hours or from home can be especially useful for employees who have young children or who live a distance away from their place of employment. And for employers, facilitating flexible working arrangements can improve workplace productivity and morale, decrease absenteeism, increase staff retention, and avoid potential concerns about discrimination.
Some employees have a legal right to request flexible working arrangements under the National Employment Standards (NES), which are contained in the Commonwealth Fair Work Act.
What are flexible working arrangements?
Flexible working arrangements can be anything that suits both the employee and the employer, but commonly include:
- changed start and finish times
- working part-time, or for more hours over fewer days
- working additional hours to make up for time off, or to gain entitlement to time off
- working from another location, such as home
Who can make a request?
Under the NES, employees may request flexible working arrangements if they –
- in the case of employees other than casual employees, have worked for their employer for at least 12 months
- in the case of casual employees, have worked on a regular and systematic basis for the employer for at least 12 months, where there is a reasonable expectation of regular and systematic work
And the requested change in working arrangements is related to the fact that they –
- are parents or caregivers of school-aged or younger children (including parents returning to work after the birth or adoption of a child)
- are carers (under the Carer Recognition Act)
- have a disability
- are aged 55 or older
- are experiencing family/domestic violence, or are providing support to an immediate family member or member of their household who is experiencing family/domestic violence
Employees other than those who fit into the above categories may still make a request for flexible working arrangements, but whether or not that request is approved is entirely at their employer’s discretion.
How to make a request
A request for flexible working arrangements must be made in writing and must set out the details of and reasons for the arrangements sought.
Responding to a request
An employer must provide a written response to a request for flexible working arrangements, either accepting or refusing the request, within 21 days of receiving the request. The Award applicable to the employment relationship will state what specific information should be included in the written response.
It is good practice for employers to discuss an employee’s request with them to attempt to reach an agreement before responding. It may be the case that an employee’s proposal is not feasible to an employer, but that a compromise suitable to both the employee and the employer can be reached.
However, it is important to note that employers are under no obligation to approve a request for flexible working arrangements, as long as they can justify their refusal.
Refusing a request
An employer may only refuse a request for flexible working arrangements on reasonable business grounds. These grounds should be communicated in the written response. Reasonable business grounds include, but are not limited to:
- the arrangement would be too costly for the employer
- the employer does not have capacity to, or it would be impractical for the employer to change other employees’ working arrangements or to hire new employees to accommodate the arrangement
- the arrangement would likely cause significant loss in productivity or efficiency, or have a significant negative impact customer service
Considerations
In considering a request for flexible working arrangements, it is important that a balance is struck between the genuine requirements of the job and business and the employer’s capacity to accommodate the employee. Otherwise, employees may have a claim for discrimination or breach of their entitlements.
Employers should consider:
- the employee’s needs
- the consequences for the employee if their request is not accommodated
- whether the work is of a nature appropriate to be performed on the basis of the requested arrangements
- whether the requested arrangement will have any impact on the employee having an adequate dedicated work area, appropriate furniture, and access to IT systems, equipment and the internet to perform the work (and if not, whether and at what cost those facilities can be organised for the employee)
- whether the requested arrangement could lead to any privacy, confidentiality, security or safety concerns (and if so, whether these can be abated)
Work Health and Safety
It is important to be aware that employers still have the same work health and safety obligations to employees with flexible working arrangements. This may be particularly significant in relation to employees who work from home.
Why Trust Johnston Withers Lawyers as your Employment Lawyer?
If you’re an employee and you have questions about your entitlements or believe your request to work from home has been unfairly denied, or if you are an employer and need advice about implementing a flexible work policy or responding to an employee’s request for flexible working arrangements – we’re here to help!
Johnston Withers’ employment lawyers have experience in providing advice to both employees and employers in relation to entitlements and workplace relations. If you’d like advice or direction from a lawyer, please contact us on (08) 8231 1110, or get in touch online.
|
https://johnstonwithers.com.au/flexible-working-arrangements/
|
workingmums.co.uk’s toolkit provides best practice on areas relevant to our emergence from COVID-19 lockdown, from transition back to work for furloughed staff to managing flexible and remote working, and online recruitment.
workingmums.co.uk has organised many roundtables on a number of issues linked to career breaks, long or short, and charted the development of best practice over the years. One of the issues that comes up is how to normalise periods of leave because, as people work longer, it is likely that more and more will take time out for a whole variety of reasons and seek to re-enter. That is certainly true during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Many workers have been furloughed. Sometimes colleagues continue to work while others are on furlough; sometimes furloughed workers are swapped in and out of the business according to need; and sometimes entire teams are on furlough because their business cannot operate during lockdown.
That means quite a number of employers will be looking at how they transition those workers back, if they are to come back into the organisation, and how they keep in touch while they are not working.
Many lessons can be learnt from returners, particularly those returning from shorter periods of leave, such as parental leave.
There is a body of best practice building on how best to support those who are temporarily out of the workplace and workingmums.co.uk would like to offer those findings in order to help employers ensure that the transition period, however long it lasts for, is as smooth as possible, given all the uncertainty involved.
We have also developed extensive knowledge of best practice in flexible and remote working that will hopefully help to normalise more inclusive ways of working for the long term.
Below are some of the key areas we have identified as we emerge from lockdown and suggestions on how to approach them, based on our best practice approach:
Line managers will be the ones dealing with day to day staffing issues and will require help and support in the form of toolkits or training, even if it is only to help them with signposting to other helpful resources. The pandemic represents an unprecedented challenge to our ways of working and line managers will need new skills, support and guidance to deal with some of the challenges, from increased remote working to dealing with the mental health issues linked to the pandemic as well as help to develop the resilience required in the months ahead.
Employers may want to look at ways to acknowledge and reward these different management skills, given that will convey a message about how much they are valued and how crucial they are to the core mission of the organisation.
Many of the returners we work with have taken years out of the workplace, often to bring up children. Furloughed workers will not face the daunting nature of coming back to work after a long gap, but, nevertheless, after weeks and perhaps months off, they may need a period of adjustment to the new norm, whatever that might be.
Some employers offer support to parents returning from parental leave through one to ones, parent forums or networks or buddies/mentors/coaches to build resilience. The Chartered Institute for Personnel and Development suggests a re-induction period for furloughed workers.
While some employers may consider such forms of support are not necessary if, for instance, people have only been furloughed for relatively short periods, it is worth bearing in mind that the situation people are coming back into may be very different from the one they left, with new rules to communicate and adapt to and each individual will have their own particular circumstances where they might need additional support.
That may include concerns about close relatives with underlying health conditions, people with mental health issues either underlying, exacerbated by or entirely linked to the pandemic, concerns about childcare or about using public transport and many other situations.
Some people may still be on furlough or coming in and out of furlough if the scheme is extended. Keeping in touch with furloughed staff is important. Parents on parental leave are entitled to Keeping in Touch days and many find them an extremely useful, enabling them to know what is going on and preparing them for their return so they don’t face a deluge of information when they go back. While furloughed staff cannot work during their period out of the workplace, employers can include them in social events, such as online gatherings, as a way of keeping in touch.
One of the key issues for returners and those coming back from parental leave is confidence. It is worth focusing on the kind of skills they may have built on furlough, whether that is managing children, homeschooling or volunteering. All those activities will build important skills, ranging from empathy and emotional intelligence to motivational and organisational skills and it is good to acknowledge this and to show that those skills may be useful and are valued, particularly in a circumstance where some workers are furloughed and some are not – to avoid creating divisions.
Offering a forum where people can talk openly about their experience can counter any feelings of resentment. Furloughed workers may feel aggrieved, for instance, if other workers have not been furloughed and they were and those who have not been furloughed may also feel resentment that they have had to work while others are paid not to work.
Communication is key to misunderstanding and misinformation and line managers will need to ensure that everyone feels their contribution is valued and has as clear a vision of the role they are playing and how it fits into the underlying mission of the organisation as is possible in the circumstances. Clear and open communication channels are therefore vital, including regular check-ins with individual team members and signposting to any additional support offered.
However, employers should be aware of overloading people with information. Target information on a strict need-to-know basis and repeat messages about key safety issues.
Employee engagement through surveys or employee-led networks are important ways of getting feedback on what employees are thinking and to get ideas on ways to tackle particular issues, such as childcare problems.
Flexible working is likely to be a feature of many people’s working lives for some time as people worry about the issues such as travelling to work and ensuring their safety in it, particularly if they are more vulnerable, for instance, they are older workers, have underlying health issues or live with people who do. The uncertainty created by the current pandemic is only one of a number of disruptions facing industry, from automation to climate change.
Embracing flexible working should not therefore be seen as a one-off for this particular period, but as part of a core strategy for dealing with the uncertainty ahead, ensuring companies can keep working and developing and can hire the best talent, drawing from a diverse pool of people.
It is not enough to adopt an ad hoc approach. What is needed is a systematic review and a campaign to change mindsets and get people on board so that they are clear on the benefits of the flexible strategy. Toolkits, training and guidance is needed for line managers and a forum where they can openly discuss any concerns or worries.
One of the key issues that comes up in our discussions is the need for a flexible working framework, but one which is loose enough to allow for individual circumstances. It is important that managers are encouraged to understand what patterns work best for the individuals in their teams and to know their personal circumstances. A one size fits all approach doesn’t work.
Remote working is likely to become more common for all manner of reasons, but particularly as a way to enable businesses to keep working in times of disruption. It’s not quite as simple as just letting people use their laptops to get on with things. In the past few weeks homeworking may have been introduced in an emergency manner during lockdown and, while people may have had some experience of it before, they may not have had to work remotely for entire weeks so additional support will have to go into embedding it and providing technical, emotional and other support.
Management mindset
Everything has to do with switching from a presenteeism command and control mindset to a more open way of managing, based on motivating teams and building trust. Managers need to spend time understanding the context in which people are working and bear in mind that timetables and schedules will change as employees balance homeworking and homeschooling/childcare and other caring responsibilities. Clear communication is essential as is not overdoing check-ins so they undermine a sense of trust. Remote workers need, however, to feel they can ask for help if required.
Technology
Technology set-up is important and support for that in the form of laptops, mobiles and technical support make remote workers feel more like part of the team. Remote communication tools like slack and trello are good ways to stay in touch and to collaborate, but there are many tools available these days so, to avoid tool overload, decide on one or two that work best for everyone. Finally, video conferencing rather than teleconferencing can help to engage better with remote workers as it ensures people are fully engaged and means that visual cues are not missed.
Mental well being
Isolation is a big danger for those working remotely. To counter this requires regular catch-ups so managers can spot when something has changed about a colleague and also whether someone is overworking and feeling burnt out, a danger of remote working. The lack of visual cues from other people who go and take breaks or go for a stretch or decide that that is it for the day can make it more difficult for remote workers to realise that it is time to stop working.
Ensuring remote workers are part of support networks within the organisation is another way of making them feel connected. For instance, managers could plan virtual social meet-ups, such as regular coffee sessions, which people can drop into. If planned far enough ahead people can schedule them in and are more likely to attend.
Inclusion
If there is a mix of some staff working remotely and some in the office it is important to be mindful of that fact and to move some of the office-based communication online or keep remote workers visible and up to date, even about the informal conversations or those that might seem less important. Intranet and other forms of communication such as social media channels should feature remote workers so they feel seen and in order to enable them to access interesting opportunities within the organisation.
Local hubs and co-working
Local hubs can be a way of cutting down on commuting and addressing the safety concerns around that as well as breaking down the sense of isolation. Moreover, local co-working spaces and hubs are places where spontaneous interactions are expected and even encouraged so for those for whom a sense of connection to others is important, they can be a good solution as well as providing extra benefits, for instance, offering opportunities to learn from others.
Reduced hours or short-term working is also likely to be a consideration for those workers who have additional responsibilities and will have to be carefully negotiated and reviewed. Anyone working shorter hours will need to talk to their manager about how they can adapt their job to the time available to do it, for instance, they could give some tasks to an assistant or, perhaps, a more junior colleague, enabling them to develop their skills or some tasks may be automated.
workingmums.co.uk‘s research shows that often people who reduce their hours have no proper consultation on what that means for their workload and are effectively having to do a full-time job in part-time hours, leading to burnout and reduced motivation. Job redesign has become a growing issue for part-time workers and managers need to realistically review what is possible in shorter hours.
For some employees facing additional risks or responsibilities redeployment might need to be considered so, for instance, they can work remotely.
This requires employers to think creatively about the needs of the organisation and might mean further training is necessary. This could be combined with plans to address skills gaps amid ongoing technological disruption.
Many employers have put mental health at the forefront of COVID-19 response, whether that be in the form of signposting to other external organisations with advice or using mental health ambassadors or first aiders as points of contact, advice and support or using internal social media channels to share information and case studies and to defuse any stigma attached to mental health issues.
Remote workers will need to feel included and may need more regular check-ins than would be necessary in the office because there will not be the kind of informal meetings and chats that people get in offices. Remote working means informal communication that happens in offices needs, to some extent, to be more formalised and deliberate.
During the pandemic, we have seen the extra stress put on parents who are trying to work while looking after children, the added anxiety about children’s safety for key workers having to use nurseries and schools – particularly those with underlying health issues – and the problems faced by parents whose employers refuse to furlough them even though they have no available childcare. Some employees have been placed in virtually impossible situations, having to make incredibly difficult decisions. Some have used up all their annual leave and will have none left to tide them over school holidays until next year.
Others will have used unpaid parental leave. As more people return to work, childcare will be vital, but may not be available or affordable [given many parents have been relying on grandparents to cut costs]. Moreover, parents will need to trust it is safe and definitions of what is safe will vary among parents.
Employers will need to ensure that employees feel able to discuss the issues they are facing and find some sort of workable solution, even if only temporary. That might include a temporary adjustment period, working reduced hours, working different hours, redeployment and job redesign depending on circumstances, advance planning as much as possible about meetings or calls and greater tolerance of a more blurred line between work and life at least for the time being. The best flexible employers are those who know their employees’ circumstances and are able to pre-empt possible problems as much as possible.
The impact of the pandemic and its aftermath will have very different effects on recruitment depending on sectors. Moreover, given underlying skills gaps, particularly with regard to technological skills, and the onward march of automation, new roles are likely to be created.
In order to ensure they reach the widest pool of talent and get the skills they need employers need to think carefully about how they recruit, what language they use, what images they use, the case studies available, which recruitment sites and social media they target and a whole range of other issues. As many companies will still be operating remotely, at least to some degree, they may have to rethink the recruitment, interview and onboarding processes, ensuring that it offers candidates a good experience and conveys their work culture.
As more people will be likely to start work remotely in a new company, employers will need to think about how they assess or develop the kind of skills required by remote workers, such as self-motivation, verbal and written communication skills, autonomy, time management and the ability to collaborate in a virtual environment. The good news is that more remote working will increase the talent pool they can draw from.
In all of this, the role of leaders will be crucial. They should be hands on in the return to work process, acknowledging the challenges faced and charting a way forward as clearly as possible through regular communication as well as role modelling flexible working.
The new normal is likely to last for some months and will require some resilience from managers and staff. Those dealing with extra caring responsibilities, bereavement or mental health issues may need extra support, but the whole workforce will need to be mobilised to look out for themselves and each other in challenging times. Some thought needs to go into how to develop that support in ways that can be adapted by different teams.
workingmums.co.uk is planning a series of webinars for employers on all issues related to the pandemic. More details will be announced soon. And keep in touch with latest developments through our daily news, features and advice service.
Want to find out about future events? Let us know below:
|
https://www.workingmums.co.uk/the-transition-out-of-lockdown-toolkit/
|
In a series of blog posts, we're re-visiting our publication Returning to the Workplace to share our findings and make our work more accessible on our platform.
Returning to the Workplace: Part 2
The Covid-19 pandemic disrupted the workforce as we know it. Is your business considering a fully remote model of work, or a hybrid model? Is everyone to come back to the office like all is normal? The following guide will provide informative and simplified notes on preparing on-site and remote jobs for a new world of work.
Agile & Flexible Work
With the disruption of the Covid-19 pandemic, the notions of the workplace, how we fulfil our everyday roles, and similar perceptions have unsurprisingly altered. Many employees are learning to balance their work with family responsibilities, especially in the circumstances of working parents and those who have had to adopt the role of a carer. These changes have urged employers to rethink their business operations to support a more agile and flexible way of working.
At the start of a new project development, try to remember novel company values that support flexible work arrangements. This can mean a remote or hybrid model of work that necessitates differing communication standards across teams, for example. Use flexibility as a positive opportunity to support employee wellbeing without losing out on productive workplace meetings.
Wellbeing & Mental Health
Whilst the Covid-19 illness can present differently according to individual health and other factors, there are more vulnerable groups of people to consider. For example, employees who are of older age and/or have underlying health conditions are at a higher risk of contracting severe symptoms of the infection. Management should support employees and be open to individuals who may need to work from home as a prevention method. Of course, any details and information regarding employee health should be kept confidential.
Further, the uncertainties riddled by the pandemic can be a great cause of worry and fear among employees. The health risks imposed by the infection can be a source of stress and anxiety, additionally perpetuated by social isolation. Media information can be overwhelming, and job insecurity can arise. Keep in mind that many individuals such as working parents and carers have additional pressures beyond their jobs in Malta or elsewhere.
There are ways to better support employees and foster an organisational culture that promotes positive mental wellbeing, including:
- Establishing clear communication with employees and allow them the space to voice their concerns, and later point them to helpful resources and supportive material,
- Reminding employees of how the company is responding to the pandemic and their subsequent precautions,
- Provide additional sources of support, such as counselling services, should employees wish to seek these,
- Encourage employees to follow reputable sources such as the WHO regarding Covid-19 updates and to avoid misinformation,
- Ensure all team leaders are empathic to individual employee circumstances and understand what they can do to support workers during matters of distress, and
- If the organisation does not have their own support services to help employees, ensure a list is available including such resources that are accessible and available.
Remote Work
For many individuals, remote work will be a first-time experience, meaning social support is needed to avoid feelings of isolation. You can teach and encourage workers to set up a dedicated workspace in their homes and provide them of any equipment or software they need to carry out their tasks. Additionally, meetings that are set up virtually can mean more than just work updates—these can be a forum to converse about topics outside of their jobs in Malta or elsewhere and become social opportunities for employees.
Other points to support remote workers include:
- Empathic and available leaders who reassure their workers,
- Encourage communication and different means to connect with teams to avoid social isolation, and
- Promote the importance of work-life wellness and for leaders to be proactive role-models in this value.
As mentioned above, there may be workers who need additional support due to circumstances external to work responsibilities. It’s important that management pay particular attention to such individuals and consider further flexible arrangements that can be tailored to their specific needs.
Proactive Leadership
There are bound to be changes within business processes as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic. It’s important that leaders communicate any changes to the business and ensure these are heard by all personnel. This can be in written communications as well as face-to-face meetings with employees. Whatever approach or stance the company will make should be understood by everyone.
As a manager and leader, you should continue to promote available and accessible resources to team members. Any updates of policy amendments should be clearly communicated to staff to avoid misunderstandings and worry. Include employees in these discussions and allow them the space to voice their thoughts and concerns. Answer any questions that they may have and always revert to how these changes will appear practically in the workplace. Remember that any changes made to business operations should be fair, inclusive, and considerate of individual circumstances.
Conclusion
We understand that guides such as this one can be comprehensive due to the differences between organisations. Whilst we cannot possibly cover every business situation in this publication, we hope the above serves as a means to begin and continue discussions surrounding RTW principles.
The above summarises some of the key issues that businesses address today, and we encourage employers to continue exploring reputable resources and advice in keeping up to date with the latest recommendations for organisations regarding Covid-19. This publication is not a substitute for specific legal recommendations and advice.
Additionally, whilst we do not typically cite our references in our publications, we do believe in transparency as a duty of care in writing the above. If you’d like to learn more about our sources and gather further access to recommendations, kindly reach out to the publication’s author at [email protected].
|
https://castillians.com/blogs/returning-to-the-workplace:-part-2/428
|
Is the office outdated? Some people think so. Remote work had been steadily increasing among workers in the tech industry for years, but, since the pandemic began, it’s become the new normal for large swaths of the working public. Many companies see their current remote setups as temporary stopgap measures to keep employees safe, but others, including Facebook, Shopify, Twitter and Zillow, are rolling out plans to make remote work a permanent option for more workers.
In the Internet Age, it would seem simple enough to do the same work in a different location. Even people whose jobs are highly collaborative can use instant messaging and videoconferencing tools to stay in touch throughout the day. Yet many people are discovering that the shift to remote work changes more than just geography.
No matter how easily technology allows co-workers to communicate with one another, one of the biggest struggles of working from home remains the simple feeling of loneliness. Office banter and gossip may be the butt of decades’ worth of jokes, but a sense of community and teamwork is still easily lost when co-workers disperse. Team creativity and serendipitous inspiration are much harder to foster when workers are in isolation. There’s often no way to duplicate a chance meeting by the water cooler or a quick peek into someone’s office for a two-minute chat.
Meanwhile, the very tools meant to connect people can make jobs even more draining. “Zoom fatigue” — exhaustion from videoconferencing — results from the increased focus required to interact on a video call. Our brains may have difficulty processing the fact that our friends or coworkers are “there, but not there.” Video chats can be awkward even for seasoned technology pros, ultimately reminding us of what we’re missing: office camaraderie.
When work and home suddenly collide, we may also discover that we can’t define “work” as well as we thought. With jobs potentially under threat from economic uncertainty, people feel even more pressure to be “productive” — even under the extreme circumstances of the pandemic — but how do we define productivity? Is work an activity we do for a certain amount of time? Is it the effort we put into producing specific outcomes? Or is it an identity? When “work” is no longer a place to physically go, it can become a state of mind — and one that’s hard to escape.
Home
For most of the people who’ve shifted to remote work since the beginning of the pandemic, home was never meant to serve as a workplace. Even for those who worked from home before, being on “lockdown” is different from their normal routine where they had the option to go to a coffee shop or have lunch with a friend during the workday. But when your “home office” is crammed into a bedroom or kitchen table — where your housemate, partner or child also has a workspace — ”working from home” can feel more like work is invading your home.
For people with children, working from home during the pandemic also means working around children’s needs. Some are juggling work responsibilities with homeschooling tasks, while others keep odd work hours to accommodate children’s and other caregivers’ schedules. In terms of stress and mental health, parents have pandemic-related anxieties and needs to contend with like everyone else, but they also carry their children’s burdens.
The childcare situation is likely to prove especially disastrous for working mothers. One May 2020 study revealed that working mothers were finding one uninterrupted hour of work for every three hours working fathers got. Women who lose or quit jobs and stay out of the workforce to care for children have always faced barriers to reentering the workforce and climbing career ladders. Now they will likely be trying to make up for lost time in the context of a global recession.
Space and time
For some, working from home offers welcome flexibility and relief from office distractions or the hassles of commuting. Some parents enjoy having more time with their children and are able to share caregiving or make their work fit into their home life. If most or all workers at a company are trying to strike a remote-work balance, employers may become more accepting of these flexible schedules. This kind of cultural change could help people shift the traditional conversation around work-life balance to something more like worklife integration, which suits some careers better than a strict separation.
Even so, a physical office creates a literal boundary around when we work and we don’t. Workers and employers who succeed at working productively and happily from home will find ways to recreate boundaries around work to protect personal space and personal time. Even with the most fulfilling job or the best integration of work and life habits, every worker needs to be able to take off their professional hat and fully focus on their personal and family life.
Employers and managers who value their employees’ mental health should invite conversations around those boundaries, either by creating company-wide policies (e.g. no email between 6 PM and 7 AM) or asking managers to discuss needs on an individual level. Workers whose employers don’t take the lead may need to state their own limits, perhaps alongside other co-workers, in order to be clear about what they need to be productive, stay healthy and care for their families.
The changes to come
Even if a vaccine for COVID-19 were released today and administered to the world’s population, we would still reemerge into a world vastly different than the one we hastily shuttered in March. The significant rise in remote work could be one of the shifts to have largest and most long-lasting effects.
One survey found that over half of large businesses and more than a third of small businesses whose workers were remote at least some of the time reported no productivity loss; in fact, over a quarter reported productivity gains. For some positions, workers and employers are learning they only need to meet face-to-face once a week to be maximally productive; others only need to be in the office once a month, once a year or not at all.
Many of these remote-friendly positions are in high-paying fields like finance or information technology. Traditionally these jobs have been centered in expensive cities like New York or San Francisco. If some of these jobs shift to remote work full-time, those workers may move out of the high-density, high-rent city centers and into the suburbs — or even to smaller cities in other states. On a large enough scale, this trend could lower rents in the most expensive cities and begin to geographically diffuse the talent fields in traditionally highly concentrated industries.
Be sure to check out FaithLink, a weekly downloadable discussion guide for classes and small groups.
|
https://www.ministrymatters.com/lead/entry/10431/embracing-a-work-from-home-future
|
At the June 2, 2016, Ontario Employment Law Conference, during the Q&A sessions, we received numerous questions on topics covered at the conference but could not address them all. Therefore, from time to time, till the next conference, we will be posting and answering some of these questions on the blog.
Question: An employee wants to work straight days related to child care, indicating that they cannot afford day care. Would this be considered a valid reason?
Answer:
The Ontario Human Rights Code tells us:
Every person has a right to equal treatment with respect to employment without discrimination because of […] family status […].”
The Code defines “family status” as the status of being in a parent and child relationship.
This means that persons in a parent-child relationship have a right to equal treatment in the workplace. Employers, therefore, cannot discriminate in hiring, promotion, training, benefits, workplace conditions, or termination of employment because a person is a family caregiver.
As affirmed by the Ontario Human Rights Commission (“OHRC”), a parent and child relationship can also mean a parent and child “type” of relationship which may not be based on blood or adoption ties, but based on care, responsibility and commitment. The OHRC provides the following examples: parents caring for children (also by adoption, fostering and step parenting), people caring for aging parents or relatives with disabilities, as well as families headed by lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgendered persons.
As was learned at the Conference, family status accommodation usually arises in context of child care obligations and often arises in connection with other prohibited Code grounds as well. Accommodation for family status may also arise in relation to obligation to care for any family member.
As with other Code grounds, employers have a legal duty to accommodate based on a person’s family status. The goal is to allow employees equal benefit from and participation in the workplace, up to the point of undue hardship. Employers have a duty to think about whether workplace culture, structures, policies and procedures can be adjusted to accommodate the needs of family caregivers. This may include flexible scheduling or alternative work arrangements (e.g., remote access or work-from-home arrangements). It is also important to note that although the “best” solution may result in undue hardship, it does not preclude an employer from taking the next best steps, until more ideal solutions can be put into place.
That said, it is important to inquire whether the organization has an accommodation policy in place. If so, the process you will need to take with respect to accommodation will be stipulated there. According to the OHRC,
“[w]orkplaces are expected to have accommodation policies and procedures in place.”
Employees and employers have duties and responsibilities when it comes to workplace accommodation.
Some employee duties and responsibilities include, among others:
- Request the accommodation and provide an explanation of why it is required, so that needs are known.
- Take part in discussions on possible accommodation solutions.
- Meet agreed-upon work performance and job standards, once accommodation is provided.
- Work with the employer, on a continuing basis, in order to manage the accommodation process.
Some employer duties and responsibilities include, among others:
- As part of the duty to accommodate, take an active role in ensuring that alternative approaches and possible accommodation solutions are investigated, and canvass various forms of possible accommodation and alternative solutions.
- Permit accommodation requests in a timely manner (to the point of undue hardship).
- Document the accommodation request and action taken.
- Uphold confidentiality.
So yes, childcare would be considered a valid reason. Elements to consider are discussed below.
At the Conference, the matter of Johnstone v Canada (Border Services) was discussed. This matter created a test for family status discrimination in the context of childcare (the “Johnstone test”). The court held that in order for a claimant to demonstrate a prima facie case of discrimination in a situation involving childcare obligations, they must show the existence of the following factors.
The Johnstone test
- child is under the claimant’s care and supervision;
- childcare obligation at issue engages the claimant’s legal responsibility for that child vs. personal choice;
- claimant has made reasonable efforts to meet those childcare obligations through reasonable alternative solutions; and
- a workplace condition or rule interferes with the childcare obligation in a non-trivial way.
If the employee is able to demonstrate a prima facie case of discrimination (i.e., employer discriminated against them because of family status), the onus is then on the employer to demonstrate that the policy or practice is a bona fide occupational requirement and that the accommodation would amount to undue hardship.
It is important that employers do not outright reject a request for accommodation, even when the request may seem to be unreasonable. Rather, the accommodation request and action taken should be well documented. This will assist an employer demonstrate to the court (if need be) that they made every effort possible to accept the employee’s request, they investigated as to whether they could accommodate the employee up to the point of undue hardship, and whether or not the employee actively participated and facilitated the process, etc.
Human rights matters, including those that involve employment, involve sensitive and complex issues and therefore should not be taken lightly by an employer. That being said, if at any point you are having second thoughts on what should be done in your particular situation or are still unclear on how to best approach your situation, it is advisable that you seek the advice of a lawyer.
The Human Resources Advisor has comprehensive commentaries on the topic of accommodation based on family status, as well as tips to understand an employer’s and employee’s duties under the human rights duty to accommodate to the point of undue hardship.
|
https://blog.firstreference.com/faq-family-status-child-care-learnthelatest/
|
Adjusting for the new school year
As we approach the end of summer, the usual excited anticipation of the new school year is quickly being replaced by feelings of anxiety and concern as many working parents are receiving news of what the new school year may hold for them. The reality is clear that the adjusted school experience and contingent plans in place will not remove the pressures that working parents have been experiencing these past few months of lockdown – juggling the roles of an employee and temporary teacher/daycare provider. Even when schools reopen, they will have multi-level contingent plans in place ready to pivot when there is a suspected COVID-19 related illness that will need to be met with the strict protocols and possibly another closure.
With the uncertainty that surrounds the reopening of schools and its ability to stay open, working parents with childcare responsibilities will not be able to return to providing the 9 to 5 availability that they used to prior to the pandemic. Here are a few ways that employers can support employees as they continue to juggle responsibilities as an employee and a childcare provider/teacher.
3 Key Reminders
- Be flexible and understanding of the reality of the childcare situation – Although parenting is not new, balancing work duties and keeping children occupied while homeschooling is a role that many parents are unfamiliar with. Many working parents have adjusted these past few months, with varying levels of success, with the thought that this is temporary. Now that schools have announced their adjusted school plans, employers and working parents alike will need to view this as a medium to long term change. In addition, even if parents decide to send their children back to school, the childcare provided with the adjusted schedules will still disrupt a normal return to work. Employers should continue to be flexible with their employees and encourage managers to have an open dialogue with employees. It is also important to have this come from the top because not all managers view flexibility positively.
- Review benefit plans to include childcare assistance – The struggle for parents to balance careers and caregiving was an issue even before the pandemic where parents struggled to find quality, affordable childcare providers that offered flexible schedules. Even for the best employees, trying to juggle childcare and work duties can result in a lag in productivity on the job. Consider a review of your benefits plans to add or enhance childcare assistance benefits. The onus cannot fall on employees alone. Employers are well-positioned to help parents tackle childcare challenges. As the landscape shifts to more work-from-home situations, enhancing family-friendly benefits can also help differentiate employers in this kind of environment and help with recruiting.
- Foster Positive Coping – As our new normal continues, the coronavirus crisis will continue to take a toll on the mental health of all workers, including working parents. What they thought was temporary is now turning into a medium to long term situation, and working parents will need support more than ever to help balance their careers and their newfound role of babysitter and teacher.
Authored by Julie Johnson, Burnham Benefits
[email protected]
For Additional Assistance
Reach out to your Burnham team for any questions or email us at [email protected].
|
https://www.burnhambenefits.com/blog/continuing-to-support-working-parents-as-schools-reopen/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=continuing-to-support-working-parents-as-schools-reopen
|
The pandemic has opened the eyes of employers around the world as to just how valuable – and vulnerable – their employees are. As many on-site professional responsibilities shifted to remote seemingly overnight, it was up to dedicated team members to ensure this transition was seamless. This most certainly includes the world of healthcare.
While clinical staff naturally had to remain on-site to battle the pandemic, many non-clinical departments had to tackle essential tasks and projects off-site – and often in ad hoc arrangements – that keep facilities’ doors open.
Parts of this shift to remote work may likely remain permanent in healthcare. Showing appreciation to staff members and keeping them engaged has always been vital, a focus that must continue into and beyond the shift. For patient well-being, productivity, and team morale, it’s imperative for healthcare organizations to amp up the employee experience—both remote and onsite. Here are 4 strategies to help your organization do just that:
#1: Remember that communication is key
We have so many methods of communication. Now’s the time to harness them. Whether it’s email, SMS, Slack, Zoom, or other platforms conducive to your team’s needs, you can easily keep remote team members feeling connected and engaged.
Of course quality is more impactful than quantity. Think about what works for you and for your team:
- How flexible do you need them to be?
- What are their communication styles?
- How long and how frequent should meetings or short catch-ups be?
- What about your pre-pandemic communication styles can be improved?
- What suggestions for changes do your team members have and what changes are they most comfortable with?
Take time to re-evaluate how you approach communication. Ask your team to share their feedback with you directly and via surveys. This can give you insight into their preferences and show that you value their opinions.
Recognize the possible downsides of communication in remote work. Collaborate with your team on ways to keep those aha moments alive and well. Your team’s new normal shouldn’t come at the expense of learning.
Sure, much of the work can be successfully accomplished when working remote, but how are you providing your team with opportunities to grow? Some may do best with those in-person helpful shoulder taps and those “You did it that way, but try it this way next time” moments with more experienced colleagues.
Whatever the dynamics may be for you team, don’t forget the value of quick appreciatory messages. These subtle gestures go a long way – especially in our increasingly digital age.
#2: Create new social experiences
Work has never just been work. It is an inherently social experience. Those little chats people had pre-pandemic around the water cooler were more than just taking a little break; they were moments that mattered. They often sparked new ideas, a sense of team building, and a feeling of connection to our work.
The pandemic transformed these moments into something more intangible, but that doesn’t mean team building and connections are off the table. Research shows that games are a great way to boost morale, reduce anxiety, and improve collaboration. Consistently investing in such employee engagement activities can also help your team maintain a “sense of belonging and commitment” to the organization, amp up productivity, and improve employee satisfaction.
#3: Become goal-oriented
Many employers have relied on inflexible schedules for their teams. This doesn’t always work well in certain industries and organizations and certainly may not work well with remote team members.
Rather than watching a clock, consider collaborating with your staff to refocus on achieving goals. That means giving them the power to do things on their own schedule. This may mean instead of requiring everyone be online for certain hours that you request your team stick to weekly and monthly goals.
Switching up the approach may be a helpful transition in healthcare departments that are inherently focused on specific tasks or projects. It can lend itself to a long-term strategy to increase productivity and morale.
#4: Embrace work-life balance
Although an improved work-life balance is supposed to be one of the impactful advantages of working remotely, you may find it hard to know when to log off. That feeling and confusion may then trickle down to your team.
Set a policy of not reaching out after work hours or on weekends unless absolutely necessary. To prevent burnout and protect morale, center this new policy as part of your post-pandemic company culture and stick to it. Employees model your behavior. Contacting them during off-hours is often stressful for them and can prompt them to feel as if they should be working instead of making the most of their time away from work.
Focusing on the big picture
The balance of employee experience and ensuring optimal performance is delicate in many industries. Creating an atmosphere of fun, inspiration, and focus shouldn’t be based 100% on where the job is. It’s most certainly a crucial aspect to consider, as is the freedom involved in the experience.
Earning buy-in from your team on your organization’s bigger picture is imperative no matter where the work is completed. Plan for that to prove challenging when you have teams at home. Strategize your way through those challenges and be flexible as the new normal for us all continues to evolve.
|
https://harmony.solutions/4-ways-healthcare-orgs-can-amp-up-the-employee-experience/
|
Every country has its own unique laws outlining the types and amounts of paid time off employers must provide their workers. Leave types include (but aren’t limited to) vacation, sick and family, and all are at least partly intended to ensure employees can balance their professional and personal lives.
One notable trend in recent years that relates to paid leave is the dramatic rise in workplace flexibility, including both when and where workers are allowed to perform their duties. In the UK, employees who have worked for the same employer for 26 weeks or longer have the legal right to formally apply for flexible working.
The UK defines flexible working as “a way of working that suits an employee’s needs, e.g., having flexible start and finish times, or working from home.” Significantly, the law applies to all employees, not just parents and other caregivers, and employers must address each request in a defined reasonable manner.
Last October, Singapore introduced the Tripartite Standard on Flexible Work Arrangements, a voluntary program intended to help local businesses meet the demands of a global workforce that wants more flexibility. Just a month after the program’s introduction, over 250 organizations employing 210,000 people had agreed to use the standard.
Given changing laws, official programs and employer policies and practices that promote workplace flexibility, it’s easy to forget that it was not a primary factor in employee engagement just a decade ago. Workplace flexibility is now widely considered one of the top four engagement drivers. Millennial workers in particular are passionate about workplace flexibility. In a blog post earlier this year, one of my colleagues cited a study showing that 69 percent of millennials want more flexible hours, while 64 percent want to be able to work remotely.
Unfortunately, there are drawbacks to workplace flexibility. The ability to work remotely is of course primarily enabled by the rise of technologies such as laptops and smartphones. And the very tools that allow us to work from home and at all hours also make it difficult for many people to clearly separate working time from personal time, even when on vacation or during holidays. This inability to switch off from work can lead to stress, which can in turn can result in serious health problems.
Some lawmakers, unions and governments have recognized this problem and in recent years have taken steps to promote a healthy work-life balance in our connected world. In France, there are various working-time systems under different collective bargaining agreements (CBAs), and under these agreements senior employees can enjoy significant autonomy.
Given rising concerns over the inability of workers to switch off from work, French CBAs require employers to take proactive steps to ensure employees adhere to mandatory rest periods. As of 2015, for example, some 250,000 French tech workers covered by the SYNTEC CBA have been guaranteed 11 consecutive hours of uninterrupted time off, including work-related interruptions from smartphones and other technologies. In addition, employers must meet with individual employees at least every six months to review their working and leave times.
In a 2015 and 2016 study examining work-life balance, Sweden’s government conducted a 23-month trial at an elder-care facility in which workers moved from an eight-hour work day to a six-hour one. The nurses in the study “overall were more active, less sick, less stressed and had less back and neck pain than nurses working eight-hour shifts.” The study also found the workers were more efficient, though in the short term the costs of hiring extra workers to cover for the shorter shifts outweighed gains in efficiency.
Employers themselves have also taken notice of the need to help employees manage working time and leave time. Not only is work-related stress associated with health problems and employee absences, employees who fail to take their allotted leave can accumulate significant leave balances.
In most jurisdictions, an employee must be paid his or her leave balance at the end of employment with a company. Often this is calculated on an average wage, which includes not only base salary but commissions and other entitlements. In countries such as Australia where the balance rolls over from year to year, this can result in significant payments due to employees at the end of their tenures. Many employers fail to track, and budget for, these liabilities.
In order to mitigate leave-balance liabilities — and to promote work-life balance and employee health — many employers implement employee-leave policies that include regular working-time reviews similar to the ones mandated by the French CBA mentioned above. Employers should also consider adding the following items to their HR policies and practices:
- Encourage holiday requests as far in advance as possible
- Help employees schedule leave when it suits the employee and meets business requirements
- Develop a holiday policy that includes any minimum staffing requirements
- Do not pay out unused-leave balances unless required by law
- Empower managers to approve reasonable requests for flexible schedules
While some of these policies — such as the one mandating regular employee working-time reviews — may seem onerous and even superfluous, the benefits can be substantial. Not only do such polices promote employee engagement and retention, they can lead to efficiencies. As the Swedish study on six-hour workdays suggests — and as other studies demonstrate — increased time off often results in increased worker productivity.
Employers should also remember that they have a duty of care to protect their employees, which includes promoting a reasonable work-life balance. Showing that you care about your employees’ work-life balance through clear, worker-friendly policies and practices will in the long run benefit both your organization and your workforce.
|
https://ieglobal.vistra.com/blog/2018/8/best-practices-managing-employee-leave-and-working-time
|
Despite unreliable electricity, dependency on imported raw materials, and lack of skilled labour, a new report paints an optimistic picture as Nepal’s economy kick starts again after the pandemic.
For its first ‘Industry Status Report’, The Confederation of Nepalese Industries (CNI) interviewed almost 20,000 employees spanning 47 industries in the agriculture, energy, manufacturing, and service sectors from mid-April to mid-July. CNI says it hopes the report will serve as a tool for evidence-driven policymaking.
“In a low-middle income country like Nepal, with limited resources and multiple policy priorities, the opportunity costs of mismanaging resources are dire,” says Nirnaya Bhatta at CNI, who is also a policy consultant with the World Bank Group. “Data and analysis, rather than rhetoric, should be the basis of any development discourse.”
The current fiscal year has seen an 8% growth in revenue, largely due to the ongoing recovery from the pandemic. The energy sector saw an increase of 82% in sales growth and remained at an impressive 81.5% capacity utilisation.
On average, however, the industry capacity utilisation across the four sectors was only 64.8%. Yet, the industrialists remain undeterred with 83% responding that they were ready to make new investments in the first quarter of the coming fiscal year, indicating their confidence in the economy recovering from the pandemic.
Almost 95% of respondents in agro industries and manufacturing say that their products are competitive in the market in relation to imported goods. The only exception was in companies manfacturing electrical wire and accessories who indicated that their products were not competitive at all with imported items.
However, the report does prove the reliance of Nepali industries on imported raw materials. Both agro and manufacturing sectors say they source over half their required raw materials from abroad. Such dependency leaves these industries vulnerable to unforeseen changes such as blockades, and sudden currency swings.
The report also points out a lack of government support and incentives. In the manufacturing industry, there was an average of 10.7% import tariffs on raw materials – compared to only 5.8% average tariffs on imported finished goods. This disincentivises local businesses since importing finished goods is cheaper and requires far less capital investment.
The ecosystem the industries have to function in has also presented setbacks in multiple stages of the production process. On average, the industries experienced 8.8 power outages a week compelling almost 70% of the respondents to use generators. This has led to a 4.9% increase, on average, of monthly costs to these industries.
Similarly, transportation and storage also pose significant problems, especially in the agro-industry where the report found one-fifth of goods produced were damaged during domestic transportation and storage, leading to food waste.
The report then transitions into the energy sector and Nepal’s prospects for decarbonisation to meet its Nationally Determined Contribution to address the climate crisis. Most of Nepal’s carbon footprint is from household fuel burning, so reducing emissions by transitioning to electricity is critical to making Nepal’s of net zero by 2050.
Nepal doubles carbon footprint, Nepali Times
Electricity sales grew an average of 7% per year from 2013-2015, and after the end of power cuts grew to 20% between 2017 and 2019. Professor Amrit Nakarmi, who is on the Advisory Panel of the Energy Development Council, says in the report: “We have to put in place the right incentives for households, industries, and transport systems to adopt cleaner forms of energy… reducing emissions at the household level is critical to achieving Nepal’s goals of a low-carbon based economy.”
Presently, 60% of Nepal’s power generation comes from the private sector, which is leading the way in energy.
“Unbundling the NEA (Nepal Electricity Authority) and making a more efficient and stronger power sector through privatisation is the need of the hour,” says Ashish Garg of the Independent Power Production Association of Nepal (IPPAN).
Nepal currently imports Rs36 billion worth of LPG, much of which is for household use. Switching to electricity-based cooking would not only result in Nepalis using the cleanest and cheapest form of energy for cooking but would also help tackle the large deficit the country is in.
Gyanendra Lal Pradhan, chair of the Energy Development Council at CNI says that double-digit economic growth is only possible through the aggressive development of domestic hydropower.
The deficit can be tackled by cross-border power trade in which Nepal’s hydropower surplus can be exported to India. Pradhan also suggests providing loans at a base rate for peaking run-of-the-river and storage-based hydropower projects. Since these projects take decades to build, a steady stream of financial capital should be made available to ensure their timely and effective completion.
“Hydropower has high environmental dividend, irrigation and flood-control benefits, and 90% value addition in the country. Why not reap the transformational benefits associated with hydropower development? With the right commitment for the future, hydro-based electricity can power the nation,” Pradhan concludes.
|
https://www.nepalitimes.com/review/post-lockdown-comeback-for-nepals-industries/
|
President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev held a meeting on May 2 to discuss issues of deep processing the raw materials and expanding the production of export-oriented goods.
Manufacturing industry is one of the drivers of economic development. In recent years, special attention is paid in Uzbekistan to the industrial complex, high-tech factories, technology parks, manufacturing enterprises have been commissioned. In 2018, the growth of value added in production of manufactured goods exceeded 10 percent for the first time.
However, much remains to be undertaken in industrial diversification. For example, 69 percent of industrial production is related to raw materials or primary processing. Non-ferrous metals, energy resources and fresh fruits in the exports constitute 52 percent. All this testifies to the fact that crude production still prevails over finished goods in the economy.
Among the issues addressed at the meeting were those concerning the growth in the number of enterprises creating high added value and exporting ready-made products, and the efficient use of existing potential and raw materials.
The President pointed to the lack of production of goods similar to those imported, the low level of processing crudes. In particular, only 25 percent of the mined copper is processed. 80 percent of zinc, 99 percent of molybdenum, 88 percent of silk, and 60 percent of raw leather are exported in unprocessed form.
To cite another example, the capacity of enterprises of Uzyogmoysanoat (Uzbekistan’s fat and oil industry) association is loaded to 48 percent, while 133 thousand tons of vegetable oil are imported into the country. The huge opportunities in production of a wide range of food products based on the processing of meat and milk are not fully mobilized.
In this regard, the Ministry of Economy and Industry, the Ministry of Agriculture, the State Committee on Geology were entrusted at the meeting with drawing up a list of goods, the industrial production of which will be established in 2019-2021 based on the existing raw material base and structure of imports.
The Head of the state noted the need for expanding the production of industrial everyday goods and develop cooperation. Shavkat Mirziyoyev stressed that systemic work on the calculation of needs based on a comparison of manufactured and imported industrial products has not been established. The President urged to work out additional projects for the production of consumer goods in small industrial zones.
An important factor in development of industries is government support. In accordance with the resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On measures for further development of industrial cooperation and expansion of marketable goods’ production” of May 1, a mechanism is being introduced to support domestic industrial producers through government procurement.
Another important issue is the delivery of industrial goods. In Uzbekistan, the share of transportation costs in the production expenditure remains high. In the world, this figure does not exceed 8-9 percent. Product certification is also important for export.
In this regard, instructions were given to reduce the cost of transportation services, to bring technical characteristics and product quality in line with the requirements of foreign markets. Main attention was paid to improving the skills of specialists involved in the manufacturing industry and in the field of certification.
Priorities were identified for issues discussed at the meeting.
|
http://usbekistan.at/en/news/objectives-outlined-boost-manufacturing-industry
|
A review of supply chain management in Australian manufacturing (Essay Sample)
A review of supply chain management in Australian manufacturingsource..
Supply Chain Management
Name
Institution
Author’s Note
Executive summary
The supply chain is one of the strategies that have ensured that many businesses are minimizing their expenditures on raw materials sourcing, manufacturing, and distributing their finished products while maximizing their profit since efficient and less costly strategies are introduced in the business operations for management purposes. In this paper, an insight into supply chain management research is outlined to be conducted in the manufacturing industry of the Australian market to determine the supply chain management activities undertaken and how they affect business productivity. Furthermore, factors that affect the effective implementation of these supply chain management strategies will also be determined.
Supply chain management
Supply chain management in the manufacturing sector of Australia
Introduction
In the recent world, the manufacturing industry is experiencing a lot of pressures brought about by competition within the global market which is a result of the changes in the trends of conducting businesses (Habib, 2018). This competition is fostered by a lot of factors including globalization and technological growth which has resulted in opening up the world market. This has open up opportunities for many manufacturing industries to reach out to the larger population of the world (Laari, Töyli & Ojala, 2017). To be able to manage the global market competition, manufacturing industries have tried to introduce some operational upgrades which include innovating and using sophisticated machines without leaving behind their operation techniques which have also experienced immense improvements. Despite all the upgrades that have been put in place, some organizations have not yet find the market share. Due to this, this industry needs to incorporate further efficient operations towards the production systems. By bringing on more supply chain strategies and implementing them appropriately, these manufacturing industries can be able to face the changing competition within the market and at least bring about a different angle of the competition rather than the common strategy of a company facing a company faceoff.
Supply chain management can be defined as those resources that are needed for efficient and effective delivery of goods and services to consumers (Zhong et al., 2016). Because of the rapid growth of industries brought about by globalization, end-to-end integration of supply chain into business operations is needed to help in the coursing of raw materials, manufacturing operations, and processes involved in delivering products to clients in the market.
Research problem
This research will be analyzing the integration of supply chain management in the manufacturing industry of the Australian market.
Research background
This study aims at analyzing the levels of the integration of supply chain management in the manufacturing industry in Australia. Manufacturing is the production of goods in both small and large scale for consumption. In the Australian market, the manufacturing industry has a very significant contribution as it adds up to 25% of the Australian gross domestic product (GDP) (Nimeh, Abdallah & Sweis, 2018). This industry also trades on bigger sums of money and creates employment opportunities for many people within the country. In the time of the past, there were policies within the Australian economy that ensured high levels of protection that it was rich in resources. For this matter, Australia had a higher tariff on imported goods. This kind of protection promoted a lot of infant industries as well as the expansion of the Australian job market but had one problem that it never gave chances for innovations that could enhance productivity. Currently, with the predominance of this industry, a lot has been done as far as technology is concerned and some new operation strategies.
Other Topics:
|
https://essaykitchen.net/essay/apa/english/australian-manufacturing.php
|
A total of 680 small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Ernakulam district engaged in producing food items and products like hand sanitisers have returned to business but are reeling under severe shortage of manpower and raw materials.
The units have been given special permission to restart operations in the lockdown period to ensure the supply of essential food items and products that help combat the spread of COVID-19. But unit owners are facing an uphill task as they find it difficult to get enough hands to factory floors.
The units that are now open constitute about 40 per cent of the food processors among the 23,000 micro, small and medium-sized units operating with Industries Department registration in the district. Food processors are mostly engaged in making products from farm produce that include ready-to-eat materials, spices and spice powders.
“We are working with about 10 per cent of the manpower availability when compared to normal times,” said V. Srinath, a food processor, on Tuesday. He said that arranging a common transport for workers was not possible because of the care being taken to ensure social distancing. “Those who have vehicles come on their own,” he added.
An Industries Department official said that small and medium-sized units were able to operate to some extent while some units were helpless as they were not in a position to arrange transport of workers and raw materials on their own.
Transportation hit
Raw material supplies have also been hit. One of the reasons is the shortage of drivers. The transportation of raw materials has also become costly. In fact, industrial unit owners are now paying more than double the amount for transportation because of the shortage of drivers and the fact that drivers do not get food or refreshments on their way as in normal times.
The shutdown has also brought down the movement of pineapple and plywood from central Kerala to markets in other parts of India. This used to be the major cargo from Kerala sent to central and north India. However, with plywood factories coming to a standstill and pineapple loads uncertain, lorry owners are demanding the cost of the return trip plus the expenses involved in managing lorry crew and drivers.
Mr. Srinath said nothing could be done immediately to solve these issues as the threat of COVID-19 continued to persist even now.
|
https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/smes-struggle-to-stay-afloat-after-reopening-units/article31281854.ece
|
Following recent vaccination rollouts, most people now have reliable protection against the COVID-19 virus. The chances of experiencing severe symptoms have reduced, while countries are gradually easing travel restrictions. These developments have led to the reopening of the economy. However, along came high inflation rates, attributed to greater consumer demand pit-up against recent supply chain constraints.
According to Bloomberg, U.S. consumer price index (CPI) reached a 40-year high of 7.9% in February 2022. Core prices increased to 0.5% from the previous month and 6.4% from the previous year. Meanwhile, prices for merchandise and annual growth in services costs continue to accelerate. The Federal Reserve states that the high-interest rates pose a significant threat to the labor market and the economy.
Consequently, numerous industries have felt this inflation, including the packaging and print industry. Soaring freight rates, material and transportation costs, and other price increases are some of the effects of inflation on the industry.
There are other effects that the packaging and printing industry has encountered. Here are the ways high inflation rates have affected these industries.
5 Ways Inflation Has Affected the Packaging and Print Industry
- Increased prices for key materials
Behind the increase of costs in finished printing and product packaging goods is the rise in their raw material prices. In 2020 alone, the PPI (pages per inch) has increased by 50%, significantly driving up the price for paper. The rise in prices for pulp has also contributed to the increase in paper price.
- Higher packaging costs
As prices of packaging materials increase, so do overall packaging costs. They are estimated to increase by 30% or more this year. Food packaging costs, such as clamshells, may experience a rise of 6% to 10%. This percentage increase also appears in other product packaging costs, including corrugated cartons and labels.
As the world continues its fight against the pandemic and towards its recovery, demand for most commodities increases exponentially. This increase in demand stems from businesses worldwide catering to their customers in both physical stores and online shops. With that, demand for packaging also increases, overwhelming the supply chain.
The continuing global demand for plastic packaging and the rising costs in the resin markets have pushed manufacturers to increase their prices. Price hikes will be the norm until the market regulates itself by narrowing the gap between global demand and the corresponding supply.
- Inefficiencies with manufacturers and packaging suppliers
With most people shopping online, the demand for goods has accelerated due to the quick cycle of looking at the products and checking out from online stores. Because of this, manufacturers and packaging suppliers may not be able to keep up with this erratic market behavior.
The high cost of raw material supplies and the fast-paced demand for goods can pose a problem for packaging and printing manufacturers in their supply chain management. Pressure from meeting customer requirements can make manufacturers and suppliers focus more on prioritizing specific jobs than running their production as efficiently as possible.
- Increased cost for transportation
The inflation also drove an increase in transportation costs. More demand for shipping companies to transport packaging and printing materials has led to oil price hikes, making shipping more expensive.
Global supply chain disruptions, such as accidents or extreme weather conditions, have also been a significant factor in the shortage of raw materials and finished packaging goods. The current supply chain crisis can slow down transportation as countries have closed borders. This forces shipping and transport companies to take longer delivery times, causing a shortage in supply.
- Price increase from subcontractors
Like other packaging businesses, inflation has also made subcontractors or packaging merchants vulnerable to the same kind of price hikes and operational cost increases. These packaging merchants are known for reselling packaging products that a third-party manufacturer produces.
Thus, the end-users often bear the brunt of the effects of inflation since selling the products at a higher price helps merchants cope with the price increase. This shouldering of costs may further drive market prices up, especially with the high demand and low supply situation.
Packed with Inflation
Global demand for goods has increased exponentially, overwhelming the global supply chain. This shortage has paved the way for rising interest rates, affecting several industries.
Since most goods require the products of the packaging and print industries, they have been brimming with demands but low on key material supplies. With this, brand owners need to know and understand how these economic trends affect other industries as well to create a plan to cushion any adverse effects.
If you’re looking for quality packaging, Meyers Printing provides professional printing solutions for all your packaging needs. Contact our experts today and learn more about how we can bring your brand’s vision to life.
|
https://www.meyers.com/effects-of-inflation-on-packaging-and-print-industry/
|
ZIMSEC O Level Geography Notes:Types of Industrial Location:Transport and Location of industries
- Industries locate where there are efficient, appropriate and cheap modes of transport to move their raw materials goods to markets and the labour force.
- Generally there are two types of transport costs an industry incurs:
- Assembly costs (ACs) – these are the costs of collecting or assembling all raw materials used by an industry, including imported ones.
- Marketing costs (MCs) – these are the costs of distributing and selling (marketing) finished products to consumers.
- Therefore, total transport costs (TTCs) should equal assembly costs and marketing costs.
- If assembly costs are greater than marketing costs (ACs > MCs), the industry locates at the raw material source.
- If the MCs are greater than the ACs, the industry locates at the market.
- However, most industries choose what is called the least transport cost location to minimize both assembly and marketing costs.
- Other industries are attracted by already existing transport infrastructure more than anything else.
- Some industries locate at break-of-bulk or transshipment points where the mode of transport changes from water to land (rail or road) or vice versa.
- Examples include oil refining and petrochemicals at Port Elizabeth (in RSA), Port Talbot (in UK).
- In advanced countries, most large modern industries rely on imported raw materials and so their location is costal or riverine or along high-speed rails or motorways.
- Similar explanations prevail for export-oriented industries.
|
https://revision.co.zw/transport-location-industries/
|
- iv) It leads to self sufficiency.
This means that the country reduces its reliance on imported goods hence its economy becomes stable
- v) Development of transport and communication
It stimulates the development of transport and communication like roads railway lines, ports etc
- vi) It reduces expenses on imports
vii) It encourages improvement of social services
TYPES OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
Manufacturing industries are divided into processing and fabrication industries.
Processing industries are the ones which deal with preparing the raw materials for fabrication. For example coffee pulping, decorator and cashew nuts hullers.
Fabricating industries are the ones that deal with making new products from the processed materials for example textile industry.
Manufacturing industries can also be classified as heavy industries or light industries
Heavy industries are industries which involve the production of bulky and heavy products like iron and steel industry, car assembling and shipping etc
Light industries are those which involve the production of light and complex products for example the manufacture of plastics, textiles, cosmetics and paper
Factors influencing the location of industries
These are several factors which combine to influence the location of industries these include:
1) Raw material availability
Some industries are located near to the source of raw materials . Example most of the processing industries and food manufacturing industries are located near to the farms or productive areas.
2) Fuel and power availability
Some industries are located where there are sources of fuel and power for example coal deposits in United Kingdom and china have led to the location of iron and steel industries in coal fields.
3) Human resources
This is connected to the labour supply both skilled and unskilled. Also determine the location of industries. for example electronics industry are located in the areas where there is skilled labour also industries which need high labor like cement industries are located in areas with dense population
4) Availability of capital
This is needed for the investment in the machinery and importation of raw materials
5) Market availability.
Also encourages the development of industries in certain countries, where the market is poor and the industrial development also becomes poor.
6) Availability of transport and communication systems. Some industries are located near the transport system like railway lines because of being bulky
7) Government policies, are the documents that announces the perception of government on the particular issues.
Government policies play a great role in the location of industries. The government can encourage the location of a certain industry in a certain place for the sake of balancing the economic development of a certain area and provision of jobs
8) Government stability, Is the ability of government in maintenance of peace of a particular place.
This can encourage the development of industries in a certain country due to peace and harmony. People feel safe in investing in that country unlike where there are political problems like wars
9) Industrial inertia and historical factors
Industrial inertia is the tendency of old industries to remain in the same area without shifting to the new area.
Despite of unfavourable conditions these industries continue being in the same area because of the well established transport system and assured supply of labor as well as social services supply
Effects of the manufacturing industries on the environment
The effects caused by industries can either be positive or negative, positive effects involve the use of virgin land which was once useless and the negative effects on the environment include;
1) Land degradation because of clearing the forests to establish the industry and extraction of raw materials from the land
2) Environmental pollution includes air pollution which caused by the introduction of green houses gases like carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide. Water pollution caused by introduction of hot water and chemicals from the industries, soil pollution and noise pollution.
Types of pollutants
- a)Gaseous pollutants
Are the pollutants which occur in gaseous form.
These include green house gases like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide etc which pollute the air.
These pollutants on polluting the air lead to the formation of acidic rainfall and global warming. Acid rainfall leads to the addition of acid in the soil which in turn causes the death of plants and micro organisms as well as destruction of buildings by removing the paint on the walls.
- b)Particulate dust matter and other solid matter
Are the pollutants which occur in particle or solid which emirates from the industries get into the air or water bodies or soil and cause contamination. These can lead to the increase in acid or toxicity in places where they can be dumped
- c)Liquid matters
These includes all forms of molten or semi molten materials (liquid).
These involve hot water and chemicals from industries. Hot water leads to thermal pollution of water bodies which can kill the aquatic animals/organisms because of the sharp rise in temperature
General effects of industrial pollutants on the health of an individual employee and communities living around
1) Water pollutants cause disease like
- Cancer
- Typhoid
- And diarrhea
2) Air pollution can lead to respiratory diseases like bronchitis to employees and people around.
3) Soil pollution can cause decline in a agricultural production and hence lead to starvation to take place
4) People are also affected by noise and sometimes can lead to problems in the blood circulation. For example Blood pressure and heart attack.
Ways of reducing pollutants
- a) The industries should be located far away from the residential areas.
- b) Recycling the wastes for example the metal materials should be recycled so as to produce other materials.
- c) The combustion system in the engines should be filled with efficient facilities so that the amount of green house can be reduced if not solved totally.
- d) To avoid noise pollution the parts of the engine should be lubricated and materials used should be like bronze which does not make noise.
- e) There should be concerted efforts by the government and non governmental organizations and some committed individuals in certain environmental pollution.
- f) There should be strong policies governing the industrial operations and ensuring that people who invest in industrial operations /development are given proper education on how to handle the waste products properly i.e. recycling
- g) The industrial wastes should be treated to render them harmless to the health of people.
- h) Alternative energy sources which are environmentally friendly like solar energy, natural gas, wind power etc.
- i) There should be other activities developed so as to avoid over dependency on manufacturing industries only especially in Japan etc.
CASE STUDY
SHIP BUILDING IN JAPAN
Ship building in Japan expanded fast after the Second World War
The main reasons for that expansion have been outlined below;
- Japan’s enormous increase in external trade which led to the increase in demand of merchant ships.
- Japan’s large engineering industry has stimulated the development of ship building.
- Absence of old established ship building industry made it easy to introduce modernization. Normally old industries tend to create problems in introducing new technology.
- A large skilled labour force
Technology is well advanced and efficient hence has stimulated the fast development of the industry.
- Strong determination to become successful in industrial and trade activities in Japan.
- Introduction of prefabricated ship building.
- The development of fishing industry in Japan and worldwide has stimulated the development of the ship building industry.
- Forestry industry in Japan has also contributed a lot since the forest materials are used as one of the components in ship building.
- Ready market worldwide especially in rich countries.
- The government policy has supported the industrial development of the shipping industry in Japan.
- Reliable supply of power like HEP power and nuclear energy.
- The need to import raw materials has stimulated the development of the Ship building industry. This is because the country lacks raw materials so it imports most of its raw materials and the ship building industry could help in cutting down some coasts of transport.
PROBLEMS OF THE SHIP BUILDING INDUSTRY
1) Frequent earth quakes threaten the industry because the country lies within the weak zone of the earth’s crust
2) Stiff challenge from the other countries like China and South Korea which are also developing their own shipping industries. This reduces the market
3) The industry also faces opposition from the environmentalists and is believed to be one of their sources of pollution in the world. Coastal areas have been polluted and this affects people and animals
Location of the shipping industries
Most of Japanese ship yards are located along the coast these include:
- Kobe
- Osaka
- Chiba
- Yokohama
- Kawasaki
- Tokyo
- And Hiroshima
CARS AND AIR CRAFT INDUSTRIES
These are basically assembly industries. Assembly industries are those that put together various components or parts manufactured by other industries
CAR ASSEMBLY IN USA
The motor cars and Lorries are now produced in the USA on assembly line. Assembly needs considerable engineering Skills. USA is the largest producer of road vehicles and the industry is located along the shores of the great lakes in regions such as Detroit, Cleveland and buffalo. Another important center is Los Angeles in California.
Early modern car manufacturing in the USA begun in the early 1900 and half of the world cars are produced at Detroit and the southern shores of the great lakes.
Car assembly needs a large area of flat land and there must be good communication with the other industries which supply component parts. The large units of the car are chassis or frame, engine, body, wheels, springs and column.
Materials needed for manufacturing the car parts are
- Iron and steel for making the body and engine frame
- Lather and cloth for making the seat covers
- Rubber for making the tyres
- Electric wire coverings
- Glass for windows and the wind screen
- Lead for the accumulator etc
Factors that have influenced production of cars in the USA
- The use of advanced technology in the making of the car components.
Availability of labor used in the car assembly and high industrial and agricultural production which need car transport for ferrying the goods produced
- Also availability of iron and steel for making the car parts, capital availability for the cars produced in the USA, the USA has the market both within the country and out of the country
- The influence of the government policy that has been encouraging heavy industrialization in order to obtain advanced economic development. Good road network has also encouraged the manufacturing of cars.
Challenges facing the car industry in the USA
- Car industry in the USA is facing a great challenge from other countries like Japan contributing at Tokyo and Yokohama. German centering on Nuremberg, Dusseldorf and the Stuttgart. UK centering on Coventry, Birmingham, Derby, oxford and Dagenham
- Terrorism has been threatening the country, keeping people uncomfortable. Much of the financial resources are directed to the fight against terrorism
- Environmentalists also discourage the manufacture of many cars
AIR CRAFT IN RUSSIA
Aircraft cannot be mass-produced.
They are like ship buildings which have to be built very much by individual schedules. The Airplanes are usually assembled in the areas where road vehicles are made.
But the Russian aircraft industry is highly challenged by the USA which is the largest producer in the world with industries near Los Angeles at Seattle (on the pacific coast)
Advantages of the car and aircraft industries
1) Have stimulated the development of international trade
2) Transport has become efficient
With planes urgent problems can be attended to.
3) Have stimulated the spread of technology and information. The world has become a global village.
4) It has strengthen unity among the different countries in the world.
Car and air craft industries have greatly contributed to the following problems:
1) Air pollution because of the introduction of gases in the atmosphere
2) Acceleration of accidents in the air and on the road claiming the lives of the people
3) Drug trafficking from country to country
4) Spread of diseases like AIDS due to the global contacts among the people
5) Acceleration of terrorism and civil wars in many parts of the world
The weapons are transported from one continent or country to another
6) Acceleration of climate change due to the destruction of ozone layer caused by smoke produced by cars and airplanes.
HEAVY DUTY VEHICLES IN GERMANY
Germany is one of the world’s leading countries after the USA in terms of production of heavy duty vehicles.
The heavy duty vehicles are the ones that carry heavy goods (bulky) or do heavy works like earth moving. Examples of heavy duty vehicles include;-
1) Transport vehicles such as containers carries [trucks]
2) Earth moving machines like bulldozers, caterpillars, drilling vehicles, tractors used for ploughing etc.
Factors that have influenced the development of the heavy duty vehicles in Germany
1) Availability of raw materials like iron and steel from the Ruhir region
2) Availability of energy especially from coal mined in the Ruhir region
3) Hard working attitude of the people in Germany has contributed to the fast development of this industry
4) Good transport and communication network has stimulated the manufacturing of heavy duty vehicles. Germany is having well advanced high ways.
5) Advanced science and technology among the people of Germany because of high education
6) Availability of market both in the country and outside the country due to the good quality of goods
7) Availability of enough capital which enable them to implement their objectives.
Problems that Germany has been facing in this industry
1) Tariffs [taxes] charged to the industry tend to be high
2) The WWII which was under the influence of Hitler caused deceleration of the industry.
3) Other countries wanted Germany to limit its industrial sector because it became a threat to them.
4) Germany is currently facing challenges from other countries that are producing the same goods like Japan and the USA
5) Exhaustion of some raw materials like coal and iron is another problem.
Positive effects of heavy duty vehicles
1) They facilitate road construction in the country for example they are being used in Tanzania for road construction such as the Morogoro road.
2) They help in the distribution of goods and services in the country.
3) They also promote the development of industries in the country since they facilitate the supply of raw materials.
4) They create employment opportunities for the people in the country like drivers or operators.
5) It has contributed greatly to the development of International trade.
Problems caused by heavy duty vehicles
1) The heavy trucks that carry bulky and heavy goods contribute to the destruction of the roads especially where the roads are of low quality like the largest part of Tanzania
2) They cause delays on the way during road construction
3) They accelerate the rate of accidents on the way as some other vehicles happen to slam into them when no signs are put on the road during the road construction.
ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION IN SOUTH KOREA
South Korea is among the newly industrialized countries whose economy has been growing very fast due to heavy investment in the industrial development. Other NICs are:
- Taiwan
- Hong Kong
- And Singapore etc
The economies of these countries are referred to as Tiger economies because they have been growing very fast.
Electronic equipment production industry is classified as high technology industry since it produces light articles like
- Television
- Electronic watches
- Desk tops
- Calculators
- Radios
– Sophisticated materials like
- Microphones
- Magnetic disks
- Computer terminals
- Software etc
In South Korea the major center for electronic production is around Tango in the south where there are more than 150 electronic factories.
Factors for the development of electronic equipment production in south Korea
1) Labor supply in the initial stages of industrial development have been reliable and people are hard working and efficient
2) High technology because of the advanced education among the people
3) The industry is flexible [foot loose] in location.
– It can be located in a small space like the city center it does not need a large area.
4) Ready market for the articles produced in South Korea since they are of high quality and of the current demand in the world.
5) There has been strong government support on the industrial development
6) Agricultural development supports this industry especially in creating capital for investment
7) Efficient transport system in the country
Advantages of the electronic industry in south Korea
1) It has led to the creation of employment to the population of the country
2) It has stimulated fast information flow especially through the internet services which use computers
3)The use of computers has stimulated efficiency and accuracy in processing bulky data in the different enterprise or companies etc. Hectic/laborious work has been avoided through automatic use of machines. In some areas there is a use of robots which can work more than a human being
4) The economy of the country has risen fast as a result of exporting electronic facilities
5) It has stimulated the growth of other industries like heavy industries
6) The export trade has expanded leading to the increased international relation between South Korea and other countries
7) It has contributed to the diversification of the economy of the country
Problems of the electronic industry
1) The spread of viruses in the computers leads to error in data processing.
2) It does not have high market in the developing countries where technology is very low and many people do not know how to use electronic facilities.
3) It has led to the rapid growth of urban population due to the rural-urban migration. This has led to the rise of squatters and congestion as well as the decline of rural areas.
4) It has contributed to the retrenchment of employees (trimming down employees) since few computers can do most of the work more efficiently than human beings for example The use of robots in the ship building and car assembly.
5) There has been worldwide competition especially from America in the manufacturing of electronic devices.
6) They are expensive.
IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY IN TANZANIA
Among the East African countries Tanzania has a brighter future as far as iron and steel industry is concerned.
The bright future is due to the following factors;
1) About 500 million tons of iron deposits have discovered to exist in Liganga area
2) There are large deposits of power resources
3) The existence of high demand for construction materials like iron bars
4) The existence of the present steel rolling industry in Tanga has led to the inspiration for establishing iron and steel rolling industry
5) There also exist other sources of power like HEP especially at stiegleis Gorge. These will provide power for the iron and steel industry
6) The need of cutting down costs which incurred in the importing the iron from other countries
Advantages expected from the iron and steel industry in Tanzania
1) It will create employment opportunities for the populations especially in the southern parts of Tanzania
2) It will lead to the local supply of steel material to steel rolling industry in Tanga
3) This will cut down costs of importing steel from other countries and hence it will save a lot of government revenue that could be used in importing steel
4) It will facilitate the construction sector such that stronger buildings and bridges will be set up.
5) It will also facilitate the development of transport and communication within the country
6) Agriculture will also improve since farm implements will be produced in a greater quantity and will be cheaper compared to the imported iron and steel materials
Factors limiting the development of iron and steel industry in Tanzania
1) Lack of capital since Tanzania’s economy is very low
2) Low technology among many Tanzanians This has led to the existence of poor skilled manpower.
3) There are poor transport and communication systems such that the transportation of iron and steel materials will be problematic.
4) shortage of internal market is another hindering factor delaying the development of iron and steel industry in Tanzania.
5) 5) Traditionally Tanzania has poor industrial base since it has been depending on agriculture as its economic back bone [economic mainstay].
6) Lack of Government support.
Factors that hinder the development of the manufacturing industries in East Africa
1) Low levels of science and technology
2) Low levels of capital to be invested in the industries
3) People are so migratory [they keep moving from place to place and hence they cannot concentrate on production ]
4) Civil wars also hinder industrial development in Tanzania and East Africa in general
5) Low government support on industrial development
6) Poor availability of raw materials
7) Poor transport and communication
Hence the transportation of manufactured goods and raw materials is very costly.
8) Poor labor supply to the industrial places.
9) Limited or poor marketing system.
10) Limited mineral sources and sources of energy.
Ways of improving the industrial base in East Africa
1) There should be improvement in transport and communication system.
2) There should be improvement in science and technology so as to facilitate industrial growth.
3) The government should formulate policies which support industrial development in the country.
4) The local resources should be explored and exploited for industrial use.
5) There should be control of population growth so that the capital can be invested in industrial development rather than supporting the rapid growth of population rather than wasting time moving from one place to another.
6) Competition should be encouraged among the Industrial producers.
7) The development of Internal and external trade should be encouraged.
|
https://elimdigital.com/manufacturing-industry-geography-form-two/
|
CEPI presented in February 2017 a review of its 2050 roadmap scoping the pathways, transformative investments and policy frameworks required for realising a 80% reduction of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions and a 50% growth in the added-value delivered by the forest-fibres and paper industries in Europe. CEPI’s 2050 roadmap takes into account the emissions from the transport and logistics chain of industry. Emissions are estimated at 5 million tonnes of CO2 in 2015, the equivalent to 1.5 billion litres of diesel and accounts for roughly 10% of overall emission in the forest fibre and paper industry. The 2050 roadmap trajectory implies a GHG emissions reduction by 4 million tonnes in the next 35 years.
Such a reduction will be particularly challenging in the highly complex logistics chain of the forest fibre and paper industry. Indeed, raw materials and product deliveries in the European forest fibre and paper industry total approximately 350 million tonnes and cost 7,5 billion euros annually. Furthermore, the raw material supply chains from forests for raw wood and collection points for recycled paper are more scattered than in many other industries and mostly rely on road transport. In addition, finished products need to be delivered with short lead times to final customers across Europe. As a result, transportation represents a significant share in the cost of our final products and cost-efficient logistics are a central topic for forest fibre and paper companies.
Developed by CEPI members’ transport experts, this paper explores the possible pathways for a cost-efficient reduction of the industry transport and logistics chain emission towards 80% by 2050. It is intended to provide a sector specific illustration of the transport decarbonisation challenges and opportunities, which has now become particularly relevant in the context of the European Union’s debate on low-carbon mobility and its recently launched EU Mobility Package initiatives of 31 May and 8 November 2017.
|
http://www.paperonline.org/mediacentre/publications
|
This pamphlet appeared in 1973 in Victoria, under the guidance of E F Hill, Chairman of the Communist Party of Australia (Marxist-Leninist). Some of its authors are preparing a contemporary version. Their efforts should encourage activists in every sector to explore the patterns of exploitation with their fellow wage-slaves. There is a particular need for comparable studies by school teachers and hospital orderlies. The issues raised here have become more urgent with urban congestion and environmental pollution.
All the footnotes, except number 4, have been added to this retyping to assist further investigations, as were the suggestions for further reading. Important though union histories are, we must follow Marx’s example by interrogating the needs of capital.}
This article was written by a group of railway workers. There is a great need for all workers to understand the role of our industry under the capitalist system. By understanding our role as workers, we are more able to fight exploitation and injustice, and to end it for all time.
In his book Capital, the famous German philosopher and economist Karl Marx analysed capitalist society in detail. Volume 2 of Capital (published in 1885) contains many references to transportation in capitalist production. Marx’s conclusions are true for Australia today. Only by applying Marxism to specific Australian conditions can we workers gain a real understanding of the capitalist system of exploitation which controls our lives.
We hope that workers in other industries will apply Marx to investigate their own situation.
The Transport Industry
Just like workers in other industries, workers in the transport industry take part in the production of commodities. We produce what Marx calls a ‘useful effect’. The ‘useful effect’ of the transport industry is the actual moving of goods and people from one place to another. Raw materials move from the mines to the ports and factories, finished products are transported to and from the markets, workers are brought from their homes to the work-places.
The movement of commodities (the result of the work of transport workers) adds value to the various commodities being moved – the greater the distance, the greater the value added:
… the use-value of things has no existence except in consumption, and this may necessitate a change of place on the part of the product, in other words, it may require the additional process of production of the transportation industry. The productive capital invested in this industry adds value to the transported products, partly by transferring value to the transported products from the means of transportation [i.e., the using-up and ‘wear and tear’ of rails, roads, engines etc.], partly by adding value through labour-power used in transportation [i.e., the using-up and ‘wear and tear’ of shunters, drivers, signalmen, etc]. This last-named addition of value consists, as it does in all capitalist production, of a reproduction of wages and of surplus-value.
Look at the production of a Ford motor car. It is the product of the collective labour of thousands of men and women. They work on the production lines and in the offices of factories at Broadmeadows and Geelong, in the rubber mills and glass-works, and also in the transport industry – carrying raw materials, components and finished parts from one plant to another. However, both the car and the profits from its future sales are owned by a small group of share-holders in the U.S.A. This is the contradiction of capitalism – production is carried out collectively by thousands of workers who do not own what they produce. They are paid a wage which represents the amount necessary to keep the worker and the family from week to week, but no more than that. The products, like the factories, are owned by a small handful of people. In Australia, these people are mainly U.S., British and Japanese monopoly capitalists.
Railways in Australia
Railways are built to link the main cities with the isolated rural districts, sea-ports and other trading centres. This was needed so that goods could be shipped from the inland to the ports and then back to Britain. Railways hastened the development of agriculture and industry, as well as opening up communications. This soon brought the more remote and isolated sections of the economy into contact with developing capitalism. British colonialism greatly benefitted from the increasing flow of agricultural produce, timber and other raw materials, as well as establishing new markets for goods of British factories. Australian life today is still unnaturally concentrated around large coastal cities, partly as a result of the transport system set up to serve foreign plunder.
Because the ‘useful effect’ of a railway line is confined to nearby areas, many lines were necessary to serve large regions, such as the Mallee and Gippsland in Victoria. Bullock drays and paddle-steamers ceased to be the main forms of transport, and towns close to the railway prospered, while those depending on older forms of transport declined (e.g., ports along the Murray such as Echuca).
The first railways in Australia were owned by private companies formed by local landowners and capitalists to serve their growing needs for transportation, and also for speculation. British banks and finance companies put up much of the original investment capital – Victorian Railways is still paying interest on this debt, which amounted to $10, 500,000 for the year 1972-73. The Colonial governments provided land and guaranteed the investments against financial loss.
The development of capitalism in Australia, the growth of industry and commerce, demanded the building of a vast railway network. The provision of hundreds of miles of track, stations, rolling stock and the hire of thousands of workers were beyond the capacity of the private owners. By 1860, most bankrupt private railways were bought out by the Colonial governments. With the much greater resources of the Colonies, the capitalist class could expand the railway system. The economically powerful colonies (N.S.W., Victoria) build widespread networks which quickly attracted heavy volumes of traffic. The others (Queensland, Tasmania, South Australia, West Australia) could only provide enough capital to build small networks on narrow gauge lines, and hardly any suburban services in the cities. As a result of competing regional interests, six independent railways systems grew up with different gauges (5’3″, 4’8½”, 3’6″, 2’6″), rolling stock, signalling and regulations.
At present, moves are under way for the Commonwealth to take over the rail systems of S.A., W.A. and Tasmania and it is likely that eventually all the State systems will come under Commonwealth control. The demands of the capitalist class for faster land transport and increased carrying capacity led to the private railways becoming the property of the Colonial governments. In turn, the very same reasons are compelling national ownership of all State railways. Under capitalism, ‘national ownership’ means that the capitalist class has at its disposal even greater resources for development of the transport system required by capitalist industry. In a people’s democracy, national ownership would mean ownership by the working peoples who would use these resources for the development of modern socialist industry. Under the present set-up, ‘nationalisation’ would bring some benefits to the people.
Railway Workers
At all times, the capitalist class strives to reduce their costs of transportation. They do this by increasing the amount of exploitation of the workers in the transport industry. Every innovation introduced into the railways is aimed at increasing the efficiency and productivity of each worker, and to reduce the number of workers.
The introduction of diesels, electrification, Centralised Traffic Control signaling systems, standardisation of rail gauge, faster rolling stock and hump-shunting have all been used by the railway administrations to increase exploitation and raise productivity. As part of this process, passenger services, which require a greater number of workers for their operations, are being allowed to decline. Less work than ever is now available for Guards, conductors, ticket-collectors, refreshment-room attendants and other station staff. Major work-shops at Newport, Spotswood, Ballarat an Bendigo have been passed over in favour of awarding contracts to private firms. Skilled workers are not replaced on retirement, and the livelihood of the other workers remains threatened.
The elimination of steam engines meant fewer engines, fewer men, less maintenance and much less costs altogether. Diesel-powered locomotives require comparatively little maintenance and do not need to stop frequently for coal and water as did the steam engines.
Similarly, machines operated by a couple of men have replaced the hundreds of track repairers who were necessary to build and maintain the track. Centralised signaling is rapidly replacing the signalmen who were previously needed at each junction, siding or crossing loop.
Railways Serve Monopolies
Capital is always available for the expansion of freight services and the introduction of new equipment for specialised handling, e.g., road-rail terminals, and new wagons for the transport of containers, bulk grains, cement, steel and ore traffic. These top priority trains carry the goods of the larger monopoly capitalists – in Australia they are quite often the goods of U.S., British and Japanese monopolies – cars for Ford, G.M.-H., petroleum products for Exxon, B.P. Mobil, steel products and ore-trains for Comalco, Hammerlsey and B.H.P. They pay low freight charges and use for their own ends the entire railway facilities, dictating the scale of operations and demanding all sorts of concessions. Ordinary people, on the other hand, pay high fares and get uncomfortable, infrequent and unpleasant travelling conditions. In some situations, monopolies have been allowed to build their own modern railways, such as the Hammersley line, B.H.P.’s lines at Port Kembla, Silverton Tramways’ lines at Broken Hill and the Emu Bay line in Tasmania.
Passenger Services
The construction of an underground loop in Melbourne and the introduction of new stainless steel commuter trains have been used by the parliamentary politicians to mask the real deterioration in services to the people. Fewer suburban trains are now running and Rail Motor services to Cohuna, Murtoa and Yarrawonga are to be replaced by buses. With Australian Government aid, some track duplication is to be carried out, and the latest gimmick is to upgrade the Glen Waverley line to 20th-century standards. All of this is mere replacement of worn-out stocks – and partial, inadequate replacement at that!
Since the last suburban lines were laid to Glen Waverley 44 years ago, dozens of new suburbs have formed without any public transport. Indeed, the last twenty years have seen the elimination of many country passenger services and the closure of metropolitan lines from Hawthorn to Kew, Bittern to Red Hill, Epping to Whittlesea, and Lilydale to Warburton. Most of these areas are now highly settled, but are poorly serviced by public transport, as are the working-class suburbs to the west of Melbourne. People have been forced to use cars as a necessity. The monopolies that own the car, oil, cement, rubber and insurance industries have profited immensely from this situation and continue to oppose decent public transport with their demands for more freeways and highways. Inflation is eating away the living standards of the Australian people. The foreign monopolies that are the main cause of this situation should be the ones to bear the burden. All fares in the metropolitan area should be immediately abolished! We should make the rich pay!
Conclusion
Introduction
At present, the railways are operated mainly in the interests of local and foreign monopolies. These people need a fast, cheap and efficient goods service in order to maintain their enormous profits. They do not care for services and passenger transport needs of the working people. Railways are of great importance to country people, yet in 1972 the Bland Report into the Victorian Land Transport System recommended further cut-backs of country passenger services. As directed by the Report, the Railway Commissioners have now been replaced by a Board of Management with ex-G.M.H. boss A. G. Gibbs as chairman. Under this new management, administrative procedures are being streamlined and the freight services of the foreign monopolies are receiving top priority.
Instead of serving this handful of monopoly owners, the railway system should be meeting the real needs of the Australian people. We need fast, cheap, comfortable and frequent urban and inter-city rail travel. We should be getting the benefits of better freight services also.
The history of the railways is the history of the struggle of railway workers. Australian railway workers, including migrant workers and women workers, have a great tradition of militant struggle. It was the railway workers not ‘financiers’ or ‘entrepreneurs’ or the ‘government’ who built the lines and ran the trains. It was railway workers who fought and are still fighting for decent pay and conditions. The battles of the late 40’s for shift concessions, overtime rates, annual leave, the 40-hour week, the joint action with the Trammies in 1946, the big 55-day strike in 1950 and the ‘go-slow’ in 1959 are all apart of our tradition. More recent struggles over shift penalties and pay rates have been more frequently forced upon us by inflation.
Railway workers occupy a key position in industry. We will remain in the front lines of struggle for an independent and democratic Australia.
Foreign monopoly domination of the railways and other industries will be smashed by all the workers and working people of Australia. We shall drive the exploiters right out, and operate these industries for the benefit of all the people.
Written and distributed by railway workers for our fellow workers.
Sources & Further reading:
Patsy Adam-Smith, Folklore of the Australian Railwaymen, Macmillan, 1969, the first of several oral accounts of railways from her pen.
Eddie Butler-Bowden, In the service? A history of Victorian Railway workers and their unions, Hyland House, South Yarra, 1991.
Audrey Johnson, Fly a Rebel Flag, Bill Morrow, 1888-1980, Penguin, 1986, deals with Morrow’s time as an official of the Railways Union in Queensland and Tasmania.
O. G. Meyer, ‘Australian Railways’, Australia’s Transport Crisis, Australian Institute of Political Science Conference, 1955 Angus & Robertson, pp. 48-82; (Meyer was Victorian Railways Commissioner)
Australian Encyclopedia, Grollier Society, 1963, volume 7, pp. 359-381, gives a thorough account of the expansion of railways.
|
https://workersbushtelegraph.com.au/2011/03/22/railways-and-capitalism/?shared=email&msg=fail
|
There is a foundry in nearly every country in the world, the global industry is still growing and has been doing so for 6,000 years, so we must be doing something right, says Andrew Turner, general secretary of the World Foundry Organization (WFO).
His enthusiasm and confidence sprang from a discussion about the current situation in the global cast metals industry and the future challenges in this “new world” scenario. For Turner and the WFO members it is clear: “I think the industry will be at the forefront of change towards greener living, whether this is electric, for now, and alternative fuel, maybe hydrogen, vehicles to provide less polluting individual transportation,” he tells Foundry Trade Journal.
But what of those critical matters affecting the sector right now. Turner says: “In the immediate term, it is supply of things, whether it is microchips that is affecting the industry’s biggest users of castings, lack of power to foundry businesses, increased raw material prices and a lack of transport logistics, but I believe these are all short-term problems, either as a normal economic cycle or a glitch due to certain influences in the last twelve months; none are systemic long-term problems. However, the environmental lobby and the motivation of young people by activists like Greta Thunberg, is now gaining significant traction, I believe the effect of this will shape our industry going forward.”
WFO general secretary elect, Jose Javier Gonzalez, is particularly concerned about failing logistics and availability of some materials and skilled people. “During the first half of the year, when anyone would have thought at first that production would have been the main concern for foundries, we have seen that the most frequently mentioned situation by managers was referring to their lack of professionals in foundry plants. The disruption caused by the global production shutdowns in the period going from March to May 2020 affected our industry in the composition of their workforce. While many plants restarted their activity, they discovered extra difficulties in finding suitable skilled professionals, and this trend has been present in so many different countries.
“Now, along with the stop in production derived from the lack of some components in industries like automotive and the problem of transportation, the most alarming threat to our sector is the cost and supply of energy and the increasingly high prices of raw materials, a situation which is really hindering the recovery process in our industry. This is especially concerning in the cases of our small and medium sized metal casting companies, as their profitability margins are at extremely low rates now, as a result of the impact of these cost fluctuations.
“Although we could talk a lot about the factors that are shaping this new supply reality, we can see some current major implications for foundry businesses: on the one hand, the failing logistics or unavailability of some materials for manufacturing components and cast parts in the plants, along with the lack of components in customer industries (like microchips in automotive). On the other hand, the alarming increase in prices for raw materials and energy. As a generalised effect, the actual supply chain for our sector is unreliable and much more expensive,” he says.
“These issues are provoking new shutdowns in the production of several plants around the world and a very reduced profitability in some businesses, slowing down the recovery path and especially putting at risk the small and medium sized foundry companies.”
It’s been a particularly difficult period for manufacturing and professional engineering because of social distance restrictions resulting in legislative changes in working practices, along with the problems associated with raw material price and supply fluctuations. The foundry sector has had to cope with its fair share of challenges in the past couple of years and Turner sees the impact this has had on foundries in all parts of the world. “In general, the industry has coped well, having many governments around the world realise that the foundry sector is a strategic industry was a step forward,” he tells us. “The global pandemic and its restrictions on travel and working practices have actually in some cases meant that the profitability of the sector was improved, but this has now changed. The impact of so many things – some linked to Covid, some not – has led to a new challenge with material prices being inflated, transport logistics being complicated and hence increasing in cost and a major shortage of labour. The consequence is that the industry is still busy but at significantly reduced margins and under extreme cost pressure that will inevitably have to be passed onto the global economy.”
Javier Gonzalez agrees that it is, as he puts it, a “perfect storm”. He says: “2021 was a key year in terms of an expected production recovery, presumably driven by the restart of social and economic activity. Even with some very good indicators for manufacturing production, our metal casters have been hit by a perfect storm of supply shortages, problems with logistics and an incredibly high increase in prices for raw materials and energy consumption. A readjustment in the foundry market was expected as a result of the big interruptions of 2020, but the supply chain is showing itself more fragile than we could have imagined, especially affecting the profitability of our companies in the short-term.
“At this stage, the sector is working on the proper deployment of measures like an extremely tight control of finances (which also means a limited capacity for new investments), or flexible adaptation of the workforce, which also affects the industry value chain downstream. In the producing countries where a strong national industry strategy has resulted in better protection against the impact of the crisis, we can also foresee an increase in automation and use of smart technologies, as the new supply flows demand a more efficient industry.”
“To fully understand and see the whole picture for the actual trading situation for the sector, we need to focus on all its facets, as the trade flows are affected by so many factors right now,” says Javier Gonzalez “Looking first into production and order indexes, the outlook for this year and next year shows an expected recovery in manufacturing levels, including in the foundry industry. We have seen how our foundry plants all over the world have in fact re-started their activity during this year and the last part of 2020, so many of them are at high-level capacity depending on the industries they serve.
“Nevertheless, we also need to pay attention to some specific customer sectors and to profitability, to have a real understanding on how our market is evolving now. On the one hand, the automotive microchip crisis has affected so many foundry plants, which in some cases are stopping production every other week. On the other hand, the situation created this year with extremely higher costs of transportation, raw materials and energy, drives our industry into a scenario of a very reduced capacity to achieve expected profitability levels (which was also envisaged would help recover part of the high losses incurred in the general ceasing of activity from April to May 2020). Indeed, this may impact the opportunity for some companies to achieve any profitability. A risk here is that we can see plants accepting orders where they may lose money in the short term, because they can’t afford to lose the customer. This is a survival scenario, not sustainable for our smallest foundry companies in the medium-term.
“With this complex balance and if we want our industry to survive, the expected improvement in trading and the increasing demand for products won’t be the solution for recovery on its own. We will also need strong political support with bold protective measures that can assist in at least lowering the impact of some external factors that are threatening such a strategic industry.”
For many years we have been promoting the importance of a global economy and the (often price related) benefits of a wide-reaching supply chain. However, has the last two years taught us that on occasions, buying local is more reliable? The best placed people to answer this are WFO members, the national associations committed to an all-encompassing global organisation.
Javier Gonzalez considers this. “What seems to be at stake is not only the way we understand the global supply chains but the globalisation concept itself, which was somehow losing its shine in the pre-Covid era indeed, as revealed by the increase in protectionism in some countries that now is gaining momentum. Supply chains have played a special role in the globalisation of industrial companies, where the increase in profits has been a major driver up until now in the deep belief that this was a reasonably stable equilibrium. In recent cases, like the disruption created by the Fukushima earthquake, the impact in the form of delays and unavailability was understood as an assumable risk. Now, we are learning that our supply chains are somewhat weak, not resilient to these big disruptions, and that once we have a significant impact like this, they do not return elastically to the previous state, as maybe it was unconsciously expected.
“In this context, our foundry industry is also setting its concerning sights on the global business model and trying to set a reaction. This depends on how the different metal casting countries are facing the crisis as a nation, and what their previous focus was with regards national production and supply. Countries like China, India or United States, which already had their own strategic industrial plans gambling on domestic production, have developed stronger policies in this direction. Countries like Mexico, for example, have realised that they can offer shorter chains to foundry clients in the United States, offering an alternative to Asian suppliers. Some other foundry nations depend almost totally on exports as their main customers are located outside, which makes it difficult to adopt this inner-supply shift.
“We are also witnessing a renewed interest in technological projects to substitute some raw materials, although this is a medium-term form of initiative that won’t solve the current problem.
“It is not easy to foresee from our companies a request for a total shift in the global supply chain, as this relies on complex mechanisms to guarantee the needs of very demanding industries, and the scale of the change for going from global-market to local-to-market seems too complex a development to be achieved in the medium-term.”
Turner is of the mindset that there could be a different balance of supply moving forward. “In some countries the effects of restricted supply chains was immediate and hugely beneficial with reshoring of purchasing giving significant boosts to the local suppliers,” he says. “This is also now being seen in many other countries where the benefits of cheap imports has been seen as a short-term issue and buyers are now buying with a ‘plan b’ attitude and having local suppliers as well as having a primary offshore supply. Whether the memory of this time will be short-lived and we return to the greed driven demand for cheap products is yet to be seen, but I do believe that there are other influences to be considered.”
Localising supply is reliant on local growth rate. Prior to 2020 there had been rapid growth rates for certain regions, but have the consequences of the past two years affected this, if so, how have these regions adapted to the changing landscape? “The coronavirus has hit developed and emerging countries hard, without respecting borders,” says Javier Gonzalez. “Its impact, however, has been geographically diverse, reflecting the different health and economic measures adopted by countries and the exacerbation of some previous economic and financial catastrophes.
“Before the coronavirus crisis, the external investment rates in these countries and their trading share was increasing exponentially, becoming key players as major exporters, especially raw materials. The added debt increase did not generate excessive concerns as long as financial and macroeconomic figures were favourable. But the pandemic crisis has shifted this context, and these two factors are now decisive to determine the adaptation in these nations. A third factor is the way the country is coping with the social, economical and industrial measures to confront the disease, including the access to vaccination.
“For understanding how the emerging foundry nations are adapting, we can take a look at the BRICS nations. In particular, the situation in China has completely deviated from that in other countries, because of its effective response to the coronavirus. China has avoided an excessive increase in the public deficit, while stabilising the labour market and reducing the impact on the country’s businesses and an extended decline in demand. China has been one of the few countries to achieve a positive GDP at the end of 2020. At the other end of the spectrum, we can see how countries like Brazil, which dealt with the crisis differently, have witnessed a very serious economic impact. The policies deployed have increased the country’s public deficit to historic levels, which also reflects in difficulties for the foundry sector.
“Also in our sector, there are now good theoretical possibilities for a recovery in these countries (increase of global trading, high need for raw materials…), but in many cases this recovery is slowed down by the effects of their policies against the disease and previous crises (excess of debt, dependency of service industry within the GDP,…). China emerges here as a leading and reinforced foundry nation.”
There have been many political changes over the past year, including unrest in the EU, Foundry Trade Journal questioned the WFO about how its member countries had been affected by this.
Turner tackled the EU question head on. “The EU situation is another short-term issue, the mentality of punishing Britain for leaving will eventually fade as the equilibrium of trade returns to normal,” he says.
Javier Gonzalez says the foundry sector itself should exert influence on the political agenda. “In general, one of the lessons coming out of this pandemic is the strong bond between the social and political strategy of our metal casting producing countries and their manufacturing response to a crisis like this,” he says. “Maybe more than ever, we realise how we are not only relying on our managerial capacities to move within global foundry trading, but also on the ability of our governments to guarantee stability in global crises, like establishing and measuring proper restrictions or guaranteeing high access to vaccination, for example. Connected to this, we have seen that some countries have been positively able to exert influence quickly on their national industrial strategy.”
Having pinpointed energy supply and cost as a major threat to the sector, proposed legislation and ethical responsibilities are a significant aspect of future plans. How reliant is the sector on existing energy solutions and how will the sector adapt to meet international environmental commitments in the coming decades?
“The Paris Climate Agreement and the different deals following it are setting the pace for a greener industry. Foundry is a core industry for manufacturing, a vitally important part of the global industry value chain, and so it is affected by the necessity to comply with these agreements in the coming decades,” Javier Gonzalez says. “Energy is no more a cost factor for foundries, but a strategic aspect that will drive a transition to a carbon neutral activity by 2050. Foundry plants will need to evaluate properly their carbon footprint and to introduce climate-neutral technologies, in a paradigm shift that will affect our business. A paradox here is that our companies must face the global request from customers to be served everywhere in short lead times, while at the same time complying with a reduction in their environmental impact.
“The challenge for our foundries is in making this transition while remaining competitive, and there the new technologies have a special role. Foundries need to work on their own processes (raw materials and circular economy, use of energy...), but extra effort in co-operation with third parties for downstream areas like logistics, or end-of-life policies will also be necessary. Digitalisation will have a role here as well, as supply chain monitorisation and data sharing can be powerful tools.”
Turner says it is the casting industry that will offer solutions and “cast its way out” of the dilemma. “Many foundries still use fossil fuels, particularly coke, in their melting processes and the industry has always been a high demand energy user, so the effects of the supply of energy, whether electricity or gas, is going to be a significant issue,” he says. “The demand for more renewable energy sources can only be achieved by the supply of castings to enable this to happen, so I think that a global co-operation is required to see this technology adopted by certain key countries. China and India still produce most of their electricity in fossil fuel, inefficient power stations, negating the work of virtually every other country’s efforts, this cannot continue – these two countries alone use over 60 per cent of all the coal mined in the world! Economies rely on this, and demand means it is happening. It will take many more COP26 type events to change this but change it must.”
One could be forgiven for thinking that it is all doom and gloom, but not so according to the WFO and its member countries.
“Foundries and castings technologists have been at the forefront of developments in energy, transport and medical devices for many years and I see this continuing,” Turner enthuses. “The demand for energy efficient and environmentally sound transport systems will be driven by the castings sector, allowing the development of lighter more efficient vehicles and more efficient power generation to work towards the global need for greener living.”
Javier Gonzalez is equally positive. “This sector has always been inherently innovative, and this should not be removed from the agenda even when so many companies are struggling to thrive trough the complications created by Covid-19.
“Regarding the market, we all hope that the figures foreseen for the coming year can really set a new way of recovery for our foundries. The expected demand surge for 2022 can be a driver to introduce other actions in the companies in our sector, easing the way to new investments and strategies. Anyhow, what is critical in the short-term is to see when the supply chain misalignments can be partly corrected, at least creating a new stabilisation.
“For those companies that had started a digital transformation process before the pandemic outburst, the good news is that they have already initiated what seems the right way to succeed in a post-pandemic era. There is a great opportunity for the rest to join this movement, although this is highly influenced by an improvement in the situation that allows new investments in technologies like smart platforms, infrastructure for a more efficient use of energy or materials, or automation for improved productivity, for example. Post-pandemic, most successful foundries will be connected and ‘smart’ to be able to compete in the new reality.
“In addition to the external market-oriented vision or to the focus on processes, companies should also be looking into the new opportunities within their own boundaries, as so many countries are now focusing on reshoring possibilities, looking for shorter and more resilient supply chains. Some metal casting producers can offer a new value now to customers that look for guaranteeing this extra value.
“The challenges to reducing industrial CO2 emissions and the transition to a carbon-zero industry, alongside the transition to electric mobility, will also create new opportunities for our companies. We need to not only maintain but increase the research and development in materials, as there is still so much knowledge to unveil that can help our castings to further improve their added value.
“Now that we are living a new paradigm where we can’t take for granted any kind of supply, it is also timely for foundry companies to work side by side with their national governments to establish a common national strategy to protect the supply of a strategic industry like the cast metals sector.
“Metal casting companies are working hard at adapting themselves because of this complex situation, being resilient, innovative and flexible, but more than ever, public and private alliances will be essential to protect our industry where the global situation is creating more vulnerabilities right now – areas where foundry companies can’t fight alone. The foundry sector is a strategic industry for the world, and the different national industrial agendas should be in tune to its needs.”
Turner agrees and is confident that the legacy and proven technology of the sector will adjust, as it has in the past, to new world thinking. “I believe, the castings industry will once again prevail.
“Mass transport systems will also be enhanced as will the infrastructure provided by engineers and designers. I think the current desire for greener living, often driven by young people, will gather even more traction and the move towards use, buy, grow and manufacture local will be a significant influence in the future.
“I think that the world is coming to realise that we can’t continue as we have done for the last one hundred years and that the technology that we in the west have developed to clean up our processes and industry needs to be shared with the developing countries that are still using the old processes and technology that are now obsolete or banned in many other countries. The main issue will be cost and who funds this change. An answer to that, I do not have, but can guess at, it requires people to pay more for things, that are made or grown locally, whilst understanding that this is the price we have to pay to ensure this world is still here for our children and grandchildren.”
One of the roles of the WFO is to bring people from all around the world together, Jose Javier Gonzalez and Andrew Turner explain how the organisation has adapted during a challenging period involving social distancing and travel restrictions.
“The pandemic time has forced us to focus on our core,” says Jose Javier Gonzalez. “We had to take some difficult decisions, like postponing our World Foundry Congress and the World Foundry Summit during 2020, with an added high level of uncertainty in when we would be able to offer this value to the industry.
“However, this break in ‘normal service’ reminded the WFO where our value is set. Focusing then not on the tools themselves, but on the value to be offered, which moved us to digitalise part of our services and start using virtual channels to establish this knowledge flow to our global foundries. We also worked with some of our member associations during the past year so they could also make this journey into the digital world, accompanying them in the process of offering new value to their own member companies.
“Now, we can see events in Asia celebrated by some of our International Working Groups offering online wider value to metal casting companies, for example. We can see that social distancing restrictions applied to the global community have helped us in our transformation into a more efficient organisation in offering value to the industry, developing tools and customs that will remain.”
Turner says the value of meeting up again is still important and will work in harmony with digital events.
|
https://foundrytradejournal.com/news/the-castings-industry-will-once-again-prevail
|
The rate of growth and diversity of the transport system of a country plays an integral role in the economic development of the country. The countries which offer a quick mode of transportation service will help to raise the economy due to the quick-shifting of raw materials and the finished goods. The main benefit of the excellent transportation service is for the company established within or around the border of the country. Let us find out the role of the transport system in the economic development of developing countries like India.
A healthy transport system within the borders of the country can provide a wide-angle to traders residing in the country and the investors from other countries. The healthy transport system can also help in quick production due to increase liquidity of transport for raw materials and finished goods. The excellent transport services can also bring remote locations into production resources. The increase in the development of the transport services is directly proportional to the demand for motor vehicles, railroads, and ships of the country.
The developed modes of transport services can also offer specialized products in the start industries. Let us have a quick overview of the transport services in India which are thriving for the economic development of the country.
|
https://www.leighfisher-globaloutlook.com/all-about-the-transport-and-the-economic-development/
|
and communication networks through the development of other economic activities such as tourism,
trade, and agriculture. It increases local production and promotes the improvement of social services
such as education, health services, electricity and water supply.
In the case of Haiti, since Haiti imports most of its products, manufacturing is almost nonexistent. More
than two decades ago, Haiti was a country of assembly of goods, specializing in
the production of garments, electronics, baseballs, games, sporting goods, toys, footwear, and leather
products, lead by a small group of people (called the "bourgeois"). It’s impossible for Haiti to
have economic growth because of the lack of vision, sustainable projects, government support and
investment.
For more than six decades, the leading industries in Haiti have produced beverages, butter, detergent,
edible oils, flour, refined sugar, soap, and textiles. Growth in industry as a whole has been slowed by a
lack of capital investment, in addition to political violence, natural disasters, and demographic problems
from 1986 to 2017, which severely affected the assembly sector. Many companies relocated to the
Dominican Republic or elsewhere.
Also, the demographic problem caused more than 85% of the masses to be concentrated in cities,
especially in Port-Au-Prince, due to lack of employment, education, and health and sanitation issues in
the country. These people found themselves lost with no one to think of them. After a couple years of
research, AO understood the reasons why Haiti is still underequipped. Ayisien Otantik would like to
share the answer and the solution. It will start from ground zero by working in partnership with the
government and civil society (including experts in economics, finance, civil engineers,
geologists, lawyers, medical professionals, agronomists, planners, architects, etc.) to initiate the
following projects:
Decentralization
Ayisien Otantik believes in the decentralization from Port-Au-Prince to other cities and from cities to the
countryside. An example is: from Jeremie to Latiboliere, and from Jean Rabel to Casse-Pied, by
bringing structures comprising employment, health, sanitation, education, security,
transport, housing, and communication; including the construction of roads of two to four lanes,
railways and ports, then factories so people can start working, and initiating their own enterprises such
as restaurants, markets, convenience stores, pharmacies, etc.
Manufacturing is the most important trigger of economic growth
The growth of manufacturing machinery output, and technological improvements in that machinery, are
the main drivers of economic growth. No machinery industries, no sustained, long-term economic
growth. AO would like to target foreign companies to invest in Haiti that can engage in manufacturing
and trade based on the fabrication, processing, or preparation of products from raw materials and
commodities. This includes all foods, chemicals, textiles, machines, and equipment.
Manufacturing is the foundation of global Power
According to research, the most powerful nations in the world are those that control the global
production of manufacturing technology. It isn’t enough to have factories and produce more goods, you
have to know how to make the machinery that makes the goods. The key to power, then, is to make the
“means of production.”
Ayisien Otantik believes, if a country can make machinery, “Haiti can also do it,” but it will take
time. AO would like to partner with a cell of scientists to only work on this project: “how to make the
machinery that makes the goods.” In up to fifteen years, Haiti will be able to come up with the
machinery that makes the goods.
|
https://www.ayisyenotantik.org/manufacturing
|
Occupational Structure and Infrastructure on the Eve of Independence
At the time of independence, the Government of India announced agriculture to be the economy’s prime moving force. Even before and during the colonial rule, India has always seen a predominance of the agricultural sector in the economy, since 85% of its population resides in the village and is dependent directly or indirectly on agriculture. Nonetheless, the manufacturing industry was also a prominent source of livelihood for the Indian economy, like the handicraft industry, precious metal and stone manufacturing, and silk and textiles industry. Indian handicraft and manufacturing industry enjoyed global recognition and market, even before independence. It was during the British era, that the status of the Indian manufacturing industry was merely reduced to a raw material exporting country and consumers of finished goods produced by the market of Britain.
Occupational Structure
Occupational structure is the distribution of working professionals in the different sectors across the region. Every economy is segregated based on its occupational structure namely, the agriculture sector, industrial or manufacturing sector, and service sector. The United States, China, and Japan are often called industry or manufacturing-based economies on the other hand India is known as an agricultural-based economy.
Features of Occupational Structure on the eve of Independence
The main features of occupational structure on the eve of Independence were as follows:
1. Agriculture as the Primary Source of Income
Indian agricultural and allied sector provided livelihood to around 75 percent of the population of India, directly or indirectly at the time of colonial rule and even today it employs nearly half the workforce. This simply implies the predominance of the agriculture sector in India. Even so, there was a state of stagnation and deterioration because of agricultural low productivity, land settlement, and revenue settlement leaving India in a state of backwardness.
2. Poor state of the Industrial and Service sector
The manufacturing and service sectors, at that time, accounted for merely 10-15% and 20% of the workforce respectively. The industrial sector couldn’t flourish during the colonial rule, as Britain reduced Indian handicrafts, textile, and other manufacturing industries to mere exporters of raw materials to Britain and other countries; and in turn, used these raw materials to produce finished goods and created a market for them in India.
3. Stagnant and Imbalanced Growth in both Sectors
Neither of the sectors was fully established or flourishing and thus their growth in the economy was also imbalanced. The agricultural sector faced serious challenges in regards to, the orthodox Zamindari system, commercialization of agriculture, low productivity issues, and lack of irrigational facilities. This also had a huge impact on the self-sufficiency concept of agriculture prevalent in the Indian villages. The industrial sector was exploited by the Britishers, to redirect its manufacturing industries into just exporting raw materials to Britain, lack of encouragement to set up heavy industries and capital goods industries, and confining industrialists on only setting up silk and jute textile mills.
4. Regional Variations in the workforce
There were regional shifting trends observed in all three sectors. Regions of Gujarat, Karnataka, Bengal, and Tamil Nadu showed a shift in the workforce from agriculture to manufacturing and service sectors whereas the states like Rajasthan, Orissa, and Punjab showed an opposite trend.
5. Monopoly of Britain in Trade
Trade was not a foreign concept for India and it maintained good trade relations with all other great nations, but after the onset of the Britishers, more than half of its trade was confined only to Britain. India became the exporter of primary products like raw cotton, jute, butter, etc., and an importer of finished goods like clothes, cotton, etc. Although it did give India an export surplus, it was at the cost of draining the economy’s wealth and making India more reliable on foreign markets which ultimately affected the domestic market and people badly. Additionally, the building of the Suez canal increased the hold of Britain on Indian markets manyfold.
Infrastructure
Infrastructure is the set of fundamentally necessary systems or facilities that helps a country sustain itself and function properly. This includes physical, social, and economical infrastructures. During the colonial regime, India undoubtedly saw development in its physical infrastructure namely, roads, ports, water transport, railways, ports, and telegraph; but the social and economical infrastructure remained highly untouched. However, in this case, the motive of the British Government was to fulfill its interest rather than to focus on providing amenities to Indians.
Roads
To serve its interests, in the British era roads were developed but there was a lack of all-weather roads to penetrate the rural areas and build connectivity for them. Therefore, the public suffered drastically during rainy seasons and at the time of natural calamities. The main aim of building roads was to make it easier for them to transport raw materials or intermediate goods to the nearest railway station or port and export them to Britain, and for the mobilization of the British army within the country.
Water Transport, Electric Telegraph, and Postal Services
The agenda of the British government to develop sea lanes and promote inland trade proved to be very expensive and inefficient in comparison to the railways. It was highly uneconomical and was developed at the cost of huge economic losses to the country. The system of electric telegraph developed during this era was also an expensive affair that only served the purpose of maintaining law and order for British officials. On the contrary, postal services remained inadequate even though they served the public interest.
Railways
In the 1850s, when the railways were introduced, it was considered Britain’s most prominent contribution to India. Even so, it came with its own sets of pros and cons, but the two big impacts it left on the country were:
- It enabled inter-state mobility and helped break geographical and cultural barriers in the nation. People covered long-distance journeys easily at cheap rates and discovered different cultural and employment pursuits.
- Inter-state mobility fostered the commercialization of agriculture thereby affecting the self-sufficiency regime of an ideal Indian village. Even though it increased Indian exports to many folds, the benefit was reaped by Britain.
Main Motive Behind the Beginning of Railways in India
The main motive of British rulers behind the beginning of railways in India was to serve their colonial interest. It was to create a channel of transportation to export the raw materials or primary goods to England and other foreign countries; and on the other hand, import finished goods and penetrate the interiors of the Indian market through railways. Another reason was, that the Indian market faced a huge scarcity in its domestic market due to its export surplus; and Britain saw this as an opportunity to widen its market size to reap maximum benefits for itself. Thus, the infrastructure built during the colonial rule was hardly for the improvement of public amenities, but was for the benefit of England.
|
https://origin.geeksforgeeks.org/occupational-structure-and-infrastructure-on-the-eve-of-independence/
|
As measured by the Consumer Price Index for food at home, grocery prices increased 3.4% in 2020, a faster rate than the 20-year historical average of 2.4%.1 More recently, food inflation accelerated by 6.5% during the 12 months ending in December 2021, while prices for the category that includes meat, poultry, fish, and eggs spiked 12.5%.2
Food prices have long been prone to volatility, in part because the crops grown to feed people and livestock are vulnerable to pests and extreme weather. But in 2021, U.S. food prices were hit hard by many of the same global supply-chain woes that drove up broader inflation.
The pandemic spurred shifts in consumer demand, slowed factory production in the United States and overseas, and caused disruptions in domestic commerce and international trade that worsened as economic activity picked up steam. A shortage of metal containers and backups at busy ports and railways caused long shipping delays and drove up costs. Severe labor shortages, and the resulting wage hikes, have made it more difficult and costly to manufacture and transport many types of unfinished and finished goods.3
As long as businesses must pay more for the raw ingredients, packaging materials, labor, transportation, and fuel needed to produce, process, and distribute food products to grocery stores, some portion of these additional costs will be passed on to consumers. And any lasting strain on household budgets could prompt consumers to rethink their meal choices and shopping behavior.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture expects food inflation to moderate in 2022, but no one knows for certain how long prices might stay elevated.4 In the meantime, it may take more effort and some planning to control your family’s grocery bills.
|
https://southstate401k.com/food-inflation-whats-behind-it-and-how-to-cope/
|
Designing an assembly line can be exciting. For in-house manufacturing engineers, it’s a chance to shape the future of your company by designing the physical space that makes your future business possible. For consulting or third-party manufacturing engineers, it’s a way to demonstrate your skills in an interesting new environment. In either case, designing an assembly line is an intellectual challenge that is best conquered with a methodical approach.
Assembly lines are designed for one reason: to make a product. Anything less is unacceptable; anything more is unnecessary. Maintaining this tight focus through design and implementation allows engineers to create the most efficient and effective layout possible. At each stage of assembly line design, engineers must repeat the same question: “what is the simplest way to accomplish my goal?” As you go through the process, here are some factors to consider.
Planning Processes and Material Flow
The most important stage is planning. A simple, efficient plan will carry you smoothly through the installation and operational phases of assembly. Conversely, mistakes made in the planning stage will persist and worsen over the lifetime of the assembly line. Fixing mistakes once the assembly line is built and running will be costly and time-consuming. That said, it’s difficult to envision all the variables that affect installation and operation on the drawing board, so there should be room built into the plan to make adjustments as needed during installation.
Planning assembly line processes and the flow of materials means interpreting the dry process flow diagram of your intended product into the simplest possible configuration of employees and equipment. Typically, the flow of actual physical materials should correspond with the step-by-step process detailed in the product flow diagram. In addition, the planning stage should account for product flexibility, as products and demand change over time. As you plan each assembly phase, consider the fine details, such as:
- How will materials arrive at this station? Can you shorten the distance or simplify the method of conveyance?
- How much work can be done at this station? Is it possible to affect multiple process stages in a single physical location?
- How will products travel to the next station?
- Does this station need to wait on the finished work of one or more previous stations? Can you create sequences in parallel to minimize bottlenecks?
- How will employees arrive at the station? Will the tools they need be stored here or will they need to transport them?
- What will the workflow for employees be—which hand will do what in which order?
- Is it possible to maintain the same product orientation as the last station and the next station? Can the product be assembled from top-down?
- What safety measures do employees need? What ergonomic solutions should you provide?
- How will you remove waste from this station? Is there a simpler way?
- What are the power requirements for this station? How will you connect equipment to the power source?
- How will this station be maintained? What are the service requirements for this equipment? How will maintenance workers access needed areas?
- How much flexibility does the ideal setup for the intended product have? Can this setup accommodate a range of similar products?
Once you have determined answers to these questions, you can move forward to setting operational and quality assurance standards.
Determining and Implementing Operational and Quality Assurance Standards
Each assembly stage should meet measurable standards. These standards range from production speed to specific torque values for fasteners. Such standards form the actual framework of production—without them, workers are left to guess at values and managers are left to assign quotas based on intuition. Then nobody really knows if they’re doing it right or not.
In addition to developing standards based on designer recommendations, it’s essential to establish a process for ensuring that these standards have been met. Quality assurance processes should cover each aspect of assembly, including:
- Inspection of raw materials
- In-line observation of products as they move from station to station
- Employee training, performance, and satisfaction
- Calibration and testing of tools and equipment
- Inspection of completed products
Not every single product needs to be inspected at every single stage. Rather, you should develop a statistically significant testing regiment that considers the risk assessments your quality assurance professionals identify.
An example would be determining tool calibration intervals. Intervals should not be determined by the tool’s average, advertised, or expected failure rate but rather by the amount of risk an improperly calibrated tool poses the company. Critical applications where failures can be costly, dangerous, or life-threatening demand shorter calibration intervals and more rigorous product inspection. This is not because the probability of failure is higher but because the repercussions are more severe.
Certain aspects of quality assurance, such as employee satisfaction, are more difficult to measure than others. However, they are still critical. After all, satisfied, engaged workers are more likely to meet performance standards and make fewer mistakes.
Designing an assembly line can be an invigorating challenge for the manufacturing engineer. Achieving an optimal solution, which can produce a range of similar products, takes careful planning and considered questioning. By paying attention to details in process flow, establishing standards, and inspecting results, engineers can design assembly lines that are both effective and elegant.
|
https://blog.mountztorque.com/assembly/stage-by-stage-assembly-line-design-factors-to-consider/
|
In the development literature, manufacturing has been viewed as the major driving force of the modern economy. In most modern economies, manufacturing sector serves as the vehicle for the production of goods and services. The generation of employment and the enhancement of incomes are the benefits to the people concerned in helping to drive the sector. Hence, Kayode (2011) described industry and in particular the manufacturing sub-sector, as the heart of the economy.
Manufacturing sector refers to those industries which are involved in the manufacturing and processing of goods and indulge or give free rein in either the creation of new commodities or in value addition (Adebayo, 2010). To Dickson (2010), manufacturing sector accounts for a significant share of the industrial sector in developed countries. The final products can either serve as finished goods for sale to customers or as intermediate goods used in the production process.
Loto, (2012) refers to manufacturing sector as an avenue for increasing productivity in relation to import replacement and export expansion, creating foreign exchange earning capacity, raising employment and per capita income which causes unrepeatable consumption pattern. Mbelede (2012) opined that manufacturing sector is involved in the process of adding value to raw materials by turning them into products.
Thus, manufacturing industries are the variable key in an economy that motivates conversion of raw material into finished goods. According to Charles (2012), manufacturing industries create employment which helps to boost agriculture and diversifies the economy on the process of helping the nation to increase its foreign exchange earnings.
Manufacturing industries came into being with the occurrence of technological and socio-economic transformations in the Western countries in the 18th-19th centuries. This period was widely known as industrial revolution. It all began in Britain and it replaced the labour intensive textile production with mechanization and use of fuels. Manufacturing sector is categorized into engineering sector, construction sector, electronic sector, chemical sector, energy sector, textile sector, food and beverage sector, metal-working sector, plastic sector, transport and telecommunication sector (CBN, 2012).
In Nigeria, the level of growth in manufacturing sector has been affected negatively by high interest on lending rate and this is responsible for high cost of production in the country’s manufacturing sector (Adebiyi, 2001). Okafor (2012) further observed that the level of Nigerian manufacturing industries’ performance will continue to decline because of low implementation of government budget and difficulties in assessing raw materials. These changes in the manufacturing share of the GDP and capacity utilization show that firms that are efficient can contribute to job creation, technology promotion and as well ensure equitable distribution of economic opportunities and the macroeconomic stability of the country.
Notwithstanding, Nigeria has employed several strategies aimed at enhancing the productivity of the manufacturing sector in order to bring about economic growth and development. For instance, the country adopted Import Substitution strategy during the First National Development Plan (1962-1968) aimed at reducing the volume of imports on finished goods and encouraging foreign exchange savings by producing locally, some of the imported consumer goods (CBN, 2003). The country consolidated her import substitution policy during the Second National Development Plan period (1970-74) which actually fell within oil boom era. At this time, manufacturing activities were so organized to depend on imported inputs because of the weak technological base of the economy. However, as a result of the collapse of the world oil market in the early 1980s, there was a severe reduction in the earnings from oil exports. Consequently, the import dependent industrial sector that had emerged became unsustainable owing to the paucity of earnings from oil exports which could not adequately pay for the huge import bills. It is against this background that this work seeks to investigate the impact of manufacturing sector on the growth of the Nigerian economy for the period of 1990 – 2012.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Upon several government policies on the stability of Nigerian economy through manufacturing industry, there have been a lot of challenges facing the growth of Nigerian manufacturing sector as identified by researchers. These challenges include: corruption and ineffective economic policies (Gbosi, 2007); inappropriate and ineffective policies (Anyanwu, 2007); lack of integration of macroeconomic plans and the absence of harmonization and coordination of fiscal policy (Onoh, 2007); gross mismanagement/misappropriation of public funds (Okemini and Uranta, 2008); and lack of economic potential for rapid economic growth and development (Ogbole, 2010).
Despite the emphasis placed on fiscal policy in the management of the economy, the manufacturing sector inclusive, Nigerian economy is yet to come on the path of sound growth and development because of low output in the manufacturing sector to the economy (GDP).
In recent times, some manufacturing industries in Nigeria have been characterized by declining productivity rate, extension employment generation, which is caused largely by inadequate electricity supply, smuggling of foreign products into the country, trade liberalisation, globalisation, high exchange rate, and low government expenditure. Therefore, the slow performance of manufacturing sector in Nigeria is mainly due to massive importation of finished goods, inadequate financial support and other exogenous variables which has resulted in the reduction in capacity utilization and output of the manufacturing sector of the economy (Tomola, Adebisi and Olawale, 2012).
Investment in the manufacturing sector also affects the performance of this sector, viewing the aggregate investment behaviour in the sector. Value added is a crucial indicator in measuring the significance of manufacturing sector in an economy. Bakitt and Bhaltacharya (2010) made us to believe that if the share of manufacturing in total GDP of an economy is low, the value added will surely be very low. Low share according to them is associated with low value added.
Observing the manufacturing sector over the years shows that the share of the manufacturing in the GDP has been relatively low. In 1970, it was about 9%, 1980, about 10%, 1990, about 8% and 1998 about 6% and 2008 about 5.9%. Even though in the 90’s especially 1994, manufacturing shares in GDP was about 7%, the growth rate was a negative of 8%. Also at that same period, the overall manufacturing capacity utilization fell from over 70% in 1973 to 39% in 1986 and to about 27% in 1998 (CBN Annual Report, 2009).
It is only when firms are efficient that their potential for job creation, for promoting technology adoption, and ensuring equitable distribution of economic opportunities and the macro stability of the economy can be fulfilled. (Inegbenebor, 1995). The Nigerian Industries are concentrated on light consumer goods. There is hardly any production of capital and intermediate goods. Another feature of the manufacturing sector is its over-dependence on imports for the supply of raw materials and spare parts. There is no single industrial product in which the country is entirely self-sufficient. The Nigeria’s import bill is dominated by the cost of raw materials and spare parts for industries. This explains why in the 1980’s the economic stabilization measures designed to conserve foreign exchange affected industries most adversely. Many factories as a result of this reduced their scale of operations completely and even some had to close down completely with increase in our unemployment rates. This study is commissioned to investigate the impact of manufacturing sector on economic growth in Nigeria for the period under review.
1.3 Research Questions
To serve as study guide, we provide the following lead questions for which this study seeks to provide the answers:
- To what extent does long-run relationship exist between the manufacturing sector and economic growth in Nigeria?
- Does the manufacturing sector have any significant impact on the economic growth of Nigeria?
1.4 Objectives of the study
This study has the central objective of exploring issues relating to how manufacturing sector can influence Nigeria’s economic growth by facilitating the transfer of technology and other associated benefits, while in specific terms, the study is set to:
- Determine the extent at which long-run relationship exists between the manufacturing sector and economic growth in Nigeria.
- Ascertain if the manufacturing sector can contribute significantly to Nigeria’s economic growth.
1.5 Research Hypothesis
The following are the research hypothesis of the study:
H0: There is no long-run relationship existing between the manufacturing sector and economic growth of Nigeria.
H1: There is long-run relationship existing between the manufacturing sector and economic growth in Nigeria.
H0: The manufacturing sector does not significantly impact on the economic growth of Nigeria.
H1: The manufacturing sector significantly impacts on the growth of Nigerian economy.
1.6 Significance of the Study
The study will contribute immensely in aiding the government, policy makers, economic planners, researchers and the academia generally. This will provide an insight and understanding to the government on how to be prudent in spending public funds to boost the manufacturing sector in order to bring about economic growth and development. It is also of immense help in providing an insight and knowledge to the general public, policy makers, economic planners, and manufacturing sector regulatory authorities on the impact of the manufacturing sector in Nigeria.
To the academia, the findings of the study will contribute to the available literature on the current scenario of manufacturing sector in Nigeria and its level of contribution to the GDP. Based on our empirical findings and analysis, the result of the study will be of immense benefit to researchers who will rely on their contributions to existing knowledge for further research.
The findings of this research will assist monetary authorities in assessing the performance of the fiscal policy in Nigeria particularly in terms of their impact on the output of manufacturing sector. This work is also of immense benefit to the policy makers and economic planners in terms of using its findings in formulating and implementing appropriate policy measures towards accelerating economic growth through the manufacturing sector.
- Scope and Limitation of the study
The study will investigate the impact of the manufacturing sector on the economic growth of Nigeria for the period 1990-2012. Annual time series data will be employed by this study to conduct the investigation. The researcher encountered the following constraints in the course of this work, data constraint, financial constraint, limited information due to the type of research work and time constraint. This research work is also limited to the use of secondary data gotten from secondary sources, as such if there are any errors made by those who generated these data; this research work incorporates such errors.
|
https://www.projectwriters.ng/impact-of-the-manufacturing-sector-on-the-economic-growth-of-nigeria-for-the-period-1990-2012/
|
After years of sluggish growth, hopes for a turnaround of Nepal’s manufacturing sector is in the horizon. But will the changing political and economic scenario be supportive to the sector’s revival or not is yet to be seen.
--BY SABIN JUNG PANDE
Economies have thrived expanding their manufacturing base by reforming industrial policies, diversifying outputs, scaling-up production processes and systems, attracting global investments and upgrading connectivity and power-supplies. The world’s second largest economy China, for instance, has amassed immense wealth by prioritising manufacturing and eventually transforming itself into the 'factory of the world.’ In South Asia, the lower real-wage level has accelerated Bangladesh’s manufacturing competitiveness. A 2016 World bank study shows Sri Lanka’s exports are 14 times larger compared to Nepal and even the export value of a tiny island nation like Maldives stands at USD 0.21 billion whereas, according to the World Bank, Nepal exports goods worth USD 0.74 billion, only 3.5 times higher than Maldives.
Just as the rest of the other sectors, Nepal’s manufacturing sector provides a gloomy picture of an ailing economy and untapped economic frontier. Notwithstanding the potential, the country’s manufacturing scenario is gloomy because of the nominal contribution of the sector to Nepal’s GDP and higher trade deficits ultimately resulting in fewer achievements. The contribution in the last 15 years has averaged just 6.8 percent. It plummeted to another extreme recently when it touched 6 percent in 2016, far less than other South Asian economies. Similarly, the sector’s growth rate in the last 10 years has averaged a meagre2.08 percent.
Paradox of Nepal’s Domestic Market and Demographic Profile
While talking about the domestic market potential, it is important to consider domestic market size and consumption patterns. At present, Nepal’s population is around 3 million and its GDP per capita is around USD 860. AnandBagaria, managing director of Nimbus Holdings, believes that with such a population size and increasing dispensable income, Nepal has a fairly substantial market size. “Our per capita GDP may be minimal but our purchasing power parity is almost four times what our absolute GDP per capita is,” he observes.
Despite the low per capita income level, significantly rising urban and remittance-receiving population have rapidly changed the domestic consumption pattern. The inflow of remittance has been playing a major role in fuelling domestic consumption. It is estimated that about 35 percent of the money Nepal receives as remittance directly goes to consumption. Overall, the increasing import figures can be used as a measure in generalising how consumption in Nepal has changed over the years. Imports grew by 27 percent in FY2016/17 to Rs 984.30 billion compared to Rs 774.71 billion in FY2015/16. In the last five years, the import value has grown by 60.40 percent.
With such high consumption-friendly population size, Nepal’s domestic market has experienced a drastic change but is unable to boost production and become self-reliant. Part of the reason is dependency on imports that has suppressed the self-sustaining spirit of Nepalis. “Presently, the whole market is flooded with imported products,” notes GP Sah, global business head at FMCG Division of Chaudhary Group.
It is the traders who are minting money through the easy facilitation they receive from Indian producers and access to easy financial services in Nepal. For producers, investors and entrepreneurs, competing with imports that come in big volume and at competitive prices, appears less lucrative and more stressful. Changing consumer mindsets isn’t easy when there is easy access to imports.
“Obviously, our economic capacity is restrained by our dependence on remittance and imports,” says Shanker Aryal, director general at Department of Industry. Bagaria too agrees. “Somewhere at the government and bureaucracy level, it is understood that import is the way to run the country and revenue generated from the customs dutieshas become the focal point,” he says.
As a result, Nepal has a huge trade deficit with India followed by China, two of its major trade partners. Economic reliance on India became transparent when India imposed an economic embargo that stifled Nepal’s economy two years ago. By now, Nepal has seemingly realised the need for newer trade routes with both India and China. This economically unviable relationship is bound to continue as long as Nepal does not become self-reliant.
Human Assets
According to the 2011 National Census, Nepal enjoys a youthful demography with 33.09 percent of the population in the 10-24 years age group. At present, the median age in Nepal is just 21 which is expected to be around 25-26 by 2025. Nepal's demography possesses a substantial workforce required for industrial growth with half a million workers entering the labour market annually. But does it mean Nepal can really enjoy the demographic dividend in terms of utilizing this valuable human asset? Do the youths really want to be part of the Nepali workforce?
While labour conflicts have resulted in economically disastrous situation for manufacturing companies in the past, at present, the lack of skills, fascination towards overseas jobs and high turnover among both white-collar workers and manual labourers are dissuading investors. Estimates suggest that 80 percent of the 500,000 people who enter the labour market have chosen foreign jobs while most of the remaining are engaged in informal sectors. “We are a young country but the lack of opportunities at home has compelled the youths to go for foreign employment. Thus, we are losing not only our workforce but also consumers,” says Sah.
One of the problems for least-developed economies like Nepal is the onset of globalisation and social-media boom that has simplified migration and intensified overseas attraction. Back home, there is unemployment, limited opportunities, lower earnings and income gaps, dismal working conditions, unregulated market and rising prices and largely, an intense frustration rising out of political bickering, instability and poor governance. At the end, all these culminate in a sense of despair about the future wellbeing.
In a politically and economically volatile country like Nepal that is aspiring to take a leap in its economic future, such issues pose multiple risks. First, it has a compound effect on the mindset of Nepalis that the ‘grass is much greener on the other side’ despite the associated costs and risks and that their country will never improve with such mass attitude.
A recent study by the UK-based think tank Overseas Development Institute (ODI) reinforces the intensity of the problem. It has shown that Nepal may face a labour crisis of up to 3.6 million workers by 2030 if the labour-based migration persists at the existing rate. However, industrialists like Bagaria believe Nepal is at the tipping point of witnessing a reverse migration outflow. “I am hopeful that the younger generation will return and do well for the country if a satisfactory level of stability is achieved in the coming days,” hopes Bagaria.
Challenges
The problems in connectivity
In Nepal, access to markets and the expanding manufacturing opportunities is difficult due to the deplorable condition of existing roads and other infrastructures and complete lack of roads in some regions. For instance, the Karnali region which accounts for almost 15 percent of the area of Nepal is almost inaccessible via road while the hills of far-western region too have no easy access. The roadways in the hilly region are risky where roads are mostly single-lane with potholes, ditches and vulnerable to bad weather. The Terai region, which is also the manufacturing base of Nepal, boasts a fair road infrastructure but only relatively. Poor road conditions are correlative to high transaction costs and loss in business confidence. As a result, expansion of economic opportunities is strictly confined.
While the economies in the 21st century are envisioning and enforcing connectivity beyond their borders, seas and even continents, Nepal’s projects are suffering losses in money and time. As a result, connectivity is still poor. On the other hand, in the absence of a meticulous vision for industrialisation, better connections may only serve to facilitate further imports.
“The lack of or poor connectivity has increased marginal costs and made access to raw materials and supply to markets difficult. Delay in delivery of goods has become an increasing problem,” says Sah. According to him, as a result of the increasing transportation costs, import costs have gone up in the last 2-3 years. “Both importers and exporters are compelled to pay high demurrage charges,” he adds. Shiwaz Neupane, director at Ambe Group sees the establishing of cargo train routes as a solution to the existing problems in transportation. “If the government works on constructing freight train routes, then the transportation costs will come down which will ultimately reflect in the price of products,” he mentions.
Will the power-supply really improve?
One of the prerequisites to active production and productivity is regular power supply. In the past, acute power shortages have been one of the most brutal battering rams to Nepali manufacturers. After Kulman Ghising was appointed the Managing Director, Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) finally got hold of reformation and succeeded in ending the decade-long routine power cuts in several cities across Nepal. Last FY’s 6.9 percent GDP growth, a record growth rate in the last 23 years, was partially attributed to the normalising of the power supply.
It clearly shows that if the power sector reforms are sustained, manufacturing activities are bound to spur on. “The industrial demand for power will boost as a number of industries are lined up for production,” says Neupane.
Bagariais hopeful about the future improvements in the country’s energy sector with the number of hydropower projects in the pipeline. Nonetheless, cautious voices have been raised in terms of meeting the long-term power demand of manufacturing companies. “Normalisation of the power supply has been a crucial improvement. But we should note that the industrial demand for power will increase in the future,” observes DoI Director General Aryal, adding, “Electricity authorities must brace themselves to meet the future demand.”
Industrialisation of Agriculture
Development in agriculture will warrant an optimistic outlook for investment in the manufacturing sector. So far, its subsistence farming, lack of modernisation, insufficient supply of seeds and fertilizers and reliance on good monsoon have restricted scaling up agricultural production. From crops to meat processing, immense possibilities exist in Nepal in agro-processing that have been left untapped.
Sah, whose company is in the food production business, sees ample opportunities in agro-processing. “A country like Bangladesh with lower agricultural productivity than Nepal exports food products to Nepal. Despite importing raw materials from other countries, they are competitive enough to export. Today, Bangladesh exports even beverages and snacks,” he expresses. “We should seriously analyse their competitiveness and learn lessons from them.”
Ironically, Nepal supplies a number of agriculture produce as raw materials to Indian agro-processing industries and imports the processed output as final products at higher prices. “We export wheat to India and import back pasta. Noodles, ketchup, pasta and packs of tea, coffee and sugar all come under agro-processing which are imported,” says Bagaria. According to him, importing processed products that don’t require advanced production technology and can be self-produced doesn’t make economic sense. “Farmers should be bridged with both intermediary and final consumers and encouraged to process their output. So should the private sector,” emphasizes Bagaria.
Bagaria suggests that policy makers must be open minded when analysing agriculture development and align its development strategy with industrialisation needs. “There is a need to integrate relevant agri-sector policies with industrial policies and needs. For example, identifying pocket areas for selective agricultural products and stipulating subsidies accordingly will enable investors to locate production plants correspondingly,” says Bagaria.
One way Nepal plans to create opportunities for commercializing agriculture is by successfully implementing the 20-year Agriculture Development Strategy (ADS). Throughout the next 10 years, ADS plans to make USD 50 million strategic investments in agriculture production, processing, trade and auxiliary services like storage and transportation, research, finance and marketing plans.
Bagaria and Aryal both believe that meeting Agriculture Development Strategy (ADS) objectives will help the industrialisation process by fulfilling demand for inputs like raw materials.
Access to Raw Materials
Aryal says that the concerns of Nepali manufacturers are primarily related to the lack of raw materials. “Producers have to depend on maize imports from India although its annual domestic production is around two million tonnes. It is the same with wheat and paddy. How can we industrialise when raw materials aren’t sufficient?” questions Bagaria. He believes that most industries dependent on India for raw materials are standing on loose ground considering other numerous constraints that Nepalis industries face. GP Sah explains, “Producers have to bring raw materials from Indian ports to Nepal and take back their finished goods to Indian ports and we know how our dry port infrastructures are. It eventually increases costs and reduces our competitiveness.”
Another crucial element associated with the availability of raw material is tariff. Sah, Bagaria and Aryal share similar view on the need to review the existing tariff structure which adds to the difficulties in the domestic production of final products. “There needs to be some level of difference in the import tax structure imposed on finished goods, raw materials and intermediary raw materials,” mentions Bagaria. According to him, there are many items where low tariff is levied on the import of finished goods rather than on their raw materials. “For instance, resins used in the paint industry can be imported at lower import costs compared to the raw materials. It begs the question why would anyone set up a resin manufacturing plant?” asks Bagaria.
The existing duty structure is one of the major reasons for making fruit juices produced in Nepal less competitive. Currently, 30 percent import duty is levied on both fruit concentrate, the raw material used to produce fruit juice, and the actual fruit juice which is the finished product. This is disadvantageous for local manufacturers of fruit juice as their cost of production increases due to the unreasonably high duty rates on the import of raw materials.
Investment Climate and Opportunities
Changing political landscape
Both foreign and local investors are becoming hopeful with the signs of stability seen on the political horizon led by the start of the implementation of the new constitution. But they agree that it may not be immediately easier for businesses to adjust in the new context of federalism. Bagaria expresses hope for political stability but still fears that economic agendas may take a backseat in the whole process of managing the country’s federal structure.
“There is such a possibility because ambiguities will emerge with the need to coordinate large numbers of local and federal representatives and manage infrastructures for provincial parliaments and other federal institutions,” explains Bagaria. At the same time he is optimistic that the current breakthrough in the seemingly perpetual political instability and possibility of stable government will enable growth in the industries. Neupane holds similar views. “Even traders will step into the manufacturing arena if we achieve a satisfactory level of political stability,” he opines.
Incentivising Manufacturers
Before the power supply improved, Nepal inaugurated its first Special Economic Zone (SEZ) just two years ago in Bhairahawa. Of the 69 plots in the SEZ, 48 had already been leased out by August 2016. In July 2016, the SEZ Act, 2014 received parliamentary endorsement imposing a complete ban on strikes and protests within SEZs and introducing a number of tax incentives to domestic and foreign investors. Industries within the SEZs will now enjoy exemptions on income tax and custom duties based on different criteria.
The incentives include income tax exemption for the first five years and 50 percent income tax exemption for another five years for industries using 60 percent domestic raw materials. Similarly, the Act has provisioned another 25 percent income tax exemption for the next five years and full exemption from custom duties for export industries using imported raw-materials.
Experts view it as a commendable step. Nonetheless, industrialists seem concerned about the infrastructures at the Bhairahawa SEZ. Both Sah and Bagaria observe the need to develop a robust SEZ equipped with modern and sector-specific infrastructures. “I don’t see any specialisation happening. Since the infrastructure requirements for a steel plant and an agri-business plant aren’t the same, the system in-place will not be able to accommodate the diverse needs of diverse industries,” reasons Bagaria.
The SEZ Act envisages developing 14 additional SEZs throughout the country with the objective of changing the country’s fortune through manufacturing and export-oriented industries. The new SEZs must draw insights from business communities and lessons from similar international practices, stakeholders say.
Infrastructure-led domestic demand
At present, the ongoing post-quake reconstruction drive has led to an upsurge in demand for construction materials. Adding to it is the increased demand for such materials in the construction of large infrastructure projects that are progressing, albeit slowly. Currently, 21 projects of national pride including international airports, large hydropower plants, irrigation and highways are in the pipeline. These national ambitions have set the right tone to boost infrastructure-led demand and investors should be quick to sense it.
Citing the example of his own business house, Neupane informs that domestic steel and cement industries are unable to meet the domestic demand which is why Ambe Group is adding new cement and steel plants soon. Earlier, Nepal bagged one of the largest foreign investment-led manufacturing deals. The USD 359 million joint venture between China’s Hongshi Group and Nepal’s Shivam Holdings plans to commence commercial production of cement in early 2018.
Conclusion
Economic development across the globe has shown how a young population instills vibrancy in an economy by spurring economic and entrepreneurial activities that integrates technological growth and stimulates investment and consumption demand. In Nepal's case, high dependency on remittance, increasing imports, poor human assets and a brain-drain, and issues with connectivity form a complex web of deterrents to its manufacturing potential. Becoming an ideal investment avenue for manufacturing industries depends on how these intricate factors are managed to create a dynamic investment climate. There is hope that the changing political context will provide a breakthrough.
|
https://www.newbusinessage.com/MagazineArticles/view/2020
|
Says Covid-19 hampered their revenue stream, making repayment difficult
With the Covid-19 pandemic inducing further economic onslaughts, the country's apparel manufacturers are bearing the brunt of it, for which they are now requesting for more time to repay their bank loans.
A letter in this regard was sent to the Ministry of Finance, from the Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA) and Bangladesh Knitwear Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BKMEA).
In the letter, two apex organizations of the apparel sector requested Finance Minister AHM Mustafa Kamal to extend their repayment period until December 31 this year and also to keep the facility open so that if the loans are not repaid on time, they should not be declared as a defaulter.
Faruque Hassan, president of BGMEA, and AKM Selim Osman, president of BKMEA, signed the letter, saying that the lion's share of Bangladesh's export earnings came from the apparel sector.
The government has always been sympathetic and positive in maintaining the development and growth of the sector. Moreover, they announced various packages, provided financial and policy support to revive the sector from the losses incurred due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the letter said.
The letter also read that the entrepreneurs and the government had hoped that the impact of Covid-19 would decrease soon and the apparel sector would turn around.
“But as the situation of Covid-19 is worsening each day, the RMG entrepreneurs are going through a critical period. Foreign buyers on the one hand have relaxed the purchase order, while payments of exported products have been deferred in many cases,” the letter read.
Entrepreneurs are continuing their business in the midst of such adversity and the sector has continued to create employment. A number of backward linkage industries like packaging, accessories, banking, insurance, transportation, and other associate industries are directly involved with the apparel sector, the letter also said.
About 2 crore people are directly and indirectly dependent on this sector. If there is a catastrophe in the readymade garment industry, it will negatively affect other related sectors as well, it further said.
The letter also said that the prices of main raw material of the garment industry, yarn and cloth, has shot up abnormally in recent times and local spinners continue to raise yarn prices as well.
Given the growth rate of yarn prices, it has become difficult to negotiate the price of the garments with foreign buyers and continue with existing purchase orders. Along with this, the prices of other raw materials have also gone up, said the letter.
BGMEA and BKMEA said that the rise in prices of yarn and raw materials is being reflected in the export price of garments.
As a result, although overall export income increased slightly, the actual price of garments did not increase. Rather some have declined in the case of clothing.
The apparel manufacturers also said that they were deeply concerned about the future of the industry, investment, situation and management of other activities, including payment of wages to the workers if their losses continued.
Half-yearly bank closing is knocking and the Eid-ul-Azha will be celebrated next month. At this time, entrepreneurs will need a lot of money to pay workers’ wages, allowances and bonuses, they said.
They also said that trade has not returned to normal yet and there is also a liquidity crisis. Due to this, it has become difficult for entrepreneurs to repay the installments on time against all types of loans.
“In this situation, we request not to classify loans against all types of loans till next December. We also demand the opportunity to reschedule the repayment of default loans,” said BGMEA and BKMEA.
|
https://archive.dhakatribune.com/business/2021/06/22/apparel-makers-seek-more-time-to-repay-loans
|
In the midst of slow socio-economic growth, negative export growth and rising unemployment, Pakistan have signed China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) with China as a part of its One Belt, One Road (OBOR) initiative.
OBOR is not merely a trade connectivity route, it has a pro-development agenda and outlook for all its 68 participant countries having the population of over 4.4 billion and 40% of the world GDP.
For CPEC to play its role in powering the intended socio-economic transformation, adequate and efficient production structures and infrastructures must be in place.
In this context, one of the key components of CPEC is the establishment of special economic zones (SEZs) in Pakistan.
SEZs are expected to provide an impetus to stimulate economic activity along the trade corridor.
Thus, well-planned SEZs are considered hugely important in achieving sustained and inclusive socio-economic growth.
China and Pakistan are planning to establish nine SEZs in Pakistan. It is worth noting that at present there are about 3000 SEZs in 135 countries, which have created 68 million direct jobs with more than $500 billion worth of trade-related production.
and last but not the least, ease of administration and management.
SEZs are generally self-contained in the procurement of raw materials (from local and international markets), power generation, mitigating pollution, sewage treatment and support services.
They practically have everything from transportation to cultural and educational facilities. So, they are perceived to provide significant insulation from the uncertain external/outside environment.
Laws and regulations of SEZs are different from generally applicable laws and regulations in the rest of the country.
SEZs are generally duty-free enclaves for both trade and manufacturing. Several fiscal and regulatory incentives are offered to investors within these zones by national, provincial and local governments.
Nonetheless, international experience suggests that decision to invest in SEZs is rarely based on financial incentives alone; indeed such incentives are not the key to SEZs’ success that may attract weaker firms.
Success factors for them include efficient and cost-effective infrastructures and governance (or absence of over-intrusive governance) that distinguish them from other parts of the country.
The success of SEZ inspires rest of the economy, encouraging the more effective provision of public services and infrastructure, and forcing the policymakers to introduce economic reforms to achieve what was not achieved before.
Thus, successful SEZs introduce structural change throughout the country relatively quickly through a combination of linkages and demonstration effects with local industries.
As a result of leaping up value chains and triggering positive externalities, they create economic space for their entry into basic and intermediate manufacturing.
Too often, SEZs generate and allocate resources for socio-economic uplift of the adjoining areas for their acceptability by the locals.
In the end, it is worth noting that despite gainful role played by SEZs worldwide, in some countries the zones have been criticized for being less legal and socially protective for workers, misusage of allotted land for real estate speculation and tax evasion.
International experience suggests that the main reason as to why SEZs fail is “rent-seeking” by interest groups, exploitation of incentives and other benefits, weak governance, bilateral disputes, regulatory issues, lack of a dispute resolution mechanism, etc.
To avoid such problems and to ensure effective management, countries assign decentralized decision-making roles to private-public partnership arrangements of SEZs with the inclusiveness of local communities and institutions.
Punjab has 26 industrial estates, whilst Sindh, Balochistan, and KP have 30, 7 and 12 industrial estates, respectively.
Some of these are successful, while others are unsuccessful because they are established in remote areas lacking necessary skilled workforce or basic amenities for workers.
Some big cities also have industrial clusters on the basis of their strength in a skilled workforce, raw materials, support institutions and deep historical links with local and global supply chains.
These clusters include sports and surgical clusters in the city of Sialkot, textiles cluster in Faisalabad, fan cluster in Gujrat and engineering cluster in Gujranwala to name the major ones.
In addition, there are some Industrial Parks in Pakistan: Rachna Industrial Park (Lahore), Marble City (Lahore), and Textile City (Port Qasim).
Quaid-e-Azam Apparel Park (M-2 Lahore).
For peculiar reasons, Chinese companies are not interested in investing in the existing industrial estates of Pakistan. They are only interested in SEZs to be exclusively established for them along the trade corridor.
China, as one of the pioneering and successful countries in establishing SEZs, has been showing a keen interest in investing in SEZs that Pakistan has committed to establishing exclusively for Chinese companies.
In fact, back in 2001, a joint-venture between a Pakistani company and a Chinese company has established a successful industrial park near Lahore.
Since 2002, this company has been producing and assembling electrical and electronic products including refrigerators, deep freezers, washing machines, air conditioners, microwave ovens, televisions, and laptops.
Despite this successful venture, some interest groups in Pakistan are creating an impression that China intends to relocate its private industries that have lost their competitiveness, either because of rising labor costs or that the industrial technology has become obsolete in China.
They claim that for this purpose, China is promoting the idea of establishing exclusive industrial zones in Pakistan, where its industries can be relocated and benefit from the policy incentives and business environment.
Another perspective is that, given the new stage of development in China, it does not want to provide policy support to such industries anymore and that is why it intends to relocate its old industries.
Still another viewpoint shows that with huge surplus Chinese companies in any way want to invest closer to their markets provided they get desired skills, infrastructures, as well as conducive work and business environment.
Private investors from Chinese SEZs are accustomed to special economic policies and flexible governmental measures, allowing them to utilize economic management system that is more attractive for foreign and domestic firms to do business than in the rest of mainland China.
In SEZs, investment is conducted without any authorization of the Chinese central government. SEZs offer tax and business incentives to attract foreign investment and technology.
So the challenge for Pakistani policymakers is to provide the corresponding, if not better, incentives, infrastructure and business environment to Chinese investors than they are used to with at home.
It is pertinent to note here that in May 2010, China designated the city of Kashgar in Xinjiang as a Special Economic Zone, which is going to compete with Pakistani SEZs, to be established exclusively for Chinese companies and also with existing industries in Pakistan.
To attract Chinese investors to establish industries in Pakistani SEZs, some extra measures and effort are required to provide them with fiscal incentives, the most cost-effective and efficient infrastructures and support services as well as investor-friendly governance.
Pakistan, on its part, is anxiously looking for foreign investment and technologies to apprehend high and sustained export-oriented growth to generate employment.
Pertinent questions arise, whether Pakistan is ready to welcome such industries? And, once Chinese companies establish themselves in SEZs, will there be any global market to sell goods produced by SEZs’ firms or will they penetrate Pakistani markets and displace local industry?
Despite the desperate need for foreign investment, my suggestion is to develop a well thought and focused scheme for SEZs to welcome Chinese companies that should create pro-inclusive sustained growth, subject to minimum socio-economic costs.
This should ultimately achieve our long-term goals of gaining access to new and modern technologies as well as penetrating international markets.
So, a policy challenge is to prepare local workforce, infrastructures, and institutional systems, and mechanisms in Pakistan to attract and welcome Chinese investors to reap maximum and sustained benefits.
Rashakai Economic Zone: (M-1, Nowshera): Fruit/food/packaging/textile stitching/knitting.
China Special Economic Zone Dhabeji: Type of industry will be determined at feasibility stage.
Bostan Industrial Zone (near Quetta): Fruit processing, agriculture machinery, pharmaceutical, motorbikes assembly, chromite, cooking oil, ceramic industries, ice and cold storage, electric appliance, and halal food industries.
Punjab-China Economic Zone, (M-2, Sheikhupura): Mix industry.
ICT Model Industrial Zone (Islamabad): Feasibility studies yet to be carried out.
Development of Industrial Park on Pakistan Steel Mills Land (Port Qasim): Feasibility studies yet to be carried out.
Bhimber Industrial Zone: Feasibility studies yet to be carried out.
Mohmand Marble City: Feasibility studies yet to be carried out.
Moqpondass SEZ (Gilgit-Baltistan): Marble/granite, iron ore processing, fruit processing, steel industry, the mineral processing unit, and leather industry.
Under the CPEC project, the government has proposed mineral economic processing zones besides above nine SEZs in four provinces.
In Punjab, proposed Minerals Economic Processing Zones include Salt Range (antimony) and Chiniot (iron ore).
In Sindh, Thar (coal) and Lakra (coal).
In KPK Dargai (chromite), North Waziristan (chromite), Kurram (antimony), Waziristan, (copper), Chitral (antimony), Besham (iron ore, lead), Nizampur (iron ore) and Mohmand (marble).
In Balochistan, Khuzdar (chromite, antimony), Chaghi (chromite), Qila Saifullah (antimony, chromite), Saindak (gold, silver), Reko Diq (gold), Kalat (iron ore), Lasbela (manganese), Gwadar (oil refinery) and Muslim Bagh (chromite).
Investment, in general, in SEZs should be by the Chinese companies, but they should be encouraged to have joint partnerships with Pakistani investors. This will ensure sustainability of SEZs.
Target value-added activities and link them with the existing industry clusters in Pakistan.
Target niche industries, where production concentration in minute parts of a long international value-added chain would yield high export returns.
Goods produced in SEZs will be principally for foreign export markets but up to a certain percentage can be exported to the Pakistan territory.
All services to SEZs may be provided by the government on cost-recovery basis but preferably government should engage a private company for the purpose.
Role of government should be limited to making legal and infrastructure arrangements.
Earlier, I reported a list of the government proposed SEZs along with industrial activities.
In addition to these, I suggest some industrial activities that are more practical and hopefully will enable to reap more benefits.
Balochistan: Fish and marine, dry fruit processing and packaging industries, water resource management technologies.
KPK: Focus on small turbines producer industries and their allied industries.
Punjab: Solar power plant producing industries and allied industries, engineering-based small and medium industries, technology producing industries, and food products producing industries. Establish Agricultural Technology Park near Faisalabad and link it with agricultural technology producing companies in an SEZ near Faisalabad.
Sindh: Windmills producing industries and allied industries, packaging industry, plastic, and petrochemical industries.
For the above SEZs and industries, each provincial government must ensure: skills, infrastructures, and institutions to be required by SEZs.
Furthermore, link all SEZs with NUST Industrial Technology Park being established with assistance from China.
This will not only fulfill research and development needs of the guest industries but will become a source of attraction for high-end production industries.
Given their importance, development of SEZs should be made part of the overall growth strategy of Pakistan.
Only in this way shall we be able to achieve the goal of pro-inclusive and sustained growth.
If Pakistan has to offer virtually everything to attract foreign investors in SEZs, it should reciprocally secure benefits for the country.
To begin with, Pakistan should make a careful choice of industries to be invited in SEZs, develop a system where targets with a timeline are effectively monitored to meet agreed export and local employment targets; encourage Chinese firms to produce intermediate inputs to be exported internationally or to non-SEZ companies in Pakistan.
If firms produce finished products, they should be primarily for the export market. Besides, ensure that exports from SEZs should also aim at Chinese markets and not just the markets of the third world countries and negotiate with China to secure duty-free status to all exports originating from SEZs.
Pakistan should promptly conclude special trade agreement for SEZs in addition to the existing bilateral free trade agreement and create a synergy/complementarity between Pakistani and Chinese SEZs for mutual advantage.
To attract Chinese investment to meet our cherished national objectives, provide competitive fiscal incentives, efficient infrastructure, and conducive business environment, of course, subject to performance committed in the contract.
Start organizing SEZ workshops with potential industrial leaders in China and Pakistan to develop an agreed-upon set of rules of engagement with respect to how these zones should operate to ensure greater success.
SEZ planners should then organize roadshows to mobilize potential investors to promote SEZs.
Promote SEZs as incubators of good practice and self-containment, supported by good infrastructure and service provider firms. Preferably government should use a private firm to develop and manage the SEZ, while the government should be an active player in improving transport, electricity, water, telecommunications, waste disposal, and other infrastructure to link SEZs with global and local markets.
Ensure, as far as possible, that firms are established in SEZs complements and not substitute local industries. This is because SEZ companies producing similar goods and benefiting from privileged incentives will displace Pakistani firms in the international market.
Streamline storage, transportation and packaging industries for export of fruits, vegetables, and fresh flowers.
Link SEZs with well-known skill and technology development institutions of the country.
Accord complete and secured property rights protection to ensure sustainability as well as the attraction of Chinese firms who would then like to transfer technology and produce innovative goods.
SEZs should establish such activities as day care center, school facility, clinic, housing colonies, shopping center, restaurants, etc.
Do not allow the lessee of the land in SEZs to use land other than the pre-specified purpose.
Prepare and modernize domestic small and medium enterprises (SMEs) involved in the provision of ancillary businesses and locate them near to SEZs.
Allow duty-free import of new machinery and equipment to establish Chinese enterprises in the SEZs. Provide 100% tax holidays only to export and innovative products producing firms for first ten years, followed by 50% for next ten years provided the companies show the set performance and modernize their technologies.
Chinese investors, who wish to relocate their industry out of Pakistan, should pay some pre-defined service charge. This is to discourage the footloose investment, where investors enjoy the benefits and soon after leaving the country.
Provide a mechanism for single-window clearance for SEZ companies.
Provide a mechanism for resolving matters concerned with labor, pollution authority, etc.
Provide full rights of hiring and firing any employee in SEZs. Investors will be free to set their pay packages and terms of work. The Government should not intervene in such decisions. Investors should be, however, required to observe all the employment and social protection conventions and laws set by the International Labor Organization and other global organizations.
A Committee comprised of SEZs administration and local authorities should be set-up to oversee observation of internationally accepted rules and laws. The Committee will try to resolve all disputes amicably. Alternatively, a time-bound dispute resolution mechanism should be established to the satisfaction of parties involved in the disputes.
Preference will be given to Pakistani and in particular local labor, but in case of expertise is not available in Pakistan, Chinese workers can be hired.
Ensure that (dry or sea) port and market access through efficient transportation system is available. This will guarantee the just-in-time availability of raw materials as well as delivery of produced goods.
Local transportation may be handled exclusively by Pakistani transport companies or joint Pak-China companies who need to be bound by certain regulations for the provision of cost-effective and smooth flow of cargoes coming in and going out of SEZs.
Create a special cadre of customs officials and staff who can facilitate SEZs’ trade on an efficient basis, especially minimizing the time involved in various procedures. By cutting delays, bureaucratic hurdles and corruption trade costs will be cut down for export-oriented industries.
Every zone should have its own power generation facility and provisions be made that WAPDA supplies are available on an immediate basis in case of a breakdown of SEZ’s electric plant. Also make full provision of gas, petroleum and other utilities at internationally competitive rates.
Skills’ gap often frustrates SEZ firms because then they have to devote an unproductive amount of time to micro-managing staff. So Pakistan urgently needs to prepare its workforce to bridge any potential skills’ gap.
All ministries must work harder, better, and smarter to ensure speedy implementation of SEZs’ projects to seize the upcoming opportunities.
All the provincial and federal governments should work together as ‘one team’ for the success of the SEZs.
Last but not the least, foolproof security should be guaranteed by all provincial and local administrations for the safety of SEZs and their workforce.
Written By: Dr. Zafar Mehmood: The Professor of Economics at School of Social Sciences and Humanities at NUST, Islamabad.
|
https://rashakai.com/china-pakistan-special-economic-zones/
|
Starter 2-4-2015 What are the positive impacts of this invention?
How has this invention impacted people in a negative way? Has it made the world a "smaller" place in any way? Explain your answer.
2
Over the past 20 years we have been involved in a technological revolution. What we have seen in the last few years was unimaginable when our grandparents were young, and has changed the way the world communicates and does business. Can you think of another time period when inventions changed the world dramatically in a short time?
3
http://www. mrpopculture
4
Without the Industrial Revolution ( ’s), many of the conveniences of today might not have come along so quickly. The Industrial Revolution spread throughout the world but it all began in England. We will learn what caused this revolution to take place. The theme of the Industrial Revolution is competition and necessity.
5
Was there an Industrial Revolution?
1750–1900 1 of 26
6
#1 The Domestic System Before 1750, industries, such as the textile industry, were very small. In most cases, the thread or cloth was produced in people’s homes or small workshops. The manufacturer would deliver the raw materials and the whole family, including the children, would make the goods in their cottage using hand- or water-powered spinning wheels or looms. 2 of 26
7
#2 The manufacturer would then collect the finished product in return for a payment to the head of the family. This type of industry is called the Domestic System. Think! What were the advantages of the Domestic System for workers? What were the disadvantages for the manufacturer? 3 of 26
8
# 3 Why did the Domestic System have to change?
The Domestic System could only produce goods in small quantities. As manufacture was by hand, with items being made individually, it was a slow process. With the rapidly growing population of this period, the Domestic System just would not have been able to produce the amount of goods required. Some manufacturers recognized the need to speed up production, and invented new machinery which could do the work of several people. As the next slide shows, this did not happen overnight, but was a long process which began before 1750. 4 of 26
9
#4 The Factory System From about 1750 there was a major change in the way some goods were made. Instead of people working small hand-powered machines in their homes, new factories were set up with rows of large machines. Workers would leave their homes each day to work in the factory, in return for a weekly wage. 5 of 26
10
Some factories were huge
Some factories were huge. This cotton mill, built in 1850 by Sir Titus Salt just outside Bradford, was one of the largest of its time. 6 of 26
11
#5 The larger machines in one location meant that goods could be produced in huge quantities at more affordable prices. A machine operated by one worker in a factory could do the work of several families at home. To begin with, many of the machines were powered by water wheels, but by the beginning of the 19th century many used steam power. The Domestic System still continued alongside the Factory System for a time, but it became more and more difficult to compete against mass production. 7 of 26
12
1) Think of one advantage and one disadvantage of the Factory System for the workers. 2) What major improvement was there for the manufacturer in the Factory System? 8 of 26
13
#6 Why was there an Industrial Revolution?
There are many reasons why industry changed: Invention of steam power Invention of new machines Increased population Development of new transport systems Development of the British Empire. 9 of 26
14
# 6a) The invention of the steam engine
Steam-powered machines in the iron industry, such as the steam hammer, could shape huge pieces of iron for making machines, girders, ships or railway tracks. A steam engine 10 of 26
15
#6b Steam pumps could now pump water out of mines, allowing deeper mines to be dug. More coal was produced which was needed, in turn, to fuel the steam engines. Many factory machines were steam-powered. Steam engines powered trains and ships. These could carry much larger quantities of raw materials and finished goods across Britain and the world, and in a faster time. Don’t forget that industries were already changing before the invention of the steam engine. 11 of 26
16
#6c) Invention of new machines
This was a period of invention. Many new machines were designed to speed up production. In the 18th century these were powered by hand or water, but the steam-powered machines of the next century were altogether more powerful, faster and more precise. Now mass production was possible. 12 of 26
17
Watch the next two slides carefully
#6d) Increased population The growing population and the migration of people from the countryside to the industrial towns provided a huge workforce for new industries. Without this the factories could not have succeeded. The increased population also resulted in many more people needing and buying goods. There was, therefore, a huge demand for these new mass-produced goods. Watch the next two slides carefully 13 of 26
18
#6e) How the British workforce was occupied 1801 to 1871.
No. of people in millions 14 of 26
19
#6F How the workforce changed: Occupations in 1801 Occupations in 1871
15 of 26
20
#6G) New transport systems
As the industry started changing, new transport systems developed alongside. In the mid-18th century the first canals were built to transport raw materials to the factories and to take finished goods to markets. Following the invention of the steam engine, the railways and steam ships transformed the transportation of both raw materials and mass-produced goods. Costs were reduced and time was saved. 16 of 26
21
Think! #6H) Development of the British Empire
During the 18th and 19th centuries, Britain gained control of more and more territories or colonies. This empire helped the revolution of industry by providing the raw materials that were necessary. It also provided new markets in which to sell Britain’s manufactured goods. Think! What problems would the British industry have had without an empire? 17 of 26
22
Keywords 18 of 26
Similar presentations
© 2020 SlidePlayer.com Inc.
All rights reserved.
|
http://slideplayer.com/slide/7242373/
|
This research set out to the impact of efficient distribution system in manufacturing company using the Nigerian Bottling Company (NBC) Owerri as a case for analysis. Management and staff of Nigerian Bottling Company were considered in the investigation. Relevant data were collected through the use of questionnaires and oral interviews designed to elicit useful information for this purpose.
Major research finding were that:
- To determine exactly how too many channel members raise the cost of moving goods to the consumers.
- Find out if the distribution system of the Nigeria Bottling company Plc is standard and effective one.
Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendation was made:
- The company should impracing the distribution system of the company.
- The marketing / sales department should be properly be reorganized.
- The company should examine its objective plans and policies as they relate to distribution.
Table Of Content
Preliminary Page(s)
- Title Page
- Approval Page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Abstract
- Table Of Content
Chapter One
1.0 Introduction
- 1.1 Background
- 1.2 Statement of the problem
- 1.3 Objective of the Study
- 1.4 Research Question
- 1.5 Scope of the study
- 1.6 Significance of the study
- 1.7 Hypothesis
- 1.8 Limitation of the study
- 1.9 Definition of terms
Chapter Two
2.0 Literature Review
- 2.1 Definition and meaning of physical distribution
- 2.2 Activities involved in physical distribution
- 2.3 Management of physical/cost trade-offs between physical distribution sub-functions
- 2.4 Factors affecting choice of distribution channels
- 2.5 Tackling the problem of cost trade off between physical distribution sub-functions.
Chapter Three
3.0 Research Methodology
- 3.1 Research Design
- 3.2 Population of study
- 3.3 Sampling procedure & Technique
- 3.4 Data collection method
- 3.5 Questionnaire Design
- 3.6 Description of Data Analysis/Technique
Chapter Four
4.0 Presentation Design and Administration
- 4.1 Presentations and Analysis of Data
- 4.2 Testing of Hypothesis
- 4.3 Discussion of the Findings
Chapter Five
5.0 Summary of Finding Conclusion and Recommendation
- 5.2 Summary of Findings
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
- Appendix
- Questionnaire
- Bibliography
Chapter One
1.0 Introduction
A quick glance at the project topic: the impact of efficient distribution system of materials in an organisation a case study of Coca-cola Plc, Owerri or Nigeria Bottling Company, Owerri shows that it is topical both in times and place. The reason is not far fetched frankly speaking and in the interest of mankind, the image of soft drink organization in the country today has been nothing to write home about of be proud of their materials have been most chaotic.
Production is deemed not complete until the product reaches the consumers in the right quality, at the right place and in good condition. The impacts of distribution system of materials show the linkage between the producers and the consumer in this regard. Organization area fast springing up in Nigeria and there is need for distribution system; so that goods produced can get to the consumers even at grassroots level.
Basically, the term marketing has two divergent but related processes and this should be taken npte of the first of the processes deals with the search for and stimulation of buyers of material while the second deals with physical distribution of materials. Experience has own that owing to the increased competition for consumers, most entrepreneurs and industrialists as well as their marketing executives have devotes the bulk of their not only in the search and stimulation function as was done in the past, but also in the second function which emphasises on the physical distribution of materials. With only search and stimulation function in mind, their attention was focused on developing a mixture of products, prices and promotion, channels that would keep demand high and growing. They have therefore viewed physical distribution or the logistics of getting materials to the buyers as supportive and subsidiary activities.
But more recently, several marketing developments have rekindled most management’s interest in the logistics problem and these developments led them to wonder whether they were not neglecting many opportunities to increase customers view.
An effective customer services is not without distribution system. According to a well known management expert Peter Drucker, he said that “Physical distribution management is the last frontier of cost reduction” what he meant is that by looking at of distribution a complete system, a manufacture can make a much more significant level savings which are so available to him within the organization area. Physical distribution and logistics for instance, a nations Army cannot afford to have a unit or a battalion in position with guns but no communication. By the same toekn, business like Nigeria Bottling Company, Owerri is a weak position when it has order for soft drinks but nothing to deliver or slip or when it has a depot full of crates of beverages in Owerri, Imo State but insist no customers within Owerri Metropolis only.
In essence non-availability of transportation has made the company to at time forgets their distributor outside Owerri Imo State thereby concentrating on those within lmo State.
The above example, points up the importance of location of marketing, especially as regards merchandise like soft drink.
Peter Drucer (1990) page 25th edition.
1.1 Background Of Nigeria Bottling Company
The research cannot conclude the general introduction without giving brief description of the companies used this research.
The NBC, Ltd. Owerri, producers soft drinks or beverages is one of the numerous groups of companies owned by the leventis Nigerian and with their headquarter at Ikeja Lagos State which is controlled by an overall general manager.
The company’s business activities are now grouped into three divisions namely bottling division, the agricultural division and the allied industries division.
The company has more than eighteen (18) bottling plants spread over the country and more than fifty-two (52) depots in all stats of the Federation over one hundred thousand (100,000) registered dealer most whom operate retail outlets spread to cover the entire country. The Owerri plant, which is the researches, is of concentration located along Owerri- Onitsha road express. The organization assorted types of soft drinks, ranges from coca-cola, fanta orange, tonic krest, sprite etc.
This organization operates three department stores as follows:
- The warehouse for housing the various raw materials.
- The finished product stores.
- The spare and equipment stores.
The Chief raw materials are sugar, chemicals grown corks and concentrates the products are distributed through two types of distributorship system; group one are those appointed right from Lagos and are called “first class” while the manager as “second-class distribution”
The Organizations background information will further be treated under the following headings. For instance administration, production, raw materials sourcing, finance section, the sales/finished product/distribution, stores respectively.
Administration
The organization is made up of five (5) sections namely the production section, the works section; the personnel section, the accounts section and the finished/sales section. There are headed by a plant manager as the administrative officer.
Production/raw materials sourcing:
The production division that is under production manager plants the production processes and controls the inventory analysis.
The organization has an import license allocation of more than N50, 000 for the year 2005.
This is meant to procure the raw material requirements of the organization. Although their raw material needs are in the interim foreign oriented. This source of raw material accounts for 75% of their total raw material while the remaining 25% is locally acquired. They also acquired most of their foreign raw materials through outright chase from companies within the country.
Their raw materials requirement at full capacity is more than 1,000,000 kilogram of sugar, more than 1,000,000 quantities of crown corks, more than volume of chemicals and concentrates. Their cost of raw materials at full production is n2million only.
The works section, which is under the spare parts manager, performs the following functions:
- Maintenance and Founding
- Laboratory and quality control
- Industrial Safety and Auxiliaries department.
Finance Section
The account manager is at the helps of affairs and he reports to the plant managers and in addition performs the following functions:
- Plans “the financial aspects of the company”.
- Plans budgets and controls.
The Sales/Finished Products/Distribution
- Plans the marketing and sales of products.
- Logistics planning.
- Sales forecast.
The aim of this division is for efficient operation. Though is same organization, this does not obtain. Thus the purpose of operating a storehouse for these materials is distinctly different from that for saleable finished goods. Most of finished products are stored in the stockyard mainly because of lack of space in the warehouse.
The company uses middlemen in distributing its products and at times it sells directly to the customers/consumers especially when circumstances call for that market surveys, interviews and so on are used collecting information from its distributors and consumers and these methods have been working for the company.
The company’s competitors are 7up Bottling Company Plc and Limca Bottling Company Plc and NBC has continued to have market shares of 60% while its competitors have the remaining 40%.
This section also has the function of employing suitable mode of transportation for distribution of the company’s product, advertisement of the company’s product and making sure that distributors and consumers are treated equally. Also, different sizes for the company’s products like 35cl, 25cl and 1 litre coca-cola are taken care of by this section in views of their distribution. The company in a bide to solidity its leading position in the market recently slashed it’s retail price from N25 to N30 in case of 35cl and N25 in case of 25cl while crete price fail to N510 from N620 in case of 35cl and N360 for 25cl liquid content only. About 200,000 beverages are produced weekly.
The Stores
The stores management covers the following activities:
Holding, controlling and issuing stocks control of all store houses, materials handing functions quality control activities. Administration of store operation.
1.2 Statement Of Problem
The need for efficient soft drink distribution within the system and the growing need for proper logistics have become very necessary. It is obvious that the market within which Nigeria bottling company operates is a competitive market with other bottling companies around; Nigeria bottling company is confronted with a lot of internal and external problems bordering on political, social, economic factors. These problems, which they encounter, are found under the broad aspect of distribution of material method and distribution logistics. They include:
- The problem of adequate transportation and storage facilities for effective distribution.
- The problem of not embarking on thorough market research, as it’s absence militates against the standard marketing practice of identifying target markets, consumers and their needs.
- The problem of how the organization should cope with the staff competition in the soft drinks market due to proliferation and consequent over flooding of product by other bottling plants in the country.
- Method of selection of distributor is another problem.
- Finance is another problem militating against the company’s to execute most of it’s planned promotional programmers like advertising, sales promotion, publicity and personal selling which collectively is one aspect of the firms marketing strategies and directions made it’s product, price and distribution.
- The problem of machine breakdown due to lack of machinery spare arts has adversely affected the company.
- The problem of increasing cost of raw materials in the long run affects the cost of production and other services like distribution. It is note worthy to mention here that the researcher does at this claim that the problems outlined above are the only problems. Far from that, it is clear that more problems may exist. But since the sole and of this project is not more identification of problems but to find the possibilities of getting Nigeria bottling company soft drinks play its role in the light of these problem as their problem and that of those yet to be identified will be traced in the data analysis, with recommendations.
1.3 Objective Of The Study
It is very important that every study must have objectives and this one is not an exemption it has following objectives:
- To determine exactly how too many channel number raise the cost of moving goods to the consumers.
- Find out if the distribution system of the Nigeria bottling company PLC is of standard.
- To make recommendation on improving the distribution system of company.
1.4 Research Questions
- Does it determine exactly how too many channel member raise the cost of moving goods to the consumers
- Does distribution system of NBC, PLC is of standard?
- What distribution system will be appropriate for improving organization performance?
- Does the production capacity enhance more sufficient satisfaction to human need?
1.5 Scope Of The Study
The researcher will focus the study on the activities of physical distribution in Nigeria Bottling company PLC. Owerri Imo State in trying to identify the impact of physical distribution of material, in depth study will be taken on the present of transport, warehouse, material handling the order processing and industrial packaging etc.
Formulation Of Hypothesis
- HO 1: The company has warehouses outside their plant location
- HO2: They have sufficient number of distribution van
- HO3: The company has dependable source of raw materials.
- HO4: The physical distribution management of the company is effective.
1.6 Significance Of Study
Since the problems listed are real- life problem this research will benefit rumours individuals organization.
First and foremost, it will improve researcher knowledge in lacking real-life purchasing problem as well as the course of academic chase.
Secondly, it will be beneficial to students who are given on research and also to organizations because it will help them to know places of deficiency
Thirdly, managers of various businesses will equally benefit from this research, as it will now be a basis for achievement of profit in their various disciplines.
Lastly, planners and decision makers will also benefit from this research, as it will be a basis for their future forecast for their organization.
1.7 Limitation Of Study
This work which is aimed at the impact of efficient distribution system of materials of coca-cola PLC, is a study based purely on the company. It therefore, behaves on the researcher to restrict herself on this particular industry, but not without the knowledge of their various distributor and consumers scattered all over it’s geographical area of sale in the eastern zone.
Owing to very limited time, the present economic situation and finance available for this study, the researcher or writer instead of travelling to all the distributors who came from the researcher would have travelled to the plant at the time I want, there to collect data relevant for this research.
To a large extent, bureaucracy or official protocol was a hindrance the elicitation of vital information. for instance, the question of market to department giving me their list of Distributors meet with such data.
My interviews with so many officials were to the plant or factory.
These were among the problems the researcher encounter in this research work.
In effect, these difficulties encountered necessitated the solely depend on answers obtained from the interview with sales / marketing manager of the plant.
1.8 Definition Of Terms
Production Materials:
– These represent those materials, which go directly into finished product.
Administration:
– Refers to the activities of the higher lake of the management group who determine major aims and policies.
Finance:
– Is money required to acquire space, buy raw materials, pay for service etc. with-out finance, it is difficult to implement a business idea.
Physical Distribution:
– Is an integrated set of activities that deal with managing the movement of product within firm and through marketing channels.
Scheduling:
– Is techniques that are available, which can be easily adapted to the most efficient utilization of resource during the study.
Routing:
– These are those parts or a map showing supply points and customer locations.
Warehouse:
– This is a process when a product or item of goods been stored, before it will undergo process distributing to the final consumer.
Stores:
– This is system where all items or materials be held physically in the store.
Chapter Five
5.0 Summary Of Findings, Conclusion And Recommendation
5.1 Summary Of Findings
This project study which is a modest attempt to the impacts of distribution system in manufacturing company in the NBC, PLC Owerri producer of beverages and so on has been painstakingly and systematically surveyed and analysed by the researcher.
As mentioned in the statement of purpose under one, the main objective of this study was to identify the company’s distribution problems and prospects in the soft drink market and in the light of both make some useful suggestion.
Chapter three saw how investigations into this work were conducted by the use of questions and questionnaire for the company and it’s distributors. Other method used by the researcher in conducting investigations into this research were observations, personnel interviews, and to some extent desk research.
In chapter four, the researcher presented analysed information and data gathered from the company and its distributors. The analysis of these information revealed the company’s internal and external distribution successes as well as those that run against it’s optimal if not a neat accomplishment of the company’s distribution objectives. They were all shown in the research’s presentation and analysis as in the findings.
And finally, in chapter five the researcher concluded and made useful conclusion, recommendation based on his findings on the improvement of the impacts of distribution system in manufacturing company.
5.2 Conclusion
That a firm sells or not depen7ds on the customers get its products hitter to and even now, companies. Simply physically push their product and wait for payment without performing other function like promotion s. they do not seen to envisage marketing problems, like competition and surplus in the foreseeable future. These and others are all more reasons why the research decoded to impact of efficient distribution system in manufacturing company in the Nigeria Bottling company.
It is the researchers contention that these reasons are problems, which the company can solve through effective distribution planning there, is therefore the need for the company to massively improve upon its existing distribution system.
To achieve this, the company has to adjust to advice offered under recommendation. They have been offered in the light of the shortcomings found within the company’s distribution system with all these recommendations, the impacts of distribution system in manufacturing company in the Nigeria Bottling company, the distributor network and consumers dependence will be improved, and hence their establishment of confidence in the company Nigerian Bottling company.
5.3 Recommendation
So far, the researcher has done the presentation analysis and finding based on the distribution system of Nigeria Bottling Company. The presentation and analysis pinpointed areas of problems in the company distributive system.
1) The researcher believes that most of those problems are within the control of company depending on how the marketing management and distribution know the how the management and even the general staff go about it.
Based on the foregoing, the following recommendations are made marketing/sales organization.
It is recommended that the marketing/sales department be properly organized. Considering the fact that the company is a fast growing one, and coupled with the fact marketing department is not standard set-up, the researcher is if the view that this department needs to be reorganized and restructured.
The should be done by bring qualified personnel, to professionally execute the company’s distributive functions so that it’s future marketing should makes rooms for posts such as those of the marketing manager, general sales managers, district sales manager. Advertising manager, research and development manager, sales promotion manager, area sales representatives and sales representatives.
The research is also of the view that the soft drinks market is a competitive one, and a time will come when supply will exceed demand, thereby resulting in soft drinks surplus. It is only the fittest that would surplus. It is not the fittest that would survive prosperously, to survive calls for application of marketing, distribution tactics and planning by various soft drinks producers to dispose of their surplus. These are markets and relatively little competition in the soft drink industry.
2) Distribution Objectives Plans And Politicies
It is a well-known fact that sound management requires clearly stated objectives, plans and policies, which are consistently followed and communicated.
It is recommended that the company should examine its objectives, plan policies as they related to distribution. in doing so, certain basic questions should be considered. in Nigeria bottling company. Products such as coke, sprite, fanta, orange, krest tonic, krest lemon, and so on. in the market at the right time, place to motivate consumers and guarantee confidence? What is the company trying to achieve by distributing its product to class of consumers by the use of different channels of distributing? Bearing the product in mind, the objectives of Nigerian bottling company should be to ensure that their products are available to the consumers through the company’s various channels of distribution. It should be noted that these distribution objective, plans and policies of the company be definitely sated in writing to all the staff directly connected with the attainment of such objectives.
3) Channels of distribution
The act of selling directly to customer should not be done always. It is only necessary when sales are low especially during the lean periods. The company should strictly follow the producer – distribution/wholesaler – retailer – consumer channel of distribution.
The distribution should be given their quotas first. Any other extra should then be sold to other, this would help to re-establish confidence.
Marketing Research and information system
The company should have a separate marketing research department which has to evolve a research on which whether the company has made any impact in it’s drive to achieve a lot or improve the welfare of the people by way of consumer satisfaction. This is the bone of success in any field of endeavour and distribution is not an exemption. Apart from computer, which is very difficult to come by in the present day situation, the use of telephone, which is easy to come by, and operation, simplifies the exercise.
These means of communication should be used by the company of monitoring it’s stock holding in it’s various locations and comparing it with the demand, all an effort to even the company’s distribution to meet the demand of the locality.
4) Deports and distributive outlet:
The company should by gradual process construct it’s own private depots like others. These depots should be sizeable, spacious and wisely located. In doing this, the company should determine the number of depots ti will maintain of course, with more depend that warehousing/depots costs go up with the number of deposit locations should therefore be chosen with an eye to balancing customers delivery services and distribution costs.
On distribution outlets, the company should not over look both the tapped and untapped outlets that abound in the various localities. Since soft drink consumption and price are higher in the towns and villages due to the fact that it passes through several middlemen from the depots before it gets to the ultimate consumers, the Nigerian. Bottling company should serve consumer in towns and villages by distributing through distribution retailing outlets.
Advertising and sales production.
The company should intensify its advertising and sales promotion effort in order to create more product awareness amongst present and potential consumer. This will help to project the corporate advertising image and strategy of the company. The company’s advertising and sales promotion budget should be increased.
Advertising through Television, Radio, Newspaper, Magazines, trade journals should be efficiently be used since different consumers are involved.
5) Competition
The “unhealthy competition” assumption by the company should no longer hold, strictly speaking competitors and competing brands abound the soft drink market. It is against this background that the researcher recommends that the company should endeavour to know:
- The competitor’s distribution structure as well as their strengths and weaknesses.
- The competitors market coverage and penetration
- Transportation methods used by competitors.
- Delivery periods and reliability of competitors
- The competitor’s specific completive selling conditions
Nigerian Bottling Company and its distribution,
The company’s distributors should be made to understand that they are a part the company’s distributive system. Workshops and seminars should be organized for from time to time. This is aimed at educating them on modern development in marketing as a whole and distribution in particular. The company should endeavour to monitor the affairs of its distributors most especially on prince. The company should introduce the attaches should buy from distributors at a given price. The company should list of its distributors and the roster showing the list of it’s distributors and the day they are billed to collect their orders. In times of scarcity, the company should treat all distributors equally.
6) Pricing And Price Monitoring Unit
That the cost of imported raw materials and custom duties have added to the company. Cost production should awaken it’s thought in expending action on the sourcing of it’s raw materials locally, the use of local raw materials by the company would create room. For cheap production of it’s production of it’s product and the subsequent fixing of a reasonable price for it.
The company should therefore, endeavour to see that this reasonable price of it’s products at each layer of the distribution chain is at least in line with the prices of those from it’s competitors. It is the responsibility of the company to ensure among other things that NBC products reach the consumer at the right time, place price.
Although decision of hypothesis always refers the managers to enhance more of their services to consumers.
The Impact Of Efficient Distribution System In Manufacturing Company (A Case Study Of Coca Cola Bottling Company Plc, Owerri)
The complete material will be sent to you in just 2 steps.
Quick & Simple…
Make payment of ₦3,000: through USSD Transfer, Bank Mobile App, ATM Transfer, or POS Transfer to:
|Account No.: 0811003731|
|Name: Samphina Academy|
|Account Type: Current|
Or Click Here to pay with Debit Card
|FOR CLIENTS OUTSIDE NIGERIA:|
|Click Here to pay with Debit Card ($15)|
|GHANA – Make Payment of 60 GHS to MTN MoMo, 0553978005, Douglas Osabutey|
Send the following details through Text Message or WhatsApp Messenger | +234-8143831497
- Payment Details
- Email Address
- The Impact Of Efficient Distribution System In Manufacturing Company (A Case Study Of Coca Cola Bottling Company Plc, Owerri)
The complete material will be sent to your email address after receiving your payment information | T & C Apply
You may also like:
⚠️ Need a different topic? Perform a quick search
Get A Complete Business Plan For Any Business In Nigeria
Disclaimer
This research material “The Impact Of Efficient Distribution System In Manufacturing Company (A Case Study Of Coca Cola Bottling Company Plc, Owerri)” is for research purposes and should be used as a guide in developing your research project / seminar work. For no reason should you copy word for word (verbatim) as samphina.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material.
The aim of providing this material is to reduce the stress of moving from one school library to another all in the name of searching for research materials. This service is legal because, all institutions permit their students to read previous projects, books, articles or papers while developing their own works. According to Austin Kleon “All creative work builds on what came before”.
samphina.com.ng is only providing this material “The Impact Of Efficient Distribution System In Manufacturing Company (A Case Study Of Coca Cola Bottling Company Plc, Owerri)” as a reference for your research. The paper should be used as a guide or framework for your own paper. The contents of this paper should be able to help you in generating new ideas and thoughts for your own research. Use it as a guidance purpose only.
|
https://samphina.com.ng/impact-efficient-distribution-system-manufacturing-company/
|
We can use a variety of these indicators to show us the general pattern of development around the world. You need to be able to explain why these differences exist:
There are three significant historical factors:
1. Coal
The UK was particularly fortunate to discover large quantities of high quality coal:
This coal was used in early industries such as iron smelting. This led to wealth that could then be spent on:
Education: meaning a more skilled and able workforce.
Experimentation: meaning innovating new technology. This included guns that could be used to secure new colonies. There was also significant investment in the armed forces.
Exploration: exploring the world and colonising much of it looking for new raw materials and markets to exploit.
2. Colonialism
This is the policy of obtaining and maintaining colonies. Basically, country A goes into country B and says we are now in charge! - Nice! Many European countries with greater armies and firepower were able to do this over most of Africa.
If you look at the historic reasons for colonialism you should start to appreciate how this hinders the development of some countries but promotes others. In the nineteenth century many countries from Europe went across to Africa to colonise them.
They wanted their raw materials to feed the industrial revolution that was taking place in their countries. This means that the materials from Africa were used to increase the wealth of the countries in Europe but obviously hindered the African countries chances of generating great wealth.
The industries that were developed in the colonies were extractive and road and rail networks were designed to bring products out of the countries rather than stimulate the economies.
3. The Slave Trade:
This took the strongest men and women from many African countries to work for European countries in strengthening their economies. Basically providing an incredibly cheap labour force to make them money. This again increased the wealth of the European countries and reduced the chance for African countries to develop.
1. Debt:
One of the greatest problems faced by less developing world countries is their level of foreign debt. By struggling to pay debt countries cannot invest in education, medical care, transport route and are often giving up more of their raw materials as pay off. Many countries particularly in Africa owe staggering amounts of money.
Ethiopia owes more than $10 billion. This is more than 13 times its foreign earnings. Ethiopia pays 4 times as much on debt repayment as it does on home expenditure. In the mean time 100 000 children die each year from diarrhoea.
You may have read about president Clinton put a system in place to write off debt. This is a good start and will be discussed in the reducing inequalities section.
2. The trade game:
Less developed countries are disadvantaged by the world-trading pattern. They primarily produce raw materials, which are sold to developed countries that manufacture a product. The profits on the raw material are very low whilst those on the manufacturing good are high.
Profits on the raw materials are kept low because so many countries are producing it. It is not unknown for that manufactured good to be sold back to the country that produced the raw material!
Coffee is a good example:
The UK imports 90% of its coffee as beans that it processes. On this it makes considerable profit. It prevents the developing world from setting up their own coffee processing plants by putting such a heavy tax on imported coffee that it would be unprofitable for them - i.e. it would be so highly priced because of the tax that no one would buy it.
3. Within the developing world the problems they face have often been made worse by political corruption:
In Zaire for example the late President Mobuto is reputed to have had a personal fortune of over £5 billion, much of which was money siphoned of loans from the World Bank.
In the time it took him to accrue this fortune the development of his country went into reverse. It was not even able to maintain the existing road networks.
4. When looking at the development of countries around the world it is always worthwhile considering the multiplier effect:
The simple principal is that if you have any investment in an area it will stimulate further investment. For example a new car plant in an area is likely to encourage linked industries to set up.
This could simply be the local catering van for the workers or textile industries making seat covers, engineering companies making shock absorbers or a new tyre plant. This gives more people work and therefore a wage that they will be inclined to spend so creating more jobs. The economy continues to grow.
Countries in the developed world have benefited significantly from this whilst those in the developing world have not.
1. Many less developed countries are located on or about the tropics. This means that they are in a situation where they will be prone to hurricanes:
These can have a devastating effect on a countries attempt to develop. Hurricane, which recently hit Central America, put back the development of Honduras by approximately 30 years.
Their economy was left in ruin, as it was almost entirely dependent on single crop agriculture - bananas - for the export market. These were destroyed by high winds and flooding.
2. The discovery of coal as discussed earlier would also fall into this category.
|
https://www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/geography/world-development/revise-it/global-inequalities
|
The transportation and logistics industries involve the physical movement of persons and goods. Logistics specifically refers to the transport of the goods, materials, or products, which includes the management of freight, storage, packaging, and inventory. Transport and logistics encompass a wide range of activities and play a vital role in the growth of other sectors of the Philippine economy. Extreme competition and growing international trade highlighted the role of the Service Sector where Transportation, Communication and Storage (TCS) is a component. In 2010, the Service Sector accounted for P3.2B (55%) of the real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) where TCS contributed P428M (13%). The TCS showed the fastest growth of 4.1% for the consecutive years 2008 and 2009. More recently, there has already been a recorded 7.4% increase for the first two quarters of 2011 relative to 2010.
CAREERS UNDER THIS INDUSTRY
Aeronautical Engineer
The Aeronautical Engineering profession encompasses the study of the theories of flight and basic engineering sciences and the application of these principles to the research and development, manufacture, operation, maintenance, repair, and modification of aircraft and its components.
Air Traffic Controller
Air traffic controllers coordinate the movement of air traffic, to ensure that aircraft stay safe distances apart.
Flight Attendant
A Flight Attendant provides personal services to ensure the safety and comfort of airline passengers during flight. He/she greets passengers, verifies tickets, explains the use of safety equipment, and serves food or beverages. “PRC”
Seaman
A Seaman works at a variety of tasks aboard a ship to ensure its safe passage to its destination. He must hold a government-issued certification when working aboard liquid-carrying vessels.
Inspector
Inspects incoming raw materials and completes documentation to indicate compliance with the company's quality standards.
OTHER INDUSTRIES TO CHECK OUT
Like what you're seeing?
|
https://www.edukasyon.ph/industries/trade-and-transport
|
User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction: The Journal of Personalization Research (UMUAI), an interdisciplinary journal edited by Informatics Professor Alfred Kobsa, celebrates its 25th anniversary with the August 2015 volume. The annual journal has long been a forum for research into the adaptability and personalization of interactive computer systems.
According to Kobsa, the journal has come a long way since its launch in 1991. “When the journal was launched 25 years ago the idea that computers should adapt to each individual user was virtually unheard of,” he says. “Today, however, personalization can be found everywhere on the Web.”
As an interdisciplinary forum, the journal serves audiences in several fields, including human-computer interaction, artificial intelligence, the instructional sciences, information systems, linguistics, and the information sciences. It publishes papers on applications in office machines and consumer electronics, applications in ubiquitous and mobile computing, privacy and security of information for personalization, and cultural adaptation, among many other topics.
UMUAI consistently ranks high in field-specific metrics. According to 2014 Source-Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) statistics, the journal is ranked:
- No. 5 among 84 journals in human-computer interaction
- No. 4 among 918 journals in education
- No. 5 among 507 journals in computer science applications
- No. 12 among more than 1,000 journals in computer science
- No. 5 among Microsoft Academic Search’s 26 human-computer interaction journals.
|
https://www.informatics.uci.edu/kobsa-edited-umuai-journal-celebrates-silver-anniversary/
|
Lorrie Cranor, a professor in the Institute for Software Research and the Department of Engineering and Public Policy, is this year’s recipient of the Social Impact Award from the Association for Computing Machinery Special Interest Group on Computer Human Interaction (SIGCHI).
Cranor’s former Societal Computing Ph.D. student Blase Ur won the group’s Outstanding Dissertation Award.
“Lorrie's work has had a huge impact on the ability of non-technical users to protect their security and privacy through her user-centered approach to security and privacy research and development of numerous tools and technologies,” said Ur, who prepared Cranor’s nomination and is now an assistant professor at the University of Chicago.
The Social Impact Award is given to mid-level or senior individuals who promote the application of human-computer interaction research to pressing social needs and includes an honorarium of $5,000, the opportunity to give a talk about the awarded work at the CHI conference, and lifetime invitations to the annual SIGCHI award banquet.
Ur and three other former students from Cranor’s CyLab Usable Privacy and Security Lab – Michelle Mazurek, Florian Schaub and Yang Wang – supported her nomination.
“All four of us are currently assistant professors, spread out across the United States,” said Ur, who received his doctorate degree in 2016. “In addition to this impact on end users, the four of us who jointly nominated her have also benefitted greatly from her mentorship."
|
https://cylab.cmu.edu/news/2018/02/23-cranor-ur-win-sigchi.html
|
My current research is focused on software engineering and security for Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), which are networked systems of cyber (computational and communication) and physical (sensors and actuators) components that interact in a feedback loop with the possibility of human intervention, interaction and utilization. These systems will provide the foundation of our critical infrastructure and have the potential for a profound impact on our daily lives as they form the basis for emerging and future smart services. CPS present new challenges where existing best practices are insufficient, requiring a broad approach with expertise in sensing and hardware, networking, security & privacy, human-computer interaction, and machine learning.
My research is applied and experimental in nature, so I am looking for students capable of designing and implementing machine learning algorithms and building large scale systems.
I have received research funding from the following organizations and I am grateful for their support:
|
https://faculty.uoit.ca/mahmoud/index.php?page=research
|
The security concerns due to the September 11 and later terroristic attacks, fostered the development of more advanced techniques for biometric identification. This had a positive impact to research and deployment of these technologies, founding a basis for security-related applications. At the same time, the privacy concerns for the misuse of personal information have hindered the application of the same technologies wherever their introduction could not be enforced. The risk is for the scientific development to be blocked by contradictory needs, which, in turn, often derive from misconceptions or misunderstanding of the real potential of biometric technologies. Within this context, ambient intelligence allows to consider the relation between biometrics and privacy under a different perspective. In fact, as most of times we are able to maintain social relations without the need to know each other’s identity (consider for example the case of a customer relating with an attendant at a department store), in the same way biometric technologies can facilitate the man–machine interaction (to better provide useful services) without the need to determine the user’s full identity. Also in the case of security applications, most often may be sufficient to retrieve ancillary information about a subject rather than determining his/her identity. This paper analyzes the potential of biometric technologies within the general scope of ambient intelligence, trying to identify some key technological issues which may respond to privacy concerns. Some example applications are considered where by exploiting the information contained in biometric data, such as the facial expression or other, non visual, measurements, it is possible to better relate the user with the environment and provide a substantial input to drive the services provided, without compromising his privacy.
|
https://research.tue.nl/en/publications/biometrics-in-ambient-intelligence
|
be taken into account during the requirements analysis and planning stage. Ultimately, proof of compliance must also be demonstrated, e.g.,
by means of a certification.
The Professorship in Data Protection and Compliance focuses on the methods and tools needed for the technical implementation of
requirements resulting from, for example, the European General Data Protection Regulation and the new German IT Security Act, and it will
also develop IT concepts for the implementation of the privacy-by-design paradigm.
In order to fully investigate and resolve security incidents, evidence must be gathered and analyzed while maintaining the integrity of the
chain of custody. In order to deal with sophisticated attacks that are increasingly leaving fewer traces in compromised IT systems, the
concealment of traces, the use of encryption and, for example, requirements regarding the automation and the scalability of digital forensics,
the Professorship will research new approaches to analyzing the main and background memories of mobile and stationary systems as well as
networked applications, among others topics.
The situation assessment and documentation in cyber space as a basis for planning and decision processes can no longer be completely
achieved using dedicated sensors and traditional reporting channels. Instead, the analysis of public sources, such as social media and internet
communities, has become crucial to ensure the timeliness and correct focus of situation reports.
The Professorship in Open Source Intelligence and Situation Assessment will develop methods for continuous information gathering in networked
environments using experience and findings from previous operations, as well as methods to compile clear and concise situation reports.
As users often act carelessly with their personal data and internet providers frequently favor commercial interests over protective measures,
it is becoming easier and less risky for organized crime to commit, among other things, identity theft.
The Professorship in Privacy Enhancing Technologies will research new approaches to eliminate or at least minimize the unnecessary or
unwanted disclosure of information during the use of networked applications and to ensure that stored data is not analyzed and forwarded
to third parties without user consent.
Programming errors, insufficient adaptation to new operating environments, and negligent use of IT systems often lead to vulnerabilities that
allow attackers to obtain unauthorized access to processed data or even take control of entire systems.
The Professorship in IT Vulnerability and Security Testing will deal with the systematic handling of such vulnerabilities in IT systems and testing
methods for their identification and assessment, so that, for instance, penetration tests of networked applications can be employed to
determine areas in which the security levels need to be improved.
The security of software crucially depends on the priority assigned to information security attributes during the requirements analysis,
system design, and programming as well as the associated testing and approval procedures.
In the Professorship in Secure Software Development, the two disciplines of software engineering and security engineering overlap. It deals
with methods, algorithms, and tools required for the implementation of software according to the secure-by-design, secure-by-default, and
secure-in-deployment paradigms.
Information security and data protection necessitate the implementation and use of technical mechanisms that are too complex to apply
for many users. E-mail encryption procedures, for instance, have only been utilized by IT experts for decades because the time and effort
necessary for their use is much too high compared to their subjective benefits.
The Professorship in Usable Security and Privacy will investigate user-friendly approaches to security and data protection procedures and
to the implementation of graphical interfaces for human-computer interaction in order to enhance the usability and therefore ensure the
extensive employment of important protective measures.
The Universität der Bundeswehr München offers academic programs directed primarily at Officer Candidates and Officers, who can obtain
Bachelor‘s and Master‘s degrees within a trimester system. Depending on spare capacity, civilian students are allowed to enroll. The study
course is complemented by interdisciplinary elements in an integrated program entitled „studium plus“.
Preconditions of employment and the legal duty positioning of Professors are based upon the “Bundesbeamtengesetz”. Employment as a
“Beamtin/Beamter” requires that the candidate is not older than 50 at the date of appointment.
The University seeks to increase the number of female Professors and thus explicitly invites women to submit applications. Severely disabled
candidates with equal qualifications will receive preferential consideration.
Please submit your application documents marked as Confidential Personnel Matter to the Department Head of the Computer Science
Department at the Universität der Bundeswehr München, 85577 Neubiberg, by October 15th, 2016.
|
http://mags.acm.org/communications/september_2016/?pg=103
|
My name is Daniel LeBlanc. I'm currently working on my PhD in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) in the Psychology Department at Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario.
I've studied the usable security of graphical passwords, as well as various privacy, security, and trust issues concerned in user decision-making in online environments and interactions.
I've decided to start a new project, Aegis, in order to let others in the field know what I'm currently working on, what my research interests are, and how I can potentially help
with current and ongoing issues in computer security. Feel free to contact me to let me know your thoughts about this project. I appreciate your comments.
I've devoted my time and focus to research in the area of usable security. During my time at the graduate level, I've had the opportunity to work on various projects with experts in the
fields of Computer Science and Human-Computer Interaction.
My PhD thesis research topic deals with trust decisions users are faced with when in online environments. When people choose to visit a given website, or download and install
a computer program, they are making a trust decision about the supplier and source. It appears that a large majority of users commonly place their trust in most, if not all,
websites and software applications they encounter, and this causes significant security problems.
Any solutions proposed to reduce the threat of these bad websites and applications must include a consideration of the psychological processes of the end users.
My research deals with finding these solutions to the end-user trust problem.
Since beginning my Honour's undergraduate degree in Psychology, I've conducted interesting research in various areas.
Perception (Visual): For my undergraduate Honour's thesis, I researched whether luminosity distributions in visual scenes conformed to Zipf's power law. We were interested in seeing whether
the luminosity of a given visual scene followed a distinctive pattern such as this type of power law.
Human-Computer Interaction (Security): For my Master's thesis, I researched eye tracking in graphical password use. We were interested in finding out whether malicious users
could gather eye tracker data in an effort to guess other users' graphical password click-points.
Human-Computer Interaction (Security): For my PhD thesis, we're in the process of gathering pilot data for a large project on user trust in online environments and transactions.
We're interested in finding out more about why users often make decisions in online environments that can often lead to the theft of their personal information.
For more information on the projects I've done during my time as a student, please refer to the "Curriculum Vitae" section of this website.
Doctorate in Psychology (Human-Computer Interaction) Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, 2009 - Present
Master's Degree in Psychology (Human-Computer Interaction) Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, 2009
Bachelor's degree (High Honours)Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, 2006
Webmaster CertificateLa Cité collégiale, Ottawa, ON, 2001
Diploma in Design and Management of Multimedia ProductionsCCNB, Dieppe, NB, 2001
LeBlanc, D. Forget, A. Biddle, R. (2010). Guessing click-based graphical passwords by eye tracking. 2010 Eighth Annual International Conference on Privacy, Security, and Trust (PST),
pp. 197-204.
LeBlanc, D., Forget, A., & Biddle, R. (2010). Guessing PassPoints by eye tracking. Poster Session, Second Internetworked Systems Security Network (ISSNet) Annual Workshop April 2010,
Ottawa, Canada.
LeBlanc, D. (2009). Can preselection gaze distribution statistics predict graphical passwords? Master's Thesis. Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario.
LeBlanc, D., Forget, A., Chiasson, S., & Biddle, R. (2008). Can eye gaze reveal graphical passwords? ACM Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS). Pittsburgh, USA: ACM.
Carleton University HotSoft Lab
This is where the students in our HotSoft group come to work, discuss ideas, and conduct research. Students generally come from a computer science, cognitive science, psychology, or humanities background.
Carleton University HOT Lab
The parent laboratory of the HotSoft group at Carleton University.
NSERC ISSNet
This network consists of leading researchers in computer and network security and related areas from academia, industry and both provincial and federal governments.
CapCHI
CapCHI is a social and professional society of people who work as user interface designers, researchers, educators, software developers, web designers, graphic designers and human factors engineers
in and around Canada’s National Capital Region.
|
https://hotsoft.carleton.ca/~dleblanc/
|
problem-solving, over prompted interaction (the scenario machine).
|
The study suggests two distinctive roles that animations could exploit within computer instruction. Simply watching an animated demonstration can provide a useful introduction to complex interfaces; additionally, animations can be an effective 'example following' resource for more active problem-solving.
Keywords: Human-computer interaction, Training, Animated demonstrations, Problem solving
|Effect of Error Information in Tutorial Documentation||| BIBAK||23-40|
|Ard W. Lazonder; Hans van der Meij|
|In learning to use software, people spend at least 30% of their time on
dealing with errors. It could therefore be desirable to exploit users' errors
rather than to avoid them. That is, to include error information in a manual
to support users in dealing with errors. An experiment was performed to
examine the functionality of such error information in a manual for a word
processor. Two manuals were compared, one with error information and one from
which this information was removed. Forty-two subjects were randomly assigned
to one of the two conditions. Subjects who used the manual with error
information were expected to become more proficient at using the word processor
(i.e. to show better constructive and corrective skills) and to develop more
self-confidence. The results were equivocal. On some aspects of skill the
error information in the manual led to better performance (i.e. correcting
syntactic errors). On others it had an adverse effect (i.e. detection of
semantic errors and overall error-correction time). Explanations are advanced
for these findings and topics for further research are identified.|
Keywords: Human-computer interaction, Human error, Tutorial documentation, Error information, Corrective skills development
|Design and Implementation of a User-Oriented Speech Recognition Interface: The Synergy of Technology and Human Factors||| BIBAK||41-60|
|Sietse H. Kloosterman|
|The design and implementation of a user-oriented speech recognition
interface are described. The interface enables the use of speech recognition
in so-called interactive voice response systems which can be accessed via a
telephone connection. In the design of the interface a synergy of technology
and human factors is achieved. This synergy is very important for making
speech interfaces a natural and acceptable form of human-machine interaction.
Important concepts such as interfaces, human factors and speech recognition are
discussed. Additionally, an indication is given as to how the synergy of human
factors and technology can be realised by a sketch of the interface's
implementation. An explanation is also provided of how the interface might be
integrated in different applications fruitfully.|
Keywords: Human-computer interaction, Interface, Speech recognition, Interactive voice response system
|Interacting Cognitive Subsystems: A Framework for Considering the Relationships between Performance and Knowledge Representations||| BIBAK||61-85|
|Alison J. K. Green|
|The paper has two principal aims. The first is to explore the role played
in expertise by information represented in different mental codes. The second
is to forge some links between research in the more traditional problem-solving
domains and research in the domain of human-computer interaction. Barnard's
(1985, 1987) model of human information processing, Interacting Cognitive
Subsystems (ICS), is referred to extensively in order to do this. The ICS
framework distinguishes several different subsystems, each specialised for
processing information represented in particular mental codes. The paper
explores the relationships between tasks and different types of mental
representations. Examples from traditional problem-solving domains and from
the human-computer interaction domain are analysed in terms of their
requirements for different classes of mental representations in order to show
how the approach provides useful insights into the development of skilled
behaviour.|
Keywords: Human-computer interaction, Knowledge representation, Cognitive subsystems
|Understanding Usability Issues Addressed by Three User-System Interface Evaluation Techniques||| BIBAK||86-108|
|Donna L. Cuomo; Charles D. Bowen|
|Three structured judgment evaluation techniques were applied to a system
with a graphical direct manipulation style interface, to understand the types
of usability problems they address. These evaluation techniques were cognitive
walkthrough, heuristic evaluation, and the Smith and Mosier (1986) guidelines.
The authors wanted to learn whether the techniques identify problems: across
all stages of user activity, which noticeably affect users' performance with
the system, and which are important to the usability of direct
manipulation-style systems. Results showed that the cognitive walkthrough
method identifies issues almost exclusively within the action specification
stage, while guidelines covered more stages. The walkthrough was best,
however, and the guidelines worst at predicting problems that cause users
noticeable difficulty (as observed during a usability study). All the
techniques could be improved in assessing semantic distance and addressing all
stages on the evaluation side of the HCI activity cycle. To evaluate the
directness of engagements, improved or new techniques are needed.|
Keywords: Human-computer interaction, User interface, Evaluation, Usability, Cognitive walk-through, Guidelines
|Reply to Fraser and Wrigley or Definitely Not the Last Word on Language Varieties||| BIB||109-110|
|Jussi Karlgren|
|Electronic Bulletin Boards: A Case Study of Computer-Mediated Communication||| BIBAK||117-134|
|Raymond S. Nickerson|
|Some observational data are presented on the use of an electronic bulletin
board that serves a community of users within a single company. The major
purposes for which this bulletin board is used are identified and some use
patterns are given. Opportunities for human factors research on this
technology are discussed.|
Keywords: Human-computer interaction, Computer-mediated communication, Electronic bulletin boards, Electronic mail
|Multiple Worlds: An Approach to Multimedia Resource Management Using Truth Maintenance||| BIBAK||135-150|
|A. D. Bray; J. L. Alty|
|Resource management in a multimedia presentation system is discussed with
reference to the PROMISE multimedia presentation system. Because of the
complex nature of environments such as process control, designers need to be
able to examine the alternative possibilities which arise from their design
decisions. The paper describes an approach to this problem using truth
maintenance. A tool is described which allows multiple views of competing
presentation worlds.|
Keywords: Human-computer interaction, Multimedia, Media alternatives, Resource allocation, Knowledge base, Truth maintenance, PROMISE
|Studies of Turn-Taking in Computer-Mediated Communication||| BIBAK||151-171|
|Andy McKinlay; Rob Procter; Oliver Masting; Robin Woodburn; John Arnott|
|Groupware is designed to provide opportunities for physically dispersed
computer users to co-operate in a manner akin to a face-to-face meeting.
Little is understood, however, of the factors that might influence its success.
One possible factor is 'floor control', or turn-taking, which is an important
feature of face-to-face meetings. The paper describes experiments designed to
examine the importance of turn-taking in computer-mediated communications, in
comparison with face-to-face conversations, and considers means whereby
turn-taking behaviour, and hence the effectiveness of groupware, can be
improved.|
Keywords: Human-computer interaction, Computer-supported cooperative work, Conversational analysis, Computer-mediated communications, Turn-taking
|A Conceptualisation of Multiparty Interaction||| BIBAK||173-189|
|Graham Storrs|
|An ontology is presented for the field of human-computer interaction (HCI).
This amplifies and extends an earlier version of the conceptualisation (Storrs,
1989). The paper argues that such a conceptualisation is a necessary step in
the development of theory in HCI and discusses the need for and the nature of
such a theory. It is argued that no adequate theory of HCI exists at present
and this paper does not attempt to offer one. The model proposed is based on
the idea that an interaction is an exchange of information between
participating agents through sets of information channels (interfaces) for the
purpose of altering their states. These notions are defined and the paper pays
particular attention to the concepts of participant, interaction and purpose,
describing several different types of participant and the different roles they
may play as well as various dimensions and elements of interactions. Finally,
the strong and weak points of the conceptualisation are discussed in an attempt
to assess its value.|
Keywords: Human-computer interaction, Theoretical model, Multiparty interaction, Computer-supported co-operative work
|Development and Validation of Icons Varying in their Abstractness||| BIBAK||191-211|
|Mariano Garcia; Albert N. Badre; John T. Stasko|
|Icons are used widely in human-computer interfaces. The level of
abstractness-concreteness of an icon and its effect upon performance is of
widespread interest. The authors have devised a quantitative measure for
abstractness based on the complexity of the icon. They test their metric
against subjective judgments of abstractness as identified by two different
groups of subjects. After ranking two sets of 'abstract' and 'concrete' icons,
the authors examined how well the icons were matched to the Pascal constructs
that they represented. Further experiments were conducted using different
groups of subjects to check whether correct matching of the icons with
constructs was influenced by context. In summary the authors found that their
metric was a good match for subjective measures of abstractness-concreteness.
They also found that there is a better identification of concrete icons than
abstract icons. Finally, it was shown that context does affect the correct
identification of icons.|
Keywords: Human-computer interaction, Interfaces, Icons, Abstractness-concreteness
|Prediction of Pointing and Dragging Times in Graphical User Interfaces||| BIBAK||213-227|
|I. Scott MacKenzie; William Buxton|
|An experiment is described which demonstrates that the point-drag sequence
common on interactive systems can be modelled as two separate Fitts law tasks
-- a point-select task followed by a drag-select task. Strong prediction
models were built; however, comparisons with previous models were not as close
as the standard error coefficients implied. Caution is therefore warranted in
follow-up applications of models built in research settings. Additionally, the
previous claim that target height is the appropriate substitute for target
width in calculating Fitts' index of difficulty in dragging tasks was not
supported. The experiment described varied the dragging target's width and
height independently. Models using the horizontal width of the drag target or
the smaller of the target's width or height outperformed the target height
model.|
Keywords: Human-computer interaction, Interaction techniques, Pointing and dragging tasks, Fitts' law, Human performance modelling
|Organisation of Design Activities: Opportunistic, with Hierarchical Episodes||| BIBAK||235-274|
|Willemien Visser|
|The organisation of actual design activities, even by experts involved in
routine tasks, is not appropriately characterised by the retrieval of
pre-existing plans, but is opportunistic (possibly with hierarchical episodes
at a local level, but not globally hierarchical). Actually executed design
actions depend, at each moment t, on the evaluation of actions proposed at t-1.
These proposals can be made by pre-established plans, but also by other
action-proposal knowledge structures. This position is supported by results
from diverse empirical design studies. A major reason why design activities
are organised opportunistically is that, even if designers possess plans which
they may retrieve and use, the designers very often deviate from these plans so
that their activities satisfy action-management constraints, of which the most
important is cognitive economy. Two types of variables underlying this
opportunism are discussed: situational and processing.
|
If design is opportunistically organised, a support system which imposes a hierarchically structured design process will probably handicap designers. Suggestions for systems offering real support are formulated.
Keywords: Organisation, Planning, Design activity
|Task-Based Method for Creating Usable Hypertext||| BIBAK||275-287|
|Elizabeth Charnock; Roy Rada; Steve Stichler; Peter Weygant|
|Although large hypertext documentation systems have many benefits in the
commercial world, they can be difficult to build and use. To help overcome
both these obstacles, a method under development at Hewlett-Packard assists
authors in creating usable hypertext. A Wizard of Oz experiment was done with
traditional on-line documentation and hypertext documentation to see what users
liked and disliked. The experiment showed the need for a set of hypertext
construction rules to ensure usability. Following these rules, and with
computer assistance, authors are expected to do a task analysis of users'
activities, to identify critical objects and create content nodes for them, to
create links between nodes within clearly defined and cognitively justified
limits, and to conduct usability tests on the resulting hypertext volume.
Whilst this method recognises the importance of good clear writing, the rules
and suggested practices are not primarily about writing or screen design, but
about creating a coherent navigational web that ensures success among
commercial users of hypertext. The authoring system described in this paper
has been developed for the HP Help system, which has been adopted as the common
help delivery system for developers of Common Open Systems Environments on
Unix-like platforms.|
Keywords: Hypertext, Authoring documentation, Usability
|Comparative Analysis of Task Analysis Products||| BIBAK||289-309|
|Andy Whitefield; Becky Hill|
|Given the number and variety of task analysis (TA) products in the
human-computer interaction literature, it is often difficult to understand
exactly what they contain and how they differ from each other. This paper
presents a schema for the possible content of a TA product, and uses the schema
to examine in detail four particular products. A comparison of these enables
the identification of five suggested features for distinguishing between TA
products: the psychological status of the behaviours; any fixed behaviours; the
number of levels in the decomposition; any fixed levels in the decomposition;
and the separation of objects and behaviours. Both the schema and the
distinguishing features support the comparative assessment of TA products.|
Keywords: Human-computer interaction, Task analysis, Comparative assessment of TA products
|Delivering HCI Modelling to Designers: A Framework and Case Study of Cognitive Modelling||| BIBAK||311-341|
|Simon Buckingham Shum; Nick Hammond|
|The human-computer interaction (HCI) research community is generating a
large number of usability-oriented models and design frameworks. However, a
critical factor which will determine whether any of these achieve significant
penetration into the real world of software design is the effort required by
practitioners to understand and apply them. In short, analytic tools for
usability design must themselves be usable. In response to this challenge, we
present a framework which identifies four different 'gulfs' between
user-centred modelling and design approaches, and their intended users. These
gulfs are potential opportunities to support designers if a given analytic
approach can be encapsulated in appropriate forms. We then illustrate the
framework's application with a concrete example. An evaluation is reported
which investigates gulfs associated with an approach which uses an expert
system to automate cognitive modelling for human factors designers. An early
prototype was evaluated in order to assess the knowledge required to use it.
The study demonstrates that whilst this tool does shield users from the
complexities of the underlying modelling, they need to understand the way in
which it builds its description of the task and user interface. Implications
for bridging the different gulfs are then considered.|
Keywords: Human-computer interaction, Cognitive modelling, Evaluation
|Foundations of Multimodal Representations: A Taxonomy of Representational Modalities||| BIBAK||347-371|
|Niels Ole Bernsen|
|Advances in information technologies are producing a very large number of
possible interface modality combinations which are potentially useful for the
expression and exchange of information in human-computer interaction. However,
a principled basis for analysing arbitrary input/output modality types and
combinations as to their capabilities of information representation and
exchange is still lacking. The paper presents a generative approach to the
analysis of output modality types and their combinations and takes some steps
towards its implementation, departing from a taxonomy of generic unimodal
modalities of representation. A small number of key properties appear
sufficient for creating a taxonomy of generic output modalities which is
relatively simple, robust, intuitively plausible and reasonably complete.
These (orthogonal) properties are: analogue and non-analogue representations;
arbitrary and non-arbitrary representations; static and dynamic
representations; linguistic and non-linguistic representations; different media
of representation; and modality structure. The work presented is part of the
larger research agenda of modality theory.|
Keywords: Interfaces, Modalities, Representations
|User Interface Design for Older Adults||| BIBAK||373-393|
|J. Morgan Morris|
|The percentage of older adults is expected to increase to unprecedented
levels within the next decade. Little attention has been devoted to
understanding, organizing, and accommodating the needs of older adults with
respect to interaction with computers. Indeed, most usability studies have
focused on the needs of younger adults, to the neglect of the elderly. As
computerized products increasingly appeal to broader audiences, the needs of
older adults will become a concern for designers. This review focuses on the
organization and presentation of characteristics of older adult learners, along
with recommendations based on those characteristics, with the hope that their
accessibility will enhance designer intuition and provide suitable information
to guide user testing.|
Keywords: User interfaces, Older adults, Adult education
|Interdisciplinary Collaboration: A Case Study of Software Development for Fashion Designers||| BIBAK||395-410|
|Mike Scaife; Eleanor Curtis; Charlie Hill|
|There is an increasing involvement of different disciplines in requirements
capture. However, such collaboration can result in the replacement of one set
of problems with another as the priorities of systems designers conflict with
those of social science researchers. Some of these difficulties are
illustrated by a description of the course of a project to develop a software
tool for fashion designers.|
Keywords: Human-computer interaction, Software development, Prototyping
|Review of Graphical Notations for Specifying Direct Manipulation Interfaces||| BIBAK||411-431|
|C. H. E. Phillips|
|At the early stage of interface design, the designer requires models and
notations that can assist with reasoning and the exploration of ideas, and
which are unconstrained by implementation issues. The review focuses on
graphical notations for specifying the underlying behaviour of direct
manipulation interfaces. Parallels are drawn with the requirements of
notations employed in the more general areas of system requirements
specifications. A number of existing graphical notations are compared and
contrasted through a common example drawn from the Macintosh interface, and the
required scope of an ideal notation for describing the behaviour of direct
manipulation interfaces is defined.|
Keywords: Direct manipulation, Interface design, Graphical dialogue notations
|Structure for User-Oriented Dialogues in Computer-Aided Telephony||| BIBAK||433-449|
|K. Brownsey; M. Zajicek; J. Hewitt|
|Members of The Speech Project, at Oxford Brookes University, have been
experimenting with alternative structures for 'goal-seeking' dialogues. A
dialogue prototyping system has been developed that can instantiate different
dialogue structures kept on file. These become active after being installed
using dynamic data structures. Input is achieved using speech recognition for
a small range of words, and output is in the form of pre-recorded speech
messages. The dialogues thus created employ a new approach, and replace the
usual menu-structure with a simpler question-answer process.
|
The nature of dialogues using computer aided telephony is analysed, and then the work done by members of The Speech Project on an alternative approach using a simpler dialogue structure is described.
|
http://www.hcibib.org/IWC06
|
Proceedings indexed by :
|
|Conference Dates||Sep 1, 2021 - Sep 3, 2021|
|Conference Address||Galway, Ireland|
|Conference & Submission Link||https://www.i3e2021.com/|
Conference Ranking & Metrics (This is a TOP Conference)
|
|
|
|
|Proceedings||https://link.springer.com/conference/i3e|
Conference Call for Papers
Papers employing quantitative, qualitative, and/or critical methods are welcomed. Areas of interest include, amongst others, the following themes:
General Conference Theme:
Societal impact of AI, analytics and current or emerging technologies or technological trends, e.g. IoT, robotics, smart cities, blockchain
Dark-side of AI and analytics
Innovations in AI and analytics
AI and the future of work
Ethical issues related to AI and analytics
The role of AI and analytics in social inclusion/exclusion and educational (in)equality
Strategies (e.g. best practices, policies, and governance mechanisms) for addressing the unintended consequences of AI and analytics
Implications of collaborative analytics in a digitised society
Information Systems
Sentiment analytics
Software analytics
Social media analytics
Big data analytics
ICTs for enabling smart cities
Ethics and CSR issues related to AI and analytics
Smart infrastructure management
National digital and Internet policy
Cyber security
Blockchain
Digital ecosystems
Public policy for digital transformation
Inter-organisation information systems
Application of AI and analytics to address societal challenges
Leveraging AI and analytics for social innovation and entrepreneurship
Organisational learning and innovation from AI and analytics
Human computer interaction (HCI)
Smart AI, analytics, and ICT adoption studies
Smart transportation and mobility
Smart urbanisation and living
Supply chain management
Information dissemination
Analysis of user generated content
Open data initiatives
Digital inclusion
Business Intelligence
Economics, Sociology and Psychology
Smart economy and entrepreneurship
Social transformation using AI and analytics
Socio-economic inclusion in the digitised society
Economic and social effects of social media
Ethics and CSR issues related to AI and analytics
Socio-economic transformation in a digitised society
Healthcare analytics
HR analytics
Marketing analytics
Management and Marketing
AI and analytics for B2B, C2C marketing
Business model innovation
Challenges and opportunities for organisations
AI and the future of work
Computer Science and Computer Engineering
Text/data mining
AI
IoT
Machine Learning
Database management systems
Human-computer interaction
Cloud computing
Mobile applications
Knowledge management
Neural networks
Expert systems
Agents and multi-agent systems
Natural language processing
Privacy
Internet security
Secure transactions
Cryptography
Cyber security
Teaching and Learning
Academic analytics
Learning analytics
e-Learning organisational issues
Gamification
Educational systems design
Virtual learning environments
Other Conferences in Ireland
|
|
HT 2021 : ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media
|
Deadline :
|
Fri 14 May 2021
|
|
Aug 28, 2021 - Sep 1, 2021 - Dublin
|Ireland|
|
|
GIoTS 2021 : Global Internet of Things Summit
|
Deadline :
|
https://www.guide2research.com/conference/i3e-2021-conference-on-e-business-e-services-and-e-society
|
Christina's PhD is in the area of human-computer interaction (HCI) and looks at office building automation from a socio-technical standpoint. The goal is to understand the energy saving potential of office building automation and how it is shaped by both the technical possibilities and impact on building users. For this research, Christina is using the Energy Information System at Lancaster University.
Christina's interests include algorithmic social justice, energy data visualization, energy literacy and global priorities research. She is part of the Leverhulme Trust Doctoral Training Programme in Material Social Futures.
|
http://www.research.lancs.ac.uk/portal/en/people/christina-bremer(b8f67c98-8afc-452f-9b8b-e7f7df205bd4).html
|
Join us and make YOUR mark on the World!
Are you interested in joining some of the brightest talent in the world to strengthen the United States' security? Come join Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) where our employees apply their expertise to create solutions for BIG ideas that make our world a better place.
We are committed to a diverse and equitable workforce with an inclusive culture that values and celebrates the diversity of our people, talents, ideas, experiences, and perspectives. This is essential to innovation and creativity for continued success of the Laboratory's mission.
Job Description
We have an opening for a Postdoctoral Researcher to conduct research in additive manufacturing of metal and ceramic materials. You will be part of an interdisciplinary team of materials scientists, physicists and chemists applying existing and developing new laser-based additive manufacturing techniques to accelerate the development of materials with tailored chemical and structural properties. This position is intended to provide a temporary period of mentored research and/or scholarly training for an individual with a doctoral degree, to give the successful candidate the professional skills needed to pursue a career path of his or her choosing. Postdoctoral Researchers at LLNL should expect to continue to receive training in performing independent research that is complementary to the work of other members of their department, while also participating in multidisciplinary projects. This position is in the Chemistry of Nuclear Materials Group of the Materials Science Division.
In this role you will
- Develop advanced manufacturing approaches for new materials.
- Design and perform complex laser heating experiments.
- Perform characterization to determine microstructural features such as grain size, crystal phase, and elemental distribution.
- Handle air sensitive feedstock powders and fabricated metal components.
- Pursue independent but complementary research interests and interact with a broad spectrum of scientists internally and externally to the Laboratory.
- Collaborate with scientists in a multidisciplinary team environment to accomplish research goals.
- Maintain and establish laboratory protocols including adherence to safety and security measures.
- Document research; publish papers in peer-reviewed journals, and present results within the DOE community and at conferences.
- Perform other duties as assigned.
Qualifications
- Ability to maintain a U.S. DOE Q-level security clearance which requires U.S. citizenship.
- PhD in materials science, chemistry, physics or related field.
- Experience with materials characterization methods for structural materials (i.e., X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, electron microscopy, optical microscopy, and/or mechanical testing).
- Experience in computer programming for data analysis (e.g. Python, Matlab, Mathematica, C/C++).
- Ability as an innovative experimentalist with a broad range of experience in experimental design, techniques, and execution.
- Ability to develop independent research projects and publish in peer-reviewed literature.
- Proficient verbal and written communication skills as reflected in effective presentations at seminars, meetings and/or teaching lectures.
- Initiative and interpersonal skills with desire and ability to work in a collaborative, multidisciplinary team environment.
- Knowledge of or experience in additive manufacturing.
- Experience with using class 4 lasers.
- Experience with a broad spectrum of materials synthesis and characterization concepts and techniques, including X-ray diffraction.
Additional Information
Why Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory?
- Included in 2021 Best Places to Work by Glassdoor!
- Work for a premier innovative national Laboratory
- Comprehensive Benefits Package
- Flexible schedules (*depending on project needs)
- Collaborative, creative, inclusive, and fun team environment
COVID-19 Vaccination Mandate
LLNL demonstrates its commitment to public safety by requiring that all new Laboratory employees be immunized against COVID-19 unless granted an accommodation under applicable state or federal law. This requirement will apply to all new hires including those who will be working on site, as well as those who will be teleworking.
Security Clearance
LLNL is a Department of Energy (DOE) and National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) Laboratory. Some positions will require a DOE L or Q clearance (please reference Security Clearance requirement above). If you are selected and a clearance is required, we will initiate a Federal background investigation to determine if you meet eligibility requirements for access to classified information or matter. In addition, all L or Q cleared employees are subject to random drug testing. An L or Q clearance requires U.S. citizenship. For additional information please see DOE Order 472.2.
Pre-Employment Drug Test
External applicant(s) selected for this position will be required to pass a post-offer, pre-employment drug test. This includes testing for use of marijuana as Federal Law applies to us as a Federal Contractor.
Pre-Placement Medical Exam
A job related pre-placement medical examination may be required.
Equal Employment Opportunity
LLNL is an affirmative action and equal opportunity employer that values and hires a diverse workforce. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, religion, marital status, national origin, ancestry, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, disability, medical condition, pregnancy, protected veteran status, age, citizenship, or any other characteristic protected by applicable laws.
LLNS is committed to offering reasonable accommodations during the application and recruiting processes due to a disability. If you need assistance or an accommodation due to a disability, please submit a request via our online form.
California Privacy Notice
The California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) grants privacy rights to all California residents. The law also entitles job applicants, employees, and non-employee workers to be notified of what personal information LLNL collects and for what purpose. The Employee Privacy Notice can be accessed here.
Videos To Watch
Science and technology on a mission
For more than 60 years, the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has applied science and technology to make the world a safer place.
Livermore’s defining responsibility is ensuring the safety, security and reliability of the nation’s nuclear deterrent. Yet LLNL’s mission is broader than stockpile stewardship, as dangers ranging from nuclear proliferation and terrorism to energy shortages and climate change threaten national security and global stability. The Laboratory’s science and engineering are being applied to achieve breakthroughs for counterterrorism and nonproliferation, defense and intelligence, energy and environmental security.Our Mission
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has a mission of strengthening the United States’ security through development and application of world-class science and technology to:
- Enhance the nation’s defense.
- Reduce the global threat from terrorism and weapons of mass destruction.
- And respond with vision, quality, integrity and technical excellence to scientific issues of national importance.
- Lead the nation in stockpile science, innovation and sustainment.
- Be the foremost national security laboratory, anticipating, innovating and delivering solutions for the nation’s most challenging security problems.
- Be the premier destination for our nation’s very best scientists and engineers.
- Ideas. Livermore is the “new ideas” laboratory, and we continue to aspire to intellectual leadership, originality, and audacity. We support an environment that encourages open exchange and critique. Ideas also improve operations and lead to new, better ways of doing business.
- Impact. Innovation happens when new ideas have impact—on our mission, on people’s lives. Ultimately, our success depends on applying frontier science and technology, through disciplined engineering, to deliver solutions for—have impact on—our mission.
- Integrity. We serve the public interest and act to sustain the public trust through transparency, honesty, and objectivity. We act ethically in our research activities, our business practices, and our interactions with each other. We are dedicated to collective success, and committed to safety and security as an integral part of the mission.
- Inclusiveness. The challenges of our mission demand that we draw on the widest possible diversity of talents, thought, and experiences. To capitalize on the range of individual and diverse talents needed for mission success, we form and work in teams, characterized by mutual respect and support.
- Zeal. It’s good to love what you do. We value enthusiasm for and commitment to the Lab’s mission. We have a “fire in the belly” to excel, lead, and change the world. And as an institution, the Lab will aspire to be a place where people can find fulfillment and love their work. Our Priorities
- Deliver on our stockpile stewardship mission.
- Enhance and expand our mission in the broad national security space.
- Sustain and ensure that we are at the cutting edge in the science, engineering and technology capabilities our sponsors need.
- Ensure excellence in execution: deliver results of the highest quality, on schedule and on budget.
- Ensure excellence in operations: safety, security, environment and state of the art business practices and processes.
- Improve our cost effectiveness.
- Provide a first-class workplace environment to our employees.
- Expand our contributions to the local and national economy through partnerships with academia and industry.
|
https://success.recruitmilitary.com/job/35556136
|
for over the past 50 years.
August 2022 (Vol. 65, No. 8)
July 2022 (Vol. 65, No. 7)
June 2022 (Vol. 65, No. 6)
VIEW MORE ISSUES
Videos
BLOG@CACM
About the Blogs
Blogroll
Blogs Archive
Refine your search:
DATE
Past Week
Past Month
Past Year
More Than a Year Ago
SUBJECT
Artificial Intelligence
Communications / Networking
Computer Applications
Computer Systems
Human Computer Interaction
Computers And Society
Data / Storage And Retrieval
Education
Entertainment
Hardware
Information Systems
Legal Aspects
Management
Performance And Reliability
Personal Computing
Search
Security
Software
Theory
AUTHOR
Mark Guzdial
Bertrand Meyer
Judy Robertson
Herbert Bruderer
Daniel Reed
Robin K. Hill
Valerie Barr
Carlos Brewer
Jason Hong
Greg Linden
Yegor Bugayenko
John Arquilla
Philip Guo
Doug Meil
Michael Stonebraker
Jack Rosenberger
Chas Kurtz
Joel C. Adams
Tessa Lau
John Langford
The Continual Re-Creation Of The Key-Value Datastore
From BLOG@CACM
The evolution of single machine key-value stores.
Doug Meil
|
August 11, 2022
From BLOG@CACM
Three Misconceptions About Human-Computer Interaction
Three misconceptions about the field of human-computer interaction, as observed by an AI researcher turned HCI researcher in a large corporate research lab
Tessa Lau
From BLOG@CACM
|
March 4, 2009 at 12:00 AM
From BLOG@CACM
Making the Case For an ACM Fellow
Every year there are surely some qualified candidates for ACM Fellow who are rejected because their nomination and endorsements do not make the case as effectively...
Jim Horning
From BLOG@CACM
|
February 19, 2009 at 04:03 AM
From BLOG@CACM
Pipelining, Computing Innovation And Economic Growth
In this economic downturn, as everyone looks with a wary eye at discretionary spending, it is instructive to consider the role of computing technology and innovation...
Daniel Reed
From BLOG@CACM
|
February 18, 2009 at 02:54 PM
From BLOG@CACM
Open Source in Latin America
An introduction to open source and its applications in south america.
Carlos Brewer
From BLOG@CACM
|
February 13, 2009 at 12:00 AM
From BLOG@CACM
Usable Privacy and Security
We are facing an increasing number of security failures, not because of problems with encryption algorithms, network protocols, or system implementations, but rather...
Jason I. Hong
From BLOG@CACM
|
February 13, 2009 at 02:43 PM
From BLOG@CACM
Compute For America
The United States certainly needs more and better computing educators, but that alone may not be enough to turn around declining enrollments in computing.
Mark Guzdial
From BLOG@CACM
|
February 11, 2009 at 11:12 AM
From BLOG@CACM
How I Define Systems Engineer
A short talk about the definition of systems engineering in Colombia.
Carlos Brewer
From BLOG@CACM
|
February 9, 2009 at 12:00 AM
From BLOG@CACM
A Simple View of the Budget Process
An abstract view of how NSF gets its money, in the context of the federal budget process.
Jeannette M. Wing
From BLOG@CACM
|
February 7, 2009 at 05:03 PM
<<
48
49
50
51
52
53
Sign In
for Full Access
User Name
Password
» Forgot Password?
|
https://cacm.acm.org/blogs/blog-cacm?p=53&
|
At U.S. Bank, we're passionate about helping customers and the communities where we live and work. The fifth-largest bank in the United States, we're one of the country's most respected, innovative and successful financial institutions. U.S. Bank is an equal opportunity employer committed to creating a diverse workforce. We consider all qualified applicants without regard to race, religion, color, sex, national origin, age, sexual orientation, gender identity, disability or veteran status, among other factors.
This exciting position within the U.S. Bank Voice team, will be a dedicated onsite VUI/Conversation Designer role on an agile journey team with a focus on innovation. The Voice Team is part of the Digital Omni Channel Agile Studio and focused on delivering Voice capabilities across mobile app and off property Google and Alexa platforms. The person selected for this role will work closely with product leads, visual designers, developers, and researchers.
What we're looking for
• Professional portfolio of voice design that demonstrates creativity, problem-solving, and ability to ship
• Produce user flows, wireframes, prototypes, and detailed conversational user interface specifications
• Draw on depth of experience, but initiate voice UX research and testing efforts when necessary
• Conduct analyses of real usage data to inform voice UX optimization efforts
• Drive root cause analyses to respond to voice UX performance issues
• Speak confidently on concepts of spoken interaction design in daily iterations with product managers, engineers, and testers
• Think MVP while not losing sight of the long-term vision
• Communicate clearly and partner with working team members
Basic Qualifications
• 1-2+ years of professional experience as a voice/VUI Designer or related
• Experience with voice or multimodal speech interfaces
• A working understanding of speech and language technologies
• Experience working cross-team and synthesizing feedback and input from product management, engineering, and discipline leads (XA/VID/Content/Research/Accessibility)
• Detail oriented and able to identify and focus on priorities set by product leads
• A strong understanding of UX Design and user research
• Degree in Linguistics, HCI, Natural Language Processing or related fields are a plus
• Expertise in human-computer interaction
• Ability to lead conversation design sprints and determine initial MVP competency flows
• Ability to determine patterns in usage data, and use those patterns to better the customer experience
• Identify needs and help ideate new competencies to meet those needs
• Experience designing mobile, web, and/or on-device mobile applications
• Experience with industry specific tools e.g., Voiceflow, Alexa Developer Platform, etc...
• An informed set of core values regarding user experience, technology, and business communication and the ability to present them with eloquence and concision
• Experience shipping innovative, successful consumer voice products
• Relentless desire for innovation, balanced with business needs, and customer expectations
• Commitment to learning and expanding professional and technical knowledge
Benefits
Take care of yourself and your family with U.S. Bank employee benefits. We know that healthy employees are happy employees, and we believe that work/life balance should be easy to achieve. That's why we share the cost of benefits and offer a variety of programs, resources and support you need to bring your full self to work and stay present and committed to the people who matter most - your family.
Learn all about U.S. Bank employee benefits, including tuition reimbursement, retirement plans and more, by visiting usbank.com/careers (https://www.usbank.com/careers/index.html) .
|
https://jobsforvoice.com/jobs/bMewatefznj3JuDV3Wlr
|
January 20, 2022The science website looks at a finding by Fefferman and postdoc Zachary Remscrim that addresses a major obstacle in algorithms for quantum computers with limited memory.
-
UChicago CS Prof. Ben Zhao Named ACM Fellow
January 19, 2022The Association for Computing Machinery, the world's largest and most prestigious society of computing professionals, elected UChicago CS Professor Ben Y. Zhao as a fellow in the organization’s 2021 class.
-
CS 4th Year Sophie Veys Receives CRA Undergraduate Research Award
January 14, 2022
-
In-Fridge Controller Could Scale Up Quantum Computers, Award-Winning UChicago Research Finds
January 10, 2022A new approach from computer scientists and physicists at the University of Chicago, presented at QCE 2021, can help overcome major scalability obstacles standing in the way of larger-scale quantum computers.
-
University of Chicago, City Colleges of Chicago Join Forces to Increase Diversity in Science Careers
December 14, 2021The Data Science Institute is part of a new institutional partnership between UChicago and CCC to strengthen STEM education and career opportunities and create a more diverse field of professionals entering the sciences.
-
UChicago Workshop Highlights Internet Frontiers and Opportunities
December 02, 2021A gathering hosted by the University of Chicago and the University of California, Santa Barbara, brought together experts from industry, government, and academia for panels and conversations around internet equity and access.
-
Wearable Device That Changes Perception of Softness Wins Best Paper at UIST 2021
November 30, 2021A new wearable technology designed by Yujie Tao and researchers in the Human Computer Integration laboratory to affect people's perception of softness received two awards at UIST, one of the leading human-computer interaction conferences.
-
Prof. Rebecca Willett Named IEEE Fellow
November 29, 2021Rebecca Willett, Professor in the Departments of Computer Science and Statistics, was elevated to IEEE Fellow in the organization’s 2022 class. Willett was recognized by IEEE “for contributions to the foundations of computational imaging and large-scale data science.”
-
Aaron Elmore Promoted to Associate Professor at UChicago Computer Science
November 24, 2021Aaron Elmore, a researcher who builds data systems for discovery, compression, and efficiency in the age of massive data, has received promotion to associate professor at UChicago CS.
-
ScaleStuds Project Receives $5 Million to Build Foundations for Massive Computation
November 19, 2021In a new project funded with a $5 million LARGE grant from the National Science Foundation PPoSS program, a group of researchers led by UChicago CS Professors Haryadi Gunawi, Hank Hoffmann, and Shan Lu will develop a novel ecosystem for the development of extreme-scale systems
-
Asst. Prof. Blase Ur Discusses the “Metaverse” on Chicago Tonight
November 05, 2021On November 3rd, UChicago CS Assistant Professor Blase Ur joined the WTTW news magazine Chicago Tonight to discuss Facebook's vision of the metaverse, its hype, and its risks for security and privacy.
-
Using AI and Data Science to Reliably Detect Internet Censorship in Real Time
November 02, 2021A new project brings together researchers from UChicago CS, Princeton, and SRI International to build new AI and data science tools that monitor and detect Internet censorship with greater levels of confidence.
-
Assistant Professor Ken Nakagaki Named Innovator Under 35 by Tech Review
October 29, 2021Nakagaki, a new faculty member specializing in human-computer interaction and tangible interfaces, was one of 35 innovators highlighted in the Asia Pacific region for "doing exciting work that could shape their fields for decades."
-
EPiQC Research Receives Best Paper Award at IEEE Quantum Week
October 22, 2021A new strategy developed by UChicago CS researchers to expand the scalability of quantum computers received a Best Paper Award at the 2021 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering, also known as IEEE Quantum Week.
-
New Wearable Device Controls Individual Fingers for Sign Language, Music Applications
October 11, 2021DextrEMS, a new invention from the Human Computer Integration Laboratory directed by UChicago CS assistant professor Pedro Lopes uses a combination of electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) and mechanical brakes to control individual fingers of its wearer.
-
UChicago and EPiQC Alum Yongshan Ding Joins Yale in Faculty Position
October 08, 2021Yongshan Ding, a graduate of the UChicago Department of Computer Science and advisee of Seymour Goodman Professor Fred Chong, started this fall at Yale University as an assistant professor of computer science.
-
$3.25m DOE Grant Funds UChicago/Argonne Research on AI Models of Physics Simulations
September 27, 2021A new collaboration between University of Chicago and Argonne National Laboratory researchers will apply artificial intelligence to accelerate the scientific simulation of complex physical systems, with the potential to more accurately determine the probability of extreme events.
-
Five UChicago CS Students Named to Siebel Scholars 2022 Class
September 23, 2021Students Natalie Ayers, Jonathan Baker, Caton Brewster, Weijia He, and Chengcheng Wan were accepted into the prestigious group chosen by the Thomas and Stacey Siebel Foundation.
-
Trio of New UChicago CS Faculty Join for 2021-22 Academic Year
September 16, 2021Aloni Cohen, Rana Hanocka, and Ken Nakagaki bring expertise in cryptography and privacy, AI-driven visual computing, and human-computer interaction to the department, expanding the research and education strengths of UChicago CS.
-
Asst. Prof. Aaron Elmore Receives CAREER Award for Resource-Efficient Databases
September 03, 2021With the National Science Foundation's most prestigious award in support of early-career faculty, Elmore will design innovative databases that balance speed with resource use and cost for data-driven applications and edge computing.
-
New College Data Science Major: From Foundations to Insight to Impact
August 29, 2021With a new undergraduate major in data science available in the 2021-22 academic year, University of Chicago College students will learn how to analyze data and apply it to critical real-world problems in medicine, public policy, the social and physical sciences, and many other domains.
-
2011 Paper Co-Authored by Prof. Hank Hoffmann Receives Test of Time Honor
August 09, 2021A 2011 paper co-authored by associate professor Hank Hoffmann created a new method for balancing accuracy and performance in software, using a once-controversial approach that has now become widespread.
-
Overhaul of Standard ML of New Jersey System Wins Special IFL Award
August 05, 2021Professor John Reppy and PhD alumnus Kavon Farvardin received the Peter Landin Prize for their paper describing the implementation of a new LLVM backend for the Standard ML of New Jersey project.
-
UChicago Researchers Excel in IBM Quantum Open Science Challenge
July 30, 2021UChicago-affiliated researchers Alexey Galda and Pranav Gokhale topped their respective categories in the first IBM Quantum Open Science Challenge, developing new strategies for more efficient and accurate quantum computers.
-
Scientists Use Artificial Intelligence to Detect Gravitational Waves
July 16, 2021Professor Ian Foster and research scientist Ben Blaiszik were part of a team that developed a new artificial intelligence framework that allows for accelerated, scalable and reproducible detection of gravitational waves.
-
Largest-Ever CDAC Summer Lab Adds 55 Students, New Social Impact Track
July 13, 2021The Center for Data and Computing Summer Lab, designed to train and inspire the next generation of interdisciplinary computational and data scientists, welcomed high school, undergraduate, and master’s students to work on research projects with mentors from UChicago CS and other units.
-
UChicago CS Study Examines Wi-Fi/Cell Phone Network Competition
July 01, 2021A paper led by UChicago CS associate member Monisha Ghosh found that increased network competition between Wi-Fi and phone devices could negatively impact internet service for everyday users.
-
-
PhD Student Chengcheng Wan Receives Microsoft Research Dissertation Grant
June 23, 2021Fifth-year PhD student Chengcheng Wan was awarded the Microsoft Research Dissertation Grant, one of only ten students in the U.S. and Canada to receive the distinguished award in 2021.
-
First-Ever Data4All Workshop Nurtures Future Data Scientists From Chicago’s South Side
June 21, 2021In the first-ever Data4All workshop, a group of seven high school students learned about the basics of data science, how to think critically about data, and the various career pathways available to them with computational skills.
-
Edge Computing Strategy from UChicago CS Student Wins RTAS Outstanding Paper
June 17, 2021Work by UChicago CS PhD student Tejas Kannan and Associate Professor Henry Hoffmann on balancing the energy consumption of sensors using recurrent neural networks was recognized at the 2021 IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS).
-
Two UChicago CS PhD Students Receive 2021 Harper Fellowship
June 07, 2021PhD students Jean Salac and Zihan Tan, received the William Rainey Harper Dissertation Fellowship, the highest honor awarded to UChicago graduate students, for their research in computer science education and graph theory.
-
Three EPiQC Papers Chosen By IEEE Micro for Annual Top Picks Awards
May 27, 2021Three UChicago CS papers advancing the field of quantum computing were recognized by the prestigious IEEE Micro Top Picks roundup of the best research from 2020 computer architecture conferences.
-
Two UChicago CS Alumni Named to 2021 Forbes 30 Under 30 List
May 24, 2021UChicago CS alumni Leslie Jones-Dove and Devshi Mehrotra were named to the prestigious list for their work on JusticeText, software that helps public defenders manage case data more efficiently.
-
Asst. Prof. Blase Ur Receives Quantrell Award for Teaching Undergraduates
May 20, 2021Blase Ur, Neubauer Family Assistant Professor of Computer Science, was one of five UChicago faculty to receive a 2021 Llewellyn John and Harriet Manchester Quantrell Award, believed to be the nation’s oldest prize for undergraduate teaching.
-
Ten Papers at CHI 2021 Flourish Frontiers of HCI Research at UChicago CS
May 11, 2021Researchers from UChicago CS presented an astonishing ten papers at the 2021 ACM CHI conference, covering everything from wearable technologies and virtual reality hardware to new data visualization tools and the security advice given to Black Lives Matter protesters.
-
SANDLab Fawkes Project Featured in Technology Review
May 06, 2021Fawkes, an algorithm and software tool to block AI facial recognition models, has been downloaded half a million times and covered by dozens of media outlets, including a new story published this week by MIT Technology Review.
-
Victor Veitch, New UChicago Data Science Faculty, Builds “Safe and Credible” AI Systems
April 27, 2021Victor Veitch, a new assistant professor in the Department of Statistics and the first faculty hire in the University of Chicago’s new data science initiative, combines causal inference and machine learning to build AI systems that align with human values.
-
Globus Helps Preserve Legacy of Collapsed Arecibo Telescope
April 22, 2021Globus, the research data management service run by researchers at the University of Chicago, assisted in the transfer and preservation of petabytes of data from the collapsed Arecibo radio telescope in Puerto Rico.
-
Your Unique Muscle Response Could Become a New Approach to Digital Authentication
April 15, 2021ElectricAuth is a novel technique for user authentication that takes advantage of an individual’s unique response to stimuli. By providing a variety of gentle electrical stimuli to the muscles of the forearm and measuring the resulting finger movements, users can be robustly and uniquely identified.
-
CDAC Discovery Challenge Awardees Train Data Science on Medicine, Clean Water, and Education
April 09, 2021Several UChicago CS faculty are part of four new projects that will build interdisciplinary partnerships, open source software, and tools that enable major new data science advances against difficult real-world problems.
-
With CAREER Award, Asst. Prof. Pedro Lopes Explores Human-Computer Integration
April 05, 2021A new NSF CAREER grant will help Assistant Professor Pedro Lopes explore the next phase of human-computer integration, inventing and testing wearable technologies that interface with smell, touch, temperature, and other senses.
-
Prof. Rebecca Willett Named SIAM Fellow
March 31, 2021Willett was one of 28 scholars named in the 2021 class of fellows by the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM for their exemplary research as well as outstanding service to the community.
-
Public Interest Technology Grant Funds and Expands CS/Harris Civic Data & Technology Clinic
March 26, 2021A new grant from the Public Interest Technology University Network (PIT-UN) will support and expand the Civic Data & Technology Clinic, a new University of Chicago program that pairs student data scientists with non-profit organizations working on social and economic justice, sustainability, and climate change.
-
Five UChicago CS Faculty Receive CAREER Awards
March 08, 2021Assistant professors Marshini Chetty, Bill Fefferman, Pedro Lopes, and Blase Ur received the NSF CAREER award, the National Science Foundation's most prestigious award in support of early-career faculty who have the potential to serve as academic role models in research and education.
-
UChicago CS Student Group compileHer Takes Hackathon Virtual (And To Space)
February 25, 2021The 2021 hackathon for middle school girls organized by UChicago CS student group compileHer moved to a virtual environment this year, but that didn't stop the organizers from taking participants on a journey through the stars and app design.
-
New Asst. Prof. Chenhao Tan Explores The Future of Human-Centered AI
February 16, 2021Chenhao Tan, an expert in natural language processing, computational social science, and artificial intelligence who joined UChicago CS in January, focuses on human-centered AI, asking not only what AI can do, but also what AI should do for people.
-
UChicago Researchers Present Seven Papers at Major Quantum Theory Conference
February 05, 2021UChicago researchers presented seven papers, including three co-authored by UChicago CS Asst. Prof. Bill Fefferman, at the 2021 Conference on Quantum Information Processing, the most prestigious meeting for the theory underlying future quantum technologies.
-
C3.ai Digital Transformation Institute Announces CFP to Advance AI for Energy and Climate Security
February 02, 2021The C3.ai Digital Transformation Institute, which includes UChicago as a founding academic partner, seeks new proposals to address the challenge of re-envisioning energy systems with artificial intelligence (AI) and digital transformation.
-
Marshini Chetty Receives CAREER Award to Study Educational Technology Privacy
February 01, 2021With a new five-year NSF CAREER grant, UChicago CS assistant professor Marshini Chetty will conduct a large scale study on educational technologies used by primary and middle school students, using approaches from human computer interaction (HCI) such as user-centered design.
-
Quantum Compiler Co-Created by Robert Rand Named Distinguished Paper at POPL 21
January 21, 2021A new quantum compiler co-developed by UChicago CS Assistant Professor Robert Rand received one of seven Distinguished Paper awards this month at the 2021 Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages (POPL), one of the top conferences in programming languages research.
-
Mapping and Mitigating the Urban Digital Divide
January 19, 2021Data.org grants $1.2 million to Nick Feamster and the Center for Data and Computing to lead a data science “moonshot," developing new tools to measure broadband access and working with community partners to bring high-speed internet accessible to all.
-
UChicago CS Professor Rick Stevens Named ACM Fellow
January 16, 2021Professor Rick Stevens was named a Fellow of the Association of Computer Machinery (ACM), in recognition of his contributions to high-performance computing, collaborative environments, and tools for large-scale science initiatives.
-
Ravi Chugh Promoted to Associate Professor at UChicago Computer Science
January 06, 2021Ravi Chugh, who studies, teaches, and builds new programming languages and systems that draw upon software engineering and human-computer interaction, has been promoted to associate professor at UChicago CS.
-
Asst. Prof. Bill Fefferman Receives NSF CAREER Award To Find Quantum Computing’s Icebreaker
December 30, 2020Fefferman received the National Science Foundation’s most prestigious grant for early-career faculty to search for the unique talents that even today’s imperfect quantum computers can do better than their classical counterparts.
-
Postdoctoral Researcher Jun Nishida Receives PSD Suzuki Award
December 22, 2020Jun Nishida, a researcher in the Human Computer Integration Lab led by Assistant Professor Pedro Lopes, received one of the 2020-2021 Suzuki Postdoctoral Fellowship Awards presented annually by the University of Chicago Physical Sciences Division.
-
New Clinic Leverages Data Science for Social and Environmental Causes
December 17, 2020The inaugural Civic Data and Technology Clinic, funded by the 11th Hour Project and co-organized by CDAC and the Masters in Computational Analysis and Public Policy (MS-CAPP), connected 13 students with three organizations working in social and economic justice, sustainability, and climate change.
-
UChicago/TTIC Researchers Present Several Papers, Win Test of Time Awards at FOCS 2020
December 10, 2020The University of Chicago and Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago left its mark on the highly competitive FOCS meeting, presenting several research papers and receiving Test of Time awards for past work by current and former faculty.
-
Wired Covers Nightmare Prevention App Created by UChicago CS Student
December 02, 2020An app created by UChicago CS PhD student Tyler Skluzacek to interrupt PTSD-related nightmares recently received FDA approval and an article in Wired magazine on the story behind its development.
-
South African Roots, Travel Shape Computer Scientist’s Research
December 01, 2020A new profile by Katrina Miller for the Physical Sciences Division website profiles UChicago CS assistant professor Marshini Chetty, charting her path from South Africa to Chicago and how she chose the field of human-computer interaction.
-
UChicago CS Alums Go On To Exciting Futures in Academia, Industry, and Startups
November 24, 2020PhD and postdoctoral alums of UChicago CS describe their new positions at universities around the United States, innovative new startups, and global tech giants, and offer advice to current and incoming students.
-
Prof. Nick Feamster Argues For Better Internet Speed Tests in CACM
November 20, 2020In Communications of the ACM, Professor Nick Feamster provides an overview of how existing speed tests operate and explain why the future Internet will need entirely new types Internet speed tests that can do more than simply measure the speed of the ISP.
-
New Asst. Prof. Robert Rand Writes the Language of Tomorrow’s Quantum Computers
November 17, 2020Robert Rand is part of the small but growing community of researchers creating programming languages to realize the immense promise of quantum computing, developing new languages, compilers, and verification methods.
-
Globus Celebrates Ten Years of Connecting the Research Universe
November 10, 2020Globus, a research data management platform developed and operated by the University of Chicago, has become an essential service for over 150,000 global researchers and today's largest scientific agencies and experiments.
-
New Assistant Professor Sarah Sebo Wants to Build Better Robot Teammates
October 26, 2020Sarah Sebo, who joined UChicago CS this fall as an assistant professor, studies how robots can encourage the humans around them to act in ways that are more inclusive, helpful, and productive.
-
Four UChicago CS Students Selected for Rising Stars Program
October 17, 2020Yi Ding, Jean Salac, Chengcheng Wan and Junwen Yang were selected for the 2020 edition of the Rising Stars workshop, a prestigious program for boosting the careers of women in CS and related fields.
-
Why TIPP&SEE Works: CANON Lab Research Wins Best Paper at CS Education Conference
October 15, 2020A study exploring why the computer learning strategy TIPP&SEE is effective for teaching elementary students computational thinking won a Best Paper award at the 2020 International Computing Education Research (ICER) conference.
-
David Uminsky Brings Data Science Education Experience to UChicago Initiatives
October 12, 2020David Uminsky, executive director of the UChicago data science initiative, comes to UChicago with deep experience and expertise in founding and building academic programs and connecting with industry, non-profits, and government.
-
Globus Reaches One Exabyte Milestone in Research Data Management
October 08, 2020Globus, a research data management service based at the University of Chicago, passed the exabyte barrier in early October, sharing over a billion billion bytes of data that accelerates scientific research and discovery.
-
UChicago CS Fall Speaker Series Features Human-Computer Interaction Luminaries
October 05, 2020The UChicago CS Distinguished Lecture Series for Fall 2020 puts the spotlight on human-computer interaction, inviting leaders of the field to talk about their groundbreaking work and meet students and faculty.
-
A New Grasp on Empathy: UChicago CS HandMorph Project Uses Tech to Simulate Children’s Experience
October 01, 2020A project from postdoctoral researcher Jun Nishida and the Human Computer Integration Lab of Assistant Professor Pedro Lopes that built a wearable exoskeleton to simulate the hand of a child received the Best Paper Award from the 2020 UIST Conference.
-
“Bracelet of Silence” Named Finalist in 2020 Fast Company Design Awards
September 30, 2020A wearable microphone jammer developed by UChicago CS researchers to protect user privacy near smart devices was named a finalist in Fast Company's 2020 Innovation By Design Awards.
-
Five UChicago CS Students Named in 2021 Class of Siebel Scholars
September 23, 2020Three PhD students from the Department of Computer Science and two from the MS in Computational Analysis and Public Policy (CAPP) program were named in the 2021 class of Siebel Scholars by the Thomas and Stacey Siebel Foundation
-
New Data Stations Project Creates Architecture, Marketplace for Sharing Data
September 18, 2020Data Stations, a new project from University of Chicago researchers, creates a new data architecture that enables sharing datasets for research while protecting sensitive information and intellectual property.
-
Department Manager Nita Yack Featured in PSD Spotlight
September 18, 2020Nita Yack, Manager of the Department of Computer Science, was featured by the Physical Sciences Division as their Spotlight employee for September 2020. She received several nominations as the "keystone" of the department.
-
UChicago Joins Three Universities in Institute for Foundational Data Science
September 01, 2020Professor Rebecca Willett of UChicago CS and Statistics, along with Rina Foygel Barber and Mary Silber from Statistics, will help the four-university collaboration establish the maturing field of data science while also advancing machine learning and other artificial intelligence approaches.
-
Prof. Fred Chong Named to National Quantum Initiative Advisory Committee
August 31, 2020Professor Fred Chong was named as an inaugural member of the new National Quantum Initiative Advisory Committee (NQIAC), which will advise the U.S. government on funding quantum research as part of the National Quantum Initiative.
-
Data Load Migration Could Boost Renewable Energy Use, UChicago/UCSB Study Finds
August 25, 2020A new paper by Prof. Andrew A. Chien and researchers from University of California, Santa Barbara finds that shifting data center load to areas with excess clean energy could reduce carbon emissions and save money.
-
PhD Student Yi Ding Receives CRA Computing Innovation Fellowship
August 24, 2020Yi Ding, a 5th-year PhD student in Associate Professor Hank Hoffmann’s research group, received the Computing Innovation Fellowship from the Computing Research Association and the Computing Community Consortium, funding a 2-year postdoctoral position.
-
Cloud Computing Testbed Chameleon Launches Third Phase with Focus on IoT and Reproducibility
August 14, 2020A new $10 million NSF grant will fund the next four years of Chameleon, an experimental cloud computing testbed led by the University of Chicago and Kate Keahey, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering (CASE) Senior Scientist affiliated with University of Chicago CS.
-
University of Chicago and UIUC Lead New Quantum Education Program
August 05, 2020Prof. Diana Franklin will co-lead a new NSF program to support quantum education, including a website called Q2Work that will gather learning resources and opportunities for outreach, internships, and careers.
-
UChicago CS Researchers Create New Protection Against Facial Recognition
August 03, 2020A new UChicago CS project called Fawkes provides a powerful new protection mechanism against facial recognition models, "cloaking" photos to trick deep learning systems without creating noticeable changes visible to the human eye.
-
Four New Faculty Join UChicago Computer Science for 2020-21
July 27, 2020Four new faculty members with expertise in quantum computing, human-computer interaction, machine learning, high-performance computing, and natural language processing will join UChicago CS in the 2020-2021 academic year.
-
UChicago Researchers Receive Grants to Apply Computational Techniques to COVID Fight
July 17, 2020The c3.ai Digital Transformation Institute awarded grants to three new projects with University of Chicago researchers — including UChicago CS Asst. Prof. Yuxin Chen — that will use computational approaches to fight the COVID-19 pandemic.
-
Chicago Quantum Exchange Adds New Partners in Tech, Computing and Finance
July 09, 2020The Chicago Quantum Exchange added several new industry partners including two companies, Intel and Rigetti Computing, that have active collaborations with UChicago CS Professor Fred Chong and his EPiQC research partnership.
-
Asst. Prof. Bill Fefferman Comments on New “Quantum Advantage” Research
July 06, 2020UChicago CS Assistant Professor Bill Fefferman wrote an invited perspective piece for Nature Physics on a new paper that demonstrated "quantum advantage" — proving that a quantum algorithm can out-perform a similar-scale classical approach.
-
New Project Seeks Greener Computing By Granting Equipment “Second Life”
June 26, 2020A new project led by Professor Andrew A. Chien examines how moving retired computational resources near wind and solar energy farms could help realize a vision of greener large-scale computing.
-
2020 CDAC Summer Lab Kicks Off with 38 Student Researchers
June 20, 2020The 2020 Center for Data and Computing Summer Lab is the biggest edition yet, with 38 undergraduate and high school students from around the world studying applied machine learning and AI, human-computer interaction, computational social science, systems, and much more with mentors from UChicago CS and other units.
-
Prof. Fred Chong Receives UChicago Graduate Teaching Award
June 08, 2020Fred Chong, the Seymour Goodman Professor in Computer Science and the College, was one of five recipients of this year's Faculty Awards for Excellence in Graduate Teaching and Mentoring, one of the University's highest faculty honors.
-
Three UChicago CS Students Receive Harper Dissertation Fellowships
June 03, 2020Yongshan Ding, Junwen Yang and Leonardo Coregliano received the William Rainey Harper Dissertation Fellowship, the highest honor awarded to UChicago graduate students. Their projects span from the architecture of quantum computers and the performance of database-backed web applications to the theoretical underpinnings of computer science and mathematics.
-
“Apples-to-Apples” Call Stack Comparison Wins Distinguished Paper at PLDI 2020
May 29, 2020The paper by UChicago CS PhD student Kavon Farvardin and Professor John Reppy empirically judged six different programming language implementation approaches for continuations, a mechanism fundamental for implementing language features such as concurrency and parallelism.
-
-
Q&A: Asst. Prof. Blase Ur on Contact Tracing Tech and Privacy
May 21, 2020UChicago News talks to Neubauer Family Assistant Professor Blase Ur, a University of Chicago expert on human-computer interaction and user-centered security and privacy, about how contact tracing tech works and whether the privacy fears are valid or outweighed by the benefits.
-
Prof. Diana Franklin Co-Lead Writer of NSF Report on Key Concepts for Quantum Education
May 20, 2020A new report co-written by UChicago CS associate professor Diana Franklin highlights key concepts for teaching the fundamentals of quantum information sciences to pre-college students.
-
NSF Grant Backs funcX — A Smart, Automated Delegator for Computational Research
May 14, 2020A $3.1 million NSF grant will create funcX, a new distributed “function-as-a-service” (FaaS) platform that makes it easier for scientists to easily and automatically delegate their computational workload to different resources.
-
New AI + Science Grants Fund Projects & Workshops in Chemistry, Physics, and CS Education
May 12, 2020The second round of AI + Science grants awarded by UChicago’s Office of Research and National Laboratories Joint Task Force Initiative supports new AI applications to boost scientific discovery and education.
-
UChicago CS Receives Several Awards, Presents Virtual Papers at CHI 2020
May 08, 2020Students and faculty from UChicago CS presented eight papers and won several awards at the CHI 2020 conference — the premier gathering for human-computer interaction (HCI) research.
-
CQE IBM Postdoc Program Trains Next-Generation Quantum Workforce with Industry
May 07, 2020Kate Smith, a postdoctoral researcher in the research group of UChicago CS Professor Fred Chong, talks about her experience with the Chicago Quantum Exchange’s IBM Postdoctoral Trainees Program, which educates the next generation of quantum scientists.
-
CS/Math Professor Alexander Razborov Elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences
April 28, 2020Alexander Razborov, the Andrew MacLeish Distinguished Service Professor in the Departments of Computer Science and Mathematics, was elected as part of the 2020 class of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
-
Asst. Prof. Blase Ur Comments on Contact Tracing Tech for Chicago Tonight
April 25, 2020Neubauer Family Assistant Professor Blase Ur joined WTTW's news program (remotely) to explain the COVID-19 contact tracing technologies proposed by Apple and Google and discuss the privacy concerns and limitations of the approach.
We're sorry, but there are no results for those filter options.
|
https://computerscience.uchicago.edu/news/
|
Linguistics, being a scientific study of language, is a broad concept divided into two; macro-linguistics and micro-linguistics. Macro-linguistics is the classification of linguistics which studies language in relation to other factors which ate outside of that language. It entails applied and interdisciplinary studies of language (Toolan, 2012). Interdisciplinary means that other scientific approaches are used in the study of language. Macro-linguistics is further divided into several fields including sociolinguistics, ethnolinguistics, phonetic and linguistics among many others. On the other hand, micro-linguistics entails field of linguistics that study language from an internal side (study f language itself). These fields include descriptive linguistics, theoretical linguistics, and historical-comparative linguistics. Given the fact that both macro- and micro-linguistics study language at different levels, there are relationships; some aspects of micro-linguistics are covered when trying to study certain fields of macro-linguistics such as sociolinguistics, historical linguistics, and computational linguistics.
Sociolinguistics is a descriptive study of the interaction between societal aspects such as expectations, context and norms with the language and the way it is used and the resulting impact of the society on language. The focus is the impact of language on society (Wardhaugh, 2010). Whereas sociolinguistics as a macro-linguistic field focuses on factors outside but affect the language of an individual such as age, socio-economic status, education and gender among others, several aspects of micro-linguistics are covered. They include dialect (conventions of grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation among others), accent (pronunciation associated with dialect), sociolect (variety of a language), idiolect (individual's variety of a language) and style. For example, a philosopher will identify with the wordy style of language.
Historical linguistics encompass fields of language such as grammatical, phonological, reconstruction of earlier stages of the language, semantic changes, and the invention as well as the application of methods that allow for demonstration of genetic relationships among languages. In this field of macro-linguistics, micro-linguistics aspects examined include the semantics (linguistic meaning), phonology (which is the sound system in a particular language) and syntax (which is the study of the sentence). These micro-linguistic aspects are examined to understand how language changes over time (Campbell, 2013).
On the other hand, computational linguistics is a macro-linguistic field that studies the language by applying computer science especially aspects of machine learning and artificial intelligence (McDonough, 2017). Drawing from these fields of computer science, computational linguistics solves problems relating to language. Various approaches to computational linguistics are employed to study the language. They include machine translation, document retrieval and clustering applications, natural language interface and database front-ends among many others. When these approaches are employed in the study of language, several micro-linguistic aspects are covered. For example, when machine translation is employed to study language, morphology which is the sentence structure is studied and translated. Also, the semantics of the language is studied as the meaning is sought. Similarly, use of voice-based applications lead to an investigation of language phonology as the sound system is focused as the main area of study of language.
References
Campbell, L. (2013). Historical linguistics. Edinburgh University Press.
McDonough, S. (2017). Applied linguistics in language education. Routledge.
Toolan, M. (2012). Narrative: A critical linguistic introduction. Routledge.
Wardhaugh, R. (2010). An introduction to sociolinguistics. John Wiley & Sons.
Cite this page
Paper Example on Macro-Linguistic. (2022, May 22). Retrieved from https://proessays.net/essays/paper-example-on-macro-linguistic
If you are the original author of this essay and no longer wish to have it published on the ProEssays website, please click below to request its removal:
|
https://proessays.net/essays/paper-example-on-macro-linguistic
|
The Cognitive Science Society has the latest news and information on conferences, funding, and employment, along with a host of related conferences.
The Cognitive Neuroscience Society is committed to the development of mind and brain research aimed at investigating the psychological, computational, and neuroscientific bases of cognition.
The American Psychological Society promotes, protects, and advances the interests of scientifically oriented psychology in research, application, teaching, and the improvement of human welfare.
The Organization for Human Brain Mapping provides an educational forum for the exchange of up-to-the-minute and ground-breaking research across modalities exploring human brain mapping.
The Psychonomic Society promotes the communication of scientific research in psychology and allied sciences.
Linguistics
The American Association for Applied Linguistics is a professional organization of scholars who are interested in and actively contribute to the multi-disciplinary field of applied linguistics.
The American Philological Association is the principal learned society for classical studies of ancient Greek and Roman languages, literatures, and civilizations.
The Association for Computational Linguistics is an international scientific and professional society for people working on problems involving natural language and computation.
The Association for Literary and Linguistic Computing supports the application of computing in the study of language and literature.
The Association for Machine Translation in the Americas is for those interested in the translation of languages using computers in some way.
The International Speech Communication Association covers all the aspects of speech communication (acoustics, phonetics, phonology, linguistics, natural language processing, artificial intelligence, cognitive science, signal processing, pattern recognition, etc.
Epigraphic Society is concerned with the discovery and decipherment of ancient inscriptions.
The Linguistic Society of America serves its members through scholarly meetings, publications, and special activities designed to advance the discipline of linguistics.
The Philological Society is devoted to the scholarly study of language and languages.
The Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction is an international professional organization of scholars interested in qualitative research, especially interactionist
Online References
The Human Brain is an online virtual hospital site hosted by the University of Iowa that provides a stunning array of images of the human central nervous system from infants to adults.
The Whole Brain atlas, hosted by the Harvard Medical School, displays pictures from MRI to fMRI in various disease states.
Computation
Humanoids IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots. This is an annual conference on recent developments in enabling technologies (processing power, mechatronics, walking machines, articulated vision heads and more), as well as findings and developments in other related fields (e.g., studies of the human brain, linguistics, psychology, and computation).
MICCAI98. International conference on medical image computing and computer-assisted intervention.
Dynamics of Neural Networks: From Biophysics to Behavior, Institute for Theoretical Physics, UCSB 23 July - 22 December 2001. This workshop was organized around three overlapping themes: perception and movement, learning and memory, and development.
Dynamical Neuroscience IX: Timing, Persistence and Feedback Control, National Institute of Mental Health, November 9, 10, 2001. Exploration of the convergence of theoretical work and experimental data on neuronal computations that highlight the feedback requirement for the systematic operation of the nervous system.
|
https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/brain-and-cognitive-sciences/9-98-language-and-mind-january-iap-2003/related-resources/
|
Theoretical and Empirical Linguistics
The research group Theoretical and Empirical Linguistics studies the syntax, semantics, morphology, phonology, and phonetics of a variety of languages with a view to enrich our empirical knowledge as well as our theoretical understanding of the nature of the human language faculty. A core characteristic of this research is in-depth cross-linguistic comparison, both synchronically and diachronically. The group aims to contribute to the abstract formalization of the properties of language. In addition, the group is interested in sociolinguistic aspects of language variation. Working from hypothetic-deductive methods next to bottom-up strategies, the boundaries between fundamental principles, generalizations, and parametric variation and change are investigated. Specific fields of investigation include: the syntax and semantics of complex construction types (parentheses, dislocation, coordination, relative clauses), the foundations of syntactic structure and the role of the interfaces with the sound and meaning components of the grammar, ellipsis phenomena, information structure, polarity items, morphosyntactic dependencies and typological variation, Dutch corpus linguistics, phonology as human behaviour, musical aspects of phonology, tonal accents and prosody.
A strength of the research group is the combination of a theoretical orientation with the empirical study of language data from a variety of families, including West and North Germanic, Romance, Slavic, and outside of the Indo-Germanic group, Turkish, Avar, and Je in particular.
Theoretical and Empirical Linguistics organizes various seminars, such as the CLCG Syntax Seminar, and meetings on Phonetics & Phonology, Language Variation & Change, Grammaticalization, and other subjects.
|
https://www.rug.nl/research/clcg/research/tel2017/
|
Natalie Kübler is a Professor in Specialised Translation and Languages for Specific Purposes at the Paris Diderot University. She is currently the Head of the CLILLAC-ARP research team and has been the head of the Language Resource Center at Paris Diderot since 2007. As one of the pioneers in the introduction of corpus linguistics in specialised translation studies, her main areas of teaching and research focus on corpus linguistics and LSPs; specialised translation, and corpus linguistics applied to language and translation teaching and learning.
Corpus Linguistics, the Idiom Principle and Specialised Translation: The Importance of Phraseology
This presentation aims at presenting how research and practice have evolved in Specialized Translation Studies with the epistemological turn of Corpus-Based Translation Studies (CBTS). I will first attempt to give a definition of Specialized Translation (SP) in the light of research in Languages for Specific Purposes (LSPs) and Corpus linguistics, but also, in the light of practical needs SP. This field of research and practice has developed since the fifties into a wide field including CAT-tool, ergonomy, cognitive aspects of the translation process and many others. My aim is to show how specialized translation is closely linked to genre studies, LSP studies and corpora because it requires from translators to acquire knowledge in specialized domains and also knowledge of the different textual genres. Consequently, the idiom principle plays an important role in specialized translation as it is linked to the various specialized domains and textual genres. Phraseology thus representing the incarnation of the idiom principle, it is crucial for translators to understand and master phraseology both in the source and target language.
|
http://www.lexytrad.es/europhras2019/speaker/natalie-kubler/
|
2 edition of Trends in cognitive linguistics found in the catalog.
Trends in cognitive linguistics
Published
2009 by Peter Lang in Frankfurt am Main .
Written in English
Edition Notes
Includes bibliographical references.
|Statement||Javier Valenzuela, Ana Rojo, Cristina Soriano (eds.).|
|Series||Duisburger Arbeiten zur Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft = -- Duisburg papers on research in language and culture -- Bd. 76, Duisburger Arbeiten zur Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft -- Bd. 76.|
|Contributions||Valenzuela, Javier., Rojo, Ana., Soriano, Cristina.|
|Classifications|
|LC Classifications||P165 .T74 2009|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||xiii, 292 p. :|
|Number of Pages||292|
|ID Numbers|
|Open Library||OL24108454M|
|ISBN 10||3631573073|
|ISBN 10||9783631573075|
|LC Control Number||2009517934|
In this case, words of the same type or class may be replaced in the text with each other to achieve the same conceptual understanding. While its origins were, in part, philosophical in nature, cognitive linguistics has always been strongly influenced by theories and findings from the other cognitive sciences as they emerged during the s and s, particularly cognitive psychology. As a consequence, there is often little basis for generalization across these aspects of language, or for study of their interrelations. Lee, David
Cognitive Linguistics. This is because Speech appears to be universal to all human beings capable of producing and perceiving it, while there have been many cultures and speech communities Trends in cognitive linguistics book lack written communication; Features appear in speech which aren't always recorded in writing, including phonological rulessound changesand speech errors ; All natural writing systems reflect a spoken language or potentially a signed oneeven with pictographic scripts like Dongba writing Naxi homophones with the same pictogram, and text in writing systems used for two languages changing to fit the spoken language being recorded; Speech evolved before human beings invented writing; People learnt to speak and process spoken language more easily and earlier than they did with writing. The second section discusses issues relating to adjective evaluation, strategies of verbal humour, the role of social variables, media and political discourse. Slobin, Dan I. Introduction Cognitive linguistics is a modern school of linguistic thought and practice.
The first key commitment is the Generalization Commitment Lakoff There seems to be a dance going on between brain matter and thoughts, emotions, and decisions. Analysis[ edit ] Before the 20th century, linguists analysed language on a diachronic plane, which was historical in focus. In short, Stylistics is the interpretation of text. Linguistic patterns have proven their importance for the knowledge engineering field especially with the ever-increasing amount of available data. Cognitive Linguistics.
To restore pensions.
constitution of the Philological Society in New-York
Dress and decoration
Alaska: the last frontier
Summary catalogue of European decorative arts in the J. Paul Getty Museum
Sammy Skunk
Soil survey of Lincoln County area New Mexico.
Practical business statistics.
Hudsons Bay trader
preliminary catalogue of Alabama amphibians and reptiles
invisible man
Psychological aspects of the care of hospitalized patients.
Retreat of the last ice-sheet in eastern Canada
Esprit de corps
The English admirals
aesthetics of ethical subjectivity
What higher intelligence writes the software for the human brain? The authors provide a concise overview of their field and address problems in a variety of theoretical frameworks, including cognitive linguistics, formal linguistics, corpus linguistics, variational sociolinguistics and critical discourse analysis.
For instance, the meaning "cat" is represented worldwide with a wide variety of different sound patterns in oral languagesmovements of the hands and face in sign languagesand written symbols in written languages. Dictionaries represent attempts at listing, in alphabetical order, the lexicon of a given language; usually, however, bound morphemes Trends in cognitive linguistics book not included.
As psychologists grapple with the realization that there is much more to our personalities than first meets the eye, they begin to see a bigger problem. Vandepitte, Sonia This may have the aim of establishing a linguistic standard Trends in cognitive linguistics book, which can aid communication over large geographical areas.
To answer these exemplary questions and moreunequivocal evidence from neuroscience is usually imported. At another level, the syntagmatic plane of linguistic analysis entails the comparison between the way words are sequenced, within the syntax of a sentence.
Review of Rudzka-Ostyn, Brygida Style[ edit ] Stylistics also involves the study of written, signed, or spoken discourse through varying speech communities, genresand editorial or narrative formats in the mass media. Any particular pairing of meaning and form is a Saussurean sign. I would not consider Lee a good reader.
For research that relies on corpus linguistics and computational linguisticswritten language is often much more convenient for processing large amounts of linguistic data.
The first section includes chapters exploring lexical temporal expressions, the conceptualisation of time and the semantic properties of the subjunctive mood. Formal linguistics attempts to model language by positing explicit mechanical devices or procedures operating on theoretical primitives in order to produce all the possible grammatical sentences of a given language.
This meant that they would compare linguistic features and try to analyse language from the point of view of how it had changed between then and later.
In all aspects, anthropological inquiry usually uncovers the different variations and relativities that underlie the usage of language. This list is based on CrossRef data as of 30 january Anthropology[ edit ] The objective of describing languages is often to uncover cultural knowledge about communities.
Number as a categorizing parameter in Southern Bantu: An exploration in cognitive grammar. The representation of noun and verb polysemy. Peeters, Bert Where is that intelligence located? Any errors therein should be reported to them.
Yet, the brain continues to surprise scientists. Linguistic motivation and its lexicographical application.
Prescription, however, may be practised appropriately in language instructionlike in ELTwhere certain fundamental grammatical rules and lexical items need to be introduced to a second-language speaker who is attempting to acquire the language.Request PDF | Current Trends in Contrastive Linguistics: Functional and Trends in cognitive linguistics book Perspectives | This book examines the contribution of various recent developments in linguistics to Trends in cognitive linguistics book.
Note: Citations are based on reference standards. However, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. The specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied.
Cognitive Linguistics argues that language is governed by general cognitive principles, rather than by a special-purpose language module. This introductory textbook surveys the field of cognitive linguistics as a distinct area of study, presenting its theoretical foundations and the arguments supporting tjarrodbonta.com: William Croft, D.
Alan Cruse.TRENDS IN LINGUISTICS is pdf series of books that open new perspectives in our understanding of language. The series publishes state-of-the-art work on core areas of linguistics across theoretical frameworks as well as studies that provide new insights by building bridges to neighbouring fields such as neuroscience and cognitive science.More people has download Cognitive Perspectives on Bilingualism (Trends in Applied Linguistics) ebook.
Cognitive Perspectives on Bilingualism (Trends in Applied Linguistics) e-book is good and favored at this time. Good testimonies have actually been given in the Cognitive Perspectives on Bilingualism (Trends in Applied Linguistics) book.Cognitive Linguistics - The Quantitative Ebook The Essential Ebook.
by Laura Designed to serve as a textbook for courses in statistical analysis in linguistics, this book orients the reader to various quantitative methods and explains their implications for the field.
TRENDS IN LINGUISTICS is a series of books that open new.
|
https://gedisemogybadek.tjarrodbonta.com/trends-in-cognitive-linguistics-book-38572jr.php
|
The researchers leading the course are international experts in their fields.
Dr Oakes was the Principal Investigator at the University of Sunderland on the EU-funded VITALAS project, working on the text retrieval aspects of a multi-media search engine. He has successfully supervised 7 PhD students to completion as the main supervisor. The majority of these theses were in the field of information retrieval. At present, he is supervising 4 other PhD students and is the course leader for our other MA programme in Language and Information Processing (MA LIP). He is currently researching the authorship of C. S. Lewis’ “The Dark Tower”, and performing a statistical analysis of the Indus script. In addition, Dr Oakes is the sole author of two textbooks, called “Statistics for Corpus Linguistics” and “Literary Detective Work on the Computer”, published by Edinburgh University Press and John Benjamins respectively. With Meng Ji of the University of Sydney, he co-edited two other books: “Quantitative Methods in Corpus-Based Translation Studies” (published by John Benjamins) and “Corpus Methodologies Explained: An Empirical Approach to Translation Studies” (published by Routledge).
Modules: Computational Linguistics; Corpus Linguistics with R.
Dr Orasan has more than 15 years of experience working in many fields of human language technologies, including text simplification, automatic summarisation, information extraction, machine translation, question answering, and corpus building. He is the Coordinator of the FP7 ITN EXPERT project (http://expert-itn.eu). He was the local coordinator of the Erasmus Mundus Masters in NLP&HLT and deputy coordinator of the FIRST project. He has supervised 6 completed PhD theses, more than 20 masters dissertation and is currently supervising 4 PhD students.
Modules: Python Programming; Machine Learning.
Dr Mohammed has published on morphological analysis, dependency parsing, machine translation, corpus linguistics, cultural analytics and machine learning for natural Language Processing. He also has industrial experience in NLP for the medical field. Dr Mohammed has previously taught Introduction to Computational Linguistics and Introduction to Corpus Linguistics. Dr Mohammed is the PI of the project Arabic Cultural Analytics, which seeks to build NLP and Network Analysis tools for Early Modern Arabic.
Modules: Translation Technology; Research Methods and Professional Skills.
Dr Moze specializes in Corpus Linguistics, Mono- and Bilingual Lexicography, Frame Semantics, and Translation Studies, and has 10 years of research experience working in the development of corpus-driven methodologies, annotation schemes, tools, dictionaries, pedagogical grammars and other linguistic resources for various languages. She is one of the main researchers working on the ‘Pattern Dictionary of English Verbs’, which is currently being developed at RIILP under the guidance of Prof. Hanks. She has also co-authored a book titled ‘Analysing Student Language Problems: A Corpus-based Approach’, which focuses on the application of corpus linguistic methods to language teaching.
Dr. Marcos Zampieri has published over 50 peer-reviewed articles on a variety of topics in computational linguistics and neighboring disciplines. His research interests include language and dialect variation, low-resource languages, second language acquisition and educational NLP applications, author profiling and forensic linguistics, text categorization, and translation technology. He has more than 8 years of experience teaching undergraduate and graduate courses in universities in Germany and the UK. He has supervised 6 M.A theses to completion.
Modules: Computational Linguistics; Translation Technology.
Guest lectures will be given by Prof. Patrick Hanks, a world authority in Lexicography, and Prof. Ruslan Mitkov, Director of the Research Institute of Information and Language Processing, Editor of the “Oxford Handbook of Natural Language Processing” and Executive Editor of the Cambridge Journal “Natural Language Engineering”.
|
http://rgcl.wlv.ac.uk/compling/will-teach-course/
|
The program emphasizes the theoretical linguistic disciplines as the necessary core for any applied and interdisciplinary investigation, recognizing that empirical methods as such cannot advance our understanding of human cognition without being embedded in a clearly defined theoretical model. Research projects in this area include: syntax-semantics interactions in the area of information structure (I. Kucerova), morphology-semantics interactions in the domain of mass versus count nouns (I. Kucerova and A. Moro) and applications of mathematical models, such as vastness theory, in grammatical models (J. Colarusso). Faculty members specializing in theoretical linguistics also participate in applied and empirical projects.
Experimental Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
This field studies how language is represented and processed, from both a functional and neurobiological perspective, at all levels of linguistic structure from sound to morpheme to word to sentence to discourse. Research in this field aims to establish the cognitive foundations of speech production and perception, reading, and writing, across all ages and in both first and second language. Faculty also investigate impairments in language including developmental disorders and those acquired through strokes or other brain injuries. Current research in the department includes the interplay of working memory capacity and general cognitive resources with lexical retrieval and processing of morphological and syntactic complexity (E. Service), the brain activity correlates of phonological processing (J. Connolly), the use and interplay of acoustic cues (i.e. cue-weighting) in speech production and perception (D. Pape), articulatory and biomechanical constraints in speech perception (D. Pape), the link between perceptual acuity and accuracy of articulation, probabilistic approaches to speech production and visual word comprehension (V. Kuperman), and individual differences in visual processing of morphological and syntactic complexity (V. Kuperman).
Computational Linguistics & Cognition
This strand of research aims at developing computational models of natural language, as well as cognitive models of human communication. Faculty research in natural language processing includes development of information-theoretical models of morphological processing, corpus studies of vocabulary and lexical development, and cognitive models of self-organization in phonetic inventories across languages (V. Kuperman).
Cognitive Sociolinguistics and Clinical Linguistics
The field of cognitive sociolinguistics examines cognitive aspects of language use in diverse social contexts. Using methods from varied theoretical frameworks, it investigates pragmatic and sociocultural phenomena, including bilingual education and childrearing, second language learning (E. Service), first & second language attrition (M. Stroinska), cognitive theory of translation (M. Stroinska) contact languages, pidgins and creoles (A. Moro). In addition, cognitive aspects of the use of language for persuasion, advertising, propaganda and politics are also studied (M. Stroinska). Research in this area also includes psychometric assessments of language competence in bilingual adults with and without language impairments (A. Moro).
Facilities for Research
Students in the program have access to the department’s research labs and other resources. The Language, Memory and Brain Lab includes a 128-channel EEG/ERP system as well as equipment for running behavioural studies of language processing. The Reading Lab includes a desk-mounted eye-tracking system and several large corpora of written and spoken language data. The Phonetics lab consists of a sound-attenuated room with audio equipment and software to record speech, perform speech perception experiments as well as articulatory speech synthesis. Researchers in the department enjoy productive collaborations with a number of community partners, including the Hamilton-Wentworth Catholic District School Board, a network of practicing Speech-Language Pathologists and other clinicians, the Hamilton chapter of TESL Ontario, and local communities of native speakers of many languages.
|
http://linguistics.humanities.mcmaster.ca/graduate-programs/fields-of-study/
|
Introduces the basic concepts of Slavic linguistics. Addresses the origin of the Slavs and major stages of their linguistic history. Considers Slavic languages and their peculiarities in detail. Taught in English.
Examines the culture of the Slavs, an ethno-linguistic group of peoples living primarily in Central/Eastern Europe. Among nations investigated: the Czech Republic, Russia, Poland, and Ukraine. Students gain a fundamental grasp of major issues and historical events of this region, expressed through culture. Offered: jointly with JSIS A 130.
A contextual study of a significant work or intellectual movement from a Slavic culture. Study includes literature, film, music, or art. Credit/no-credit only.
Introduces major Slavic literary works of different types (stories, novels, poetry), mostly from the 20th and 21st century, focusing on the intense "close reading" of these texts that identifies their main literary features. Excellent beginning training for the informed reading of any kind of literature. Taught in English.
A multidisciplinary examination of bilingualism as a societal and individual phenomenon. Considers language versus dialect, diglossia, state language policies, language rights, indigenous languages, and linguistic minorities. Explores bilingualism and biculturalism as human experience and as indexes of identity and diversity. Includes a fieldwork project focused on linguistic diversity in the Pacific Northwest. Offered: W.
Emphasizes international cultural, artistic, and historical diversity by introducing select contemporary Eastern European film directors. Focuses on a single filmmaker and studies his/her opus in depth, both in his/her Eastern European country of origin and abroad. Special attention paid to Eastern European filmmakers in Hollywood.
Introduces post-WWII Eastern European fiction created during and after the communist era, both in Eastern European countries and in exile. Includes works by Polish, Czech, Yugoslav, post-Yugoslav, Hungarian, and Baltic writers. Taught in English.
Studies aesthetically most interesting films from Eastern Europe from the 1950s to present. Includes select films by Polish film icon Andrzej Wajda, the Czech 1960s New Wave, the Zagreb School of Animated Film, works by Eastern European women directors, as well as more recent internationally awarded and acclaimed films.
History of Slavic languages from Indo-European to present time, including development of writing systems and national languages. Principles of historical linguistics: sound change, analogy, semantic change, as well as relevance of historical linguistics to our knowledge of human development, ancestral culture, etc. Prerequisite: either SLAVIC 110, LING 200, or LING 400. Offered: Sp.
Examines diverse phenomena related to the language known as Serbo-Croatian, and to the Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian languages. Explores concepts such as language death, birth, politics, standardization, and codification. The relation between dialect and language is observed in an ecology exhibiting ethnic and religious diversity.
Introduces writing and research in Slavic studies. Students review secondary literature in their chosen fields, rewrite and revise their own work to bring it up to discipline standard, and work collaboratively to evaluate their own work and that of their peers.
Studies major East European film makers who left their countries at some point in their careers. Compares East European and Western production of those directors who worked partially in the West. Offered: jointly with CMS 423.
Focuses on the diversity of human experience and the social and cultural conditioning of language use. Language as a mirror of culture and national character. Universal and culture/language specific components in linguistic expression of emotions, courtesy/politeness and rudeness, prejudice and (in)sensitivities, linguistic expression of gender differences in different cultures. Offered: Sp.
Investigate the diversity of human experience by focusing on culture specific aspects of linguistic expression of emotion. Examination of the meaning and form of emotion words in different languages, facial expressions, cultural attitudes to emotion and emotional behavior, and gender-specific emotional expressions.
Special topics in Slavic linguistics. Course offerings based on instructor's specialty and student demand. Offered: AWSp.
Daily work in phonetic, grammar, conversation, translation, analytical reading, stylistics, newspaper analysis, and advanced syntax. Provides an opportunity to earn credits while studying in Eastern Europe. Offered: AWSpS.
Supervised research in student's selected area of concentration, combined with language instruction tailored to the student's field. Provides an opportunity to earn credits while studying in Eastern Europe. Offered: AWSpS.
Selection of courses on specialized topics in East European literature; specific authors or periods. Provides an opportunity to earn credits while studying in Eastern Europe. Offered: AWSpS.
Lectures on various aspects of Eastern European culture, complemented by visits to places of cultural historical interest. Provides an opportunity to earn credits while studying in Eastern Europe. Offered: AWSpS.
Directed research on a topic approved by department for a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of requirement for degrees "With College Honors" or "With Distinction." Offered: AWSpS.
Individual study of topics to meet specific needs. By arrangement with the instructor and the Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures office. Prerequisite: permission of instructor and undergraduate adviser. Offered: AWSpS.
Introduction to graduate studies in Slavic languages, literatures, and cultures. Discusses field of study and research materials and techniques employed.
Current foreign language teaching methods and approaches. Learning and teaching strategies and techniques for the four skills (reading, writing, speaking, listening) including cultural notions. Current and future trends in pedagogy and technology. Offered: jointly with GERMAN 518/SCAND 518; A.
Introduction to current issues of foreign language pedagogy. Concentrates on the practical classroom application of methodological theory through lectures and micro-teaching presentation. Topics discussed and practiced include testing, proficiency teaching, teaching listening and reading skills, writing, teaching grammar, and computers. Offered: A.
Explores recent theoretical trends which no longer search for a unified theoretical meta-narrative (i.e., post-structuralism or new historicism), but instead explore various literary genres (such as diary or fictional book reviews) and texts as the primary terrain of theory. Bakhtin, Lem, Bruns, Corradi-Fiumara, Crnkovic, and others.
Designed to acquaint majors in Slavic linguistics with the details of the historical development of the phonological and morphological structure of the Ukrainian and Byelorussian literary languages.
Designed to acquaint majors in Slavic linguistics with the details of the historical development of the phonological and morphological structure of literary Polish, Czech, Slovak, and Upper and Lower Sorbian languages.
Designed to acquaint majors in Slavic linguistics with the details of the historical development of the phonological and morphological structure of the South Slavic languages.
Rise and development of earliest Slavic literary language and a descriptive study of its orthography, phonology, morphology, and syntax. Readings from normalized texts.
Reading and grammatical interpretation of a selected group of canonical texts, as well as some examples of the various later recensions of Old Church Slavonic. Prerequisite: SLAVIC 565.
|
http://www.washington.edu/students/crscat/slavic.html
|
What is linguistics?
Linguistics is the science of human languages and the human language capacity. It deals with the architectural principles of the world’s languages (e.g., which speech sounds, words and grammatical rules and regularities are found?), the functions of languages (e.g., what roles do languages play for communication and thought?), and how human beings process language in production, perception and understanding, and in language learning.
How do you study linguistics in Lund?
Linguistics at Lund university is organized into two subdisciplines: General linguistics and Phonetics. There is a close cooperation with Cognitive Semiotics, the transdisciplinary study of meaning. Have a look at the flow chart below for a more detailed description of the structure from undergraduate education via theconjoined Master’s program all the way to doctoral studies in General Linguistics and the connected subjects.
Central aspects of linguistic research
Linguistics as a subject is concerned with linguistic diversity, language use and behaviour in different modalities (speech, sign language, gesture, writing) and in real-time (known as processing of language), as well as over a longer period of time, i.e. during language development.
Some profile areas at the linguistic’s unit at Lund university are language typology, neurolinguistics, first and second language acquisition, bilingualism, multimodality, prosody and language documentation.
Linguistic methodology includes qualitative and quantitative methods, field research, experimental research, corpus methods, etc.
Affiliations and facilities
Linguistics in Lund draws on the research techniques and tools available at Lund University Humanities Lab, an interdisciplinary department for research technology and training at the Joint Faculties of Humanities and Theology.
The Lab hosts technology (e.g. eye-tracking, EEG, motion capture, articulography), methodological know-how, and a language archive connected to the European consortium for language technology CLARIN, and also offers training opportunities. Lab activities are centered around issues of communication, culture, cognition and learning.
Previous evaluations
- Self-evaluation of research activities in linguistics in conjunction with RQ-08 "Research Evaluation - 2008" (PDF)
- Self-evaluation of research activities in linguistics in conjunction with HTRQ14 (PDF)
Masterprogram i språk-språkvetenskap med inriktning mot Allmän språkvetenskap eller Fonetik - 120 p
Programmet vänder sig till studenter med intresse för lingvistik (allmän språkvetenskap och fonetik). Programmets målsättning är att stärka studenternas kunskap om språk i bred mening och teoretiska förståelse av språkvetenskapliga frågeställningar. Programmet kan tjäna som en förberedelse för vidare akademiska studier eller för en kommande yrkesverksamet med anknytning till språk. Programmet vänder sig till studenter med svenska eller utländsk grundexamen.
|
https://www.sol.lu.se/en/subjects/lingvistik/
|
The interactions constituted a topic of investigation in social sciences and philosophy starting with the beginning of the 20th century. Initially, the study of interactions was associated with the investigation of human experience. Georg Simmel and Erving Goffman have shifted the understanding of social phenomena by reversing their traditional framing as means-end and cause-effect chain models.
For Simmel, the phenomena of face-to-face interaction were central to the sociological investigation. Through Cooley and Mead, social interactionism emphasized the importance of interaction in social psychology. In developmental psychology, Vygotsky was among the first to speak about the role of interpersonal interactions for cognitive development. The interrelations of people’s behaviors in each other’s immediate presence became the focus of interest for many researchers in the first half of the century. Therefore, the method of measuring and analyzing the behavior of persons in face-to-face interactions received a greater attention. However, the investigation of interactions was not the primary object of study, but rather a means for explaining social institutions and human relationships. Linguistics, ethnology and anthropology largely contributed in the last decades of the century to bring about the structure of the interactions and to describe accurately the entirety of elements involved in them. In linguistics, three major fields of research were opened: the conversation analysis (Goffman, Kerbrat-Orecchioni), the politeness theory (Brown and Levinson) and speech acts theory (Austin, Searle). The “action” as unite of the behavior have been identified and measured (Chapple), paving their way for quantitative research on social organization structure. Studies on body motion (the Birdwhistell’s kinesics, for example), and the recent surge of gesture studies field of visible bodily action (driven by authors such as Kendon, McNeill,), that plays a central role in understanding language and more broadly the communication process in human interaction, in various culture and social context, nowadays have many applications areas. Goldin-Meadow even shows that gestures have an important role in cognition in general. On the other hand, joint attention, i.e. attention to an object or situation that is shared with another person, plays an important role in language development (Yu & Smith).
Another parallel approach focused on the classification of the content of what people communicate. Bales’ system of categories, for example, is based on a theory of the interactive process as problem-solving situation.
In the first two decades of the 21st century a larger quantity of research has been directed towards direct interaction, in which participants are standing in direct contact and are wholly engaged or immersed in interaction. As a consequence, researchers considered new aspects of the interrelation between the body, the surroundings, and the interaction itself when actors are coming together.
The theoretical and methodological advances in studying interactions, particularly face-to-face interactions, both required and prompted a series of conceptual (philosophical) clarifications:
- the definition and the structure of the situation; emerging traits in situation;
- the definition of action and interaction; typology of interactions; verbal and co-verbal aspects; taking-turns; multimodality;
- the role of subjectivity in interactions; children and adults in interaction;
- the potential impact of an interactive theory of various field of research and human activity
- the types of theories which are fit to capture the nature and the complexity of interactions; the theoretical models subjacent to the measuring and analyzing of interactions; the validity of the theoretical
Workshop’s Aim
The aim of this workshop is to investigate in a collaborative way which research methods, which types of investigation and which underlying epistemological models are able to capture interaction with its specificities. We wish to cross different conceptualizations and methodologies, in the study of diverse interactions that go beyond human interaction: human-animal, human-machine, etc.
One of the ambitions of this joint research work is also to philosophically legitimize the field of interactions as a distinct field of investigation.
We invite researchers who work on interaction in different fields (philosophy, linguistics, psychology, conversational analysis, etc.) to submit their work and thoughts in progress for consideration during the workshop.
The following questions may guide your proposal, within your own discipline:
– What is interaction? How do you define it? Is it a concept? A simple notion?
– How do you analyze it? With what tools?
– Which interaction model(s) do you use in your field of knowledge? How theoretical models are constructed and applied to empirical situations?
You are invited to present a work in progress, a first draft to be reworked after the workshop.
After a review process, the final version of your papers may be sent for publication for a Supplement to Issue of STUDIA UNIVERSITATIS BABES-BOLYAI – PHILOSOPHIA. The articles will be indexed in WoS-ESCI and are open access.
http://studia.ubbcluj.ro/
Deadlines
Long Abstract Submission (max. 600 words): December 15th, 2021
Notification of acceptance: February 1st, 2022
Registration: from the 1st to 30th of March 2022.
Extended Paper (which can be reviewed at the end of the workshop): 15th April
In preparation for the 6 workshop sessions, 6 chairs are each working on the synthesis of three documents: 15th April – 15th May
Workshop Languages
English and French
Workshop Location
Center for Applied Philosophy, Babeş-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca
Str. M. Kogalniceanu, 1, Cluj-Napoca
Registration
Attendance and online access are free, but registration is required. We will send links to online guests.
Organisers
Center for Applied Philosophy, Babeş-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca
Ion Copoeru, ion.copoeru@ubbcluj.
Laboratoire de linguistique et didactique des langues étrangères et maternelles (LiDiLEM) EA 609, Université Grenoble Alpes.
|
https://enposs.eu/events/workshop-direct-interaction-methods-of-research-epistemology-and-conceptualization/
|
As a research assistant for German Linguistics and Sign Language Research, I currently conduct the Sign Language Lab at the Georg-August-University of Göttingen, where we work on various research projects. I studied German Philology, Geography and Ethnology at the Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz between 1999 and 2005. During this time, I visited Galway, Ireland for six months on a DAAD grant for master theses to compare German and Irish Sign Language. Between 2006 and 2009, I received a DFG scholarship and did a doctorate at the Goethe-University of Frankfurt's post-graduate program 'Sentence Types: Variation and Interpretation'. In my doctoral thesis, I investigated modal and focus particles in three different sign languages. During the time of my PhD, I was a lecturer at the German Institute and the Institute for Education at the Gutenberg-University of Mainz, where I taught linguistics and various aspects of sign language research. From October 2009 until January 2010, I was a research assistant at the Gutenberg-University of Mainz as part of a research group on 'Neurocognition of Language Universals' at the Department for English and Linguistics. During this time, I started with an innovative EEG-project on 'Neurophysiological Foundations of Sign Language', which our team in Göttingen is now carrying on in cooperation with Dr. Matthias Schlesewsky.
I am interested in theoretical and experimental sign language linguistics, mainly examining different interfaces of grammar. This particularly includes non-manual features and their functions for example in information structure, the syntax-prosody interface and modal and focus particles. At the moment, we are investigating the processing of spatial relations in German Sign Language (DGS). Different psycho- and neurolinguistic studies with EEG and eye tracking experiments yield interesting results in this field. Furthermore, issues such as sign language quotation, agreement marking and the diachronic development of DGS are relevant for my research. Sign languages are most fascinating languages and sign language linguistics is an excellent research field to test linguistic theories, language universals, and the language faculty across modalities.
|
http://www.uni-goettingen.de/en/herrmann%2C+annika/187831.html
|
Computational Linguistics, Linguistics Valerie Freeman. "Using acoustic measures of hyperarticulation to quantify novelty and evaluation in a corpus of political talk shows."
PhD in English | Department of English
They must be members of the graduate program in Composition and Applied Linguistics unless special permission has been obtained from your dissertation advisor, the graduate Composition and Applied Linguistics program coordinator, and the School of Graduate Studies and Research. Readers outside of IUP are allowed, subject to approval.
Student Theses and Dissertations - Linguistics
Kevin Hirschi joined NAU’s PhD program in Applied Linguistics in the Fall 2019 semester. He is a native of Arizona and has taught English language skill courses, French as a foreign language, and language teacher preparation at three higher education institutions in Arizona, Europe, and Asia.
Applied Linguistics Dissertations and Theses | Applied
May 22, 2019 · The Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) program in linguistics is individually tailored to the needs and professional goals of the student. The program grounds its theory with strong empirical research, both in the laboratory as well as in field settings.
Ph.D. Dissertations - Department of Linguistics - UCLA
Kenneth Konopka Dissertation: The Vowels of Mexican Heritage English: Language contact and vocalic variation in a Chicago community Current Affiliation: Department of Linguistics, Northeastern Illinois …
PhD in Linguistics | Linguistics at Illinois
The PhD in linguistics trains students in the science of language. Students become specialists in the core areas of linguistics-- phonology, syntax, and semantics --and learn to integrate this core with the study of second language acquisition.
Dissertation Archive | Department of Linguistics
PhD in Applied Linguistics GRS LX 664 The Linguistics of Contemporary English (previously offered as CAS LX 406) and the GRS PhD Dissertation Defense Abstract form must be submitted at least three weeks prior to the scheduled thesis defense to the Graduate School Dean’s Office for approval. (The abstract will not be approved if it
Applied Linguistics Concentration - PhD in English | Ball
Dissertations/Theses The culmination of the PhD program of study is a doctoral dissertation, prepared with the guidance of a thesis advisor. The dissertation must demonstrate originality and ability for independent investigation, and the results of the research must constitute a noteworthy contribution to knowledge in the field.
Linguistics Dissertation Topics - UKEssays
Our innovative PhD in Applied Linguistics at Northern Arizona University is a nationally recognized program for scholars interested in second language acquisition and production, pragmatics, and teaching English as a second language (TESL).
Ph.D. in Linguistics and Applied Language Studies | World
Students wishing to enter the PhD program in Linguistics, including those who hold a master’s degree from elsewhere, must satisfy the requirements for the UWM Master of Arts degree in Linguistics. Students apply to the Graduate School for admission, which, …
PhD in Linguistics - Department of Linguistics
Since 2008, undergraduate theses submitted by B.A. and B.S. recipients at the university are published online in the OSU KnowledgeBank Collection of Arts and Sciences Undergraduate Research Theses and Honors Research Theses. This page is currently under construction. When it is finished, it will list each of the theses submitted by recipients of the B.A. in Linguistics to the KnowledgeBank
LINGUIST List | Linguistics Programs in Germany
The Ph.D. program in Linguistics and Applied Language Studies (LALS) prepares students for research and teaching in the interdisciplinary field of Applied Linguistics. We offer specializations in the following subdisciplines: the analysis of spoken and written texts, multilingualism, second …
Doctoral Program in English Language and Linguistics
Zachary Bret Rasmussen, The Interlanguage Speech Intelligibility Benefit: Arabic-Accented English Robert Benjamin Young , The Syntax of Double Objects as an Instance of V Segmentation If you graduated with us and you don't see yourself listed here, please send your name, title, and semester and year of graduation to [email protected].
Linguistics Theses and Dissertations | Linguistics
Doctoral Program in English Language and Linguistics The PhD in English with a focus on English Language and Linguistics is an advanced research degree. The program assumes that an entering student has a Master’s degree in Applied English Linguistics (or a related field) and has a wide knowledge of linguistics.
Phd Thesis In English Linguistics
doctoral thesis college thesis thesis template thesis proposal example example thesis how to write thesis Furthermore, in the matter of writing an essay for university or college, a student would need to advance his or her perspectives bolstered by pertinent actualities in a useful yet fascinating way.
Linguistics, PhD < University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Linguistics at the Graduate Center. The Linguistics Program at the Graduate Center is designed to provide students with well-grounded training in general linguistics and a wide choice of specialized subdisciplines. Our Ph.D. and M.A. programs prepare students for careers in scientific research, teaching, private industry, and public planning.
Graduate Alumni: Department of Linguistics - Northwestern
Composition and Applied Linguistics, PhD. Dissertation. Dissertation Archive. Qualifying Evaluation Degree Candidacy. Culminating Evaluation. Dissertation Signature Format Information (2012). Emotionality and Composition in Thai and in English. [Dissertation Advisor: David Hanauer] Gatto, Roseanne. (2012). Composition and Rhetoric
Linguistics Ph.D. | Brown University
Applied Linguistics/TESOL (Online Graduate Certificate) Georgia State University Applied Linguistics and ESL MA Program Applied Linguistics PhD program Curriculum & Instruction, College of Education Gonzaga University MA - Teaching English as a Second Language (MA/TESL) Peace Corps Master's International Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics
PhD in Linguistics | Linguistics | Boston University
PhD in Applied Linguistics The PhD program in Applied Linguistics prepares students to teach and conduct original research at the college level in the US and abroad. Students specialize in areas of applied linguistics, including teaching English as a second or foreign language (ESL/EFL), discourse analysis, second language writing, and others.
Dissertation Archive - Dissertation - Composition and
Undergraduate and graduate majors: Given the interdisciplinary nature of work in this program, faculty will consider applicants with bachelor's or master's degrees in fields such as anthropology, applied linguistics, cognitive science, communication, comparative languages and literatures, English literature, education, history, law, linguistics
Phd Thesis In English Linguistics
Spanish Linguistics M.S. Degree 1. Director of Graduate Studies Students should consult with the DGS, currently Professor Leow, any time they have questions about the program. Students are responsible for checking with the DGS at least once per semester to make certain that they are not only taking the appropriate courses, but are also following […]
PhD in Spanish Linguistics | Department of Spanish and
If, in their course of the Ph.D. program, a doctoral student meets all of the requirements of a M.S. degree in Linguistics, he or she may apply to receive a “Master’s in Passing.” Please consult section IV.D.3 of the Graduate School Bulletin for full details about the “in passing” or “terminal” Master’s degree.
PhD in Applied Linguistics | Linguistics | Boston University
English Linguistics Hermann Paul Graduate School of Language Sciences International Master's Degree in European Linguistics Master of Arts in English Language and Linguistics Phonology and sociolinguistics Universität Göttingen Department of English Studies Department of General and Indo-European Linguistics
Doctoral Dissertations — Linguistics
332 rows · (Romance Linguistics) Reassessing the Role of the Syllable in Italian Phonology: An Experimental Study of Consonant Cluster Syllabification, Definite Article Allomorphy and Segment Duration. Caponigro, Ivano
Dissertation – MIT Linguistics
Linguistics is a major that gives students insight into one of the most intriguing aspects of human knowledge and behavior. Majoring in linguistics means that you will learn about many aspects of human language, including sounds (phonetics, phonology), words (morphology), sentences (syntax), and meaning (semantics).
Linguistics, PhD < Tulane University
Home ▸ Dissertation Archive Dissertation Archive. To search dissertations by author, keywords, etc., and to view electronic copies of dissertations published since 2008, visit the DigitalGeorgetown repository of Linguistics dissertations.. Recent dissertations are listed alphabetically by author below.
Alumni and their Dissertations – MIT Linguistics
The final result I got Phd Thesis In English Linguistics was exceptional. Essay Help. My Account. I fell sick during my last term and would not have graduated on time Phd Thesis In English Linguistics if it wasn’t for Pro Homework Help. I cannot thank them enough for helping me meet my deadlines.
PhD English Language and Applied Linguistics (distance
Dr. Ana Maria Carvalho is a Professor of Portuguese and Spanish Linguistics. She completed her PhD in Hispanic Linguistics at the University of California at …
Recent Masters Theses | Department of Linguistics
This dissertation is a case study of the syntax of the left periphery, using exclamatives in English and Japanese. In the first part, I discuss exclamatives in Japanese in detail by focusing on the properties of the exclamative wh-phrases and particles that function as licensors for wh-phrases in exclamatives.
PhD Applied Linguistics | English Department
Alternatives and Exhaustification: Non-Interrogative Uses of Chinese wh-words Any Questions? Polarity as a Window into the Structure of Questions The Caland System in the North: Archaism and Innovation in Property-Concept/State Morphology in Balto-Slavic Diachronic Poetics and Language History: Studies in Archaic Greek Poetry Feature Mismatch: Deponency in Indo-European Languages The Hidden
LINGUIST List | Linguistics Programs in USA
The department offers three Ph.D. programs: in Cognitive Science, Linguistics and Psychology. Ph.D. students are accepted by the department and formally choose one of the three programs. The department does not accept students interested in obtaining terminal master's degrees.
Recent Dissertation Titles | Department of Linguistics
Each completed graduate student dissertation on this list reflects the diversity and quality of student scholarly work during recent years in the UC Davis Department of Linguistics. Doctoral Dissertations — Linguistics
PhD in Linguistics and Applied - Department of English
Spanish PhD candidates must fulfill the admission and residence requirements of the Graduate College. Candidates for the doctorate in Spanish must demonstrate a near-native oral proficiency in Spanish, as well as a high order of expository prose in English and Spanish through a specified writing sample.
|
http://amdactive.gq/phd-thesis-in-english-linguistics-792139.html
|
Linguistics, the science of language, is an interdisciplinary field which relates to the diversity of the cultures and languages of the world. It is an integral part of most serious pursuits dealing with aspects of language study and/or analysis. As the boundaries of the world change, an understanding of individual languages and cultures becomes increasingly more important. Communication in this complex society requires knowledge of the workings of languages as well as their interrelationship with their respective cultures. All linguistics majors are expected to acquire a rudimentary knowledge of the functions of language at various levels and knowledge of the techniques/methods used in language analysis. A student of linguistics will thereby significantly advance their appreciation of linguistic and cultural diversity.
Mission Statement
Our mission is to pursue the scientific investigation of language as a human phenomenon in its historical, psychological, and social dimensions, through effective and innovative teaching and high-quality faculty and student research covering the major subareas within the discipline of linguistics.
The Linguistics major engages the student in the scientific analysis of human language. Students analyze the structural components of language and study how language is acquired, how it varies across time and space, and how it is used in different social contexts. Students are introduced to various subfields of linguistics, including neurolinguistics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, historical linguistics, computational linguistics, applied linguistics, and discourse analysis. Because linguistics is inherently interdisciplinary, students also develop a solid foundation in a language other than English. Our classes engage in critical inquiry and best research practices, thereby providing students with the necessary tools and experiences to follow their intellectual curiosity, to work across disciplines, to effectively contribute to evolving societal needs, and to become informed participants and leaders in public discourse about language and its role in our world, both locally and globally.
Assessment Plan
Linguistics Department Student Learning Outcomes
Students graduating with a major in Linguistics are expected to:
- Demonstrate foundational knowledge of language as a biological system: phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.
- Demonstrate an understanding of the social factors that shape language use and the dynamic nature of human language.
- Identify and precisely describe patterns found in language data and construct well-reasoned linguistic analyses by formulating, testing, and refining hypotheses about these patterns.
- Effectively and ethically conduct linguistic research and present the findings.
- Critically evaluate popular beliefs regarding the nature and use of language and provide informed contributions to contemporary debates about language.
- Explore the inherent interdisciplinarity of linguistics.
Linguistics Department
Western Washington University
February 2020
Department Goals
Increasing interest in the department has led to a thriving major. To support this successful department, faculty continue to:
- pursue cutting edge research agendas that encourage professional visibility through delivering papers at professional conferences and through publication
- explore new ways to involve students in their research
- make effective use of technology in instruction particularly through the use of computers for linguistic analysis
- participate in career fairs and other campus events to promote the major and increase its visibility
- assess the effectiveness of courses in the major and to implement any changes that improve the department, to make it reflect current standards of the discipline
- insure that students have access to courses in the major, and are able to meet major requirements in a timely manner
- explore ways to increase support for the major (through work-study students and department staff)
- provide an intellectually engaging introduction to the major
- provide an effective senior capstone experience to help prepare students to apply their skills and knowledge beyond graduation
- offer multiple sections of quality GUR courses to contribute to the overall mission of the College of Humanities and Social Sciences and the University to provide a liberal arts education for our students, and in particular, an understanding of language.
- provide career advising to help prepare students for employment in the field
- place students in top graduate programs
Assessment
Linguistics Department faculty are engaged in an ongoing process of assessing the effectiveness of the department in meeting the above goals. Assessment includes the following:
- evaluating and improving the effectiveness of course design and content
- evaluating and improving the senior capstone colloquium experience
- tracking placement of graduates in graduate programs to assess the effectiveness of career advising
- designing, implementing and evaluating exit interviews to gather information for assessment
- periodically reviewing student evaluations, peer observations, syllabi, textbooks, exams, etc.
|
https://chss.wwu.edu/linguistics/about-linguistics
|
The Centre for Language, Logic and Speech (LLS) is a research and education centre of the Tbilisi State University, in which researchers from the Institute of Oriental Studies, Razmadze Mathematical Institute, Institute of Control Systems, Institute of Applied Mathematics and Tbilisi State University collaborate.
The centre pursues interdisciplinary research and education, aiming at bringing together aspects from various disciplines in the areas of linguistics, logic, and computer science.
The Research and Education Centre of Logic, Language and Speech (LLS) was founded at the Tbilisi State University in 1994. In 1996 it became a Coordinating Node in the "ELSNET Goes East" (EGE) Project of the European Network of Excellence in Human Language Technologies (ELSNET). Since 1998 the Centre is a member of ELSNET.
Since 1995, the Centre biennialy organizes the International Symposium on Language, Logic, Computation and a series of summer schools on the same topics. The Journal of Logic, Language and Computation is being published since 2005. Collaboration has been establishes with the universities, institutes and professional societies in The Netherlands, United Kingdom, Austria, Sweden, Italy, United States, Germany, Russia. Many former members of the Centre are currenlty working in Western universities.
Read more about the early history of the Centre in the article "Does ELSNET No Longer Go East?", published in the ELSNET Newsletter ELSNews, No. 9.1 in 2000.
CLLS aims to advance research and education on language, logic, and computation in Georgia by expanding and strengthening international contacts with corresponding foreign centers and universities, intensifying exchange of students, young researchers and lecturers with them, continuing the series of biennial Symposia and Summer Schools on Language, Logic, Computation, and organizing systematic courses on various disciplines from linguistics, logic, and computer science for undergraduate and postgraduate students of various departments in Georgian universities.
|
http://www.risc.jku.at/people/tkutsia/clls/index.html
|
Return to: Baccalaureate Programs
Program Director: Eleanor Nickel, Ph.D.
This minor offers an introduction to the field of linguistics with a particular emphasis in the development of first and second languages, and the teaching of language learners. Linguistics is concerned with the study of human language as a universal feature of human behavior and thinking. Linguists seek to understand the common properties of human language, the place of language in human life and society, and the ways in which language is organized to fulfill the needs of the people it serves and the functions it performs. This minor will provide the necessary background to pursue further studies in linguistics and applied linguistics, as well as prepare students to work with language learners in a variety of contexts.
Main Campus Fresno
Foreign language study
Students who complete the language studies minor along with a bachelor's degree and choose intercultural communication for the elective may request a certificate in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages. This will help students find employment teaching English in many countries. Address all questions to the program director for language studies.
|
https://catalog.fresno.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=7&poid=918&returnto=191
|
In everyday communication, Europe’s citizens, business partners and politicians are inevitably confronted with language barriers. Language technology has the potential to overcome these barriers and to provide innovative interfaces to technologies and knowledge. This document presents a Strategic Research Agenda for Multilingual Europe 2020. The agenda was prepared by META-NET, a European Network of Excellence. META-NET consists of 60 research centres in 34 countries, who cooperate with stakeholders from economy, government agencies, research organisations, non-governmental organisations, language communities and European universities. META-NET’s vision is high-quality language technology for all European languages.
Choose an application
The book provides an overview of more than a decade of joint R&D efforts in the Low Countries on HLT for Dutch. It not only presents the state of the art of HLT for Dutch in the areas covered, but, even more importantly, a description of the resources (data and tools) for Dutch that have been created are now available for both academia and industry worldwide.The contributions cover many areas of human language technology (for Dutch): corpus collection (including IPR issues) and building (in particular one corpus aiming at a collection of 500M word tokens), lexicology, anaphora resolution, a semantic network, parsing technology, speech recognition, machine translation, text (summaries) generation, web mining, information extraction, and text to speech to name the most important ones.The book also shows how a medium-sized language community (spanning two territories) can create a digital language infrastructure (resources, tools, etc.) as a basis for subsequent R&D. At the same time, it bundles contributions of almost all the HLT research groups in Flanders and the Netherlands, hence offers a view of their recent research activities.Targeted readers are mainly researchers in human language technology, in particular those focusing on Dutch. It concerns researchers active in larger networks such as the CLARIN, META-NET, FLaReNet and participating in conferences such as ACL, EACL, NAACL, COLING, RANLP, CICling, LREC, CLIN and DIR ( both in the Low Countries), InterSpeech, ASRU, ICASSP, ISCA, EUSIPCO, CLEF, TREC, etc. In addition, some chapters are interesting for human language technology policy makers and even for science policy makers in general.
Choose an application
CLiC-it 2015 is held in Trento on December 3-4 2015, hosted and locally organized by Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK), one the most important Italian research centers for what concerns CL. The organization of the conference is the result of a fruitful conjoint effort of different research groups (Università di Torino, Università di Roma Tor Vergata and FBK) showing the nationwide spreading of CL in Italy. As in the first edition, the main aim of the event is at establishing a reference forum on...
Choose an application
Exchange between the translation studies and the computational linguistics communities has traditionally not been very intense. Among other things, this is reflected by the different views on parallel corpora. While computational linguistics does not always strictly pay attention to the translation direction (e.g. when translation rules are extracted from (sub)corpora which actually only consist of translations), translation studies are amongst other things concerned with exactly comparing source and target texts (e.g. to draw conclusions on interference and standardization effects). However, there has recently been more exchange between the two fields – especially when it comes to the annotation of parallel corpora. This special issue brings together the different research perspectives. Its contributions show – from both perspectives – how the communities have come to interact in recent years.
computational linguistics --- parallel corpora --- translation studies --- annotation of corpora
Choose an application
Eyetracking has become a powerful tool in scientific research and has finally found its way into disciplines such as applied linguistics and translation studies, paving the way for new insights and challenges in these fields. The aim of the first International Conference on Eyetracking and Applied Linguistics (ICEAL) was to bring together researchers who use eyetracking to empirically answer their research questions. It was intended to bridge the gaps between applied linguistics, translation studies, cognitive science and computational linguistics on the one hand and to further encourage innovative research methodologies and data triangulation on the other hand. These challenges are also addressed in this proceedings volume: While the studies described in the volume deal with a wide range of topics, they all agree on eyetracking as an appropriate methodology in empirical research.
audiovisual translation --- computational linguistics --- applied linguistics --- usability --- post-editing of machine translation output --- comprehensibility --- translation studies
Choose an application
The present work is a study of the Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pāṇini from a new perspective. It attempts to explore the Pāṇinian system of Sanskrit grammar from a formal point of view and investigate the possibilities of representing it in a logical, explicit and consistent manner. It puts forward an appropriate framework for such a representation. Differing from the formulation of Aṣṭādhyāyī, which is composed in an artificial yet natural language and is meant to be employed by individuals who are acquainted both with the Sanskrit language and the techniques of grammar, the present rendering aims for a non-verbal representation in terms of mathematical categories and logical relations which can be implemented in an algorithmic manner.The formal framework suggested in this work would facilitate adequate tools for postulating and evaluating hypotheses about the grammatical system. Moreover, it would furnish the basis for a computer implementation of the grammar. Both these aspects are objects of enquiry in the field of theoretical studies on Pāṇini as well as the emerging discipline of Sanskrit computational linguistics. This book takes on the ground-work in these areas.
Sanskrit Grammar --- Pāṇini --- Aṣṭādhyāyī --- Sanskrit computational linguistics --- Formal representation of Sanskrit grammar --- Sanskrit Grammatik --- Sanskrit Computerlinguistik
Choose an application
This Research Topic aims to showcase the state of the art in language research while celebrating the 25th anniversary of the tremendously influential work of the PDP group, and the 50th anniversary of the perceptron. Although PDP models are often the gold standard to which new models are compared, the scope of this Research Topic is not constrained to connectionist models. Instead, we aimed to create a landmark forum in which experts in the field define the state of the art and future directions of the psychological processes underlying language learning and use, broadly defined. We thus called for papers involving computational modeling and original research as well as technical, philosophical, or historical discussions pertaining to models of cognition. We especially encouraged submissions aimed at contrasting different computational frameworks, and their relationship to imaging and behavioral data.
|
https://doabooks.org/doab?func=search&uiLanguage=en&query=kw:%22computational%20linguistics%22
|
In decades past, linguistics was a field dominated by tangible texts. But today, in the digital age, ignoring the ever-increasing multitude of texts that the internet enables would be an archaic way to conduct work in any field. “Because Internet: Understanding the New Rules of Language” is internet linguist Gretchen McCulloch’s revelatory recent work that addresses how the internet is changing language.
Her website says, “I analyze the language of the internet, for the people of the internet.” “Because Internet” gracefully synthesizes two pertinent aspects of our daily lives: language and our constant use of the World Wide Web.
Picking up a book about how the internet has altered linguistics may seem daunting, but McCulloch’s writing is light and accessible, proving that not only dense writing can carry deep meaning. McCulloch addresses an all-too-familiar setting of language early on: Twitter. She references studies done by Georgia Tech, Microsoft and Columbia to emphasize the functionality of the site. The utilization of Twitter to study linguistics allows researchers to conduct studies without jumping through the many logistical and technical hoops that the pre-internet world presented. McCulloch takes the arena of Twitter, a platform many are at least somewhat familiar with, and informs us of its significance in the field of linguistics.
While it can sometimes seem like many adults are criticizing the value of being online, and telling their kids to get off their devices and into the real world, McCulloch honors the significance and presence of the internet. One idea that McCulloch challenges is that the internet is exclusively isolating. She presents a statistic that “over a third of couples who got married between 2005 and 2012 met online.” McCulloch highlights how the existence of “Internet grandbabies” is quite probable, due to the fact that “children born of the first internet-mediated relationships are — at least hypothetically — now old enough to internet date and have kids of their own.” It can seem like the internet is a cruel and unkind place, but reading McCulloch’s writing reminds us that the World Wide Web can instead supplement or even produce positive, beneficial human interaction.
A book about internet linguistics would immediately be deemed uninformed without a chapter on memes. “Because Internet” does not commit this sin. Though it feels a bit out of place to have links in the footnotes of a print book, the time and effort McCulloch spends on exploring memes is apparent. The fact that McCulloch, who holds a master’s degree in linguistics, is giving attention to memes is validates the daily experiences of young people, whose daily experiences online are often written off as frivolous and or immature.
The field of linguistics generally encapsulates less democratic applications of language, and exists largely in exclusive settings such as those of higher education. But McCulloch discusses vernacular forms of language from the standpoint of an adult who is knowledgeable about these traditionally less democratic applications, and her book feels especially remarkable because of this. McCulloch approaches the sphere of youth culture earnestly wanting to understand its effects on language.
===========
Website source
Related posts:
|
https://llodo.com/news/gretchen-mcculloch-charts-the-linguistic-territory-of-theinternet-oregon-daily-emerald.html
|
This online collection contains all volumes every published in Brill's series Studia Semitica Neerlandica, from the first volume published in 1955 until the newest volumes which will be update each year via an annual installment which is seperately available at a highly discounted price. The series presents monographs and edited volumes that make original contributions to the field.
NEW
Brill
Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics Online
The distinct traits shared by the Semitic languages determine the essential unity of research in these languages. Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics has been a prominent forum for linguistic publications concerning the Semitic languages ever since its foundation in 1967.
NEW
Brill
Cognitive Linguistics Bibliography
The Cognitive Linguistics Bibliography (CogBib) is an electronic database consisting of 7,000 entries covering a wide range of subjects within the broader field of cognitive linguistics. The most important function of CogBib is to make scholars both in and outside of the field of cognitive linguistics aware of the rich and diverse research output available on a range of given topics.
De Gruyter
Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics Online
The Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics represents a unique collaboration of a few hundred scholars from around the world and covers all relevant aspects of the study of Arabic and deals with all levels of the language (pre-Classical Arabic, Classical Arabic, Modern Standard Arabic, Arabic vernaculars, mixed varieties of Arabic). No other reference work offers this scale of contributions or depth and breadth of coverage.
Brill
Enhanced Electronic Grammars
Enhanced Electronic Grammars (EEG) features comprehensive descriptions of languages from around the world. Through this unique Online Reference Work, full grammars are made available together in an interlinked and semantically-annotated format, allowing granular access to the grammatical data and enabling cross-language research of several grammars at the same time. In addition to cross-linguistic queries, each grammar can also be read and researched individually.
De Gruyter
Handbook of Oriental Studies: Ancient Near East Online
This Collection contains scholarly reference works, bibliographic works and research tools pertaining to the political, economic, and social history of the ancient Near East, encompassing works in the humanities as well as the social sciences; studies of religions, the sciences, arts, archaeology, anthropology, literature and linguistics. It includes never before digitized books published between 1961 and 2015.
Further publications will be included in future Collections appearing every few years.
Brill
Humanities and Social Sciences E-Books Online
Brill’s Humanities and Social Sciences E-Book Collections are available on Brill Online with all the advantages and features of digital publishing.The Brill E-Book package can be purchased as a whole, but is also divided into seven broad subject categories that are offered separately.
Brill
Treasury of Linguistic Maps Online
The Online Reference Treasury of Linguistic Maps presents linguistic maps selected from various atlases and other publications that have been published over the years by De Gruyter Mouton and other De Gruyter imprints. For the first time, this material is made available and searchable in one place and in a new, improved format. All maps have been scanned in high-resolution for maximum quality and enriched with detailed metadata. Thanks to specific search functionalities (e.g. category/subdiscipline, language described in the map, geographical location, period described), Treasury of Linguistic Maps is a unique and indispensable resource for visualized information on various topics in linguistics. Many of these maps have not been digitally available before, and some are difficult to find even in printed form. The map interface allows zooming in on details, printing, and PDF export.
De Gruyter
FOUND SOMETHING OF INTEREST?
Contact Bezi today to request further information, pricing, and a free 30-day trial for your institution.
|
https://www.bezi.com.au/Subject/Linguistics
|
Jacobin Club, byname Jacobins, formally (1789–92) Society of the Friends of the Constitution or (1792–94) Society of the Jacobins, Friends of Liberty and Equality, French Club des Jacobins, Société des Amis de la Constitution, or Société des Jacobins, Amis de la Liberté et de l’Égalité, the most famous political group of the French Revolution, which became identified with extreme egalitarianism and violence and which led the Revolutionary government from mid-1793 to mid-1794.
The Jacobins originated as the Club Breton at Versailles, where the deputies from Brittany to the Estates-General (later the National Assembly) of 1789 met with deputies from other parts of France to concert their action. The group was reconstituted, probably in December 1789, after the National Assembly moved to Paris, under the name of Society of the Friends of the Constitution, but it was commonly called the Jacobin Club because its sessions were held in a former convent of the Dominicans, who were known in Paris as Jacobins. Its purpose was to protect the gains of the Revolution against a possible aristocratic reaction. The club soon admitted nondeputies—usually prosperous bourgeois and men of letters—and acquired affiliates throughout France. By July 1790 there were about 1,200 members in the Parisian club and 152 affiliate clubs.
In July 1791 the Jacobin Club split over a petition calling for the removal of Louis XVI after his unsuccessful attempt to flee France; many of the moderate deputies left to join the rival club of the Feuillants. Maximilien Robespierre was one of the few deputies who remained, and he assumed a position of prominence in the club.
After the overthrow of the monarchy, in August 1792 (in which the Jacobin Club, still reluctant to declare itself republican, did not have a direct role), the club entered a new phase as one of the major groups directing the Revolution. With the proclamation of the republic in September, the club changed its name to Society of the Jacobins, Friends of Liberty and Equality. It acquired a democratic character with the admission of the leftist Montagnard deputies in the National Convention (the new legislature) and also a more popular one as it responded to the demands of the Parisian working and artisan class. Through the early phase of the Convention, the club was a meeting place for the Montagnards, and it agitated for the execution of the king (January 1793) and for the overthrow of the moderate Girondins (June 1793).
With the establishment of the Revolutionary dictatorship, beginning in the summer of 1793, the local Jacobin clubs became instruments of the Reign of Terror. (In 1793 there were probably 5,000 to 8,000 clubs throughout France, with a nominal membership of 500,000.) The clubs, as part of the administrative machinery of government, had certain duties: they raised supplies for the army and policed local markets. Often local government officials were replaced with members of clubs. As centres of public virtue, the clubs watched over people whose opinions were suspect, led the dechristianizing movement, and organized Revolutionary festivals.
The Parisian club was increasingly associated with Robespierre, who dominated the Revolutionary government through his position on the Committee of Public Safety. It supported Robespierre in his attacks on the enemies of the Revolution and helped him resist the growing demands of the discontented workers for a controlled economy. After the fall of Robespierre on 9 Thermidor, year II (July 27, 1794), the Parisian club, now a symbol of dictatorship and terror, was temporarily closed. It reopened as a centre of opposition to the Thermidorian government, but it was permanently closed on 21 Brumaire, year III (November 11, 1794).
The Club du Panthéon in 1795 and Club du Manège of 1799 briefly revived the Jacobin spirit, while some local clubs lasted until the year VIII (1799–1800) despite their having been officially banned.
The name Jacobin was also applied to radicals in England and other countries in the period of the French Revolution.
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
|
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jacobin-Club
|
Joseph Marie Servan de Gerbey (14 February 1741 – 10 May 1808) was a French general. During the Revolution he served twice as Minister of War and briefly led the Army of the Western Pyrenees . His surname is one of the names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe, on Column 33.
France, officially the French Republic, is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is bordered by Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast, Switzerland and Italy to the east, and Andorra and Spain to the south. The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. The country's 18 integral regions span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres (248,573 sq mi) and a total population of 67.02 million. France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Other major urban areas include Lyon, Marseille, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Lille and Nice.
The French Revolution was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France and its colonies beginning in 1789. The Revolution overthrew the monarchy, established a republic, catalyzed violent periods of political turmoil, and finally culminated in a dictatorship under Napoleon who brought many of its principles to areas he conquered in Western Europe and beyond. Inspired by liberal and radical ideas, the Revolution profoundly altered the course of modern history, triggering the global decline of absolute monarchies while replacing them with republics and liberal democracies. Through the Revolutionary Wars, it unleashed a wave of global conflicts that extended from the Caribbean to the Middle East. Historians widely regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in human history.
The Army of the Western Pyrenees was one of the Republican French armies of the French Revolutionary Wars. From April 1793 until 12 October 1795, the army fought in the Basque Country and in Navarre during the War of the Pyrenees. After indecisive fighting during the first year of its existence, the army seized the Spanish port of San Sebastián in August 1794. By the time the Peace of Basel was signed on 22 July 1795, the Army of the Western Pyrenees held a significant portion of northeastern Spain.
Servan was born in the village of Romans in south-eastern France. His older brother was the lawyer and publicist Joseph Michel Antoine Servan.
Romans is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France.
Joseph Michel Antoine Servan was a French publicist and lawyer.
He volunteered for the regiment of Guyenne on 20 December 1760. He rose to Engineering Officer, then Deputy Governor of the pages of King Louis XVI, then colonel, then brigadier general on 8 May 1792.
Guyenne or Guienne was an old French province which corresponded roughly to the Roman province of Aquitania Secunda and the archdiocese of Bordeaux.
He was recommended as Minister of War by the Girondin leadership, and served a brief term from 9 May to 12 June 1792. Servan assumed the office in a time of war, the first year of the War of the First Coalition. Within days of his appointment he oversaw the dismissal of the royal Garde du Corps and the Swiss Guards; he also abolished corporal punishment in the army.
The War of the First Coalition is the traditional name of the wars that several European powers fought between 1792 and 1797 against the French First Republic. Despite the collective strength of these nations compared with France, they were not really allied and fought without much apparent coordination or agreement. Each power had its eye on a different part of France it wanted to appropriate after a French defeat, which never occurred.
The Gardes-du-Corps was the senior formation of the King of France's Household Cavalry within the Maison militaire du roi de France.
His most momentous action as minister, however, was his proposal to bring armed volunteers from the provinces to Paris. These citizen-soldiers, called fédérés , were intended to complement the grand festivities set for the anniversary of the fall of the Bastille. Servan also planned to give them military training before using them to supplement the army at the front. The scope and length of their stay in the capital was undefined, and the proposal was highly contentious: some, like the king, saw it as a plot to stack Paris full with anti-monarchists, while others, like Maximilien Robespierre, feared the outsiders might be used as a provincial counterweight to the radical Parisian sans-culottes.
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France, with an area of 105 square kilometres and an official estimated population of 2,140,526 residents as of 1 January 2019. Since the 17th century, Paris has been one of Europe's major centres of finance, diplomacy, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts. The City of Paris is the centre and seat of government of the Île-de-France, or Paris Region, which has an estimated official 2019 population of 12,213,364, or about 18 percent of the population of France. The Paris Region had a GDP of €709 billion in 2017. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey in 2018, Paris was the second most expensive city in the world, after Singapore, and ahead of Zürich, Hong Kong, Oslo and Geneva. Another source ranked Paris as most expensive, on a par with Singapore and Hong Kong, in 2018.
The Storming of the Bastille occurred in Paris, France, on the afternoon of 14 July 1789.
Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre was a French lawyer and politician, as well as one of the best known and most influential figures associated with the French Revolution. As a member of the Constituent Assembly and the Jacobin Club, he campaigned for universal manhood suffrage, and the abolition of both celibacy for the clergy and of slavery. Robespierre was an outspoken advocate for the citizens without a voice, for their unrestricted admission to the National Guard, to public offices, and for the right to carry arms in self-defence. Robespierre played an important part in the agitation which brought about the fall of the French monarchy in August 1792 and the summoning of a National Convention.
King Louis used his constitutional prerogative to veto Servan's proposal. Amid much criticism for his use of the unpopular veto power, the king fought back and dismissed the entire Girondin ministry, including Servan. Radical agitators seized the issue, and the invitation to the fédérés ignited a storm of citywide unrest. Eventually thousands of the provincial volunteers arrived regardless of the king's disapproval, and they were given a warm welcome by members of the Assembly, including Robespierre himself. The fédérés issue helped lead to the insurrection of 10 August after which Servan was reappointed as Minister of War.
Another of Servan's ministerial initiatives was the deletion of the eighth verse of the anthem La Marseillaise in 1792. Servan claimed its references to God undermined the Republic.
Arrested during the Terror, he was released on 3 February 1795 and reinstated in the army. Under the Consulate, he was Chairman of Records as well as Commander of the Legion of Honor.
Servan retired on 3 May 1807, and died the following year in Paris at the age of 67. His name in inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe, on the west side.
Charles-François du Périer Dumouriez was a French general during the French Revolutionary Wars. He shared the victory at Valmy with General François Christophe Kellermann, but later deserted the Revolutionary Army, and became a royalist intriguer during the reign of Napoleon as well as an adviser to the British government. Dumouriez is one of the names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe, on Column 3.
The Society of the Friends of the Constitution, after 1792 renamed Society of the Jacobins, Friends of Freedom and Equality, commonly known as the Jacobin Club or simply the Jacobins, became the most influential political club during the French Revolution of 1789 and following. The period of their political ascendency includes the Reign of Terror, during which time well over ten thousand people were put on trial and executed in France, many for political crimes.
The Girondins, Girondists or Gironde were members of a loosely knit political faction during the French Revolution.
Pierre Gaspard Chaumette was a French politician of the Revolutionary period who served as the president of the Paris Commune and played a leading role in the establishment of the Reign of Terror. He was one of the ultra-radical enragés of the revolution, an ardent critic of Christianity who was one of the leaders of the dechristianization of France. His radical positions resulted in his alienation from Maximilien Robespierre, and he was arrested on charges of being a counterrevolutionary and executed.
The National Convention was the first government of the French Revolution, following the two-year National Constituent Assembly and the one-year Legislative Assembly. Created after the great insurrection of 10 August 1792, it was the first French government organized as a republic, abandoning the monarchy altogether. The Convention sat as a single-chamber assembly from 20 September 1792 to 26 October 1795.
The Mountain was a political group during the French Revolution. Its members, called the Montagnards, sat on the highest benches in the National Assembly.
The sans-culottes were the common people of the lower classes in late 18th century France, a great many of whom became radical and militant partisans of the French Revolution in response to their poor quality of life under the Ancien Régime. The word sans-culotte, which is opposed to that of the aristocrat, came in vogue in 1792, during the demonstration of 20 June 1792. The name sans-culottes refers to their clothing, and through that to their lower-class status: culottes were the fashionable silk knee-breeches of the 18th-century nobility and bourgeoisie, and the working class sans-culottes wore pantaloons, or trousers, instead. The sans-culottes, most of them urban labourers, served as the driving popular force behind the revolution. They were judged by the other revolutionaries as "radicals" because they advocated a direct democracy, that is to say, without intermediaries such as members of parliament. Though ill-clad people and ill-equipped, with little or no support from the upper class, they made up the bulk of the Revolutionary army during the early years of the French Revolutionary Wars.
The French Revolutionary Wars began in April 1792.
The French Revolution was a period in the history of France covering the years 1789 to 1799, in which republicans overthrew the Bourbon monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church in France perforce underwent radical restructuring. This article covers the one-year period from 1 October 1791 to September 1792, during which France was governed by the Legislative Assembly, operating under the French Constitution of 1791, between the periods of the National Constituent Assembly and of the National Convention.
The September Massacres were a number of killings in Paris and other cities that occurred from 2–6 September 1792 during the French Revolution.
Louis Antoine Léon de Saint-Just was a Jacobin leader during the French Revolution. He was a close friend of Maximilien Robespierre and served as his most trusted ally during the period of Jacobin rule (1793–94) in the French First Republic. Saint-Just worked as a legislator and a military commissar, but he achieved a lasting reputation as the face of the Reign of Terror. He publicly delivered the condemnatory reports that emanated from Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety and defended the use of violence against opponents of the government. He supervised the arrests of some of the most famous figures of the Revolution and saw many of them off to the guillotine. For his unyielding severity, later writers dubbed him the "Angel of Death".
The Insurrection of 10 August 1792 was a defining event of the French Revolution, when armed revolutionaries in Paris, increasingly in conflict with the French monarchy, stormed the Tuileries Palace. The conflict led France to abolish the monarchy and establish a republic.
The term "fédérés" most commonly refers to the troops who volunteered for the French National Guard in the summer of 1792 during the French Revolution. The fédérés of 1792 effected a transformation of the Guard from a constitutional monarchist force into a republican revolutionary force.
The Hébertists, or Exaggerators were a radical revolutionary political group associated with the populist journalist Jacques Hébert, a member of the Cordeliers club. They came to power during the Reign of Terror and played a significant role in the French Revolution.
The Women's March on Versailles, also known as The October March, The October Days, or simply The March on Versailles, was one of the earliest and most significant events of the French Revolution. The march began among women in the marketplaces of Paris who, on the morning of 5 October 1789, were near rioting over the high price and scarcity of bread. Their demonstrations quickly became intertwined with the activities of revolutionaries, who were seeking liberal political reforms and a constitutional monarchy for France. The market women and their various allies grew into a mob of thousands. Encouraged by revolutionary agitators, they ransacked the city armory for weapons and marched to the Palace of Versailles. The crowd besieged the palace, and in a dramatic and violent confrontation, they successfully pressed their demands upon King Louis XVI. The next day, the crowd compelled the king, his family, and most of the French Assembly to return with them to Paris.
Pierre-Henri-Hélène-Marie Lebrun-Tondu was a journalist and a French minister, during the French Revolution.
The insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793, during the French Revolution, resulted in the fall of the Girondin party under pressure of the Parisian sans-culottes, Jacobins of the clubs, and Montagnards in the National Convention. By its impact and importance, this insurrection stands as one of the three great popular insurrections of the French Revolution, following those of 14 July 1789 and 10 August 1792.
The Demonstration of 20 June 1792 was the last peaceful attempt made by the people of Paris to persuade King Louis XVI of France to abandon his current policy and attempt to follow what they believed to be a more empathetic approach to governing. The demonstration occurred during the French Revolution. Its objectives were to convince the government to enforce the Legislative Assembly's rulings, defend France against foreign invasion, and preserve the spirit of the French Constitution of 1791. The demonstrators hoped that the king would withdraw his veto and recall the Girondin ministers.
|
https://wikimili.com/en/Joseph_Marie_Servan_de_Gerbey
|
"So, was Napoleon a revolutionary or not? He was for the revolution in the sense that he was against the royalist counterrevolution, and since two negatives cancel each other, a counter-counterrevolutionary is automatically a revolutionary, n’est-ce pas? But one can also say that Napoleon was simultaneously against the revolution: he favoured the moderate, bourgeois revolution of 1789, associated with the Feuillants, Girondins, and Thermidorians, but was against the radical revolution of 1793, handiwork of the Jacobins and sans-culottes. In her book La Révolution, une exception française?, the French historian Annie Jourdan quotes a contemporary German commentator who realized that Bonaparte “was never anything other than the personification of one of the different stages of the revolution”, as he wrote in 1815. That stage was the bourgeois, moderate revolution, “1789”, the revolution Napoleon was not only to consolidate within France but also to export to the rest of Europe."
To see this working, head to your live site.
Search
May 07
Napoleon Between War and Revolution
Napoleon Between War and Revolution
4 comments
0
Napoleon's political beliefs were liberal, and he supported the Revolution. He was disgusted by the atrocities committed in the name of the Revolution and took no part in them.
0
May 09
Napoleon supported the Jacobins when France was in danger externally and internally. But his basic ideology was closer to that of the early Revolutionaries, as Pauwels points out. BTW, his book on WW1 was interesting.
0
And it should be noted that Napoleon was not an ideologue and usually had no time for anyone who was.
0
May 09
A self-crowned monarch and imperialist who established a nobility and placed his relatives on the thrones of Europe. A supporter of revolution? An opportunist rather than a revolutionary I suspect. It is true that Napoleon wasn’t an ideologue. He would therefore have claimed anything that strengthened or secured his position. So for us to judge his true beliefs by his pronouncements alone would be very difficult. Not just a General but a politician. Like all politician’s writings, nothing was without purpose and motive.
|
https://www.thenapoleonicwars.net/forum/general-discussions/napoleon-between-war-and-revolution
|
33.36 Kb.
Date
25.04.2016
Size
33.36 Kb.
#17327
Greenstone/Hannigan
Honors World History
March 2010
French Revolution Study Guide
CHRONOLOGY
You will not have to know exact dates. For example, you will not be asked "Did the Bastille fall on July 13th, 14th or 15th?" However, you do have to understand the chronological sequence of events. For example, you might be asked to put the Tennis Court Oath, the Woman's March On Versailles and the Fall of the Bastille into chronological order. Accordingly, you should study your Chronology and the order in which events occurred to know how one led to the next, but don't attempt to memorize dates as such.
CONCEPTS
Absolute Monarchy
- A government in which all power and all legitimacy descends from the King.
Constitutional Monarchy
- A government in which the King is the executive but in which his powers are limited by the Constitution, a little like the way the U.S. Constitution defines and limits the powers of the American President.
First Estate
- The Clergy.
Traditionally
, their role was to pray for the state and they were therefore exempt from taxation.
Second Estate
- The Aristocracy. Traditionally, their role was to fight for the state and since they paid the "blood tax" in war, they were also exempt from taxation.
Third Estate
- The Commons. Traditionally, their role was to work, primarily by growing food. They were often heavily taxed.
Peasants
- The bulk of the Third Estate were peasants. Mostly they did agricultural work although there were urban peasants living in cities. Most peasants were poor and badly nourished.
Bourgeoise
- Members of the Third Estate who were not peasants. They were the "middle class" in the sense that they were between the peasants and the aristocracy, but many bourgeoise were quite wealthy. They were typically skill-based professionals who worked as merchants, lawyers, doctors, business men, etc. Their numbers were growing during the 18th Century but they did not have any political power before the Revolution.
The Church
- The Catholic Church, to which almost everyone on France belonged and which had great wealth and popular influence.
Ancien Regime
- The name for the system of French society prior to the Revolution.
Counter Revolution
- Resistance to the Revolution in an attempt to restore some or all of the
Ancien Regime.
"Active" Citizen
- A distinction in the First Constitution which said that only men who paid a certain amount of taxes were "active" and thus entitled to participate in government and to vote.
La Marseillaise
- The French National Anthem, it advocates (very) bloody reprisals against foreign invaders.
Sans Culottes
- Literally "without breeches," these were the poor common people who supported the most radical aspects of the Revolution. Depending on one's
perspective
, they can be depicted as the salt of the Earth and the true manifestation of The People or as the dregs of society who reveled in horrible, senseless violence.
Emigrés
- People, typically aristocrats, who fled France during the Revolution because they opposed the Revolution's goals or feared for their safety.
Law of Maximum
- 1793 law passed by the National Convention establishing maximum legal prices for grain. Intended to solve the chronic food shortages that plagued France, but did not.
Law of Suspects
- September 1793 law passed by the National Convention allowed for the creation of revolutionary tribunals to try those who were suspected of treason against the Republic and to punish those convicted with death.
The Guillotine
- Execution device used during the Revolution, it was intended as a humanitarian innovation that would allow all people to be treated equally in death.
EVENTS / INSTITUTIONS
The Financial Crisis of the
Ancien Regime
- During the 18th Century, France had taken on huge debts in order to finance several major wars against England. However, because of internal inefficiencies and limits on the government's ability to tax, the country could not pay off those debts. By the 1780s, France was facing bankruptcy.
Estates General
- (May 1789 - June 1789) The traditional representative body of France in which each Estate would have one vote. Because the concept of the Estates General goes against the
ideal of an absolute monarchy
, there had not been an Estates General since 1614. However, faced with bankruptcy and unable to raise taxes without popular consent, Louis XVI agreed to call the Estates General in 1789.
National Assembly
- (June 1789 - September 1791) The Third Estate of the Estates General declared itself the National Assembly and asserted that it represented the entire nation. Liberal representatives of the clergy and aristocracy joined the new National Assembly and the body then went on to abolish privilege and write the Constitution of 1791 which created a constitutional monarchy.
Legislative Assembly
- (October 1791 - September 1792) The legislative body under the Constitution of 1791. Attempted to deal with foreign invasion, internal starvation and riots. Dissolved when Louis XVI was dethroned following the Storming of the Tuileries.
National Convention
- (September 1792 - November 1795) The legislative body of the Republic that followed the overthrow of Louis XVI. Tried and executed Louis and wrote the egalitarian Constitution of 1793. The Convention was led by the Committee of Public Safety.
The Directory
- (November 1795 - November 1799) Conservative governing body that succeeded the National Convention and ruled with the cooperation of the military.
Tennis Court Oath
- (June 20, 1789) The young National Assembly found itself locked out of its meeting room in Versailles and concluded that the King was attempting to suppress them. The members then convened in an empty tennis court and swore that they would stand together until a constitution was written.
Fall of the Bastille
- (July 14, 1789) The Parisian mob, fearing that the King was going to use the army to shut down the National Assembly, stormed the Bastille, symbol of Royal power and fear, then killed the mayor of Paris.
Critically
, the mob was aided by the Paris militia who sided with the people against the King.
Louis XVI Takes The Colors
- (July 17, 1789) Louis went to Paris and ceremonially accepted the new tricolor symbol (blue and red for the colors of Paris surrounding the white of the King). He was wildly cheered by the crowd.
The Great Fear
- (Summer 1789) The rural peasantry revolt against feudalism along with a number of urban disturbances and revolts. Many members of the aristocracy flee Paris to become émigrés.
August 4th Decrees
- (August 4, 1789) In an attempt to control the uprisings in Paris and the Great Fear, the National Assembly dissolves feudal rights and privileges.
Declaration of the Rights of Man
- (August 27, 1789) National Assembly document that lays out enduring concepts of justice, freedom and equality. Critically, it declares property to be a sacred right.
Women's March To Versailles
- (October 5, 1789) In response to ongoing hunger and Louis' stalling regarding the August 4th Decrees, a mob from Paris, consisting mostly of women, invade Versailles, disrupt the deliberations of the National Assembly, and force the King and Queen to return with them to Paris.
Civil
Constitution of the Clergy
- (July 12, 1790) Demands priests to take an oath of loyalty to the state, splitting the clergy between juring (oath-taking) and non-juring priests.
Flight to Varennes
- (June 20, 1791) The royal family attempts to flee the county in order to link-up with the King's émigré brothers and overthrow the Revolution.
Constitution of 1791 (Constitutional Monarchy)
- (September 1791) Constitution written by the National Assembly, creating a constitutional monarchy.
Louis' Acceptance of the Constitution
- (September 13, 1791) Louis XVI was compelled to accept the Constitution after he was captured and returned from Varennes.
Brunswick Manifesto
- (July 25, 1792) Austria warns that should the royal family be harmed by the popular movement, an "exemplary and eternally memorable revenge" will follow. Interpreted by Parisians as proof that Louis XVI was collaborating with the foreign Coalition.
Storming of the Tuileries
- (August 10, 1792) Mob of
sans culottes
, enraged by France's continuing defeats against the Austrians and Prussians, storm the King's palace in Paris. Swiss Guard massacred. Louis XVI of France is arrested and taken into custody, along with his family.
September Massacres
- (September 3-7, 1792)
Sans
culottes
,
preparing to leave Paris to fight the foreign invaders, decide to eliminate threat of counter revolution before they go. They butcher ~2000 defenseless prisoners being held in Parisian jails.
Battle of Valmy
- (September 20, 1792) French citizen troops, crying "Vive la Nation," turn back the professional Prussian army and thereby save the Revolution from foreign invasion.
Jacobins
- Pro-revolutionary reformers. Named from the Jacobin Club, they are a coalition of like-minded individuals who supported the revolution. There were moderate and radical Jacobins who struggled for control of the club and the Revolution.
Trial of Louis XVI
- (December 1792) Under heavy pressure from the
sans culottes,
t
he National Convention tried, convicted and executed Louis for treason.
Committee for Public Safety
- A small committee formed in 1793 that dominated and led the National Convention as a kind of executive branch. Eventually dominated by Robespierre.
Girondists
- A faction of the Jacobins who feared counter-revolution and advocated entry into foreign war in order to smoke out the traitors and unite the country. Politically, they were
moderates who distrusted the
sans culotte
mob and believed the King deserved a fair trial. They were eventually destroyed by Robespierre and the Montagnards.
Montagnards ("The Mountain")
- A radical faction of the Jacobins who opposed the Girondists. Called "The Mountain" because they sat high up on the back benches of the Convention, they favored the immediate execution of the King and
cultivated the
sans culottes.
In June 1793, they purged the Girondists from the Convention.
Revolt in Vendee
- (1793 to 1796) was a civil war and counterrevolution in the Vendée between Catholics and Royalists on the one hand and Republicans on the other, during the French Revolution. As many as 200,000 died during the revolt and the incredibly harsh reprisals.
Constitution of 1793 (Egalitarian Republic)
- (June 24, 1793) Also known as the "The Montagnard Constitution," was the constitution which instated the First Republic during the French Revolution. It was inspired by the Declaration of the Rights of Man and was broadly egalitarian. Due to the external and internal state of war, the Constitution were suspended on October 10, 1793.
The Terror
- (September 1793 - July 1794) A period of internal violence and repression marked by mass executions of "enemies of the Revolution." It was led by the Committee of Public Safety and Robespierre. As many as 40,000 people were killed as a result of The Terror.
De-Christianization
- (1793-1794) A movement by some local government officials (but not the Committee of Public Safety) to destroy Catholic religious practice and religion itself. The movement was motivated by the belief that the Church and priests were organizing counter-revolutionary activity.
Cult of the Supreme Being
- (1794) Robespierre's attempt to create a new deist state religion to replace Catholicism as a unifying institution.
Thermidorian Reaction
- (July 27, 1794) A revolt against Robespierre and The Terror. It led to a conservative backlash against the excesses and ideals of the Revolution and the Constitution of 1793.
Constitution of 1795 (Conservative reduction of suffrage)
- (August 22, 1795) More conservative than the abortive democratic French Constitution of 1793. The Constitution of 1795 established a liberal republic with a franchise based on the payment of taxes, similar to that of the French Constitution of 1791; and a five-man Directory. The central government retained great power, including emergency powers to curb freedom of the press and freedom of association.
Conspiracy of Equals
- (May 1796) Attempt by radicals to overthrow the Directory in favor of a new egalitarian government that would redistribute property to the poor. The Directory discovered the conspiracy and easily suppressed it.
PEOPLE / PLACES
Versailles
- The massive palace of French monarchy and the seat of government. It was about 15 miles outside Paris.
Louis XVI
- King of France from 1774-1792. Executed January 21, 1793
Marie
Antoinette
- Louis XVI's wife and Queen of France from 1774-1792. Executed October 16, 1793.
Paris
- Capital of France and the site of many critical events of the Revolution.
Bastille
- Feared prison and symbol of royal power in Eastern Paris. The Fall of the Bastille is recognized as the critical event marking the beginning of the French Revolution.
Tuileries
- The palace of King Louis XVI in Paris where he lived after he was forcibly removed from Versailles in October 1789. The storming of the Tuileries in August 1792 marked the effective end of the monarchy.
Robespierre
- Leader of the Committee of Public Safety and the chief architect of The Terror.
Napoleon
- Ambitious general who assisted the Directory to retain power then participated in a coup which overthrew the Directory and took absolute power for himself.
POSSIBLE ESSAY QUESTIONS
:
1. Assess the validity of the following statement: the Revolution began by making "a legitimate point about the failure of the ruling class. But they ruined it through their own imprudence, self-righteousness and naïve radicalism." Refer to specific events in your answer.
2. Why doesn't the Revolution end after 1789? When the King ratifies the August Decrees and Declaration of the Rights of Man, aren't the goals of the revolution and reform achieved? If not 1789, why not in January 1793 with the execution of Louis and the establishment of the Republic? Be sure to discuss specific events and evidence rather than just speculate about individuals' state of mind.
3. There are many instances of violence during the Revolution including: the fall of the Bastille, the March on Versailles, the storming of the Tuileries, the September Massacres, the revolt in Vendee and The Terror. Was such violence inherent in the ideology of the Revolution or was it an unfortunate consequence of circumstances (the resistance of the King, counter-revolution and the invasions of foreign powers) that required a response from the revolutionaries? Discuss at least two or three specific instances of violence in your answer.
4. By 1799, did the French finally chose stability/security over liberty and rights? Why?
5. The great motto of the Revolution was "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity!" To what extent did it live up to those ideals? In the interest of space, you can confine your essay to one or two of the ideals rather than tackle all three.
6. Assess the validity of this statement: "The French Revolution began with noble ideals and in the name of liberty,
equality
, and fraternity, it overthrew a corrupt regime. Yet what those fine ideals led to was The Terror and mass murder." Be sure to address the question of whether it was the ideals that
caused
The Terror.
Directory:
file
->
view
view -> Stage I established Goals
view -> Abolition and Women’s Rights in Antebellum America Abolitionism (pp. 344-354)
view -> Questions: Why did they call for ending slavery?
view -> Group 3b dbq project: 19
view -> The British West Indies were islands that were colonized by Great Britain, stretching across the Caribbean from Jamaica through the Lesser Antilles to British Guiana
view -> Secretary of the Treasury Samuel Chase sought to fund the Union war effort by doing all of the following
view -> Abolition: the action or an act of abolishing a system, practice, or institution
Download
33.36 Kb.
Share with your friends:
|
https://essaydocs.org/greenstonehannigan-honors-world-history.html
|
- National Assembly’s revolutionary spirit galvanized France, manifested in a number of different ways:
o In Paris, citizens stormed the city’s largest prison, the Bastille, in pursuit of arms
o In countryside, peasants and farmers revolted against their feudal contracts by attacking manors and estates of their landlords; dubbed “Great Fear,” these rural attacks continued until early August issuing of August Decrees, which freed peasants from their oppressive contracts
- Shortly thereafter, National Assembly released Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which established a proper judicial code and autonomy of the French people
Rifts in the Assembly
- Though National Assembly did succeed in drafting a constitution, relative peace was short-lived
- A rift slowly grew between radical and moderate assembly members, while the common labourers and workers began to feel overlooked
- When Louis XVI was caught in a foiled escape plot, the assembly became especially divided
- The moderate Girondins took a stance in favour of retaining the constitutional monarchy, while the radical Jacobins wanted the king completely out of the picture
- Outside of France, some neighbouring countries feared that France’s revolutionary spirit would spread beyond French land à in response, they issued the Declaration of Pillnitz, which insisted that the French return Louis XVI to the throne
- French leaders interpreted the declaration as hostile, so the Girondin-led assembly declared war on Austria and Prussia
The Reign of Terror
- National Convention abolished monarchy – declared French republic
- In January 1793, National Convention tried and executed Louis XVI on the grounds of treason
- Despite creation of Committee of Public Safety, war with Austria and Prussia went poorly and foreign forces pressed into French territory
- Enraged citizens overthrew the Girondin-led National Convention, and the Jacobins, led by Maximilien Robespierre, took control
- Backed by new Constitution of 1793, Robespierre and Committee conscripted military and implemented laws to stabilize economy
- For a time, it seemed that France’s fortunes might be changing, but Robespierre, growing increasing paranoid about counterrevolutionary influences, embarked upon a Reign of Terror in late 1793–1794, during which he had more than 15,000 people executed at the guillotine.
- When French army successfully removed foreign invaders and economy finally stabilized, Robespierre no longer had any justification for his extreme actions, and he himself was arrested in July 1794 and executed
The Thermidorian Reaction and the Directory
- Era following ousting of Robespierre was known as Thermidorian Reaction, and a period of governmental restructuring began, leading to new Constitution of 1795 and a significantly more conservative National Convention
- To control executive responsibilities and appointments, the Directory was formed
- Though it had no legislative abilities, the Directory’s abuse of power soon came to rival that of any of the tyrannous revolutionaries France had faced
Napoleon
- Meanwhile, Committee of Public Safety’s war effort was realizing unimaginable success
- French armies, especially those led by young general Napoleon Bonaparte, were making progress in nearly every direction
- Napoleon’s forces drove through Italy and reached as far as Egypt before facing a deflating defeat
- Defeated, and having received word of political upheavals in France, Napoleon returned to Paris
- He arrived in time to lead a coup against the Directory in 1799, eventually stepping up and naming himself “first consul”—effectively, the leader of France
- With Napoleon at the helm, Revolution ended, and France entered a fifteen-year period of military rule
Help Us Fix his Smile with Your Old Essays, It Takes Seconds!
-We are looking for previous essays, labs and assignments that you aced!-We will review and post them on our website.
-Ad revenue is used to support children in developing nations.
-We help pay for cleft palate repair surgeries through Operation Smile and Smile Train.
|
https://schoolworkhelper.net/french-revolution-summary-of-events/
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.