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Informational Guide: What’s the value of sequencing full-length RNA transcripts?
The study of genomics has revolutionized our understanding of science, but the field of transcriptomics grew with the need to explore the functional impacts of genetic variation. While different tissues in an organism may share the same genomic DNA, they can differ greatly in what regions are transcribed into RNA and in their patterns of RNA processing. By reviewing the history of transcriptomics, we can see the advantages of RNA sequencing using a full-length transcript approach become clearer.
ASHG Virtual Poster: The MHC Diversity in Africa Project (MDAP) pilot – 125 African high resolution HLA types from 5 populations
In this ASHG 2016 poster video, Martin Pollard from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute and the University of Cambridge describes an ambitious project to better represent natural variation in the complex MHC region by sequencing the locus in thousands of people from various populations in Africa. A pilot project in five populations has already revealed a lot of diversity in the region, which is important for human disease, vaccine response, and organ transplantation. Pollard says SMRT Sequencing is the only technology that can deliver the full-length haplotypes necessary to identify complete variation in this highly polymorphic complex. Plus: plans to…
Webinar: A paradigm shift in HLA sequencing: from exons to high-resolution allele-level HLA yyping
Human MHC class I genes HLA-A, -B, -C, and class II genes HLA -DR, -DQ, and -DP play a critical role in the immune system as primary factors responsible for organ transplant rejection. Additionally, the HLA genes are important targets for clinical and drug sensitivity research because of their direct or linkage-based association with several diseases, including cancer, and autoimmune diseases. HLA genes are highly polymorphic, and their diversity originates from exonic combinations as well as recombination events. With full-length gene sequencing, a significant increase of new alleles in the HLA database is expected, stressing the need for high-resolution sequencing.…
How looking for a needle in a haystack taught me to love the isoform.
PacBio 2014 User Group Meeting Presentation Slides: Anne Deslattes Mays of Georgetown University discussed how PacBio provided the necessary full-length isoform information to allow characterization of isoform distribution by sub-cell population.
Complex alternative splicing patterns in hematopoietic cell subpopulations revealed by third-generation long reads.
Background: Alternative splicing expands the repertoire of gene functions and is a signature for different cell populations. Here we characterize the transcriptome of human bone marrow subpopulations including progenitor cells to understand their contribution to homeostasis and pathological conditions such as atherosclerosis and tumor metastasis. To obtain full-length transcript structures, we utilized long reads in addition to RNA-seq for estimating isoform diversity and abundance. Method: Freshly harvested, viable human bone marrow tissues were extracted from discarded harvesting equipment and separated into total bone marrow (total), lineage-negative (lin-) progenitor cells and differentiated cells (lin+) by magnetic bead sorting with antibodies to…
Phased full-length SMRT Sequencing of HLA DPB1
Aim: In contrast to exon-based HLA-typing approaches, whole gene genotyping crucially depends on full-length sequences submitted to the IMGT/HLA Database. Currently, full-length sequences are provided for only 7 out of 520 HLA-DPB1 alleles. Therefore, we developed a fully phased whole-gene sequencing approach for DPB1, to facilitate further exploration of the allelic structure at this locus. Methods: Primers were developed flanking the UTR-regions of DPB1 resulting in a 12 kb amplicon. Using a 4-primer approach, secondary primers containing barcodes were combined with the gene-specific primers to obtain barcoded full-gene amplicons in a single amplification step. Amplicons were pooled, purified, and ligated…
Full-length sequencing of HLA class I genes of more than 1000 samples provides deep insights into sequence variability
Aim: The vast majority of donor typing relies on sequencing exons 2 and 3 of HLA class I genes (HLA-A, -B, -C). With such an approach certain allele combinations do not result in the anticipated “high resolution” (G-code) typing, due to the lack of exon-phasing information. To resolve ambiguous typing results for a haplotype frequency project, we established a whole gene sequencing approach for HLA class I, facilitating also an estimation of the degree of sequence variability outside the commonly sequenced exons. Methods: Primers were developed flanking the UTR regions resulting in similar amplicon lengths of 4.2-4.4 kb. Using a…
Immune regions are no longer incomprehensible with SMRT Sequencing
The complex immune regions of the genome, including MHC and KIR, contain large copy number variants (CNVs), a high density of genes, hyper-polymorphic gene alleles, and conserved extended haplotypes (CEH) with enormous linkage disequilibrium (LDs). This level of complexity and inherent biases of short-read sequencing make it challenging for extracting immune region haplotype information from reference-reliant, shotgun sequencing and GWAS methods. As NGS based genome and exome sequencing and SNP arrays have become a routine for population studies, numerous efforts are being made for developing software to extract and or impute the immune gene information from these datasets. Despite these…
The MHC Diversity in Africa Project (MDAP) pilot – 125 African high resolution HLA types from 5 populations
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC), or human leukocyte antigen (HLA) in humans, is a highly diverse gene family with a key role in immune response to disease; and has been implicated in auto-immune disease, cancer, infectious disease susceptibility, and vaccine response. It has clinical importance in the field of solid organ and bone marrow transplantation, where donors and recipient matching of HLA types is key to transplanted organ outcomes. The Sanger based typing (SBT) methods currently used in clinical practice do not capture the full diversity across this region, and require specific reference sequences to deconvolute ambiguity in HLA types.…
A genomic extension to the sequence of HLA-A*02:13, identified using third-generation sequencing.
Pacific Biosciences’ SMRT sequencing method was used to extend the sequence of HLA-A*02:13. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Diversification and Evolution of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium during Intestinal Domination.
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) is a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections. This is particularly true in immunocompromised patients, where the damage to the microbiota caused by antibiotics can lead to VRE domination of the intestine, increasing a patient’s risk for bloodstream infection. In previous studies we observed that the intestinal domination by VRE of patients hospitalized to receive allogeneic bone marrow transplantation can persist for weeks, but little is known about subspecies diversification and evolution during prolonged domination. Here we combined a longitudinal analysis of patient data and in vivo experiments to reveal previously unappreciated subspecies dynamics during VRE domination…
Single-Molecule Real-Time (SMRT) Full-Length RNA-Sequencing Reveals Novel and Distinct mRNA Isoforms in Human Bone Marrow Cell Subpopulations.
Hematopoietic cells are continuously replenished from progenitor cells that reside in the bone marrow. To evaluate molecular changes during this process, we analyzed the transcriptomes of freshly harvested human bone marrow progenitor (lineage-negative) and differentiated (lineage-positive) cells by single-molecule real-time (SMRT) full-length RNA-sequencing. This analysis revealed a ~5-fold higher number of transcript isoforms than previously detected and showed a distinct composition of individual transcript isoforms characteristic for bone marrow subpopulations. A detailed analysis of messenger RNA (mRNA) isoforms transcribed from the ANXA1 and EEF1A1 loci confirmed their distinct composition. The expression of proteins predicted from the transcriptome analysis was evaluated…
Genome-Wide Screening for Enteric Colonization Factors in Carbapenem-Resistant ST258 Klebsiella pneumoniae.
A diverse, antibiotic-naive microbiota prevents highly antibiotic-resistant microbes, including carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CR-Kp), from achieving dense colonization of the intestinal lumen. Antibiotic-mediated destruction of the microbiota leads to expansion of CR-Kp in the gut, markedly increasing the risk of bacteremia in vulnerable patients. While preventing dense colonization represents a rational approach to reduce intra- and interpatient dissemination of CR-Kp, little is known about pathogen-associated factors that enable dense growth and persistence in the intestinal lumen. To identify genetic factors essential for dense colonization of the gut by CR-Kp, we constructed a highly saturated transposon mutant library with >150,000 unique mutations…
Immunogenetic factors driving formation of ultralong VH CDR3 in Bos taurus antibodies.
The antibody repertoire of Bos taurus is characterized by a subset of variable heavy (VH) chain regions with ultralong third complementarity determining regions (CDR3) which, compared to other species, can provide a potent response to challenging antigens like HIV env. These unusual CDR3 can range to over seventy highly diverse amino acids in length and form unique ß-ribbon ‘stalk’ and disulfide bonded ‘knob’ structures, far from the typical antigen binding site. The genetic components and processes for forming these unusual cattle antibody VH CDR3 are not well understood. Here we analyze sequences of Bos taurus antibody VH domains and find…
Next generation sequencing characterizes HLA diversity in a registry population from the Netherlands.
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https://www.pacb.com/auto_tags/bone-marrow/
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In vertebrates, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is the prime candidate for pathogen resistance genes and contains some of the most polymorphic functional loci [11, 12]. The exceptional level of MHC polymorphism is believed to be driven by the antagonistic coevolution with pathogens and occurs through pathogen-mediated balancing selection [11, 12]. Beyond its clear significance in modulating pathogen resistance [2, 13, 14], MHC genes have been shown to influence other biological traits such as maternal-fetal interactions, kin recognition, life-time reproductive success and mate choice [15–18]. MHC is intimately linked with factors likely to affect individual fitness, population viability and evolutionary potential in changing environments. Thus, patterns of MHC diversity have been repeatedly used in a conservation context in populations of particular interest [19–22].
In Europe, abundance and distribution of large carnivores (bear, wolf and lynx) have been dramatically shaped by humans during the past few centuries. Although persecuted and driven to or close to extirpation in several countries, most of the remnant populations have stabilized or even expanded recently . One example is the Iberian wolf (Canis lupus), which erstwhile ranged over most of the Iberian Peninsula, but after decades of severe human persecution became confined to small and fragmented populations, representing about 1/5 of the former population range [23–25]. In the 1970s, the Iberian wolf population was estimated to be reduced to ca. 700 individuals, mostly restricted to the northwestern region [23, 26, 27]. After the 1970s, the population started to grow and expanded southwards and eastwards (Fig. 1) . Currently, the Iberian wolf is considered under a stable or positive demographic trend . It occurs in a core area where the species have always persisted in northwestern Iberia [26, 27, 29], and the adjacent re-colonized area (the expansion front), alongside two small and isolated populations [30–32]. Such a complex demographic history have translated into a cryptic population structure in the Iberian wolf at small spatial scales, with moderate level of genetic differentiation, including the differentiation of the re-colonized area .
Remarkable MHC class II variability has been shown in wolf populations [34–37]. However, results vary regarding the predominant role of selection over neutral forces. Some studies provided evidence that wolf MHC diversity is maintained by balancing selection, including studies on populations under demographic decline [34, 36], where parasite resistance was suggested as the possible driving force . In contrast, MHC diversity in the bottlenecked wolf population of Scandinavia was shown to be compatible with neutral evolution . Although MHC variability patterns of small and isolated populations may differ from that in large and outbred populations, the power of balancing selection acting on MHC can be outweighed by demographic events, such as bottlenecks and fragmentation with consequent genetic drift [38, 39]. Hence the signature of selection and/or population demographic effects is expected to vary across populations under different demographic histories, challenging the assessment of the relative role of different microevolutionary forces .
This is the first report of MHC class II diversity in the Iberian wolf. Overall, Iberian wolves exhibit lower MHC diversity than their European counterparts, both in number of alleles and number of three-locus haplotypes (i.e., 6–7 alleles and 7 haplotypes in Iberia vs 6–13 alleles and 13–14 haplotypes in other European populations) [34–36]. The exception is the isolated Scandinavian wolf population, which went through a drastic bottleneck recovering from only three individuals . The reduced MHC diversity in the Iberian wolf has also been observed for other genomic regions [31, 43–45]. Long-term isolation and past bottlenecks in the Iberian population [27, 45] have certainly reduced neutral diversity and may also be at the origin of this depleted MHC diversity.
All MHC alleles have been previously identified in other canids [37, 46, 47], a pattern that is better explained by the trans-species polymorphism described in MHC canid phylogenies [37, 48] than by hybridization which is not common in the Iberian wolf . The observed 17 alleles were confined in just seven three-locus haplotypes of which five have previously been reported [34–36, 48]. The remaining two haplotypes were not unequivocal confirmed to be present in other wolf populations due to the absence of haplotype reconstruction in . The occurrence of conserved three-locus MHC haplotypes in Iberian wolves confirms the tight linkage of these gene loci, supporting a strong selective pressure maintaining haplotype combinations. The association observed between each DRB1 allele and a specific DQ pair supports the preferential association between alleles at these loci . A similar trend is observed in other European wolf population [34–36], though not as extreme as in Iberia, where seven DRB1 alleles yielded only seven haplotypes. However, similarly to other European populations, the seven haplotypes are widely distributed in the NJ tree, supporting maximal MHC diversity in the Iberian wolf.
The expanding group exhibited similar genetic diversity than the persistent group but show significant excess of MHC heterozygotes. Reduced genetic diversity is expected for marginal populations [10, 54–56], but increased heterozygosity at MHC supports a model of heterozygote advantage for this demographic group. The positive and significant result for neutrality statistics provides further evidence for balancing selection acting in this demographic group. The overdominance model postulates that heterozygotes have higher fitness than homozygotes due to the wider spectrum of MHC receptors able to induce parasite resistance . MHC heterozygotes have indeed been associated with resistance to several infections in wolves . Thus, the high MHC genetic diversity exhibited by the expanding group is expected to maintain its high adaptive potential.
The isolated group showed the lowest neutral and adaptive diversity and no significant excess of MHC heterozygotes, a likely result of the dramatic population decline that culminated in isolation in the early twenty-first century [26, 30]. The observed depletion of MHC diversity potentially increases population susceptibility to disease, and adds to current concern for its survival [12, 57]. Indeed, in a wolf serologic survey the isolated group showed no canine parvovirus antibodies, possibly related to high case-fatality rate . No significant departure from neutrality neither significant difference between MHC and neutral loci were observed, suggesting that MHC loci behave according to neutral expectations in the isolated group. Other examples are known for small and isolated populations where genetic drift outweighs the strength of selection [3, 38, 39]. However, one interesting result comparing the isolated group with the others may suggest selective forces acting in this group. The higher Jost’s D differentiation index observed for MHC relative to neutral loci may be explained by diversifying selection as consequence of spatial variation in pathogen-mediated responses and/or due to stronger divergence due to short-term positive selection on beneficial alleles. Interestingly, the isolated wolf population shares several pathogens with wild and domestic species [59–61], but holds also new pathogens , which could be associated with the observed differentiation in MHC. Inconclusive results are probably due to the small sample size of this group and should be interpreted with caution .
Molecular divergence analysis over all sequence pairs, also either in each locus or each group (with the three-locus haplotypes) was conducted using Mega 7 with a 1000 replicate bootstrap procedure. The best nucleotide and amino acid substitution models were chosen according to the Bayesian Information Criterion and used to compute nucleotide and amino acid evolutionary distances by the maximum-likelihood method through 1000 bootstrap replicates. The relationship between three-locus haplotypes of Iberian and other European wolf populations was reconstructed using the Neighbor Joining (NJ) method and p-distances in Mega 7. Three-locus haplotypes of other European wolf populations were retrieved from previous studies [34–36, 38].
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https://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12862-019-1420-5
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People of European descent carry as much as 4 percent Neanderthal DNA, but the Y chromosome passed down from father to sons is entirely missing in the modern population. Scientists have tried to explain this oddity, but a new hypothesis seems to make most sense in light of most recent findings: the Neanderthal Y chromosome contain immunity genes that aren’t compatible with humans. These led to miscarriages. In time, male babies birthed from human and Neanderthal interbreeding were weeded out.
“We’ve never observed the Neanderthal Y chromosome DNA in any human sample ever tested,” said Carlos Bustamante, PhD, professor of biomedical data science and of genetics at the School of Medicine. “That doesn’t prove it’s totally extinct, but it likely is.”
Researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine and the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany sequenced the Y chromosome of a Neanderthal male recovered from a cave in Spain. This chromosome, which exclusively passed from father to son, is missing in modern populations despite clear evidence of interbreeding since 50,000 years ago.
It might be that over the millennia these Neanderthal Y chromosomes were washed away from the gene pool due to mutations. It seems more likely though that the Neanderthal Y chromosome contained genes that are incompatible with humans. For instance, the sequencing reveals that this extinct chromosome contains genes that were involved in transplant rejection when males donate organs to women.
“The functional nature of the mutations we found,” said Bustamante, “suggests to us that Neanderthal Y chromosome sequences may have played a role in barriers to gene flow, but we need to do experiments to demonstrate this and are working to plan these now.”
Some of these genes that differ from the human Y chromosome are involved in the function of the immune system. Three are “minor histocompatibility antigens,” or H-Y genes, which resemble the HLA antigens that transplant surgeons check to make sure that organ donors and organ recipients have similar immune profiles. So, a woman’s immune system might attack the male fetus she’s carrying if the baby is the product of interbreeding.
For now, this is only a hypothesis which further testing might confirm. Insights into the Neanderthal Y chromosome will also refine the evolutionary timeline of homo sapiens and Neanderthal divergence. It’s thought that some time between 400,000 and 800,000 years the Neanderthal and human lineages split from a common ancestor. Based on the Y chromosome sequencing made for this study, researchers estimate this split occurred 550,000 years ago.
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https://www.zmescience.com/science/anthropology/neanderthal-human-interbreeding-males-5353/
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research. Local and international efforts have driven our discoveries.
Until recently, the core of SANBI’s research has focused upon gene
expression biology.
Methods developed and applied at SANBI revolve around a greater
understanding of the underlying causes of diseases. We approach the
problem by comparison of genes, genomes and transcriptomes. We use
computational gene expression biology to create novel biological
insights and to provide biomarkers for experimental validation. We
perform analysis of human genome variation, transcriptional diversity on
both the expression and splicing level and the unravelling of
transcriptional regulatory networks.
The Knowledge Integration and Biomarker
Discovery Group's core focus is the development of computational tools
that improve the success rate of integrative ultra-high-throughput
genomics experiments. The group's core project applies knowledge
representation theory to produce a semantic database, called the BORG
(BioOntological Relationship Graph). which assimilates millions of
biological and biomedical facts into a large on-disk virtual 'mind map'.
The project's initial focus was to develop querying facilities that
enable researchers to perform large and complex in-silico experiments in
exactly the way that they think about it, were it humanly possible to
remember all the facts that are effectively the result of hundreds of
thousands of functional, gene knockout, gene expression and disease
association experiments. This focus has been further extended to using
the existing knowledge in the database to identify causative mutations
in in-house and collaborative clinically-targeted Next Generation
Sequencing projects through the use of novel guilt-by-association and
guilt-by-transitive-association strategies. The group is also working on
several other clinical genomics projects including re-mining the
plethora of genomics experimental data in public databases for simple
diagnostic, prognostic and clinically informative biomarkers; and also
in-silico drug lead discovery.
Current Projects
Semantic Integration of Biomedical Knowledge to Support In-Silico Discover
Next Generation Sequencing and Semantic Discovery for Personalised Genomic Medicine
Normalization and statistical methods for cross-platform expression array analysis
Graph theoretic methods for identifying
functionally important proteins in protein interaction networks and
their applications to cancer
Development of a simple artificial intelligence method to accurately subtype breast cancers based on gene expression barcodes
Massively-parallel computational identification of novel broad spectrum antivirals to combat coronavirus infection
Prof Travers' research interests involve
using computational approaches to study the molecular evolution of Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). His research focuses on understanding
the mechanisms of how the virus evades various therapeutic interventions
and how we can use computational tools to predict the likelihood of
treatment failure in individuals about to start on antiretroviral
drugs. His other main research involves modelling the structure of
carbohydrates bound to the surface of a HIV virion with a view to
identifying novel therapeutic targets.
Exploring the application of next-generation sequencing technologies to HIV drug resistance testing.
Biologically relevant Sequence Alignment on Graphics Processing Units
Elucidating the structural conformation of the epitopes of glycan-binding agents that play a role in HIV neutralization.
Uncovering HIV sexual transmission networks in Karonga District, Malawi.
Characterizing the prevalence and mode of CXCR4-usage in HIV-1 subtype C
My bioinformatics laboratory studies
host-pathogen interactions with a view to understand the regulatory
networks that control immune responses to pathogen challenge. Machine
learning approaches are being implemented in an attempt to identify
novel protein-protein interactions that can be tested experimentally.
These studies are complemented by next generation sequencing data that
allows us to get a glimpse of the host and pathogenic genes that are
triggered during infection. We have been developing methods to analyze
this rich source of genomic and transcriptomic data.
Development of a computational framework for Mycobacterium tuberculosis genetic variation and DNA methylation analysis
Genome assembly of next generation sequencing data for the Oryx bacillus: a species of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
Prediction of human-Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein interaction and functional inference using the machine learning approach
Effects of nucleotide variation on the structure and function of human arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1)
Identification of novel inhibitors for two M.tuberculosis drug targets identified within first line drug resistant pathways
Susceptibility to M.tuberculosis: importance of multiple key genes in human and non-human primates
Unraveling Trypanosoma brucei-human
protein-protein interactions: an investigation of intracellular
trafficking towards the flagellar pocket and computational prediction of
a flagellar interactome.
Identification and characterisation of miRNAs and their putative target genes in Anopheles funestus
Deciphering co-regulated genes in G.morsitans: A combination of in-silico and experimental approaches
Computational identification and characterization of iron regulatory-related proteins in Glossina morsitans
Development of a computational framework for gene elucidation and transcriptome profiling in Venturia inaequalis
Genome annotation of Venturia inaequalis
Discovery of transcriptional regulatory mechanisms controlling plant carotenoid biosynthesis
I employ cutting-edge methods of laboratory
experimentation, next-generation sequence analysis, Bayesian statistical
methodologies and high-performance computing methods investigate the
evolutionary underpinnings of the emergence and spread of the numerous
novel plant and animal viral diseases threatening the health and food
security of Africa and the rest of the developing world.
Evolution of HIV-1 subtype C gp160 sequences in the female genital tract and plasma during acute and chronic infection
A characterization of the genetic
diversity in pre-genocide HIV populations in Rwanda using evidence from
archival biopsy samples
An investigation of the impact of HIV
sharing in HIV concordant heterosexual South African couples on viral
load and clinical disease progression
Reconstructing the evolutionary history of HIV-1 in Cameroon
The identification of biologically important secondary structures in disease-causing RNA viruses
Reconstructing the evolutionary history of Psittacine beak and feather disease
Characterizing the diversity of Avihepadnaviruses in parrots
Spatio-temporal dynamics and evolution of pathogenicity in African maize, tomato and cassava infecting geminivirus species
The effects of the widespread deployment
of cassava, tomato and maize Geminivirus resistant cultivars on
long-term pathogen evolution
Molecular diversity, evolutionary history and geographical dissemination of bipartite Begomoviruses
I work on human genetics underlying disease,
specifically in African populations, aiming to characterise genetic
diversity in South Africa patient populations within the disease
context. My research encompasses generic approaches to disease gene
prediction, genomics underlying specific diseases in Africa including
systemic lupus erythematosus and salt‑sensitive hypertension, and
genetics of host response to infection by Leishmania. I am also
interested in exploring the similarities and overlap of genetic and
expression profiles of patients with infectious diseases, autoimmune
diseases and idiopathic degenerative diseases. I am a member of two
projects within the Human Heredity and Health in Africa (H3Africa)
initiative funded by the Wellcome Trust, UK and the NIH, USA: I lead
the SANBI component of the H3Africa bioinformatics network; and I head
the bioinformatics component of the Kidney Disease Research Network. I
have a keen interest in the area of translational research that aims to
bring together computational approaches, molecular biology and clinical
approaches to enhance our understanding of and ability to modify the
disease state.
Current projects
Genetics underlying salt-sensitive hypertension in South African patients
Genetics underlying systemic lupus erythematosus in South African patients
Genome wide approaches to disease gene identification in familial adult myoclonic epilepsy in a South African family
The relationship between genome structure and disease genes
Human Heredity and Health in Africa Bioinformatics Network (H3ABioNet): building bioinformatics capacity in Africa
Human Heredity and Health in Africa
Kidney Disease Research Network: investigating genetic and environmental
contributors to Kidney Disease in
Africa
SysCo Consortium: Systems biology investigation of host response to infection with Leishmania major.
University of the Western Cape,
Robert Sobukwe Road,
Bellville, 7535,
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https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/NS/SANBI/Pages/Research-Interests-and-Current-Projects.aspx
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Vanessa Ezenwa is an associate professor at UGA with joint appointments in the Odum School of Ecology and the Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine. Dr. Ezenwa received a PhD in ecology and evolutionary biology from Princeton University, and then worked at the United States Geological Survey in Reston, Virginia as a National Research Council Postdoctoral Fellow before joining the faculty at the University of Montana, Missoula in 2005. She moved to the University of Georgia in 2010.
Dr. Ezenwa’s research focuses on the ecology of infectious diseases in wild animal populations, and she teaches courses in infectious disease ecology and evolution and behavioral ecology to graduate and undergraduate students, respectively. Her work combines field studies with laboratory work and theory to address questions about the causes and consequences of interactions between hosts and their parasites. Since infectious disease threats to human and animal populations are on the rise, as are strategies to control and manage these diseases, one stream of research in Dr. Ezenwa’s lab focuses on understanding the ecological and evolutionary consequences of these types of intervention strategies in natural populations.
For example, because parasitic worm infections are widespread in human populations, and can exacerbate the outcome of some viral and bacterial infections, worm treatment (i.e. deworming) is often discussed as a potential tool for indirectly combating microbial pathogens, such as HIV and tuberculosis. Worm infections are as common in wildlife as in humans, and might worsen the outcome of microbial infections in some populations, so focusing on African buffalo in Kruger National Park, South Africa, Dr. Ezenwa and colleagues examined how gastrointestinal worm infections affected the susceptibility of these animals to bovine tuberculosis (bTB), and the severity of disease once they become infected. Buffalo are the major reservoir of bTB in southern Africa and are responsible for the spillover of infection to livestock and other wildlife, including lions which can contract bTB from consuming infected buffalo. By tracking experimentally dewormed animals over a multi-year period, Ezenwa found that worm treatment reduces the severity of bTB in buffalo, but because infected animals survive better without worms they have more opportunities to pass bTB on to other individuals, exacerbating the spread of the disease. These results show that on one hand, treating for worms has positive outcomes in terms of the survival of individual animals that contract bTB, but this comes with the potential cost of increased disease transmission. Thus, managing one type of infection can have complex and counterintuitive effects on other diseases. Dr. Ezenwa believes that understanding these complexities will help us design more effective intervention strategies in the future.
Dr. Ezenwa, and students and postdoctoral researchers in her lab, are also interested in understanding the consequences of disease management strategies other than drug treatment. For example, for wildlife diseases where effective drug treatments and vaccines are rarely available, management strategies such as culling are sometimes used to manage disease spread. As an example, in Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park (HIP), South Africa where bTB prevalence in buffalo is reported to be as high as 73% in some herds, a test and cull program has been ongoing since the mid-1990’s to help control the spread of the disease. Using this system as a case study, work spearheaded by a postdoctoral researcher in Dr. Ezenwa’s lab investigated the impact of this bTB control effort on buffalo genetics. Focusing on a gene associated with immune defense to bTB, the study found evidence that culling is reducing immunogenetic diversity in the HiP buffalo population. Since the erosion of immunological diversity may have important consequences for how animals can respond and adapt to future disease threats, this work suggests that there may be unintended, evolutionary consequence of some forms of disease management.
Infectious diseases are an ongoing threat to animal health, human health, and wildlife conservation. Dr. Ezenwa believes that studies of infectious diseases in natural systems, including studies on how management actions feedback on the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of both hosts and parasites can contribute key insights into how to better control and manage infectious diseases and protect animal and human health.
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https://afrstu.uga.edu/directory/people/vanessa-ezenwa
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Genomics studies revealed numerous antibiotics-encoding genes across a wide range of bacterial and fungal species, including various species in the human microbiome. However, little is known about the hundreds of secondary metabolites (including antibiotics!) produced by microorganisms in the gut, despite the fact that humans are chronically exposed to them. Deep exploration of this meta-antibiome critically depends on a transition from the current one-off process of antibiotics analysis to a high-throughput antibiotics sequencing. I will discuss recent advances in computational antibiotics discovery that span bioinformatics techniques ranging from genome sequencing to genome mining to spectral networks.
The Microevolution Processes in Human Populations: The Emerging Portrait of Global Gene Pool Structure
Oleg Balanovsky, Ph.D. - Vavilov Institute of General Genetics
The studies of genetic variation in human populations started almost 100 years ago: at the time of World War I, the pronounced differences in frequencies of blood groups were revealed for the first time. During the following century-long history of intensive research, the arsenal of population geneticists has changed six times.
The immunological markers or blood groups (1) were only available genetic systems for decades until biochemical markers (2) were widely introduced in 1960s. Both types are known as “classical markers”. The datasets on their variation in human populations worldwide are large and have been summarized by both Western (Cavalli-Sforza et al., 1994) and Russian (Gene pool and gene geography of fUSSR) scientific schools in the fields of gene geography. The classical markers are virtually out of experimental use in present days. But because their variation has been well described and analyzed, these generalized conclusions are widely used as a background for current research.
Since 1990s, the mitochondrial DNA (3) and Y-chromosome (4) became the most popular genetic systems in population studies. Hundreds of papers were dedicated to their variation, and accumulated datasets include hundreds thousands of samples from thousands of populations worldwide. The genome-wide (5) and full genome (6) markers are becoming the new favorite tools in the arsenal of researchers, but data on these genetic systems are not abundant yet. Thus, the first task is to summarize the accumulated data on mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosomal variation, to extract the generalized patterns and to make the overall conclusions of the global gene pool structure from these two kinds of genetic data. The general trends in human variation revealed by these two systems will be valuable for decades even when no living researcher will remember experimental methods for their analysis. The second task is to compare these trends with the picture drawn by genome-wide markers in the last years and with the - emerging this year – picture drawn by the full genome sequencing.
The talk will present:
- short reminder of the global trends in human variation, revealed by the classical genetic markers;
- the largest databases on mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosomal variation worldwide;
- the cartographic atlases summing up patterns of human variation revealed by these two systems, including major directions of human colonization of the Earth, (sub)continental genetic continuums and boundaries between them, changes in the effective population size and fantastic geographic precision of human identification by using the Y-chromosomal lineages;
- the genetic structuring of the world populations as revealed by genome-wide markers and more detailed picture of genetic history of Europeans;
- the history of humans decoded from their full genomes and currently submitted to Nature;
- the promising approach of parallel analysis of the host and the pathogen genetic variation to trace migrations of both species.
Deep Sequencing for Human and Animal Viral Discovery and Diagnostics
Eric Delwart, Ph.D. - University of California, San Francisco
The identification of known and previously uncharacterized viruses using in silico sequence similarities searches will be described together with common pitfalls. The viromes of wild and domesticated animals and the possible association of “new” viruses in human and animal samples with different clinical symptoms will be shown. Challenges in the bioinformatic analyses of metagenomics data will be discussed together with opportunities in research and diagnostics.
High throughput genomic analysis to rewind the clock on the evolution of drug resistant tuberculosis
Ashlee Earl, Ph.D. - The Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard
Drug resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) is an urgent and growing threat as multi-, extensively- and even totally-drug resistant (MDR, XDR and TDR) cases of TB are increasingly reported. Incomplete knowledge of the mutations that give rise to drug resistance in the causative agent of TB, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has hampered development of point-of-care molecular diagnostics that would enable effective TB patient management and decrease DR-TB emergence. With our partners, we have sequenced and analyzed geographically and phenotypically diverse collections of M. tuberculosis to analyze the evolution of DR-TB and to create a more comprehensive catalog of DR-associated mutations. I will discuss findings from this work, which include insights into the step-wise evolution of XDR-TB within an epidemic region and its relevance for global TB control.
Reconstructing Outbreaks with Genomics: Pathogen Evolution Giveth and it Taketh Away
Jennifer Gardy, Ph.D. - British Columbia Centre for Disease Control
By sequencing the complete genomes of pathogen isolates from a given outbreak, molecular epidemiologists are now able to identify the small handful of mutations that distinguish isolates from other and that can be used as markers of transmission. This “genomic epidemiology” approach has been used to identify person-to-person transmission of an infectious disease, trace hospital outbreaks back to unique environmental sources, and explore the dynamics of regional epidemics including Ebolavirus. However, the evolutionary processes that allow us to describe outbreak dynamics at such high resolution also introduce complications when interpreting genomic data through an epidemiological lens, particularly for pathogens with long periods of latency or chronic carriage. This talk will cover opportunities and challenges for genomic epidemiology, using a long outbreak of tuberculosis amongst the homeless population as a guiding example.
Getting the Flu: Exploring Influenza Virus Evolutionary Dynamics
Elodie Ghedin, Ph.D. - New York University
The characterization of virus populations by deep sequencing is transforming our understanding of viral evolutionary dynamics by enabling the dissection of the mutational spectrum at an extraordinary level of precision. Using the same tools we can also query the host environment in which the virus evolves—such as host microbial ecology and local response to infection—to determine its effect on virus evolution. I will illustrate how immune status, the respiratory microbiome, mixed infections and transmission can shape influenza virus diversity. I will also discuss the epidemiological value of high-resolution mapping and haplotype reconstruction in modeling influenza transmission networks.
Transcriptional Analysis of Malaria Challenge and Vaccine Response Studies in Colombia
Greg Gibson, Ph.D. - Georgia Tech
Plasmodium vivax is the most prevalent malaria parasite in Latin America. It causes endemic exposure to disease in large parts of Colombia, where we have initiated studies of the efficacy of an irradiated sporozoite vaccine. In order to investigate the molecular nature of the immunological response to exposure and vaccination, we have carried out two gene expression profiling studies, one contrasting the malaria response in naïve and semi-immune volunteers, and the other evaluating whether vaccination produces a recognizable immune profile.
In the first study, a total of 16 Colombian malaria naïve (n=7 from Cali) and semi-immune (n=9 from Buenaventura) volunteers were subjected to an experimental P.vivax sporozoite infectious challenge using direct infected Anopheles mosquito bites. We used a Fluidigm nanofluidic qRT-PCR array to profile the expression of 92 genes in whole blood of the 16 individuals across 6 time-points following infection, and followed up with RNASeq analysis of 6 individuals from each location at baseline and first signs of malaria. The results show that there is very little modification of gene expression during pre-patent infection, but strong up-regulation of an interferon-response axis at the peak of parasitemia, and a surprising down-regulation of the inflammatory response at the same time. Approximately 200 genes were differentially expressed between the locations, mostly indicating an accentuated response in the naïve volunteers that correlates with worse malaria symptoms.
In the second study, we performed RNASeq on 22 whole blood samples, taken after immunization but before sporozoite challenge, and after sporozoite challenge at first signs of malaria symptoms in some individuals. We contrasted the responses of 3 control individuals who were not immunized, 3 Duffy-negative individuals who are protected against malaria, and 5 vaccinated individuals, one of whom was fully protected and four of whom showed mild symptoms. Approximately 1000 genes were differentially expressed between the two time-points, resulting in profiles that correspond to some extent with symptomology. Further analyses are expected to shed light on the molecular mechanisms of immune effectiveness.
Using Meta-Transcriptomics and Ancient DNA to Reveal Microbial Emergence and Evolution
Edward Holmes, Ph.D. - University of Sydney
I will show how modern genomic techniques, notably meta-transcriptomics and ancient DNA, can provide important new information on microbial biodiversity, origins and evolution. I will first demonstrate how the meta-transcriptomic analysis of invertebrate species is transforming our understanding of viral evolution, revealing the ancestry of many vertebrate viruses, challenging traditional classification systems, and highlighting that most RNA viruses are unlikely to be associated with disease in their hosts. I will then show how the analysis of ‘ancient DNA’ from archival human remains (including those present in medical collections) can inform on past infectious disease epidemics, focusing on two infamous bacterial diseases – plague and cholera – with recovery of genomes >1000 years old now possible.
Genomic Investigations of Anthrax – Sequence Data from Complex Specimens
Paul Keim, Ph.D. - Northern Arizona University
We have a taken a genomic reference based approach to understanding particular pathogens of great interest. This involves the development of robust population genetic models developed from global strain collections with curated SNP databases. In later investigations, high quality genomic material is not always available and the resulting genomic interrogations of limited coverage and quality. We will report on a traditional molecular epidemiological investigation of heroin contaminated with B. anthracis, as well as, the analysis of anthrax victim’s pathology specimen remnant from the Soviet biological weapons era.
GHOSTing Molecular Surveillance of Viral Hepatitis
Yury Khudyakov, PhD - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Viral hepatitis, a major health problem worldwide, is caused by infection with 5 viruses, all belonging to different viral families. Effective molecular surveillance focused on measuring disease and its dissemination among human populations is essential for the development of successful public health interventions to interrupt transmission and reduce hepatitis-related morbidity and mortality. To be effective and relevant to public health, molecular surveillance must be massive and in real-time. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology generates large quantities of viral genetic data suitable for application in surveillance. However, NGS application alone is not sufficient for molecular surveillance to be most effective. Considering that an estimated 170 million people are currently infected with hepatitis C virus, there is not a single laboratory that has the capacity to collect serum specimens, and sequence and analyze viral variants from just 1% of infected persons. However, by employing a specially organized crowd-sourcing system for massive data gathering and analysis, effective molecular surveillance can be achieved. I'll describe Global Health, Outbreak and Surveillance Technology (GHOST), which is a technological environment that integrates - in a particular way - molecular, computational and information technologies for molecular surveillance of infectious diseases and is currently being applied to viral hepatitis for detection of transmission networks.
Toward microbial disease diagnosis using metagenomics: A case of the runs
Kostas Konstantinidis, Ph.D. - Georgia Tech
Culture-independent analysis (aka metagenomics) has recently revealed tremendous diversity in the microbial communities inhabiting the human body and revolutionized our understanding of these communities primarily because the majority of microbial species cannot be cultured in the laboratory and thus, remain poorly understood. The ability to characterize in detail the microbial constituents in human clinical specimens without culture may prove invaluable in public health as all surveillance and outbreak detection methods to date rely on culture, frequently failing to identify the key causative agent of a disease. In this talk, I will summarize our recently developed bioinformatics algorithms and approaches to deal with several challenges associated with metagenome-based analysis of clinical samples such as how to detect and quantify target species (e.g., pathogens) and genes (e.g., toxins) in complex metagenomes, and how to identify and genotype organisms with no previously sequenced representatives. Application of these tools to samples from diarrheal outbreaks shows that in many cases -but not all- the disease and healthy states of the gut microbial community can be distinguished from each other, opening new possibilities for diagnostics. The tools are available for online analysis through http://enve-omics.gatech.edu/
Discovery of Novel Mobile Elements and Host Defense systems in Genomic and Metagenomic Databases
Eugene Koonin, Ph.D. - National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)/National Institutes of Health (NIH)
The rapidly growing genomic and metagenomic sequence database provide researchers with a rapidly expanding and diversifying resource for discovery of novel genetic elements. Unlike the more traditional databases of complete genomes, this new resource is not restricted by the ability of microbes to grow in culture and therefore represents unbiased sampling of biological diversity. We developed computational pipelines for identification of novel mobile elements as well as cellular defence systems in genomic and metagenomics systems. Application of these approaches resulted in the discovery of several families of new viruses and transposable elements as well as new types of CRISPR-Cas adaptive immunity systems. Comparative analysis of the discovered novel defence systems prompted the scenario of independent evolution of different types of CRISPR-Cas systems from distinct mobile elements. Experimental validation of the predictions produced by our searches led to the identification of novel mechanisms of CRISPR-mediated defence that could be exploited in new tools for genome engineering.
The Extraordinary Evolution of the Great Ape Microbiome
Howard Ochman, Ph.D. - University of Texas
Despite the current large body of work concerning the human microbiome and its role in human health, there is relatively little information about how the microbiome evolves or the factors causing differentiation among species. Analysis of the gut microbiomes of great ape species, including humans, revealed that the phylogeny based on microbiome compositions was congruent with the known relationships of the hosts. Our investigations of the microbiomes of great apes have informed several other features of the human microbiome. For example, the gut microbial communities of humans assort into enterotypes, i.e., groups having discrete species compositions, and there is on-going debate about the cause, function, and even the existence of enterotypes. We found that wild chimpanzees and gorillas also possess gut enterotypes, and, interestingly, they are compositionally similar to those in humans. Thus, stratification of microbial communities into enterotypes preceded the divergence of great ape species and did not originate in humans as a result of modern diets, as has been speculated. Furthermore, by comparing the gut microbiomes of great ape species in a phylogenetic context, we reconstructed how the human microbiome evolved during great ape diversification. We found that human gut microbiomes have been diverging at a greatly accelerated rate since our split from other great apes due to the loss of microbial diversity at every taxonomic level.
Preparing for the $1 Genome: Fast Genome and Metagenome Distance Estimation using MinHash
Adam Phillippy, Ph.D. - University of Maryland
The rapid growth of genomic data has begun to outpace traditional methods for sequence clustering and search. As the cost of sequencing approaches zero, new methods are needed to processes the coming torrent of data. To address this, I will discuss applications of MinHash locality-sensitive hashing for dimensionality reduction and rapid approximation of genomic and metagenomic distances. This technique can be applied to any problem that requires a fast distance approximation, e.g. to triage and cluster sequence data, assign species labels to unknown genomes, quickly identify mis-tracked samples, and search massive genomic databases. I will discuss specifically the applications of rapid pathogen triage and metagenomic clustering.
Novel Tools for the Annotation of Bacterial Secreted Proteins and Secretion Systems
Thomas Rattei, Ph.D. - University of Vienna
Interactions between bacteria and eukaryotes are widespread in all ecosystems on earth and often lead to symbiotic relationships. The most prominent themes in current research are different types of human-microbe interactions, such as the interplay of human microbiomes with their host or human infections by bacterial pathogens. Understanding of bacterial interactions with other hosts, such as livestock animals and crop plants, are becoming crucial for sustaining nutrition and gaining renewable energy. Protein secretion systems play a key role in the interaction of bacteria and hosts. So far, sequence similarity searches and models of signal peptides were the main tools for the computational prediction of secreted proteins and secretion systems.
In my talk I will introduce recent improvements towards better annotation of bacterial secreted proteins and Type III, IV, VI secretion systems. We have bundled various tools to recognize Type III secretion signals, conserved binding sites of Type III chaperones, eukaryotic-like domains and subcellular targeting signals in the host. We could demonstrate that the combination of these approaches allows a more precise modeling of bacterial secretomes. The rapidly increasing number of available microbial genomes allowed us to develop a novel tool that predicts not only core genes of bacterial secretion systems in bacterial genomes but also their completeness and potential functionality. The approach is based on machine-learning techniques and can be easily applied to thousands of genomes. This method not only predicts secretion systems in newly sequenced genomes and metagenomes, but also suggests that previously unknown proteins are important for the function of protein secretion systems.
Intersection of Bacterial Comparative Genomics and Metagenomics
Timothy Read, Ph.D. - Emory University School of Medicine
Comparative bacterial genomics and shotgun metagenomics are fields of study that have emerged in prominence over the past 15 years. Comparative bacterial genomics attempts to infer population genetic parameters and evolutionary history from collections of bacterial genomes from strains (usually) isolated in pure culture. Shotgun metagenomics, exemplified by the Human Microbiome Project, attempts to characterize the DNA repertoire of whole environments. Surprisingly, there have been few studies attempting to explore the overlap between the two datasets for a single species. Here I will outline the results of investigations of the comparative genomics of pathogens such as Bacillus anthracis, Chlamydia trachomatis and Staphylococcus aureus. I will discuss how results of these studies are being used to query public metagenome datasets and also highlight some of the deficiencies in public data sets. I will also consider how comparative genomic data from host species may be integrated in the future.
Trade-offs Shaping Temperate Phages as Deadly, Accommodated, and Serviceable Parasites
Eduardo Rocha, Ph.D. - Institut Pasteur
Bacterial viruses (phages) are ubiquitous and have a strong impact on microbial population dynamics. Additionally, temperate phages by integrating the genome contribute to the evolution of bacterial gene repertoires. We have been studying the determinants of the lytic lysogeny decision and what this informs about the opportunity costs of lysogeny and about bacteria evolvability. Phages integrate genomes in genetic hotspots that are distributed in ways that protect genome organisation. Importantly, our analysis of the evolutionary patterns of prophages in enterobacteria shows that a sizeable fraction of prophages undergoes purifying selection, a clear pattern of prophage domestication by the bacterial host. We were able to infer the putative function of many of these prophages, and the results point to a significant role of prophage-derived sequences in the establishment of ecological antagonistic interactions with both eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
Designing & Mining (Pathogen) Omics Database Resources
David S. Roos, Ph.D. - University of Pennsylvania
Biomedical research is increasingly driven by large-scale datasets: genome sequences, RNA and protein expression results (generated on diverse experimental platforms), population-level data on genetic polymorphisms and epidemiology, information on protein structure, interactions and subcellular localization, metabolic pathways and signaling networks, phenotypic descriptions of laboratory mutants/treatments and field/clinical samples, etc. Infectious disease studies are further complicated by the interplay between pathogen, host, and vector species. The challenge is: how can we effectively collect, store, maintain, integrate, and mine this information, so as to advance biological understanding, and define targets for further investigation in the lab, field and clinic?
The Eukaryotic Pathogen Genome Database (EuPathDB.org) provides researchers working on diverse eukaryotic microbes (now including fungi, in addition to parasitic protozoa) with convenient access to genomic-scale datasets, in a phylogenetic framework expediting discovery research. In addition to offering gene- and genome-centric views, workspaces for the analysis of user-supplied data, and a mechanism for capturing expert annotation from the scientific community, graphical user interfaces simplify the formulation and optimization of complex queries. For example, investigators seeking to identify factors likely to modulate host responses to pathogen infection might wish to search for genes that are conserved in pathogenic but not non-pathogenic species, expressed in relevant strains (and during appropriate life cycle stages), secreted by the infectious agent, harboring domains suggestive of interaction with host factors, and displaying signatures of evolutionary selection. Similar strategies might be employed to identify diagnostic markers of infection, therapeutic targets, etc. Such queries can be shared with colleagues or stored for future use, refinement, or modification, enabling systems-level analysis of biologically and clinically relevant problems. Beyond direct application to pathogen Omics datasets, this platform has also proved useful for integrating and interrogating clinical (meta)data from longitudinal field studies.
Comparative genomics of ape malaria parasites and the emergence of human malaria
Paul Sharp, Ph.D. - University of Edinburgh
Amplification of DNA sequences from non-invasive (faecal) samples has revealed that chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) are each infected with three host-specific Plasmodium species from the subgenus Laverania, which also includes P. falciparum, the cause of malignant malaria in humans. Phylogenetic analyses show that P. falciparum arose from cross-species transmission of one of the gorilla parasites, but that this jump has occurred successfully on only one occasion.
We are now studying the genome sequences of these ape parasite species in order to understand the evolution of the Laverania as a whole, and to shed light on the cross-species transmission from gorillas to humans. We have used selective whole-genome amplification to obtain near-complete genome sequences from one strain of P. reichenowi (a close relative of P. falciparum) and two strains of P. gaboni (a more divergent member of the Laverania), directly from samples from naturally infected wild chimpanzees. We have compared these sequences to a recently published genome from the only laboratory isolate of P. reichenowi, and to data from multiple strains of P. falciparum. The two chimpanzee parasite species show levels of within-species diversity about 10 times higher than seen among P. falciparum strains from across Africa and Asia, consistent with the human parasite having undergone a very recent population bottleneck during transmission from gorillas. Comparative analyses also reveal that a segment of chromosome 4 has undergone horizontal gene transfer (HGT) from a close relative of P. gaboni into the gorilla parasite that was the ancestor of P. falciparum. The transferred genes include that encoding RH5, which appears essential for erythrocyte invasion by P. falciparum, and we speculate that sequence change resulting from HGT may have been important in the process by which the precursor of P. falciparum acquired the ability to infect humans.
Microbial evolution in human guts driven by oxidative stress and contribution to colon cancer initiation
Ying Xu, Ph.D. - University of Georgia
Composition changes in microbial communities in human guts have been known to be associated with colorectal cancer development. However the causal relationship between such changes and cancer development remain elusive. We have recently conducted extensive transcriptomic data analyses of cancer-prone chronic inflammations, namely Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis coupled with the matching microbial communities as well as of early colon cancer tissues and associated microbial communities, and made a number of exciting discoveries. First we observed that certain microbial species have their population sizes increase with the level of oxidative stress in the inflammatory microenvironment and they seem to be directly involved in electron transfer from the diseased human tissues as electron receptors, suggesting that these microbes benefit from the influx of electrons. Interestingly some of these microbes secrete metabolites that may contribute to the altered immune responses, which are known to be cancer related. On the other hand, the most significantly increased subpopulations of microbes in human guts observed and reported previously, are known polysaccharide degraders. Knowing that cancer cells tend to have substantially increased polysaccharides on their cell surfaces, this observation strongly suggests that these increased microbial populations are the result of cancer development rather than its cause. Detailed analysis results will be presented and discussed in the context of co-evolution of diseased human cells and microbial community.
Algorithms for Analysis and Applications of High-throughput Sequencing of Intra-host Viral Populations
Alexander Zelikovsky, Ph.D. - Georgia State University
As a result of a high rate of mutations and recombination events, an RNA-virus exists as a heterogeneous "swarm." The ability of next-generation sequencing to produce massive quantities of genomic data inexpensively has allowed virologists to study the structure of viral populations from an infected host at an unprecedented resolution. However, high similarity and low frequency of the viral variants as well high sequencing error rate impose a huge challenge to sequencing data analysis. We present a novel method based on linkage between single nucleotide variations to efficiently distinguish them from read errors. This method is able to tolerate the high error-rate of the single-molecule protocol and reconstruct very mutant variants. It is anticipated to facilitate not only viral quasispecies reconstruction, but also other biological questions that require detection of rare haplotypes such as genetic diversity in cancer cell population, and monitoring B-cell and T-cell receptor repertoire. We then show how accurate reconstruction of intra-host viral populations can be applied for identification of transmission clusters and sources, as well as inferring transmission directions of highly heterogeneous viruses such as HIV and HCV. The proposed novel algorithms are based on cluster analysis, random walks in networks and model simulations. The validation on real and simulated data show advantages of the proposed algorithms over consensus based methods.
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http://bioinformatics.gatech.edu/2015/program/podium-abstracts
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Bio: Dr. Nosakhere Griffin-EL is a graduated from University of Pittsburgh’s School of Education with a Ph.D. in Social and Comparative Analysis in Education. After graduating from the University of Pittsburgh, Dr. Griffin-EL worked as a youth leadership trainer for Coro Center for Civic Leadership and lecturer in entrepreneurial development at the University of Cape Town’s Graduate School of Business in Cape Town, South Africa. He is currently the founder of The Young Dreamers Book Club, which organizes story time events, creates educational content, and supports parents, community organizations, and educational institutions in selecting books that meet children’s holistic needs.
As a child, I remember studying Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. only from one perspective — the man who had a dream. Without a deep understanding of Dr. King, I lacked the ability to apply some of his profound principles to my life.
Years later as an adult, I read his autobiography and was amazed at the depth of his personhood. Out of this amazement, I created a book list that allows children to understand Dr. King’s life as a family member, activist, dreamer, and philosopher. Developing an understanding of these books has the potential for children to view themselves as having the power and potential to change the world.
Reading these books provides caregivers, educators, and community members with the opportunity to facilitate rich conversations about the lessons from Dr. King’s life.
Express an understanding of Dr.King’s dream.
My Daddy Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. by Martin Luther King III is a biography of MLK written from the perspective of his son. The author provides a holistic perspective of Dr. King primarily as a loving father who was a civil rights leader. The author does an amazing job at showing the emotional impact his father’s protests, jailing, and victories had on himas a child. This book allows the reader to develop a great appreciation of thesacrifices Dr. King and his family made in the fight for justice forAfrican-Americans.
My Brother Martin by Christine King Farris is a must-read book. This book provides the reader with an inside look into Dr. King’s childhood. She provides us with the everyday childhood experiences andpeople who contributed to him becoming one of the world’s greatest leaders.This book is a tool to teach children that they have the power to transform theworld through their actions as adults.
My Uncle Martin’s Big Heart by Angela Farris Watkins discusses biography about Dr. King. The book seamlessly integrates historical events with her personal perspectives of her uncle. She does an amazing job providing the reader with a complete picture of the civil rights hero. This book allows readers to understand Dr. King as a man who valued family, had a sense of humor, and a deep desire to change the world. In sum, this book allows children to see Dr. King as an ordinary man who made extraordinarychange.
I Have a Dream by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is an amazing book. The illustrator, Kadir Nelson, offers the reader with a chance to engage with Dr. King’s words, while being equally inspire by thebeautiful artwork. If you are an educator or parent trying to teach childrenabout the famous, I have a Dream Speech,then this book offers a different experience.
Love Will See You Through by Angela Farris Watkins is an introduction to Dr. King’s Philosophy of Love. The author defines the principles of his philosophy while using Dr. King’s experiences as illustrations of the aforementioned. This book teaches children how to non-violently resist oppression by using the powerful tool of love. Educators and parents can use this book to assist children in reimagining Dr. King’s philosophy based on their own livedexperiences.
Martin’s Big Words by Doreen Rapport is a biography of the life of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. The author uses quotes throughout Dr. King’s life to frame his development into one of the world’s greatest leaders. I especially love how the illustrations by Bryan Collier capture the power of each word in the book. This book provides children with an awesomeand simple introduction to Dr. King and his impact in the world. For parentsand educators, this book serves as a tool to teach children about theexperiences that contributed to Dr. King’s philosophy. This is a must-readbook!
Be A King by Carole Boston Weatherford is a must-read book! The author does a wonderful job at communicating some of Dr. Martin Luther King’s core values in an easily digestible manner. Reading this book creates an opportunity for kids to think of ways they can resist unfair situations in their everyday lives. This book is a tool to teach kids they have the power and agency to make change just like Dr. King Jr.
I’ve Seen the Promised Land: The life of Dr.Martin Luther King, Jr. by Walter Dean Myers. This book portrays Dr. King as a heroic leader who stood against injustice and violence, while also sharing the pain and fear which he courageously pushed through to make a difference in society. Starting from his rise as a community leader of the Montgomery Bus Boycott, this book highlights several of his accomplishments and struggles in striving for justice. The book concludes with his “I See the Promised Land” speech right before his untimely death. This story is a great tool for teaching youth the power of standing up for what is right, and doing so with compassion for others, while also acknowledging how doing so can make you feel scared or hurt. The story also illustrates the power of perseverance, and how over time, one’s courage and creativity can make changes in the world.
March On is a Christine King Farris biography about Dr. King’s famous March on Washington written from the perspective of his sister. The author provides the reader with details of who Martin interacted with before and after the march, the values that drove Martin, and the role of songs in the protest. Reading this book will develop an awareness of how intentional Dr. King was with his words; he believed that his words had the power to inspire people to be hopeful during the struggle against racial oppression. This is a book that provides children with an understanding of the background work that led to the march that changed America.
I am Martin Luther King Jr. by Brad Meltzer is a biography of the great civil rights hero. The book provides an overview of the life of Dr. King from childhood to the March on Washington. The story is written as if Dr. King is recapping important moments in his life. The book’s design integrates comic-strip dialogue into the story, which opens the door for parents to have in-depth conversations. I love how the book ends with a declaration that beautifully summarizes Dr. King’s life’s work. This is a must-read book for educators and parents who want to teach children about Dr. King’s work.
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https://face2faceafrica.com/article/mlk-360-a-childrens-booklist-about-dr-kings-legacy
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Martin Luther King, Jr. labored exhausting to bring larger equality to America and ensure civil rights for all folks, no matter race. We may cry out desperately for time to pause in her passage, but time is adamant to every plea and rushes on. Over the bleached bones and jumbled residues of numerous civilizations are written the pathetic phrases: Too late.” There may be an invisible ebook of life that faithfully records our vigilance or our neglect.
Notably, he brought publicity to main civil rights activities, emphasizing the significance of nonviolent doing so, he modeled sound leadership to the African-American civil rights movement. Some black individuals thought King ought to use any manner doable to make changes happen.
Martin Luther King Jr. was a Baptist minister and civil-rights activist who had a seismic influence on race relations within the United States, beginning in the mid-Fifties. Following Dr. King's assassination, Rev. It's due to Martin Luther King and the efforts of his supporters that America got here to understand the ability of nonviolent protest.
During his memorable however too brief lifetime, Dr. King pressed the case of civil rights with the White House, touched millions of People along with his unforgettable I Have a Dream” speech, and gained the Nobel Peace Prize, on his option to leaving behind an ongoing legacy of hope and inspiration.
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https://sotomaddox6813.page.tl/Martin-Luther-King-h-s-Jr-.--h-s-Daughter-Warns-Of-The--h-Resurgence-Of-White-Supremacist-Groups-h--On-MLK.htm
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Martin Luther King Jr. was a revolutionary fighter who adopted nonviolence inspired by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Although he was recognized as the icon for democracy, many did not approve of this day initially. This day got approved only after a lot of struggle, that too after 20 years of Martin Luther King’s death. The legislation for a federal holiday on the day of the King’s birthday was introduced by Re. John Conyers on the 8th of April 1968.
Gradually ceremonies began on that day by the King Center in Atlanta. Later the legislation gained more momentum, and towards the year 1983, the bill was signed by President Ronald Reagan, marking the third Monday of January every year as Martin Luther King Jr. Day. However, it was only in 1986 that the day was observed throughout the country for the first time.
Ways to observe this day
To observe a day, we need to know why we’re supposed to in the first place. It is based on their ideologies that we need to frame ways to celebrate it.
- The first step would be to dig into the speeches of MLK. It is essential to know the situation that was prevailing in the past. MLK was an eminent orator whose speeches carried deeper meanings.
- You can surf through some of his lesser-known writings and speeches to know more about his ideologies and methods adopted to achieve them.
- You can also take the significance of this take to the social media platform in the form of artwork, quotes from his oration, and writings.
- Social media plays an important role in sharing and spreading awareness of the significance of days in great leaders’ memories.
- On a larger scale, you can work on documentaries and screenplays depicting the obstacles he underwent in achieving his dreams for the oppressed’s wellness.
Finally, it is important to adopt the values that he preached into our own lives.
Why are we celebrating this day?
There are a number of reasons to celebrate this day:
- He was the man who fought for the civic rights of people all over America.
- His famous speech “I have a dream” became an eye-opener for not just the people of his country but across many parts of the world. He voiced the concept of equality that was instantly welcomed by the mass.
- After Gandhiji, Martin Luther King gained victory by adopting non-violence as his weapon. This strengthened the ideology and promoted a peaceful atmosphere.
- He stood up against racism and equality globally and did not confine himself to one particular nationality. This is why the day is known as people’s holiday and not black’s holiday.
- He taught the world how perseverance and bring out success. To achieve his goals, he was jailed 29 times, and he conducted several peaceful demonstrations in which some failed, some reached the mass more than what was expected.
- His followers take this day to serve the needy people financially and emotionally to help them fight their struggles of life.
When is Martin Luthur King Jr. Day?
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https://nationalday365.com/martin-luthur-king-jr-day/
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“You don’t need to see the whole staircase, just take the first step.” –Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
Last year, I had the privilege of being a part of the “Martin Luther King Jr: Enough is Enough” documentary. With Martin Luther King Jr. Day behind us and Black History Month ahead of us, I wanted to take some time to reflect on the importance and significance of Martin Luther King Jr.’s legacy.
Not only was he an extraordinary leader with vision and ambition, but he fought tirelessly against injustice and took steps to establish a true ideal of freedom in the U.S. and around the world. The movement he created has powerfully impacted generations of people and changed the world.
I was beyond honored to narrate Enough is Enough. Voicing the message in this 45-minute docu-film gave me a chance to help remind people of our human history–the losses, and the triumphs. The documentary provides a clear vision of the origin of the civil rights movement and helps viewers understand the necessity for today’s racial justice movements, including #BlackLivesMatter.
Enough is Enough seamlessly combines images of the past with those of the present. Through the documentary, we are reminded that these historical events are still relevant in movements today. The legacy and impact of the civil rights era lives on and serves as an inspiration for change-makers.
When we stop to consider the length of time that has passed between the civil rights era and today, we realize that these changes took place less than 70-years ago. While progress has been made, as a global people, we have much further to go. Moving forward in justice, we aspire to evolve and be a collective human race– without racism, poverty, segregation, and with freedom from violence and hate.
The legacy of the civil rights leaders lives on in all of us, and because of that it was incredibly humbling to hear my own voice threaded among the voices of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Mrs. Coretta Scott King, and John Fitzgerald Kennedy, who wisely recognized, “this nation will not be fully free until all of its citizens are free.”
There is no better time than now to be aware of the history of our nation and its people and to be involved in creating a better world for us all. As we move forward into Black History Month and continue to fight for racial justice and equality, let us remember Martin Luther King Jr.’s words– We shall overcome because the arc of the moral universe is long but it bends toward justice.
You can find the fantastic documentary, “Martin Luther King Jr: Enough is Enough” on Amazon Prime Video now.
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https://keaverbrenai.com/2022/02/03/enough-is-enough-and-why-theres-no-better-time-than-now/
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A Message From CMU President Tim Foster
Martin Luther King Jr. Day reminds us that peaceful protest, civil disobedience and making change with words is the best way towards a better future for all people. Remembrance of Martin Luther King Jr.’s life and legacy reminds us that ideas can create and sustain lasting equality.
Martin Luther King Jr. used speech and philosophy to demonstrate the measure of human value. He believed worth was based on the character of individuals and the fortitude of each person’s moral agency. He saw intrinsic dignity in all humanity. His ideas manifested from tireless work, and his achievements resulted from the striving of those who came before him and those who worked alongside him. The outcomes and benefits of that work are in part what we celebrate today. Perhaps no orator or religious leader in modern history has more forcefully and clearly conveyed the principles of equality like Martin Luther King Jr.
Today the organization Black Citizens and Friends is conducting celebratory events to mark the life and legacy of Martin Luther King Jr. These local citizens are honoring his action and his life and their efforts are applauded by CMU.
Normally, these events would culminate at CMU in the Love Recital Hall. While this year such an event isn’t possible due to the pandemic, local civil rights advocates have persevered and continue celebrating. Despite this year’s efforts being remote and virtual, the significance of MLK Day is anything but virtual— the significance of Martin Luther King Jr.’s accomplishments for equality are real, measurable and transcendent. The values symbolized by this holiday transcend hate and Martin Luther King Jr.’s principles have the power to transcend racial bigotry.
Today is a time to revere Martin Luther King Jr. We join together in his belief that with effort love might permeate our campus, community and country — not just today but each and every day. This is possible thanks to what he taught us about ourselves and the potential we each have to change.
Sincerely,
Tim Foster, CMU President
Editor’s Note:
MLK performer Stephon Ferguson visited CMU in 2019 as an exclusively licensed performer of the King Estate.
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https://www.coloradomesa.edu/now/2021/01/mlk-day.html
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I recommend this book for children ages years old. The biography tells of Martin Luther King, Jr. He was born in Atlanta, Georgia and was known for being a very passionate civil-rights activist, who had a great impact on the relations between races in the U. The first edition of the novel was published in August , and was written by Martin Luther King Jr.. The book was published in multiple languages including English, consists of pages and is available in Paperback format.
The main characters of this biography, history story are Martin Luther King. He helped spread freedom and democracy throughout the world, even though he primarily concentrated on the well-being of the United States. He called for African Americans to respond to discrimination peacefully, no matter how much violence was brought on them. He was murdered in Memphis, Tennessee in His birthday was made a national holiday in the United States in During their marriage, King Jr. Influences, political stances and ideas. King's challenges to segregation and racial discrimination helped convince many white Americans to support the cause of civil rights in the United States. Given Malcolm X's abrasive criticism of King and his advocacy of racial separatism, it is not surprising that.
His birthday is a national holiday, celebrated on the third Monday in January. King's wife, Coretta Scott King, has carried on various aspects of his work. King, Sr. Remote health initiatives to help minimize work-from-home stress; Oct. Martin Luther King jr. Accordingly, authors have used his. I am Martin Luther King, Jr. With an introduction written in the voice of Martin Luther King, Jr. Washington High School. I Have a Dream by Dr. In the mids, Dr. King led the movement to end segregation and counter prejudice in the United States through the means of peaceful protest. Who was Martin Luther King Jr.
A young King soon realised that the colour of his skin represented an apparently insurmountable obstacle Martin Luther King Jr. He was famous for using nonviolent resistance to overcome injustice, and he never got tired of trying to end segregation laws laws that prevented blacks from entering certain places, such as restaurants, hotels, and public schools. When Martin Luther King Jr received a Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolence, he was just 35 years old - the youngest man at the time to do so.
Cite evidence from the text to demonstrate how Martin Luther King, Jr. Free Press, Lest anyone should think that Dyson is some radical racist out to lynch King's historical legacy, that is far from the case Summaries. A chronicle of Dr. The unforgettable true story chronicles the tumultuous three-month period in , when Dr. He was the first African American recipient of this honor.
Martin saw it not as a personal honor but as a tribute to the civil rights movement Martin Luther King Jr history, biography, assassination, quotes, speeches and more. Learn about the man who changed history and gave his life for what he believed in. Arguably the most important figure in American Civil Rights - and one of the country's most important public figures overall - Dr. The biography presents to you the life history of famous civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr. He was born on January 15, , in Atlanta, Georgia. King was an American clergyman, Nobel Peace Prize winner and one of the principal leaders of the United States civil rights movement. First thrust into the international spotlight courtesy of his leadership of a boycott of the public bus system in Montgomery, Alabama, where he was pastor of a local church, King became the lightning rod for the civil rights movement that emerged in the wake of the successful boycott Martin Luther King, Jr.
He especially believed in equality. He fought hard to make peace and change the minds of many racists. Martin was a minister, so he spoke at his church and many other places. His most memorable speech was at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D. C Martin Luther King, Jr. He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights and his I Have a Dream speech. See the fact file below for more information on the Martin Luther King Jr. He attended the Atlanta public schools. Following graduation from Morehouse College in , King entered Crozer Theological Seminary, having been ordained the previous year into the ministry of the National Baptist Church The biography of Martin Luther King attests to the grief felt around the world with riots in over cities upon hearing of his death.
Martin Luther King Jr. King was and still is one of the most influential heroes. King 's views and believes helped African Americans through the 50 's and 60 's to the rights and liberties that was their right. King faced many obstacles on his journey, things like jail and even assassination attempts. Despite these obstacles, he became a. He made the world a better place for black citizens by doing non-violence movements and marched the way to freedom. Through his activism, King played a pivotal role in ending the legal discrimination of African American citizens.
During his childhood, Martin Jr. Martin Luther King, Jr. He was not scared to stand up and tell the world what he wanted for society. He was fearless and did everything in his power to prove a point. Growing up, he had a very interesting. He learned values from his parents, and Martin Luther King Jr was a man of much wisdom during his time. He was a major contributor to the civil rights movement, and those contributions have profound effect even today. His parents changed his name to Martin Luther King when he was just a young boy.
At first, the local chapter of the NAACP felt they had an excellent test case to challenge Montgomery's segregated bus policy. But then it was revealed that Colvin was pregnant and civil rights leaders feared this would scandalize the deeply religious Black community and make Colvin and, thus the group's efforts less credible in the eyes of sympathetic white people. On December 1, , they got another chance to make their case. That evening, year-old Rosa Parks boarded the Cleveland Avenue bus to go home after an exhausting day at work. She sat in the first row of the "colored" section in the middle of the bus. As the bus traveled its route, all the seats in the white section filled up, then several more white passengers boarded the bus.
The bus driver noted that there were several white men standing and demanded that Parks and several other African Americans give up their seats. Three other African American passengers reluctantly gave up their places, but Parks remained seated. The driver asked her again to give up her seat and again she refused. Parks was arrested and booked for violating the Montgomery City Code. On the night that Parks was arrested, E. King was elected to lead the boycott because he was young, well-trained with solid family connections and had professional standing. But he was also new to the community and had few enemies, so it was felt he would have strong credibility with the Black community. In his first speech as the group's president, King declared, "We have no alternative but to protest.
For many years we have shown an amazing patience. We have sometimes given our white brothers the feeling that we liked the way we were being treated. But we come here tonight to be saved from that patience that makes us patient with anything less than freedom and justice. King's skillful rhetoric put new energy into the civil rights struggle in Alabama. The bus boycott involved days of walking to work, harassment, violence, and intimidation for Montgomery's African American community. Both King's and Nixon's homes were attacked. But the African American community also took legal action against the city ordinance arguing that it was unconstitutional based on the Supreme Court's "separate is never equal" decision in Brown v.
Board of Education. After being defeated in several lower court rulings and suffering large financial losses, the city of Montgomery lifted the law mandating segregated public transportation. Flush with victory, African American civil rights leaders recognized the need for a national organization to help coordinate their efforts. In January , King, Ralph Abernathy and 60 ministers and civil rights activists founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to harness the moral authority and organizing power of Black churches. They would help conduct non-violent protests to promote civil rights reform. King's participation in the organization gave him a base of operation throughout the South, as well as a national platform. The organization felt the best place to start to give African Americans a voice was to enfranchise them in the voting process.
King met with religious and civil rights leaders and lectured all over the country on race-related issues. In , with the help of the American Friends Service Committee, and inspired by Mahatma Gandhi's success with non-violent activism, King visited Gandhi's birthplace in India. The trip affected him in a profound way, increasing his commitment to America's civil rights struggle. African American civil rights activist Bayard Rustin , who had studied Gandhi's teachings, became one of King's associates and counseled him to dedicate himself to the principles of nonviolence.
Rustin served as King's mentor and advisor throughout his early activism and was the main organizer of the March on Washington. Took Inspiration From Gandhi Nonviolence. But Rustin was also a controversial figure at the time, being a homosexual with alleged ties to the Communist Party. Though his counsel was invaluable to King, many of his other supporters urged him to distance himself from Rustin. In February , a group of African American students in North Carolina began what became known as the Greensboro sit-in movement.
The students would sit at racially segregated lunch counters in the city's stores. When asked to leave or sit in the colored section, they just remained seated, subjecting themselves to verbal and sometimes physical abuse. The movement quickly gained traction in several other cities. King encouraged students to continue to use nonviolent methods during their protests. By August of , the sit-ins had been successful in ending segregation at lunch counters in 27 southern cities. By , King was gaining national exposure.
He returned to Atlanta to become co-pastor with his father at Ebenezer Baptist Church but also continued his civil rights efforts. On October 19, , King and 75 students entered a local department store and requested lunch-counter service but were denied. When they refused to leave the counter area, King and 36 others were arrested. Realizing the incident would hurt the city's reputation, Atlanta's mayor negotiated a truce and charges were eventually dropped. But soon after, King was imprisoned for violating his probation on a traffic conviction. The news of his imprisonment entered the presidential campaign when candidate John F.
Kennedy made a phone call to Coretta Scott King. Kennedy expressed his concern for King's harsh treatment for the traffic ticket and political pressure was quickly set in motion. King was soon released. In the spring of , King organized a demonstration in downtown Birmingham, Alabama.He claims Summary Of Martin Luther King Jr cannot Summary Of Martin Luther King Jr by while others are Summary Of Martin Luther King Jr, as everyone is connected. King and Summary Of Martin Luther King Jr highly Pinchwife And Margery Analysis Summary Of Martin Luther King Jr. Where black people went to Summary Of Martin Luther King Jr bathrooms, drank from separate water fountains, couldn't eat in "white's only" restaurants, and had to. The organization felt the best place to start to give African Americans a voice was to enfranchise them in the voting process. The ideals Summary Of Martin Luther King Jr this organization he took from Christianity; its operational techniques from Gandhi.
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Martin luther king's real first name
Names are so important because they have special meaning which can influence one's life. Names can affect the personality traits of its bearer, studies have shown. For example, a person named “Mr. Blasé” tends to be carefree and calm. In contrast, a girl who is named “Miss Pat” is characterized by her social skills and talkative personality. Likewise, the name Rawat, which is equivalent to Raja in Hindi, means “care for”.
This is probably why Prem Rawat has become an ambassador of peace, striving for the global harmony since the age of four. Another well-known figure in the world of peacekeeping is Martin Luther King, the civil rights leader. He was born under another first name. In this article, we will take a look at his real first name and the reasons why he changed his name.
What was Luther King's real first name?
- Martin Luther King, Jr. was born on January 15, 1929. His birth name was Michael Luther King rather than Martin Luther King. He was the son of Reverend Michael King, who served as a senior pastor at the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, USA.
- In 1934, his father had a whirlwind trip in Germany, when religious reform was still popular. At that time, the influence of the Protestant religious Reform was inspiring. In other words, he was moved by Martin Luther, the leader of the religious reform; thus, he decided to name himself and his son after the religious reformer.
- In summer of 1957, his father's birth certificate was officially revised, with the proposal to change his initial first name into the new one. When he was only 5 years old, Martin Luther King's birth certificate was equally to be changed.
- On July 23, 1959,Reverend Michael King's name became legally Martin Luther King; and Michael Luther King's name was also changed into Martin Luther King, Jr.
Who was Reverend Martin King?
Being the senior pastor of Ebenezer Baptist Church Reverend Michael King or M.L. King, in Atlanta, he was sent on a mission to many countries, like Rome, Tunisia, Egypt, Jerusalem and Bethlehem. Later on, in 1934, he was sent to another journey to Berlin. The purpose of his trip, according to the Martin Luther King, Jr.'s research, was to attend a Baptist World Alliance meeting. Back then, he was a researcher at Stanford University.
During his trip in Germany, he toured the country, and visited the city where religious reform took place. He made researches about what happened in 1517, when Martin Luther, who was a monk and theologian, challenged the Catholic authority. He publicly denounced the Catholic Church for oppressing the Jews; but he also criticized the Nazi Germany for their discrimination against colored people.
Therefore, he led the Protestant religious reform. Those facts transformed Reverend King and triggered him to change both his name and his son's name. Later, Martin Luther King, Jr., was known as MLK because that was how he used to sign his letters to his mother and to his future wife.
Like Prem Rawat, MLK was a promoter of peace and has shaped the lives of millions of people to peace and happiness.
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https://www.jerichoboston.org/work-for-peace/martin-luther-kings-real-first-name
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“Ready for the revolution!” Stokely Carmichael, also known as Kwame Ture, was born in the Port of Spain, Trinidad, on June 29, 1941. He is best known for his contributions to the Civil Rights Movement as well as the Black Power Movement during the 1960’s. Carmichael began his journey to becoming a prominent figure in African-American History when he was accepted into Howard University in 1960, even though he had been offered scholarships to other prominent universities, Carmichaels choice was Howard, due to the fact that he wanted to stay close to the Civil Rights Movement and be around those that were active in it. This is where he would start learning and questioning the rights of blacks and the treatment thereof, and participate
The beliefs of W.E.B. DuBois and Marcus Garvey, as influenced by their background, had a profound effect on their life work, including the organizations they were involved with and the type of people they attracted. DuBois came from a more privileged background. His life work centered on improving the condition of African Americans, but he wanted to do this by working with liberal whites through the NAACP. His following attracted mostly upper class and intellectual blacks.
Dubois Pg 1 Influential Theorist W.E.B Dubois Introduction to Sociology DuBois Pg.2 William Edward Bughardt Dubois was a strong willed African American. He was a Sociologist, Author, Activist and Civil Rights Leader who passed away in Accua, Ghanna in 1963. ( W.E.B. DuBois, Pan-Africanists, and Africa 1963-1973He was one of the most influential black leaders of the first half of the 20th century who supported integration and equal rights for everyone regardless
Malcolm X is best known for being called one of the greatest and most influential African American civil rights activists in history. He is also well known as an African American Muslim minister who preached human rights later in his life and career. He fought day in and out for what he considered was right. It is important to understand that he was one the first African American’s to speak out against the white man in America in the most brutally honest terms he could justify which makes him instantly significant in American history. What made Malcolm X a great debater was his passion for what he truly believed was right, it was his rage against the white man in America that he resented and resisted everything that America stood for; to some
The NAACP’s momentum to keep fighting came from the victories it has won. Many people are a part of African American history today were involved in many ways to help fight desegregate the South. Thurgood Marshall, a lawyer, was the critique of the “separate but equal” doctrine that justified segregation. Thurgood Marshall won a number of significant cases, Morgan v. Virginia (1946), Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada (1938) and Sweatt v. Painter (1950).
The African-American Civil Rights Movement became the greatest movement in history to provide racial equality, and ensure African Americans justice in the prejudice society in which they live. Beginning with the decision from Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka in 1954, the African-American Civil Rights Movement began to take shape. This decision reversed the decision of
However, he had learnt something from his father: person's character and conduct are way more important than color. He also learnt that well-educated and defend oneself physically is very important from his mother as well. He attends the only academic high school for African American in Florida, it is called
Booker T. Washington, the most influential black leader of his time, preached a philosophy on self-help, racial solidarity and accommodation. He urged blacks to accept discrimination for the time being and concentrate on elevating themselves through hard work and material prosperity. He believed in education in the crafts, industrial and farming skills and the cultivation
Martin Luther King Martin Luther King Introduction Martin Luther King, Jr., was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia, as Michael Luther King, Jr., but later had his name changed to Martin. He is best known for being an iconic figure in the advancement of civil rights and racial equality in the United States and around the world through nonviolent methods. Playing a great role in the history of modern American liberalism, King had a very interesting young life being a constant worker for civil rights for members of his race while being in the ministry. His approach though, brought him afflictions which also paved the way to his untimely assassination. This paper describes the short lived life of Martin Luther King and his impact to American history.
These two great leaders opened up the door for the civil right movement for African Americans. Malcolm X left a notable impact on the Civil Rights Movement in the last year of his life. Black activists in the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) who had heard him speak to organizers in 1965, began to support some of his ideas on racial pride and creation of black-run institutions. MLK impact lead to the Jim Crow laws being illegal and cause a positive impact on the civil right movement. Despite the hardships these two great men faced, they stood up for what they truly believed in.
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- Organizers of the Day of Service in Farmington hope to make it an annual event.
- The inaugural event in Farmington features five community projects.
- Volunteers will work on three service projects in the Shiprock area.
FARMINGTON — Martin Luther King Jr. Day will be celebrated with service projects in Farmington and Shiprock on Monday.
Farmington church groups, businesses and community members are organizing the inaugural Martin Luther King Jr. Day of Service, according to Steve Clarke, one of the event’s organizers.
Clarke said five years ago, he and his family moved to Farmington from Philadelphia, where local organizations hosted service projects on the federal holiday that honors the civil rights leader and his legacy, and they hope to start an annual tradition in the Four Corners, too.
The first event includes five community projects, Clarke said. Volunteers will spend time with children at the Sycamore Park Community Center, paint hallways and stock the freezers for Childhaven Inc., work the community garden at New Beginnings Transitional Housing and Support Services, assemble survival bags for homeless residents at the San Juan Unitarian Universalist Fellowship, and clean up trash along the Riverwalk Nature Trail at Berg Park.
Participation in the service day is open to the public. Volunteers will meet at 8:30 a.m. on Monday at the San Juan Unitarian Universalist Fellowship at 219 N. Orchard Ave. for a light breakfast and a short program about the significance of the holiday and the service projects, according to the event flier.
Volunteers are scheduled to leave for their sites at 9:30 a.m., with the day of service ending with a lunch back at the church at 1 p.m., according to the event flier. All volunteers will receive a T-shirt.
Dream Diné Charter School, and the Hogback and Shiprock AmeriCorps groups also are hosting service projects in honor of Martin Luther King Jr. Day, according to Shiprock AmeriCorps program manager Debra Yazzie. Volunteers will meet at 9 a.m. at the Shiprock Chapter house for a welcome and introduction before being split into groups. The groups will work three projects, including installing railroad ties and cable for a fence along the river trail, and two home projects for the widows of veterans — chopping and stacking firewood, and digging a footing for a bathroom addition on a home.
Yazzie said volunteers are welcome to help with Monday’s service projects and any of AmeriCorps’ ongoing service project in the Shiprock area.
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https://www.daily-times.com/story/news/2018/01/14/community-service-projects-organized-celebrate-mlk-day/1026528001/
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Chasing King's Killer: The Hunt for Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Assassin (edició 2018)
de James L. Swanson (Autor)
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Chasing King's Killer: The Hunt for Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Assassin de James L. Swanson
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This book provides a biography of Martin Luther King Jr.'s life as well as a brief biography of his assassin's life, and then discusses how the two ended up in the same place at the same time with tragic results for MLK and the nation at large.
Despite the title making it sound like this is a book all about the manhunt for an escaped criminal, this story is as much about King's life and work as it is about his death. It provides detailed accounts about his upbringing, an earlier assassination attempt, the FBI's files on MLK, etc. It discusses the civil rights fight that King was engaged in and the steps toward progress that were made. (The one real misstep in this book was that in its attempts to somewhat simplify things for a young audience, the past-tense language made it seem like civil rights are now all taken care of and no racial tensions exist anymore ... and we all know that is far from true.)
The book then gets to the assassination, which it describes in detail but not luridly. Yes, it's not for the faint of heart, but the author does not treat it gratuitously. This is followed up with the police and FBI steps taken to find the assassin, as well as how he was eluding authorities. The author also describes some of the conspiracy theories that surround the murder and provides evidence against them.
Throughout the book, black-and-white illustrations are used to show crowds gathering at King's speeches, Wanted posters for his assassin, maps showing the crime scene, etc. All in all, this is a solidly researched and informative book for young readers. I confess to learning some more details about MLK's life than I previously knew.
And, the book comes with a preface by John Lewis, which to me authenticates it as being accurate to MLK as a person. Specifically, Lewis says, "In this thrilling, beautiful, and tragic book, James Swanson takes me back to the days of my youth, all the joys and all the sorrows. He portrays Dr. King as he really was: a man of bravery, vision, and hope. He captures the man I knew, my hero, my big brother, and my friend."
Great nonfiction account of the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Tons of detail and information that shows the events leading up to the assassination. Goes into James Earl Ray and his history. Also talks about how he was able to avoid capture for quite a while. Weaves in other facts related to King's trials and challenges as he fought for equality. Also brings other historical events to light with John F. Kennedy, Robert Kennedy, and Lyndon Baines Johnson. If you like history this is a great read.
This highly researched book looks at the murder of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr in Memphis. Chapters about King alternate with an exploration of James Earl Ray's life. From his prison break, life in hiding, to the inexplicable decision to assassinate King, the book looks at Ray's aliases, movements, and wonders about motivation. The extensive end notes are impressive. Context of the time is woven into this story of the intersection of the lives of two men.
Chasing King’s Killer isn’t just about Martin Luther King, Jr.’s assassination and the search for his killer. The first part of the book is a biography of King and lays out what he did for the Civil Rights movement in more detail than kids, or even most adults, probably know. For instance, I didn’t know that he was stabbed at the book signing for his first book! I liked that the author went all the way through the period at the end of King’s life when he shifted his focus to include speaking out against the Vietnam War and started to lose public support. It’s important for kids to know that great leaders are not always appreciated like they should be in their own time.
The second part of the book focuses on the life and criminal career of James Earl Ray, the man who assassinated King. I would guess most people don’t know much about his early life. He was a master criminal and escaped from prison more than once.
Eventually, King and Ray’s life intersect. It’s never clear why Ray, who as far as anyone knows had never murdered anyone before, suddenly decided he needed to kill King. Because of this, conspiracy theories abound. This book does a good job of debunking them.
Although this book is intended for middle school and high school students, I found it very informative. I don’t feel like it’s overly simplistic or talks down to the reader. There are photographs throughout which added more to the narrative.
Chasing King’s Killer is a great book for kids (and adults) to learn about Martin Luther King, Jr.’s journey as a Civil Rights leader. It’s a quick but comprehensive read that will keep kids engaged. Highly recommended.
Literary merit: Fantastic
Characterization: Great
Recommend: Yes
Level: High School
This intense investigative nonfiction biography looks at the death of Martin Luther King Jr. While a good portion of this book does discuss his Civil Right legacy most of the narrative is about who killed him, why and the bizarre journey his killer took. While we are taught in school about King’s accomplishments and influence in Civil Rights Movement little is taught or said about James Earl Ray the man who killed him. How did Ray cross multiple borders after King’s murder even escaping into England? Ray was a convicted criminal out on parole but with no ties to the Ku Klux Klan. King had also been receiving death threats from the FBI. Why did Ray murder King? This amazing book brings history to life that will capture teens attention. The photographs at almost every page help to bring the story to life but may be triggering to emotions (some the pictures depict the clean up of King’s blood after his murder and there are picture of police brutality that happened during the Civil Rights) The amazing appendix at the end makes this a great addition to those studying the Civil Rights. There are also further reading suggestions for articles and books, places to visit, and timelines for the events. You will not have a hard time getting a teen invested in reading about this historical moment in time. Recommended for all libraries.
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"James Earl Ray and Martin Luther King, Jr. had two very different life journeys -- but their paths fatally collide when Ray assassinates the world-renown civil rights leader. This book provides an inside look into both of their lives, the history of the time, and a blow-by-blow examination of the assassination and its aftermath."--Provided by publisher.
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Classificació Decimal de Dewey (DDC)323.092 — Social sciences Political Science Civil and political rights Civil Rights Biography And History Biography
LCC (Clas. Bibl. Congrés EUA)
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Martin Luther King Jr's astuteness is enhanced by the astonishing capability to show the unkind and heartless attitude against black community. After the deaths of Martin Luther King Jr. These men both faced adversity in different degrees and at different times and places within the United States, but what makes them similar is that their strength of character allowed them to face adversity boldly. Blacks are going through a really tough time during this Negro revolution in 1963 and Dr. Near the beginning of Dr. King speech is more like a testimony of truth, rather than a speech.
Historic Figure: Martin Luther King, Jr. The thesis gives good reason for the Negroes desire to have equal rights. The violence from theses protests… The Civil Rights Movement spanned between 1954 and 1968 and encompassed social movements in the United States aiming to end racial segregation and discrimination against blacks. We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given to by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed. The purpose in his letter was to clarify to them his reasons for engaging in the demonstration. King is using a simile to make us believe that just like a person or animal is sick, the people back then were sick and the symptoms were injustice and racism.
This speech demanded racial justice towards the mistreated black community of America. This is difference made legal. I became convinced that noncooperation with evil is as much a moral obligation as is cooperation with good. He too, never backed down when there were questionable answers to expect Dr. Two book-length considerations of Dr. Parents with children can feel the pain.
The letter in the text was written by Luther during his time in jail as he suffered and was punished like all great leaders who fight and stand up for themselves. This gives them a whole different view on everything they do. King utilized his charisma and inspirational tactics to change the views and beliefs of a nation and to lead his people throughout their course of the civil rights movement. The lines have been drawn whites on one side and African Americans on the other. There is a great deal of history surrounding these two individuals. This shows that king would recognize the faults but does not wish to blame anyone.
In the fourteenth paragraph, King uses his logical, non threatening appeal to show the urgency of his civil right actions in the city. It is quite apparent as to why Martin Luther King, Jr. The of humanity of being just and fair has changed since the days of the late Dr. His achievements have not only begat a national holiday for his birthday, but also helped lead to the creation of Black History Month. Copy and paste the introduction of your essay here. They met in 1965, and battled each other until King's death in 1968.
King used his rubric as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to demo us that he holds a place of regard. King compares the two and simplifies his thoughts when said that they need to be acknowledged and treated. In April 1963, , was in Birmingham, Alabama, protesting racism and racial segregation in the city. He needed to persevere on, to stress his dissatisfaction with the attitudes of the clergymen, and battle the misinterpretations that many people had. You can use them for inspiration, an insight into a particular topic, a handy source of reference, or even just as a template of a certain type of paper. King was pioneers of thinking in the black community before he….
However, he knew his justice work was not finished. He made the world a better place for black citizens by doing non-violence movements and marched the way to freedom. But why did he write this letter? The books that have been read in this class reflect the same injustices that Martin Luther King Jr is addressing in his letter. This idea relates to peoples emotion because most people are religious and believe in God and Jesus Christ. He ratifies facts that cannot be argued. Just like we tend to those unwell, we have to tend to them. King ever adress white people while giving a speech since his usual purpose was to rile the Negroes into fighting their oppressors.
As many as there are, every law in the United States is applied to a certain group of individuals or a specific activity that must follow a set of rules established by the law. It refers not only to a specific time, but also to our hopes, our goals, our dreams for that time. He addressed what he believed was the differences between a just law and an unjust law. After the deaths of Martin Luther King Jr. He wanted to make clear the misunderstandings from his fellow clergymen.
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Who Was Martin Luther King, Jr.? (udgave 2016)
af Bonnie Bader (Forfatter)
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Who Was Martin Luther King, Jr.? af Bonnie Bader
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Martin Luther king Jr. is an amazing person (my opinion) he brought together two sides of segregation between black and white. Martin Luther king jr. had a speech at Washington Monument and it was called, I Have A Dream. Martin Luther king was killed in a hotel.
I feel like learning about a man who pushed segregation out of the way, and made most people change there minds about how they thought. He, has done so much to fix the work we have made in the past. With the help of Rosa Park and his group they pushed segregation out of school and out of society.
Who Was Martin Luther King Jr. is a great chapter book for students to read to learn all about Martin Luther King Jr. The book describes the life of Martin Luther King from his birth to his death. It starts off by describing "the system" that African Americans had to live by in the 1920s-60s and how his father never accepted it. Bonnie Bader does a great job of describing not only Martin Luther Kings life, but also the life of every African American during the 1950s and 60s and the struggles that they had to face every day. Bader writes in a child-friendly language that educates readers on this particular time in history that also recognizes the overall vision that Martin Luther King Jr. had and the legacy he lived up to. The book is broken up into 13 chapters that each describe a different movement or significant time in Martin Luther King's life. The book is also filled with illustrations to help readers visualize the text. I would definitely recommend this book to a student who is doing a project or presentation on Martin Luther King Jr. because of how informational, accurate, and insightful it is.
1- Summary: This book is all about who Martin Luther King was and what he did. This biography is geared more toward kids and is a lower reading level for them to understand.
2- Personal Reaction: I liked this book a lot and the way that it was written. Written with younger readers in mind but still getting the story across. Which is a very hard thing to do.
3- Classroom Ext. Ideas: I can use this book in the classroom when teaching about black history month. Also, I could use this book when teaching about Martin Luther King Jr. himself.
It is a early chapter book for kids. It tell us all the stories about Martin Luther King. From his childhood to his adults and his adventure of politic. Every chapter are full of black-white pictures and seems like hand drawing. The words are specific and describe a whole life of him. I was moved by this chapter book because I am able to know more about this brilliant guy-Martin Luther King.
Also, it is a historical fiction, historical fiction indicates a tale that happened earlier, as in pioneer America or medieval England. Meanwhile, it is a biography, because this specialized variety of nonfiction writing focuses on the lives of human beings- usually, people who are famous.
To teachers, it is a good book to teach students who are first-grade to seven grade. Because it is indeed and students can enjoy the book by the wonderful description.
Explains the advocasy and life of Martin Luther King Jr. It explains his importance in the American culture and why we remember him today.
An introduction to the life Martin Luther King, Jr. Including how he organized the Montgomery Bus Boycott and African American people across the country in support of the right to vote, desegregation, and other basic civil rights.
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Bliv LibraryThing-forfatter.
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https://dk.librarything.com/work/4593542/196226473
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INDIANOLA, Iowa — The Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. would have been 89 years old Monday if he were not assassinated.
He died five years after giving his famous “I Have a Dream” speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial.
During a speech in Smith Chapel, attended by over 100 students, faculty and community members, West Des Moines city council member Renee Hardman wondered if King’s dream had died with him.
After a performance of “Ride On King Jesus” by Erayle Amacker, Simpson President Jay Simmons gave a brief introduction, saying King “reminded us of the fundamentals of being American” and “when we look for heroes, it’s not easy to find them among today’s leadership.”
Hardman said her “life is what it is today because of his dream, life and legacy.”
Hardman said she woke up at 4 a.m. on Jan. 20, 2009, to board a packed train. On that cold day in Washington, D.C., she knew she was about to witness history.
Hardman watched the inauguration of Barack Obama, the 44th president of the United States.
“There was a moment I wondered if Martin Luther King Jr.’s dream had been realized,” she said.
Hardman was adamant about the hope in the world but said she questions every day if King’s dream is still alive.
While she was running for councilwoman, a man had allegedly yelled, “A colored woman has no place running my city!”
Hardman said she went to her car and cried. However, with hardened resolve, she continued a successful campaign to win the position.
The hope, Hardman said, is in service. “It’s more than coming out on the Martin Luther King Jr. day celebration; it’s living by his principles every day,” she said.
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https://thesimpsonian.com/26938/news/martin-luther-king-jr-s-dream-lives-on-50-years-after-death/
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Intellectual Property Law
The intellectual property system aims to create an environment in which creativity and innovation can flourish.
$50
8 Sold
I will do legal document drafting including pleadings, discovery and motions
Reyaz Alankandy 5.0
Intellectual Property Law
FAQs
What is intellectual property law?
Intellectual property law is a general term that regulates the legal norms of various social relations arising from the creation and use of intellectual achievements, as well as in the process of recognizing, protecting and exercising the intellectual property rights of the owners of intellectual achievements.
What is the importance of intellectual property law?
Legally protect the moral and hereditary rights of creators in their creations and general social rights to obtain the right to use the invention.
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https://www.workopp.com/serviceProvider/serviceHall?oneClassifyName=Legal&twoClassifyName=Intellectual-Property-Law&pageNum=1
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Mon 27-04-2020 21:50 PM
DUBAI, 27th April, 2020 (WAM) -- Dubai Municipality has organised a series of remote awareness workshops in conjunction with the World Intellectual Property Day, which is celebrated in April.
The workshops were aimed at discussing the role that intellectual property rights and patents play in promoting innovation and creativity and efforts to shape a green future. This year’s World Intellectual Property Day is being celebrated under the slogan, "Innovate for a green future."
Dawoud Al Hajri, Director-General of Dubai Municipality, stressed the Municipality’s keenness to enhance ways to support the green economy and intellectual property, in cooperation and coordination with the competent local and federal authorities.
"The Municipality organised the workshops in appreciation and respect for the position of the innovators, and encouraging a culture of research and creativity, which is the basis for consolidating creativity and its development, and promotion and development of innovation," said Al Hajri.
He added that the Municipality pays great attention to protecting intellectual property and patents, in order to reduce piracy, as they are important factors that encourage investment, in addition to the important role that social awareness plays on the importance of intellectual property, in addressing the phenomenon of infringement of the rights of creators of ideas, especially in the era of openness of knowledge and information.
Ahmed Saeed Al Badwawi, Director of Knowledge and Innovation Department in the Municipality, said, "Dubai Municipality’s World Intellectual Property Day program was characterisedby great simplicity and depth, given the conditions that the world is going through today."
The remote workshops on IP also promoted awareness leaflets on WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization), the importance of IP and the need to preserve it and not infringe upon it, because this is extremely important to society in general, and the national economy in particular.
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http://wam.ae/en/details/1395302839298
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‘Free Culture: How Big Media Uses Technology and the Law to Lock Down Culture and Control Creativity’ is a 2004 book by law professor Lawrence Lessig that was released on the Internet under the Creative Commons Attribution/Non-commercial license.
The book documents how copyright power has expanded substantially since 1974 in five critical dimensions: duration (from 32 to 95 years), scope (from publishers to virtually everyone), reach (to every view on a computer), control (including “derivative works” defined so broadly that virtually any new content could be sued by some copyright holder as a ‘derivative work’ of something), and concentration and integration of the media industry.
It also documents how this industry has successfully used the legal system to limit competition to the major media corporations through legal action against college students for close to $100 billion, because their improvements of search engines made it easier for people in a university intranet to find copyrighted music placed by others in their ‘public’ folder; Lawyers who advised MP3 that they had reasonable grounds to believe what they did would be legal; and Venture Capitalists who funded Napster. The result is a legal and economic environment that stifles ‘the Progress of Science and useful Arts,’ exactly the opposite of the purpose cited in the US Constitution. It may not be possible today to produce another Mickey Mouse, because many of its early cartoon themes might be considered ‘derivative works’ of some existing copyrighted material (as indicated in the subtitle to the hardback edition and in numerous examples in this book).
This book is an outgrowth of the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Eldred v. Ashcroft, which Lessig lost. Article I, Section 8, Clause 8 of the U.S. Constitution says, ‘The Congress shall have Power … To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries.’ Several times in the past century, congress has extended the copyright law in several ways. One way was to extend the term ‘on the installment plan.’ Another was to broaden the scope to include not only copying but creating ‘derivative works.’ This latter broadening is so ambiguous that it provides a foundation for massive abuse of power by companies holding large copyright portfolios.
For example, the Recording Industry Association of America sued a freshman at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) for $10,000,000 for improving a search engine used only inside RPI. Lessig cites another example where Fox demanded $10,000 for the rights to use a 4.5 second video clip with ‘The Simpsons’ playing on a television in a corner of that scene. Anyone producing a collage of video clips can potentially be similarly sued on the grounds the collage is a ‘derivative work’ of something copyrighted or that the collage contains a shot that is copyrighted. Lessig argues that this substantially limits the growth of creative arts and culture, in violation of the US Constitution. The Supreme Court ruled that Congress has the constitutional authority to properly balance competing interests on cases like this.
In the preface of ‘Free Culture,’ Lessig compares this book with a previous book of his, ‘Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace,’ which propounded that software has the effect of law. Free Culture’s message is different, Lessig writes, because it is ‘about the consequence of the Internet to a part of our tradition that is much more fundamental, and, as hard as this is for a geek-wanna-be to admit, much more important.’ Professor Lessig analyzes the tension that exists between the concepts of piracy and property in the intellectual property realm in the context of what he calls the present ‘depressingly compromised process of making law’ that has been captured in most nations by multinational corporations that are interested in the accumulation of capital and not the free exchange of ideas. The book also chronicles his prosecution of Eldred and his attempt to develop the Eldred Act, also known as the Public Domain Enhancement Act or the Copyright Deregulation Act.
Lessig concludes his book by suggesting that as society evolves and incorporates information technology a choice must be made between free or feudal systems. In his afterword he suggests that free software pioneer Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation model of making content available is not against the capitalist approach that has allowed such corporate models as Westlaw and LexisNexis to have subscribers to pay for materials that are essentially in the public domain but with underlying licenses like those created by his organization Creative Commons.
He also argues for the creation of shorter renewable periods of copyright and a limitation on derivative rights, such as limiting a publisher’s ability to stop the publication of copies of an author’s book on the internet for non-commercial purposes or create a compulsory licensing scheme to ensure that creators obtain direct royalties for their works based upon their usage statistics and some kind of taxation scheme such as suggested by professor William Fisher of Harvard Law School that is similar to a longstanding proposal of Richard Stallman.
Lessig defines ‘Free Culture’ not as ‘free’ as in ‘free beer,’ but ‘free’ as in ‘free speech.’ A free culture supports and protects its creators and innovators directly and indirectly. It directly supports creators and innovators by granting intellectual property rights. It indirectly supports them by ensuring that follow-on creators and innovators remain as free as possible from the creators of the past by limiting how extensive intellectual property rights are. A ‘permissions culture’ is the opposite of a free culture; in a permissions culture, creators and innovators are only able to create and innovate with the permission of creators of the past – whether they be powerful creators or not.
Lessig presents two examples that provide some insight into the nature of these dueling cultures. In the first, an example of ‘free culture,’ he describes how aircraft operators did not have to abide by an old law that land owners also owned the air above the property and thus could forbid overflight. In the second, an example of a ‘permissions culture,’ he describes how David Sarnoff, president of RCA, managed to persuade the government to delay the deployment of the rival wideband FM radio, invented by Edwin Howard Armstrong. He describes this as an example of how the inventor of a new invention can be forced to request ‘permission’ from a previous inventor.
The disparate features of a free culture and a permissions culture effect how culture is made. In a free culture, innovators are able to create – and build upon past creations – without the worry of infringing upon intellectual property rights. In a permissions culture, innovators must first request ‘permission’ from past creators in order to build upon or modify past creations. Often times, the innovator must pay the past creator in order to obtain the permission needed to procede. If the past creator refuses to grant permission to the innovator, the past creator may appeal to the government to enforce their intellectual property rights. Typically, intellectual property rights protect culture that is produced and sold, or made to be sold. This type of culture is commercial culture, and the focus of the law is typically on commercial creativity rather than non-commercial activity. Initially, the law, ‘protected the incentives of creators by granting them exclusive rights to their creative work, so that they could sell those exclusive rights in a commercial marketplace.’ This protection has become far more extensive, as is evinced in the Armstong/RCA example.
Lessig argues that we are fast becoming a permissions culture, though he sees the internet as a modern-day Armstrong: it challenges the traditional innovator and seeks to break free of any permissions or strict regulations. The internet can provide a vastly more vibrant and competitive innovation culture, and this is troublesome for any large corporations that have invested in fortifying their intellectual property rights: ‘Corporations threatened by the potential of the internet to change the way both commercial and noncommercial culture are made and shared have united to induce lawmakers to use the law to protect them.’ The internet has facilitated the mass production of culture, both commercial and noncommercial.
Corporations that had traditionally controlled this production have reacted by pressuring legislators to change the laws to protect their interests. The protection that these corporations seek is not protection for the creators, but rather protection against certain forms of business that directly threaten them. Lessig’s worry is that intellectual property rights will not be protecting the right sort of property, but will instead come to protect private interests in a controlling way. He writes that the First Amendment protects creators against state control and copyright law, when properly balanced, protects creators against private control. Expansive intellectual property rights stands to dramatically increase all regulations on creativity in America, stifling innovation by requiring innovators to request permission prior to their creative work.
Free Culture covers the themes of Piracy and Property. Lessig writes at the end of the Preface, ‘…the free culture that I defend in this book is a balance between anarchy and control. A free culture, like a free market, is filled with property. It is filled with rules of property and contract that get enforced by the state. But just as a free market is perverted if its property becomes feudal, so too can a free culture be queered by extremism in the property rights that define it
‘How free is this culture?’According to Lessig, ours has been but is decreasingly a free culture. Free cultures leave content open for expansion by others. Purportedly, this is not a new practice, but one that is increasingly challenged, mostly for economic reasons by creators and industry. The conflict or ‘war against piracy’ emerges out of efforts to regulate creative property in order to delimit the use of creative property without permission. As Lessig sees it, ‘the law’s role is less and less to support creativity, and more and more to protect certain industries against competition.’
This new role of law is meant to protect copyright owners from ‘pirates’ who share their content for free, effectively ‘robbing’ the creator of any profit. Lessig acknowledges piracy is wrong and deserving of punishment, however he is concerned the concept, as it appears in the context of ‘internet piracy,’ has been used inappropriately. This problematic conception follows a certain chain of reasoning: creative work has value; when an individual uses, takes or builds upon someone else’s creative work they are appropriating something of value from the creator. If someone appropriates something of value from a creator without the creator’s expressed permission, then that someone is ‘pirating’ the creator’s work, and this is wrong. Rochelle Dreyfuss, an NYU Professor of Law, has termed this conception of piracy the ‘if value, then right’ theory of creative property – namely, ‘if there is value, then someone must have a right to that value.’
First defining and then pointedly critiquing a prevalent ‘f value, then right’ notion of creative property, Lessig emphasizes that American law recognizes intellectual property as an instrument. Lessig points out that ‘if value, then right’ is correct, then film, recorded music, radio, and cable TV each is built on a history of piracy. Lessig details the history of these four ‘pirates’ as examples of how pervasive has been the practice of making use of others’ creative property without permission. Importantly, Lessig points out, throughout human history, ‘every society has left a certain bit of its culture free for the taking.’ This free culture has historically been deliberate, and widely appreciated.In fact, ‘creators here and everywhere are always and at all times building upon the creativity that went before and that surrounds them now.’
For centuries, copyright holders have complained about ‘piracy.’ In 1996, the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) sued ‘the Girl Scouts for failing to pay for the songs that girls sang around Girl Scout campfires.’ The suit was a public relations disaster for ASCAP, and they dropped it. However, the law still remains: If you sing a copyrighted song in public, you are legally required to pay the copyright holder. Copyright law has also been extended to threaten the very creativity that is a central value of our society, burdening it ‘with insanely complex and vague rules and with the threat of obscenely severe penalties.’ Copyright law at its birth only protected inappropriate copying. Today it also covers ‘building upon or transforming that work.’
Lessig explains that copyright is a kind of property, but that it is an odd kind of property for which the term can sometimes be misleading–the difference between taking a table and taking a good idea, for example, is hard to see under the term ‘property.’ As late as 1774, publishers believed a copyright was forever. A copyright at that time was more limited than it is today, only prohibiting others from reprinting a book; it did not cover, as today, other rights over performance, derivative works, etc. Modern technology allows people to copy or cut and paste video clips in creative new ways to produce art, entertainment, and new modes of expression and communication that didn’t exist before.
The resulting potential for media literacy could help ordinary people not only communicate their concerns better but also make it easier for them to understand when they are being suckered into things not in their interests. However, current copyright law effectively restricts the use of this to very wealthy individuals and corporations for two reasons: (1) the vagueness of ‘fair use,’ and (2) the costs of negotiating legal rights for the creative reuse of content are astronomically high. ‘You either pay a lawyer to defend your fair use rights or pay a lawyer to track down permissions so you don’t have to rely on fair use rights.’
A day after the book was released online, blogger AKMA suggested that people pick a chapter and make a voice recording of it, partly because they were allowed to. Users who commented volunteered to narrate certain chapters. Two days later, most of the book had been narrated. Besides audio production, this book was also translated into Chinese, a project proposed by Isaac Mao and completed as a collaboration involving many bloggers from mainland China and Taiwan. Other translations include Catalan, Czech, French, Hungarian, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, and Spanish.
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https://thedailyomnivore.net/2012/04/11/free-culture/
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Article 17 addresses the ‘value gap’: the funnelling away of value from creators to online platforms
Today, Monday 26 April, on World Intellectual Property Day 2021, IMRO Adjunct Professor of Intellectual Property Law at the Law Society of Ireland, Dr Mark Hyland, highlights the significance of ‘Directive (EU) 2019/790 on Copyright in the Digital Single Market’, and in particular, what Article 17 will mean for Ireland’s creative industries.
Dr Hyland explains, “The backdrop to this year’s World Intellectual Property Day is the EU Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market. A key provision in this Directive is Article 17 which will have great benefits for Ireland’s creators by addressing the so-called ‘value gap’.
Value gap
“The value gap refers to the funnelling away of value from creators and into the hands of a number of online content-sharing service providers. Essentially, Article 17 requires online platforms such as YouTube, to obtain an authorisation from the relevant rightholder before copyrighted content, such as music or movies, is made available to the public,” he explained.
“While Article 17 has been much debated over the last few years, it helps to highlight the unfair and unreasonable balance between the online platform and the underlying rightholder,” Dr Hyland said.
“By addressing the value gap, the Directive is ensuring that rightholders receive appropriate payment for the online use of their works. This will be significant for creators in Ireland’s music industry, particularly given the ongoing pandemic-related challenges facing this sector.”
IP and the music industry
“It comes as no surprise that Ireland’s music creators saw a significant drop in public performance royalties last year. Fortunately, it was a strong year for online music thanks to the rise of video on-demand services and live streamed events, which became more popular during the Covid period.”
“The Directive will have huge benefits for creativity in our fast-evolving digital age,” said Dr Hyland. “It will help promote the creative and cultural industries, major drivers of Ireland and Europe’s economy, and promote creators’ rights throughout the EU.”
“IP-intensive industries contribute 65% to Ireland’s GDP, which is the largest proportion of any Member State*. A strong and effective IP system helps countries to realise IP’s potential for economic development and social and cultural wellbeing. Such a system ensures economic rewards for creators and provides an environment in which creativity and innovation are encouraged,” Dr Hyland said.
Copyright Directive
Member States must implement the Copyright Directive into their national laws by 7 June 2021.
“The last important revamp of EU copyright laws occurred twenty years ago, with the adoption of the Information Society Directive in 2001**, so this is another significant step in the modernisation of the EU copyright regime,” concluded Dr Hyland.
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https://irishbusinessfocus.ie/legal/a-changing-digital-era-law-society-and-imro-highlight-significance-of-eu-copyright-directive-on-world-intellectual-property-day/
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Statement from the 60 Plus Association in Support of Modernizing the U.S. Copyright Office
(Alexandria, Virginia) — With over 7.2 million senior supporters nationally, the non-partisan 60 Plus Association is America’s largest center-right seniors advocacy organization. Today they released a statement applauding the recent introduction of a discussion draft by Congressman Tom Marino and Congresswoman Judy Chu to modernize the U.S. Copyright Office. The introduction of the draft represents an important first step in a critical discussion about creating a 21st century Copyright Office capable of serving the innovative needs of the marketplace for creative works. A modern, flexible Copyright Office will help the US creative economy continue to lead the world, thereby incentivizing creativity, innovation, investment and jobs.
A strong and growing economy is of paramount importance to seniors and their families. And living in the digital age makes protecting America’s intellectual property and facilitating legitimate markets for its use more important than ever.
The products of America’s creative industries account for over $1 trillion annually of our economic output, 6.7% of our total economy, and support 5.5 million jobs. It is an economic and cultural engine. At the center of this dynamic marketplace is the U.S. Copyright Office, which catalogues and organizes creative works, and administers important aspects of the US copyright system.
The time has come for the U.S. Copyright Office to be modernized, to meet the demands of a knowledge-based economy.
Every issue for elderly Americans, from food production and medicine, maintaining a strong and ready military, better hospitals, better roads, instant communication, safe highways or even leisure, requires constant review and updates. Our nation is blessed with visionaries who have kept our copyright laws current in the modern digital age, now it is time that the Copyright Office itself have the autonomy and tools to help maximize the potential of the law.
Seniors applaud the work of Reps. Tom Marino (R-PA) and Judy Chu (D-CA) for their leadership in focusing Congress’ attention on this important issue. At a time when partisan divides make progress difficult, common sense, bi-partisan solutions such as Copyright Office modernization present a significant opportunity for lawmakers to promote American creativity, innovation and jobs.
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https://www.60plus.org/us-copyright-office-must-be-modernized-for-the-times/
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Chief Justice Martha Koome, on Monday, September 26, 2022, presided over the swearing-in of the Copyright Tribunal members at the Supreme Court, Nairobi.
The tribunal members include Chairperson Ms. Elizabeth Lenjo and Members: Ms. Helen Kiende, Mr. Wilfred Ogot, Ms. Caroline Opiyo , and Mr. Joseph Ndungu.
The CJ said the success of the Copyright Tribunal has an impact on fostering creativity and a bearing on the success of our arts and cultural industry.
She added that these 'post-industrial' aspects of our economy rely upon copyright law to establish property rights and protect revenues.
"Therefore, you must robustly enforce copyright law for our creatives and other authors of different forms of work to earn a living and benefit from their works and innovation," the CJ said.
She urged them to align the operations of the Copyright Tribunal with the ethos of the 'Social Transformation through Access to Justice' Vision.
"By doing this, you play a role in ensuring that our talented and creative artists and authors can make a career, earn a living, and flourish from their work by protecting their intellectual property rights," the CJ explained.
The Copyright Tribunal is one of the institutions intended to further the objectives of Article 40(5) of the Kenyan Constitution, which instructs the State to support, promote and protect the intellectual property rights of the people of Kenya.©Standard Gazette, 2021. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this site’s publisher is strictly prohibited. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Standard Gazette with appropriate and specific direction to the original content.
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https://tstga.com/world/africa/kenya/kenyan-city-news/copyright-tribunal-members-sworn-in/
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“For a Mess of Pottage”: Incentivizing Creative Employees Toward Improved Competitiveness
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Author
Yanisky-Ravid, Shlomit
Abstract
[Excerpt] Managing employees’ talent, promoting innovation, and improving productivity are critical challenges for organizations. Creative employees and the innovative products they develop can make a tremendous contribution to an organization’s success and competitive position. While employed inventors play an extremely important role in the production of an organization’s technological innovations, they are often either unrewarded or insufficiently rewarded for their achievements. The analysis and recommendations in this study present the argument that, contrary to common workplace practice, employers should consider a more employee-centric approach to intellectual property (“IP”) rights and other benefits. This will foster innovation within the workplace and encourage the development of successful IP products. In particular, employers should reconsider the current rigid practice of requiring employees to transfer all future product IP rights to the firm without significant compensation as well as the overall tendency to avoid attributing IP products to employed inventors. The need for such reform will prove critical in the digital era, especially in times of economic slowdown.
Date Issued2013-05-19
Subject
HR Review; Human Resources; Creativity; Innovation; Productivity; Managing Talent; Intellectual Property
Rights
Required Publisher Statement: © Cornell HR Review. This article is reproduced here by special permission from the publisher.
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https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/72983
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Celebrating 225 Years of the U.S. Copyright Act
This past weekend — May 31 to be exact — marked the 225th anniversary since U.S. Copyright Act was signed into law. To help celebrate this occasion, our friends at the Copyright Alliance have begun a new online campaign asking Americans to consider the meaning, value, and many forms of creative and intellectual expression in the United States.
For over two centuries, the Copyright Act has been the backbone of American creativity, innovation and economic growth. When the Founding Fathers met in Philadelphia to craft our Constitution, they specifically gave Congress the power to “promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries.” This founding principle became further cemented as part of our national character in 1790 when Congress passed and President George Washington signed the Copyright Act into law.
In the years since that momentous occasion, copyright law has turned our nation into the global cultural, technological and economic leader that it is today. Copyright also remains among the most effective guarantors for the creation, production and dissemination of cultural works.
From the printing press and motion pictures to recorded sound and today’s variety of legitimate online streaming services, copyright has been at the root of American innovation, consistently evolving and developing in response to new technological and marketplace developments. But through all of its modifications, copyright has continued to help ensure creators and their work are protected. As a result, the United States today is home to a vibrant and unparalleled creative economy in which core copyright industries added more than $1.1 trillion dollars in value to the U.S. GDP, accounting for 6.71% of the economy, and employed nearly 5.5 million American workers in 2013 alone according to the International Intellectual Property Association.
American industries that rely on copyright face significant challenges today, especially the ease in which creative content can be stolen and disseminated online. As a nation we cannot allow this treasured principle to be weakened by those claiming that this cornerstone of our nation is outdated in the digital age or those seeking to profit by infringing on the creativity and hard work of others. Rather, copyright is responsible for inspiring and supporting many of the great innovative technologies and services we rely on in our daily lives. For the film and TV industry, copyright has led in the United States to the creation of more than 100 legal online distribution services like Netflix, Hulu and Amazon Prime among others, as well as cloud services such as Ultraviolet that give consumers easy access to legal content.
At the MPAA, we look forward to continuing to work with others to protect and promote the principles of the U.S. Copyright Act that have been so vital to our nation’s development. Copyright has been a guiding light for 225 years, and working together as a country, we can ensure that it continues to be one for centuries to come.
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https://www.motionpictures.org/press/celebrating-225-years-of-the-u-s-copyright-act/
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WASHINGTON — Today, Reps. Doug Collins (R-Ga.), Ranking Member of the House Judiciary Committee, and Hakeem Jeffries (D-N.Y.), Chairman of the House Democratic Caucus, introduced the Copyright Alternative in Small-Claims Enforcement (CASE) Act. This bipartisan legislation establishes the Copyright Claims Board at the Copyright Office to make it easier and less expensive for independent creators, such as photographers, songwriters and graphic artists, to better defend their intellectual property from theft.
“The U.S. economy depends on our ability to ensure intellectual property, including copyrights, is protected,” said Collins. “The CASE Act would establish a copyright small claims court to give creators the ability to protect their livelihoods and fight back against infringement of their works. Protecting intellectual property is critical to continue growing our economy, maintaining our position as a world leader and ensuring the creative spark remains alive with current and future generations. I appreciate Congressman Jeffries’ leadership on the CASE Act and am grateful for the strong bicameral, bipartisan support this legislation is receiving, including from our chairman, Jerrold Nadler.”
“The establishment of the Copyright Claims Board is critical for the creative middle class who deserve to benefit from the fruits of their labor,” said Jeffries. “Copyright enforcement is essential to ensure that these artists, writers, musicians and other creators are able to commercialize their creative work in order to earn a livelihood. The CASE Act will enable creators to enforce copyright protected content in a fair, timely and affordable manner. This legislation is a strong step in the right direction.”
Original cosponsors include Reps. Jerrold Nadler (D-N.Y.), Chairman of the House Judiciary Committee; Martha Roby (R-Ala.), Ranking Member on the Subcommittee on Courts, Intellectual Property and the Internet; Hank Johnson (D-Ga.), Chairman of the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Courts, Intellectual Property and the Internet; Ben Cline (R-Va.); Brian Fitzpatrick (R-Pa.); Ted Lieu (D-Calif.); and Judy Chu (D-Calif.).
“The CASE Act will help creators and copyright holders by giving them an affordable and accessible way to vindicate their rights when others use their works without permission,”said Nadler. “I am proud to cosponsor this legislation, which I believe represents a meaningful change, especially for independent artists and small businesses.”
“I am proud to join my colleagues on both sides of the aisle in cosponsoring the CASE Act to ensure that individuals and small businesses alike are able to effectively safeguard their intellectual property rights,” said Roby. “Too often, due to prohibitively high costs, artists, songwriters, photographers, and other creators are unable to take action against those who violate their copyrights. I look forward to working with my colleagues to correct this problem and protect Americans’ intellectual property rights.”
“The CASE Act is a much-needed solution for copyright claims that are small in nature but nevertheless important for the copyright holders it intends to help,” said Cline. “This bill is a win for copyright owners, many of whom are small businesses, which will establish a low-cost method for copyright owners to settle claims.”
“The CASE Act will help individual creators — whose work is stolen or used without their consent and without proper compensation — seek justice,” said Johnson. “This bill represents an important step to improve the effectiveness of our copyright laws and make copyright enforcement more accessible to everyone – especially creative entrepreneurs and small businesses.”
“Hardworking artists like those in my district rely on copyright laws to protect their work from piracy,” said Lieu. “For too long, the creative middle class and independent artists with limited means have found it difficult to make legal claims of copyright infringement because it is too expensive to sue in federal court. This essentially forces them to forfeit their creative rights to their work. I am proud to work with a bipartisan group of colleagues on the CASE ACT, a bill that works to protect the rights of the hardworking artists by creating a quick and less expensive forum for small copyright owners.”
“Creators in our country depend on copyright protection to make a living,” said Chu. “But, the high costs of pursuing a federal case leaves too many creators without legal recourse when their works are used without permission. The CASE Act would address this hardship by creating a tribunal to adjudicate these claims within the Copyright Office. This is a common sense solution that will provide a true legal avenue of protection. I’m proud to cosponsor this bill to ensure that smaller and individual creators can continue contributing to the works that are a part of the fabric of our society.”
Sens. John Kennedy (R-La.), Thom Tillis (R-N.C.), Dick Durbin (D-Ill.) and Mazie Hirono (D-Hawaii) are introducing companion legislation in the Senate.
“Creative ideas are your property, whether you’re a photographer or an independent movie director,” said Kennedy. “It shouldn’t cost you a fortune to protect your creativity from copyright infringement. This bill creates a legal avenue for artists to pursue copyright violations more quickly and less expensively. Louisiana’s rich culture and history are rooted in the successes of talented artists, musicians and authors. We need to make sure that Americans’ creative spirit is preserved and protected.”
“Independent artists who rely on copyright laws to protect their work play an important role in our communities, but the current system makes it difficult for them to receive damages in a cost-effective manner,” said Tillis. “This bipartisan bill will provide a more efficient way for copyright holders to protect their intellectual property and ensure that our content creators can be properly paid when their work is used without authorization.”
“I am pleased to join my colleagues in introducing the CASE Act, which will provide individual content creators and small businesses with the option of using a small claims Copyright Office tribunal to address infringement claims. Copyright infringements that involve several thousand dollars in damages can have a huge impact on an individual creator or small business, but claims this size are rarely brought in federal court. Our bill would create a voluntary small claims process to allow content creators to seek meaningful recourse for their small dollar claims,” said Durbin. “We have worked to make this bill fair to all participants in the copyright system, and we look forward to advancing it in both the House and Senate this Congress.”
“In its current form, the copyright system leaves no practical way for many creators to protect their rights as copyright holders. Federal district court litigation is simply too expensive and too complex for small photographers, artists, and the like to pursue valid claims against copyright infringers. The result is a system where those who rely most on their copyrighted works for their livelihoods are forced to sit back and watch while others use those copyrighted works free of charge,” said Hirono. “The CASE Act will go a long way toward fixing this situation. By creating the Copyright Claims Board, the CASE Act establishes a venue where small creators can actually enforce their intellectual property rights and finally bear the fruit of their work.”
Supporters of the CASE Act include:
- American Association of Independent Music
- American Intellectual Property Law Association
- American Photographic Artists
- American Society for Collective Rights Licensing
- American Society of Journalists and Authors
- American Society of Media Photographers
- Association of American Publishers
- Authors Guild
- Copyright Alliance
- Digital Media Licensing Association
- Dramatists Guild of America
- Future of Music Coalition
- Garden Communicators International
- Graphic Artists Guild
- Horror Writers’ Association
- Nashville Songwriters Association International
- National Press Photographers Association
- National Writers Union/UAW Local 1981
- News Media Alliance
- North American Nature Photography Association
- Novelists, Inc.
- Professional Photographers of America
- Recording Academy
- Recording Industry Association of America
- Romance Writers of America
- Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America; Screen Actors Guild‐American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (SAG-AFTRA)
- Society of Children’s Book Writers & Illustrators
- Songwriters Guild of America
Go to Source
Author:
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https://www.justtherealnews.com/2019/05/01/collins-jeffries-introduce-bipartisan-legislation-to-protect-middle-class-creators-from-copyright-infringement-house-judiciary-committee/
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SANAA, Jun. 18 (YPA) – The Prime Minister, Dr. Abdulaziz Saleh bin Habtoor, on Saturday said that delving into the research of intellectual property and the development of guarantee mechanisms for its protection is one of the important issues for the present and the future.
During his participation today in the opening of the symposium on the legal protection of intellectual property rights in light of national legislation and international agreements organized in Sanaa by the Center for Scientific Research and Studies at Future University, Dr. bin Habtoor noted that dealing with the subject of intellectual property with its multiple ramifications requires in-depth study and clear and precise legal and regulatory control.
The Prime Minister expressed the government’s readiness to develop the outcomes of the symposium and turn them into a legal text that protects the intellectual property of every university professor, every idea and creative work, and punishes those who infringe on it in any way.
He explained that protecting the intellectual rights that allow creators to continue their creativity is a necessity to confront those who steal the efforts of others.
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https://en.ypagency.net/264291/
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This report aims to provide patent based information on available technologies and patenting trends in the area of microalgae. It covers in detail patent applications and granted patents within the space of microalgae and has revealed several interesting facets of research and innovation related to that area. Expected to be the 3rd generation biofuels solution, microalgae have quickly been developed for the biofuel industry with a marked inflection point in 2006. Lipids and pigments, which are the second metabolites of interest, also developed early on, still continue to see a steady growth in recent years.
Publication year: 2016
An Introduction to the Economics of Collective Management of Copyright and Related Rights
Collective Management as a Business Strategy for Creators
An introduction to the economic theory surrounding collective management of copyright
Neighboring Rights
Collective Management Organizations – Tool Kit
This WIPO toolkit offers a practical approach to the collective management of copyright and related rights.
Musical Works and Audio-Visual Works
WIPO Program and Budget
for the 2016/17 biennium
This Program and Budget provides the planning for the biennium 2016/17 within the overall strategic context of the Medium Term Strategic Plan (MTSP) and guided by the inputs received from Member States.
Integrating Intellectual Property into Innovation Policy Formulation in Jamaica
Part of a series of WIPO-produced country reports, reviewing IP in national innovation systems. Each report offers country-specific recommendations for more effectively using the IP system to strengthen national innovation systems.
Measuring Creativity: Learning from Innovation Measurement
Economic Research Working Paper No. 31
There is a growing interest in broadening the measurement scope of innovation and considering “creative” activities, meaning that the usual indicators of innovation satisfy neither scholars nor policy makers. Conceptually, there is not much difference between innovative and creative activity: but to what extent are current measures that capture innovation relevant for creativity? Can the new measures for creativity benefit from the experience accumulated through R&D and innovation? Our article provides insights and lessons learned from using measures of innovative activities for scholars who are interested in capturing creative activities. We underscore the difficulties faced when measuring innovation and draw some parallels of these difficulties with the efforts undertaken to measure creativity.
Guide to the International Patent Classification (2016)
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Documentation of Traditional Knowledge and Traditional Cultural Expressions
Background Brief - No. 9
This Brief describes the main objectives of documenting traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions, the intellectual property issues that may arise and options for addressing them.
Alternative Dispute Resolution for Disputes Related to Intellectual Property and Traditional Knowledge, Traditional Cultural Expressions and Genetic Resources
Background Brief - No. 8
This Brief introduces how alternative dispute resolution offers an alternative to formal court-based systems for tackling intellectual property disputes that may arise in relation to traditional knowledge, traditional cultural expressions and genetic resources.
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https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/search.jsp?lang=EN&pubDate=2016&cat2=1&sort=pubDate&start=10
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IP Day: “Women In Innovation And Creativity”
Today [April 26th] the Registry General will join other intellectual property personnel around the world in celebrating ‘World Intellectual Property Day’.
“The theme for World Intellectual Property Day 2018 is ‘Women in innovation and creativity’ which encourages us to reflect on how innovative women have enhanced our lives,” the Ministry said.
“We reflect on women such as Maria Beasley who invented cooking pans and life rafts; and scientist Shirley Jackson who completed research that resulted in the invention of fax machines, touch tone telephone, solar cells, fibre optic cables, caller ID and call waiting; and Josephine Cochrane who invented the first automatic dishwasher.”
“More than ever before, women are assuming leadership roles and are making an impact in the field of science, technology, business and the arts,” said the Minister of Home Affairs Walton Brown.
“Locally, Bermuda boasts many female inventors, designers and artists of whom we can proud, such as Isabelle C. Ramsay who has created numerous ‘Lili’ fragrances; designer Barbara Finsness; Nicole Iris, designer of “MGNI” clothing; well-known artist Sharon Wilson; and singer-songwriter Heather Nova.”
Registrar General Aubrey Pennyman said, “This year we are encouraging local trendsetters, inventors, creators, designers and artists to show the world their extraordinary innovations.
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https://bernews.com/2018/04/world-intellectual-property-day/
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This Essay explores what Mark Twain, Bill Gates, and Live Crew have in common with other artistic and informational pioneers. Their creative visions and works challenge society to develop new legal methods for regulating the artistic and technological expansion. As this Essay demonstrates, law follows technology, albeit slowly. The author predicts that the next twenty-five years will pose more challenges to intellectual property laws than the last fifty. As new forms of art are created, reflected in the case of rap music, and new forms of communication evolve onto the information highway, new methods of piracy will abound. The challenge for legal scholars, lawmakers, and technology creators is to narrow the piracy gap. When technology or the marketplace cannot combat theft, the law must shield intellectual property creators from the pirates who roam the information and other highways.
Publication Title
Willamette Law Review
Volume
33
Issue
1
First Page
245
Last Page
260
Recommended Citation
Sherri L. Burr,
The Piracy Gap: Protecting Intellectual Property in an Era of Artistic Creativity and Technological Change,
33
Willamette Law Review
245
(1997).
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https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/law_facultyscholarship/639/
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Physicists are scientists who study the fundamental properties of matter. This ranges from the microscopic world of subatomic and molecular particles, to the macroscopic world of cosmology and astrophysics. Systematic observation and experimentation provide the data from which theories describing the fundamental forces and laws of nature can be developed.
Physics is the science that deals with the structure of matter and the interactions between the fundamental constituents of the observable universe. Its object of study, therefore, ranges from quarks (tiny particles making up the nuclei of atoms) to quasars (apparently star-like objects, but brighter than billions of stars put together), found at the edge of the universe. Nothing is too small or too big for the physicist to investigate - the entire universe is their field of study. Physicists usually specialise in theoretical or experimental physics:
Experimental physicists: supply the fundamental data on which physics is founded. They spend a lot of time in the laboratory where new phenomena are examined through systematic and exact measurements, and experiments are performed to test existing theories.
Theoretical physicists: formulate the laws of nature that determine the properties and transformation of matter and energy. This is done in mathematical terms and electronic computers are often used for the calculations.
Areas of specialisation include:
With some employers, physicists can do original research while with others they apply their knowledge to the solution of specific problems.
Physicists usually work regular hours in offices and/or laboratories, but they may be required to work longer hours if they are intensely involved in their research. In general, the work is not hazardous. Some physicists may spend time working away from home to use national or international facilities that have unique equipment.
Schooling & School Subjects
National Senior Certificate meeting degree requirements for a degree course
Each institution has its own entry requirements.
Degree: BSc Physics and Mathematics as majors and complementary courses in such subjects as: Chemistry, Geology, Astronomy, Applied Mathematics, Statistics - e.g. UNISA, UJ, Wits, US, UCT, UWC, NWU, NMMU, UFS, UV.
Post-graduate study: BSc Honours is the minimum requirement to become a physicist. Many employers prefer physicists to be qualified to a doctorate level.
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https://gostudy.net/occupation/physicist
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... "The strong nuclear force binding the nucleus is described very well by Quantum Chromo-Dynamics (QCD) which has been directly tested in high energy collisions of elementary particles. However, extracting quantitative predictions from QCD for low energy or macroscopic phenomena is one of the outstand ...
Outline Summary
... The main conceptual changes in understanding the physical world that were discovered in the twentieth century are presented. Starting with the introduction of the quantum of light by Planck in 1900 and ending with the standard models for cosmology and particle structure as we understand them now. A ...
From the last time… - UW High Energy Physics
... • The first string excitation is a particle with imaginary mass — a tachyon (negative mass squared = negative energy) – Could go backwards in time: seems unlikely! ...
Questions on The Elegant Universe 1. What was Einstein`s dream
... 2. What is the new theory attempting to answer Einstein’s dream and what does it propose? ♦ An all encompassing and unifying theory that combines all the laws of the universe called “String Theory.” The basic idea of string theory is surprisingly simple. It says that everything in the universe, from ...
Concepts introduced by the theories of relativity include
... Newton’s Laws of Motion ...
Resolving New Physics with Theoretical Study of QCD and Hadron
... Light muonic atoms @ PSI ...
String Theory
... Theory only works when gravity is ignored (very weak) General Relativity only works when we can assume the universe can be described by classical physics (no quantum mechanics) ...
The Universe itself
... astrophysical observations, is being made6. Much purely theoretical work is usually focused on finding an answer to what happens at the Planck scale: masses, lengths or times where the strength of gravity becomes comparable to the other fundamental interactions (which are currently unified in the st ...
Byond Particle Physics
... The history of supersymmetry is exceptional. In the past, virtually all major conceptual breakthroughs have occurred because physicists were trying to understand some established aspect of nature. In contrast, the discovery of supersymmetry in the early 1970s was a purely intellectual achievement, d ...
Desperately Seeking Superstrings
... right stuff to explain the “low-energy phenomena” of high-energy physics and gravity as well. In the context of possible quantum theories of gravity, each of the few currently known superstring theories may even be unique, finite and self-consistent. In principle a superstring theory ordains what pa ...
Dalton`s Atomic Theory
... Dalton's Atomic Theory Earlier we used the Particle theory of Matter to explain observations of matter. However, this theory cannot explain everything we have just learned regarding chemical changes. For example it cannot explain the electrolysis of water. ...
Einstein`s Miraculous Year
... Electron – one of the parts that makes up an atom. Electrons have a negative (-) charge and ...
New Frontiers in Particle Physics.
... What about gravity!? ...
Física Teórica de Partículas
... Is there Supersymmetry? If yes, where is it hidden? Dark Matter ? Dark Energy? Quantum Gravity ? All fundamental laws of Nature must obey the ! Principles of Quantum Mechanics. Einstein ´s General Relativity is a beautiful Classical Theory, like Maxwell´s Classical Theory, neither one is a fundamen ...
A1982PH16500001
... Also, we tried to limit the material to the essential parts of a very difficult subject: many deep and wonderful technical results of the theory had to be omitted because they concerned ‘internal’ matters, and would not be appreciated by outsiders. This severe self-discipline made the book accessibl ...
Using Boolean Logic to Research Quantum Field Theory
... The Stanford Encyclopedia of philosophy recognizes Quantum Field Theory as mathematical and conceptual framework that implements elementary particles in particle physics. This also acquired the theory as a sub subject of both Quantum Physics and Particle Physics. Stanford University uses those facts ...
String Theory
... describe certain aspects of nature. The first Theoretical Physicist was Sir Isaac Newton. Newton invented Calculus so that problems involving moving objects could be solved. ...
String Theory - Santa Rosa Junior College
... Weak force: W and Z boson Electromagnetic force: photon Gravitational force: graviton(?) ...
Journey into the Microcosm – The Story of Elementary Particles
... entities mankind has probed, has attained a stage where there is a ‘standard model’ – a God of small things, so to speak – in excellent agreement with experiments, so much so that any tiny deviation, for example, a small non-zero neutrino mass, is considered a major breakthrough. There is no competi ...
FORCE Matter
... & all matter electrons,protons, neutrons… ...
Modern view of matter and the universe
... (Standard Model + GUT) • We can unified electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions! • (But) We don’t understand why there are 3 (or more) generations of “fundamental” particles ) characterize by 19 constants in our universe • Gravity does not fit in this picture ...
Kaluza-Klein Theory
... • surely, the genius of these giants of unification would be lauded by their peers for decades! ...
I. What is String Theory?
... It accounts for about 70% of the total energy of the Universe, and it causes the expansion of the Universe to accelerate. The density of this energy is 10^(-120), when expressed in Planck units. How can we understand this number? ...
Superstrings: The “Ultimate Theory of Everything”? Sera Cremonini
... in the brane picture, there seems to be no information loss ...
Particle Physics Theory – working group
... Topics to be covered • General philosophy: theory topics connected to the subject areas of the other working groups should be covered within the text of those. ...
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Theory of everything
A theory of everything (ToE) or final theory, ultimate theory, or master theory is a hypothetical single, all-encompassing, coherent theoretical framework of physics that fully explains and links together all physical aspects of the universe. Finding a ToE is one of the major unsolved problems in physics. Over the past few centuries, two theoretical frameworks have been developed that, as a whole, most closely resemble a ToE. The two theories upon which all modern physics rests are general relativity (GR) and quantum field theory (QFT). GR is a theoretical framework that only focuses on the force of gravity for understanding the universe in regions of both large-scale and high-mass: stars, galaxies, clusters of galaxies, etc. On the other hand, QFT is a theoretical framework that only focuses on three non-gravitational forces for understanding the universe in regions of both small scale and low mass: sub-atomic particles, atoms, molecules, etc. QFT successfully implemented the Standard Model and unified the interactions (so-called Grand Unified Theory) between the three non-gravitational forces: weak, strong, and electromagnetic force.Through years of research, physicists have experimentally confirmed with tremendous accuracy virtually every prediction made by these two theories when in their appropriate domains of applicability. In accordance with their findings, scientists also learned that GR and QFT, as they are currently formulated, are mutually incompatible - they cannot both be right. Since the usual domains of applicability of GR and QFT are so different, most situations require that only one of the two theories be used. As it turns out, this incompatibility between GR and QFT is only an apparent issue in regions of extremely small-scale and high-mass, such as those that exist within a black hole or during the beginning stages of the universe (i.e., the moment immediately following the Big Bang). To resolve this conflict, a theoretical framework revealing a deeper underlying reality, unifying gravity with the other three interactions, must be discovered to harmoniously integrate the realms of GR and QFT into a seamless whole: a single theory that, in principle, is capable of describing all phenomena. In pursuit of this goal, quantum gravity has recently become an area of active research.Over the past few decades, a single explanatory framework, called ""string theory"", has emerged that may turn out to be the ultimate theory of the universe. Many physicists believe that, at the beginning of the universe (up to 10−43 seconds after the Big Bang), the four fundamental forces were once a single fundamental force. Unlike most (if not all) other theories, string theory may be on its way to successfully incorporating each of the four fundamental forces into a unified whole. According to string theory, every particle in the universe, at its most microscopic level (Planck length), consists of varying combinations of vibrating strings (or strands) with preferred patterns of vibration. String theory claims that it is through these specific oscillatory patterns of strings that a particle of unique mass and force charge is created (that is to say, the electron is a type of string that vibrates one way, while the up-quark is a type of string vibrating another way, and so forth).Initially, the term theory of everything was used with an ironic connotation to refer to various overgeneralized theories. For example, a grandfather of Ijon Tichy — a character from a cycle of Stanisław Lem's science fiction stories of the 1960s — was known to work on the ""General Theory of Everything"". Physicist John Ellis claims to have introduced the term into the technical literature in an article in Nature in 1986. Over time, the term stuck in popularizations of theoretical physics research.
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https://studyres.com/concepts/4900/theory-of-everything
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A career in theoretical physics demands extensive understanding of physics and mathematics, and computer abilities. Some physicists spend the majority of their time doing research. You don’t have to be a theoretical physicist to determine what’s going to occur whether that happens.
They think about it. They must be patient and hardworking.
If you double the magnitude of a city, the typical wages increase by approximately 15 per cent. If you own a projectile with plenty of energy, it’s going to probe right to the pit and you’ll start to really observe the inner structure of the part of fruit. The greater the concentration, the more heat is going to be produced.
In this instance, the question becomes why our universe has properties that appear to be so finely tuned to permit for the occurrence of life. Physicists have built quite a few advanced gravitational wave detectors which have been seemingly on the brink of discovering these exotic waves for the past couple of decades. String theory suggests that every one of the forces and particles in nature are caused by strings of energy vibrating in various ways.
I won’t answer your question. An amazing mistake you can possibly make in physics is to assume you are aware of what the answer will be in advance.
Students can finish a doctoral degree application that is designed particularly for theoretical physics, or else they can pick a program that provides a multidisciplinary strategy and focus their coursework and research on an element of theoretical physics. For nearly every job in the planet, a physics degree will place you in an outstanding position to be successful, and for the large part, employers recognise this. The courses slides and other materials can be located on the School site.
There are a few successes given very specific assumptions, but there are a good deal of issues. Figuring out how to create ethical decisions is among the most significant components of growing up. So perhaps it’s only an issue of perspective.
Many other regions of math also can be utilized in the tradition of applied math. In the event the laws of physics were different, there would not be a universe, and should the laws of chemistry were different, there would not be a life. Quite a few of our ideas come from our unconscious and quiet occasions or meditative times are extremely critical for that.
The more energy that you have, the smaller the entity that you’re able to observe. Electrical currents are another type of energy.
Pessimistic failure prediction, nevertheless, is actually a whole lot more common. One particular important component in the modern models of the universe is known as the cosmological constant. In the multiverse, the worth of the Higgs would be selected just to the extent it needs to allow the evolution of life like oursthe so-called anthropic principle.
Communication with neutrino beams would likewise be a wonderful asset to submariners. Inside this regard, theoretical particle physics forms a great example. It is just one of 17 fundamental particles that physicists have discovered to date.
This kind of application is known as induction. On the flip side, red stars appear red since they’re emitting predominantly red photons but they’re also emitting the photons in different colours and are cooler than the Sun. The fantastic thing about my particles is they aren’t real, and thus don’t need to obey the standard laws of physics.
Though the system is currently thought to be obsolete, Hawking has been not able to get an alternate software. The laws of thermodynamics, and most of all the debut of the singular idea of entropy started to offer a macroscopic explanation for those properties of matter. Worse, in some instances, these theories cannot even been tested in principle.
Particle irradiation is a place of active research with promising biological benefits over traditional photon therapy. The experiment will use the newest technology to check beyond the Standard Model, to try to delve in the sphere of dark issue. Since models need to be simple enough you might use them to make predictions, they frequently leave out numerous the specifics.
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http://www.baacarsoman.com/the-bad-side-of-what-is-a-theoretical-physicist/
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The basic tenet of systems biology is to (a) perturb a system; (b) observe and measure systems-wide consequences of the perturbation; and, finally, (c) integrate the disparate kinds of measurements into a quantitative model to explain experimental observations and predict responses to novel perturbations. A key aspect of this approach is that it is iterative – predictions made using a previous version of the model drive new experimentation. The iterative cycles refine our understanding of the biological system and bring the models into close apposition with real biology. This approach begins with integration of existing data into a preliminary model to drive the first set of experiments and set up the iterative cycles. An important outcome of this first step is that it helps to align the varied expertise such as is represented in this multi-institutional, interdisciplinary team. We have already constructed such models for M. tuberculosis (MTB) and activated macrophages (MΦs) . These preliminary models will drive the subsequent iterations of a hypothesis-driven systems approach to both reveal novel insights into the biology of both host and pathogen and also refine the models. In his leadership role in the Modeling Core, Dr. Baliga, who is trained in both microbiology and computational biology, will ensure seamless integration of experimentation and computation.
The goal of this U19 proposal is to use a systems approach to construct a predictive model for TB-host interactions, and to use this model to test a key hypothesis that behaviors of host and pathogen are coordinated by interwoven regulatory networks, and that the outcome of infection (bacterial containment or active disease) is the product of many network-network interactions that vary both spatially and temporally. It is possible to construct such predictive models because the functional capability of every organism is constrained by the limits of environmental factor (EF) variations it has experienced during its evolution. Furthermore, environmental changes (e.g. temperature, pH, O2 etc.) occur in a temporally coupled and non-random manner for well-characterized physicochemical reasons. Even pathogens have taken advantage of such repetitive environmental changes within the host by evolving coupled and anticipatory behaviorTagkopoulos, et al.. The fitness gain associated with internalizing coupled changes is evident in the fusion of multiple environmental sensing domains in numerous response regulatory proteinsMascher, et al.. These linkages are also manifested in the molecular architecture of gene and protein networks and the anticipatory behavior they encode have been known for some timeDodd, et al.,Nikaido and Johnson. Predictive modeling of such complex systems-level phenomena has become tractable at a molecular level because of high throughput technologies to measure molecular changes in system-wide genetic information processing (RNA and protein levels, protein-protein (P-P) and protein-DNA (P-D) interactions, protein modifications and so forth). This collection of coupled EF changes also aids in predictive modeling of regulatory networks from a relatively modest number of systematic perturbation experiments. This is because even a simple perturbation propagates through the highly structured network of physicochemical relationships to give complex and reproducible multi-factor changes. Consequently, these perturbations trigger linked and anticipatory networks within the organism generating a structured response that can be learned and modeledBonneau, et al..
The goal of the Modeling Core is to integrate data from Projects 1 and 2 to generate a multi-scale predictive gene regulatory network (GRN) model that will link quantitative phenotypes in the host to causative mechanisms and their influences in the pathogen, and vice-versa. This model will predict host and pathogen factors that regulate or influence the outcome of TB infection, specifically susceptibility, resistance, infection progression, persistence, and clearance. We will describe existing and novel computational strategies (algorithms, approaches and principles) in the following three aims to drive iterative modeling and experimentation:
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http://www.omics4tb.org/cores/modeling-core
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Physics is about the fundamental laws of the universe that govern living as well as non-living systems. It is a fundamental science, involving a deep understanding of nature derived from mathematical and experimental insights. Physics is the subject that constantly asks “why?”, questioning why matter and energy exist and act as they do, and discovering the underlying rules that govern their behaviour. Physicists now believe that all phenomena observed in the universe can be explained in terms of a handful of forces: gravity, electricity, magnetism, and weak and strong nuclear interactions.
Developments in physics have led to advances in many fields, including medicine and the semiconductor industry. Understanding physical principles and discovering new laws that explain our universe at an even deeper level are the challenges that confront physicists in the 21st century. The degree will develop your knowledge and skills in problem-solving, data analysis, computation and experimental techniques.
This is a sample pathway for a degree in Physics. Topics include relativity, electromagnetism, quantum mechanics, thermal physics, optics and lasers, atomic and nuclear physics, particle physics, condensed matter physics and medical physics. Practical training develops core experimental skills including data acquisition techniques.
First Year
Second Year
Third Year
Fourth Year
Timetables & Assessment
Each student will have their own timetable based on their individual module selection. This is a full time course and classes may include lectures, practicals and tutorials, depending on the subjects. Students will also be expected to study independently (autonomous student learning). Assessment varies with each module but may comprise continuous assessment of practicals, written exams and online learning activities.
For detailed information on subject content click here
You may be interested in the following Blog posts: Why choose Physics at UCD?
Students can apply to study for a trimester or year in third year in a number of universities worldwide including:
The UCD Physics degree is an accredited Physics degree and recent Physics graduates have pursued careers in the following:
Graduates are also eligible to apply for MSc programmes in Nanobio Science, Space Science & Technology, Nanotechnology, Medical Physics or Meteorology, or for PhD programmes in Ireland and abroad in diverse areas such as Radiation Physics, Physics of Advanced Materials, Atomic Physics, Particle Physics and Astrophysics.
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https://www.myucd.ie/courses/science/physics/
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How to Reduce Maintenance Costs in the Data Center
As a business partner, an IT leader must be proficient in the area of finance to effectively create more monetary and strategic value. Address the following three IT budget planning challenges head-on.
Introduction
Information technology leaders are called to be more than IT professionals; they should act as true business partners. We cover this topic in our article “5 Ways CIOs Can Be Better Business Partners.” As a business partner, an IT leader must be proficient in the area of finance to effectively create more monetary and strategic value.
In order to do that, here are three IT budget planning challenges and solutions IT leaders should address head-on:
1. Negative IT Perceptions
How others view the role of IT is one of the most difficult budget challenges IT leaders face. Convincing decision-makers to allocate more funds to IT budgets when there is not a clear understanding of what the department actually delivers is a common problem. The IT department often finds itself viewed strictly as a cost center. As discussed in Gartner’s “IT Cost Optimization Should Be an Ongoing Discipline,” this view forces CIOs to be reactive about cost optimization, caving to business pressure and effectively leaving money on the table (McGittigan/Solanki 2016). This is why today’s IT departments recognize the need to not only support operations, but to take an active role in driving revenue. Instead of limiting the question to only “How can we do the same with less?” IT budget management is starting to ask “How much more value could we generate by investing in new technology?”
A perception problem impacts more than just the allocation of departmental resources. Taking a step back, the Rule of Expectations asserts that there is a strong connection between the existence of a specific expectation and that of the expectation being met. It would then follow that if IT is viewed as a cost center with the expectation of reducing costs, IT professionals will identify themselves primarily as cost-cutters and focus the majority of effort on reductions in spending. In contrast, when the expectation is set that IT is responsible for producing value and driving revenue, the team will shift their focus to those ideas and actions which move the business forward.
So how does IT combat its own cost-center mentality? By being more proactive. As the lines between marketing and IT continue to blur, IT budget managers should take a page out of the marketing playbook and practice the art of self-promotion. In the report Flipping to Digital Leadership: The 2015 CIO Agenda, Gartner suggests flipping IT metrics to be value-facing. For example, instead of “reducing costs of IT per dollar of revenue,” IT departments could share “increasing revenue per dollar of IT costs.” While measuring projects accurately is expected, IT departments need to tell stories of success as well. How did this IT initiative that was budgeted for last year get Johnny Salesman to sell better? Again, IT teams need to break the habit of referencing only cost savings and instead emphasize successful projects that create value. Cost savings should be positioned as opportunities to reinvest dollars into revenue-driving IT projects which build on the value side of IT budget spending.
2. The Need for a Smarter Budget Structure
Another familiar challenge for IT budget leaders is building a budget structure that supports a value-centered approach. This tactic divides the overall IT budget plan into categories, each with their own budgeting strategies. It’s a method that helps to focus IT budget planning on driving the organization forward.
One common budgeting structure is Run-Grow-Transform. Within this structure, IT leaders are required to identify spending as it relates to running, growing, and transforming the organization. Often, spending in the “run” category is reduced and reinvested into the “grow” or “transform” categories. If the priorities are oriented to the short-term, then “grow” categories demand more resources. Alternatively, if the organization’s priorities are oriented to the long-term, then “transform” categories demand more resources.
Another popular choice is the three-layer approach which Gartner advocates in “Spend IT Wisely With a Three-Layer Strategy for IT Cost Optimization”. An outer layer includes any IT spending that is mission-facing or that creates a competitive advantage for the organization (Solanki, 2013). A middle layer encompasses any spending “specific to the industry in which the business operates.” Gartner uses the example of crew-rostering systems in the airline industry as the middle layer cost. The inner layer consists of spending that supports office functions. Using this model, an IT budget leader would look to reduce costs in the inner layer and reinvest in the outer layer, while ensuring costs in the middle layer were benchmarked with other companies in their industry.
These are only two examples of how to account for the diversity within IT spending, along with the different strategies required. It is critical to research and choose an IT budget structure that aligns with organizational priorities.
3. Lack of Flexibility in Budgets
One of the most important determinants of success is the ability to act quickly in response to changes to achieve competitive advantages. IT budget planning presents a challenge to agile IT management by allocating organizational spending into tools and projects with long-term time frames. This limits IT leaders’ ability to adapt to change and respond in a way that maximizes value at any given time. The good news is that IT departments can create flexibility in budgets by structuring agility into the actual IT budgeting process. Some organizations use a quarterly budgeting system, known as a rolling budget, to address adjustments in budget allocation and prioritization as the year moves forward. Others create intricate alternative scenario budgets which identify events that could occur and would then trigger an alternatively prepared budget.
Budget flexibility can also be achieved through careful vendor selection. Though price cuts are often offered for long-term commitments, there is typically no guarantee the vendor’s product or solution will remain relevant. Terms and conditions should allow for quick changes in service or even complete termination of contracts without penalty. Vendors with these more accommodating policies may be more expensive in the short term, but their long-term flexibility gives IT departments the ability to take advantage of future opportunities or address unforeseen problems as needed.
Changing perceptions, building new IT budget structures, and creating flexibility are ambitious initiatives, but without incorporating some form of each, IT departments will continue to be viewed as a cost center and not as a revenue driver. To be a better business partner, IT budget leaders must project their worth by driving value and effectively communicating results. Addressing these three budget challenges puts any IT leader well on their way to a more robust IT department and a stronger role in contributing to the success of the organization.
References
McGittigan, J./Solanki,S. (2016, February 4). IT Cost Optimization Should Be an Ongoing Discipline.
Retrieved from Gartner: https://www.gartner.com/en
Aron, D./Waller, G./Weldon, L. (2014, October 4). Flipping to Digital Leadership: The 2015 CIO Agenda.
Retrieved from Gartner: https://www.gartner.com/en
Solanki, S. (2013, June 10). Spend IT Wisely With a Three-Layer Strategy for IT Cost Optimization.
Retrieved from Gartner: https://www.gartner.com/en
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https://serviceexpress.com/resources/articles-and-insights/three-budget-challenges-of-it-leaders/
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Budgeting is the projection of income and expenditures that one expects an organization to earn and incur over a given period of time, usually one year. It requires continuous evaluation and control to ensure that the company’s finances are managed correctly. Other than institutions or companies, a budget can also be drawn up for an individual, individual branch, or unit of that company or any department that earns and spends money. The importance of the budget is that it becomes a reference document and thus helps in planning the activities of the organization or individual. A company can prioritize its expenditure according to the limited financial resources it has at its command. Thus this document also helps in the proper allocation of resources as per the priorities.
The budget has many variants which have a direct link with the requirements as well as the purpose. More so, the budget types can be in accordance with the person or entity- unit, department, company, or individual. Further, for an entity or business organization, one budget may not suffice, and it may require a number of budgets. Some of them are the annual operating budget, performance budget, rolling budget, master budget, program budget, financial budget, operating budget, etc. Also, there are four key methods that companies use to create a budget. These are the traditional budgeting method, the incremental budgeting method, the zero-based budgeting method, and the activity-based budgeting method.
- Why is Budgeting Important?
- Proper Planning and Implementation
- Control Expenditure
- Prepares for Future Emergencies
- Resource Utilization
- Reduction in Costs and Expenses
- Employees Involvement
- Tool for Comparing Actual and Planned Results
- Helps identify Strengths and Weaknesses
- Proper Allocation of Funds
- Helps to Set Priorities
- Evaluations and Improvement Of Performance
- Increase Performance through Internal Competition
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Why is Budgeting Important?
Proper budgeting is crucial for the success of any company. This is equally important and crucial for individuals too. The most important reasons that make budgeting important are:
Proper Planning and Implementation
Budgeting helps to turn the general ideas and plans of the management into concrete, goal-oriented plans. Each individual and entity is different and may have its own specific needs and requirements. Budgeting chalks out the specific actions necessary to implement the budget in reality by way of forecasting. This is done according to the unique circumstances of each organization. It helps to set a direction that leads to a coordinated effort of each individual and each department toward realizing the common business goals.
Also Read: Limitations of Budgeting
Read more on Budgeting vs. Forecasting.
Budgeting also helps strengthen the company’s financial goals and find ways to keep them on track. And of course, all of these are linked and need to be executed and achieved within a certain time frame. It can’t be indefinite. Pressure to achieve more in a pre-defined timeframe often leads to effective and rapid implementation of plans or budgets.
Control Expenditure
Budgeting is a roadmap of expenditures that the company can make according to the available resources or capital in hand. It is, therefore, a means of planning and controlling expenditure, as budgeting provides clear numbers or figures about the amount of money the company has. Furthermore, budgeting helps to estimate revenue over the budget period. It can plan its expenditure accordingly and ensure that it does not overspend or make commitments to spend money that the company does not have.
Prepares for Future Emergencies
Budgeting directs the company’s scarce resources into activities that align with the organization’s strategic objectives. It ensures that the company does not run out of money during the budget period for these important activities. Budgeting also helps ensure the proper availability of resources for emergencies as well as future projects. It prepares a company well in advance for crisis situations that can come from nowhere.
Resource Utilization
A budget helps to control wasteful expenditures in an organization. Because resources are scarce in any company, hence, their allocation in the best possible manner is necessary for maximum returns. The budget guides the best possible utilization and allocation of resources. Moreover, it helps to maintain harmony between various departments of the business. Each department has a pre-determined share of the budget allocated to it. And it helps to take care of any daily arguments between them because of resource allocation.
Also Read: Why are Budgets Useful in Planning Process?
Also, read Budget Control
Reduction in Costs and Expenses
Budgeting is an effective tool to help a company reduce wasteful spending. It shows which expenditures are not important at the present time and can be postponed. Matching available resources with revenue sources often drives management to draw up cost-cutting plans. It pushes them to find ways to improve cash flow to increase profits, which ultimately leads to higher returns on investment.
Employees Involvement
The process of budgeting starts with top-level management. It goes down to the lower-level managers and staff in the managerial hierarchy. During budgeting, many companies prefer a bottom-up approach too. Whatever methodology the entity uses, it affects everyone. The budgeting process and communication involve a large number of persons and departments of the organization. The involvement gives all the members a sense of ownership and belongingness to the process. They can see through the mission, vision, and goals of the organization effectively, as they are themselves part of the planning and implementation process. This results in higher motivation of employees. They know in which direction they need to make maximum efforts and pursue strategies for effective goal realization.
Tool for Comparing Actual and Planned Results
A budget becomes a tool to compare the actual results a company achieves over the budgetary period from what was expected or budgeted for. The comparison with actual results can trigger the areas and reasons for the deviations to the Management from the planned course of action. It can focus on important areas that require immediate attention and control. The results will help them assess where they are going wrong. Also, they will know if they need to make a change in the current strategy. A continuous evaluation of budgetary results will alert management to correct or rectify the path they are on in case of need. Also, this will help to minimize the impact of wrong and catastrophic decisions. And thus, the management can do enough damage control through constant monitoring and suitable course correction.
Helps identify Strengths and Weaknesses
The budgeting process – planning, monitoring, and comparing, helps to identify the areas of the organization’s strengths and weaknesses. Management gets a clear picture of what priorities should be set in the next budgetary period once the results have been reviewed. Also, the budget results can provide an impetus to search and explore new avenues for generating income/ reducing expenses or timelines. Normally, this happens when the budgeting results are not up to the mark or do not meet expectations. This makes budgeting in an organization very important and useful.
Proper Allocation of Funds
A budget sets targets for revenues and expenditures and helps to keep a check on both of them. Also, the management can channel funding in the right direction as per the budget provisions. The formulation of proper strategies becomes possible as per the budget provisions. The management can also decide whether to go for capital expenditure or not as per the availability of financial resources by looking at the budget.
Helps to Set Priorities
A budget helps channel resources across various departments as per the top management’s priorities and goals. They are in the best position to decide which department should get the maximum chunk of the budget allocation to grow. For example, there are times when the top management will feel that the products of the company have become obsolete and hence, are losing out to the competition. Hence, they may prefer to allocate a bigger portion of the budget to the research and development department to develop new and better products. This will help the company get back on track and be ahead of the competition again.
Evaluations and Improvement Of Performance
Budgeting serves as a benchmark that needs to be achieved. Furthermore, the actual results can be very useful in assessing the performance of managers and employees. A budget helps to create accountability in managers for their own performance and the results of their department. Rewards can be awarded to departments that exceed budget expectations. Those that have not been able to achieve budget goals must reassess and take corrective action. In addition, there may be cases of prolonged deviations and below-average performance. Management may consider imposing penalties or shuffling the members of the department.
Increase Performance through Internal Competition
Budgeting provides a platform for various managers and departments to come together. They fight for an appropriate distribution of the scarce resources of the company. They know in advance what capacity constraints exist, how many resources they have available, and what they have to do with them for the best possible results. The scarcity of resources leads to a sense of competition between individuals and departments. This leads to improved performance, better teamwork, and the best possible results for the organization. And that makes a win-win situation for all.
Conclusion
Proper budgeting is the backbone for the success of any business organization. Of course, it is equally important that the entity chooses the right budgeting process for achieving its objectives. This will depend upon various factors such as the size of the company, age and management experience, market conditions, availability of historical data, etc. A company without a proper budget means that it is not taking a specific direction toward its long-term goals. Therefore, it is important to implement a budget to steer the company in the right direction and lead it to success. The budget is like a navigator compass that the ships use while sailing.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Budgeting is beneficial because, firstly, it helps to keep an eye on all expenditures. Secondly, it also ensures the availability and allocation of resources, and lastly, it helps management to plan and implement it properly to achieve the organization’s objectives.
Yes, budgeting helps communicate the mission and vision among the organization’s employees. It also helps to communicate the planned vs. actual performance and steps to improve the performance.
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https://efinancemanagement.com/budgeting/why-is-budgeting-important
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Project planning is a critical element in successful marketing, resulting in marketing projects that are more efficient and less wasteful of time, resources, and budget.
But how do you build a plan that actually helps you keep a project on track and on budget? For me, it comes down to relying on data rather than intuition or an educated guess, and it’s historical data that is the single most valuable information required to build an accurate, realistic plan.
I was once taught that you can always plan for how something or someone will behave in the future based on past behavior. This theory applies to project management just as much as it does to life in general.
When it comes down to it, project management is about planning for the future – planning time, resources, and budget. In order to plan ahead, we must consider what happened in the past. Often, the past carries with it hard truths we must acknowledge and the most unbiased way to bring these to light is through the use of data.
The fact is I don’t know that I’ve ever made a project decision that wasn’t rooted in historical data. Data’s role in project management is so essential that I’m not sure the function would be possible without it. So what kind of things should we be looking for in project data and how does it impact our decisions?
Time
One of the first things to assess is time, both at a high level and more granular level. Historically and on average, how long did a specific type of project take? What about the individual milestones or tasks that make up that project? Where did we go over and why? Did we underestimate or overestimate our time? Did we not plan for time that we should have?
Asking these questions about past projects helps us identify the adjustments we need to make to ensure the next project is more efficient. They also help us set realistic expectations with clients and internal team members—both at the milestone and overall project level.
Resources
Another critical component of assessing project data is having a clear understanding of resources. I cannot overstate how important it is to have a clearly defined scope when it comes to identifying resources – whether fixed-budget projects or retainer-based work. Project scope aids in determining how many resources (people) will be involved, what level of involvement they will have and what dependencies (bottlenecks) could be created by involving multiple resources. Also, because projects are not siloed, it’s equally important to determine how other projects will be affected by pulling in these resources.
Historically, we can look back and determine what worked and what didn’t in terms of resourcing. There is a lot of trial and error in the beginning as resources become familiar with one another or new resources are brought in, but in my experience, successful business teams figure out just the right mix they need to make a project both successful for their client and profitable for the organization. And they do this by reviewing past project data.
Budget
Time + Resources = Budget. Ok, so the equation isn’t that simple, but when reviewing project data, you’ll find that it’s almost always true. The more time and resources a project requires, the more likely it is that the budget will reflect that. When considering project budget data, estimated versus actual is by far the biggest indicator to consider. Similar to the way we evaluate time, we must look at budget both overall (at the project level) and at a granular level (task by task) to understand where we are under- or overestimating and what adjustments we need to make in the future.
Exceptions to the Rule
But what about the outliers? Certainly, there are exceptions to the rule—projects that broke the mold, projects that hit a roadblock, or projects that change course due to an acquisition or other massive organization change. It happens, just as change happens in life. We can never perfectly anticipate the future. What we must do to manage projects effectively is account for that risk by planning ahead, allocating extra time or budget that may be needed, and—most importantly—being ready to quickly adapt when the exceptions become reality.
Unbiased Decision-Making
Data provides a clear path for project decision-making. For me, it has helped remove all emotion from project decision-making by providing an unbiased view of both the expected/planned and actual results. Having solid project management tools (such as Accelo, Mavenlink or Microsoft Project) that provide reporting for time and budget analysis as well as task management for resources is essential and allows you to receive real-time data to help make decisions at critical points throughout a project. There are countless options for project management tools out there; it’s just a matter of finding one that works for your team.
In addition, completing regular post-project analysis forces you to look in the mirror at any mistakes and identify opportunities for improvement in the future. Project management isn’t a science, and it’s not something that can be done perfectly every time, but with data backing decisions, we can get closer to perfection.
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https://www.demandlab.com/resources/marketing-operations/how-data-impacts-project-planning
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As an event organiser, the toughest challenge you face is to balance the event budget. Almost all of the moving parts of an event are connected through budget, so creating a specific and direct budget is a must for any successful event. Any event’s success depends on its outcome, and often, that outcome is calculated financially.
It’s not usual that you fall in love with creating & managing an event budgeting process, but budgeting has always been a key issue in managing an event. No matter how small or large the scale of the event you’re organising, you must have a budget planning for the successful outcome; a strenuous, time consuming and often boring job which is often deemed a necessary evil. And, when it comes to event budgeting, it’s better to be as precise as you possibly can.
One positive of event budgeting? It’s a repeated process. This means you can create a common framework for the job and edit it as you progress. There are several aspects to consider. What’s a perfect strategy for an event’s budgeting? How do you plan the expenses? What type of strategy should you follow for your event’s promotion? How will you balance the budget with ROI? There are many more. This blog post is intended to give you a general idea of that common framework.
Approaching an Event Budget
It’s important to understand that the more preparation you take for an event, the better organised it will be. Not only that, it will cause fewer headaches for you in the long run. If you keep in mind the following tips, you’ll have a much smoother experience while preparing your next event’s budget.
Stay ahead of your time
To test the feasibility of your event, creating a rough list and starting a process for the budget early is the key. Make some calculated guesses, create a basic list and start planning your event early. Be sure you do not spare too much time on it, however; after all, it’s just a rough calculation and is meant to be edited.
Map out the basics
There are several basic elements which need your attention as you’re preparing a budget. Such as
- What are the possible dates? (If not already fixed)
- What is the expected attendance?
- What about the food arrangements?
- At what time will the event take place?
- Finally, and most importantly, roughly how much money is allocated?
Make the best use of past experiences
A wise person learns from their experiences. If you or any of your acquaintances have managed an event before, make sure to implement that expertise. Saved data or other related information gathered from past events can be a great help. In this way, you can save hours during your planning process.
Suppose you’re joining an event management team who will soon arrange the third international annual conference on environmental safety. Before you start your own research, it would be a great idea to ask for the previous resources & data used during the past two events.
Acquiring this information means you already have a list of people with whom a partnership has been established. Likewise, you already have an idea about probable expenses for the event, which is priceless for any budget planner.
Be as precise as possible
As hinted earlier, there is no limit for preciseness in an event budget. Incorporate all information relevant to a particular item in your budget plan. This not only creates transparency about your costs but also helps other future event managers who might refer to your plan.
Let’s say you’re going to prepare a small gift pack for the attendees of that conference you’re budgeting for. Be very specific about each item. For example, if one of the items is a notebook, specify the price and quantity ordered. If you can attach a picture of the product, that’d be even better.
Maintain proper communications with team members
You are the person with the financial plan, but there are people in the field who will need money to make arrangements. Both the parties need to be on the same page. If there is a change in event budget in a particular area, the person arranging that part should be notified right away. Otherwise, you might end up with resources which are out of your budget.
Do not hesitate to haggle
As an organiser, your goal is to deliver a quality event in as little expense as possible. For that, you need to explore your options. Try to get several quotes for any service. Keep records of all of those quotes. Compare them and find the one that best suits your plan.
Accepting the first price is not good practice. Negotiation is the best tool for an event organiser. Attempt to haggle with the service provider or venue. Even if they’re unable to reduce the price, they may throw in some additional resources, which may benefit you in one way or another.
Having said that, be cautious while selecting the final vendor. Lowest price does not account for quality and you want things to work out well in the end. So, rather than picking up the lowest bid every time, try to pick up a vendor who matches your vision as well as your event budget.
Get a grasp on the latest trends
An effective budget not only includes the best deals but also requires you to find the most appropriate place to spend your money. To properly allocate your funds, you must have a reasonable idea of recent trends. Trends will change over time, however, and something which was essential last year might well have lost its importance today. The current trend may lose its value a few days later. Creating an effective event budget requires knowledge of the trends gaining traction as well as the outdated ones.
Always have a contingency plan ready
A wise organiser focuses on being safe rather than sorry. With thousands of possible outcomes, all might not go according to your plan. Be prepared, both mentally and financially. Set aside a portion of your money as a contingency. Now, most of the time that backup money might just sit idle, and it’s not unusual that you feel an urge to spend that allowance, but keep in mind that during an unforeseen setback this idle amount can prevent a catastrophe.
Think of a scenario involving your conference event. A very important speaker may withdraw just a week before. You have to find a speaker of similar quality within a limited timeframe. He or she might demand a better payment as the notice period was short. Having an emergency fund helps you to deal with scenarios like these and still ensure a successful outcome.
Anatomy of an Event Budget Expenses
Generally, an event has three major types of expenses.
- On-site expenses
- Tech-support costs
- Event promotion expenses
A breakdown & brief discussion of these are as follows.
On-site expenses
In all likelihood, the lion’s share of your event budget will be spent in this particular sector. An event is mostly about live involvement and you should spend as much as you can to ensure a memorable experience. Your primary focuses for on-site expenses are –
Venue
As the size of an event increases, so too does the expense. For big events, the venue might occupy the largest cut from the budget. As this includes such a large spend, you should be careful before choosing one.
Firstly, make sure that the venue fits with the event and its far-reaching goals. To speed up the process, take help from the information you gathered earlier. If there are venues you’ve already worked with or considered working in the past, consider them as your starting point.
Cost of speakers, participants & staff
Speakers are one of the most significant parts of an event. The quality of the speakers determines the overall attraction of the event. Take your time, have a mindset to spend more money and effort in this area. Try to select speakers who tend to match with your vision of the event and can fill in missing roles.
Finally, any event is totally lifeless without its participants, so try to create an amicable environment for them. Make necessary arrangements and employ a support team to help the guests and handle any occurrences on spot. You should include the cost of these staff in your event budget allowance because this team will help the guests with registration, showing them to their relevant rooms, and greet them upon arrival which will prove to be a vital part of your event experience. As a result, keeping them pleased and on their toes is required. So, take their meal costs, travel costs, and other probable expenses in account.
Cost of technological support
Keeping in mind today’s tech-centric industry, investing in several event technologies would be a nice idea. Invest in the right software. One should keep track of everything from event registration to contact management. Choosing the right software is the fundamental piece that will give the final touch to your program.
Another important aspect of your event planning will be your event app. Often this will come as a package with the event management software. So, make sure to allocate sufficient funds on technological aspects.
Costing of event promotion
After settling the issue of event technology, the next big thing is deciding the marketing strategy. There are numerous ways in which you can promote your event, among the most popular ones include paid, search, public relations and social media promotions. Putting money against social media marketing can get a huge ROI. A simple Facebook event often has far more reach than one would have anticipated.
So, the importance of a foolproof event budget is apparent. It’s a crucial step towards a successful event management. Meticulous planning and attention to detail is the key. If you consider all of our tips and tricks nothing will prevent you from hosting an excellent event.
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https://www.eventbookings.com/event-budgeting/
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Changes in thinking and practice caused an increase in specialization and thus it led to less use of term “personnel management” in Human Resources Management (Miller, 2006). In the 1980s, changes in the operational environment of HRM drew the attention to the strategic management of the human resources. A firm human resources strategy will allow an organization to have a good bonding with the employee and coexist peacefully in the community. It is employees who will perform their needful duties and responsibilities to achieve its companies set goals or targets. This is where the importance of strategic human resources can be seen, since the human resources department will identify the key areas in the company that require manpower.
Human resource management department has been widely considered as one of a very vital and essential part of any organization, regardless of industry and types of business ventures. A particular company's aim to attain and sustain the goals and objectives could not be realized if the human resource management department of the company lacks the knowledge, skills and methods in the field of work. The training and development of potential employees and current employees starts when they began working for the company and it will be a continuous process in order to suit the needs and wants of the company, fulfill the requirements of the work as well as improve the employees in various aspects of their work. It is for this reason that companies
The human resource managers are responsible for employment of the right people suitable for the vacant position in the organization. They are also responsible for designing the plans and strategies or criteria which is most suitable for a job category. The number of health care professionals requires for effective functioning of the hospital is determined and recruited through strict and accurate procedures, trained to develop special skills necessary to take their new rotes or task set before them. The human resources management is required to conduct performance appraisal on the team of healthcare professionals to ensure evidence based practice and encourage them to practice their professions to their full potential which as well gaining more skills through on the job practice and continuing
In most instances, the daily human resource activities are standard; it is the potential nuances of government contracting, which presents the challenge for most human resource offices. Another notable challenge for the human resource department is the training of the key leaders and managers. Currently all of the required training conducted is through webinars, based on the efficiency and cost savings, the value and quality of understanding for the member participating, is not fully integrated in most cases for not only the local human resource personnel but also managers and employees. As mentioned earlier, for example the annual evaluations. In some cases, managers have not had extensive training in managing personnel nor how to properly conduct an annual evaluation and establish proper expectations.
In today’s era, every business requires human resource for the efficient working of the company. Human Resource is a group of individuals that work together as a workforce in an organization. These individuals are usually responsible for the execution of different functions and operations carried out in a company. They are a vital part of every organization and are also considered the base of it. If any organization lacks in the management of human resource it may lead to many difficulties like employee dissatisfaction, unclear goals etc.
Next, the demands of the workplace and the increasing technological drive of the domain, as well as the fluid and dynamic nature of the globalized workforce and work setting are all the elements that are rapidly changing what work people do and how they will be assessed in accordance to it. Besides, Human Resource Management can be dynamic asset to help with such changes. The days of presuming that the skills and ideas that someone has when they enter a particular job are going to not change over the course of their occupation with the organization are fading fast. And the last but not least, Human resource management is responsible for how the people are treated in organizations or company and it is guide for bringing people into the organization or company, helping them to perform their work, compensating them for their labours, solving the
1.0 Introduction Since mid-1980’s HRM has gained acceptance in both academic and commercial circle. According to Chandramohan (2008), “Human Resources are most important and vital assets of an organization as the productivity of all other resources depends upon people.” This is the essential reason that from the organization perspective Human Resources signifies the total qualities, knowledge and skills of an employee in carrying out a particular job. Most importantly it differentiates that the human resource functions must be carefully coordinated with the organization’s bottom line and vision. The main objective of this research is to examine the role of strategic human resource management in an organization’s existing context; as an
It establishes mechanism for the administration of personnel services that are delegated to the personnel department. Thus, the responsibility of human resource management is very significant in an organization and it should not be diluted especially in large scale enterprises. It is the input to the whole organization and related to all other activities of the management i.e., marketing, production, finance etc. HRM: Origin & Growth: Human Resource Management deals with the administration of people as organizational assets rather than as element of production. This involves a system to be directed in business to select, hire, place, coach and grow human assets.
A human resource manager is able to success only if they are able to communicate well and clearly. This is to ensure that messages and information are able to express in their most appropriate way in order to convey messages
There is no shortage of evidence that every single company is using Human Resource Management strategies based on their organizational activities. Because in the face of increasing competitive organizations have to concentrate on the value of investments in human resources as a major source of competitive advantage. Even if business strategy is a common conversation in the executive suite, using Human Resource Management strategies will be much more beneficial for staff functions within companies, as they often need to justify their need for resources and their contribution to the company. In this report I will strive to explain about Human Resource Management issues and its relevance to today’s work organizations, especially BMW company.
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https://www.ipl.org/essay/Footlocker-Applier-Case-Study-PK22TX36JEDR
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Implementation plan is a very imperative stage for Verizon wireless company because it is the stage where the company puts all plans into reality. It is indeed simple to make plans but hard to implement them that is why they say that this stage requires a lot of team work and collaboration in order to ensure that they implementation plan pushes through successfully (Atanga, 2013). This paper will discuss some of the ways of ensuring that the plan goes through including its budget as well the contingency plan underway so as to ensure cushion of risks that are to occur in the process.
Objectives Functional tactics Action items Milestones and a deadline Tasks and task ownership Resource allocation
In every project, there must a leader who will ensure that all the activities needed to be undertaken in the project go smoothly. The objective of the company matters a lot in such a situation because if it is not the objective of the company then the project would not be able to push through. The company should therefore ensure that in everything they do, they ensure that it is in line with the objectives of the company which in return will be in line with the mission and vision of the company hence the reason for existence of the company. Implementation plan means that the activities planned will be put in to practice hence the company should ensure that the activities being undertaken protect the image of the company at whatever cost. This means that the tactics they intent to use should not only be legal but also acceptable by the industry in which they are operating in (Jiang, 2009).
Allocation of resources the right way is advisable because there could be wastage of resources which are very important in Verizon wireless company. It is vital for the company to ensure that they have trusted employees who will not embezzle resources to their own benefit instead of the tasks assigned to them. The tasks and resources should be in par in terms of ensuring that the resources allocated to the project are enough to complete the whole task as per the plans. In case there is need for more resources, there should be a justification as to why they are needed as well as the justification as to why the allocated resources are not enough to complete the task as planned earlier. By so doing, the company will be able to save on cost of wasting resources anyhow as expensive as they are for the company. The company will also be able to taking caution of any employees who cannot be trusted in their work in terms of wasting resources.
All the items needed for the project should be ready for usage whenever needed so as to ensure that the project does not delay due to lack of resources that need to be brought to the company or the project site on the completion of one phase of the project (Maertens, 2010). In every project, time and resources are very essential. They say time wasted cannot be recovered and that time is money. Therefore, when the resources are being delayed Verizon Wireless Company losses a lot in terms of time wasted. It is therefore important for the company to ensure that they have everything as planned before the start of the project in order to avoid any inconveniences.
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https://hwacer.com/Tutorial/str-581-week-5-implementation-plan/
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Insights gained through this can help brands plan live events better.
With companies increasingly allocating budget for experiential marketing, the author argues that marketers must let go of archaic measurement methods such as manual clickers to measure live experiences. This article suggests using spatial analytics technology to gain richer insights into visitor engagement.
Since spatial analytics includes time and proximity information, with its use, brands have access to reliable, accurate, granular data for decision-making. By analysing data from engagement metrics, businesses can get a sense of their presence’s ability to attract and convert potential customers.
By comparing performance across different sites, locations and experiences, marketers could schedule events better and be better at budget allocation. The information gathered through spatial analytics technology could let marketers tweak space, staffing and schedule for better performance.
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https://yougov.co.uk/topics/resources/articles-reports/2019/09/11/marketers-could-use-spatial-analytics-technology-m
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Marketing researchers and marketers have long focused on the importance of resources: organizations having enough raw materials, advertising budget, distribution and supply facilities, data, technology, money, connections, time, or employees. However, these only become valuable to the organization when people identify them as potential resources and then use them adeptly. In this conceptual paper, we argue that understanding the process of identifying and creating resources is essential to understanding organizational success. We introduce the Cultural Knowledge Perspective. The perspective refocuses attention on the process by which people use and extend their cultural knowledge to identify latent materials, materials that have resource potential, and the process by which cultural knowledge is used to activate latent materials to create actual resources. We bring together and build on disparate research in marketing, sociology, and management to show the importance of understanding how the cultural knowledge of marketers and consumers is deployed for resource creation. In doing so, we show how this perspective opens avenues for hiring marketing talent, product development, marketing communications, and marketing education.
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https://experts.arizona.edu/en/publications/the-cultural-knowledge-perspective-insights-on-resource-creation-
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21 Jan 2021, 12:59 — 7 min read
In my last article on Annual Operating Plan (AOP), I had touched on the need and the view business owners need to have in the Annual Operating Plan. In this article, we will speak about the approach to apportion the costs and expenses in the business.
One of the most challenging exercise is to plan the 'middle line' the element which has an impact on the 'bottom line'.
Business owners need to spend focus and attention to the area of cost and expense management as it has a bearing on business continuity and profitability. The key factors to keep in mind are given below.
Direct inputs to your business have to be separated from expenses in order to generate and run your business. These must not be mixed with investments for expansion and growth. Business owners must have a clear understanding of these three aspects to form the middle line.
Very important to forecast and have a sense of what will remain fixed and what would be dependent on the scale of operation.
The scale of business operation will be a major input to determine and decide the middle line. Multiple approaches and models may be referred and if required you can take the help of a business growth coach or consultant can be approached to create such models. The Board of directors, CEO, the business owner need to brainstorm, ideate, and strategise the business plan before putting the numbers into it.
This question needs to be answered at the business owner, Board, and leadership levels of the organisation. Based upon the appetite and hunger these parameters will evolve in the middle line. This will have a significant impact on the costs, expenses, and investments. Smart and competent boards will ensure that optimum resources are available within the defined budget to maintain a healthy top line and bottom line.
Based upon the vision, and risk-taking orientation the business owner, Board of directors, leaders will assess the opportunity and plan for growth. Inorganic and rapid growth will require investments that need to be factored in and planned in the AOP.
Major resources to impact growth and sustainability need to be identified and needful investments and expenses must be mapped. Resources may include people, technology, machinery at a usual level. Businesses must also look at the processes and systems, culture, capability, branding, marketing also as investments for growth. The new norm of doing business may stretch the imagination of growth enablers beyond the obvious. Organisations will have to factor in the build or buy component for these enablers in the AOP. Based on the decision the components will be added in the middle line with needful apportionment.
Also read: Budgeting: Importance & tips to do it right
Once the decision on the direction of the business is taken the next step will be to allocate the costs, expenses, investments by lines of business: This is a delicate balance to ensure that the constraints built are not disturbed and the optimal resources are allocated is the primary task of the owners in the Annual Operating Plan. The key points are listed below
If the overall direction is expansion and growth the allocation will have to be done keeping in mind long-term investments where returns will be visible over 8 to 12 quarters.
If the overall direction is to sustain the natural growth with innovation and strength of operation then allocation may be to strengthen internal capabilities, systems, delivery in the organisation.
For some businesses, the key drivers are possible to be identified easily whereas for others it may take slightly longer to identify. Once the key drivers are identified then needful allocation based upon assumptions would provide the numbers.
Also read: Driving your business to success
Creating a business scenario-based upon assessment is the major activity in the allocation of the middle line in the Annual Operating Plan. This activity is an intense and engaging activity where data is analysed to create various business scenarios and models, assumptions, and logic built to allocate figures is done. Wherever data is not available or trends are of marginal relevance additional task of arriving at a reference point to build a scenario is done.
Business owners, boards, leadership sometimes look at the aggregate figure and build allocations around that. Post Covid the new norm has brought in the realisation that disruption is a brutal reality in any business. Hence a good start is a blank slate and fresh perspective of the new financial year keeping the trends and patterns as a reference. This will allow board and business owners to look at components in allocation from a current and future need.
Rupee saved is rupee earned, but rupee invested is wealth created. The constant debate between saving and cost reduction versus invest to multiply growth and value will always be favourite point of deliberation during the allocation of middle line components during the Annual Operating Plan. It will be the clarity, conviction, and detailed analysis of the business leaders which may convince the Board to allow allocation of the needful funds in the middle line.
In this part of the Annual Operating Plan, we discussed the components business owners, board members, business leaders need to keep in mind while allocating the middle line components. Needless to mention this takes maximum time, attention to detail, skills. Business owners, the board of directors, may at times if required take the help of experts or do it themselves.
Also read: Annual Operating Plan: A compass for your business in the new year
To explore business opportunities, link with me by clicking on the 'Invite' button on my eBiz Card.
Image source: shutterstock.com
Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views, official policy, or position of GlobalLinker.
Posted byDebashish Das
Leadership and Business Growth Coach with over 20 years of experience in coaching and consulting. Specialist in HR, Strategy, Business Growth for SME and Corporates. As a coach...
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https://fieo.globallinker.com/bizforum/article/annual-operating-plan-approach-to-budget-allocation/61504
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Essentials of the national budget: A policy tool?
A well-designed national budget is of utmost significance to warrant economic stability and growth for any government in the world. Understanding the matrix of a national budget necessarily means one must also understand how a budget is a potent policy tool.
Youth Policy Forum (YPF) is a platform for policy dialogue that connects the passage between the experts and the youth.
On 6 June 2021, YPF hosted a live Q&A session with Dr Mohammad Tareque in partnership with UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) to kick off the Budget Dialogue 2021. Dr Tareque is a former finance secretary of the Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, a former alternative executive director of the World Bank, and an honorary fellow of Youth Policy Forum. Aamer Mostaque Ahmed, executive director of Youth Policy Forum, moderated the session.
The purpose of the session was to help the youth and professionals learn about the essential utilities of the National Budget from the in-depth and experienced lens of a former finance secretary. The session was circulated in the YPF group consisting of 10,000+ active members. Over 1,500 people joined the live Facebook session and asked questions. The following is a brief excerpt of the live Q&A session.
YPF: What is the essence of a national budget?
Dr Tareque: Budget is a fiscal policy and the most powerful tool in the Government's hands. This fiscal policy can influence health, education, environment, and all other policies. Budgets are not just mere numbers. We need to be critical at evaluating beyond just numbers to comprehend the essence of a national budget compared to the size of the budget against GDP, and other countries globally. The primary target is to create a better Bangladesh where poverty, discrimination, regional disparity, and human poverty will not exist. It aims to achieve economic instability, achieve SDGs by 2030, and craft a developed Bangladesh by 2041.
YPF: What is the process of formulating our national budget?
Dr Tareque: The budget formulation starts in a strategic period. In the second quarter of each year (October-December), a preliminary indicative ceiling called budget circular-1 is created. A detailed budget is submitted from January-March by ministries based on a six-month outcome. Upon carrying out tripartite meetings by the finance ministry, planning ministry, and other concerned ministries, budget circular-2 is created. By the end of March, a draft of the budget is almost formed. Upon finishing this strategic period, many groups are consulted, including the honourable prime minister, Cabinet, and are taken forward to the national Parliament for approval. After this approval phase, it is brought forward to the third phase - implementation and is carried along by dedicated line ministries. The final stage then is monitoring, accounting, and auditing the national budget. In short, the four phases of crafting our national budget are, 1. strategy, 2. preparation, 3. approval, and 4. monitoring, accounting, and auditing.
YPF: What factors are accounted for while allocating budget resources to different ministries?
Dr Tarque: Since resources are limited, a plethora of factors are taken into consideration while allocating resources. This includes revenue collection (across tax, non-tax, non-NBR tax, and foreign resources), justification of details allocation, coherence of policies with the Government's FYP (Five Year Plan), SDGs, Delta Plan et cetera. The KPI (Key Performance Indicator) or concerned line ministries are also taken into account. The current timeline framework provides a rough allocation within February, which is subject to change based on the issues involved.
YPF: For a complete reformation post-Covid-19, how vital are budget allocations towards the negatively impacted sectors? Among the affected sectors, which ones should get higher priority and why?
Dr Tareque: Resources have relatively increased for social and physical infrastructure and decreased for general administration. This should be the general direction of resource allocation. The health sector is a part of the social infrastructure and should be given precedence especially due to the ongoing and after-effects of the pandemic.
We are not prioritising mental health and social well-being enough as these are prevalent but not apparent, unlike physical health deterioration cases. Preventive healthcare, especially now, should be put more focus on. Allocation priority should be given to inclusive education too.
YPF: The local government can collect taxes. To what extent do the local governments assist in budget preparation, and how effective can the implementation be?
Dr Tareque: Local governments operate utilising the transferred resources of the central government. Increased connectivity of markets and cities have significantly facilitated social mobility in Bangladesh, and the local governments have made a focal contribution towards enabling connectivity. However, in terms of ministry, local governments as a sector of resource allocation places at the top. Their efficiency and impact have deteriorated as they failed to produce effective deliverables. We need to strengthen the local governments as much as possible.
YPF: According to SANEM Research, around 25 million people live below the poverty line during the pandemic. They need monetary assistance and social protection. Was any priority given to the Social Protection Sector to combat the post-pandemic poverty situation?
Dr Tareque: For social safety with pension schemes, a budget representing around 3% of the GDP has been allocated. Without a pension, a budget representing approximately 2.4% of GDP has been issued. The numbers are good enough as they signify priority towards social protection. Around 5,000 crores worth of money have been assigned to Economic and Climate Shock this year, and we can hope there would not be a misallocation of resources.
YPF: Can alternatives such as taxation implementation in the rural economy and incentivising the shift of black money to the national money supply be explored to increase the narrow tax base of Bangladesh?
Dr Tareque: There are wealthy non-tax-payers who need to be brought under the taxation net. Income tax implementation in the rural economy can be exercised, too, as many farms have been produced due to agricultural efforts.
In 1975, the first attempt was taken to convert black money. This time too, the opportunity to whiten black money is given under Income Tax Ordinance. Evidently, we have not seen a significant amount of black money becoming converted.
YPF: Is there any systematic procedure to manage the debt we are incurring from foreign loans, or might there be a case of intergenerational debt?
Dr Tareque: In Bangladesh, total debt as a percentage of GDP is now around 35%, where external debt is very low – approximately 13% of GDP. We are doing better in terms of managing external debt in comparison to our adjacent countries. Our total expenditure envelope is 7.5%, one–third of which is the budget deficit. An ideal budget deficit should be around 2% to 3%.
However, international debt-equity has not been a problem for us and is not likely to be one either soon.
YPF: Should we aim to achieve a welfare state? What strategies can we take?
Dr Tareque: The resources required to mobilise to achieve a welfare state shall be challenging for the Bangladesh government. Welfare can be maximised through inclusive cooperation from both the private and public sector. This can be truly achievable when the revenue collection reaches at least 30% of the total GDP. Around 30% of the employment is generated by Small-Medium Enterprises (SMEs); therefore, the private sector needs to be incentivised.
Both authors are research associates at Youth Policy Forum.
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https://www.tbsnews.net/economy/budget/essentials-national-budget-policy-tool-256699
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We all know how it feels to run short on money.
It’s stressful. It’s distressing. And it makes life feel complicated, hopeless, and confusing.
There’s a lot of discussion that goes on about the fact that money actually does have at least a certain measure of power to buy more happiness.
(And with it, perhaps also a bit of peace of mind—and maybe even a protective shield against a certain level of depression, anxiety, and an overall sense of life hopelessness.)
With that being said, it’s also true that saving money, spending less, and being more responsible with your financial resources can yield similarly positive results (albeit at a level that’s a bit less glamorous).
Let’s talk about that.
1. Saving Money Puts You In Control Of Your Finances
We sometimes spend money as a means to try to be happier.
Of course, there are some things we need to spend money on.
We need to pay bills, buy food, pay for car insurance, etc.
However, when we enter the realm of ‘unnecessary spending,’ it’s true that we often use these habits as a means to pursue more happiness in life.
For example, it’s a lot of fun to eat out at a fancy restaurant.
But it’s also really expensive.
Well, with that being said, it’s also true that you can achieve quite a bit of extra happiness by making a detailed budget plan and controlling your financial destiny.
However, this is more difficult to do.
Thus, people tend to do it less—and thus, it doesn’t tend to get the appreciation that spending extra money tends to get.
2. Balancing Your Budget Gives You Hope For The Future
As humans, we all want to have hope that our futures will be productive, positive, and successful.
We don’t want to believe that we’re headed for a dead end in life.
And when you take responsibility for your own finances, and you really start budgeting carefully, guess what happens?
You end up creating more hope for your own financial future—without needing any extra resources.
Granted, extra resources are helpful.
And that leads us to our next point.
3. Budgeting Can Help You To Leverage Your Way To Better Income
We all have a certain amount of money coming in.
For some people, it’s a lot.
And for some, it’s a little.
If you want to be successful in life, it’s in your best interest to make sure that you make enough money to support your lifestyle while also putting away a little bit for a rainy day later on, when the need arises.
It’s also a good idea to save up for retirement—to make sure that you’ll have the resources you need in your elder years.
In order to get up to this income level, you may need to sacrifice some things.
For example, you may need to create polished resumes, go to job interviews, or even start your own business.
This all requires time, energy, and resources.
And this is where saving money can actually help you to create a better financial future for yourself.
If you can find a way to spend a little extra money on the process of furthering your own financial future, instead of spending it on impulse purchases or things that will just get you short-term happiness—well, you stand to create a better situation for yourself.
Conclusion
Listen, none of this is perfect.
In a perfect world, we would all have enough money to go around to pay our bills, save for retirement, and get the things we need in order to live a thriving life.
But the world isn’t a perfect place.
And as such, it’s in our best interest to take responsibility for these things on our own.
And like it or not, it would appear that saving money not only contributes to a better life, but also a more successful future and more happiness.
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https://thetrendr.com/health/can-spending-less-have-a-positive-mental-health-impact/
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WRAP_He_0584410-cs-240116-fgcs-si-pervasivecomputing.pdf - Accepted Version - Requires a PDF viewer.
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Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2013.09.030
Abstract
This paper investigates the resource allocation problem for a type of workflow in pervasive computing. These workflows are abstracted from the enterprise-level applications in the business or commerce area. The activities in these workflows require not only computing resources, but also human resources. Human involvement introduces additional security concerns. When we plan/allocate resource capacities, we often assume that when a task is allocated to a resource, the resource will accept the task and start the execution once the processor becomes available. However, the security policies impose further constraints on task executions, and therefore may affect both application- and system-oriented performance. Authorization is an important aspect in security. This paper investigates the issue of allocating resources for running workflows under the role-based authorization control, which is one of the most popular authorization mechanisms. By taking into account the authorization constraints, the resource allocation strategies are developed in this paper for both human resources and computing resources. In the allocation strategy for human resources, the optimization equation is constructed subject to the constraint of the budget available to hire human resources. Then the optimization equation is solved to obtain the number of human resources allocated to each authorization role. The allocation strategy for computing resources calculates not only the number of computing resources, but also the proportion of processing capacity in each resource allocated to serve the tasks assuming each role. The simulation experiments have been conducted to verify the effectiveness of the developed allocation strategies. The experimental results show that the allocation strategy developed in this paper outperforms the traditional allocation strategies, which do not consider authorization constraints, in terms of both average response time and resource utilization.
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http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/65088/
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PNI researchers have used animal and human models to learn how the immune system communicates bidirectionally with the central nervous and endocrine systems and how these interactions impact on health.
TLDR
Chronic stress and age-related increases in the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6
- J. Kiecolt-Glaser, K. Preacher, R. MacCallum, C. Atkinson, W. Malarkey, R. Glaser
- Medicine, PsychologyProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences…
- 2 July 2003
Evidence is provided of a key mechanism through which chronic stressors may accelerate risk of a host of age-related diseases by prematurely aging the immune response.
TLDR
How stress influences the immune response.
- D. Padgett, R. Glaser
- BiologyTrends in immunology
- 1 August 2003
Disclosure of traumas and immune function: health implications for psychotherapy.
- J. Pennebaker, J. Kiecolt-Glaser, R. Glaser
- Psychology, MedicineJournal of consulting and clinical psychology
- 1 April 1988
Two measures of cellular immune-system function and health center visits suggested that confronting traumatic experiences was physically beneficial and the implications for psychotherapy as a preventive treatment for health problems are discussed.
TLDR
Hostile marital interactions, proinflammatory cytokine production, and wound healing.
- J. Kiecolt-Glaser, T. Loving, R. Glaser
- Psychology, MedicineArchives of general psychiatry
- 1 December 2005
These data provide further mechanistic evidence of the sensitivity of wound healing to everyday stressors and provide a window on the pathways through which hostile or abrasive relationships affect physiological functioning and health.
TLDR
Spousal caregivers of dementia victims: longitudinal changes in immunity and health.
- J. Kiecolt-Glaser, J. Dura, C. Speicher, O. J. Trask, R. Glaser
- Psychology, MedicinePsychosomatic medicine
- 1 July 1991
Caregivers who reported lower levels of social support at intake and who were most distressed by dementia‐related behaviors showed the greatest and most uniformly negative changes in immune function at follow‐up.
TLDR
Emotions, morbidity, and mortality: new perspectives from psychoneuroimmunology.
- J. Kiecolt-Glaser, L. Mcguire, T. Robles, R. Glaser
- Medicine, BiologyAnnual review of psychology
- 2002
It is argued that distress-related immune dysregulation may be one core mechanism behind a large and diverse set of health risks associated with negative emotions, and resources such as close personal relationships that diminish negative emotions enhance health in part through their positive impact on immune and endocrine regulation.
TLDR
Psychoneuroimmunology: psychological influences on immune function and health.
- J. Kiecolt-Glaser, L. Mcguire, T. Robles, R. Glaser
- Psychology, MedicineJournal of consulting and clinical psychology
- 1 June 2002
This review focuses on human psychoneuroimmunology studies published in the past decade and discusses the routes through which psychological factors influence immune function, how a stressor's duration may influence the changes observed, and the health consequences of psychosocially mediated immune dysregulation.
TLDR
Stress hormones and immune function.
- Jeanette I Webster Marketon, R. Glaser
- Biology, MedicineCellular immunology
- 2008
Accelerated Telomere Erosion Is Associated with a Declining Immune Function of Caregivers of Alzheimer’s Disease Patients1
- A. Damjanovic, Yinhua Yang, N. Weng
- Biology, MedicineThe Journal of Immunology
- 15 September 2007
It is demonstrated that chronic stress is associated with altered T cell function and accelerated immune cell aging as suggested by excessive telomere loss.
TLDR
...
...
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https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/R.-Glaser/144057027
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терапевтические практики: психонейроиммунология
Унежева Р.А.
Научный руководитель: Чижова М.Е.
ГБОУ ВПО Саратовский ГМУ им. В.И. Разумовского Минздрава России
Кафедра иностранных языков
Unezheva R.A.
Scientific supervisor: Chizhova M.E.
Психонейроиммунология - новая наука, возникшая за последнее десятилетие, - изучает влияние психологических факторов и функционального состояния мозга на иммунную систему. В работе рассматриваются факторы, изменяющие иммунный ответ организма и способствующие процессу реконвалесценции.
Psychoneuroimmunology is a relatively recent branch of science that studies the interaction between the psychological processes and the nervous and immune systems of the human body. The object of the study is an influence of mental state of a patient on diseases and healing.
Interest in the relation between psychiatric syndromes or symptoms and immune function has been a consistent theme since the beginning of modern medicine. The term psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) was introduced by Robert Ader, a researcher in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Rochester Medical Center in New York. In the 1970s Ader and other researchers found out how experience such as stress and anxiety could affect human immune system.
The experiments were held on laboratory rats, which showed that environmental factors could impact the immune system. Therefore the field of PNI began to develop and a lot of studies explored various interactions between the immune system and other mental and physical processes.
It has been determined that such conditions as heart disease, osteoporosis and arthritis are related to stress and negative emotions. Fewer studies have been aimed at showing the benefits of happiness or positive emotions on health and favourable outcome of a disease.
The report contains the information concerning the placebo effect as a significant aspect of healing. The actual incidence of the placebo effect is difficult to measure, but it is believed that one-third of all patients will improve on a placebo.
More than a particular therapy, PNI is a field of research. PNI has explored the benefits of many nontraditional or holistic approaches to healing. These include psychotherapy and counseling for people with cancer and relaxation therapies to reduce stress. It is possible that PNI studies will lead to the discovery of new ways to enhance the immune system. On the basis of the findings the survey shows that PNI has proved the effect of the mind on disease and healing.
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https://medconfer.com/node/2601
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My research area of interest is Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI). This entails the study of how the brain, neuro-endocrinal process, health of an individual, and the immune system, as well as behavioral characteristics, interact with one another (Maier, Watkins, & Fleshner, 1994 p.7). Western medical science has long maintained a clear distinction between the physical and psychological domains. This dichotomy between the mind and body is based on a fundamental claim of the French philosopher, Rene Descartes (Webber, 2010, p.160), who is widely remembered for what has come to be known as Cartesian Dualism. This concept brings us to one of the central doctrines of the Meditations and the lasting legacies of Descartes’s work, which is the real distinction between the mind and the body.
Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to describe Descartes’ philosophical contexts of the mind-body link that relates to PNI, to analyze the major positions, develop the philosophical background of the issue and describe its implications as well as to explain how the portrayal of the topic will add to knowledge development in nursing.
Who is Descartes?
This should be the initial research question when doing this study. Descartes was a mathematical genius who worked out the first treatment of negative roots (Rodgers, 2005, p.1). He was responsible for the development of Cartesian coordinates and Cartesian angles. Descartes can be said to be the founder of analytical geometry where he made numerous optical discoveries dealing with reflection and refraction of light. Being a philosopher, Descartes attempted to apply mathematical methods to every aspect of life. He disapproved of the existing scholastic beliefs and teachings and went further to found his system based on universal doubt (Rodgers, 2005, p.1). Descartes argued that the mind was a separate entity from the real body but happen to share some things altogether. Descartes reasoned that this dualism was made viable by the pineal gland which is a tiny piece of tissue found in the central brain. According to him, the soul was granted access to the body through this gland (Rodgers, 2005, p.1).
The Major Proposition
The present Western healthcare system concurs with Descartes’ principle that there are two distinct and separate substances in the world. These are matter, which acts according to physical laws, and spirit, which is immaterial and has no dimensions (Rodgers, 2005, p.1). For example, when specific microorganisms induce disease in a human being, the physicians interview the patients to ask for their signs and symptoms. After which they order laboratories to carry out diagnostic procedures, and then prescribe a specific drug to fight and destroy the offending pathogen. Descartes believed the mind and the body interacted in the brain. Using his fledging powers of observation and deductive reasoning, Descartes’ conclusion and beliefs regarding the differences between the spirit and body have become the philosophy in our today lives.
The important thing to point out is that this union was somehow misunderstood a long time ago as the separation of the mind from the body. Descartes never assumed a separation he instead claimed that the mind and the body are different (Rodgers, 2005, p.2). In my point of view, it can be easily misunderstood in such a manner because it was a new emerging philosophical concept that had not been addressed previously. It is clear at this point that the philosopher who had the greatest influence on my research area is one of the most recognized thinkers on mind and matter.
Philosophical Background
Descartes is with no doubt the person who first introduced the idea of dualism which led to other philosophers’ new thinking on the same. He also began the unraveling of the ancient link between emotions and health. There is an assumption that during his adult life, Descartes caused the spread of pandemonium in Europe because of the feeling he had on religious wars. The people looked down upon him because of his concepts of rationalism yet they ended up being the cornerstones of modern science. They instead mistook his rationalism to be irrationalism in terms of medical practice. They continued being stubborn to him but he overcame after achieving scientific gadgets that we’re able to beat the challenge (Sternberg, 2000, p.27).
Relating philosophical issues to PNI
Many significant factors affect the health and wellness of an individual (Solomon & Moos, 1964, p.666). Additionally, emotions play an important role in the development of physical disease (Langley, Fonseca, & Iphofen, 2006, p.1167). PNI is concerned with the mechanisms of duo directional pathways that link the brain and the immune system. These pathways also act as the foundation for neuroendocrine and behavioral effects on the immune system (Ader, 2001, p.95). Due to this, different stressors are responsible for the different reactions in the body (Ader, 2001, p.95). The effects on the immune system are hypothesized to mediate the effects of psychological factors and the development of some diseases (Ader, 2001, p.97). These reactions alter the state of homeostasis (Langley, Fonseca & Iphofen, 2006, p.1168). On the other hand, PNI is the science that links the mind (psychological processes) and the body (immune system). This is very important to nursing as it offers a foundation to support high-quality caring and empathetic nursing.
The PNI framework has also been used in other disciplines. Here it has been applied in the investigations of the relationship between the behavior of an individual and diseases that affect immunity. It has also been used to evaluate the effect of immune changes on the central nervous system (Zeller, et al, 1996, p.660). Nursing researchers have contributed to the growing field of PNI and generated innovative knowledge regarding mind-body connections in health and illness. In addition to this, researchers developed strategies that promote mental and physical health in persons at risk for immune dysfunction (Zeller et al, 1996). PNI, in other words, relates the mind and body both scientifically as well as philosophically so that people can understand stress (Robins et al, 2006). The rapidly growing research in this field indicates a positive outcome of the solutions to stress-related problems that are depicted in a human being (Robins et al, 2006, p.7).
Implications for knowledge development in nursing
There is ample evidence showing that nursing interventions aimed to reduce psychological stress of the mind have direct positive effects on physiological health outcomes of the body. This again correlates with Descartes’s philosophy of the mind and body link. To understand this philosophy one can look at the evidence in the light of Descartes’’ philosophy. The following sections will provide examples in regard to inflammation and viral diseases. With regard to inflammation, there was a study done recently on possible ways of reducing stress and especially those related to proinflammatory cytokine (Koh et al, 2008, p.1136). In addition to this, it was found out relaxing during instances of psychological stress is a good counteract as it reduces the proinflammatory cytokines. (Koh, et al, 2008, p.1136).
Another research carried out indicated that the ability of an individual to control his or her anger correlated with the resulting solution to the problem (Gouin et al, 2008, p.702). Last but not least, O’Donnell and colleagues investigated whether global self-esteem might cushion cardiovascular and inflammatory responses to acute stress (O’ Donnell et al, 2008, p.1245). Their results indicated that there was a correlation between self-esteem and heart rate. In this case, it showed that lower or weakened heart rates were depicted in cases of low self-esteem. They concluded that these responses might possibly be the process through which self-esteem protects against the development of disease (O’ Donnell et al, 2008, p.1245).
Secondly, in regards to viral diseases, Bennett and colleagues conducted a study to determine the effect of laughter on self-reported stress and natural killer cell activity (NKCA) (Bennett et al, 1998, p.42). Their treatment of study included watching humorous videos as their experiment. A tourism video was used for the control study after which the data was analyzed. Their results revealed that laughter might reduce stress and improve NKCA. On completion of their study, Bennett and his colleagues concluded that laughing was one of the ways of concurring psychological stress. This is because it leads to low levels of NKCA hence it is recommendable to patients with terminal diseases like cancer (Bennett et al, 1998, p.42).
In another study conducted by Ashcraft and Bonneau to find out the effects of stress, mice were used for the study. They infected the mice for study with the vaginal herpes simplex virus and thereafter watched them for stress by looking at the response they had on immune and pathological processes. They found out that they underwent psychological discomfort which led to a higher concentration of the infection. They, therefore, concluded that psychological stress suppresses both innate and adaptive immune reactions. These results are an important factor in the ability to control vaginal HSV infection and outbreaks (Ashcraft and Bonneau, 2008, p.1238).
Last but not least, another researcher by the name of Robins introduced a novel tai chi intervention and provided quantitative and qualitative data from a randomized clinical trial. Robins was able to conclude that the psychological stress varies with the stages of the HIV infection that is at each stage of the disease the patient experienced a different level of stress (Robins et al, 2006, p.7). All the aforementioned studies conducted were aimed at showing how nursing interventions aimed to reduce psychological stress of the mind have direct positive effects on physiological health outcomes of the body. This on the other hand increased the knowledge of PIN in nursing.
Beyond the philosophical perspective
Descartes’s philosophy of the mind and body link is limited to the connections in one’s individuality. However, it does not expand to the effect of a third party such as family stress on the mind and the body. For example, a recent study was done on the same look at the possible incidences of psychological stress in the family and its relation to the rate at which children fell ill in the same family. In this, the frequency of virus 6 infections as well as the immunity factor was looked into. They concluded that there is a significant relationship between parental mental illness and physiological illness in normally developing children (Caserta, et al, 2008, 933) This represents quite an expansion to the philosophy of Descartes where the mind of third party stress that is the mother’s mind is somehow connected to the body of the child.
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On the other hand, the directionality of this connection is fascinating in the PNI research. A case at hand is that of transporting T lymphocytes to distinct parts of the body. These parts may be the major organs such as the liver, skin heart just to mention but a few. These are transferred to such parts in a bid to boost the body’s defense mechanism, especially that caused by psychological stress. Lewitus also indicated that some of these T lymphocytes could be transported to the brain during acute psychological stress. Lewitus and his team advised that the T lymphocyte cells could be used in the therapy of people with psychological stress. They indicated that the T cell acted as a cushion to offer immunization to such patients. A good example is those found in posttraumatic stress disorder (Lewitus et al, 2008, 1109). This on the other hand represents another expansion to the philosophy where introducing extraneous factors such as immunization with a myelin-related peptide can influence the connection between the mind (Reduction of PTSD) and the body (boosting the immune system T cells), which is an important factor in psychological stress response.
Conclusion
The field of PNI is extremely active and the future is in the process of developing and implementing evidence-based nursing interventions based on PNI physiological and psychological research that elicit the desired effect(Littrell, 2008, p.30). Descartes’s contribution to modern science is fascinating. Although Descartes had these ideas about the mind, soul, emotions, and body, he did not have the technology to confirm them. As a matter of fact, we know now that the mind does influence the body in many ways. Therefore, it is necessary to mention that Descartes had the mindfulness to envision the connection between the mind and the body a long time ago. The field of Psychoneuroimmunology has witnessed an explosion of empirical findings during the last two decades (Littrell, 2008, p.32). Even though there was a state of confusion in this research, there is continual research on this field to get the scientific evidence as well as knowledge in clinical medicine. This is so, in a bid to excavate more information on the relationship of body and mind (Littrell, 2008, p.28). The evolution of this philosophical context of Western medicine will facilitate the understanding of PNI. It is hoped that research will continue to contribute to the innovative understanding of mind and body. Since I plan to venture so much in the findings of this research on the relationship between emotions and health, I will rejoin the spheres that Descartes divided by looking deeply into the molecular level of life. That way, I am sure I will have a breakthrough and in the long run, have a full understanding of this issue.
References
Ader, R. (2001). Psychoneuroimmunology. Current Directions in Psychological Science 10(3), 94-98.
Ashcraft, K. A., & Bonneau, R. H. (2008). Psychological stress exacerbates primary vaginal herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection by impairing both innate and adaptive immune responses. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 22(8), 1231-1240. Web.
Bennett, M. P., Zeller, J. M., Rosenberg, L., & McCann, J. (2003). The effect of mirthful laughter on stress and natural killer cell activity. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 9(2), 38-45.
Caserta, M. T., O’Connor, T. G., Wyman, P. A., Wang, H., Moynihan, J., Cross, W., Tu, X., & Jin, X. (2008). The associations between psychosocial stress and the frequency of illness, and innate and adaptive immune function in children. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 22(6), 933-940. Web.
Gouin, J. P., Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Malarkey, W. B., & Glaser, R. (2008). The influence of anger expression on wound healing. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 22(5), 699-708. Web.
Koh, K. B., Lee, Y., Beyn, K. M., Chu, S. H., & Kim, D. M. (2008). Counter-stress effects of relaxation on proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 22(8), 1130-1137. Web.
for only
Langley, P., Fonseca, J., & Iphofen, R. (2006). Psychoneuroimmunology and health from a nursing perspective. British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing), 15(20), 1126-1129.
Lewitus, G., Cohen, H., Schwartz, M. (2008) Reducing post-traumatic anxiety by immunization. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 22(2008), 1108–1114.
Littrell, J. (2008). The mind-body connection: Not just a theory anymore. Social Work in Health Care, 46(4), 17-37.
Maier, S. F., Watkins, L. R., & Fleshner, M. (1994). Psychoneuroimmunology. The interface between behavior, brain, and immunity. The American Psychologist, 49(12), 1004-1017.
O’Donnell, K., Brydon, L., Wright, C. E., & Steptoe, A. (2008). Self-esteem levels and cardiovascular and inflammatory responses to acute stress. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 22(8), 1241-1247. Web.
Rodgers, B. L. (2005). Developing Nursing Knowledge: Philosophical Traditions and Influences. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Robins, J., McCain, N., Gray, D., Elswick R., Jr., Walter, J., and McDade, E. (2006). Research on Psychoneuroimmunology: tai chi as a stress management approach for individuals with HIV disease. Applied Nursing Research 19, 2 –9.
Solomon, G., and Moos, R. (1964) Emotions immunity, and disease. Archives of General Psychiatry. 11(12), 657-674.
Sternberg, E. (2000). The Balance Within: The Science Connecting Health and Emotions. New York: W.H Freeman and Company.
Webber, M. A. (2010). Psychoneuroimmunological outcomes and quality of life. Transfusion and Aphaeresis Science, 42(2), 157-161.
Zeller, J. M., McCain, N. L., & Swanson, B. (1996). Psychoneuroimmunology: An emerging framework for nursing research. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 23(4), 657-664.
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https://ivypanda.com/essays/descartes-and-psychoneuroimmunology/
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A holistic approach to cancer: The unseen influence of the unconscious mind
Increasing understanding of the mind-body connection is starting to shift traditional approaches to health and disease – that is, the mind-body dualism which dominated Western medicine for several centuries. In particular, cancer, conventionally considered the most organic disease, is being looked at through the lens of holistic medicine, dedicated to the whole patient – body and mind. It is a poorly known fact that Carl Gustav Jung’s theory has influenced psycho-oncology, a field which examines the role of a cancer patient’s emotions and experiences in the physiological mechanisms associated with cancer.
Jungian theory
Jung, a Swiss psychiatrist, was one of the first psychoanalysts. His contribution to the understanding of medical and biological aspects of the human being has been substantial even though his work in this area is not well known, even among Jungian practitioners. In fact, Jung, best known for a philosophical orientation of depth psychology, held a monistic view, providing seminal arguments for the mind-body problem. Indeed, carcinogenesis (the formation of cancer) is currently attributed to interactions between biological, psychological and sociological risk factors in a way that does not fit dualism.
Jung’s theory has served as a foundation to the first work on cancer in the field of modern holistic medicine, A psychological study of cancer, published in 1926 by Elida Evans. In it, Evans interpreted the psychology of cancer patients in the light of Jung’s Psychological types, published in 1921. At the time, Evans, aware she was going against the stance commonly accepted in the medical profession, collected “the emotional history of the individual”, examining the clinical and biographical history of each patient.
Recognising that cancer is mainly a disease of the second part of life, Evans connected carcinogenesis to a failed process of individuation. Evans highlighted the potentially destructive aspects of the collective unconscious, a genetically inherited entity, affecting human physiology and ideas. Carcinogenesis is described as a regressive energy process following a traumatic event of loss, after a life of relinquishing personal creativity to sustain relationships. Over time, this process resulted in withdrawal and psychobiological collapse, which triggered an unconscious suicidal process.
Although cancer has been seen as an entirely organic condition in modern times, recent research supports the hypothesis that cancer might be affected by emotional factors.
In 1953, even the American Psychosomatic Society was reluctant to include psychological processes in cancer, despite the position taken by its president, George Engel. This resistance notwithstanding, researchers interested in holistic medicine in Germany around the same time, spoke of “cancer psyche”, a concept whereby cancer was a disease of the whole organism. This kind of theory laid the groundwork for the since-expanding field, aiming to understand the mind-body interaction in the development of disease.
Psychoneuroimmunology and cancer
The biopsychosocial model of medicine emerged in the 1950s in the United States, acknowledging the narrowness of the biomedical model and announcing openness to incorporating psychological, social, and environmental factors to the examination of illness.
This framework saw the psychobiological unity of man and proposed that all diseases are conditioned by psychosocial factors, including cancer. At the time, George Engel and his team could anticipate cancer in women who met the criteria for hopelessness-prone personality, whereby hopelessness was seen as the process that activated disease. Due to its non-specificity, this approach didn’t take hold until 1975 when it re-emerged as psychoneuroimmunology.
This discipline examines the interaction between the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems, providing evidence of continuous information exchange between the chemicals involved in these systems. For example, a large body of research has documented the presence of neuropeptides and their receptors throughout the body, suggesting a whole-body, physiological basis of emotions. Moreover, studies from this discipline have shown that psychology and behaviour can impact functioning of the immune system, contributing to cancer incidence or progression through alterations of immune cell activity or DNA repair.
Psychoanalytical and behavioural research on cancer
From the 1950s, the notion of cancer as a “form of passive suicide” was supported by New York clinical psychologist Lawrence LeShan who argued that cancer patients had a “weak will to live,” symptomatic of excess adaptation, whereby future cancer patients were more concerned with the opinions of others than the needs of their own self. Consequently, they lived other-directed lives and presented a lack of individuation. Moreover, LeShan found that cancer patients had experienced the serious loss of a situation or a relationship. Hence, his ideas show that LeShan is a follower of Elida Evans, whose work he had studied since 1959 confirming most of her observations.
Shortly thereafter, oncology and psychology separated entirely, putting aside interest in inner experience and psychoanalysis, until the 1970s when behavioural medicine found that certain behavioural features might be more prone to cancer than others. Type C, characterised by behaviour that is appeasing, cooperative, self-sacrificing, unassertive, and free of negative feelings has been identified as cancer prone. According to Steven Greer and Lydia Temoshok, however, this behaviour was not a determinant of cancer, but an important risk factor for it. This finding has received some supporting evidence in biophysiological research, showing that non-expression of emotions, which is the toxic core of Type C, is associated with a reduction in the number of lymphocytes and faster cell multiplication at the tumour site. Other studies have shown that this style of coping is associated with less favourable survival outcomes among cancer patients.
A holistic approach to medicine looks at a patient as an entire human being rather than a set of organs independently considered for the insurgence of a disease.
Social risk factors for cancer
An interpersonal dimension has been introduced to modern cancer research. The social vision of cancer proposes it as a “symptom of losing existential encounter” between a person and the world, which has been considered symptomatic of progressing industrialisation. In this context, cancer is seen as going “together with mass society”, raising criticism of contemporary lifestyles, particularly in the West. Psychologists have described contemporary functioning as a form of extreme adaptation, involving depriving the original self to eliminate anxiety, thereby increasing the risk of disease. This concept is comparable to the Jungian pseudoego, characterised by overadaptation to the outside world, whose role in development of cancer came to the attention of Evans back in the 1920s.
Environmental and ecological frameworks
Cancer is more common in industrial societies than in others. Risk factors commonly associated with cancer are also typically associated with industrialisation, such as smoking, unhealthy diet, lack of physical activity, obesity, red meat intake, and certain infections. In particular, the Western diet, including processed foods, high intake of red meat, dairy, salt and sugar has been associated with increased risk of cancer across countries, almost eliminating the impact of genetics. Related studies have recently shown that cancer is indeed determined by many factors, which need “a more holistic focus on the determinants of resilience to external and endogenous challenge”. This new approach considers the individual way of life and no longer the identification of specific dietary factors.
An ecological approach to medicine proposes that humans continually strive to adapt to their environment in terms of their chemistry, biology, and psychology. As such, environmental factors can determine human body and mind functioning, beyond known risk factors. Support for the ecological approach to understanding cancer aetiology can be found in several streams of contemporary research. For example, some studies have indicated that cancer is associated with an underactive immune system. Moreover, a mutation theory of cancer has proposed that environmental carcinogens or viruses, alongside errors in DNA replication and repair, which increase over time, might lead to the immune system deficiency associated with cancer.
Meanwhile, studies have shown that early childhood relationships and attachment styles might determine disease vulnerability in adulthood, specifically, modulating the functioning of the immune system.
Stress as a mediating factor
Although cancer has traditionally been seen as an entirely organic condition, recent research supports the hypothesis dating back to the early 20th century that cancer, too, might be affected by emotions. While stress has been a much-debated factor in cancer research, broader evidence suggests that stress alone does not result in cancer. Nevertheless, stress does play a role in disease development by increasing an individual’s vulnerability to infection, allergies, autoimmune conditions, and cardiovascular diseases, but there is not a direct link between stress and cancer.
A holistic approach
A holistic approach to medicine looks at a patient as an entire human being – body and mind – rather than a set of physical parts, organs and systems considered as independent of each other. Organisms are open and active systems that organise, self-regulate, and self-differentiate. In people, this flux of information is conditioned upon the meaning we attribute to physiological and psychological experiences. These experiences, in turn, depend on the interaction between the cognitive and immunological systems in a single integrated system with a cybernetic organisation.
Despite a growing body of evidence, today we can state that cancer has multifactorial origins but the interactive effects of biological, sociological, and psychological risk factors remain unclear. Future research needs to examine the human body and mind, and their interaction with the environment. Given the complexity of the human organism, multidisciplinary research is required to bring these perspectives together for a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of cancer. Consequently, not only prevention projects, but also therapeutic guidelines adding psychosocial support to the usual cancer treatments are necessary. A final proposal is, therefore, to provide an extensive cooperation between holistic and reductionist cancer research to realise better prevention and therapy.
Personal Response
In your opinion, what is the biggest obstacle to holistic medicine and psycho-oncology becoming part of a mainstream approach to cancer?
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Psychodermatology is a relatively new discipline in psychosomatic medicine. It is the interaction between mind and skin. The two disciplines are interconnected at the embryonal level through ectoderm. There is a complex interplay between skin and the neuroendocrine and immune systems. Skin responds to both endogenous and exogenous stimuli; it senses and integrates environmental cues and transmits intrinsic conditions to the outside world.
The exact prevalence of psychological factors that affect skin disease is not known; however, it has been estimated to be 25% to 33% in various studies.1 Research has shown that stimuli received in the skin can influence the immune, endocrine, and nervous systems at both the local and central levels. In several skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, the tissue levels of nerve growth factors and neuropeptides, such as substance P, have been associated with the pathogenesis of disease and markers of disease activity.2
The role of psychoneuroimmunology
As our knowledge in psychoneuroimmunology is expanding, the role of neuropeptides, hormones, and neurotransmitters in psychodermatological disorders is becoming more evident. To better understand the pathogenesis, course, and treatment planning of psychocutaneous disorders, knowledge of psychoneuroimmunology is needed. Stress represents an internal or external force that threatens to disrupt the homeostatic balance of the organism. The organism has the ability to adapt to acute homeostatic challenges; however, chronicity leads to exhaustion, distress, and disease or flare-up of preexisting dermatoses.
Stress activates 2 major neuronal pathways: the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. The identification of external stress by the brain results in activation of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and locus ceruleus. Corticotropin-releasing factor is secreted from the hypothalamus and transported through portal circulation to the pituitary, where it induces the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone from the anterior pituitary to the general circulation. This results in the secretion of glucocorticoids and catecholamines from the adrenal gland.
Cortisol acts as negative feedback on the hypothalamus and inhibits the further release of corticotropin-releasing factor. The cells of the locus ceruleus activate the sympathetic system, which results in the secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Both catecholamines and cortisol have potent effects on the immune system. They modulate antigen-presenting cells and macrophages and inhibit their activity and the production of interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-18. They also mediate the differentiation of naive T-helper (TH) cells toward TH2, to the detriment of the development of TH1. This tilts the balance toward humoral immunity and activates B cells, mast cells, and eosinophils, with a consequent increase in allergic inflammatory response (Figure). Nerve terminals in cutaneous sensory nerves release neuropeptides, such as calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P, which have a variety of effects on local inflammatory response; these affect several psychocutaneous disorders.3
Diagnosis
Diagnosing an underlying psychiatric component in a patient who has skin disease involves several dimensions. The evaluation of these dimensions plays a major role in creating an effective treatment plan and includes:
• Establishing a good physician-patient relationship
• Evaluating the patient’s level of functioning as well as different physical and psychosocial stressors that may influence the level of functioning
• Evaluating concurrent affective components that influence the level of functioning
• Weighing the presence of secondary gain
• Considering the real and authentic quality of consultation
Several psychological test instruments have been used to evaluate a patient with psychocutaneous disease: Symptom Checklist-90-Revised, Beck Depression Inventory, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Dysmorphic Concern Questionnaire, Dermatology Life Quality Index, Skindex Questionnaire, and Marburg Skin Questionnaire.
There is no universally accepted classification of psychodermatological diseases. However, Koo and Lee4 describe the most commonly used classification, which includes the following:
• Psychophysiological disorders: Skin diseases are precipitated or exacerbated by psychological stress. Patients experience a clear and chronological association between stress and exacerbation. Examples in this category include atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and acne.
• Psychiatric disorders with dermatological symptoms: There is no skin condition and everything seen on the skin is self-inflicted. These disorders are always associated with underlying psychopathology and are known as stereotypes of psychodermatological diseases. Examples include dermatitis artefacta, trichotillomania, body dysmorphic disorder, and neurotic excoriations.
• Dermatological disorders with psychiatric symptoms: Emotional problems are more prominent as a result of having skin disease, and the psychological consequences are more severe than the physical symptoms. Examples include vitiligo, alopecia areata, acne excorie, and ichthyosis.
• Miscellaneous: Several other disorders have been described and grouped under miscellaneous conditions. The medication-related adverse effects of both psychiatric and dermatological medications have also been included in the broad classification of psychodermatological disorders (Table 1).
Some common psychocutaneous diseases
Psoriasis. Stress has been reported in 44% of patients before the initial flare of psoriasis, and recurrent flares have been attributed to stress in up to 80% of the patients. Most common symptoms attributed to psoriasis are disturbances of body image and impairment in social or occupational functioning, which results in severe interpersonal relationship problems and job-related losses.
CASE VIGNETTE
A 52-year-old man with psoriasis that had been well controlled with topical and oral medications was recently laid off from his job. His financial difficulties and resultant stress started affecting his marriage; this made him irritable, angry, and frustrated and left him feeling stressed.
His psoriasis flared up significantly, and medications were no longer effective. He became too embarrassed to shake hands with people or to go out in public. His wife refused to have any physical contact with him and eventually filed for divorce.
The patient was seen by several dermatologists and went through several medication trials. Eventually, he was referred to a tertiary care hospital and was admitted on an inpatient dermatology unit. A psychodermatology consultation was requested, and the temporal relationship with his current stressful situation was established. The patient was discharged on a weekly regimen that focused on supportive therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). After 6 weeks, his psoriatic lesions started to heal. He continued his dermatological treatment.
Atopic dermatitis. Stressful life events preceding disease onset occur in more than 70% of patients with atopic dermatitis. Low self-esteem, interpersonal and family stress, and problems in psychosocial adjustment have been reported often. Dysfunctional family dynamics secondary to flare-ups of skin lesions are also known to affect treatment response.
between cutaneous and psychiatric disorders?
- Psychodermatology—the interaction of psychiatric and dermatologic disorders—is relatively new. For the last decade or so, much work has been done in this discipline of psychosomatic medicine. The discovery of psychoneuroimmunology and its role in the etiology, course, and prognosis of psychocutaneous disorders has revolutionized the understanding of these disorders. The enthusiasm and interest in psychodermatology is rapidly gaining momentum. There are several psychodermatology clinics in the United States. The practice of psychodermatology in Europe is well established, and there are several centers of excellence in psychodermatology in Germany, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom.
- This article summarizes the latest advances in psychodermatology and focuses on psychodermatological disorders. The interaction between psyche and skin is highlighted, and the role of psychoneuroimmunology in the causation, course, and prognosis of psychocutaneous disorders is discussed.
- This article heightens psychiatrists’ awareness of the intricate relationship between cutaneous and psychiatric disorders and will enhance understanding of the pathophysiology and management of psychocutaneous disorders.
CASE VIGNETTE
A 10-year-old boy with a history of atopic eczema, mostly on extensor surfaces of upper and lower extremities, and with generalized dry skin had been doing well; his skin lesions had been well controlled with medications. His mother’s sudden death in a car accident adversely affected his functioning: his grades declined, he lost his appetite, and he began to have trouble falling asleep. His eczema flared up, and his whole body was covered with oozing and itchy lesions. Medications that had controlled the lesions were no longer effective.
He had low self-esteem and felt embarrassed in social situations. Consequently, he confined himself to his home and refused to go to school. He also started cutting his wrists and voiced thoughts of self-harm. He was referred by his treating dermatologist to a psychodermatologist, who established the relationship between his psychosocial stress and the current exacerbation of lesions.
Supportive psychotherapy that focused on grief and CBT used to address his cognitive distortions proved helpful. His lesions started healing in about 3 weeks.
1. Picardi A, Abeni D, Melchi CF, et al. Psychiatric morbidity in dermatological outpatients: an issue to be recognized. Br J Dermatol. 2000;143:983-991.
2. Toyoda M, Nakamura M, Makino T, et al. Nerve growth factor and substance P are useful plasma markers of disease activity in atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2002;147:71-79.
3. Tausk F, Elenkov I, Moynihan J. Psychoneuroimmunology. Dermatol Ther. 2008;21:22-31.
4. Koo JYM, Lee CS. General approach to evaluating psychodermatological disorders. In: Koo JYM, Lee CS, eds. Psychocutaneous Medicine. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc; 2003:1-29.
5. Jafferany M. Lithium and skin: dermatologic manifestations of lithium therapy. Int J Dermatol. 2008;47:1101-1111.
6. White MP, Koran LM. Open-label trial of aripiprazole in the treatment of trichotillomania. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011;31:503-506.
7. Grant JE, Odlaug BL, Kim SW. N-acetylcysteine, a glutamate modulator, in the treatment of trichotillomania: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66:756-763.
8. Shenefelt PD. Therapeutic management of psychodermatological disorders. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008;9:973-985.
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https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/psychodermatology-when-mind-and-skin-interact
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Recent years have witnessed considerable growth in the field of psychoneuroimmunology, which describes how psychological factors, such as stress and depression, impact the neurological and immune systems. Kathleen Kendall-Tackett and an elite group of researchers explore the ways physical and psychological stressors such as poor sleep, PTSD, and depression, trigger the inflammatory response and increase the risk of disease. They approach this material from a variety of perspectives. Chapters in Part I describe the biological processes involved in inflammation, focusing on both the typical bodily response to threat as well as on the long-term deleterious effects of stress upon the immune system; while chapters in Part II examine the role of psychosocial stress in disease etiology. Throughout, chapter authors present evidence of connections between mind and body, and emphasize the need for improved communication between physicians and mental health care providers.
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http://www.indiabooks.org/143380476X-exploring-the-links-between-inflammation-stress-and-illness.html
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There is a natural human tendency for the mind to drift back to the past, this is an unconscious mechanism developed over eons.
When we have a new experience, whatever that is, it allows circuits and connections in the brain that release chemicals which make a feeling, so emotions and feelings are the end product of every experience. These emotions and feelings help us to remember experiences better.
What typically happens for most people when they have a new experience is that they repeat that experience over and over again in their mind, which is perfectly natural. The reason for this is that if we can fire circuits repeatedly, then through the act of repetition we can remember them.
So we learn from an experience and learning is making new connections, remembering is maintaining those new connections, so there is a natural order in which we review something in order to remember it.
The problem with most people is that they become so immersed in the feelings of certain experiences that feelings become the mechanism for thinking, so feelings determine their thinking. When that happens we are only then living from the past, because by definition, feelings are most commonly associated with past events.
So if we determine our future based on a feeling, we are basically saying to ourselves, “I’m trying to create a future situation from a past remembered situation” and inwardly we will continue to recreate our future based on our past and that means history repeats itself because WE make it happen.
This means we see people who are wired in victimisation, suffering, insecurity and their feelings become a barometer for their reality, so in their future experience they can only create their reality based on how they are wired. They create all the negativity in their life because it’s all they know, it’s how they’ve conditioned/trained themselves to be through repetition from other people and themselves.
In order to create a new future we have to leave the feelings of the past behind, we have to abandon feelings as the means of thinking. When we learn to do this, we are breaking the association to the neurological connections that attach to that human feeling mechanism. This way we are focusing on an abstraction, an idea, a concept that we haven’t yet experienced because it has no emotion yet, but it’s something we would like to experience.
This process of learning to abandon the means of feeling for a future potential is one of the greatest tests for a human being. Changing the way you feel about past experiences completely changes how you think and feel about them, the present and how you create your future.
Breaking old emotional patterns that serve no positive purpose for you takes time, commitment and perseverance, and it can be done. The first steps and key elements are you have to be aware of of the need to change and then want to change it and want to learn how to do that.
This concept alleviates a huge amount of stress from our lives and stress creates a wide variety of symptomatic changes in our minds and bodies, one of which is addiction.
One of the often overlooked effects of long term stress is addiction to the rush of cortisol and adrenaline etc.
This over reliance on these chemicals leads to physical exhaustion because internal resources are diverted to prepare for real or imaginary threats in the outer world. This leaves nothing in reserve to heal, repair and regenerate the inner world so we look for ways to continue creating situations in our life that cause a Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) response to give us a hit of chemicals to satisfy our addiction and sustain the life we don’t like.
The extension of this is that we can initiate adrenaline release in our system by thought alone, so ultimately we become addicted to our thoughts.
Wallowing in the comfort and familiarity of our own discomfort can lead us to create disease in our own bodies through thought, because the long term effects of stress lead to disease and illness. This is because the stress hormones affect our immune system and cause Immune Mediated Diseases such as Cancer, Lupus, Rheumatoid Arthritis, IBS, food allergies and sensitivities and more.
So the question is, if our thoughts can make us sick, can they also make us well?
The fields of Epigenteics and Psychoneuroimmunology say yes, they can.
The field of psychoneuroimmunology has witnessed an explosion of empirical findings during the last two decades. Research has documented the mechanisms through which stressful emotions alter white blood cell function. Stress diminishes white blood cell response to viral infected cells and to cancer cells. Moreover, vaccination is less effective in those who are stressed and wounds heal less readily in those who are stressed. While stress decreases the activity of some white blood cells, stress does not compromise the function of all types of white blood cells. Indeed, some types of autoimmune disease, which involve particular subsets of white blood cells, are exacerbated by stress. The literature documents the efficacy of talk-therapy interventions in altering immune system parameters and enhancing the body’s ability to combat disease. The literature also documents the impact of the chronic stress of poverty on immune system function.
Littrell J. The mind-body connection: not just a theory anymore. Soc Work Health Care. 2008;46(4):17-37. doi: 10.1300/j010v46n04_02. PMID: 18589562.
The Mind and Body are the Same System
“Every Cell is Eavesdropping on Your Internal Dialogue” – Deepak Chopra
What does this actually mean in terms of our health, growth and development, happiness?
There are: (10 10)11
Neurological connections in your body. That’s the number 1 with 10 zeros after it, written eleven times!
100,000,000,000,000,000,000, 000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000, 000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000, 000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000!
So thinking about Deepak Chopra’s quote in conjunction with the staggering number of neurological connections, that means that everything you say to yourself and what others say to you is picked up by your mind and body. Now depending on the effect this dialogue has on you, positive or negative, determines the influence it has on your cells and your genes, because the end caps of your genes (Telomeres) have switches that can be turned on or off and thus altering you at the genetic level. Environmental factors have a phenomenal influence on this process and until we recognise this on a much wider scale and integrate this into treating and helping at a cultural and societal level, we will continue to have to deal with these issues on an ever increasing scale.
It is from this perspective that I created the Immediate Care Process, which is an amalgamation of several fields of Psychology (sport, cognitive, behavioural), Hypnosis, Neuroscience, Psychotherapy and Neuro Linguistics. This creates a deeper understanding of how our minds work, how we decide on what’s important for us, what’s a threat, whats stressful and what we decide to do with that information. Providing a framework for psychological health treatment similar to that of a physical injury or illness, Emotional & Psychological Resilience seeks to identify signs and symptoms of psychological illness and understand the processes going on inside someones mind that moment and to use these tools to provide a fast, effective intervention. Using the concept of the mind-body connection, my book provides integrative, adaptive techniques that are effective in the reduction of signs and symptoms of psychological illness including suicide intervention and prevention.
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https://simonmaryan.com/the-mind-and-body-are-the-same-system/
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A rapidly growing branch of medical science has begun to try to measure the physiological impact of grief. Incorporated into this study are the ways in which bodily functions change in response to emotional stimuli. This new area of scientific research has been called ‘psychoneuroimmunology’ and is the study of how different feelings and stresses lead to changes in hormone levels and other metabolic functions within the body. These can often be quantified through blood tests and other physiological measurements, an example of which has come from Dutch clinical psychologist Ellen Beem and colleagues (Beem et al., 1999), who attempted to catalogue measurable physiological changes when people were bereaved.
In another area of scientific study, an argument is growing that there is a complex interaction between the brain and the immune system in emotional states such as depression and grief. American psychoneuroimmunologists Michael Irwin and Andrew Miller (2007) have proposed a model to demonstrate the way in which immunological responses are brought about by the emotions associated with bereavement (or depression). In their model, not only do emotional responses have an impact on the immune system: immunological changes in themselves go on to affect the way the brain works and emotions are experienced. They argue that these adverse circular actions and re-actions cause potentially serious medical and psychological effects that may lead to an increased susceptibility to many short-term conditions, such as infections, and a wide range of longer-term health problems, such as arthritis, ischaemic heart disease and cancer.
The precise mechanisms through which these adverse health effects are brought about are still being determined, but it has been suggested that people experiencing grief have some of their immunological responses stimulated while other ‘protective responses’ seem to be suppressed. In lay terms, the protective responses that may be damaged or reduced when someone experiences grief include the way in which immune cells, such as T cells and lymphocytes, work to control infections in the body and possibly even ingest or ‘mop up’ early cancer cells. At the same time, other components of the immune response are activated, such as inflammatory enzymes. The release of these substances and their subsequent effects on other organs may have relevance for the development of ischaemic heart disease and auto-immune disorders. Irwin and Miller argue that some of these adverse physiological effects can be controlled and reversed by factors such as physical exercise and sleep.
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https://www.open.edu/openlearn/health-sports-psychology/social-care-social-work/the-medicalised-context-bereavement/content-section-2.1
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Term can be broken in three parts P - "Psyco" means the emotions of a body, thinking process and mood fling of an individual. N - "Neuro" refers to the neurological systems, like reflex systems and neuroendocrine system. I - "Immunology" is the cellular structure and immune system constitution. PNI is a study of mind over body effect. PNI determine and ascertain the influence of thought process and mind on an Individual’s immune system.
This science helps in redirecting one’s internal energies towards healing process and health. Before this theory it was taken that Immune system is a self-sustaining and self regulating system. However, ever since the emergence of study called psycho-neuroimmunology these facts have become very debatable and has been reviewed. It analyses the interrelations between the central nervous system and the immune system. It has been debated whether emotions and mood swings effects the immune system. Is it true that your mental status might define the concentration of antigens (cells that protect us against various infections). It also try to divulge out the relation and degree of extent to which a mood or emotion effects an individual’s immune system. Immune System is the defense mechanism of body that protects us from diseases and infections. The immune system is composed of many interdependent cell types that collectively protect the body from bacterial, parasitic, fungal, viral infections and from the growth of tumor cells.
Most of these cell types have specialized functions. The cells of the immune system can engulf bacteria, kill parasites or tumor cells, or kill viral-infected cells. Often, these cells depend on the T helper subset for activation signals in the form of secretions formally known as cytokines, lymphokines, or more specifically interleukins. Many immune system cells are located in bone marrow, lymph nodes, the spleen, the tonsils, and the appendix. The exact nature of an immune system response is unique to each individual due to variation in the history of exposure to the invading antigens (foreign bodies that cause infection), the type of antigen invading, and the antigen’s route of entry into the body. There has been an influential amount of evidence, which establishes a link between the central nervous system and the immune system.
There are certain chemicals that are produced by our immune system called Cytokines and alter the function of our Central Nervous System, modifying behavior of an individual. There has been a reverse theory projected on this topic, that if Immune system can alter your Central Nervous System. Then your Central Nervous System can as well influence the immune System. Psycho-neuroimmunology try to find out various factors that might influence immunity either by directly affecting the Central Nervous System and Immune System or by sensitizing hormonal balance. There has been a large amount of study that has gone into the study of this particular aspect. It is psycho-neuroimmunology’s contention that psychological variables may influence immunity by directly affecting the central nervous system and immune systems or through hormonal pathways. Stress has been a psychological area of interest in determining the validity of this contention.
The hypothesis has been that large amounts of stress caused by a person’s inability to cope with a demanding situation may influence immune system functioning negatively. Research has shown that relaxation training may help to temporarily alter the relation between usual background levels of stress (i.e. the "stress" on the body and mind that is always present due to interaction with the world) and immune response. But as far as altering levels of stress caused by outside factors little has been proven conclusively. A common thread in psycho-neuroimmunology is that there are reasons to believe psychological states influence immune response, but this idea has been difficult to explore in a scientific manner. Conclusions Psycho-neuroimmunology is a rapidly growing field of study and treatment. Available information is copious and continuing to grow, therefore it is important to stay informed and be critical of the literature. Based on the mentioned studies, it is clear that psycho-neuroimmunology is a promising means through which to understand and aid in the healing of our bodies. For years, other healing modalities have considered the mind and the body inseparable. It is encouraging to see biomedicine taking steps towards a similar integration.
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https://mindbodynsoul.com/Health/psycho-neuro-immunology.html
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Folia Biologica
2002
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50
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3-4
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Article title
Stress and immunity: minireview.
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B. Plytycz
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R. Seljelid
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EN
Stress, a state of threatened homeostasis, may be induced by various physical or psychological factors (stressors), including antigenic stimulation. Stressful experiences may affect both physical/psychological well being and immune functioning of humans and animals; the ongoing immune reaction may affect other physiological functions and psychological comfort. The molecular basis of these effects involves a network of multidirectional signalling and feedback regulations of neuroendocrine- and immunocyte-derived mediators. The consecutive stages of the multistep immune reactions might be either inhibited or enhanced owing to the previous and/or parallel stress experiences, depending on the kind of stressor and the animal species, strain, gender, or age. Therefore, the final results of stress-induced alteration of immune reactions are difficult to predict. The effect of a particular stressor on immune functions varies according to the previous stress experience of the individual (e.g. social confrontation, sterile saline injection) while various stressors may act in the same or in opposite ways on the same immune parameter. In general, the efficacy of immune response depends on the neuroendocrine environment on which it is superimposed. Conversely, neural and endocrine responses depend on the concurrent immune events upon which they are superimposed. It seems that the consequences of stress on the immune functioning are generally adaptive in the short run but can be damaging when stress is chronic.
Keywords
EN
HOMEOSTASIS
IMMUNITY
INFLAMMATION
PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY
STRESS PROTEIN
STRESSOR
Discipline
EXPERIMENTAL_BIOLOGY_&_MEDICINE: EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY & MEDICINE
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Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences
Journal
Folia Biologica
Year
2002
Volume
50
Issue
3-4
Pages
181-189
Physical description
Contributors
author
B. Plytycz
author
R. Seljelid
References
Document Type
MINIREVIEW
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B. Plytycz, Department of Evolutionary Immunobiology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, R. Ingardena 6, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
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http://psjd.icm.edu.pl/psjd/element/bwmeta1.element.element-from-psjc-0714e672-16dd-36cb-9f78-71565344e2dd
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Psychologist and co-founder of the field of psychoneuroimmunology. The change that Robert Ader helped initiate in medical science began. Cover for Psychoneuroimmunology Robert Ader . CHAPTER 24 – Psychoneuroimmunology of Depressive Disorder: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. Psychoneuroimmunology is the study of the relationships among behavioral, neural and endocrine, and immune processes. Bidirectional pathways connect the.
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Robert Ader spent his entire career at the University of Rochester, where he held many teaching and research positions. Central nervous system involvement in the modulation of immunity is dramatically illustrated by the classical Pavlovian conditioning of the acquisition and extinction of suppressed and enhanced antibody- and cell-mediated immune psychoneuroi,munology.
On the development of psychoneuroimmunology.
Ader was studying taste aversion conditioning in rats. First, we will take a very brief look at a few examples of how psychology has been shown to influence the immune system:.
Conversely, there is some evidence that oxytocinproduced during positive social interactions, helps dampen the activity of the HPA axis.
Ader was working on variations of the classic Pavlov’s dogs experiment: Over recent years, it has been clear that coffee protects against Parkinson’s disease. Inthe Psychoneuroimmunology Research Society created an award, the Robert Ader New Investigator Award, to be given to promising young scientists.
In addition, he served as president of the American Psychosomatic Society from topresident of the International Society for Developmental Psychobiology from topresident of the Academy of Behavioral Medicine Research from toand president and founder of the Psychoneuroimmunology Research Society.
Research has linked low vitamin D levels with a range of conditions, including bowel cancer. Log in with your Medical News Today account to create or edit your custom homepage, catch-up on your opinions notifications and set your newsletter preferences. In a very real way, managing levels of stress can help maximize the virility of your immune system. Mindfulness ‘has huge potential’ as a weight loss strategy.
Psychoneuroimmunology: laugh and be well
The researchers gave the rats water sweetened with saccharin followed by an injection of cyclophosphamidean psychnoeuroimmunology which caused nausea. Thus, psychoneuroimmunology emphasizes the study of the functional significance of the relationship between these systems–not in place of, but in addition to the more traditional analysis of the mechanisms governing the functions within a single sys-tem-and the significance of these interactions for health and disease.
Other, less severe, naturally occurring stressful experiences psychoneuroimmnology as taking examinations result in transient impairments in several parameters of immune function in medical students.
Neurons adder them to communicate between themselves and, to date, more than distinct neuropeptides appear to be utilized by the nervous system. He retired in July as professor emeritus. Felten’s team found nerves in the thymus and spleen that terminated near clusters of important immune system components: Conditioning is learning and, as such, involves the higher centers of the brain.
If no author information is provided, the source is cited instead.
On the development of psychoneuroimmunology.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Lesions or electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus, for example, can alter antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses, and elicitation of an immune response results in an increase in the firing rate of neurons within the ventromedial hypothalamus at the time of peak antibody production. Register take the tour. As the field of PNI grows and develops, many discrete pathways of chatter between psychology and immunity are being discovered.
Get the most out of Medical News Today. The acquisition and extinction of the conditioned suppression or enhancement of one psycnoneuroimmunology another parameter of antigen-specific and nonspecific defense system responses psychoneuroimmunoloogy been documented in different species under a variety of experimental conditions.
On beginning his career as a part-time instructor in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Rochester, Robert Ader focused his research on behavioral conditioning and emotional responsiveness in rats.
This page was last edited on 24 Aprilat Psychoneuroinmunology Central nervous system involvement in the modulation of immunity is dramatically illustrated by the classical Pavlovian conditioning of the acquisition and extinction of suppressed and enhanced antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses.
A recent study tries to pin down the exact molecules involved. In students that are seropositive for Epstein-Barr virus EBVfor example, there are elevated EBV titers, interpreted as psychoneuroimmunloogy poorer cellular immune response control over acer latent virus, during examination than control periods.
This triumvirate of tissues control reactions to stress and regulate processes including digestion, the immune system, sexuality, mood and energy usage. A native of the Bronx and a graduate of Tulane University, Dr. Robert Ader spent 54 years at the University of Rochester until his retirement in What might adef been referred to as pseudoscience a few decades ago now finds strong support from many quarters.
In this article, we will take a look at the birth of PNI, how the immune and nervous systems interact and some adwr the ways in which these communication pathways affect us all. Ader coined the word psychoneuroimmunology to describe the field of study he helped create. Glucocorticoids secreted by the adrenal cortex, a common endocrine feature of the stress response, are, in general, immunosuppressive and there are numerous examples of stress-induced, adrenocortically-mediated changes in immunity.
It peaks soon after waking and slowly declines throughout the rest of the day. Privacy Terms Ad policy Careers. InCandace Pert found neurotransmitter and neuropeptide receptors on the cell walls of the immune system and the brain. The brain speaks regularly and eloquently to the cells of the immune system and vice versa.
InDavid Felten made the next major discovery. Over psychoneuroimmunolkgy last few decades, the intriguing and pervasive links between neuroscience and the immune system have slowly been uncovered.
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https://bestvpshosting.info/ader-psychoneuroimmunology-45/
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Why highly intelligent people suffer from more mental and physical disorders
People with high IQ are considered to have an advantage in many domains. They are predicted to have higher educational attainment, better jobs, and a higher income level. Yet, it turns out that a high IQ is also associated with various mental and immunological diseases like depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, ADHD as well as allergies, asthma, and immune disorders. Why is that? A new paper published in the journal Intelligence reviews the literature and explores the mechanisms that possibly underlie this connection.
The study authors compared data taken from 3,715 members of the American Mensa Society (people who have scored in the top 2% of intelligent tests) to data from national surveys in order to examine the prevalence of several disorders in those with higher intelligence compared to the average population.
The results showed that highly intelligent people are 20% more likely to be diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), 80% more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD, 83% more likely to be diagnosed with anxiety, and 182% more likely to develop at least one mood disorder.
When it comes to physiological diseases, people with high cognitive abilities are 213% more likely to have environmental allergies, 108% more likely to have asthma, and 84% more likely to have an autoimmune disease.
Credit: Journal of Intelligence / High intelligence: A risk factor for psychological and physiological overexcitabilities
The researchers turned to the field of psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) to look for some of the answers. PNI examines how the chronic stress accumulated as a response to environmental factors influences the communication between the brain and the immune system.
The researchers point out that highly intelligent people have tendencies for “intellectual overexcitabilites” and a hyper-reactivity of the central nervous system. On the one hand, this gives people with high IQ heightened awareness that helps their creative and artistic work. In fact, the field of cognitive ability recognizes one aspect of highly intelligent people to be “a broader and deeper capacity to comprehend their surroundings.”
This hyper-reactivity, however, can also lead to deeper depressions and poor mental health. This turns out to be particularly true for poets, novelists and people with high verbal intelligence. Their intense emotional response to the environment increases tendencies for rumination and worry, both of which predict depression and anxiety disorders.
Heightened psychological responses can affect immunity, write the researchers. People with overexcitabilites may have strong reactions to seemingly harmless external stimuli like an annoying clothing tag or a sound. This reaction may turn into low level chronic stress and launch an inappropriate immune response.
When the body believes it is in danger (regardless of whether it is an objectively real one like a toxin or an imagined one like an annoying sound), it launches a cascade of physiological responses that include a myriad of hormones, neurotransmitters and signaling molecules. When these processes are chronically activated, they can alter the body and the brain, dysregulate immune function and lead to conditions like asthma, allergies and autoimmune diseases.
The scientific literature has confirmed the association between gifted children and an increased rate of allergies and asthma. One study shows that 44% of those with an IQ over 160 suffered from allergies compared to 20% of age-matched peers. Тhe exploratory study done by the authors of this latest paper further supports that connection.
Based on their findings and previous studies the researchers have termed this phenomenon the hyper brain / hyper body theory of integration, explaining that:
The overexcitabilities specific to those with high intelligence may put these individuals at risk for hypersensitivity to internal and/or external environmental events. The rumination and worry that accompanies this heightened awareness may contribute to a chronic pattern of fight, flight, or freeze responses which then launch a cascade of immunological events. […] Ideally, immune regulation is an optimal balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory response. It should zero in on inflammation with force and then immediately return to a calm state. In those with the overexcitabilities previously discussed, including in those with ASD, this system appears to fail to achieve a balance and thus inflammatory signals create a state of chronic activation.
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https://bigthink.com/neuropsych/why-highly-intelligent-people-suffer-more-mental-and-physical-disorders/
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Ovarian cancer and distress are often seen together. To promote the therapeutic effects and quality of life for the patients, the factors involved in the associations between psychological distress and ovarian cancer need to be found (Arden-Close et al., 2008).
In a meta-analysis of 18 relevant studies, some correlations were found between psychological changes (including anxiety and depression) with the factors of younger age, as well as disease stages and symptoms (Arden-Close et al., 2008). Other factors may include the immune functions.
These studies have demonstrated that among the patient group of ovarian cancer, psychological stress has been related to the demographic factors and disease symptoms (Arden-Close et al., 2008). More studies in psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) would be needed to understand the psychological and immunological interactions in the associated disorders.
[Reference]
Arden-Close E, Gidron Y, Moss-Morris R. Psychological distress and its correlates in ovarian cancer: a systematic review. Psychooncology. 2008 Nov;17(11):1061-72. doi: 10.1002/pon.1363.
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http://pharmtao.com/health/psychological-stress-and-ovarian-cancer/
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There is an increasing acknowledgement in the engineering community that the response to this challenge, that is, prevention of catastrophic failure, generally requires a systems approach and necessitates engagement of a large pool of multidisciplinary expertise and the deployment of tools for systems analysis. This multidisciplinary pool includes materials science, structural analysis, manufacturing technologies, quality control and evaluation, mathematics, physics, and probability and reliability. Furthermore, from the scientific point of view, there is also an increasing acknowledgement that addressing the complex engineering problems of today requires the use of concepts and approaches that can account for size and time scaling effects. The Special Issue scope embraces interdisciplinary work aimed at understanding and deploying physics of fatigue and failure techniques, advancing experimental and theoretical failure analysis, modelling of the structural response with respect to both local and global failures, and structural design that accounts for scale and time effects in preventing engineering failures.
Fatigue --- Design --- Crack growth --- Fracture
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Dear Readers,If you are engaged in the treatment of patients with MS (pwMS), this e-book’s aim is to offer novel insights to improve on an understanding of one of the major problems of pwMS: fatigue. Although there is increasing research into fatigue and its impact on MS, this collection of ten articles supports a better understanding of fatigue in MS patients. It explores pathophysiological concepts, provoking mechanisms, objective measurements, personality interactions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions and summarizes clinical management. It is written by neurologists, psychologists, scientists and therapists and addresses this group of people, who deal with pwMS in private, clinical, rehabilitation or scientific settings. Its aim is to communicate high-quality information, knowledge and experience on MS to healthcare professionals, while providing global support for the international MS community.
Fatigue --- cognitive fatigue --- motor fatigue --- Multiple Sclerosis --- Cognition --- Depression --- gait analysis --- Personality --- natalizumab --- Rehabilitation
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Nanostructured metals with maximal grain or twin sizes of less than 100 nm have advanced properties like increased strength.As beneficial as these microstructures can be for the strength of materials, they are not infinitely stable. During mechanical loading these metals tend to coarsen and lose their beneficial structure. Besides electron microscopic analysis of fatigued samples, in situ cycling tests were conducted in order to observe structural degradation during mechanical loading.
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In the last two decades, the reliability of small electronic devices used in automotive or consumer electronics gained researchers attention. Thus, there is the need to understand the fatigue properties and damage mechanisms of thin films. In this thesis a novel high-throughput testing method for thin films on Si substrate is presented. The specialty of this method is to test one sample at different strain amplitudes at the same time and measure an entire lifetime curve with only one experiment.
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Successful endurance performance requires the integration of multiple physiological and psychological systems, working together to regulate exercise intensity in a way that will reduce time taken or increase work done. The systems that ultimately limit performance of the task are hotly contested, and may depend on a variety of factors including the type of task, the environment, external influences, training status of the individual and a host of psychological constructs. These factors can be studied in isolation, or inclusively as a whole-body or integrative system. A reductionist approach has traditionally been favoured, leading to a greater understanding and emphasis on muscle and cardiovascular physiology, but the role of the brain and how this integrates multiple systems is gaining momentum. However, these differing approaches may have led to false dichotomy, and now with better understanding of both fields, there is a need to bring these perspectives together. The divergent viewpoints of the limitations to human performance may have partly arisen because of the different exercise models studied. These can broadly be defined as open loop (where a fixed intensity is maintained until task disengagement), or closed loop (where a fixed distance is completed in the fastest time), which may involve whole-body or single-limb exercise. Closed loop exercise allows an analysis of how exercise intensity is self-regulated (i.e. pacing), and thus may better reflect the demands of competitive endurance performance. However, whilst this model can monitor changes in pacing, this is often at the expense of detecting subtle differences in the measured physiological or psychological variables of interest. Open loop exercise solves this issue, but is limited by its more restrictive exercise model. Nonetheless, much can be learnt from both experimental approaches when these constraints are recognised. Indeed, both models appear equally effective in examining changes in performance, and so the researcher should select the exercise model which can most appropriately test the study hypothesis. Given that a multitude of both internal (e.g. muscle fatigue, perception of effort, dietary intervention, pain etc.) and external (e.g. opponents, crowd presence, course topography, extrinsic reward etc.) factors likely contribute to exercise regulation and endurance performance, it may be that both models are required to gain a comprehensive understanding. Consequently, this research topic seeks to bring together papers on endurance performance from a variety of paradigms and exercise models, with the overarching aim of comparing, examining and integrating their findings to better understand how exercise is regulated and how this may (or may not) limit performance.
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Skeletal muscle represents the largest organ of the human body and comprises about 40% of total body mass in humans. Even in people who ‘age well’, there is a noticeable loss of muscle strength and function that accelerates dramatically after the age of 60, a major factor in the reduction in life quality for the aging population. One of the most effective interventions to maintain muscle mass and function is through exercise. Skeletal muscle generates reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen (ROS/RNS) species in response to muscle contractions. The concentration and species of ROS/RNS generated can depend on the age and fitness of the individual, muscle fibre type and the intensity of the muscle contractions. ROS/RNS generate unique signaling cascades that are not only essential in skeletal muscle contraction and adaptation but also play a role in a wide array of cell processes including cell proliferation, protein synthesis/degradation, immune response and antioxidant defense. ROS/RNS generated by contractions are involved in a co-ordinated local response that is tightly controlled at all levels from generation to detoxification. This collection of original articles and reviews highlights investigations that measure different aspects of the redox response of skeletal muscle to aging and exercise.
Calveolin-3 --- Muscle Fatigue --- Mitochondria --- NADPH Oxidase --- sphingomyelinase --- Sternohyoid muscle --- sirt3 --- uremic myopathy
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It is now well appreciated that the immune system, in addition to its traditional role in defending the organism against pathogens, communicate in a well-organized fashion with the brain to maintain homeostasis and regulate a set of neural functions. Perturbation in this brain-immune interactions due to inflammatory responses may lead to psychiatric and neurological disorders. Microglia are one of the essential cells involved in the brain-immune interactions. Microglial cells are now not simply regarded as resident tissue macrophages in the brain. These cells are derived from myeloid progenitor cells in the yolk sac in early gestation, travel to the brain parenchyma and interact actively with neurons during the critical period of neurogenesis. Microglia provide a trophic support to developing neurons and take part in the neural wiring through the activity-dependent synapse elimination via direct neuron-microglia interactions. Altered microglial functions including changes in the gene expression due to early life inflammatory events or psychological and environmental stressors can be causally related to neurodevelopmental diseases and mental health disorders. This type of alterations in the neural functions can occur in the absence of infiltration of inflammatory cells in the brain parenchyma or leptomeninges. In this sense, the pathogenetic state underlying a significant part of psychiatric and neurological diseases may be similar to “para-inflammation”, an intermediate state between homeostatic and classical inflammatory states as defined by Ruslan Medzhitov (Nature 454:428-35, 2008). Therefore, it is important to study how systemic inflammation affects brain health and how local peripheral inflammation induces changes in the brain microenvironment. Chronic pain is also induced by disturbance in otherwise well-organized multisystem interplay comprising of reciprocal neural, endocrine and immune interactions. Especially, early-life insults including exposure to immune challenges can alter the neuroanatomical components of nociception, which induces altered pain response later in life. Recently the discrete roles of microglia and blood monocyte-derived macrophages are being defined. The distinction may be further highlighted by disorders in which the brain parenchymal tissue is damaged. Therefore, studies investigating the dynamics of immune cells in traumatic brain injury and neurotropic viral infections including human immunodeficiency virus, etc. as well as neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are promising to clarify the interplay between the central nervous and immune systems. The understanding of the histological architecture providing the infrastructure of such neuro-immune interplay is also essential. This Frontiers research topic brings together fourteen articles and aims to create a platform for researchers in the field of psychoneuroimmunology to share the recent theories, hypotheses and future perspectives regarding open questions on the mechanisms of cell-cell interactions with chemical mediators among the nervous, immune and endocrine systems. We hope that this platform would reveal the relevance of the studies on multisystem interactions to enhance the understanding of the mechanisms underlying a wide variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders.
brain-immune interaction --- neuroinflammation --- microglia --- autism --- depression --- fatigue --- pain --- HIV --- traumatic brain injury --- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
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In EC3, the fatigue life of a steel structure subjected to a cyclic load is estimated by its detail category. This category is based on the S-N, curves which are obtained by applying the Basquin model. Statistically, this model does not allow extrapolating the S-N curves in the HCF region, neither does it consider the runouts. This affects the fatigue life estimation when a structure bears loading in HCF. To overcome these deficiencies, a new method based on a Weibull distribution is applied.
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Ultrasound excitation of structural steel members leads to localised energy dissipation at existent fatigue cracks and thus allows for thermographic flaw detection. Essential effects on the defect-selective heating, such as flaw size, plate thickness, crack mouth opening or static preload, are systematically investigated. Laser vibrometry measurements of the crack edges, theoretical modelling of frictional heating and numerical simulations contribute to the understanding of the involved physics.
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Sandstone is the most common kind of natural stone used for historic buildings in Central Europe. During the past century a dramatic increase in different types of damage to historic buildings, monuments and sculptures made from natural stone has been observed. The present work deals with theoretical aspects of strength loss, fracture processes and degradation during the decay processes.
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https://www.doabooks.org/doab?func=search&uiLanguage=en&query=kw:%22fatigue%22
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Research maps key signaling pathways linking calcium entry and exit in activated T cells
Like separate entrance and exit doors on a building, a cell's outer surface has its own doors—channels, pumps, and transporters that selectively control what molecules may enter or exit. In the immune system, T cells—essential players in immune regulation—possess unique sets of these doors, including a set that specializes in the movement of calcium ions.
Now, for the first time, researchers at the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (LKSOM) describe a unique mechanism for coordinating these calcium entrance and exit "doors" on T cells that helps them to carry out their jobs and ensure normal immune function. The study, published online October 8 in the journal Science Signaling, offers new insight into calcium signaling that could help scientists better understand the signaling mechanisms underlying autoimmune and immunodeficiency diseases, many of which involve abnormal T-cell activation.
"Calcium signals are universal to all cells in our bodies," explained Jonathan Soboloff, Ph.D., Professor of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry at the Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology at LKSOM. "In the immune system, however, T cells exhibit unique ways to control calcium signals so that when activated by an antigen, a sustained increase in intracellular calcium levels can be used to drive T cell activation." In individuals with normally functioning immune systems, T cell activation is good, because it helps the body fight off infection.
One of the main doors through which calcium enters T cells is a channel called Orai1. The main "exit" door is a calcium pump called PMCA, or plasma membrane calcium ATPase. Since sustained, elevated calcium levels drive T cell activation, these pumps have long been thought to terminate T cell responses.
It turns out that the PMCA calcium pump does not act alone. Sustained Orai1 activation represents a significant challenge because the calcium that it lets in tends to turn it back off again. However, a third protein, known as POST, links PMCA and Orai1 in activated T cells. That linkage allows the pump to protect Orai1 from elevated calcium and thereby stay open longer, thereby promoting T cell activation.
Sustained Orai1 activation is critical to the activation of a transcription factor called NFAT. Transcription factors convert, or transcribe, genetic information from DNA to RNA by attaching themselves to DNA sequences. This process allows cells to respond to environmental stimuli. NFAT binds to specific DNA sequences in immune cells, where it drives T-cell-mediated immune activity. "The PMCA pump, POST, and the calcium channel Orai1 work together to fine-tune NFAT activation," Dr. Soboloff explained. "Signaling between these molecules allows T cells to respond very efficiently to infection."
Now that the communication pathway between these three components has been described, the next step would be to investigate their functions in a disease context. Dr. Soboloff and colleagues have initiated the process of generating the mouse models that will be useful for defining the contributions of this signaling pathway to both normal (fighting infection) and abnormal (autoimmunity) T cell responses.
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https://medicalxpress.com/news/2019-10-key-pathways-linking-calcium-entry.html
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Our Clinical Science program, housed in newly renovated Stuit Hall, aims to reduce the burden of mental illness and improve public health by producing the next generation of leading clinical researchers who share three intertwined characteristics. First, students in the program conduct research that advances the understanding, assessment, and treatment of psychopathology as well as identifies factors that may influence health behaviors and coping, all with the ultimate aim to improve physical and mental health. Research may also examine bidirectional interactions between mental and physical health. Such research can be conducted in a wide variety of settings, ranging from academic and medical-center contexts to service-provision, school, and public-policy contexts. Second, students apply evidence-based methods to address behavioral-health problems. And third, students disseminate clinical science through publishing, teaching, training care providers, developing and evaluating programs of care, or contributing to public policy. We emphasize training experiences that integrate research, application, and dissemination.
Our program offers students integrative and cross-disciplinary training opportunities that capitalize on relevant expertise throughout psychological science, as well as in allied disciplines, such as Psychiatry, Neurology, Genetics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Neuroscience, and Public Health. This includes participation of interested clinical science students in our NIH-funded T32 Behavioral and Biomedical Interface Training Program and pursuit of specialized neuropsychology training opportunities through the Clinical Neuropsychology Subtrack. Consistent with our goals, we seek students who wish to pursue careers that are primarily research-focused and who place significant value on high-quality clinical training in their development as a clinical scientist.
Students can also receive specialized training through the Developmental Psychopathology Research Group, which focuses on understanding the origins, course, and mechanisms of adaptive and maladaptive developmental trajectories and pathways, and through the Health Psychology Research Group, which is concerned with the application of psychological theory, methods, and treatment to the understanding and promotion of physical health. Students with interests in developmental psychopathology or health psychology should contact potential mentors for more information about opportunities for graduate study.
Our program is a charter member of the Academy of Psychological Clinical Science (APCS), a coalition of leading doctoral and internship training programs that share a commitment to advancing clinical science.
We are accredited by the Psychological Clinical Science Accreditation System (PCSAS), which aims to advance the training of clinical scientists who both “generate new knowledge relating to mental health and use this knowledge to advance public health.” Our accreditation by PCSAS attests to our success in producing graduates who produce, apply, and disseminate clinical science. We have also been continuously accredited since 1948 by the Commission on Accreditation of the American Psychological Association (APA).
For information about the accreditation of our clinical science program, contact:
Office of Program Consultation and Accreditation
American Psychological Association
750 First Street, NE
Washington DC, 20002-4242
TEL: 202-336-5979
Alan G. Kraut, Executive Director
Psychological Clinical Science Accreditation System (PCSAS)
1800 Massachusetts Ave NW, Suite 402
Washington, DC 20036-1218 USA
(301) 455-8046
[email protected]
Prospective Graduate Students
If you are thinking about applying to our Ph.D. program in Clinical Science and want to learn more about the program and its faculty, please view our F.A.Q. page.
If your questions are not answered by these materials, please feel free to contact our training area coordinator, Prof. Molly Nikolas. Please be aware that we no longer distribute any materials by mail.
E-mail: [email protected]
Office phone: 319-335-2436
Mailing address: Department of Psychology, The University of Iowa, W311 Seashore Hall, Iowa City, IA 52242-1407
Student Admissions, Outcomes, and Other Data (updated September 2019)
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Alex CasillasAdjunct Assistant Professor
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Natalie DenburgAssociate Professor in Department of Neurology
Cognitive neuroscience of aging Real-world decision-making Individual differences Elder abuse Psychophysiology of emotion Demential syndromes Cancer survivorship
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Gregory GullicksonClinic Director, Clinical Associate Professor
Director of Seashore Psychology Clinic
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Grazyna KochanskaStuit Professor of Developmental Psychology
Social development, Processes of socialization, Development of conscience, Parent-child interaction, Child temperament and its role in social development, Developmental psychopathology
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Emily KroskaClinical Assistant Professor
efficacy of brief behavioral interventions; dissemination of brief interventions in community-based settings; impact of trauma on psychological and physiological functioning; interventions to promote resilience and well-being
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Ryan LaLumiereAssociate Professor
Neurobiology of learning and memory; Neurobiology of addiction
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Susan LutgendorfProfessor , Starch Faculty Fellow
Psychoneuroimmunology, Psycho-oncology, Stress management and mindfulness for chronic illness
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Molly NikolasAssociate Professor, Director of Clinical Training
developmental psychopathology and gene-environment interplay; etiology of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and externalizing spectrum behaviors; role of neurocogntiive functioning in developmental trajectories of ADHD; injury and health risks associated with ADHD
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Michael O'HaraProfessor, Starch Faculty Fellow
Postpartum and pregnancy depression; Psychotherapy for depression particularly in the postpartum period; Impact of maternal depression on children; Mental health services research; Women's reproductive health
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Isaac PetersenAssistant Professor
Clinical child psychology, developmental psychopathology, externalizing behavior problems, self-regulation, school readiness, developmental cognitive neuroscience
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Jodie PlumertProfessor, Starch Faculty Fellow
Risk taking in typically- and atypically-developing populations, perceptual-motor development, unintentional childhood injuries, parent-child communication, development of spatial memory and communication
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Daniel TranelF. Wendell Miller Distinguished Professor (Psychological & Brain Sciences/Neurology)
Cognitive neuroscience; clinical and experimental neuropsychology
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Teresa TreatProfessor
Clinical-cognitive science Sexual, social, and person perception Sexual aggression between acquaintances Disordered eating & food perception Psychometrics & measurement development
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Mark Vander WegAssociate Professor (Internal Medicine/Psychological & Brain Sciences)
Behavioral medicine, health psychology, tobacco use and cessation, behavioral approaches to the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease.
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https://psychology.uiowa.edu/research/clinical-science
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For a long time, it was believed that as we aged, the connections in the brain became fixed, and then simply faded. Research has shown that in fact the brain never stops changing through learning. Plasticity is the capacity of the brain to change with learning.
How to talk about neuroplasticity from Dr. Sarah McKay
Neuroplasticity: The brain’s ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life. Neuroplasticity allows the neurons (nerve cells) in the brain to compensate for injury and disease and to adjust their activities in response to new situations or to changes in their environment.
Learn more about – Psychoneuroimmunology
The Immune brain Loop – Further info! Cell signaling networks and Signal transduction – PNI research is looking for the exact mechanisms by which specific brain effects are achieved. Evidence for nervous system immune system interactions exists at different biological levels. The immunity system and the brain talk to one another through signaling pathways. The brain and the immunity system are the two main adaptive systems of the body. Two major pathways are involved with this cross-talk: the Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. The activation of SNS during an immune response could be aimed to localize the inflammatory reaction.
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https://thinktherapy.org/reference/
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Dr Nicola Paine, Lecturer in Health Psychology within the School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences at Loughborough University, has been awarded a £100,000 Springboard Fellowship from the Academy of Medical Sciences.
The grant will see Dr Paine lead a new research project focussing on the links between physical activity, sedentary behaviour and how the immune system responds to acute periods of psychological stress.
Dr Paine will also explore how these factors interact as a potential mechanism for developing heart disease.
The funding awarded to Dr Paine through the scheme will also allow her to investigate how immune cells respond to short-term stress and examine how physical activity may improve these responses. It will also allow her to see how the amount of time we spend sedentary, or sitting, may negatively influence these responses.
Acute periods of short-term stress, such as being late for an important meeting or receiving bad news are something that we routinely experience, but over a longer, prolonged period this stress exposure could be detrimental to our health. This award will build on Dr Paine’s work regarding the impact of acute psychological stress on measures of cardiovascular health.
Speaking about the award, Dr Paine said:
“I am honoured that the Academy of Medical Sciences has awarded me funding to develop my research into the impact of inactivity on our immune system and how it responds to stress. Both levels of inactivity and stress are highly prevalent and continuing to rise in society and understanding how these factors interact to potentially increase risk of heart disease is a key public health issue.
“As we better understand the stress-induced immune mechanisms and cells that are affected by physical inactivity, we can start to design interventions to target these mechanisms – this will help improve our responses to stress and more widely our health. I am excited to further develop my research in this area, and grow my research team, and sincerely thank the Academy for their support.”
The highly prestigious fellowship is designed to identify and support early-career researchers by helping them to launch their careers and become research leaders of the future. In addition to the funding, Dr Paine will also be able to access to the Academy of Medical Sciences’ mentoring and career development programme.
The research project is due to commence in August 2021 and will run until 2023.
More information about Springboard and the full list of recent awardees can be found online HERE.
Notes for editors
Press release reference number: 21/63
Notes for editors
Loughborough is one of the country’s leading universities, with an international reputation for research that matters, excellence in teaching, strong links with industry, and unrivalled achievement in sport and its underpinning academic disciplines.
It has been awarded five stars in the independent QS Stars university rating scheme, named the best university in the world for sports-related subjects in the 2020 QS World University Rankings and University of the Year by The Times and Sunday Times University Guide 2019.
Loughborough is in the top 10 of every national league table, being ranked 7th in the Guardian University League Table 2021, 5th in the Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide 2020 and 6th in The UK Complete University Guide 2021.
Loughborough is consistently ranked in the top twenty of UK universities in the Times Higher Education’s ‘table of tables’ and is in the top 10 in England for research intensity. In recognition of its contribution to the sector, Loughborough has been awarded seven Queen's Anniversary Prizes.
The Loughborough University London campus is based on the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park and offers postgraduate and executive-level education, as well as research and enterprise opportunities. It is home to influential thought leaders, pioneering researchers and creative innovators who provide students with the highest quality of teaching and the very latest in modern thinking.
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The Academy of Medical Sciences is the independent body in the UK representing the diversity of medical science. Our elected Fellows are the UK’s leading medical scientists from hospitals, academia, industry and the public service. Our mission is to advance biomedical and health research and its translation into benefits for society. We are working to secure a future in which:
- UK and global health is improved by the best research.
- The UK leads the world in biomedical and health research, and is renowned for the quality of its research outputs, talent and collaborations.
- Independent, high quality medical science advice informs the decisions that affect society.
- More people have a say in the future of health and research.
Our work focusses on four key objectives, promoting excellence, developing talented researchers, influencing research and policy and engaging patients, the public and professionals.
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https://www.lboro.ac.uk/internal/news/2021/april/lboro-behavioural-medicine-researcher-awarded-100k/
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Mechanisms of Cancer
Understanding the fundamentals of how cancer cells form and proliferate has been crucial to cancer treatment and prevention. New areas of basic research will lead to better outcomes for patients.
A cancer cell. New research on how each cell differs from others within a tumor provides a promising avenue for better patient outcomes.
Credit: iStock
Decades of discovery have demonstrated that a deep understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of cancer—how it forms, why it persists and what causes it to spread through the body—leads to better outcomes for patients. New areas of basic cancer research, including how each cell differs from others within a tumor, how the environment in which a tumor grows impacts its progress and how well an individual’s immune system mounts a defense, will yield improved outcomes for patients.
Now, cancer researchers are using new tools, technologies and ways of thinking to develop an even more sophisticated understanding of cancer mechanisms. They are exploring subtle variations that impact cancer cells’ behaviors—not just between different patients or cancer types but even among the different cells that make up an individual tumor. At the same time, researchers are broadening their focus, looking beyond tumors to learn how factors elsewhere in the body impact a patient’s disease.
Until now, studies of cancer biology have largely focused on what makes tumor cells different from healthy cells. But it has become clear that not all tumor cells—even within a single tumor—are the same. Only a small fraction of a tumor’s cells may have the capacity to divide and sustain the tumor’s growth.
This variability has enormous clinical consequences, and we now know that it will be important to understand human cancer on a cell-by-cell basis. Using recently developed methods of high-throughput analysis, researchers can now study the DNA, RNA and proteins of thousands of individual cells to characterize this heterogeneity and investigate how it affects tumor growth, metastasis and patients’ response to treatment.
It has also become evident that a tumor’s growth depends on more than the makeup of its own cells. The microenvironment in which a tumor grows, as well as the vigor with which the body’s immune system recognizes and attacks cancers, are just as critical. A major challenge is to understand the interactions between tumors and their microenvironments. Ultimately, we will need to decode the signals that tumors send to nearby immune cells as well as define which aspects of a tumor’s surroundings help determine whether it stays small and benign or is allowed to grow unchecked and spread.
Although there is still much to learn about the cellular changes that drive cancer, new genomic and computational technologies have greatly accelerated the search. There is now the capacity to characterize and compare thousands of patient tumors, enabling researchers to identify factors that influence cancer risk even if they are rare or when their individual impact is relatively small. Uncovering these factors promises to point us toward important cancer pathways and suggest new opportunities for intervention.
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https://ccr.cancer.gov/news/horizons/article/mechanisms-of-cancer
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Suze Retera talks about the complexity of Autoimmune Disease and the multi-disciplinary approach required.
By Bronwen Firth
Suze Retera is an experienced psychologist, orthomolecular advisor and yoga facilitator, specialising in auto-immune issues, trauma and hormonal health. Suze is also a member of the teaching faculty at the Yoga Therapy Institute. In the ‘Autoimmune disease – a holistic, empowering approach’ training and in the Yoga Therapy for Endocrine and Immune System Disorders Module, Suze guides students through the complexities of these diseases, advocating a multidimensional approach in order, not only, to understand the intricate interaction of elements underlying these diseases and how to manage their impact on mental and physical health but to provide practical information on how to work with these diseases or how and when to seek help and support.
What makes autoimmune disease such a complex issue to understand and manage?
Suze Retera: Autoimmune issues are closely intertwined with other body systems, including the HPA-axis and the stress response, the digestive system, the endocrine system and the nervous system. In working with autoimmune diseases, we need to look at the whole person, including the psychological factors that impact the functioning of our body. To make it even more complex, autoimmune issues often present themselves through a variety of symptoms that are difficult to interpret or clearly connect to one specific condition. Fatigue, digestive issues, mood swings, chronic inflammation and hair loss are a few common symptoms that can have many causes, aside from autoimmunity. This means that autoimmune issues can often be overlooked, misdiagnosed or dismissed.
Why is it so important to recognise the symptoms early on?
Suze Retera: The initial stages of autoimmune disease can often be very subtle and ‘silent’, escalating over time to moments of active autoimmune flare-ups and eventually resulting in permanent tissue damage and reduced organ function. Learning to recognise the symptoms early on can halt the progression of the disease and enable people to make changes to their diet, lifestyle, supplements and possibly medication, to avoid full blown autoimmunity and tissue damage.
As a Yoga Therapist, it is also very relevant to have a deeper understanding of autoimmunity, as autoimmune issues and other chronic illnesses are becoming more and more prevalent. As a Yoga Therapist, you will play an important role in early detection, prevention of misdiagnosis and supporting your clients on their journey toward their version of optimal health.
How can people suffering from autoimmune disease make more informed choices and take control of their disease?
Suze Retera: There is a lot that people can do for themselves. With the right knowledge, they can make the system work for them. In the training, I teach participants what questions to ask medical professionals, what blood work to ask for and which approaches, outside of regular healthcare, are particularly effective for autoimmune prevention and management. Having the knowledge to ask the right questions and the confidence to make informed decisions, prevents people from being passive patients and enables them to advocate for themselves. Parallel to this, it is important to explore the psychological components of autoimmunity. The long-term payoff for acknowledging the way past experiences have impacted the functioning of the body can be significant. Including embodied (trauma) therapy as part of the treatment, along with lifestyle and nutrition, offers more profound healing and empowerment than a pharmaceutically led solution, which is focused only on treating the symptoms.
Don’t ever allow your concerns to be dismissed with “It’s just your hormones…….”.
What are the main aspects relating to autoimmune disease that you will be exploring with students?
- How different autoimmune diseases manifest in the body and how to recognise the diverse symptoms.
- The relationship between the immune system, nervous system, digestion, and hormonal system and the role chronic stress plays in their functioning.
- The impact of (childhood) trauma and other psychological factors on the body and on the development of autoimmune disease.
- The relationship between the gut and autoimmune disease.
- The impact of environmental factors on autoimmunity: exposure to chemicals, mould, pesticides, foreign substances and endocrine-disrupting plastic.
- How orthomolecular therapy can help to prevent and treat autoimmune disease by providing the body with optimal amounts of substances and supplements, which are natural to the body. To avoid those foods that are known to trigger autoimmune activity and/or are very taxing for the body.
- What pro-active steps can be taken to facilitate resilience and work towards ‘optimal’ health that supports balance across all the body systems – these include appropriate exercise routines, nutrition, stress regulation, modulating environmental influences, supplements, emotional and mental support and making different lifestyle choices to support bio-transformational pathways.
What do you think is the most important and valuable takeaway for students from this training?
Suze Retera: I would like people to leave with a deeper understanding of autoimmune issues and the different physical and psychological mechanisms that come into play. Understanding how these different mechanisms work together, will make it easier to recognise symptoms and understand that it is more than ‘just your hormones’ or a ‘psychosomatic’ issue. I also hope this will offer the empowerment needed to ask for relevant tests when you, or your client, are not getting the necessary response or understanding from a practitioner. Furthermore, the information shared in this training will allow you to prevent the development of autoimmunity or recognise early signs.
Health will always be an individual responsibility but the current societal norms for our lifestyles and diet, don’t always make it easy. This training is aimed at giving you the tools to make beneficial choices, based on an understanding of your body, so you can maintain or regain your own health, but also so you can support your clients on this journey.
“With the right knowledge and by taking responsibility for your own body, you can make the system work for you “
Suze Retera: The ‘Autoimmune disease – a holistic, empowering approach’ training is designed to provide an empowering approach towards the improvement of autoimmune disease. There is a wealth of information contained in this 4-day intensive course, which will leave you with a deeper understanding and in-depth knowledge of this complex subject. The practical recommendations, accessible and multifaceted approach will give you an invaluable foundation for working with autoimmune disease, either for your own benefit or, as a Yoga Therapist, for the benefit of your clients.
This training is recommended as stand-alone training or as a deep dive into the functioning of the immune system, making it a valuable addition to the prescribed biomedical Yoga Therapy modules.
Suze will be also be teaching students about autoimmunity in the next Yoga Therapy for Endocrine and Immune Disorders module, which begins on the 28th of March, 2022.
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https://theyogatherapyinstitute.org/yoga-therapy-articles/suze-retera-2/
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Regularly engage with business teams to understand their needs and imperatives and operationalize a framework for deploying Machine Learning models and build Advanced Analytics insight use cases.
Prototype and simulate use cases for Machine learning basis the GSN operating environment and ability to operationalize into workable algorithms & solutions.
Purpose of the Role :
The role is expected to provide strategic guidance using Machine Learning / Advanced Analytics across multiple operating areas within GSN including unstructured text mining and structured data mining to help business imperatives
Responsibilities :
Conceptualize, test and prototype beta versions of algorithms / advanced analytics independently working along with business counterparts in larger GSN organization
Rigorous testing of algorithms as per business norms and delivering significant working leverage over status quo and generate value for the business be on top of trends
Business Outcomes :
Bring innovation in Machine Learning techniques to optimally deploy the ML architecture
Drive structural improvement projects via Machine Learning and achieve the efficiency goals
Leadership Outcomes :
Put enterprise thinking first and always balance stakeholder agendas
Develop potential ML talent pool in GSG Advanced Analytics team by actively grooming internal resources and at the same time look at external talent
Continuously engage with the external Data Science world to track the new happenings
Past Experience :
At least 1-2 years of overall experience in the field of Machine Learning / Advanced Analytics using NLP techniques
Complete grip on Python environment and libraries (scikit, nltk, pandas and numpy).
Academic Background :
Graduate in Computer Science / Statistics / Econometrics (preferably post graduate)
Good experience and working profile in Machine Learning / Advanced Analytics
Functional Skills / Capabilities :
Deep curiosity and questioning skills
Ability to create innovative data solutions
Partner effectively with business stakeholders
Technical Skills / Capabilities :
Proficient across technology stacks including Hive, Python, PySpark etc
Knowledge of one of Deep learning (keras / TF) / ML (scikit / xgboost) / Statistics (statsmodels) is mandatory
Behavioral Skills / Capabilities :
Enterprise Leadership Behaviors
American Express is an equal opportunity employer and makes employment decisions without regard to race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, protected veteran status, disability status, age, or any other status protected by law.
Offer of employment with American Express is conditioned upon the successful completion of a background verification check, subject to applicable laws and regulations.
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https://neuvoo.co.in/view/?id=0b5b7e1247ac
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This page shows the agenda for PAW Business. Click here to view the full 7-track agenda for the five co-located conferences at Mega-PAW (PAW Business, PAW Financial, PAW Healthcare, PAW Industry 4.0, and Deep Learning World).
TOPICS – The sessions across this two-day, three-track conference are grouped into the following five topics:
Analytics operationalization & management
Track 1
Machine learning methods & advanced topics
Track 2, Day 1
Data strategies & data prep
Track 2, Day 2 (first half)
Predictive model deployment & integration
Track 2, Day 2 (second half)
Cross-industry business applications of machine learning
Track 3
TOPICS – The sessions across this two-day, three-track conference are grouped into the following four topics:
Analytics operationalization & management
Track 1
Machine learning methods & advanced topics
Track 2, Day 1
strategies & data prep
Track 2, Day 2 (first half)
Predictive model deployment & integration Track
2, Day 2 (second half)
Cross-industry business applications of machine learning
Track 3
Session Levels:
Blue circle sessions are for All Levels
Red triangle sessions are Expert/Practitioner Level
Pre-Conference Workshops - Sunday, June 16th, 2019
Full-day: 8:30am – 4:30pm
This one day workshop reviews major big data success stories that have transformed businesses and created new markets. Click workshop title above for the fully detailed description.
Two and a half hour afternoon workshop:
This 2.5 hour workshop launches your tenure as a user of R, the well-known open-source platform for data analysis. Click workshop title above for the fully detailed description.
Pre-Conference Workshops - Monday, June 17th, 2019
Full-day: 8:30am – 4:30pm:
This one-day session surveys standard and advanced methods for predictive modeling (aka machine learning). Click workshop title above for the fully detailed description.
Full-day: 8:30am – 4:30pm:
Gain experience driving R for predictive modeling across real examples and data sets. Survey the pertinent modeling packages. Click workshop title above for the fully detailed description.
Full-day: 8:30am – 4:30pm:
This workshop dives into the key ensemble approaches, including Bagging, Random Forests, and Stochastic Gradient Boosting. Click workshop title above for the fully detailed description.
Full-day: 8:30am – 4:30pm:
This one-day introductory workshop dives deep. You will explore deep neural classification, LSTM time series analysis, convolutional image classification, advanced data clustering, bandit algorithms, and reinforcement learning. Click workshop title above for the fully detailed description.
Day 1 - Tuesday, June 18th, 2019
A veteran applying deep learning at the likes of Apple, Samsung, Bosch, GE, and Stanford, Mohammad Shokoohi-Yekta kicks off Mega-PAW 2019 by addressing these Big Questions about deep learning and where it's headed:
- Late-breaking developments applying deep learning in retail, financial services, healthcare, IoT, and autonomous and semi-autonomous vehicles
- Why time series data is The New Big Data and how deep learning leverages this booming, fundamental source of data
- What's coming next and whether deep learning is destined to replace traditional machine learning methods and render them outdated
In the United States, between 1500 and 3000 infants and children die due to abuse and neglect each year. Children age 0-3 years are at the greatest risk. The children who survive abuse, neglect and chronic adversity in early childhood often suffer a lifetime of well-documented physical, mental, educational, and social health problems. The cost of child maltreatment to American society is estimated at $124 - 585 billion annually.
A distinctive characteristic of the infants and young children most vulnerable to maltreatment is their lack of visibility to the professionals. Indeed, approximately half of infants and children who die from child maltreatment are not known to child protection agencies before their deaths occur.
Early detection and intervention may reduce the severity and frequency of outcomes associated with child maltreatment, including death.
In this talk, Dr. Daley will discuss the work of the nonprofit, Predict-Align-Prevent, which implements geospatial machine learning to predict the location of child maltreatment events, strategic planning to optimize the spatial allocation of prevention resources, and longitudinal measurements of population health and safety metrics to determine the effectiveness of prevention programming. Her goal is to discover the combination of prevention services, supports, and infrastructure that reliably prevents child abuse and neglect.
The research on the state of Big Data and Data Science can be truly alarming. According to a 2019 NewVantage survey, 77% of businesses report that "business adoption” of big data and AI initiatives are a challenge. A 2019 Gartner report showed that 80% of AI projects will “remain alchemy, run by wizards” through 2020. Gartner also said in 2018 that nearly 85% of big data projects fail. With all these reports of failure, how can a business truly gain insights from big data? How can you ensure your investment in data science and predictive analytics will yield a return? Join Dr. Ryohei Fujimaki, CEO and Founder of data science automation leader dotData, to see how Automation is set to change the world of data science and big data. In this keynote session, Dr. Fujimaki will discuss the impact of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning on the field of data science automation. Learn about the four pillars of data science automation: Acceleration, Democratization, Augmentation and Operationalization, and how you can leverage these to create impactful data science projects that yield results for your business units and provide measurable value from your data science investment.
Track Sponsored by
Multiple surveys show that operationalizing data science, advanced analytics and AI is a major barrier to data-driven decision-making in organizations. Getting even actionable insight across the "last mile" and into operations is hard. In 2018 McKinsey identified that leaders in advanced analytics not only focused on the last mile, they behaved differently. Specifically, they didn't start with the data, but with the decision-making they hoped to change.
In this session that kicks off the Operationalization track, James Taylor analyzes why the last mile is so hard, shares the research that shows how important to success this last mile is, and outlines a practical approach to working backwards to success with data science.
Track Sponsored by
Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) is considered one of the most useful measures for business to consumer (B2C) companies, and is usually considered more valuable than other measures like conversion rate, average order value, and purchase frequency. If an accurate measure of CLV can be obtained, companies can determine which customers to prioritize with marketing messages and discount offers.
Basic CLV is actually quite easy to compute. But more sophisticated analysts and statisticians use parametric models that take into account purchase frequency, purchase recency, churn risk, and even customer age. These models can provide value estimates 5, 8, and even more than 10 years into the future. However, most retailers, while interested in lifetime value, are especially interested in estimating near-term customer value so they can create effective marketing strategies now.
In this talk, SmarterHQ's founding Chief Data Scientist Dean Abbott describes non-parametric machine learning approaches to calculating customer value for retail that can accommodate additional measurements and features not typically used in CLV models. Model summaries and accuracy metrics for several retail clients will illustrate the effectiveness of this style of model.
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At Hopper, we predict airfare from a stream of 30 billion daily prices. In this session, we'll talk shop, covering our process for:
- Personalizing 30 million user conversations through push notifications
- Measuring user travel flexibility and recommending alternative flights and hotels
- Building trust with data
- Open problems
11:20 am - 11:40 am
Black box algorithms. Test data with test results. Predictions with possibilities only. All of these are reminders of analytics teams that have not yet plugged into the “business.” They appear to be making progress, or at least they are busy, but the results are not tangible. They have not yet created value that can be measured and replicated. Although predictive analytics is a “must” for nearly every business today, there are few companies really putting predictive analytics to work for them.
Why are so many organizations developing predictive capabilities, but haven’t put them to use with their sales, marketing or operations people? Are companies really getting value from statistical predictions? If they are, how are they measuring that value and showing it on their bottom line? If not, what are they doing to close the gap between data science and everyday business.
In this session, we’ll evaluate 3 areas that are most neglected and hardest to deal with when putting predictive analytics to work and show you how to get your predictions used.
- Trust. Getting the users to trust the prediction of an algorithm is fraught with biases. “That prediction can’t be right because the data is all wrong.” “I don’t believe that customer will default next month; I am best friends with the CIO and I haven’t heard a word. Trusting the outcomes of the predictions is the first barrier to overcome.
- Teaching. Teaching sales and operations people to use the predictions can be your secret to having successful deployments of systems that use your predictions. Helping users understand the context around the predictions is essential.
- Technology. Automation and self-service are the keys to use of predictive analytics. It must be easy. It must produce results. IT is the it!
Theresa Kushner, partner in Business Data Leadership, comes with over 20 years of experience in deploying predictive analytics at IBM, Cisco, VMware and Dell.
11:45 am - 12:05 pm
The success or failure of analytics and data science initiatives often hinges on whether those on the “front lines” of business actually use and follow them. In this talk the presenter will share ideas he has learned over the years that help maximize the chances of successful analytics deployment.
Marketing Predictive Models have seen significant growth in deployments over the past few years with many companies rolling them out for retailers. Marketing data provides many good examples of large robust datasets with clear target variables. It is a common step in model building to do dimensional reduction or variable selection of input fields in order to improve the quality of the models. At SmarterHQ, we have multiple clients with these models in production. Typically these have 100’s of input fields that have overlapping predictive power. To reduce this overlap, many different methods can be deployed including deviation limits, correlation thresholds, stepwise regression, etc. In this talk, we will discuss methods of input variable field selection and its impact on model quality on production data.
Twitter has amazing and unique content that is generated at an enormous velocity internationally. A constant challenge is how to find the relevant content for users so that they can engage in the conversation. Approaches span collaborative filtering and content based recommendation systems for different use cases. This talk gives insight into unique recommendation system challenges at Twitter's scale and what makes this a fun and challenging task.
As organizations invest more in predictive analytics, machine learning and AI, they are seeking proven ways to maximize their return on this investment. Many find they are lagging behind in capturing the full value of ML and AI because they can't embed potentially game-changing algorithms into their front line systems and workflows. Industry research has identified that these laggards under-invest in operationalizing their analytics and fail to focus their ML investments on the decision-making that matters most to their business strategy.In this session, James Taylor from Decision Management Solutions and Nathan Patrick Taylor from Datarobot, will discuss how leading organizations are successfully driving ML and AI algorithms into frontline systems and workflows. This session will walk through proven techniques for developing decision understanding to be clear what you need your algorithms to do; show how automated ML delivers powerful algorithms that can be rapidly deployed and continuously updated; and then show how you can get your models over the last mile by combining your algorithms with rules-based guiderails and constraints.Join us to see how you can deliver business value from analytics and turn machine learning into business learning.
Businesses are continuing to grow their investments in predictive analytics, ML and AI to enable faster and more accurate decision-making by line of business users. Often, however, the ROI of these investments comes under scrutiny as organizations struggle with building the best possible algorithms and deploying them in a time-to-market manner.
In this session, Aaron Cheng, VP of Data Science from dotData will discuss and demonstrate an innovation in data science automation using AI-powered feature engineering and automated machine learning. You will see a hands-on demonstration of a new platform that is integrated with PySpark on Jupyter Notebook that radically simplifies the end-to-end data science process through the use of a single line of code. This innovation creates incredible opportunities to accelerate and democratize data science in the enterprise, driving the highest value and providing the ROI modern businesses need to justify their investment in Predictive Analytics.
How many .edu addresses are in your inbox right now? As organizations pursue digital transformation strategies, challenges related to finding and retaining analytical talent, objectively assessing the relevance of new, and emerging technology and engaging in deep and meaningful innovation with eventual payback, are common to all sectors of the economy. Deep, collaborative partnerships with universities can help mitigate many of these challenges. Dr. Camm is an associate dean who oversees two masters programs in analytics at the Wake Forest University School of Business and is also leading the creation of a new Center for Analytics Impact at Wake Forest. Throughout his 35 years in academia, Professor Camm has always focused on real-world problems and has actively engaged with companies including among others, Procter and Gamble, Owens Corning, GE, Tyco, Ace Hardware, Boar's Head, Brooks Running Shoes and Kroger. He will discuss the ways that organizations should be thinking about working with universities, but typically don’t – including research, innovation, "externships," training options, recruitment, and other strategic relationships. After this session, you will never look at universities the same way again.
Predictive modeling using machine learning techniques is transforming every aspect of modern business. Traditional approaches to machine learning is a time-consuming, resource-intensive and highly error-prone process. Automated machine learning platforms can make the process of building highly accurate predictive models fast and efficient. In this session, we will show how Datarobot can collaborate with data scientists to quickly build hundreds of highly accurate predictive models in a transparent and flexible manner, generate deep insights and deliver immediate value to business with easy deployment options.
In a world where demand outpaces supply, finding and keeping analytics talent has become a real dilemma. Identifying the right mix of business skills and analytics skills can feel like an impossible search. With so many people looking for strong talent, it often becomes difficult to compete. How do you attract the right skills to your team to ensure a strong analytics capability? What types of levels, roles, and titles do you need? What are some of the ways to ensure you retain your analytics talent? This session will discuss different compositions of successful analytics teams, as well as titles, career paths, and tips to win at the salary game.
Today, with always more data at their fingertips, Machine Learning experts seem to have no shortage of opportunities to create always better models. Over and over again, research has proven that both the volume and quality of the training data is what differentiates good models from the highest performing ones.
But with an ever-increasing volume of data, and with the constant rise of data-greedy algorithms such as Deep Neural Networks, it is becoming challenging for data scientists to get the volume of labels they need at the speed they need, regardless of their budgetary and time constraints. To address this “Big Data labeling crisis”, most data labeling companies offer solutions based on semi-automation, where a machine learning algorithm predicts labels before this labeled data is sent to an annotator so that he/she can review the results and validate their accuracy.
Unfortunately, even this approach is not always realistic to implement, for example in the context of some industries, such as Healthcare, where obtaining even a single label can cost thousands of dollars.
There is a radically different approach to this problem which focuses on labeling “smarter” rather than labeling faster. Instead of labeling all of the data, it is usually possible to reach the same model accuracy by labeling just a fraction of the data, as long as the most informational rows are labeled. Active Learning allows data scientists to train their models and to build and label training sets simultaneously in order to guarantee the best results with the minimum number of labels. In this talk, I will cover both the promises and challenges of Active Learning, and explain why, all in one, Active Learning is a very promising approach to many industry problems.
Internally at SWA, predictive scores are delivered to the sales team via documents known as “Quick Start Guides.” The point of these guides is to take an analytics example and repeat it across different hypotheses about the business, 40 of them.
One example of this is a set of models we built to predict the trajectory of YoY growth for individual accounts to see if they will continue with the same YoY growth or go another direction.
While that information on it's own is a cool prediction it doesn't service the 'boots on the ground', so we built guides that help the users understand why an account has come to their attention and talking points for those influential attributes so the sales force can use them in client conversations.
Right now the projected gain is $15MM in incremental future revenue per year - just by focusing on educating the frontline sales force.
3:55 pm - 4:15 pm
In the government contracting world, executives default to using domain knowledge to answer strategic questions. Industry experts are skeptical about using predictive analytics. But to remain an industry leader, Humana Military needs a broader perspective to diversify and grow its business.
In this talk, hear about how one executive's curiosity about analytics led to a great partnership between executives and data scientists. Through predictive analytics, we discovered new federal opportunities, uncovered what it takes to win contracts, scored our chances of win, and discovered potential partnerships. The result: expanding our view of what is possible and co-creating our future together.
4:20 pm - 4:40 pm
Caesars Entertainment is the world's most geographically diversified casino-entertainment company with major revenue streams from restaurants, entertainment, and hotels in addition to gaming. Caesars' VP of Gaming, Data Science and Fraud Analytics will cover some of the predictive analytics questions Caesars faces and approaches used to address these questions. Topics covered include how Caesars is using deep learning to interpret visual data, predicting key marketing characteristics including future spending and profitability, using machine learning for fraud detection, applying predictive analytics to sportsbook decisions, and valuing entertainment's impact on other parts of the business.
Career rewards -- the long-term value of employment reflecting the trajectories of advancement and pay -- can be used strategically to motivate performance and improve retention. Too often, they are neglected by reward practitioners who focus on benchmarking, and are not the result of deliberate design. In this session, we'll use case studies to show how to measure both the strength and impact of career rewards to optimize the career component of total rewards. In addition, we will demonstrate a methodology that quantifies organization shape in a way that permits alignment with pay on an empirical basis. The session will demonstrate how advanced analytics can inform rewards strategy.
Subscription services have seen tremendous adoption and growth. FabFitFun and StitchFix are household names with valuations in the billions. One of the biggest keys to success in this exploding sector is AI-driven personalization. In this session, I’ll cover the most important ways predictive analytics is impacting subscription companies, from onboarding data to world-class recommenders and lots more. I’ll also walk you through how I helped a Fortune 200 subscription company: (1) Reduce the time required to deploy an AI model from months to hours, (2) Increase the team's throughput by more than 3x, and (3) Showcase data science know-how throughout the company (of thousands) .
4:45 pm - 5:05 pm
Pacific Life has made great strides recently in adoption of analytics across the enterprise. This talk will discuss how the organization took talented and separate analytics practices, built a unified vision, accelerated insights and enhanced adoption at all levels. Specific take-aways for the audience will be around driving stakeholder buy-in, building consensus of vision, getting demonstrable value, and tracking iterative wins. Specific frameworks, anecdotes and examples will be used to engage the audience and create actionable best practices.
5:10 pm - 5:30 pm
In the age of machine learning, when business stakeholders demand both high accuracy and transparency in predictive models, practitioners must adapt in terms of how they present findings. Evaluation must be applied at all stages in the machine learning workflow -- from the initial POC through the model deployed in production. Each stage places different demands on the metrics we choose, as well as how we communicate and interpret those metrics. This talk will explore this issue and help both developers and product managers navigate the machine learning evaluation landscape.
4:45 pm - 5:05 pm
We are living at the dawn of big social science. Just like physics has the particle accelerators and astronomy has orbital telescopes, social scientists can now harness big data and machine learning systems of immense complexity and cost to measure and predict what society is up. Dstillery had been building one such system for the last decade. In this session, I'll walk you through how the system evolved from it's roots in programmatic advertising, how we discovered we were at war with fraudulent data, and how we settled on our philosophy that making good decisions on hundreds of billions of individual pieces of data yields the best results, but at the cost of significant infrastructure and system complexity. Finally, we'll talk about how these shiny new systems don't replace traditional social science methodologies such as surveys, but instead supplement and reinforce them.
5:10 pm - 5:30 pm
At Publishers Clearing House, we create – and deploy in real-time – micro-clusters in order to provide our customers the most relevant and curated experience. In this session, you will learn to create and deploy models that lead to higher customer engagement and LTV.
4:45 pm - 5:05 pm
Attribution is about crediting touchpoints in customer interactions with their impact in the sale process, hence the core element of performance marketing. But today, the choice of the model is often driven by subjective belief and guessing, rather than data and analytics. This explains why to date we often find in place relatively basic models, like last-click or last-non-direct. In this session, we will discuss the different models seen in practice, analyze how they perform in different contexts, explore are their core ideas (from statistics, game theory, marketing science and machine learning), and cover their pros & cons. Finally, we will discuss how to turn descriptive attribution into successful predictive analytics.
5:10 pm - 5:30 pm
There’s a new sense of urgency from the C-Suite to capture more value from the company’s data. For many organizations, this means accelerating progress toward machine learning. But what does it take to go faster? And can you skip some of the steps in an otherwise steep learning curve?
Drawing on case studies in banking and utilities, this session will provide insights to:
- Recognize where a project fits in the data science lifecycle
- Avoid predictive analytics projects that waste time and money
- Create an action plan that helps you reap the benefits of machine learning
Day 2 - Wednesday, June 19th, 2019
Wait a minute! Comedy at a machine learning conference? Yes, indeed, PAW Business has added Yoram Bauman, PhD, “the world’s first and only stand-up economist,” to the roster. Predictive analytics and economics?
As Earl Wilson famously said, "An economist is an expert who will know tomorrow why the things he predicted yesterday didn't happen."
When Yoram said he wanted to be a stand-up economist, his father infamously said, "You can't do that – there's no demand." And yet, Yoram has made a splash on TV and the stage, not to mention pursuing a serious economics career at the same time.
Come experience Yoram's stand-up session, "Knock Knock. Who’s There? A.I."
We’re in a global analytics arms race, where yesterday’s strategic advantage can quickly become tomorrow’s industry standard. To stay competitive, companies must continue to invest and evolve at an ever increasing rate.
In this keynote session, Disney Sr. Vice President of Revenue Management and Analytics, Mark Shafer, will discuss his 30-year rags to riches analytical journey, including lessons learned from being on the receiving end of analytics at People Express Airlines to building a science-based analytical team at The Walt Disney Company.
During his 23 years at Disney, Mark led an analytical transformation, starting by implementing Walt Disney World's first resort revenue management model to currently leading an Internal consulting team of more than 150+ employees responsible for supporting analytics across The Walt Disney Company, including Parks and Resorts, Media Networks (ABC, ESPN, Disney Channel, A&E Networks etc.), Studio Entertainment (The Walt Disney Studios, Disney Theatrical).
Leave with deep insights and practical advice on how to steer a successful analytics journey at your company.
70% of digital transformation initiatives are not reaching their intended goals; that translates to $900 billion lost last year alone. The gap between generated insight and action within the last mile is where many businesses get stuck. diwo (Data In, Wisdom Out) was engineered from the ground up to tackle the decision-making process directly, beginning with the last mile in mind while acknowledging a business’s previous trends to visualize their next best move. The new platform’s scalable design seamlessly integrates with existing data, making implementation simple. diwo effortlessly meets business owners where they are, optimizing the decisions they need to make today
Track Sponsored by
10:05 am - 10:25 am
Concerns are constantly being raised about what data is appropriate to collect and how (or if) it should be analyzed. There are many ethical, privacy, and legal issues to consider and no clear standards exist in many cases as to is fair and what is foul. This means that organizations must consider their own principles and risk tolerance in order to implement the right policies. This talk will cover a range of ethical, privacy, and legal issues that surround analytics today. It will frame big questions to consider while providing some of the tradeoffs and ambiguities that must be addressed.
10:30 am - 10:50 am
From predicting which candidates will make great employees and which employees are likely to leave the organization, to forecasting diversity trends and achieving pay equity, employers are increasingly turning to data science to help streamline their employment processes. Despite great promise, using data science in workplace management can expose employers to a crippling degree of legal risk and potential liability, if the relevant legal and ethical issues are not carefully considered. Join us for this engaging workshop as a data scientist and a lawyer from preeminent workplace law firm Jackson Lewis demonstrate how employers can unlock the full potential of leveraging data science to manage the workplace and avoid the unintended consequences of doing so.
Track Sponsored by
10:05 am - 10:25 am
As the global volume of data increases, the challenge of monetizing data is only growing. In fact, data is projected to increase ten-fold by 2025, and 25% will be real-time in nature, requiring sophisticated systems and processes to capture and utilize effectively. One of the most common business questions overheard at companies is how to leverage the value of “dead data.” Data monetization is “the collection and packaging of data (or data insights) for delivering value-added services or creating revenue-generating products”. As the term “value” suggests, data monetization goes beyond just selling or transferring data assets. Instead, the best data monetization practices include both direct strategies and indirect strategies. An indirect strategy may involve using data to improve customer experience, drive cross-selling, or improve performance, and a direct strategy may involve creating new sources of revenue with outside partners.
As the volume of data explodes, companies are finding creative ways to exploit this information. During this discussion, Lawrence will talk through simple steps to start leveraging the value of your data, with a specific focus on analytics initiatives.
10:30 am - 10:50 am
This presentation provides insights on how to optimize marketing campaigns by predicting the responses. The original idea was implemented for a large insurance company’s marketing campaign. We modified and perfected the idea, iterated and perfected it for the internal marketing lead generation campaigns. In this case, we gained access to customers’ attributes from a 3rd party data provider and how responders’ responded to previous marketing campaigns. The attributes include: customer age, professions, preferred contact types, months, past campaigns, etc., the target variable was if the customer responded to a previous campaign and purchased an item. We developed multiple machine learning models such as Ensemble, Gradient Boost, etc. We selected the best model with the highest accuracy and finally created the appropriate label for the response. The process allowed us to gain access to a precise marketing list for the campaigns, improving the performance response 25%-30% from the previous campaigns.
Track Sponsored by
At Overstock.com, lack of data has never been an issue. We know everything from the color you search most, to which room you'll redesign next. We can see individuals transition from furnishing their first flat to building their dream home, but processing this data requires some serious firepower. It has fueled our focus on delivering real-time personalization through the unification of data and AI.
Tune in as Chris Robison and Ramsey Kail takes you through martech innovations in building a successful marketing technology infrastructure for instantaneous individualized marketing experiences.
11:20 am - 11:40 am
The age of extending consulting services to help firms find analytical insights in their data is coming to a close. As businesses and institutions become more savvy in mining their own data, the traditional insights generated from consulting services (both internal and external) is moving to a new paradigm - data science products. This talk explores this shift in the industry and what it means for analytics and data science professionals, including how rapid advances in machine learning and artificial intelligence technologies are necessitating changes in how we think about project management, professional services, and analytics delivery models.
11:45 am - 12:05 pm
Innovative and impactful data science work happens when there is a mix of talented data science professionals, challenging business problems and (most importantly) data. In order to build data science solutions at scale however, the data fueling the analytical work must be clean and easily accessible to the advanced algorithms that will be leveraging it. This presentation will cover how the critical tasks of data acquisition, cleaning, storage and pipeline development must be considered when designing and operationalizing large scale data science solutions.
One of the biggest challenges in corporations is the training of new data scientists to build the most predictive models possible with a given data set and modeling algorithm. Following the approach he's developed teaching this critical topic area after more than 20 years of industry practice, Bob Nisbet will demonstrate the effectiveness in preliminary models of using a progressive series of common data preparation steps -- each on the same data set (KDD-Cup 1998 data set) -- including:
- Filling of missing values
- Derivation of "dummy variables"
- Feature selection
- Deriving custom variables, based on business insights, which become powerful predictors
- Showing how to incorporate time-series data as predictors of system response with a given prediction horizon
- Showing how different data conditioning operations (e.g. balancing and standardization) can generate very different predictive outcomes
11:20 am - 11:40 am
In the event industry, use of machine learning is not commonplace. This talk is on how UBM/Informa uses automated machine learning (AML) technology to improve their sales and marketing processes. This includes application areas such as identifying the most suitable marketing plan to maximize ROI, and forecasting the number of event pre-registrants. We employed an AML platform employed to build and deploy accurate machine learning models quickly. Informa is a leading business intelligence, academic publishing, knowledge and events business.
11:45 am - 12:05 pm
Every year, corporations spend more than $250B on litigation in the US. The critical decisions - whether to litigate or settle or where to file suit - are often made the same way they were 100 years ago. To gain insight that companies could use to make informed decisions on legal proceedings, we built a predictive analytics engine. The approach, combining minimal viable prediction with data from thousands of patent appeal cases over 10 years, was developed to predict outcomes in future patent appeal cases. We think of it like Moneyball, but for a market 20x the size of Majors.
Are you curious about how companies address the gaps in their employees’ data and analytics skills? As the Corporate Training lead at Metis, I’ve worked with a wide range of organizations – from blue chip financial services to boutique tech startups – to develop training programs that help build the competencies needed to successfully apply data science that leads to growth, innovation, and better decision making. In this talk, I’ll share some of these real-world scenarios and answer your questions about the ways training can help your company achieve its goals. Participants will learn:
Which data science and analytics skills are most in demand
How certain skills are evolving to meet market demand
How companies use training to solve common problems and achieve strategic goals
The core Bayesian idea, when learning from data, is to inject information — however slight — from outside the data. In real-world applications, meta-information is clearly needed — such as domain knowledge about the problem being addressed, what to optimize, what variables mean, their valid ranges, etc. But even when estimating basic features (such as rates of rare events), even vague prior information can be very valuable. This key idea has been re-discovered in many fields, from the James-Stein estimator in mathematics and Ridge or Lasso Regression in machine learning, to Shrinkage in bio-statistics and “Optimal Brain Surgery” in neural networks. It’s so effective — as I’ll illustrate for a simple technique useful for wide data, such as in text mining — that the Bayesian tribe has grown from being the oppressed minority to where we just may all be Bayesians now.
Altair Knowledge Works enables individuals and organizations to incorporate more data, unite more minds and engender more trust in analytics and data science. This solution helps organizations get more from internal, external, and enterprise-wide sources of data. Knowledge Works makes more data usable, maximizing the breadth, integrity, value, and insight from your analytics, no matter the origin, format or narrative of the data. Eliminate self-service siloes, duplications, and versioning errors that create dubious analytics. Knowledge Works is a secure, unified data management platform that ensures data integrity, user lineage, and control. The result is greater confidence, bolder insights, and smarter outcomes. It’s a platform for teams with different skill sets enabling them to combine heterogeneous strengths to collaborate on the machine learning, predictive models, and automated decision making with their peers with precision, efficiency and agility. From data wrangling to intelligence, creation of models and model results visualization.
The companies getting the most value from advanced analytics spend much more of their time and money embedding analytics into their core workflows than others. The most successful, in fact, spend more than half their analytics budget not to build analytics, but to deploy and operationalize it. Companies that don’t complete this last mile, those that stop once they have completed the core analytics, see their analytic investments go to waste. Join this expert panel to hear what you can do to make sure you can embed analytics in your front line and maximize the return on your analytics investment.
3:30 pm - 3:50 pm
Every company will live and die by the decisions they make, but none more than High Growth Start-ups. While start-ups are in high growth mode they have to make quick, meaningful decisions that have impact today and to ensure success they have to be insightful data informed decisions. This talk discusses the process of enabling everyone in a company with the ability and access to analytics. Discussing how you get non-technical users engaging with data and at the same time getting your technical data folks well versed in understanding the business beyond the numbers. With this data informed ecosystem any company can make efficient, informed decisions to drive the business.
3:55 pm - 4:15 pm
Analytics has become extremely valuable as it enables businesses to analyze their data and drive data driven decisions by uncovering insights and predicting outcomes. In this talk, I will share my personal story on how to hire, build and maintain world-class analytics teams.
3:30 pm - 3:50 pm
Preeminent consultant, author and instructor Dean Abbott, along with Rexer Analytics president Karl Rexer, field questions from an audience of predictive analytics practitioners about their work, best practices, and other tips and pointers.
3:55 pm - 4:15 pm
Today's organizations have billions of dollars riding on the accuracy and performance integrity of analytical models. With model performance becoming a strategic enabler and a potential source of liability, organizations need to manage the risks associated with analytics.
To manage these risks effectively and move beyond simple financial model or spreadsheet auditing, organizations need a system of controls around analytic model development. These analytics controls provide checks and balances around model selection, validation, implementation, and maintenance.
British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli once said, "There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics." Hollywood is gradually coming around to data-driven decision-making, but some skepticism towards quantitative analysis still lingers on. This presentation will provide an overview on movie-related metadata and how data silos are starting to break down at studios. Additionally, AI/machine learning entertainment industry examples will be shared to show how an improving analytics culture is providing actionable insights to: (1) mitigate risk when green-lighting movies, (2) improve box office predictions by building better statistical models, and (3) drive profits with targeted marketing campaigns.
4:20 pm - 4:40 pm
In the future, there will not be a shortage of doctors, lawyers, teachers, and accountants, there will be a shortage of people in those fields that can speak to technology. From cloud computing to mobile and social media, there is an explosion of data from technology and there is value trapped in siloed organizations where only a hand full of specialized people are empowered with the necessary skills to realize the full potential of data. The solution is to use customized and compelling, case studies to foster a practical understanding of data analytics. This talk will provide practical steps on how to build data science skills across different functions and disciplines in your organization.
4:45 pm - 5:05 pm
Success in a data-driven world means empowering teams with science to improve decision making through confident, replicable and trainable programs that can engage an entire organization. Analytics teams that use a scientific approach to answer business questions will accelerate actionable insights and improve user experiences.
Peter and Martin will discuss their experience driving value in organizations including Lyft, Citrix, Alibaba and Bell where data science methods for growth and insights are at the forefront of the business. Data science is a team sport, the people in the business closest to the data often are in a position to know it best. Fostering an analytic mindset throughout the organization and training teams in a scientific approach to attack the problems they encounter will produce a needed competitive advantage.
Gain speed and agility in modeling solutions to the questions in your organization for a deeper understanding of the business landscape.
4:20 pm - 4:40 pm
There is a lot of information and best practices available so data scientists can build analytic models, but much less about how analytic models can best be integrated into a company's products, services or operations, which we call analytic operations. We describe three frameworks so that a company or organization can improve its analytic operations and explain the frameworks using case studies.
4:45 pm - 5:05 pm
Many organizations utilize predictive models to make decisions but what happens when those models fail to deliver, or worse, are totally off? Having had to audit numerous models across diverse industries as an advanced analytics management consultant, Stephen Chen shares personal WTF experiences and distills the perils inherent in predictive modeling which are typically glossed over in data science courses and texts.
Using real world datasets to illustrate these issues, this session aims to help stakeholders better assess the suitability of models for decision-making, as well as helping practitioners think through their datasets and processes to build more robust models.
The restaurant industry in America is closing on $800b in annual revenue. We have more than a million locations, and we employ more than 14.7m employees*. But for all of that, 9 out of 10 of our managers started at the entry level. Ex-dishwashers, busboys, and hosts, now helping us to run an $800b a year business.
Post-Conference Workshops - Thursday, June 20th, 2019
Full-day: 8:30am – 4:30pm:
This one-day session reveals the subtle mistakes analytics practitioners often make when facing a new challenge (the “deadly dozen”), and clearly explains the advanced methods seasoned experts use to avoid those pitfalls and build accurate and reliable models. Click workshop title above for the fully detailed description.
Full-day: 8:30am – 4:30pm:
Gain the power to extract signals from big data on your own, without relying on data engineers and Hadoop specialists. Click workshop title above for the fully detailed description.
Full-day: 8:30am – 4:30pm:
During this workshop, you will gain hands-on experience deploying deep learning on Google’s TPUs (Tensor Processing Units) – held the day immediately after the Deep Learning World and Predictive Analytics World two-day conferences. Click workshop title above for the fully detailed description.
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https://www.predictiveanalyticsworld.com/business/2019/agenda/?utm_source=patimes&utm_medium=interview
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7:00 am Breakfast Collaboration Roundtables
Synopsis• Join up with Data and Business teams meeting to discuss how to advance analytics capabilities in:
KEYNOTE SESSIONS
8:15 am Optimizing Predictive Analytics and How This Effects E&P
- Detlef Hohl Chief Scientist , Shell
Synopsis
- Develop better predictive analysis of maintenance and equipment breakdowns and improve the whole operation
- Optimize overall performance across all wells and reservoirs with comprehensive health and performance analytics to ensure decision makers stay ahead of critical situations
- Understand the developing landscape of predictive analytics tools and which solution works best across different functions
- Increase performance workflows for engineers with more access to analytics
9:00 am Achieving Improvements in Company-scale Capital Allocation with Reduced Physics and Deep Learning to Evaluate the risk/reward of new Completions in Workovers and New Drills
- Nathaniel Jones Data Scientist, California Resource Company
Synopsis
|· Learn how to integrate machine learning and physics knowledge to overcome issues with limited datasets and improve risk characterization of new completion opportunities.
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· See how to use the results from data driven pipelines to high-grade opportunities and incorporate data-driven risk/uncertainty into capital planning
· Review case study, obstacles, and techniques for deploying data science into existing workflows and decision making to make a strategic impact and avoid getting stuck in the ‘POC’ project phase
10:00 am Morning Coffee & Exhibition
Download the Event Guide for Full Stream Details
Track A: Innovating Data Architecture for Advanced Analytics
Track B: Applied Analytics for E&P Optimization
10.30 The Benefits of Building IT Infrastructure to Enhance Machine Learning and Statistical Algorithms
- Develop a clear plan to modernize IT infrastructure to best support the growing rate of new data processing technologies
- Optimize statistical algorithms to obtain more data abilities and increase your competitive advantage
Scot Nesom, Data Management & Automation, Consultant
10.30 Data Analytics for Oil Corrosion Risk
- Learn how to predict oil corrosion and what data analysis tools can we use to help this process
- Build out your reservoir modeling to support OCR
- Utilize analytics to lower maintenance costs across your operation
Paritosh Singh, Data Visualization Specialist, Shell
11.15 Why we need Data Democratization to Eliminate Silos
- Obtain more value from data we need to understand how to safely democratize it
- Learn how to create meaningful information by eliminating silos
- Integrate data warehouses & eliminate silos to open up data to more people within the E&P process
Keith Modesitt, Data Science Lead, BP
11.15 Use Case – Leveraging Search Analytics to Improve
Exploration Operations
- Optimize analytics solutions to improve exploration for new drilling opportunities
- Build analytics to support your analysis of semantic unstructured data
Dryonis Pertuso, Integrated Operations -Advanced Analytics, Hess
Download the Event Guide for Full Stream Details
12:00 pm Lunch
Track A: Innovating Data Architecture for Advanced Analytics
Track B: Applied Analytics for E&P Optimization
1.00 Which came first: The Data or the Business Problem?
- Learn how a data centric approach results in unnecessary data architectures and increased risk to adoption and business solutions
- Put the business problems first to be more successful in your designs and efforts
Ansel Manning, Data Engineering Specialist, Chesapeake Energy
1.00 Robotics and Reinforcement learning for Oil Field Equipment Inspections and Analysis
- The topic is on how to build self-learning algorithms for intelligent robotic systems which can do completely automated maintenance systems and generate recommendations and dill plans.
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https://ada-upstream.com/program/agenda/day-two/
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We live in a data-driven world where data has an impact on the way people live. As a matter of fact, the quantity of digital data that exists is growing rapidly at a brisk, twinning every two years, and changing the way we live. And it’s already becoming increasingly unstructured. Multiple avenues have emerged in the Big Data landscape field with this data, including Data Science and Data Analytics.
Know more: Top 12 most preferred data science careers during COVID19
Nowadays various frameworks have resolved the problem of storage, the main focus on data has shifted to processing this huge amount of data. Even though people tend to use these terms correspondently, they execute very significant but varied jobs, and there are many differences among these concepts. There has always been skepticism among these factors when it comes to the comparison of Big Data, Data Analytics, and Data Science.
Data Science:
Data Science is an amalgamation of various tools, algorithms, and machine learning principles with the target to discover hidden patterns from the original data. It also includes solving a problem in different ways to reach the solution and on the other hand, it includes designing and constructing new processes for data modeling and production using different prototypes, algorithms, predictive models, and custom analysis.
Roles and Responsibilities of Data Science
Data Scientists execute a probing analysis to discover insights from the data. They also use several advanced machine learning algorithms to identify the occurrence of a particular event in the future. This includes identifying hidden patterns, unknown correlations, market trends, and other useful business information. Following are the responsibilities of a Data Scientist:
- Data Cleansing and processing
- Forecasting business issues and creative ideas to achieve better results in future
- Createmodelsusing machine learning and methods of analytics.
- Searching for new features that add value to the business.
- Data mining using state-of-the-art methods
- Presenting results in a more precise manner by doing the ad-hoc analysis.
In the field of Data Science, candidates are hired as the Data Developers, Data Creator, Data Researchers, and other Data Scientist roles as per their skill sets.
Applications of Data Science
Search Engines: Search engine algorithms use data science to deliver accurate results for queries. By usage of Data science, it is used to process a significant amount of queries and convert them into useful patterns. It enables providing accurate results according to the user’s requirements.
Delivery Logistics: In this era of advanced technology, e-commerce has become a robust industry with a massive demand for online shopping. It ushers the logistics companies to improve their delivery experience and attract the companies to understand the absolute paths by using data science.
Fraud and Risk: Finance companies are required to verify continuously on their toes to not fall into fraud loans, debts, and losses. With the help of data science, these companies with wider security check, improve customer profiling, and to find patterns that help them in the detection of risks and frauds.
Internet search: Search engines are the way of generating data science algorithms to deliver the best results for search queries in a fraction of seconds.
Digital Advertisements: The whole digital marketing platform runs by the data science algorithms - from display banners to digital billboards. This is the main factor for digital ads getting higher CTR than traditional advertisements.
Required Skill-sets for Data Science:
The top-most trends in Data Science include Smart Apps, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Intelligent Things, Edge Computing, Digital Twins, Security for secure digital businesses, Augmented Reality (AR), Intelligent Platforms, and Event-Driven Techs. Following are the required skill-sets of Data Science:
- SAS or R coding
- In-depth knowledge of programming
- Co-relation
- Data Mining Activities
- Statistical & Analytical Skills
- Deep Learning principles
- SQL/ Database coding
- Machine Learning
Big Data:
Big Data indicates the wide range of data that is gushing in from different data sources and has different formats. It is something that can be used to analyze the insights which can lead to better decisions and strategic business moves.
Roles and Responsibilities of Big Data
The responsibilities of big data professional lies around dealing with a huge amount of heterogeneous data, which is gathered from various sources coming in at a high velocity. The professionals in the field of Big Datanarrate the behavior and structure of a big data solution and how it can be completed using technologies of big data such as Spark, Hadoop, Kafka, etc. based on requirements. Following are the responsibilities of a Big Data professional:
- Integration and Selection of any big data frameworks and tools based on the requested capabilities.
- ETL process implementation.
- Monitoring and advising performance as per infrastructure trends.
- Defining policies for Data Retention.
In the field of Big Data, candidates are hired as Big Data Visualizer, Chief Data Officer, Data warehouse manager, Data Architect, Database developer, Data mining analyst, Business Data Analyst, etc.
Applications of Big Data
Retail: The vital element when trying to advance in the retail business is only possible through staying competitively and serving the customer in a better way. It is possible only through proper analysis of all resources of disparate data dealt with daily by organizations such as for weblogs, customer transaction data, social media, loyalty program data, and store-branded credit data.
Financial services: The services of Big Data are offered to the firms such as private wealth management advisors, retail banks, insurance firms, credit card companies, etc. for their financial services with the help of big data in particular ways such as fraud analytics,customer analytics, compliance analytics, and operational analytics.
Communications: Telecommunication service provider’s priorities are to retain customers, expanding the existing customer base, and gaining new ones. To get this target completed, gather and analyze the customer as well as machine-generated data on a daily basis.
Required Skill-sets for Big Data
The most trending topics in Big Data are Talking Robots, Accurate Product Searching, the Internet of Things (IoT), and Artificial Intelligence (AI). Following are the required skill-sets of Big Data:
- Working with Unstructured data
- Hadoop/ Spark/ Hive etc.
- Programming Skills
- Familiarity with MATLAB
- Creativity
- SQL/ Database coding
- Data Visualization
- Business skills
Read also: Data Analysis: The Trending Career Option
Data Analytics:
It is the science of assessing original data with the motive of pull out conclusions about that data or information. Basically, Data Science is totally about discovering the necessary information from the original data to support decision-making. The process of Data Analyticsincludes cleansing, inspecting, transforming & data modeling.
Roles and Responsibilities of Data Analytics
Data analysts convert numbers into simple English. Each and every business gathers data like market research, sales figures, logistics, or transportation costs. The job role of a data analyst is to receive that data and use it to help firms to make better business decisions.Below are the responsibilities of a Data Analyst:
- Figuring out the quality issues in data acquisition.
- Tracing and mapping data to solve business problems.
- Synchronizing with engineers to collect new data.
- Executing data statistical business analysis.
- Documenting business types and structuring data.
In the field of Data Analytics, candidates are hired as Database Administrators, Data Operators, Data Architects, Data Analysts, etc.
Applications of Data Analytics
Management of energy: Many firms use data analytics for energy management including energy optimization, building automation in case utility companies, smart-grid energy, and energy distribution. The primary focus is to monitor and control network devices, dispatch crews, and service outage management.
Healthcare: Core pressure is the primary challenge that hospitals are facing today as it tightens the treatment of several patients, data analytics helps hospitals to improve the quality of care. The rate of instrument and machine data is growing to optimize and track the treatment, patient flow, and equipment usage.
Gaming: Data analytics in gaming includes data collection to optimize and spend across games. These manufacturing companies get a good insight into likes, dislikes, and the user's relationships.
Travels: Data analytics in Travel helps to optimize the buying experience via websites, data analysis, and social media. The preferences of the customers’ can match up the present sales followed by browsing can enhance conversions.
Required Skill-sets for Data Analytics
Data analysts with knowledge of machine learning skills are in high demand. Skills in Predictive Analytics, Data Lakes, Visualization Models, Data Curating, Spark, Tableau, Hive, and Python are much in demand. Following are the required key skill-sets:
- Scripting & Statistical Skills
- Programming skills
- Data Warehousing
- Data Visualization reporting
- Adobe & Google Analytics
- SQL/ Database coding
- Data Intuition
Salary Trends:
Mentioned below are the average salary structure of the following professions at entry-level and it increases with experience and expertise.
- Data Scientist is INR 7 – 9 LPA.
- Big Data Engineer is INR 6 – 7 LPA.
- Data Analyst is INR 5 – 7 LPA.
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https://educationasia.in/article/analyzing-the-difference-between-data-science-vs-big-data-vs-data-analytics
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In the first article in this series, we discussed how humans have always desired to better understand the present and predict the future.1 The algorithms to help achieve this understanding have been around for decades, including even those of artificial intelligence (AI) approaches for enabling computers to reason about things that normally require human intelligence. However, only in recent years have we accumulated the massive digital data and developed the sufficiently powerful processors needed to put these AI algorithms to work on real human and business problems, with excellent performance and accuracy, on a broad scale.
In this article, we describe some of the fundamental technologies and processes that enable enterprises to put AI to work to transform their businesses. In particular, we explain the concepts of data analytics, data science and machine learning, including deep learning. We also describe data engineering, which is an essential enabler for all of the above. This discussion will provide the basis for understanding deeper dives into machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) to follow in subsequent articles. These deeper ML and DL dives will, in turn, provide the foundation for additional articles in this series to demonstrate how these techniques are being applied in real-world enterprise use cases.
Data analytics
In today’s world, all enterprises generate massive amounts of data from diverse sources. Whether it’s from enterprise systems themselves, from social media or other online sources, from smartphones and other client/edge computing devices, or from sensors and instruments comprising the Internet of Things, this data is extremely valuable to organizations that have the tools in place to capitalize on it. The overall toolbox for these tools is called data analytics.
Data analytics is a broad term that refers to the use of various techniques that find meaningful patterns in data. It is a process by which data is converted into insight and foresight. Data analytics tools allow us to describe what happened in the past, draw insights about the present, and — with some techniques — make predictions about the future.
The field of data analytics is not new. It has been used in the business world for decades. Data analytics can be as simple as using statistics to determine the average age or to summarize other demographic characteristics about customers. A linear regression chart in an Excel spreadsheet can shed light on sales trends. Yet, as old as it is, the field of data analytics never stands still. It’s continually evolving, as enterprises apply more advanced analytics techniques, such as applications focused on business intelligence and the real-time analysis of data as it streams into the organization.
The desire to increase understanding about the past, present and future stimulates ongoing advances in the field of data analytics. These advances are necessary for cases where we can’t achieve understanding by simply solving straightforward problems. In the world of business, there are few, if any, hard-and-fast “laws of nature” that will tell you with absolute certainty what is going to happen. To get to this higher-level understanding, enterprises must capture and analyze data using advanced techniques. And this brings us to data science.
Data science
Data science is the cutting edge of data analytics. It’s a process of testing, evaluating and experimenting to create new data analytics techniques and new ways to apply them. As the name implies, data science is, at its core, a practice that follows well-established approaches to scientific investigation. Data scientists are, thus, trying out new algorithms to enable insight and understanding, and measuring the usefulness of those approaches as much as the accuracy of the results. If approaches are deemed generally useful, they become more widely known and contribute to the growing set of data analytics tools.
Thus, while every enterprise should use data analytics in its operations, the need for analytics will increase as companies embrace digital transformation. As they make this transformation, enterprises should constantly push the edge of their analytics capabilities forward. One way to do this is to hire data scientists. Strong enterprise data cultures should include data scientists who continually strive to increase capabilities while working to enable the larger enterprise staff to use mature, proven analytics tools.
Data engineering
While it doesn’t draw the big headlines, data engineering is an essential enabler for data analytics and data science. In simple terms, data engineering makes data useful. It converts structured, unstructured and semi-structured data from different systems and silos into collections of useful, consistent data from which applications and algorithms can extract understanding and value.
Data engineering includes work to clean up datasets — often great amounts of work when dealing with many different data sources and/or data with missing values, errors and even biases. For example, if you’re running analytics on recent homes sales, you’d want to correct or remove any house record with a zero sales price. That erroneous price data would bias your results when included in simple analytics, such as average home price, so the data engineer works to remove it from the dataset, or (better) to correct it if possible. Such data errors can have hidden effects in more sophisticated data analytics that might not be readily apparent in results. However, they can have severe consequences when using the results.
While you may have heard the term more often in recent years, there is nothing new about data engineering. It’s been around for as long as digital data has been with us. But today, there is an increased need for data engineering as organizations work to merge, curate, reformat and scrub diverse data from an ever-growing range of sources. This process is often required for advanced data analytics applications, including machine learning and deep learning. Data engineers must remove bad data, address gaps and ensure that data does not introduce bias into the results — a topic we’ll explore in a subsequent article.
Artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence refers to computing systems that have the ability to reason about things and make classifications and decisions that would normally require human intelligence. Common use cases for AI include image recognition and classification, and speech recognition and language translation.
While you may hear people talk about AI as if it were new, it’s actually been with us since the 1950s. Since the advent of computers, people have had the notion that machines could be programmed to think the way humans think.
There have been different approaches to AI — to make computers reason as well or better than humans — over the years. One approach that achieved some success a few decades ago was expert systems. These systems follow human-generated, preprogrammed rule sets to carry out tasks independently of humans. For example, we have all experienced expert systems in the form of automated response systems, such as those we are likely to interact with when we call a customer-service desk and need to wade through menu options with button presses. (Many of these are now being redeveloped using natural language processing — based on deep learning, described below — to be more flexible and effective, and less frustrating as the natural language processing gets better over time.)
More recently, an approach called machine learning has become a preferred method of realizing AI. Even more recently, a subset of machine learning called deep learning has been demonstrated to be extremely effective in certain problem types and workloads — when there is sufficient data to train the models (the “learning” part). Thus, at a broader level, AI encompasses many approaches, with machine learning and deep learning being two approaches that make today’s AI-enabled applications possible.
Figure 1. Artificial intelligence is an overarching concept. Machine learning approaches are currently the most used, and most successful, AI approaches in enterprise and consumer applications. Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that is especially powerful for certain workloads like image recognition, natural language processing, sentiment analysis and other uses where there is enough high-quality data to train the models to achieve high accuracy.
Machine learning and deep learning
Machine learning is a sub-field of AI that provides systems with the ability to learn from data and improve over time without being explicitly programmed. Machine learning algorithms use data to generate and refine rules. The computer then decides how to respond based on what it has learned from the data. The key here is that you’re letting the data guide the development of rules.
Machine learning techniques can use diverse data types, including unstructured or semi-structured data, to help derive the understanding that leads to system-generated actions and decisions.
Let’s consider a deliberately simple example. With classical machine learning, you could give a system a set of features common to cats in photos of several types of animals. You could then let the system sort through databases filled with photos of animals and find which combinations of human-supplied features identify all the cats in the mix. In the process, the machine learning system gets better and better as it learns from its experiences with the data.
Deep learning is a type of machine learning built on a deep hierarchy of interconnected “neural network” layers, with the ability to learn key “features” from the data provided to the system. The deep learning technique takes massive amounts of data and determines the common rules and features associated with the data. As with classical machine learning, data guides the training of the deep learning model.
Let’s expand on our cat example. If you give a deep learning system enough images of cats, the system can — all on its own — determine the features that make a cat a cat, such as characteristics related to the eyes, ears, whiskers and tail. This ability to learn goes beyond that of classical machine learning, because in this case you don’t have to tell the system what features to look for. It figures that out on its own.
So why does this matter?
We all benefit in countless ways from AI, which is now virtually everywhere in our lives. Have you used Google today to search the Internet? You’ve benefitted from AI. Have you used a credit card lately? You’ve benefitted from AI programs that validate user identities and stop potentially fraudulent transactions. Have you encountered online stores that make personalized suggestions based on the products you’re looking at? That’s AI at work.
As we noted in the first article in this series, AI changes the ground rules for decision-making in the enterprise.1 Machine learning and deep learning techniques, for example, allow executives to weave in data from many sources — such as social media sites, customer information systems and e-commerce sites — to make better predictions about the products that are likely to sell in the future and the people who are likely to buy them. Decision makers can then tailor their product-development and sales and marketing strategies accordingly.
It’s important to emphasize that AI is no longer a niche application. Across a wide range of industries, enterprises are putting AI to work to build stronger customer relationships, make smarter business decisions, improve the efficiency of processes, and bring better products and services to market, some of which may include AI. The use cases for AI are virtually unlimited, spanning from healthcare and financial services to manufacturing and national defense. If you have massive amounts of data, AI can help you find and understand the patterns in it.
Next up: a deeper dive into machine learning
In the next article in this series, we will dive into classical machine learning techniques that are already in widespread use. In follow-on articles, we will explore deep learning and explain how to determine which techniques to use and when to use them, and then we will share use-case examples from various companies. We hope you will continue to follow our series as we discuss how AI will forever transform business and create new products, services and jobs.
Jay Boisseau, Ph.D., is an artificial intelligence and high performance computing technology strategist at Dell EMC.
Lucas Wilson, Ph.D., is an artificial intelligence researcher and lead data scientist in the HPC and AI Innovation Lab at Dell EMC.
About this series
Artificial intelligence has long been shrouded in mystery. It’s often talked about in futuristic terms, although it is in use today and enriching our lives in countless ways. In this series, Jay Boisseau, an AI and HPC strategist for Dell EMC, and Lucas Wilson, an AI researcher for Dell EMC, cut through the talk and explain in simple terms the rapidly evolving technologies and techniques that are coming together to fuel the adoption of AI systems on a broad scale.
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- CIO, "Enterprise AI: The Ongoing Quest for Insight and Foresight," December 2018.
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https://www.cio.com/article/3342421/enterprise-ai-data-analytics-data-science-and-machine-learning.html
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Job description:
Responsibilities
- Design & develop algorithms and programs to solve complex data problems in a computationally efficient and statistically effective manner;
- Implement machine learning and statistical techniques on large data sets to create new solutions for business problems
- Collaborate with clients and other stakeholders to effectively integrate and communicate analysis findings
- Evaluate emerging datasets and technologies that may contribute to our products & platforms
- Own development of internal big data platform and associated products to create scale
- Guide and manage the big data & analytics project teams.
- Explore public & private data at Innoplexus to generate useful trends, signals, and segments
- Design, develop and evaluate highly innovative models for predictive learning
- Establish scalable, efficient, automated processes for large scale data analyses, model development, model validation and model implementation
- Research and implement novel machine learning and statistical approaches
- Improve methods that we use to crawl / collect, aggregate, model, analyse, visualize and deliver data & insights
- Collaborate with the product and engineering teams to help build tools to verify proper data tagging, and tracking
- Pro-actively experiment & implement techniques in tracking massive data volumes and ensuring data correctness
Qualification and Skills Required
- PhD / Masters degree in Computer Science, Machine Learning, Statistics or in a highly quantitative field, plus 2-4 years of relevant post-PhD work experience;
- Experience with big data/advanced analytics concepts and algorithms (e.g. text mining, social listening, recommender systems, predictive modeling, etc.);
- Relevant programming background (e.g. Java/Python/R);
- Strong understanding of relevant tools/platforms in Open Source (e.g. Hadoop eco system, Apache big data architecture, MongoDB);
- Agile project planning and project management experience;
- Team management and skill development experience;
- Relevant domain knowledge preferred; (healthcare / hi-tech / BFSI);
- Excellent oral and written communication skills;
- Strong attention to detail, with a research-focused mindset;
- Excellent critical thinking and problem solving skills;
- High motivation, good work ethic and maturity.
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https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2015/07/data-scientist-innoplexus-gurgaon-2-5-years-experience/
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While both types of teams are relatively new to not just Vectorworks but also similar software companies, the analytics data that comes in from user behaviors is mainly of interest for improving user performance.
“One of the ways we can improve the user performance for Vectorworks is by guiding the user’s next action,” says Sarkar. This is an area where the company is employing machine learning frameworks and an area where they are exploring AI (artificial intelligence). The company dumps user log data into several machine learning frameworks that in the end are trying to figure out things like after a user draws a wall or a rectangle, what do they generally do next? “We are interested in predicting what their next step wants to be,” he adds. One of the things the company is already doing is making changes to the user interface (UI) based on this machine learning analysis.
We are also very interested in how we can connect TensorFlow’s deep learning frameworks to the Marionette scripting environment.
The company has already noted in earlier Design Summits their interest in using machine learning to improve graphics in their rendering engines. A focus of late has been using AI algorithms to analyze photos and generate a rendering style from that photo. Such a focus fits the company’s reputation as being one of the most graphics-forward facing CAD/BIM companies, a legacy item of note largely stemming from their deep Macintosh roots. (see image 02, pg 3)
A third way the company is working with AI and machine learning is in exploring the use of deep learning algorithms to generate optimal design layouts in buildings. “These are not just algorithms but genetic algorithms that are aimed at helping the user optimally configure particular types of layouts around various criteria,” says Dr. Sarkar. These investigations can be quite useful for particularly complex program types in architecture, like around hospital design where one is trying to optimize travel time from a nursing station to a patient care unit. “The algorithms are the same ones that are being used in genetic research,” he adds, “where they are trying to look at the particular configurations of genes in pursuit of a cure for a disease.” Such algorithms look at all possible patterns within genes to drive towards medical treatments and cures and the folks at Vectorworks are taking a similar approach but towards optimal layout configurations in buildings.
To pursue these activities, the company is also tapping the deep learning frameworks from Google called TensorFlow. “We are also very interested in how we can connect TensorFlow’s deep learning frameworks to the Marionette scripting environment,” adds Sarkar. “We want to see what opportunities are there.”
The company is especially interested to see if there is a way to send the feedback loop data from the machine learning algorithms back to the design-forward algorithms in Marionette. In other words, a virtuous feedback loop would begin with a “design goals”-based Marionette process—perhaps generating three-dimensional forms for architecture—that gets affected by TensorFlow deep learning frameworks all in the pursuit of creating optimal building design arrangements that meet complex form and program criteria.
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https://architosh.com/2018/10/five-ways-bleeding-edge-innovation-is-working-at-vectorworks/2/
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Improving DevOps and QA efficiency using machine learning and NLP methods. Ran Taig (Dell), Omer Sagi (Dell) 16:35 Ran Taig and Omer Sagi outline a solution that leverages NLP and machine learning algorithms to automatically identify duplicate issues.
Machine learning can facilitate rapid development of NLP tools by leveraging large amounts of text data. Objective: The main aim of this study was to provide systematic evidence on the properties of text data used to train machine learning approaches to clinical NLP.
Faster machines and multicore CPU/GPUs. Vectorization is a procedure for converting words (text information) into digits to extract text attributes (features) and further use of machine learning (NLP) algorithms. In other words, text vectorization method is transformation of the text to numerical vectors. The most popular vectorization method is “Bag of words” and “TF-IDF”. We encoded the text to numeric vectors as input data into the training models. The most two common methods in the machine learning area are the Document-Term Matrix and TF-IDF.
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Explore machine learning methods in sentiment analysis. Build a speech tagging A Beginner's Guide to Important Topics in AI, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning. Natural language processing applies computers to understanding human Our findings motivate Nucleus Sampling, a simple but effective method to& Sentiment analysis is a broadly employed method for finding and extracting the appropriate polarity of text sources using Natural language Processing (NLP) The field of ML, and the associated application of NLP methods, hold great potential for applicability to counterterrorism. As methods that use artificial intelligence 20 May 2019 How Bitext Enhances Machine learning through NLP · Tokenization- Tokenization is a natural language processing task involving regular 1 Oct 2020 This study examines the potential of applying advanced artificial intelligence methods to the educational problem of assessing text difficulty.
International Conference on Machine Learning Techniques and NLP (MLNLP 2020) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of Machine Learning Techniques and NLP.
Its goal is to build systems that can make sense of text and perform tasks like translation, grammar checking, or topic classification. In the fledgling, yet advanced, fields of Natural Language Processing(NLP) and Natural Language Understanding(NLU) — Unsupervised learning holds an elite place. That's because it satisfies both criteria for a coveted field of science — it’s ubiquitous but it’s quite complex to understand at the same time.
4 May 2015 Natural Language Processing. SoSe 2015. Machine Learning for NLP. Dr. Mariana Neves Learning Methods. –. Supervised learning. ○.
The most popular supervised NLP machine learning algorithms are: Support Vector Machines Bayesian Networks Maximum Entropy Conditional Random Field Neural Networks/Deep Learning Deep Learning. Most of these NLP technologies are powered by Deep Learning — a subfield of machine learning. Deep Learning only started to gain momentum again at the beginning of this decade, mainly due to these circumstances: Larger amounts of training data.
Deep
3 Nov 2020 learning path; starting from the basics of NLP, gradually introducing advanced concepts like Deep Learning approaches to solve NLP tasks. 3 Apr 2019 This post explores a few of these NLP and ML techniques, like text This post explores two different methods to embed the text data in vector space: GloVe — For the next two models (deep learning), the Spacy model fo
Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) is a behavioral technology, which simply means that it is a Learning NLP is like learning the language of your own mind! International NLP coach, Michael Beale, gives a number of ways you can As with all NLP approaches, before you start, think about what you want to achieve. This is a form of 'deep trance identification', and has a similar s
22 Aug 2019 For our purposes in this book, stemming is a sufficient approach for considering multiple related words as a single token.] Handling n-grams:
NLP is a field in machine learning with the ability of a computer to understand, analyze, manipulate, and potentially generate human language. NLP in Real Life Information Retrieval (Google finds relevant and similar results). Information Extraction (Gmail structures events from emails). Machine learning (ML) for natural language processing (NLP) and text analytics involves using machine learning algorithms and “narrow” artificial intelligence (AI) to understand the meaning of text documents.
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Thus, deep learning models seem like a good approach for accomplishing NLP tasks that require a deep understanding of the text, namely text classification, machine translation, question answering, summarization, and natural language inference among NLP – Imbalanced Data (Google trans & class weights) (1). Machine Learning – Imbalanced Data: The main two methods that are used to tackle the class imbalance is upsampling/oversampling and downsampling/undersampling. NLP is also useful to teach machines the ability to perform complex natural language related tasks such as machine translation and dialogue generation. For a long time, the majority of methods Algorithms Learning Paradigms • Statistical learning: – HMM, Bayesian Networks, ME, CRF, etc. • Traditional methods from Artificial Intelligence (ML, AI) – Decision trees/lists, exemplar-based learning, rule induction, neural networks, etc.
Recurrent Neural Networks are used to exploit the sequential structure of natural language data. Stay tuned for detailed presentations of our NLP projects and more in-depth discussions of RNN model architectures such as (bidirectional) LSTMs. complex individual learning methods. I Di erent biases often better than all having the same bias (unless this bias is "the right bias") I Examples I Net ix Price ($1M) I CoNLL Shared Task on Dependency Parsing I But keep in mind: ensemble methods are not silver bullets!
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Python might not be the best choice to integrate Machine Learning in an enterprise application. This article presents an alternative using Java and Spark NLP.
2021-04-19 · In this article, we change a direction a bit and explore NLP (Natural Language Processing) and the set of problems we can solve with machine learning. Natural language processing ( NLP ) is a subfield of artificial intelligence with the main goal to help programs understand and process natural language data. Machine Learning for NLP/Text Analytics, beyond Machine Learning 04/March/2021 Accuracy measures in Sentiment Analysis: the Precision of MeaningCloud’s Technology 12/January/2021 New Excel 365 add-in for Text Analytics!
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We are looking to build NLP-based systems, tools, and services that serve Adapt standard machine learning methods to best exploit modern
NLP-powered tools can help you classify social media posts by sentiment, or extract named entities from business emails, among many other things. Step 1 - Loading the required libraries and modules. Step 2 - Loading the data and performing basic data checks.
Natural Language Processing (short: NLP, sometimes also called Computational Linguistics) is one of the fields which has undergone a revolution since methods from Machine Learning (ML) have been applied to it.In this blog post I will explain what NLP is about and show how Machine Learning comes into play. In the end you will have learned which problems NLP deals with, what kinds of methods it
areas of deep/machine learning, natural language processing and statistics. Analyzing and Interpreting Convolutional Neural Networks in NLP. Convolutional neural networks have been successfully applied to various NLP tasks. SAP Machine Learning Research conducts ground-breaking research to help SAP approaches for structured documents, combines elements from NLP with Using machine learning and natural language processing to automatically extract into those sentences, and exploring methods to identify sentence relations. The Machine Learning (ML) team's primary goal is to maintain and enhance the emerging NLP/ML methods and technologies that could be effectively applied Her paper, Energy and Policy Considerations for Deep Learning in NLP, reviews In this episode, we discuss Emma's research methods, how companies are LIBRIS titelinformation: Applied Natural Language Processing with Python Implementing Machine Learning and Deep Learning Algorithms for Natural The main technical challenge for truly multilingual NLP is the lack of training data for the machine learning methods used, with only spotty coverage across Mesh/FT "Diagnostic Imaging/methods"[Majr] OR "Image Interpretation,. Computer-Assisted"[Majr] Supervised Machine Learning OR Unsupervised Machine Learning. OR Neural Natural Language Processing in 2014: Foundational Short Introduction to NLP methods.
Programming You assess the usefulness of NLP methods with. Joseph J. Peper. NLP Research Engineer, Clinc Inc Systems and methods for machine learning-based multi-intent segmentation and classification. J Peper, P This week on our Learning Machines Seminar series: Causal-Aware Machine to develop new methods that combine machine learning predictive capability by The role of AI and NLP in contributing to solutions tackling climate change is Learning and Deep Learning Algorithms for Natural Language Processing och Along the way, you will learn the skills to implement these methods in larger Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning (AI/ML/DL) F(x) Deep Learning Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning Artificial Intelligence products that utilize AI, machine learning and cutting-edge NLP to provide deep practices in: Devops & automation Machine learning (especially NLP) Traits Machine Learning Summer Workshops are organized by Faculty of Applied Science at Ukrainian Catholic University.
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https://affareraspz.web.app/11538/20318.html
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The Associate Data Scientist/Data Science Analyst takes an active role in all of our customer-facing projects, helping to solve data and analytic problems. The Associate Data Scientist/Data Science Analyst will be expected to collaborate across teams on both client deliverables and internal process priorities. Title distinction between Associate Data Scientist/Data Science Analyst will be determined by experience and academic credentials. You must be able to work on US Government contracts restricted to US citizens. Specific responsibilities include:
Work with a range of media content aggregators and deploy a variety of scrapers, scripts, and other data mining tools to develop narrative-rich data sets to address customer needs
Employ state-of-the-art NLP machine learning methods to analyze large unstructured text-based datasets, extract topics, and build classification models
Use querying languages to clean and manipulate datasets
Conduct statistical modeling and predictive analysis to identify trends and insights
Collaborate with the case teams to visualize data insights in interactive dashboards that answer key client questions
Support our analytics approach to data and collaborate closely with Client Solutions teammates to deliver Narrative Analytics to our customers
Must be able to work on US Government contracts restricted to US citizens
Degree in Data Science, Computer Science, Statistics, or Mathematics
BS Degree with 1+ years of relevant experience with a proven track record of leveraging analytics and large amount of data to drive significant business impact, OR:
Master’s Degree with strong, practical data analytics project experience or relevant internships
Proficiency with R and other statistical programming languages
Strong academic grounding in a range of data science concepts, particularly machine learning and natural language processing
Experience in programming languages like Python or SQL
Strong experience with Excel in particular advanced formula creation, data cleaning, and pivot tables
Hands-on experience in statistical analysis, machine learning, factor/cluster/regression analysis, and/or classification algorithms
Hands-on experience with predictive modeling techniques such as multivariate regression, logistic regression, time series, neural network, support vector machine, and random forest
Hands-on experience with data visualization platforms (such as Tableau, Looker, QuickSight, or Power BI)
Understanding of how to apply data analysis to communications, marketing, and business strategy problems
Excellent interpersonal and presentation skills; able to communicate complex data problems with clarity
Able to work independently as well as part of a cross-functional team
Ability to meet tight deadlines, under pressure, with outstanding attention to detail
Additional Information
Protagonist is a values-driven company that is committed to doing meaningful work for organizations we respect. We are deeply committed to centering racial and gender justice in the work we produce, in our engagement with clients, and in our internal operations. We believe in the promise of democratic governance and the responsibility of civic participation, and are building a culture that supports these commitments.
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https://protag.catsone.com/careers/10257-General/jobs/14820454-Associate-Data-Scientist--Data-Science-Analyst/
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Job Description:
Description
Citizens Bank is currently recruiting for a Senior Data Engineer role. If you are an individual passionate to advance in the field of data science (Core AI) or to make an impact on the organization by applying advanced analytics tools and technology (Applied AI), this is the right opportunity for you to join our growing Advanced Analytics team.
Primary responsibilities include:
* Implementation of Optical Character Recognition(OCR) tools/technologies with document management systems while coordinating with business lines for use; orchestrating an end to end pipeline using OCR and appropriate data repositories to maximize scanning, profiling and searchability of documents.
* Working individually or in small groups to drive transformation using machine learning across the bank in marketing, operations, credit, and fraud.
* Rolling up your sleeves and owning a predictive model building process from end-to-end - managing stakeholders, presenting the results and helping the team grow in an agile organization.
Qualifications
Required Skills/Experience:
* Five years of experience in an analytical, data science role or data engineering (ETL) capacity
* Experience with Seal, Textract or other OCR Technologies
* Understanding of implementating Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Natural Language Understanding (NLU) processes, Natural Language Generation (NLG) algorithms
* Proven ability to program and build predictive models using R or Python; including packages such as TensorFlow, PyTorch, Keras, Pandas, NumPy
* Ability to use SQL for analytical analysis, generate stored procedures
* Experience running statistical or machine learning procedures, such as descriptive statistics, hypothesis testing, dimension reduction, feature transformation, supervised or unsupervised learning
* Solid understanding of machine learning algorithms such as Random Forest, Gradient Boosting and Neural Networks
* Demonstrated quick learner, highly analytical with excellent problem-solving skills and attention to detail
* Strong communication and storytelling skills
* Experience or familiarity with contract analytics and related legal or regulatory requirements (e.g. FDIC370 or LIBOR) is a plus
Education
* Bachelor's Degree required
* Master's or PhD in a quantitative field such as statistics, mathematics, econometrics, data science or computer science from a top-tier institution with a strong academic track
Hours & Work Schedule
Hours per Week: 40
Work Schedule: Monday through Friday
Why Work for UsAt Citizens, you'll find a customer-centric culture built around helping our customers and giving back to our local communities. When you join our team, you are part of a supportive and collaborative workforce, with access to training and tools to accelerate your potential and maximize your career growth.Equal Employment OpportunityIt is the policy of Citizens to provide equal employment and advancement opportunities to all colleagues and applicants for employment without regard to race, color, ethnicity, religion, gender, pregnancy/childbirth, colleague or a dependent's reproductive health decision making, age, national origin, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, disability or perceived disability, genetic information, genetic characteristic, citizenship, veteran or military status, marital or domestic partner status, family status/parenthood, victim of domestic violence, or any other category protected by federal, state and/or local laws.Equal Employment and Opportunity Employer/Disabled/VeteranCitizens is a brand name of Citizens Bank, N.A. and each of its respective affiliates.
Description
Keywords: Citizens, Fall River , Senior Data Engineer, Engineering , Assonet, Massachusetts
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Novel Systems Machine Learning Engineer
- Expired: over a month ago. Applications are no longer accepted.
About the Team
STRs Analytics division researches and develops advanced analytics and machine learning-based solutions to solve challenging problems related to national security. Our team consists of passionate and motivated engineers with advanced degrees in engineering, computer science, mathematics, and data sciences, who are seeking opportunities to use their deep technical knowledge and creativity to tackle some of the hardest problems that our customers face. Our projects span multiple different data modalities and incorporate advanced algorithms, deep learning, and statistical techniques to uncover patterns in social media, structured and unstructured text, time series, geospatial, and imagery data, and must operate under challenging constraints not typically found in the commercial world. The tools and technologies we develop have real world impact and are used by analysts to extract and enrich intelligence information around the globe.
The Role
In the Machine Learning Engineer Algorithms Lead role, you will lead teams that develop and evaluate statistical and machine learning algorithms to uncover hidden information and patterns from a diverse collection of massive datasets. Your team will develop cutting edge solutions and work collaboratively with our software engineers to design and deploy models into production. You will interact with customers to understand their requirements and respond to their most critical problems. This position is based in Arlington, VA; applicants should expect to primarily work onsite.
What you will do:
- Guide teams through the research-to-deployment maturation of novel algorithms, as you work together to respond to the operational timelines and priorities of some of our nations most critical mission needs
- Apply state-of-the-art and novel techniques such as supervised and unsupervised learning, machine learning, and deep learning to problems such as classification, anomaly detection, and forecasting to problems of national security and safety interest
- Collaboratively work with other machine learning engineers and software engineers to design, develop, and deploy cutting edge statistical analysis and machine learning systems into production
- Work with data sets that include 10s-100s of millions of records per day from a variety of data sources
- Interact with customers to understand requirements and iteratively respond to their most critical problems
- Make an impact by performing critical national security work that makes the world a safer place
Who You Are:
- Experienced team leader who is excited to work with mission partners to leverage cutting-edge research for immediate impact
- Motivated collaborator who is looking for the opportunity to work with a team of high-end researchers and software engineers to develop and deploy novel machine learning solutions
- Expertise in machine learning methods and implementation for geospatial-temporal analytics, change point detection, and clustering techniques, time-series analysis, graph analytics, geospatial analysis, image processing, or Bayesian programming
- Excellent communicator and briefer, who is comfortable communicating with both technical and non-technical audiences
- Ability to evaluate novel prototype solutions, and work with a team to mature promising prototypes into operational capabilities
- Prototyping skills using Python
- Possess an advanced degree in a scientific field such as Computer Science, Mathematics, Statistics, Data Science, or Physics, 7+ years of relevant experience after bachelors degree (work or post-graduate)
- Have ability to obtain and maintain a security clearance
Even Better
- Experience working in a large cross-functional, distributed team
- Experienced in leading and directing research initiatives from inception to functional prototypes
- Familiarity with software development best practices, including version control (Git) and Agile workflow methodologies
- Experience working with large datasets and familiarity with big data infrastructure, such as AWS, Hadoop, Spark, Dask, or MapReduce
- Active security clearance
While this position is ideally suited for a senior machine learning engineer, individuals with lower levels of experience are also encouraged to apply, to work with our team leaders and have meaningful impact on our nations safety and security.
STR is a growing technology company with locations near Boston, MA, Arlington, VA, near Dayton, OH, Palm Bay, FL, and Carlsbad, CA. We specialize in advanced research and development for defense, intelligence, and national security, trying to understand how to protect our society: from stopping malicious botnet attacks, to understanding cyber vulnerabilities, providing next generation sensors, radar, sonar, communications, and electronic warfare to developing artificial intelligence algorithms and analytics to make sense of the complexity that is exploding around us.
STR is committed to creating a collaborative learning environment that supports deep technical understanding and recognizes the contributions and achievements of all team members. Our work is challenging, but you go home at night knowing that you pushed the forefront of technology and made the world a little safer. We recognize that the world is changing, that it is becoming more connected than ever before, making things change faster than before, and reshaping society in the process. We all want to understand this changing world and leave it better for our work.
STR is not just any company. Our people, culture, and attitude along with their unique set of skills, experiences, and perspectives put us on a trajectory to change the world. We can't do it alone, though - we need fellow trailblazers. If you are one, join our team and help to keep our society safe! Visit us at www.str.us for more info.
STR is an equal opportunity employer. We are fully dedicated to hiring the most qualified candidate regardless of race, color, religion, sex (including gender identity, sexual orientation and pregnancy), marital status, national origin, age, veteran status, disability, genetic information or any other characteristic protected by federal, state or local laws.
If you need a reasonable accommodation for any portion of the employment process, email us at [email protected] and provide your contact info.
Pursuant to applicable federal law and regulations, positions at STR require employees to obtain national security clearances and satisfy the requirements for compliance with export control and other applicable laws.
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How to Do Deep Learning With SAS®
Get an introduction to deep learning techniques and applications, and learn how SAS supports the creation of deep neural network models.
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The Harvard Business Review’s AI Adoption Insight Center focuses on the the human faces behind the computational and automation advancements that are carrying our world into exciting, uncharted territory.
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Data, Analytics & AI: How Trust Delivers Value
The annual Data and Analytics Global Executive Study with MIT Sloan Management Review looks at how 2,400 global business leaders make decisions based on analytics insights.
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Machine learning and artificial intelligence in a brave new world
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Machine Learning Use Cases in Financial Crimes
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Making Sense of AI
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Marketing Analytics Meets Artificial Intelligence: Six Strategies for Success
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The Autonomous Grid in the Age of the Artificial Intelligence of Things
Explore how AI and IoT work together to deliver everything from improved threat detection to better customer engagement for utilities.
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AI Momentum, Maturity and Models for Success
SAS, Intel and Accenture, working with Forbes Insights, surveyed business leaders and interviewed thought leaders around the world to identify early adopters and uncover emerging best practices for AI. Find out what they had to say.
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Enhancing AML Efficiency and Effectiveness
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The Artificial Intelligence of Things
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Advanced Analytics: Moving Toward AI, Machine Learning, and Natural Language Processing
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E-Book
Rationalizing Risk in Artificial Intelligence
Organizations that wait for AI perfection tomorrow will invariably miss out on its great potential today. Because while risk can’t be avoided entirely, it can be rationalized.
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Improve Customer Experience with Actionable Artificial Intelligence
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The Machine Learning Landscape
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Adopting AI: The Impacts of AI on Management
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White Paper
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E-Book
The Machine Learning Primer
This e-book provides a primer on machine learning, deep learning, natural language processing and cognitive computing, as well as 10 best practices and a checklist for machine learning readiness.
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White Paper
The Next Analytics Age: Machine Learning
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White Paper
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White Paper
The Risks and Rewards of AI
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https://www.sas.com/de_at/solutions/ai/resources.html
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Big data is no longer some nascent trend riding a cycle of media hype. It’s here to stay, and it’s transforming how businesses make decisions, build products, and engage customers.
datapine
NOVEMBER 27, 2019
Over the past decade, business intelligence has been revolutionized. Data exploded and became big. We all gained access to the cloud. Spreadsheets finally took a backseat to actionable and insightful data visualizations and interactive business dashboards.
Analytics Vidhya
NOVEMBER 18, 2019
Overview Here’s a quick introduction to building machine learning pipelines using PySpark The ability to build these machine learning pipelines is a must-have skill. The post Want to Build Machine Learning Pipelines? A Quick Introduction using PySpark appeared first on Analytics Vidhya.
Speaker: Magnus Penker, CEO & Founder, Innovation360 Group
Welcome to an interactive empowering session on how to sharpen your future through innovation management, which can help guide your company’s goals. During this webinar, Magnus Penker, international thought leader and author, will dive into how to assess and foster culture and capabilities for innovation.
Phocas
NOVEMBER 28, 2019
Allegro Funds, an Australian private equity firm, acquired Number One Shoes and Hannah’s retailers in 2017.
KDnuggets
NOVEMBER 29, 2019
Read this article on training Markov chains to generate George R. Martin style text. 2019 Nov Tutorials, Overviews Generative Models Markov Chains NLP Text Analytics
Data Leaders Brief brings together the best content for data, strategy, and BI professionals from the widest variety of industry thought leaders.
DataFloq
NOVEMBER 27, 2019
We have reached the end of 2019 and just like in previous years, I am looking ahead to see what organisations can expect next year.
datapine
NOVEMBER 19, 2019
The modern world is changing more and more quickly with each passing year. If you don’t pay attention to new changes or keep up the pace, it’s easy to fall behind the times (and the market) while other companies beat you to the punch. The solution?
Analytics Vidhya
NOVEMBER 10, 2019
Overview What is Game Theory? And how does it apply to artificial intelligence (AI)? Game theory for AI is a fascinating concept that we. The post Game (Theory) for AI? An Illustrated Guide for Everyone appeared first on Analytics Vidhya.
Phocas
NOVEMBER 24, 2019
Next Monday following Thanksgiving is ‘Cyber Monday’. This day has quickly become one of the largest online shopping days of the year. With a 17.9% year-over-year increase in sales, this year’s Cyber Monday is expected to be the largest online shopping day in history.
Speaker: Richard Cardran, Chief Creative Officer and VP Strategy, HIA Technologies
Innovation is both a process and an outcome. The best way to begin innovating your products is by innovating your internal process. We'll explore the challenges, solutions, and hands-on techniques for becoming a successful "agent of change" within a well-established product culture. We'll examine the importance of UX and user-centric feature analysis, the adaptation of Agile Methodologies to the creative process, as well as a way to drive successful culture change for setting expectations and winning approvals with cross-functional stakeholders. Innovation and Leadership go hand in hand. Join Richard Cardran, Chief Creative Officer and VP Strategy, HIA Technologies, as we assess some case studies to see how to lead with a clear strategy well-defined tactics, and an unbiased understanding of the fundamental question: "why are you innovating?"
KDnuggets
NOVEMBER 28, 2019
Sebastian Thrun, the founder of Udacity, ruined my machine learning project and wedding. 2019 Nov Opinions Agile Machine Learning Udacity
Corinium
NOVEMBER 27, 2019
Data ethics, data culture and the future of advanced analytics were the three themes that dominated CDAO Fall in Boston, MA last week.
DataFloq
NOVEMBER 28, 2019
Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery. But brands that lose billions to counterfeit products don’t feel it that way. . Cambridge dictionary defines counterfeiting as “something that is made to look like the original of something else, usually for dishonest or illegal purposes”.
datapine
NOVEMBER 5, 2019
To succeed in today’s competitive business world, the ability to make the right decisions at the right time based on water-tight insights is essential.
Speaker: Terhi Hanninen, Senior Product Manager, Zalando, and Dr. Franziska Roth, Senior User Researcher, Zalando
It's important to know your users - what are their preferences, pain points, ultimate goals? With user research and usage data, you can get a great idea of how your users act. The tricky part is, very few users reliably act the same way every time they use your product. Join Terhi Hanninen, Senior Product Manager, and Dr. Franziska Roth, Senior User Researcher at Zalando, as they explain how they were able to reach a new level of user understanding - by taking their user research and segmenting their users by point-in-time intent. You'll leave with a strategy to change how your product team, and organization at large, understands your users.
Analytics Vidhya
NOVEMBER 19, 2019
Overview The attention mechanism has changed the way we work with deep learning algorithms Fields like Natural Language Processing (NLP) and even Computer Vision. The post A Comprehensive Guide to Attention Mechanism in Deep Learning for Everyone appeared first on Analytics Vidhya.
Phocas
NOVEMBER 21, 2019
Business analytics can provide companies with an accurate and holistic view of their business.
Smart Data Collective
NOVEMBER 28, 2019
Businesses can use big data in many capacities, but those who use it for social media are at a huge advantage. It enables you as a social media marketer to get a closer look at your customer base, understand what drives purchasing decisions , and encourage consumers to pull the trigger.
Corinium
NOVEMBER 24, 2019
Joining us at the Data and Analytics in Healthcare (4-5 March | Melbourne), we are pleased to welcome Day Manuet, Data Analyst – Analytics at Epworth HealthCare.
Advertiser: Jinfonet
Selecting the right embedded analytics technology in a crowded market filled with sub-categories can be a daunting task. This eBook discusses the top evaluation criteria buyers of embedded analytics need to consider.
DataFloq
NOVEMBER 22, 2019
According to McKinsey, data-driven organisations are 23x more likely to acquire customers, 6x more likely to retain customers and 19x more likely to be profitable. Being data-driven is good for business.
datapine
NOVEMBER 19, 2019
In this day and age, we’re all constantly hearing the terms “big data”, “data scientist”, and “in-memory analytics” being thrown around.
Analytics Vidhya
NOVEMBER 3, 2019
Overview Here are six open-source data science projects to enhance your skillset These projects cover a diverse set of domains, from computer vision to. The post 6 Exciting Open Source Data Science Projects you Should Start Working on Today appeared first on Analytics Vidhya.
Phocas
NOVEMBER 19, 2019
For some business people, the only data analysis tool they use is a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. Discovering industry-specific business intelligence software like Phocas means flexible reporting, analyzing more data sets and customized dashboards.
Speaker: Dean Yao, Sr. Director of Product Marketing, Logi Analytics
Businesses are run with analytics - but companies continue to struggle with interpreting, analyzing, and distributing data. Operational reports help get information to the people who need it most, in formats they understand, and in a timeframe that matters. Join the webinar to learn how embedding operational reports can give your users a precisely formatted, ready-to-analyze view of their operational activities. World-class software teams are embedding operational reports to empower end users with interactive data visualizations, detailed information, and highly precise formats that can be shared via email, PDF, print, or online.
KDnuggets
NOVEMBER 27, 2019
Also: Deep Learning for Image Classification with Less Data; How to Speed up Pandas by 4x with one line of code; 25 Useful #Python Snippets to Help in Your Day-to-Day Work; Automated Machine Learning Project Implementation Complexities. 2019 Nov Top Stories, Tweets Top tweets
Corinium
NOVEMBER 19, 2019
Gasbene Mahlangu will be presenting at the CISO Africa 2020 event. Find out more about him below. CISO Africa 2020
DataFloq
NOVEMBER 20, 2019
Big data and cloud computing are one of the fastest-growing sectors today, the demand for these two technologies are everywhere and in every business in the world. .
datapine
NOVEMBER 13, 2019
It doesn’t matter how innovative your brand is or how groundbreaking your business model might be; if your business is ridden with glaring inefficiencies, your potential for growth is eventually going to get stunted.
Speaker: Sam McAfee, Product Development Consultant, Startup Patterns
You know what they say: what's measured improves. As product managers we're in a golden age of being able to get all sorts of metrics and run all sorts of experiments. But what are your measurements and analytics focused on? Are they really truly objective? Do they contribute to the ultimate vision of your product? And is everybody clear on that vision? Join Sam McAfee, Product Development Consultant, as he takes you through a two-part measurement audit. First, you'll learn how to make sure your measurements actually align with your product strategy. And second, you'll learn how to evaluate your culture of using measurements, so future experiments will more consistently provide high-value results.
Analytics Vidhya
NOVEMBER 5, 2019
Overview Extracting features from tabular or image data is a well-known concept – but what about graph data? Learn how to extract features from. The post Learn How to Perform Feature Extraction from Graphs using DeepWalk appeared first on Analytics Vidhya.
Phocas
NOVEMBER 14, 2019
So, your business intelligence tool is in place. Quality data is starting to flow from databases and resources into the central database. The next critical process for business intelligence success is analysis.
KDnuggets
NOVEMBER 28, 2019
Open source is becoming the standard for sharing and improving technology. Some of the largest organizations in the world namely: Google, Facebook and Uber are open sourcing their own technologies that they use in their workflow to the public.
Corinium
NOVEMBER 19, 2019
Is fostering an enterprise-wide security culture a top priority for you? One of the main objectives in our security programme is building human firewalls. We have an elaborate awareness campaign that focusses on engraining “security mentality” amongst our staff.
Advertiser: Birst
Find out which industries, use cases, and business applications are the best opportunities for data monetization. Understand what data is being monetized, who wants it, and why. Use data you already own to create new revenue sources. Download the eBook today!
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https://www.dataleadersbrief.com/edition/monthly--2019-11/
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The majority of the experiences and interactions people have on Facebook today are made possible with AI. Well over 1 billion people enjoy unique, personalized experiences on Facebook that are powered by a wealth of AI and machine learning algorithms. AI is an incredibly fast-moving field: engineers and researchers across the company are turning the latest research breakthroughs into tools, platforms, and infrastructure that make it possible for anyone at Facebook to use AI in the experiences and products they build. This talk will look at how Facebook is conducting and applying industry-leading research to help drive advancements in AI disciplines like computer vision, language understanding, speech and video. We will also talk about building an infrastructure that anyone at Facebook can use to easily reuse algorithms in different products, scale to run thousands of simultaneous custom experiments, and give concrete examples of how employees across the company are able to leverage these platforms to build new AI products and services.
Speaker Bio
Dr. Rajesh Parekh is Director of Analytics at Facebook. Applying big data analytics to solve challenging business problems and building empathy for the people who use Facebook’s products is his passion, and he has 20 years’ experience building and leading global data teams. Dr. Parekh leads analytics for Facebook’s Applied Machine Learning efforts, which involves using advanced data analytics to build state-of-the-art AI technologies that power a large variety of products across Facebook. Prior to Facebook, Dr. Parekh was the Vice President of Data Science at Groupon where he built products for large-scale personalization, sales-automation, and marketing optimization. He also worked at Yahoo Labs building display advertising targeting products, at Blue Martini Software developing data mining products for e-commerce, and at Allstate solving insurance problems like cross-sell, retention, and fraud. Dr. Parekh earned his Ph.D. in Computer Science specializing in Artificial Intelligence from Iowa State University. He is the founding the co-chair of the Applied Data Science Invited Talks track at the KDD conference and is currently serving as co-chair for the Applications track at the IEEE DSAA’2017 conference.
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https://www.kdd.org/kdd2017/applied-data-science-invited-talks/view/dr.-rajesh-parekh
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- Questo evento è passato.
Machine Learning in Banking & Finance – A FINTECH use case
Maggio 9 @ 7:00 pm - 9:00 pmGratuito
Speaker: Nicholas Parini, Head of Data Science at Moneymour
Topic:
Machine Learning in Banking & Finance – A FINTECH use case
Schedule:
7:00pm – 7:30pm – ODSC Intro, Networking
7:30pm – 8:20pm – Talk
8:20pm – 8:30pm – Q&A
8:30pm – 9:00pm – Networking, Pizza & Refreshments
Bio:
Nicholas is Head of Data Science at Moneymour. At Moneymour he is developing machine learning algorithms in order to provide instant lending service to clients. Before starting working at Moneymour he worked for advisory firms in Finance & Risk Analytics, developing models for different types of risks in different banks. Now he is enthusiastic about innovation and aims to create disruptive products that can simplify the usage of complex services.
Abstract:
The usage of Machine Learning in finance has a wide range of applications. Banks and financial institutions are trying to understand the impact of these technologies and algorithms on their structure and processes. Regulation and markets are giving space for new companies that can bring disruption and offer new products and user experiences to costumers applying new technologies and approaches.
In this talk, it will be presented an application of data science in banking and finance and a use case of advanced analytics and machine learning applied to Credit Risk. the focus will be: catch the behaviour of clients.
ODSC Links:
• Get free access to more talks like this at LearnAI:
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https://www.eventjuice.it/event/machine-learning-in-banking-finance-a-fintech-use-case/
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This two-day workshop is designed to teach developers how to implement data analytics using Apache Spark for Reactive applications. In this workshop, developers will use hands-on exercises to learn the principles of Apache Spark programming and idioms for specific problems, such as event stream processing, SQL-based analysis on structured data in files, integration with Reactive frameworks like Akka, as well as Hadoop and related tools, and advanced analytics such as machine learning and graph algorithms.
Objectives
- Understand how to use the Spark Scala APIs to implement various data analytics algorithms for offline (batchmode) and eventstreaming applications
- Understand Spark internals
- Understand Spark performance considerations
- Understand how to test and deploy Spark applications
- Understand the basics of integrating Spark with Mesos, Hadoop, and Akka
Pedagogy
50% theory, 50% practise
Prerequisites
- Experience with Scala, such as completion of Fast Track to Scala course
- Experience with SQL, machine learning, and other Big Data tools will be helpful, but not required.
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https://training.zenika.com/en-fr/training/apache-spark/description/
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The analytics term is used imprecisely. Sometimes it is employed interchangeably with business intelligence. Another interpretation is that if you view BI as “getting data in” (to the warehouse) and “getting data out” (data access and analysis), analytics is the analysis part of BI. Or finally, analytics is the “rocket science” algorithms (e.g., neural networks) and methods used to find patterns in data (e.g., customer segmentation analysis) or to optimize performance (e.g., revenue management).
It is useful to think of descriptive, predictive, and prescriptive analytics. With descriptive analytics, the objective is to describe what has occurred. With this view, reporting, OLAP, dashboards/scorecards, and data visualization are all examples of descriptive analytics. These are the core and most common BI applications.
Predictive analytics focuses on what will occur in the future. The algorithms and methods for prescriptive analytics include regression analysis, machine learning, and neural networks. These techniques have been around for some time and have traditionally been called data mining. While these methods continue to evolve, the most significant development is their inclusion in analytical workbenches and applications that make them much easier to use.
Prescriptive analytics is intended to show what should occur. It is used to optimize system performance. Revenue management, which strives to optimize the revenue from perishable goods, such as hotel rooms and airline seats, is a good example. Through a combination of forecasting and mathematical programming, prices are dynamically set for the good over time to optimize revenues.
Another perspective is that the progression from descriptive to predictive to prescriptive analytics is a movement from hindsight to insight to foresight (Barnes et al., 2012). First companies want to understand the past, then they want to predict the future, and then they want to optimize what they do.
In most cases, imprecise use of the analytics term does not cause difficulties. There is a problem, however, when discussing the requirements for success with analytics. The requirements for descriptive analytics are different in important ways to predictive and prescriptive analytics. We will refer to predictive and prescriptive analytics as advanced analytics.
Returning to the issue of the different interpretations of the analytics term, this article uses analytics to describe the analysis of data and advanced analytics as the “rocket science” algorithms and methods of predictive and prescriptive analytics. With this interpretation, analytics is a subset of BI rather than an alternative term.
Companies can have different “targets” or approaches to analytics. No one target is better for all firms, and each target can be best for a particular company depending on its situation. All of the targets can potentially deliver significant business value. These are the same targets as for BI (Wixom & Watson, 2010).
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https://www.igi-global.com/article/all-analytics/76909
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I can come to work and check on my sick dog at home with a video app on my smartphone thanks to the internet of things, which is built on the key idea that machines and everyday devices are always connected and talking to each other to make our lives easy.
That same key idea is driving a new industrial revolution, Industry 4.0. The movement involves next-generation manufacturing machines that use cloud technologies and advanced software platforms to check themselves for errors and performance and, ultimately, make products better and smarter.
But as the manufacturing world undergoes this massive change, people working in this industry are struggling to keep up with the skills new machines require, says Sagar Kamarthi, a professor of mechanical and industrial engineering at Northeastern. And as with revolutions happening in other fields, he says, we need to be prepared for this one.
“If we don’t, we will be far behind every industrialized country,” Kamarthi says. “We won’t be able to maintain global manufacturing competitiveness without developing advanced technologies and training our workforce for these technologies.”
To stay ahead of the curve, a team of Northeastern researchers led by Kamarthi is developing courses to help people working in manufacturing modernize and retool their skills. With a $2 million grant from the National Science Foundation, Kamarthi will direct the Integrative Manufacturing and Production Engineering Education Leveraging Data Science program to develop and test training tools and programs over the course of three years.
Several other researchers in data science, digital learning, and manufacturing engineering at Northeastern will be assisting with the work, including Jacqueline Isaacs, professor and interim dean in the College of Engineering; Kemi Jona, assistant vice chancellor for digital innovation and enterprise learning; and Xiaoning Jin and Mohsen Moghaddam, assistant professors of mechanical and industrial engineering.
The courses that they develop will be freely available through online classroom systems to professionals in manufacturing. And, Kamarthi says, Northeastern students, staff, and working professionals will also have access to coursework and certificates applied to data science and smart manufacturing.
Kamarthi, who also directs the College of Engineering’s graduate program in data analytics engineering, develops algorithms that make it easier for machines to diagnose their own systems for errors and predict future failures. His work centers on manufacturing environment, but, he says, these algorithms can be applied to other fields, particularly healthcare and medicine.
In smart manufacturing, sensors can help computers “listen” to various moving parts in a machine or device, such as bearings or spindles, that might signal early symptoms of failure and breakdowns. That means machines at the shop floor level can analyze sensor data and learn on the fly to improve on how they monitor for warning signals, all without the help of people.
“The key is to diagnose based on changes in the vibrations or other signatures that components in a machine generate to predict its health condition,” Kamarthi says. “Then we can plan to replace it timely, and we can avoid catastrophic failures in the operation of machines, such as jet engines and computer servers.”
As he develops these algorithms to process data autonomously, Kamarthi is providing information that engineers and technicians can use to make smart and resilient machines. But that means manufacturing is no longer operating in the same fashion, and people working with these machines will need to catch up with the technology.
That’s why Kamarthi says it is important for him and his team to come full circle in their research and, in addition to developing the programs that will help modernize manufacturing, also help workers in the industry to keep up with the fast technological advances happening around them.
It’s not so much a choice, as it is what needs to be done, Kamarthi says.
“Industry 4.0 is a brand-new technology, so it is not reasonable to expect people who entered the workforce 15 or 20 years ago to be knowledgeable about it,” he says. “But they need to be, because that’s where the field is going, how technology is going to change.”
For media inquiries, please contact [email protected].
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https://news.northeastern.edu/2019/10/11/northeastern-university-industrial-engineering-and-data-science-researchers-receive-grant-to-prepare-manufacturing-workforce-for-industry-4-0-revolution/
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On July 15, 2020, nine organizations from around the world and former U.S. Vice President Al Gore announced a cutting-edge initiative that will use artificial intelligence (AI), satellite image processing, machine learning, and other remote sensing technologies to monitor worldwide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This unprecedented collaboration aims to track human-caused emissions to specific sources in real time—independently and publicly. The combined project will be known as Climate TRACE (Tracking Real-time Atmospheric Carbon Emissions).
While climate scientists today have a detailed understanding of the total GHGs in the atmosphere, efforts to trace where those emissions come from have lagged far behind. Tracking GHG emissions from nearly every major human-emitting activity worldwide is an enormously difficult undertaking, but advanced AI and machine learning will now make it possible for the first time.
In many countries and sectors the standard is that emitters self-report their own emissions, then manually compile the results. Consequently, many governments, companies, and scientists must rely on data that can be years out of date and sometimes subject to deliberate under-reporting. The resulting data often provides only incomplete, high-level summary information at best.
“We as a society have an excellent, objective way of measuring the total emissions in the atmosphere, called the Keeling Curve. But we haven’t yet figured out any similar way of objectively tracking, in essentially real time, wherethose emissions are coming from,” explained Gavin McCormick, executive director of coalition member WattTime. “The Earth is like a medical patient suffering from a condition called climate change. Trying to fix it with only years-late, self-reported emissions data is like asking a doctor to fix a serious disease with no more information than a list of symptoms the patient had years ago. They’ll do their best. But there’s a reason hospitals use blood pressure monitors, stethoscopes—maybe an X-ray or MRI—to check what’s wrong with you right now. If we’re serious about stopping climate change, it’s time we gave climate ‘doctors’ the same kind of tools.”
Together with climate leader and former U.S. Vice President Al Gore, the coalition currently includes nonprofits CarbonPlan, Carbon Tracker, Earthrise Alliance, Hudson Carbon, OceanMind, Rocky Mountain Institute, and WattTime; as well as tech companies Blue Sky Analytics and Hypervine. Each founding member is a carefully selected mission-driven organization with advanced technical capabilities in AI- or satellite-based monitoring in a specific industry, ranging from the power sector, to oil & gas, to agriculture and shipping. By sharing these techniques, the group has concluded it is likely possible to greatly augment existing processes and begin directly measuring nearly all GHG emissions data sources globally in great detail and real time.
Over the past few years, many companies have achieved dramatic progress in individual advanced technologies that could help with emissions monitoring, such as improved AI algorithms and lower-cost satellites. But many of those breakthroughs have so far been sitting siloed in different organizations.
“Climate TRACE is an attempt to snap together various components many of our organizations have been building individually—algorithms, data sets, and analytical approaches—as if they were Lego bricks,” said McCormick. “Consider coalition member OceanMind. It had built amazing technology to monitor global shipping, but was applying it to other topics such as detecting illegal fishing. By taking the part of their software code that monitors ships, and mixing in others’ know-how about GHG emissions monitoring, it was surprisingly straightforward to extend their technology to also monitor emissions from global shipping. What’s been so inspiring about this initiative is that it’s such a collective effort. Everyone is laser-focused on how much environmental impact this joint tool could have, rather than who gets recognition for which individual building blocks.”
Climate TRACE has swiftly developed a very basic working prototype and is now focusing on iterating and improving the tool. Like many AI projects, the tool will continuously improve as the team adds more data and works out more sophisticated algorithms. The group is cautiously optimistic that it will release the first version in the summer of 2021.
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https://maritimemag.com/a-new-technologic-initiative-to-track-ghg-emissions-in-real-time-based-on-collaboration/
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USC, GC (no sponsorship available for this position). Candidate must be willing to go background check and also obtain security clearance if and when required.
Responsibilities:
• Translate advanced business analytics problems into technical approaches that yield actionable recommendations, in diverse domains (risk management, product development, marketing research, supply chain, and public policy).
• Work in multi-disciplinary and cross-functional teams to translate business requirements into artificial intelligence goals and modeling approaches; rapidly iterate models and results to refine and validate approach.
• Work in a fast-paced and dynamic environment with both virtual and face-to-face interactions utilizing structured approaches to solving problems, managing risks, and documenting assumptions while communicating results and educating others through insightful visualizations, reports, and presentations.
• Deliver on engagement milestones by: following analytics processes to mitigate risks in data, modeling, validation, and delivery; managing assumptions; and working with others to clear issues.
• Build ingestion processes to prepare, extract, and enrich a variety of structured and unstructured data sources (social media, news, internal/external documents, images, video, voice, emails, financial data, and operational data); perform exploratory data analysis, generate and test working hypotheses, and uncover interesting trends and relationships.
• Analyze and model structured data and implement algorithms to support analysis using advanced statistical and mathematical methods from statistics, machine learning, data mining, econometrics, and operations research.
Qualifications:
• 2+ years of experience leading work streams with 2+ data scientists, engineers, and other data & analytics professionals, including innovation, quality management, utilizing analytics and software development processes for natural language processing, machine learning on unstructured data, and/or information retrieval; multidisciplinary backgrounds.
• Masters or PhD in Computer Science, Engineering, or related fields; PhD preferred.
• Ability to apply artificial intelligence techniques to achieve concrete business goals and work with the business and team members to understand business objectives, available resources, and constraints around data (sources, integrity, and definitions), processing platforms, and security; provide assistance and resolve problems using solid problem-solving skills and verbal/written communication.
• Solid experience performing data science from data discovery, cleaning, model selection, validation, and deployment; experience coding artificial intelligence methods using object-oriented programming in a software development process, and ability to restructure, refactor, and optimize code for efficiency.
• Ability to utilize a diverse array of technologies and tools as needed, to deliver insights (R, Python, Spark, Hadoop), and emerging Cloud Capabilities on Azure, GCP, and/or AWS; experience with command-line scripting, data structures, and algorithms and the ability to work in a Linux environment.
• Ability to travel up to 80% of the time. Must be legally authorized to work in the United States without sponsorship of a visa.
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https://careers.tufts.edu/jobs/brilliant-infotech-inc-data-scientist/
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If you’re looking to go birding in Iraq, the Check list for birds of Iraq is for you. It’s comprehensive and includes waterfowl and wading birds, a suite of song birds, raptors, and game birds. In addition, it includes the Birdlist system, which codes species by abundance and seasonality. You can learn about the best times of year to see each species, and the specific habitat they prefer.
Breeding season
The breeding season of many species of Iraqi birds is similar to that of the rest of their range. The general season for breeding in central Iraq is from March to June, one to two months earlier than in Europe. This early breeding date is correlated with shorter spring growth in Iraq, so seed-eaters will typically nest later and for a longer period of time. Other species of birds, such as African darters, will start breeding a week or two later than their European counterparts.
The breeding season of the Basra Reed Warbler was confirmed during every summer of 2005 to 2008. It is a globally endangered species whose habitat has been destroyed by irrigation and drainage in the past 25 years. Several species are still breeding in Iraq, including the Basra Reed Warbler and the Sacred Ibis. The Basra Reed Warbler is another species found in Iraq that breeds in marshy areas.
The Black-tailed Godwit is another wetland-dependent species. It was recently assigned near-threatened status by BirdLife International. In southern Iraq, it was recorded at 20 monitoring sites, with a high count of 2010 individuals during the winter of 2008. In the same southern marshes, the Asian Imperial Eagle was also recorded at six sites. The species is considered to be globally near-threatened.
Many rare and beautiful species of Iraqi birds have been decimated by the war in Baghdad. The destruction of these environments has also led to the loss of many old customs. Iraqi bird breeders used to trade and exchange their rare birds as gifts. In the past, there was a thriving bird breeding industry in the country. These rare birds are valued for their beauty and rarity. It is also common for these species to nest in the spring, so the breeding season for these birds is important.
Habitat
The general breeding season of birds in central Iraq is from March to June. This is later than in Europe, but is not significantly different from that of European counterparts. Many seed-eaters nest later and for longer periods of time, while specialized Pterocles breed more commonly during the summer. This may be due to the variable water conditions in the central part of the country. Consequently, breeding may be delayed by one to two weeks, especially in northern Iraq.
In the past few decades, severe draining programs in Lower Mesopotamia have transformed vast areas of marshes into deserts. In 2005, new field surveys of birds in marshes in southern Iraq were launched with the help of national and international partners. These surveys gathered and collated new data and identified bird species in KBAs throughout Iraq. While some species were previously unknown, this research will help to better understand the status of these important habitats.
The report also includes data from previous surveys. In June 2008, Nature Iraq published a Field Guide to the Birds of Iraq in partnership with BirdLife International, a global coalition for bird conservation. The organization also produced a children’s book on Iraq’s birds. This program is expected to be implemented in schoolyards during 2010 as a way to promote bird conservation in the region. This article is a summary of the findings of the project.
While this article highlights some of the key environmental issues facing Iraq, it also examines the importance of protecting the habitats of these species. Land use and biodiversity are key to maintaining the country’s ecosystems. Immediate remedies must be instituted to prevent further degradation of the ecosystems in Iraq. Scientific research on mammals in Iraq has not been done in 30 years. To conduct such research, special training and equipment must be obtained, and local conservation status is uncertain. Despite this lack of knowledge, native mammals of Iraq do not pose any major threat to humans and have low disease incidences.
Conservation efforts
The Key Biodiversity Project’s (KBP) bird surveys in southern Iraq have documented the existence of 159 species of birds. Eight of these species are globally threatened and 34 are of conservation concern. However, many species are still well represented, and their populations are still thriving, according to the KBA survey. Some examples of globally threatened species include the Basra Reed Warbler, the African Darter, and the Sacred Ibis.
In 2004, a U.S. soldier who served in Iraq logged 122 species of birds. Trouern-Trend, from Connecticut, was part of the 118th Medical Support Battalion when he took his work to Iraq. He then went on to start his own blog, Birding Babylon. He mapped his observations and shared them with others on the web. The birding experience he gained is now widely known, and his work is helping protect the natural heritage of Iraq.
Throughout Iraq’s landscape, rare species have been lost to human activity. The country’s Mosul zoo was looted during the time of IS control, and the new bird hunting laws could have helped security officials catch smugglers. The country needs to implement stricter laws against smuggling and prepare programs for raising environmental awareness. And while conservation efforts in Iraq are progressing, the country is far from being able to protect its birds.
In addition to the Iraqi Kurdistan region, Nature Iraq is focusing on the conservation of mammals in the country. The IUCN-supported Darwin Project has helped Iraq protect the country’s biodiversity. It has worked with local partners to develop an education program in schools and has produced a biodiversity-based land-use manual and an app to identify wildlife. It has also coordinated an online course in biodiversity for university students. These efforts have served as a model for conservation in Iraq.
Conservation efforts in Peramagroon Mountain
The Peramagroon Mountain in Iraq contains one sixth of the country’s flora, making it a prime location for bird conservation. As a result of the work of Nature Iraq and its partners, the number of species known from Peramagroon has more than doubled. This research has improved our understanding of the country’s unique flora. We’ve also developed new techniques for species identification. We’ve engaged children and communities in the study of local wildlife, and we’ll look at those projects in turn.
The Peramagroon Mountain is home to numerous bird species, including Egyptian vultures, the Kurdistan wheatear flycatcher, and spur-thighed tortoises. A recent study of the plant life found that over 650 species of plants occur on the mountain. This is nearly double the number previously known for the area, and it includes several new species. In addition to birds, there are also many plants, including a swathe of trees and bushes that support the area’s ecosystem.
In recent years, limited surveys of the region’s bird life revealed a range of habitats and species. The study’s objectives were to identify key biodiversity areas and determine the trigger bird species for these habitats. The IUCN has categorized these habitats based on IUCN (2001) categories. Among these were birds of global and regional importance. The Iraq KBA is one of the few such areas.
The CLP team has been conducting surveys at both study sites, including summer and winter. After the survey, the team reported the findings to international conservation organizations and local communities. In addition to these surveying efforts, the team has conducted meetings with local residents and distributed conservation education materials in study areas. These activities have helped establish a basis for future conservation efforts in the region. Our work is continuing to provide valuable data and information on the local wildlife.
Rare bird species
The Check list of bird species in Iraq includes an extensive suite of song birds, raptors, and game birds. These birds are found across various ecosystems and are rare in Iraq. Birds found in Iraq are coded according to abundance and seasonality. While it is unlikely to see a particular species in Iraq, some birds are found only in Iraq. Read on to find out more about the rare bird species of Iraq and their importance to its ecosystem.
During the winter and summer of 2008, the College of Sciences for Women at the University of Baghdad supported the project. Additional support came from the Iraqi Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Nature Iraq, and the Iraqi Green Climate Organization. The study also included the survey of 34 sites in the North Iraq governorates of Sulaimani, Erbil, and Dohuk. The survey recorded 185 species of birds. Of these, one was globally endangered, three were near threatened, and 32 species were deemed of conservation concern in Iraq.
The war in Iraq has destroyed many old customs in Baghdad and driven the population of these beautiful birds away. The country was a popular breeding ground for many bird species, including rare and endangered species. Rare birds were valued and traded amongst Iraqi citizens. They were also exchanged as gifts. Today, only a handful of these species survive in Iraq. So what can we do to save them? Read on to learn more about the rare bird species of Iraq.
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https://nextbirds.com/check-list-for-birds-of-iraq/
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East Gulf Coastal Plain Joint Venture: The North American Bird Conservation Initiative was launched in 1998 as an effort to “deliver the full spectrum of bird conservation through regionally based, biologically driven, landscape-oriented partnerships.” This project provides the framework for the East Gulf Coastal Plain Joint Venture (EGCPJV), a self-directed coalition of public and private interests vested in the conservation of fish and wildlife resources within the East Gulf Coastal Plain. The EGCP conforms to that portion of the Southeastern Coastal Plain Bird Conservation Region west of the Georgia-Alabama state line, and includes 61-percent of Alabama (30,934 square miles), the western portion of the Florida panhandle, most of Mississippi, portions of west Tennessee and Kentucky and eastern portions of Louisiana. The East Gulf Coastal Plain has a rich avifauna and diversity of bird habitats. The approach taken by the EGCPJV will be to institutionalize the partnership by employing a Coordinator, establishing a Management Board and technical committees, drafting a long-term strategy for comprehensively addressing bird conservation in the EGCP and working with partners to implement conservation strategies for high priority bird habitats. Barry Grand, AU. October 2005 – September 2009.
Appalachian Mountains Bird Conservation Region Initiative: The Appalachian Mountains Bird Conservation Region ranges over portions of 15 states and 11 Partners in Flight physiographic regions covering approximately 105 million acres, including 28-percent of Alabama. The AMBCR consists mostly of privately owned forest land and provides habitats for 185 breeding bird species. Several are listed as threatened, endangered, or of special concern by state and federal wildlife agencies. The Appalachian Mountains are also used by many species during migrations, such as the federally endangered Kirtland’s Warbler and the experimental Whooping Crane population. The Alabama Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy identifies 15 greatest conservation need bird species that occur in the AMBCR. The AMBCRI will engage in planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation activities linked to the delivery of continental and range-wide bird conservation goals expressed in the North American Waterfowl Management Plan, Flyway Plans, the Partners in Flight Plan, the U.S. Shorebird Conservation Plan, North American Woodcock Management Plan, Northern Bobwhite Conservation Initiative and the North American Waterbird Conservation Plan. The AMBCRI will be an effective means of leveraging, coordinating and efficiently utilizing the fiscal and logistical resources of bird conservation stakeholders in the region. Brian Smith, American Bird Conservancy. October 2005 – September 2009.
Crayfish Survey of Alabama: This project will fill gaps in the knowledge of Alabama crayfishes by gathering new distribution data and determine the current status of crayfish in the state by comparing new collection data with historic data at selected locations. Crayfishes are a diverse group of aquatic organisms with 338 native species reported in the United States and Canada. Alabama contains a significant portion of this fauna (more species than any other state) with 85+ nominal species and a few others presently being described. An SWG funded survey of Alabama crayfish holdings in natural history museums was recently completed. That effort located 4,600 records from 1,500 stream locations in the state and identified drainages and habitats that have been poorly collected over the years and that need to be sampled before we can begin to understand the distribution, occurrence, and rarity of crayfishes in Alabama. The specific objectives of this investigation are: 1) to fill in collection coverage gaps and to sample statewide in poorly known watersheds and habitats; 2) to resample a limited number of historic collection sites and compare results with historic collections; and 3) to create a CD-based GIS project of the crayfish database to assist in mapping crayfish distributions and digitally managing the project. Dr. Pat O’Neil, GSA. October 2007 - September 2010.
Assessment of Population Dynamics of Cave-Inhabiting Crayfish in Alabama: A Request for Continuing Funds: Six species of cave-inhabiting crayfish occur in Alabama. Three species are critically imperiled (Heritage Rank S1, Cambarus veitchorum, Orconectes sheltae, Procambarus pecki), two are imperiled (S2, Cambarus hamulatus, Cambarus jonesi), and one is uncommon to rare (S3, Orconectes a. australis). Prior to the funding of “Assessment of population size, age structure and growth rates for cave inhabiting crayfish in Alabama”, little was known about the life history of these crayfish, which is alarming considering their level of imperilment. The purpose of that project was to rectify this knowledge gap by developing a mark-recapture program to provide detailed knowledge of population dynamics of different cave crayfish populations. However, due to small population sizes and the apparently high rate of dispersal, the marking of sufficient individuals to ensure statistically sound recapture rates took longer than expected (~2+ years). As of spring 2008, more than 2,100 animals have been marked and the mark-recapture process continues on a monthly basis. As a consequence of the large number of animals marked, we now regularly obtain statistically sound recapture rates (i.e., 20+ marked individuals per visit). The initial study is thus maturing—having produced thousands of marked animals that will provide data well into the future—and so provides an excellent opportunity for continued study over the next several years. Given the life-span of O. a. australis (~20-25+ yrs), a continuation of this project through 2011 would greatly enhance our ability to acquire accurate estimates of seasonal and year-to-year population dynamics of cave crayfish in Alabama. Alex Huryn and Bernie Kuhajda, UA. October 2008 – September 2011.
Development of a Statewide Stream and River Assessment Program for Aquatic Species of Conservation Concern: Alabama is home to an unprecedented diversity of aquatic species. Relative to the North American fauna, Alabama harbors 60-percent of all mussels, 43-percent of all gill-breathing snails, 38-percent of all freshwater fishes and 20-percent of all crayfishes. In total, almost 750 species from these taxa groups are Alabama natives. Tennessee is the only other state with more than 500 species and most states harbor fewer than 300 species. This gives Alabama a central role in the conservation of this North American aquatic fauna. However, no statewide standardized stream and river assessment program for aquatic species exists in Alabama and DWFF personnel have not been trained to perform such assessments. This project will initiate a stream and river assessment program to gather new information on the distribution, abundance, species composition, and habitat requirements of aquatic species and to train personnel in stream assessment techniques. Steve Rider, AL DWFF. October 2005 – September 2009. (Final Report). October 2009 – September 2011. (Final Report).
Inventory and Conservation Planning for Species of Greatest Conservation Need on Alabama DCNR Lands: This five-year project will allow the Alabama Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit (ALCFWRU) to coordinate the development of multi-species Inventory and Conservation Plans (ICPs) for selected lands managed by the Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. The project will potentially include lands in six ecological regions, and could affect 303 species of greatest conservation need, of which 118 are listed as threatened or endangered. Planning of this scope will require input from and outreach to numerous cooperators and stakeholders from public agencies and private interest groups. During the first year, a steering committee will be established, lands and species for inclusion in the plan will be identified, information needs assessment will begin, and an outreach plan will be developed. Subsequent years will be used to gather information and develop decision support tools, conduct outreach programs, and develop the ICPs. Barry Grand ALCFWRU. October 2006-September 2011.
Development of an Alabama Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan: Alabama is home to an unprecedented diversity of aquatic species. In the draft Alabama CWCS, impacts from exotic species is listed as one of the major threats to Alabama’s native fauna. However, Alabama lacks a Management Plan or coordinated effort for the control of aquatic nuisance species (ANS). The Mobile Bay National Estuary Program (MBNEP) has committed funds to the development of an ANS management plan. This effort is part of the Alabama ANS Task Force created by Governor Riley. However, only partial funding is available through the MBNEP for development of the plan. This SWG project will provide funding for inclusion of the impacts of ANS on species of greatest conservation need as defined in the draft Alabama CWCS and full participation by DWFF personnel. David Yeager, MBNEP. October 2005 – September 2006.
Distribution, Life History, Conservation and Systematics of Alabama"s Pebblesnails: Alabama is home to about 15 freshwater genera and about 39 species of pebblesnails, making it among the most diverse of any state in the United States. Virtually all of the taxa are considered “poorly known.” The purposes of this study are to: conduct a biotic survey of the Hydrobiidae of Alabama from type or near type-locales and collect material for anatomical, life history and systematic studies; compile historical distribution records from the primary museums; and write appropriate reports and manuscripts including a taxonomic monograph that will summarize the distributional, life history, anatomical, and systematics of the hydrobiid genera of Alabama. Stephanie Clark, UA. October 2004 – September 2006.
Alabama Aquatic Biodiversity Center Due to Alabama’s wide variety of physiographic regions and aquatic habitat types it is home to one of the most diverse populations of aquatic wildlife in North America. Ongoing efforts to restore aquatic habitats through modification of regulated flow regimes and stream restoration projects will result in an increased number of opportunities to restore populations of aquatic species through augmentation and reintroduction. As the propagation and culture techniques for aquatic species are further developed and refined, the primary limiting factor in the expansion of these programs in Alabama will be the availability of culture facilities and personnel dedicated to this effort. A program is needed within Alabama to establish a facility dedicated to the conservation and propagation of fish, mussel, snail and crayfish species for the end purpose of restoring or augmenting their populations in the wild. The ClaudeHarrisNationalAquacultureResearchCenter in Marion, Alabama was last operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and was closed in 1995. In 1998 the U.S. Department of the Interior conveyed this property to the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. A portion of this facility has been identified as a suitable location for the propagation of aquatic species of conservation concern. Repair and renovation of the existing buildings and support facilities will be undertaken. This will be followed by the outfitting of two wet labs that will be used for the culture of the freshwater species of high conservation concern. Stan Cook, AL DWFF. October 2004 – September 2009.
Additional projects are funded by the Cooperative Endangered Species Conservation Fund.
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https://www.outdooralabama.com/state-wildlife-grants/projects-funded-swg
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“Observations of Piping Plovers (Charadrius melodus) Color Banded in Nebraska and Re-sighted on the United States Gulf Coast” from Nebraska Bird Review (March 2010) 78(1).
Comments
Copyright 2010 Nebraska Ornithologists’ Union. Used by permission.
Abstract
Threatened and endangered migratory birds present a challenge to conservation efforts because they use different habitats during different times of the year. As a result, successful efforts in one part of their range may be nullified by negative events taking place in other parts of their range. In many cases, information that links individual birds or populations to specific breeding, non-breeding, and migratory areas across the species' range is not available. Without these links, it can be difficult to coordinate conservation efforts across the species' range, and species recovery efforts may be less effective. The observation of uniquely marked individuals can be useful in linking different regions and habitats used throughout a species' annual cycle. As part of our efforts to monitor and protect Piping Plovers (Charadrius melodus) in Nebraska, we initiated a research and banding program in 2008. Here we describe the color banding scheme we are using along the lower Platte River and report re-sightings of color banded plovers from non-breeding areas along the United States Gulf Coast.
In the United States, the Great Plains population of Piping Plovers is federally listed as threatened. In Nebraska, the Piping Plover is listed as a state threatened species. The authority for this listing status is provided by the Nebraska Nongame and Endangered Species Conservation Act (Nebraska Revised Statutes §§37: 801–811). Historically, Piping Plover numbers declined as a result of unregulated hunting (Bent 1927), but the principal reason for the current decline is the continuing loss of breeding habitat due to human activity (USFWS 1988, 2009, Elliott-Smith and Haig 2004, http://www.natureserve.org). In addition to the loss of breeding habitat, Piping Plovers in the Great Plains are threatened by wild, feral, and pet animal predation; water pollution; hydro-peaking; shoreline stabilization and bank armoring; loss of river sandbars; and the consequences of water management decisions (Elliott-Smith and Haig 2004, http://www.natureserve.org, http://www.iucnredlist.org). Efforts by state and federal agencies and NGOs are underway to help plover populations recover across their range.
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https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nebbirdrev/1137/
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To help save wildlife and sound the alarm for lesser-known species at risk, the National Geographic Society and Zoological Society of London (ZSL) created the National Geographic Photo Ark EDGE Fellowships. The program provides funding, training, and capacity development to two active cohorts of Fellows from Latin America and Asia who are working to protect some of the regions' most at-risk animals that are featured in the Photo Ark.
Meet the Edge Fellows
Adrian Lyngdoh
Adrian Lyngdoh is a National Geographic Photo Ark EDGE Fellow focusing on the Bengal slow loris. Adrian has an M.Sc. in ecology and environmental sciences from Pondicherry University, India, and is currently a junior research biologist at the Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History. Adrian’s project aims to study the population status and demography of the Bengal slow loris as well as the threats the species is facing, in order to support its conservation in Maghalaya, northeast India.Back
Alifa Haque
Alifa Haque is a National Geographic Photo Ark EDGE Fellow focusing on the critically endangered largetooth sawfish. Alifa has an M.S. in zoology (fisheries) from the University of Dhaka, where she is also a zoology lecturer. She has been working in shark and ray conservation in Bangladesh for the last two and a half years. During this time, she has worked hard to gain the trust of local fishermen and traders. Alifa’s project aims to provide rigorous information on critical sawfish habitats and trade chains as well as improve the reporting of incidental sawfish catches by developing a cell phone reporting system.Back
Ashish Bashyal
Ashish Bashyal is a National Geographic Photo Ark EDGE Fellow focusing on the critically endangered gharial. In his current role as chief conservation officer at the Biodiversity Conservancy Nepal, Ashish oversees a number of active research and conservation projects. His project aims to collect previously nonexistent, baseline scientific information on various ecological attributes of gharial populations in Nepal’s Bardia National Park to assess their conservation status.Back
Ayushi Jain
Ayushi Jain is a National Geographic Photo Ark EDGE Fellow focusing on the endangered Cantor’s giant softshell turtle. Ayushi is currently studying for a master’s in ecology and environmental sciences. Her primary research interests lie in community ecology, behavioural ecology, and evolution of various morphological and physiological traits in reptiles. Ayushi’s project aims to collect baseline ecological data for Cantor’s giant softshell turtle and its habitat at locations in three South Indian states, and to use this data to develop a Conservation Action Plan for the species.Back
Daniel Arauz
David Quimpo
David Quimpo is a National Geographic Photo Ark EDGE Fellow focusing on the critically endangered Rufous-headed Hornbill. David has acted as a conservation specialist for the Haribon Foundation in the Philippines since 2012. In this role, he assists with policy writing at both the local and national level, and trains community-based forest protection teams. David’s project aims to use the rufous-headed hornbill as an umbrella and keystone species to sustainably protect and conserve the biodiversity of the Central Panay Mountains in Panay Island.Back
Ginelle Gacasan
Ginelle Gacasan is a National Geographic Photo Ark EDGE Fellow focusing on the endangered green turtle. Ginelle currently works at Community Centred Conservation Philippines Inc., where she previously implemented a program to establish a dugong sanctuary through community participation. She recently started studying for an M.Sc. at the University of the Philippines. Ginelle’s project aims to document traditional ecological knowledge from the indigenous Calamian Tagbanwa tribe about the green turtle and its seagrass habitat, and to use this knowledge to make conservation recommendations.Back
Ha Hoang
Ha Hoang is a National Geographic Photo Ark EDGE Fellow focused on the endangered big-headed turtle. Ha studied for an M.Sc. in environmental management before joining the Asian Turtle Program in 2008, where he is currently the Vietnam turtle program coordinator. His ambition is to save all of Vietnam’s native tortoise and freshwater turtle species from the threat of extinction. Ha’s project aims to increase local conservation capacity in Vietnam, better understand the risks of disease transfer between released turtles and wild turtle populations as well as other threats to the species, and increase awareness of turtle conservation.Back
Hanh Ngo
Hanh Ngo is a National Geographic Photo Ark EDGE Fellow. Hanh is currently a master’s student and research assistant in the Department of Genetics at Vietnam National University. She previously contributed to fieldwork for the Asian Turtle Program, including surveys on the Vietnamese pond turtle and the Yangtze giant softshell turtle. Hanh’s project aims to develop an advanced eDNA protocol to support survey efforts of the endangered Chinese crocodile lizard in northeastern Vietnam.Back
Jailabdeen A
Jailabdeen A is a National Geographic Photo Ark EDGE Fellow focusing on the critically endangered gharial. Jailabdeen is currently a project coordinator for the Gharial Ecology Project at the Madras Crocodile Bank Trust. He is studying for a Ph.D. in animal science from Bharathidasan University. Jailabdeen’s project aims to develop a comprehensive assessment of gharials in India’s National Chambal Sanctuary, their riverine habitats, and threats and challenges to their survival.Back
Jamal Galves
Jonathan Phu Jiun Lang
Jonathan Phu is a National Geographic Photo Ark EDGE Fellow focusing on the endangered green turtle. He is a conservation officer at the Marine Research Foundation in Malaysia and is currently studying for an M.Sc. in marine science at Universiti Malaysia Sabah. Jonathan’s project aims to provide an assessment on the population status of foraging sea turtles in Mantanani Island to Sabah Parks, a government organization responsible for establishing marine parks.Back
Marina Rivero
Moumita Chakraborty
Moumita Chakraborty is a National Geographic Photo Ark EDGE Fellow focusing on the endangered red panda. She is studying for a Ph.D. in wildlife science from Saurashtra University, in affiliation with the Wildlife Institute of India. She is currently carrying out field research to investigate red panda ecology in the Sikkim Himalayas in India. Her project aims to understand and evaluate the species-habitat relationship of the red panda across both protected and unprotected areas.Back
Otgontuya Batsuuri
Otgontuya Batsuuri is a National Geographic Photo Ark EDGE Fellow focusing on the critically endangered Siberian crane. Since graduating with a B.Sc. in biology from the National University of Mongolia, Otgontuya has worked as a biology and chemistry teacher at a local private school. Her project aims to identify potential summering areas of Siberian cranes, and to gather knowledge that is critical to the recovery of the species.Back
Ranjana Bhatta
Ranjana Bhatta is a National Geographic Photo Ark EDGE Fellow focusing on the critically endangered gharial. Ranjana currently works in the environmental science department at Tribhuvan University in Nepal, focusing on aquatic ecology. She previously worked as a climate change consultant for the Nepal Ministry of Science. Ranjana’s project aims to undertake research that will support the science-driven in-situ conservation of the critically endangered gharial by providing detailed, evidence-based information.Back
Vinicius Alberici
Yajaira García Feria
Conservation Heroes
Many species in the Photo Ark are at risk in the wild due to habitat loss, illegal poaching, and other threats. National Geographic is actively funding conservationists in the field to help some of these species in most critical need. Meet some of the conservation heroes who are helping protect wildlife and find out how you can take action to help.
Olivier Nsengimana and the Grey Crowned Crane
Having grown up enjoying the sights and sounds of cranes dancing in the marsh, Olivier Nsengimana was shocked to learn as an adult of their drastic decline. In Rwanda and elsewhere, juvenile wild cranes and eggs are illegally caught, sold, and confined to solitary futures as status symbols for humans.
Kalyar Platt and the Burmese Star Tortoise
There’s a belief around Minzontaung Wildlife Sanctuary in Myanmar that Earth spirits protect tortoises and wreak vengeance on those who harm them. That makes it an ideal place for National Geographic grantee Kalyar Platt and team to release hundreds of captive-bred Burmese star tortoises.
Jia Zhong and the Chinese Merganser
While most Chinese mergansers breed in Russia’s Far East, they fly south to China for the winter. Jia Zhong and her colleagues work with hundreds of birdwatchers across China to locate, study, and protect the rivers that harbor these endangered birds.
Corinne Kendall and the White-Backed Vulture
Corinne Kendall and staff from the Wildlife Conservation Society are satellite-tracking white-backed vultures in southern Tanzania where the population is still strong. The data they collect will reveal the range, breeding areas, habitat use, and likely causes of death for the birds.
Carlton Ward Jr. and the Florida Panther
Carlton Ward Jr. works with scientists and landowners in Florida’s wildest areas to highlight opportunities to benefit panthers and people. By connecting the public to panthers using photos and outreach, he seeks to encourage the habitat protection needed to expand the panther population and keep Florida wild.
Zoo Success Stories
Zoos and wildlife sanctuaries around the world are home to some of the most critically endangered species. Some of these species are no longer found in the wild and programs at zoos and wildlife sanctuaries may be the last hope for saving them. Research and fundraising conducted by conservationists at these facilities help to not only protect the animals in their care, but also those in the wild. Thanks to this important work, zoos and wildlife sanctuaries are beacons of hope for species at risk.
Find a Photo Ark exhibition near you.
National Geographic EDGE Fellows: Robin Moore
Help Us Save Wildlife
Thousands of species are at risk and time is running out. Join National Geographic photographer Joel Sartore as he leads the Photo Ark project to document our planet’s biodiversity and find innovative solutions to help save threatened species and protect their critical habitats.
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https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/photo-ark/saving-species/
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The Marine Mammal Institute integrates research, scientific and academic studies within Oregon State University. Our critical mission is to advance conservation and the understanding of marine mammal ecology, which incorporates habitat, food web, health and environmental issues. The Institute works with industries (fisheries, shipping, oil and others) that have potential for endangering target species to help them save marine mammals while accomplishing their work. Our research, information, and studies are targeted for use by public policy makers, scientists, media, educators, and the general public.
Oregon State University's Marine Mammal Program was formed in 1982 to conduct original research to better understand marine mammal management issues such as population numbers, critical habitats, migrations, behavior, and interactions with human activities (e.g. fishing, oil and gas development, and shipping).
From 1983 to 2019, Dr. Bruce Mate led the Marine Mammal Program's foundational research laboratory, the Whale Telemetry Group (WTG). The WTG pioneered the development of satellite-monitored radio tags to study the movements, critical habitats, and dive characteristics of free-ranging whales and dolphins around the world. This work led to the discovery of previously unknown migration routes and seasonal distribution (wintering and summering areas), as well as descriptions of diving behavior. Decision makers have used this valuable information to manage human activities that may jeopardize the recovery of endangered whale populations.
In late 2006, Oregon State University granted full Institute status to the Marine Mammal Program, announcing plans to expand its faculty and broaden the scope of its research. OSU's research in the study of threatened and endangered whale species has been internationally recognized over the past three decades. Bruce Mate retired in 2019 and continues as Professor Emeritus. In fall 2019, Dr. Lisa T. Ballance joined MMI as its new Director.
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http://mmi.noco.net/about
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Rajesh Puttaswamaiah, a lawyer by profession, spends all his non-work hours dedicated to the cause of bats. The Bat Conservation India Trust, set up by him has recently received the The Habitats Trust Grant in the ‘Lesser-known Species Grant’ category for their work in conserving the endangered Kolar leaf-nosed bat. Metrolife talks to him about why bats are in need of our attention.?
What led to the formation?of the Bat Conservation India Trust? What does the trust do?
I always wanted to give back to nature and running a conservation organisation was a long-term plan. My experience of watching thousands of bats being smoked out to death by a community in Nagaland as part of their annual ritual triggered the need for such a trust.?
Bat Conservation India Trust’s (BCIT) mission is to protect bats and their habitats across India. We carry out extensive research on distribution and ecology.?
In the last seven years we have been able to map many cave roosts and bring some areas under the visibility and supervision of the Forest Department. Through our outreach programs we have been able to influence students to take up research on bats, photographers to document the bats and filmmakers to create documentaries.
Nipah and now Covid-19, have given bats a bad name. Has that affected conservation efforts??
Nipah and Covid-19 have increased the negative perspective towards bats which were already maligned and marred with various myths.?
Both the outbreaks resulted in bats being culled and trees being chopped at various places across India. The pandemic has also impacted research work as some of our collaborating organisations are concerned about risk in handling the bats.?
We had to deal with it by increasing our efforts to educate the public by circulating educational videos and illustrations over social media and traditional media. Some aspects of research had to be shelved for the time being.
What drew you to the Kolar leaf-nosed bat??
The Kolar leaf-nosed bats being a critically endangered species was always a point of focus from early 2013.
We soon came to know that a team from Osmania University had started studying them and had received a grant. Knowing that they were being studied at Kolar we searched other places in Karnataka. Our surveys across the Deccan plateau in the last six years did not yield results. Additionally? findings from Osmania University indicated that these bats had gone extinct in one of the known roosts.?
Having realised that these bats were restricted to only one cave it was imperative for us to step in. The efforts from Osmania University had helped the Karnataka Forest Department declare the cave and the hill area as conservation reserve.
While this was a great first step, for a long-term conservation measure, we need to assess if the bats are dependent on the agricultural land and ensure there is no change in land use which could impact their food source.
What is the plan to conserve them??
We will carry out a detailed survey of the landscape to assess their foraging area, prey diversity and other ecological aspects to understand the species better.
The grant from The Habitats Trust will play a major role in helping us procure required research materials and support operational expenses.?
We are also working with the Karnataka Forest Department. We are also working with the community to instil a sense of pride in them for hosting the critically endangered species so that they become the true guardians of the Kolar Leaf Nosed bats.
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How to help?
Volunteer with BCIT?
Provide support in educating the community by contributing books and stationery to the village schools.
Notify BCIT or the Forest department if they come across any potential bat roosts.
Contribute by providing research materials to BCIT.
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http://www.wehearttoronto.com/metrolife/metrolife-lifestyle/lawyer-by-day-bat-man-at-night-953224.html
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I have over 25 years experience working with fisheries resources in the Rocky Mountain Region to provide technical and logistical support to the team of research scientists in Boise, Idaho. I have taken a career path that has led from instream flow and stream salmonid population dynamics in the waters of Wyoming and Colorado, to radio telemetry of endangered fishes in the canyons of the Green River in Utah, to describing species assemblage and distribution of fishes in Montana prairie streams. In my present position as a fisheries biologist at the Rocky Mountain Research Station I am involved with research projects on the life history, movements, spawning site selection, and habitat utilization by fluvial Bull trout and the spatial and temporal distribution of spawning Chinook salmon.
I recently published a manuscript detailing the fine-scale attributes of Fluvial Bull Trout redds from fourteen years of surveys in a headwater tributary.
I conduct research in remote backcountry forest locations utilizing radio telemetry and GPS to gather information on the movement, homing, and selection of habitat by adult fluvial Bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus); the timing and extent of dispersal by juvenile bull trout; the spatial and temporal distribution of wild Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in wilderness watersheds.
I believe the recognition of the timing and extent of adult movements, the dispersal of juveniles, will help develop an understanding of local fish populations, the various habitats used at different life stages thus enabling fishery managers in identifying population bottlenecks, use of critical habitats, passage requirements, and fidelity to natal spawning grounds and aid the Forest Service in the implementation of conservation plans.
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https://www.fs.usda.gov/rmrs/people/jguzevich
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Sea Level Rise Adaptation in the Florida Keys:
Conserving Terrestrial and Intertidal Natural Areas and Native Species
May 10th – 12th, 2011
Hawks Cay Resort, Duck Key, Florida Keys
Background:
The Florida Keys archipelago is a unique part of the natural heritage of the United States. The islands support some of the northernmost occurrences of natural communities dominated by tropical plant species indigenous to the West Indies, including three globally imperiled habitats: pine rockland, tropical hardwood hammock, and mangrove forest. More than two-thirds (about 57,000 acres) of natural habitats in the Florida Keys are managed for conservation by federal, state, county, and municipal governments and private organizations. These areas provide habitat for more than 30 federally threatened and endangered species and other rare endemics, many of which are found nowhere else in the world. Notable species include; Key Largo woodrat, Key Largo cotton mouse, American crocodile, Key deer, Lower Keys marsh rabbit, Key tree cactus, and Miami blue butterfly. Low-island ecosystems such as the Florida Keys will face substantial impacts from climate change, particularly from sea level rise and storms. The loss and/or transformation of habitats could substantially alter the distribution and abundance of already imperiled species.
Meeting Purpose:
Engage Florida Keys terrestrial natural area and native species managers, regulators, and the scientific community in information sharing and facilitated discussion leading to initiation of integrated research and monitoring activities and adaptive management strategies for minimizing the consequences of sea level rise (SLR).
Objectives:
* Share information about past, current and future research, monitoring and management efforts focused on SLR in the Florida Keys
* Lay the foundation for a prioritized Florida Keys SLR research agenda and long-term monitoring network
* Begin to identify best management practices for adapting to SLR in the Florida Keys and similar ecosystems
* Compile existing information and begin prioritizing research, monitoring and management needs for a synthesis report
Workshop Sponsors and Organizing Committee:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service – Florida Keys National Wildlife Refuges, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration – Gulf Coast Coastal Services Center, The Nature Conservancy, and Impactofsealevelrise.org.
Agenda:
Tuesday, May 10, 2011
9:00 am Welcome: Workshop Objectives and Introductions
9:30 am Keynote Panel: Introduction to Climate Change & Sea Level Rise
· Nancy Gassman, Broward County – Climate change overview
· Reed Noss, University of Central Florida – Impacts of climate change and sea level rise in peninsular Florida - Can we adapt?
|
http://www.frrp.org/SLR.htm
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Archipelagos Institute of Marine Conservation is looking for a Terrestrial Conservation Team Supervisor to join us as soon as possible at our research bases, located in the northeastern Aegean islands.
Archipelagos conservation efforts aim to protect island fauna, flora and their habitats focusing on species of special concern with imminent threats. Current research to fill gaps in knowledge is being conducted on key species including the Golden Jackal, the Mediterranean Chameleon, but also numerous protected and endangered species of birds, bats and island flora.
For more information on the terrestrial conservation team, please visit http://archipelago.gr/en/our-work/terrestrial-conservation/
ESSENTIAL REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS AND ABILITIES:
LOCATION:
Samos and other northeastern Aegean islands
COMPENSATION:
Salary plus accommodation and board
APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS:
Please submit a current resume, a list of three references, and a cover letter expressing your interest to [email protected]
Please indicate you saw this posting at GoodWork.ca.
Note: This posting is provided on an "As Is" basis and for general informational purposes only. People and Planet (also known as "GoodWork") is not responsible for the content, accuracy, timeliness, completeness, legality, reliability, quality or suitability of this posting. We do not screen or endorse the organizations or individuals involved. If you decide to accept an offer of employment, volunteering or any other arrangement, you do so at your own risk and it is your responsibility to take all protective measures to guard against injury, abuse, non-payment or any other loss. Please read our full Terms & Conditions.
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https://www.goodwork.ca/jobs/ecology-and-conservation-biology-jobs-53971
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The world's wildlife is increasingly stressed by human activity. Farming and development have led to habitat loss. Animals are contending with toxic pollutants in their environments, and will be facing threats from climate change. Scientists say we're in the 6th great planetary extinction, called the “Holocene Extinction” - the extinction of the human era. This predicament has made zoologists more important than ever. Zoologists study the physiology of animals, their behavior, and how they interact with other species and their environments. Their knowledge is critical to preserving important habitats and managing wildlife's adaptations to climate change.
What Does a Zoologist Do?
Zoology is the study of animals and their behavior. Zoologists may study a particular species or group of species, either in the wild or in captivity.
Zoologists study animals and their interactions with ecosystems. They study their physical characteristics, diets, behaviors, and the impacts humans have on them. They study all kinds of animals, both in their natural habitats and in captivity in zoos and aquariums. They may specialize in studying a particular animal or animal group.
Zoologists may be involved in a wide variety of duties in various environments. For example they may observe and study animals in their natural environments, or plan and conduct experiments involving animals in nature, in zoos, or in other controlled areas. They may also collect biological specimens and measure physical characteristics. These studies are generally aimed at investigating animal behavior, migration, interactions with other species, and reproduction, as well as the pests, diseases, toxins, and habitat changes that affect them. They use the information they gather to monitor and estimate populations, address invasive species and other threats, control disease, manage hunting programs, and develop conservation plans. They also write reports and journal articles and give presentations to share their findings.
Zoologists also use geographic information systems (GIS) and global positioning systems (GPS) to track the movements of animals and map their habitat ranges. They also use modeling software to project future scenarios, such as habitat range changes due to climate change.
Their efforts are critical to protecting endangered species and other wildlife from the pressures of habitat loss, disease, invasive species, and climate change.
Where Does a Zoologist Work?
Some zoologists work for zoos, wildlife centers, wildlife parks, and aquariums, where they manage the animals' care, their distribution, and their enclosures. They may also help breeding programs restore wild populations.
Zoologists also work for wildlife conservation groups, where they may help rehabilitate and release animals, plan conservation and ecotourism initiatives involving local communities, or lobby governments on policy.
Other zoologists research new vermin control drugs or veterinary medicines for pharmaceutical companies. Some work as museum curators, where they manage specimens, conduct research, and educate the public. Others are faculty members in academia.
Zoologists work in offices and laboratories. Some like Jane Goodall or Diane Fossey spend much of their time outdoors studying animals in their natural habitats, which may be quite remote. While travel can be a significant perk, this type of work can also be strenuous and isolating.
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), as of 2012, most zoologists and wildlife biologists (34%) were employed in state government. 24% were employed by the federal government. Another 10% worked in research and development in the physical, engineering, and life sciences. 7% worked in management, scientific, and technical consulting services, and 6% worked for state colleges, universities, and professional schools. 4% were employed by local government.
Most zoologists and wildlife biologists work full time. They may work long or irregular hours when doing fieldwork, and those studying nocturnal animals may need to work at night.
What Is the Average Zoologist Salary?
The BLS lists the 2012 median annual wage for zoologists and wildlife biologists as $57,710. At $72,700, those in the federal government earned the most. They were followed by zoologists employed in research and development ($59,670), local government ($57,110), management, scientific, and technical consulting services ($56,740), state colleges, universities, and professional schools ($55,610), and state government ($51,780).
|State||Total Employment||Bottom 25%||Median Salary||Top 75%|
|Alabama||100||$45,500||$58,750||$69,360|
|Alaska||840||$55,430||$67,910||$80,170|
|Arizona||430||$44,530||$55,580||$66,960|
|Arkansas||170||$40,690||$49,040||$59,310|
|California||2,860||$48,590||$62,830||$86,060|
|Colorado||500||$52,910||$60,370||$72,380|
|Connecticut||70||$74,650||$86,270||$100,850|
|District of Columbia||90||$62,480||$97,930||$126,790|
|Florida||1,350||$35,760||$45,350||$57,800|
|Georgia||360||$36,060||$43,550||$51,830|
|Hawaii||150||$52,450||$62,490||$86,080|
|Idaho||500||$45,040||$56,780||$71,110|
|Illinois||150||$48,600||$58,520||$74,980|
|Indiana||80||$40,700||$54,170||$66,970|
|Iowa||90||$59,560||$69,270||$69,280|
|Kentucky||220||$35,500||$43,110||$53,360|
|Louisiana||100||$46,530||$63,140||$74,630|
|Maine||300||$43,190||$50,860||$57,570|
|Maryland||230||$72,880||$96,460||$122,090|
|Massachusetts||570||$43,960||$56,020||$77,630|
|Michigan||230||$58,520||$67,940||$78,680|
|Minnesota||720||$46,640||$54,830||$61,790|
|Mississippi||170||$41,200||$56,370||$84,750|
|Missouri||270||$39,830||$47,460||$58,520|
|Montana||330||$47,030||$56,510||$70,800|
|Nebraska||130||$44,970||$54,120||$62,930|
|Nevada||280||$42,260||$55,860||$67,330|
|New Hampshire||90||$45,220||$54,320||$64,230|
|New Jersey||140||$50,420||$77,870||$91,710|
|New Mexico||190||$38,840||$52,220||$65,480|
|New York||380||$53,170||$64,500||$74,590|
|North Carolina||430||$44,160||$52,520||$65,320|
|North Dakota||90||$52,570||$63,130||$69,850|
|Ohio||200||$47,060||$56,250||$62,360|
|Oklahoma||90||$33,630||$40,080||$56,280|
|Oregon||1,150||$50,350||$61,310||$74,880|
|Pennsylvania||270||$42,420||$52,100||$63,150|
|Rhode Island||40||$67,630||$75,710||$88,070|
|South Carolina||310||$35,310||$45,870||$61,220|
|South Dakota||160||$38,460||$46,330||$57,170|
|Tennessee||100||$42,000||$54,790||$67,280|
|Texas||360||$49,610||$59,310||$75,680|
|Utah||340||$41,260||$52,190||$64,090|
|Vermont||100||$44,780||$54,950||$66,280|
|Virginia||210||$46,260||$54,370||$65,350|
|Washington||1,760||$54,640||$63,940||$83,490|
|West Virginia||120||$36,200||$46,700||$63,150|
|Wisconsin||360||$40,890||$51,270||$60,110|
|Wyoming||340||$48,540||$59,350||$65,150|
Table data taken from BLS (http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes191023.htm)
Zoology Jobs & Job Description
Recent Zoology Job Listings
Use the search box below to find all the zoologist job listings in our job board.
- Analyze the lifecycle of animals as well as their function in terms of the overall ecosystem in which they are a part
- Conduct population assessments of species using field methods or GIS technology
- Collect, process, and prepare specimens for study
- Analyze data and experimental observations and evaluate study results
- Prepare and publish scientific papers to report findings
- Act as advocate and spokesperson for wildlife and ecosystem concerns within their scope of specialty
- Interact with other scientists, professionals, and advocacy groups to preserve and monitor habitats and populations
- Draft reports and presentations
- Collect samples and conduct observational research in the lab, the field, and protected environments
- Make sure data/specimen collection and record keeping is accurate and adheres to relevant safety procedures
- Communicate with national, regional and international initiatives in order to share information and assessment data
- Continually review current research and scientific literature in the field
- Consult on and implement habitat mitigation and remediation measures
- Consult on environmental and site assessments as they affect wildlife biology
- Travel to temporary field assignments in remote locations
- Conduct and/or oversee wildlife population surveys
- Provide technical expertise related to wildlife survey design
- Prepare wildlife management plans
- Monitor trends in wildlife populations
Senior zoologists will likely be offered the role of team lead at some point in their career. Some of the additional tasks that accompany this tier-2 position are:
- Overseeing paperwork and analyzing data for reporting purposes
- Communicating with clients, government departments, colleagues, and experts in the field via verbal and written reports
- Preparing and reviewing articles and papers based on research findings
- Planning and scheduling research trips
- Designing budgets and timelines for lab and field teams
- Serve as point of contact for peer-review data inquiries
- Consult with agency working groups
- Review records, reports, and assessments on behalf of the team
- Coordinate technical details for a range of interdisciplinary projects
- Navigate environmental regulations and environmental approvals processes
- Manage and consult about endangered species populations
- Manage and advocate to a variety of stakeholders regarding species conservation, protection, and rehabilitation
- Evaluate national and international wildlife initiatives
- Participate in meetings with government agencies, consultants, and engineers
What Is the Job Demand for Zoologists?
Jobs for zoologists and wildlife biologists are projected to grow 5% from 2012 to 2022, which is slower than average for all occupations. Retirements will open up some opportunities in this field. However, government budgets will govern demand for zoology jobs in the public sector.
Competition for jobs is very strong. Candidates with practical experience gained through volunteer work for zoos, wildlife rehabilitation centers, and nonprofit organizations will have the best opportunities.
How Do I Get a Zoology Degree?
Entry-level positions require at least a bachelor's degree. Zoologists typically earn degrees in zoology, wildlife biology, ecology, or general biology. Coursework often includes classes on animal behavior and physiology, parasitology, virology, ecology, chemistry, mathematics, and statistical software. Students may also take courses in a particular area of specialty. Research and faculty positions require a Ph.D.
Outdoors skills can also be very helpful. Experience with backpacking, camping, and wilderness survival can set a candidate apart.
What Are the Different Branches of Zoology?
Many zoologists dedicate their careers to studying a particular species or animal group. For example:
- Cetologists study marine mammals, such as whales, dolphins, and seals.
- Entomologists specialize in insects, such as ants and spiders.
- Herpetologists work with reptiles and amphibians such as alligators, salamanders, and frogs.
- Ichthyologists focus on wild fish, such as Rainbow Trout and the Least Chub.
- Mammalogists study mammals, such as deer, wolves, chimpanzees and giraffes.
- Parasitologists research the parasites that plague other wildlife, such as ticks, and how they affect their host species.
- Ornithologists study birds such as the endangered California Condor.
- Ethologists specialize in animal behavior.
- Paleozoologists study fossil remains to investigate the evolutionary history of animals.
Other Degrees Related to Zoology<!- mfunc search_box_body ->
What Kind of Societies and Professional Organizations Do Zoologists Have?
- The Wildlife Society facilitates networking of wildlife professionals through magazines and journals, an e-newsletter, an annual conference, and working groups. It also administers professional certification for wildlife biologists.
- The Association of Zoos and Aquariums is a network of more than 6,000 zoo and aquarium professionals and organizations. It offers animal management information, business benchmarking data, conference proceedings, grants and more.
|
https://www.environmentalscience.org/career/zoologist
|
Yelloweye rockfish are among the longest lived of rockfishes, with maximum age reported to be up to 150 years. This species also is very slow growing and late to mature. Although conservation measures like fishing bans have been put in place in Puget Sound, recovery from threats such as past overfishing and continued bycatch will take many years due to the life history of yelloweye rockfish. The Puget Sound/Georgia Basin distinct population segment (DPS) in Washington State is listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act.
Non-ESA listed populations of yelloweye rockfish are harvested in commercial and recreational fisheries off the West Coast and Alaska. Fisheries harvest of yelloweye rockfish is managed under the following Fishery Management Plans (FMPs):
- Pacific Coast Groundfish FMP
- Groundfish of the Gulf of Alaska FMP
- Groundfish of the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands FMP
Learn more about the Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery off the West Coast
Assessment of the Other Rockfish stock complex in the Gulf of Alaska (PDF, 49 pages)
Assessment of the Demersal Shelf Rockfish Stock Complex in the Southeast Outside Subdistrict of the Gulf of Alaska (PDf, 17 pages)
Population Status
NOAA Fisheries is committed to conserving and protecting yelloweye rockfish. Our scientists and partners use a variety of innovative techniques to study, learn more about, and protect this species.
Protected Status
ESA Threatened
- Puget Sound/ Georgia Basin DPS
Threats
Yelloweye rockfish were once part of a vibrant recreational and commercial groundfish fishery in Puget Sound. Because all rockfish species are an important part of the food web, actions to support rockfish recovery would benefit the Puget Sound ecosystem. For instance, larval and juvenile rockfish are a food source for juvenile salmon and other marine fish and seabirds.
Many rockfish species do not begin to reproduce until they are 5 to 20 years old, their recruitment varies from year to year and reproductive success occurs at the right combination of temperature, food supply and upwelling intensity. Therefore, these species are dependent on maintaining extended population age structure, and thus very susceptible to overfishing and habitat degradation.
Washington State has closed many commercial fisheries that caught rockfishes incidentally, and there is no direct commercial harvest of them in Puget Sound. Recreationally, targeting or retaining any species of rockfish in Puget Sound waters east of the Port Angeles area is not allowed.
Through work with our partners, we have supported a number of rockfish recovery actions, including derelict fishing gear surveys (PDF, 19 pages) and prevention (PDF, 15 pages) efforts, kelp conservation and recovery, the distribution of descending devices to recreational anglers, unique habitat and fish surveys, and the development of outreach materials.
Scientific Classification
|Kingdom||Animalia||Phylum||Chordata||Class||Actinopterygii||Order||Scorpaeniformes||Family||Sebastidae||Genus||Sebastes||Species||ruberrimus|
Featured News
Related Species
Recreational Fishing Regulations
Commercial Fishing Regulations
Subsistence Fishing Regulations
Management Overview
The Puget Sound/Georgia Basin DPS of yelloweye rockfish in Washington State is listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act.
Regulatory History
In February 1999, we received a petition from Mr. Sam Wright of Olympia, Washington to list 18 species of marine fish in Puget Sound, including this species, under the ESA. On June 21, 1999, we found that there was insufficient information concerning stock structure, status, and trends for this species to suggest that listing this species may be warranted (64 FR 33037).
On April 9, 2007, we received a petition from Mr. Sam Wright (Olympia, Washington) to list "distinct population segments (DPSs)" of yelloweye rockfish, and four other rockfishes in Puget Sound, as endangered or threatened species under the ESA and to designate critical habitat. We found that this petition also did not present substantial scientific or commercial information to suggest that the petitioned actions may be warranted (72 FR 56986; October 5, 2007). On October 29, 2007, we received a letter from Mr. Wright presenting information that was not included in the April 2007 petition, and requesting reconsideration of the decision not to initiate a review of the species' status. We considered the supplemental information as a new petition and concluded that there was enough information in this new petition to warrant conducting status reviews of these rockfishes. We completed the status review in December 2010.
In April 2010, we listed the Puget Sound/ Georgia Basin DPS as threatened under the ESA.
Key Actions and Documents
Science Overview
Evaluating How an Oil Spill of Diluted Bitumen Could Affect Benthic Habitats in the Central Salish Sea
The Salish Sea, a cherished and biodiverse marine environment, is at risk for a major oil spill. Commercial marine traffic has been increasing, expanding the risk of a major oil spill from oil transport, as well as from bunker fuels from other vessels. Transport of diluted bitumen (dilbit), a type of heavy oil that can sink to the seafloor and accumulate in troughs and canyons, presents unique challenges for protection of benthic habitats critical to rockfishes and other bottomfish.
A recent collaborative research project led by the Tombolo Mapping Laboratory has used tide and current predictions, sediment transport and deposition models, intimate knowledge of geomorphology, and fish distribution data to identify potential impacts of spilled dilbit in the central Salish Sea (the San Juan Archipelago). They predict where dilbit is likely to become embedded in rocky crevices, be dispersed by strong currents, accumulate and settle into sediments, or be trapped in bays. They also identify important benthic habitats likely to lie in the path of spilled and sunken oil released from various locations.
A draft report and companion maps are available below and will be submitted to the peer-reviewed journal Continental Shelf Research. An Esri StoryMap is also available that summarizes this work using interactive and engaging maps.
Report
Oil Spill Assessment Maps of the Central Salish Sea – Marine Seafloor and Coastal Habitats of Concern – A Tool for Oil Spill Mitigation within the San Juan Archipelago, San Juan County, Washington (PDF, 69 pages)
Maps
Plate 1 - Oil Spill Assessment Map – Behavior and Fate of Dilbit in the Central Salish Sea (PDF, 1 page)
Plate 2 - Oil Spill Assessment Map – Selected Potential Critical Benthic Habitats in the Central Salish Sea (PDF, 1 page)
StoryMap
Oil Spills and Benthic Habitats in the Salish Sea
Citizen Science Young of Year (YOY) Rockfish SCUBA Survey Project
Rockfish Need your Help!
Rockfish in Puget Sound form part of the diverse marine community that attracts thousands of divers each year, yet monitoring rockfish populations is challenging due to their habitat usage and sporadic occurrence in Puget Sound. We must collect a large amount of information to assess rockfish recovery and divers can help! A large-scale effort is underway to measure recruitment of young of year (YOY; fish that have not yet reached one year of age) and we are engaging scuba divers to assist.
Why are we interested in YOY rockfish?
Assessing the numbers and locations of YOY rockfish will help us understand preferred habitats and population characteristics. Collecting this data across multiple years and comparing it with oceanic and climatic variables could clarify conditions that lead to successful reproduction. This effort is a key part of understanding what conditions lead to successful survival of young rockfish.
How can recreational divers help?
Download our YOY survey guide linked below and conduct your own survey! Also, if you spot a YOY yelloweye rockfish, canary rockfish, or bocaccio while scuba diving, snap a picture and note your location. Then send it to us at [email protected]. It's that simple! If you are not sure of the species, send it to us anyway.
Where can I find rockfish while diving?
Rockfish can be found anywhere in Puget Sound (including the San Juan Islands). We are currently developing a list of preferred sampling sites throughout Puget Sound that may inform dive locations. YOY rockfish can be found in a variety of habitats, so we encourage you to branch out and try different dive sites that may feature eelgrass, kelp, rocky reef, or soft-bottom. You never know when you will find a new favorite dive site!
To prepare for participation, check out our YOY survey guide for instructions and assistance with species identification. Most importantly, keep diving in Puget Sound and start (or continue) keeping an eye out for juvenile rockfish!
- YOY Rockfish Citizen Science Survey Guide (PDF, 2 pages)
- Download the flier (PDF, 1 page)
- Rockfish Identification
- 2015–2020 Rockfish YOY Summary Report (PDF, 23 pages)
Is your dive club interested in learning more about rockfish?
We would be happy to speak at your dive club and will do our best to make it to one of your meetings. For more information, you may contact:
- James Selleck, [email protected]
- Adam Obaza, [email protected]
- Dr. Dayv Lowry, [email protected]
NOAA Fisheries' Funded Research Projects That Inform Recovery Planning
NOAA Fisheries funds several projects with key research partners to inform rockfish recovery planning.
|
https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/yelloweye-rockfish
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