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"We need to have a much more well-defined process for IAM (identity and access management), with architectures, controls and processes," Ant Allan, vice president of research at Gartner, told attendees of a recent conference in London on identity management.
While there has been a tendency to treat such problems as primarily a technological issue, and focus on how to integrate identity management into existing applications and systems, effective access management has a much broader impact, Allan said. "IAM is more and more about business issues as much as it is about security issues. You have to reflect the business controls and processes in your IAM controls and processes."
Another recent challenge has been an increasing emphasis on ensuring that staff members actually are who they claim to be, an issue that is receiving increasing prominence as global employment patterns shift.
"Before you create identities on your information systems for people, you need to establish who they are in the real world," Allan said. "We're seeing an increased focus on identity-based networks."
All this may see identity management shift from a technology manager responsibility to that of higher, C-level executives. "IAM is not something you can relegate to a low-level administrative task," Gartner's Ray Wagner noted.
Merely setting up efficient systems remains troublesome, if the typical queries received by Gartner itself are any indication. In the first quarter of this year, the most common queries from clients related to basic issues of user provisioning and authentication, Wagner said. Provisioning alone accounted for almost a quarter of queries.
One reason for increased interest in IAM is the increasing interest fiscal and legal regulators are taking in the systems used to control information access.
"Regulators want to see controls in place, and they want to see that you can show them you have controls in place," Allan said.
Effectively delivering that will probably require multiple categories of software, with Gartner singling out administration and access, verification, authentication and auditing as crucial roles.
"You don't need every kind of tool there is on the market, but you probably need more than one of each category," Allan said.
Angus Kidman of ZDNet Australia attended the Gartner Identity & Access Management Summit.
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https://www.cnet.com/news/gartner-businesses-struggling-with-id-management/
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A totally renewable energy future?
Reference: ZAPPA, W., JUNGINGER, M. & VAN DEN BROEK, M. 2019. Is a 100% renewable European power system feasible by 2050? Applied Energy, 233-234, 1027-1050. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.08.109
All over the world, countries are working toward reducing CO2 emissions. The need for this was highlighted by the recent release of the National Climate Assessment. One way to reduce CO2 emissions is by shifting to renewable energy. Most countries are already increasing the quantity of renewable energy powering homes and businesses, but it may not be fast enough. An ambitious target would be to generate 100% of electricity from renewable sources by 2050. A recent report for the European Union (EU) evaluates whether it is possible for Europe to achieve that goal.
Renewable energy 101
There are several types of renewable electricity. Many people are familiar with wind as they have seen large wind turbines on a cross country drive. Hydropower, generated by rivers at sites like the Hoover Dam, is another renewable resource. Solar panels are also fairly visible, on rooftops or in a field. We can also generate electricity through concentrating solar thermal power, which uses lots of mirrors instead of slim black panels and is more stable across the day, since there isn’t a sharp drop in energy when a cloud passes overhead. There is also geothermal power, which uses the heat from inside the earth and faces challenges a little deeper: it can only be used in certain locations, sometimes near volcanoes or hot springs. Bioelectricity, which operates similar to coal-fired power plants but burns renewable resources like grasses or other crops, is another way to generate renewable electricity that can easy meet demand.
Why is it so hard?
There are several determining factors if a region (whether that is a state, country, or group of countries) can be powered by 100% renewable energy. The region would need enough resources available to meet this need, and they will need to build enough power-generating operations to meet the need at all times. If (and when) wind slows, or the clouds block sunlight, there still must be enough electricity to go around, other options must be available.
Many scientists study whether it is possible to get all of our electricity from renewable sources. We can build lots of renewable generation operation, but we still need to be able to to run them! We are also used to turning on the lights (or plugging in a phone when it’s at 2%) and having an immediate response, so we need to make sure this is still possible. This study ran a model first looking at what to build, then looking at whether the power plants they modeled will allow everyone to use the electricity they need in every hour.
Can we do it?
The study found that biomass would be required to get to 100% renewable energy. Biomass can be controversial, because it still involves burning, which can create soot and smog. The burning process (called combustion) releases CO2, but that CO2 is absorbed by the plants when they are growing; the overall change in CO2 in the atmosphere is very small. When all renewable sources are allowed, the system can generate enough electricity for everyone. Another controversial technology, nuclear power, could also be used to cut CO2. Because it relies on uranium, it is not considered renewable, but it does not produce emissions. Nuclear power would allow Europe can meet demand for electricity while keeping CO2 emissions low, but certainly invites controversy.
Unsurprisingly, switching to renewable energy will require building a lot of new electricity generation operations. More than half of the locations that could have wind farms or large solar arrays in Europe (places with open space that are windy or sunny) would need to build them. The model identified several paths to provide for future energy needs, each with different costs. A 100% renewable system would be more expensive than the current European system, but not so expensive that it would be unaffordable.
Another important factor is whether the renewable energy facilities can be built quickly enough to meet the 2050 goal. Large amounts of wind power are added every year, and if this rate of increase is kept up, there would be enough wind built by 2050 for most of the scenarios this paper considered. It would be harder to increase the number of solar panels quickly enough for most of the 100% renewable scenarios. Although there is enough space to put these solar panels, the number installed each year would have to increase significantly to have enough in place by 2050. Other technologies would also need to be built very quickly. There is currently very little biomass, geothermal, or solar thermal. These technologies would need to be built at unprecedented levels. So while it is possible for Europe to generate all of its electricity from renewable sources by 2050, it would take a lot of work and commitment to achieve.
Should we try?
Even if the EU does not quite meet the goal, they could significantly reduce emissions and still provide electricity to the country by working toward the goal of 100% renewable energy by 2050. Some states in the US are also setting goals to produce large percentages of electricity from renewable sources over the next few decades.
As we increase how much of these technologies we use, there are many different benefits to society. We can have cleaner air, slow climate change, and have energy that is less threatened by fuel supply. Many renewable technologies can help protect consumers (people like you and me who buy energy) from spikes in price due to broken pipelines or international conflicts. Sorting out which technologies make the most sense in each region will help determine the best way to move forward while maintaining power needs.
Featured image source: Wikimedia Commons.
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https://envirobites.org/2018/12/05/a-totally-renewable-energy-future/
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This was originally published on April 25, 2022, on Elements.
Wind power is the most productive renewable energy source in the U.S., generating nearly half of America’s renewable energy.
But wind doesn’t blow fairly across the nation, so which states are contributing the most to U.S. wind energy generation?
This map uses data from the EIA to show how much wind electricity different U.S. states generate, and breaks down wind’s share of total electricity generation in top wind power producing states.
Wind Electricity Generation by State Compared
America’s wind energy generating states are all primarily located in the Central and Midwest regions of the nation, where wind speeds are highest and most consistent.
Texas is the runaway leader in wind, generating over 92 Terawatt-hours of electricity during a year, more than the next three top states (Iowa, Oklahoma, and Kansas) combined. While Texas is the top generator in terms of wind-powered electricity, wind only makes up 20% of the state’s total electricity generation.
|State||Wind Electricity Generation (Terawatt hours)||Wind's Share of Net Electricity Generation|
|Texas||92.9 TWh||20%|
|Iowa||34.1 TWh||58%|
|Oklahoma||29.6 TWh||35%|
|Kansas||23.5 TWh||43%|
|Illinois||17.1 TWh||10%|
|California||13.6 TWh||7%|
|North Dakota||13.2 TWh||31%|
|Colorado||12.7 TWh||23%|
|Minnesota||12.2 TWh||22%|
|Nebraska||8.7 TWh||24%|
Data from Feb 2020-Feb 2021
Source: EIA
Meanwhile, wind makes up a much larger share of net electricity generation in states like Iowa (58%), Oklahoma (35%), and Kansas (43%). For both Iowa and Kansas, wind is the primary energy source of in-state electricity generation after overtaking coal in 2019.
The U.S. also has 10 states with no wind power generating facilities, all primarily located in the Southeast region.
How Does Wind Energy Work?
Humans have been harnessing wind power for millennia, with windmills originally relying on wind to pump water or mill flour.
Today’s wind turbines work similarly, with their large blades generating electricity as wind causes them to rotate. As these blades are pushed by the wind, a connected internal shaft that is attached to an electric generator also turns and generates electricity.
Wind power is one of the safest sources of energy and relies on one key factor: wind speeds. When analyzing minimum wind speeds for economic viability in a given location, the following annual average wind speeds are needed:
- Small wind turbines: Minimum of 4 meters per second (9 miles per hour)
- Utility-scale wind turbines: Minimum of 5.8 meters per second (13 miles per hour)
Source: EIA
Unsurprisingly, the majority of America’s onshore wind turbine infrastructure is located in the middle of the nation, where wind speeds are highest.
Growing America’s Wind Turbine Capacity
While wind energy only made up 0.2% of U.S. electricity generating capacity in 1990, it is now essential for the clean energy transition. Today, wind power makes up more than 10% of U.S. electricity generating capacity, and this share is set to continue growing.
Record-breaking wind turbine installations in 2020 and 2021, primarily in the Central and Midwest regions, have increased U.S. wind energy generation by 30% to 135.1 GW.
In 2020, the U.S. increased wind turbine capacity by 14.2 gigawatts, followed by another 17.1 gigawatts in 2021. This year is set to see another 7.6 GW come online, with around half of 2022’s added capacity located in Texas.
After two years of record-breaking wind turbine installations, 2021’s expiration of the U.S. production tax credit is likely to dampen the rate of future installations.
Clean Energy
What Are the Five Major Types of Renewable Energy?
Renewable energy is the foundation of the ongoing energy transition. What are the key types of renewable energy, and how do they work?
The Renewable Energy Age
This was originally published on June 8, 2022, on Elements.
Awareness around climate change is shaping the future of the global economy in several ways.
Governments are planning how to reduce emissions, investors are scrutinizing companies’ environmental performance, and consumers are becoming conscious of their carbon footprints. But no matter the stakeholder, energy generation and consumption from fossil fuels is one of the biggest contributors to emissions.
Therefore, renewable energy sources have never been more top-of-mind than they are today.
The Five Types of Renewable Energy
Renewable energy technologies harness the power of the sun, wind, and heat from the Earth’s core, and then transforms it into usable forms of energy like heat, electricity, and fuel.
The above infographic uses data from Lazard, Ember, and other sources to outline everything you need to know about the five key types of renewable energy:
|Energy Source||% of 2021 Global Electricity Generation||Avg. levelized cost of energy per MWh|
|Hydro 💧||15.3%||$64|
|Wind 🌬||6.6%||$38|
|Solar ☀️||3.7%||$36|
|Biomass 🌱||2.3%||$114|
|Geothermal ♨️||<1%||$75|
Editor’s note: We have excluded nuclear from the mix here, because although it is often defined as a sustainable energy source, it is not technically renewable (i.e. there are finite amounts of uranium).
Though often out of the limelight, hydro is the largest renewable electricity source, followed by wind and then solar.
Together, the five main sources combined for roughly 28% of global electricity generation in 2021, with wind and solar collectively breaking the 10% share barrier for the first time.
The levelized cost of energy (LCOE) measures the lifetime costs of a new utility-scale plant divided by total electricity generation. The LCOE of solar and wind is almost one-fifth that of coal ($167/MWh), meaning that new solar and wind plants are now much cheaper to build and operate than new coal plants over a longer time horizon.
With this in mind, here’s a closer look at the five types of renewable energy and how they work.
1. Wind
Wind turbines use large rotor blades, mounted at tall heights on both land and sea, to capture the kinetic energy created by wind.
When wind flows across the blade, the air pressure on one side of the blade decreases, pulling it down with a force described as the lift. The difference in air pressure across the two sides causes the blades to rotate, spinning the rotor.
The rotor is connected to a turbine generator, which spins to convert the wind’s kinetic energy into electricity.
2. Solar (Photovoltaic)
Solar technologies capture light or electromagnetic radiation from the sun and convert it into electricity.
Photovoltaic (PV) solar cells contain a semiconductor wafer, positive on one side and negative on the other, forming an electric field. When light hits the cell, the semiconductor absorbs the sunlight and transfers the energy in the form of electrons. These electrons are captured by the electric field in the form of an electric current.
A solar system’s ability to generate electricity depends on the semiconductor material, along with environmental conditions like heat, dirt, and shade.
3. Geothermal
Geothermal energy originates straight from the Earth’s core—heat from the core boils underground reservoirs of water, known as geothermal resources.
Geothermal plants typically use wells to pump hot water from geothermal resources and convert it into steam for a turbine generator. The extracted water and steam can then be reinjected, making it a renewable energy source.
4. Hydropower
Similar to wind turbines, hydropower plants channel the kinetic energy from flowing water into electricity by using a turbine generator.
Hydro plants are typically situated near bodies of water and use diversion structures like dams to change the flow of water. Power generation depends on the volume and change in elevation or head of the flowing water.
Greater water volumes and higher heads produce more energy and electricity, and vice versa.
5. Biomass
Humans have likely used energy from biomass or bioenergy for heat ever since our ancestors learned how to build fires.
Biomass—organic material like wood, dry leaves, and agricultural waste—is typically burned but considered renewable because it can be regrown or replenished. Burning biomass in a boiler produces high-pressure steam, which rotates a turbine generator to produce electricity.
Biomass is also converted into liquid or gaseous fuels for transportation. However, emissions from biomass vary with the material combusted and are often higher than other clean sources.
When Will Renewable Energy Take Over?
Despite the recent growth of renewables, fossil fuels still dominate the global energy mix.
Most countries are in the early stages of the energy transition, and only a handful get significant portions of their electricity from clean sources. However, the ongoing decade might see even more growth than recent record-breaking years.
The IEA forecasts that, by 2026, global renewable electricity capacity is set to grow by 60% from 2020 levels to over 4,800 gigawatts—equal to the current power output of fossil fuels and nuclear combined. So, regardless of when renewables will take over, it’s clear that the global energy economy will continue changing.
Clean Energy
Mapped: Nuclear Reactors in the U.S.
This infographic shows all of America’s 92 nuclear reactors.
Mapped: Nuclear Reactors in the U.S.
This was originally posted on June 8, 2022, on Elements.
The United States is the world’s largest producer of nuclear power, representing more than 30% of the world’s nuclear power generation.
America has 92 reactors in operation, providing about 20% of the country’s electricity.
The above infographic uses data from the International Atomic Energy Agency to showcase every single nuclear reactor in America.
Nuclear Development
Nuclear power in the U.S. dates back to the 1950s.
George Westinghouse produced the first commercial pressurized water reactor in 1957 in Shippingport, Pennsylvania. The technology is used in approximately half of the 450 nuclear power reactors worldwide.
Today, over 30 different power companies across 30 states operate nuclear facilities in the U.S., and most nuclear power reactors are located east of the Mississippi River.
Illinois has more reactors than any state, with 11 reactors and the largest total nuclear electricity generation capacity at about 11,582 megawatts (MW). Meanwhile, the largest reactor is at the Grand Gulf Nuclear Station in Port Gibson, Mississippi, with a capacity of about 1,500 MW.
Most American reactors in operation were built between 1967 and 1990. Until 2013 there had been no new constructions started since 1977, according to the World Nuclear Association.
Nuclear power reactors in America receive 40-year operating licenses from the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), with companies able to apply for 20-year extensions. The oldest operating reactor, Nine Mile Point Unit 1 in New York, began commercial operation in December 1969. The newest reactor to enter service, Watts Bar Unit 2, came online in 2016.
The Future of Nuclear Power in the U.S.
U.S. nuclear power’s capacity peaked in 2012 at about 102,000 MW, with 104 operating nuclear reactors operating.
Since nuclear plants generate nearly 20% of U.S. electricity and about half of the country’s carbon‐free electricity, the recent push from the Biden administration to reduce fossil fuels and increase clean energy will require significant new nuclear capacity.
Today, there are two new reactors under construction (Vogtle 3 and 4) in Georgia, expected to come online before 2023.
Furthermore, some of the Inflation Reduction Act provisions include incentives for the nuclear industry. Starting in 2024, for example, utilities will be able to get a credit of $15 per megawatt-hour for electricity produced by existing nuclear plants. Nuclear infrastructure projects could also be eligible for up to $250 billion worth of loans to update, repurpose, and revitalize energy infrastructure that has stopped working.
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https://decarbonization.visualcapitalist.com/mapped-u-s-wind-electricity-generation-by-state/
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Energy is vital for a good standard of living, and much of the world's population does not have enough. Affordable and adequate sources of power that do not cause climate change or pollution are crucial; and renewables provide the answer. Wind and solar farms can now provide the cheapest electricity in many parts of the world. Moreover, they could provide all of the world's energy needs. But while market forces are fast helping the transition from fossil fuels to renewables, there are opposing pressures, such as the USA's proposed withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, and the vested interests in fossil fuels.
This Very Short Introduction describes the main renewable sources of energy – solar, wind, hydropower, and biomass – as well as the less well-developed ones- geothermal, tidal, and wave. Nick Jelley explains the challenges of integrating renewables into electricity grids, and the need for energy storage and for clean heat; and discusses the opportunities in developing countries for renewable energy to empower millions. He also considers international efforts and policies to support renewables and tackle climate change; and explains recent innovations in wind and solar energy production, battery storage, and in the emerging power-to-gas provision for clean heating. Throughout, he emphasises what renewable energy can deliver, and its importance in tackling climate change, and in improving health, welfare, and access to electricity.
List of illustrations
1: What are renewables?
2: Why do we need renewables?
3: Biomass, solar heat, and hydropower
4: Wind power
5: Solar photovoltaics
6: Other low carbon technologies
7: Renewable electricity and energy storage
8: Renewable heat and electric vehicles
9: The transition to renewables
Further reading
Index
Nick Jelley is an Emeritus Professor in the Department of Physics and a Fellow of Lincoln College at the University of Oxford. His research was in nuclear and particle physics and he published many papers in this field. He was a member of the Nobel Prize winning SNO experiment, for which he was the UK group leader, and the recipient of two Institute of Physics prizes. More recently, he has carried out research on solar energy for use in the developing world. He gave lectures to Oxford physics undergraduates on Energy Studies from 2003-2014, and in 2012 a Science and Society public lecture on Renewable Energy at the University of Liverpool. His books include Energy Science (3rd edition, 2017) and A Dictionary of Energy Science (2017).
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https://www.nhbs.com/renewable-energy-a-very-short-introduction-book?bkfno=248125
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But unfortunately, overbuilding is very much on the table as a way to get more wind and solar input into the system and, supposedly, reduce the use of fossil fuels.
Tag: Renewable energy
‘Electric Truck Hydropower’ – A Real Breakthrough or a New Sokal Hoax?
Is this real or did the Journal, Energy, get punked?
“Renewable Energy Dogmatism” – The New Red Menace?
Guest “Are you now, or have you ever been, a member of the Renewable Energy Dogmatism Party?” by David Middleton Renewable Energy Dogmatism Is Turning the World Red. Just Ask…
Nature Conservation Groups Demand More Renewable Energy Transmission Lines
Environmentalists pimping for wholesale destruction, concrete and clear felling of vast corridors of wilderness and farmland, to succour the renewable energy beast.
Aussie ABC: “A renewable energy revolution is powering Australia’s $720bn mining and resources industry”
Except when it isn’t: “fossil fuels — particularly gas — would still be needed at many remote resources projects for some time yet.”
IEA: More Renewable Investment Required to Stabilise European Energy Markets
According to Dr. Fatih Birol, $4 trillion per year of global renewable investment would reduce European dependence on Russian Gas, though Russia is also to blame for the recent energy…
Democrats Alarmed CEOs Not Rushing to Support Climate Bill Trillion Dollar Corporate Tax Rises
Has the phone stopped ringing in the White House? President Biden appears to be struggling with lukewarm support for dumping more trillions of freshly printed or borrowed money into the…
EIA: “Renewables became the second-most prevalent U.S. electricity source in 2020″…
Guest “That’s not how I would have phrased it” by David Middleton JUL 28, 2021Renewables became the second-most prevalent U.S. electricity source in 2020 In 2020, renewable energy sources (including wind, hydroelectric, solar,…
Sow the Wind Turbine, Reap the Wind Turbine Noise
As wind farms proliferate they are bound to invade residential areas and noise sensitive facilities with increasing frequency, making arguments over nuisance and health concerns increasingly acute and acrimonious. Yet,…
The Guardian Demands More Nuclear Power to Fight Climate Change, Slams Plant Closures
According to The Guardian, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo’s Closure of Indian Point Nuclear Power Plant was a big step backwards in the battle to reduce CO2 emissions.
Don’t Get Discouraged About The Preposterous Plans To Eliminate Fossil Fuels
It’s easy to get discouraged about the “climate” scare, otherwise known as the socialist takeover of everything under the cover story of a faux moral crusade to “save the planet.”…
It Is Necessary To Destroy The Environment To Save It
The innumerate of society that imagine the transition to Biden’s 2035 carbon pollution-free electricity target will have such insignificant environmental impacts that they should be ignored because of the existential…
Add The Wall Street Journal To The People Who Can’t Do Basic Arithmetic
The simple fact is that wind/solar plus battery systems would not need any government subsidies if they were cost effective. The Biden Administration is proposing to hand out many, many…
Failed Climate Predictions
I got to thinking about my now 10 years of occasionally contributed guest posts at WUWT and at Climate Etc. Lots of stuff provided over the years, ranging from NRDC…
Clean energy? The world’s demand for copper could be catastrophic for communities and environments
Mining companies cannot pay their way out of biodiversity loss, extreme poverty, and corruption risk. If they don’t engage these big challenges before the copper boom gets underway these impacts…
Pro Big Government Economist Calls for a Renewable Energy Moonshot
College of London Economist Mariana Mazzucato thinks the entrepreneurial spirit of government employees should be harnessed, to solve big problems like plastics pollution and climate change.
The contradictory Green policies to limit CO2 emissions
An excellent way to undermine Western economies is to render their power generation unreliable and expensive. That objective of Green thinking is progressively being achieved by Government policy throughout the…
Chuck DeVore: Texas’ blackouts – here’s the truth about why they happened and what we have to do next
It’s important to note that had every Texas generator powered by natural gas, coal, nuclear and hydro operated at full output during the height of the storm’s demand, Texas still…
Claim: New Zealand Economy will Have to Restructure Around a Limited Renewable Energy Supply
According to climate researcher Jen Purdie, even New Zealand with its abundance of windy mountains, geothermal sources and vast hydropower lakes cannot provide enough renewable energy for people to live…
Review of Biomass Calculations in Achieving Net Zero Emissions Scenario.
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https://wattsupwiththat.com/tag/renewable-energy/
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- There is a range of different energy sources available to societies that vary in their sustainability, availability, cost and socio-political implications.
- The choice of energy sources is controversial and complex. Energy security is an important factor in making energy choices.
Knowledge and understanding:
- Fossil fuels contribute to the majority of humankind’s energy supply, and they vary widely in the impacts of their production and their emissions; their use is expected to increase to meet global energy demand.
- Sources of energy with lower carbon dioxide emissions than fossil fuels include renewable energy (solar, biomass, hydropower, wind, wave, tidal and geothermal) and their use is expected to increase. Nuclear power is a low- carbon low-emission non-renewable resource but is controversial due to the radioactive waste it produces and the potential scale of any accident.
- Energy security depends on adequate, reliable and affordable supply of energy that provides a degree of independence. An inequitable availability and uneven distributions of energy sources may lead to conflict.
- The energy choices adopted by a society may be influenced by availability; sustainability; scientific and technological developments; cultural attitudes; and political, economic and environmental factors. These in turn affect energy security and independence.
- Improvements in energy efficiencies and energy conservation can limit growth in energy demand and contribute to energy security.
Applications and skills:
- Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different energy sources.
- Discuss the factors that affect the choice of energy sources adopted by different societies.
- Discuss the factors which affect energy security.
- Evaluate the energy strategy of a given society.
International-mindedness:
- Choice of energy sources can have impacts at both local and global level as emissions of greenhouse gases can contribute to global climatic change.
- Political and economic situations around the world can affect energy security and choice of options.
Theory of knowledge:
- The choice of energy sources is controversial and complex—how can we distinguish between a scientific claim and a pseudoscience claim when making choices?
Connections:
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https://mrkremerscience.com/ess/climate/7-1-energy-choices-and-security/
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In December 2009, China’s State Council announced that the country will cut its carbon emissions by 40-45% from 2005 levels by 2020. The increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are gradually affecting the climate. The main contributors to the global climate change issue are CO2 emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels. Biomass, as the substitution of fossil fuel, can significantly contribute to reducing CO2 emissions and mitigating climate change.
The object of this paper is to identify the potential supply of biomass for energy and to assess the impact of power generation from biomass in China.
China is a big agriculture country which has large quantities of biomass energy in the rural area. In this paper, biomass source for power generation includes are agricultural crop and process residues (bagasse and so on), forest wood, organic waste and livestock waste. There were 748.16 Million tons agricultural residues, total forest residues amount to 104748.6 thousand tons and total animal manure energy was 922286.5 thousand tons in 2007. Biomass energy has the potential to replace 10% of the primary energy consumption all over the country.
This paper employed life cycle assessment method to address the impact of electricity generation from biomass in China. Life cycle assessment investigates the environmental impacts throughout the full life cycle of biomass. In the assessment, it considered not only four biomass sources but also three primary technology categories used for combustion which are direct combustion of biomass, biomass gasification and waste incineration. Scenarios are made based on the biomass sources and technologies. The aim of this part is to provide information of emissions during which stage of the life cycle of biomass.
Development and application of a LCA model for coal conversion products (Coal to Y)
TOTAL Gas & Power, France
TOTAL Gas & Power launched a series of development studies in order to investigate the potentials for coal conversion projects (Coal to Y) for the production of fuels and primary products for the petrochemical industry. A crucial role is played by the aspects of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS).
Based on these studies, a methodology and a model for life cycle analysis (LCA) were developed in order to understand the environmental impacts associated with Coal to Y conversion routes, especially regarding GHG emissions and energy efficiency. The model was designed around the need for adaptability to a) the geographic location of the coal mine and the coal conversion plant, and b) the final products and their respective markets in the fuel and petrochemical sectors.
By applying the model to a potential Coal to Methanol application by utilising original data and in-house expertise, first results were generated, giving valuable insights especially into the critical elements of the CO2 management system. Results showed that the developed LCA model is a powerfull tool that can give guidance in the development of future Clean Coal projects.
Life cycle assessment of a solar PV/T concentrator system
1Università di Palermo, Italy; 2Università di Reggio Calabria, Italy
Technological advances in the field of renewable energy systems and the requirement of climate change mitigation have developed an increasing attention on innovative energy technologies. In particular a growing interest has risen for the hybrid Photovoltaic/Thermal (PV/T) solar systems, in which typically photovoltaic cells (PV) are integrated with the solar thermal collectors (T) to provide simultaneous production of thermal and electrical energy from solar radiation. An internal refrigeration system allows to control the cell temperature and to transfer the heat to air or water employed for several application (air conditioning, warm water demand, industrial processes). A significant solution to maximize the solar inputs is given by the concentration of solar radiation by means of mirrors and reflecting surfaces. A parabolic reflecting system concentrates the solar radiation to a narrow surface covered by PV cells, increasing their outputs. The higher temperature of the collectors allows to reach higher temperatures of the thermal fluid. That allows to reduce the employed surface of PV cells that in the photovoltaic technology involves the highest energy and environmental impacts.
In this paper the authors will present the energy and environmental analysis of a hybrid solar concentration system characterized by five interconnected parabolic PV/T modules, installed on the DREAM building in Palermo (Italy).
The analysis is carried out by means of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology, in order to assess the whole life-cycle of the energy conversion plant, including the production process, the transport of materials, the installation and the operation phases. Data survey from the producing company concerns the consumption of energy sources and raw materials. Impacts related to the end-life of the plant are estimated on the basis of future possible disposal and recycling scenarios.
The results will allow to identify the steps and the system components which are responsible of the highest environmental impacts. The assessment of the energy and environmental benefits and drawbacks related to PV/T plant, in comparison with traditional devices, will be carried out accounting for the energy and CO2eq payback indices. These indices represent the time period needed for the benefits got in the use phase to equal the life-cycle energy consumption and CO2eq emissions of the whole system.
The results showed in the paper derive from the framework of the Italian Project PRIN 2008 ‘‘Definition of innovative criteria for the environmental oriented design and production of Energy Using Products in the civil sector”.
Energy efficiency and renewable energy in need of life cycle management: The cases of compact fluorescents and solar water heaters
University of Cape Town, South Africa
Energy efficiency interventions and renewable energy installations might be viewed as being inherently green and therefore not in need of further life cycle assessment and management interventions.That is not necessarily so, as illustrated by the cases of compact fluorescent lightbulbs (CLFs) and solar water heaters (SWH), both in the South African context.
CFLs were first introduced in large quantities into the South African market in response to an electricity crisis in Cape Town in 2007, when an accident at the country's only nuclear power station resulted in several months of supply shortages. 5 million bulbs were distributed for free within just a few months. Only after the crisis was a programme established to develop an end-of-life infrastructure equipped to deal with the mercury toxicity threat. Four years later, with CFLs now the mainstream household lighting choice, consumers are still in the dark about the appropriate management of their broken bulbs. At the same time, with electricity shortages again looming, more than 40 million bulbs have again been distributed nationwide.
Solar water heaters have recently been recognised as a cost effective electricity-saving renewable energy option for installation by homeowners and housing project developers. The state-owned South African electricity supply company has set a target of 250000 installations and is offering subsidies, but less than 3000 requests were received in 2010. A life cycle analysis for this technology deployed in Cape Town conditions indicates energy and carbon payback times of less than 6 months. Financial payback, on the other hand, is still in the 5-10 year range. The implication is that increasing the collector area would make immediate sense from a GHG emission reductions perspective, but not necessarily from a financial position. Solar water heating rollout programs should thus be reinspected, and measures introduced to convince installers to optimise collector areas, possibly by harnessing additional carbon finance.
It may be concluded that LCA can identify and quantify both new environmental risks and additional environmental opportunities associated with "green technologies", but that management interventions need to be planned and executed to mitigate such risks and harness such opportunities.
Analysis on correlation relationship between life cycle greenhouse gas emission and life cycle cost of electricity generation system for energy resources
Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea
In this work, we analyzed correlations between life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and life-cycle cost of energy resources. Energy resources studied in this paper include coal, natural gas, nuclear power, hydropower, geothermal energy, wind power, solar thermal energy, and solar photovoltaic energy, and all of them are used to generate electricity. We calculated the mean values, ranges of maximum minus minimum values, and ranges of 90% confidence interval of life-cycle GHG emissions and life-cycle cost of each energy resource. Based on the values, we plotted them in two dimensional graphs to analyze a relationship and characteristics between GHG emissions and cost. Besides, to analyze the technical maturity, the GHG emissions and the range of minimum and maximum values were compared to each other. For the electric generation, energy resources are largely inverse proportional to the GHG emission and the corresponding cost.
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https://lcm2011.org/abstracts/default_032.html
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Electricity may only be marketed as "electricity produced from renewable sources" when it has been issued guarantee of origin. In Finland, guarantees of origin are issued by the transmission system operator Fingrid. Renewable energy sources:
- Wind power
- Solar power
- Air source heat energy
- Geothermal and hydrothermal energy
- Ocean energy
- Hydropower
- Biomass
- Landfill gas, sewage treatment plant gas and bio gas
Disclosure of electricity mix
Electricity suppliers have to disclose to their customers the production mix of electricity sold by them in the preceding year. The production mix must be disclosed in electricity bills and sales promotion material, and must be made available to electricity users. Minimum level of detail of disclosure:
- fossil sources of energy, and peat
- renewable sources of energy
- nuclear power
At the same time, electricity suppliers must disclose the carbon dioxide emissions caused by the production of electricity sold by them, and the amount of nuclear waste. In addition to total production mix, consumers can be disclosed the production mix of the electricity product purchased by them.
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https://www.energiavirasto.fi/en/web/energy-authority/guarantees-of-origin-of-electricity?p_p_id=82&p_p_lifecycle=1&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_count=1&_82_struts_action=%2Flanguage%2Fview&_82_redirect=%2Fen%2Fweb%2Fenergy-authority%2Fguarantees-of-origin-of-electricity&languageId=sv_SE
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2 edition of Hydrogen Energy from Renewable Resources (2 vols. in 1) found in the catalog.
Hydrogen Energy from Renewable Resources (2 vols. in 1)
Published
1989
by Diane Pub.
.
Written in English
|The Physical Object|
|Format||Paperback|
|Number of Pages||400|
|ID Numbers|
|Open Library||OL11099571M|
|ISBN 10||0788125737|
|ISBN 10||9780788125737|
|OCLC/WorldCa||228387134|
The second edition of Multiple Choice Questions on Renewable Energy explores renewable energy sector in a multiple choice question format. It contains more than questions that focus on solar, wind, biomass, biogas, biofuels, hydro, energy from wastes, hydrogen, geothermal, ocean, . Hydrogen from renewable electricity is two to three times more expensive than that produced from natural gas. But solar and wind costs have plummeted in recent years, and if they continue to fall clean hydrogen will become more affordable.
Hydrogen will join electricity in the 21st century as a primary energy carrier in the nation’s sustainable energy future. Both electricity and hydrogen will ultimately be derived from renewable energy resources, although fossil fuels may serve as a transitional resource. Future hydrogen suppliers will meet a significant. Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources, which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat. Renewable energy often provides energy in four important areas: electricity generation, air and water heating/cooling, transportation, and rural (off-grid) energy services.
This Book Discusses The Developments In The Field Of Non-Conventional Energy Resources And Their Applications. The Topics Are Fully Covered So That The Students Of B. Tech May Use For Their Elective Courses Such As Non-Conventional Energy Resources, Renewable Energy And Solar Energy Engg. The Topics Are: Solar Radiation, Solar Energy Collectors, Energy Resources, Solar Cell, Mhd Reviews: 2. The Renewable Energy Data Book for provides facts and figures on renewable energy deployment in the United States, with context of U.S. and global energy trends. Facts include renewable electricity capacity, generation, and capacity additions for U.S. and global electricity and energy as a whole, and for specific renewable electricity generation technologies.
THEORIES OF PUBLIC POLICY
Echos
language of prose
The Philippine situation. Testimony and statements of witnesses, American and foreign, concerning 1st. Conduct of our Army. 2d. Reconcentration. 3d. Effect of our administration on the people. 4th. Filipino self-government and effect of American withdrawal. 5th. Foreign testimony on Filipino character and the situation. 6th. Summary.
real face of the right Communists
Address of Hon. Theodore Roosevelt ...
Paediatric Forensic Medicine and Pathology
Office Professional for Windows with Access 4.3/Publisher for Windows 2.
The pioneers
Sappho
The Kreutzer sonata, The devil, and other tales.
The doll with opal eyes
Holt Physics
Teddy Bear Teddy Bear
Hydrogen produced from biomass offers a clean and renewable energy source and a promising energy carrier that will supplement or replace fossil fuels in the future. The book is intended as a reference work for researchers, academics and industrialists working in the chemical and biological sciences, engineering, renewable resources and Brand: Springer Netherlands.
Book Description: Renewable Energy Systems is an introductory text that offers broad coverage of all major renewable energy systems, resources, and related topics, such as wind turbines, solar energy, biomass, geothermal energy, water related power generation, fuel cells and generators.5/5(2).
Hydrogen energy, being completely independent from any carbon requirement, is seen to natch well with the renewable or inexhaustible primary energy resources we must move to in the future as our fossil-fuel age the renewable energies, the sun stands today as the only assured source, although controlled nuclear fusion and geothermal energy systems offer great promise as well.
Hydrogen from renewable power is technically viable today, says the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), noting that its price will one day be on par with that of “grey hydrogen. Hydrogen has emerged as an important part of the clean energy mix needed to ensure a sustainable future.
Falling costs for hydrogen produced with renewable energy, combined with the urgency of cutting greenhouse-gas emissions, has given clean hydrogen unprecedented political.
Hydrogen is an important piece of the zero-emission puzzle. Hydrogen has some fantastic characteristics as a zero-emission energy carrier. It has very high energy to weight density and only emits water.
It can be produced anywhere from renewable energy and works very well as a range extender in existing electrical drive lines. Additional Resources on Hydrogen Energy. Find out about NREL’s research in hydrogen and fuel cell technologies.
Also see the U.S. Department of Energy’s Hydrogen, Fuel Cells and Infrastructure Technologies Program; Hydrogen content for this section provided in part by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and the Department of Energy.
Hydrogen is a clean fuel without toxic emissions and can easily be applied in fuel cells for electricity generation. Indeed, the energy yield of hydrogen is about kJ/g, which is times greater than hydrocarbon ation of hydrogen in transportation system whether as a fuel in combustion engines or fuel cell in electric has received much favorable attention as an energy policy Cited by: And sewage is an infinitely renewable resource.
Energy from sludge can replace electricity from fossil fuels. Sewage sludge as renewable energy stands to save the towns and cities that operate wastewater treatment plants a lot of money.
Potentially, they could even make more clean energy than they need and sell the excess. Renewable Resources and Renewable Energy: A Global Challenge presents a well-rounded perspective on the development of bio-based feedstocks, biodegradable plastics, hydrogen energy, fuel cells, and other aspects related to renewable resources and sustainable energy production.
Read More. Hydrogen and Bioenergy: Integration Pathways for Renewable Energy Applications focuses on the nexus between hydrogen and carbon compounds as energy carriers, with a particular focus on renewable energy book explores opportunities for integrating hydrogen in the bioenergy value chain, such as adding hydrogen to upgrade biofuels and lower CO2 emissions during production.
Citation: IRENA (), Hydrogen: A renewable energy perspective, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi About IRENA The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is an intergovernmental organisation that supports countries in their transition to a sustainable energy future.
Renewable energy is energy that has been derived from earth’s natural resources that are not finite or exhaustible, such as wind and sunlight.
Renewable energy is an alternative to the traditional energy that relies on fossil fuels, and it tends to be much less harmful to the environment. Electricity turns water into hydrogen, and if wind and solar power plants are being used to generate the energy it can be % renewable. Image source: Getty Images.
The. Provides links to data from EIA, other data books (e.g., the transportation, buildings, and utilities data books developed by DOE's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy), and other sites with data relevant to hydrogen and fuel cell analysis (e.g., the National Institute of Standards and Technology's Chemistry WebBook).
However, solar and wind power comprise the most abundant energy resources in ASEAN but contribute negligent amounts ( percent in and percent in ) to the power mix. Zero-emission hydrogen does not contribute to CO2-caused global warming.
Abundant and renewable, it is unlikely to be subject to geopolitical pressures or scarcity concerns. In this new edition of his pioneering book Tomorrow's Energy, Peter Hoffmann makes the case for hydrogen as the cornerstone of a new energy by: Purchase Renewable Hydrogen Technologies - 1st Edition.
Print Book & E-Book. ISBN2 hours ago For hydrogen to become a meaningful future energy resource, it will need to be derived from renewable resources rather than fossil gas. Around the globe, a.
renewable energy resources (e.g., solar, wind, geothermal, hydroelectric). Climate Change. Vehicles produce near-zero carbon emissions when operating on hydrogen produced from renewable resources, nuclear energy, or fossil energy with carbon capture and storage.
Urban Air Quality. Hydrogen can reduce or eliminate regulated. Abstract. The Renewable Energy Data Book provides facts and figures on energy and electricity use, renewable electricity in the United States, global renewable energy development, wind power, solar power, geothermal power, biopower, hydropower, marine and hydrokinetic power, battery storage, hydrogen, renewable fuels, voluntary procurement and clean energy investment.
According to Aurora Energy Research, hydrogen could cover between a quarter and nearly half of total energy demand in the U.K. by The .This study examines the energy resources required to produce 4–10 million metric tonnes of domestic, low-carbon hydrogen in order to fuel approximately 20–50 million fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs).
These projected energy resource requirements are compared to current.
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https://befopysogeho.egypharmed2018.com/hydrogen-energy-from-renewable-resources-book-1271ei.php
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Much emphasis is placed on the decisions taken at the UN Climate Change Conference (COP 17) in Durban, South Africa, which have reinforced the international commitment to reducing emissions of greenhouse gas.
Among other topics, presenters are expected to discuss the impact and deliverables Africa can expect to see from the adoption of "Durban Platform."
Tewolde-Berhan Gebre-Egziabher, Director General for Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority, stressed on the harnessing of unused renewable energy resources for Africa’s industrialization.
Renewable energy resources, such as hydropower, geothermal power, solar energy and wind power are plentiful on the continent, he noted.
"We have to start the process of adaptation straightway so as to progress along the climate resilient trajectories of green economic development," said Tewolde-Berhan
"We already started the process, at least in Ethiopia. Getting additional income from a growing carbon trade will help us hasten this process of climate adapted economic development while we are helping in the mitigation of climate change," said the Director General.
During the three-day deliberations, high level experts from Africa and outside the continent are also expected to provide insights on recent developments in the international carbon market and discuss new challenges associated with global climate change.
Topics for the plenary sessions include the future of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in Africa, challenges for low carbon energy access, opportunities in forestry and agriculture and global perspectives on the future demands for offsets.
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https://www.evwind.es/2012/04/20/renewable-energy-resources-such-as-hydropower-geothermal-energy-solar-power-and-wind-energy-are-plentiful-in-africa/17945
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Arent, Douglas. 2010. The Role of Renewable Energy Technologies in Limiting Climate Change. The Bridge. 40(3): 31-39.
This article provides a summary of renewable energy technologies, and discusses how they could play a major role in global energy supply in the future. The author discuss resource potentials for renewable energies in the United States, technology advancements and cost trends, investment trends, and the policy landscape for renewable energies. He finishes by discussing what needs to be done on the research and policy fronts to implement a coordinated action to increase the use of renewable energy on a national scale so this source of power may help limit climate change in the years to come.
This paper discusses some important fundamentals behind the application of renewable energy to evaluate its impact as a climate change mitigation technology. The author concludes, after reviewing many aspects of renewable energy solutions, that the future energy solution may not only come from renewable energies but be an energy mix that may contain nuclear energy, non-nuclear renewable energy, fossil fuel energy with carbon dioxide sequestration, energy saving, and an overall decrease in energy consumption.
Byrne, John, Cecilia Martinez, and Colin Ruggero. 2009. Relocating Energy in the Social Commons: Ideas for a sustainable energy utility. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society. 29(2): 81-94.
This article discusses the drawbacks of two prominent proposals for solving climate change and rising energy costs, a nuclear power renaissance and mega-scale renewable energy development, and instead looks at a third approach, a Sustainable Energy Utility. This strategy would seek to reduce energy use and support remaining energy needs by community-scale renewable energy solutions. The author discusses how this plan could help move society from an energy commodity to an energy commons regime.
Evans, Robert L. 2007. Fueling Our Future: An introduction to sustainable energy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
This book provides a concise overview of current energy demand and supply patterns and a balanced view of how our reliance on fossil fuels can be changed over time so that we have a more sustainable energy system in the near future. Includes information on wind, solar, nuclear, ocean, and biomass energy.
Ferguson, Tom and Paul Weber. 2009. Educating Engineering Students on Energy Systems through Investor-Driven Class Projects. ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, Conference Proceedings, 2009. 14-17 June, 2009.
This conference paper describes a project in an engineering class that introduces students not only to energy conversion technology, but also resource availability, energy delivery, policy, reliability, short and long term financial benefits, and social and environmental costs. The students are asked to choose a conversion technology for electric power generation and to write a paper discussing why the supported or opposed its implementation, and presented their research to their peers. Then, the entire class was split into groups of short and long term investors and given a pool of money to allocate to a variety of technologies and sources to create a true energy portfolio.
Jefferson, Michael. 2008. Accelerating the Transition to Sustainable Energy Systems. Energy Policy. 36(11): 4116-4125.
Discusses reasons for the slow pace of transition to sustainable energy and the need for the involvement of people at the grassroots level and for policies to adopt sound commercial and technical criteria when setting goal. Accountability also needs to be built into these sustainable energy policies and initiatives to ensure that progress is made, especially as fuel prices continue to rise.
Masters, Gilbert M. 2004. Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems. Hoboken, N.J. John Wiley & Sons.
This textbook discusses new trends in distributed power generation systems and renewable energy sources in electric power systems. It covers both fundamental concepts in this area, as well as giving an overview of major technologies in the renewable energy product area.
Hurtado, Omar and Carlos Hunte. 2007. Educating Engineers in Sustainable Energy Development: An interdisciplinary Approach. International Journal of Engineering Education. 23(2): 266-275.
The authors highlight the importance of teaching engineering students about sustainable energy development and the need for education initiatives of this kind to encompass the three areas of economy, environment, and society. Sustainable energy education must be structured in an interdisciplinary manner whereby engineering modules are complimented with legal, social, economic, managerial and environmental coursework. A good way to develop skills in non-engineering areas is through group projects with non-engineering students.
Jennings, Philip. 209. New Directions in Renewable Energy Education. Renewable Energy. 34(2): 435-439.
As the renewable energy industry continues to grow, there has been a rapid increase in the demand for renewable energy specialists who are able to design, install, and maintain such systems. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop and implement new courses that prepare engineers, scientists, and energy planners to work with renewables to produce sustainable energy generation systems. This paper looks at the aims, philosophy, structure, and outcomes of several initiatives of this kind and describes some aspects of training engineers in cooperation with the renewable energy industry.
National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, National Research Council. 2009. America’s Energy Future. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
Discusses the potential of a range of emerging energy technologies for addressing the U.S.’s energy needs in the future, including technologies for generating, distributing, and conserving energy. Including coal-fired power generation, nuclear power, renewable energy, oil and natural gas, and alternative transportation fuels. The report identifies the impacts and projected costs, as well as the timing of implementing each technology.
National Academy of Engineering. 2010. Electricity from Renewable Resources. Washington D.C.: National Academies Press.
Reports on the findings of a committee of experts who were asked to review the technical potential of alternative energy sources such as wind, solar-photovoltaic, geothermal, solar-thermal, hydroelectric, and other renewable. The report provides clear characterization of these technologies, estimates of costs, performance, impacts, and barriers for future research and development.
Onat, Nevat, Haydar Bayar. 2010. The Sustainability Indicators of Power Production Systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 14(9): 3018-3115.
Discusses a study in which the sustainability of hydrogen fuel cells, hydroelectric, wind, solar, and geothermal sourced electricity systems, in addition to fossil fueled coal, natural gas, and power plants, were studied in order to see which had the highest sustainability indicators. Sustainability parameters included carbon dioxide emissions, land use, energy output, fresh water consumption, and social and environmental effects. The authors concluded that taking into account only technology currently available, overall, wind and nuclear energy had the highest sustainability indicators of all those researched. They also hypothesized that new research in the fields of renewable energy may change this alignment.
O’Neill-Carillo et al. 2008. Advancing a Sustainable Energy Ethics Through Stakeholder Engagement. IEEE Energy 2030 Conference, 17-18 November 2008: Atlanta, Georgia.
This paper focuses on responding to the challenge of energy sustainability by advancing a new energy ethics that seek to address many of the ethical issues raised when seeking to develop policy solutions to address climate change. It discusses a stakeholder engagement framework developed at the University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez that can help produce a positive circular feedback loop between stakeholder involvement and the successful implementation of an energy ethics.
Describes a capstone course taken by seniors of the Electrical and Information Technology Program at the University of Northern Iowa in which students learn about renewable energy applications, and work on design projects that promote environmentally friendly technologies for the Iowa region, including wind and solar power technologies.
Sarewitz, Daniel, et al. 2014. The Rightful Place of Science: Government & Energy Innovation. Consortium for Science, Policy & Outcomes.
Innovation in the energy sector is necessary to maintain economic competitiveness, meet ever-increasing energy demands, and limit the changes to our atmosphere caused by the burning of fossil fuels. Key to advancing the necessary innovations is an understanding of the vital role of the public sector. Government support has been crucial for transforming lower-carbon energy technologies, ranging from solar power to biofuels to efficient gas turbines, into fundamental components of a cleaner U.S. energy sector. But the government role has been highly complex, and its contributions have been uneven. In a series of in-depth case studies, The Rightful Place of Science: Government & Energy Innovation examines the many ways in which government innovation policies and activities, often carried out in close partnerships with the private sector, have helped to create and steer the development and improvement of technologies that underlie the energy infrastructure of the future.
Tester, Jefferson W. et al. 2005. Sustainable Energy: Choosing Among Options. Boston, MA: MIT Press.
This reference book discusses the many different technologies that may play a part in finding a solution to the sustainable energy challenge we currently face. The book first discuss tools for making informed energy solutions, examine the broader aspects of energy use, and then goes on to examine the main energy sources of today and tomorrow, including wind energy, hydropower, biomass, nuclear power, wind and solar energy, geothermal energy, and fossil fuels. It looks at the technologies used for each power option, its environmental impacts, and its economics.
Durusoy, I, M.F. Turker, S. Kelen, K. Kaygusuz. 2011. Sustainable Agriculture and the Production of Biomass for Energy Use. Energy Sources Part A: Recovery, Utilization & Environmental Effects. 33(10): 938-947.
Though modern bioenergy is seen as a promising option to curb greenhouse gas emission, a potential competition exists for the use of land and water between bioenergy and food crops, with another pressing issue being the need to change conventional agricultural practices to make using biomass for energy a more sustainable option. The authors point to the need to increase sustainability in agriculture via measures such as organic farming before bioenergy can be looked as a strategy to meet significant parts of the world energy demand.
Landeweerd, Laurns., Patricia Osseweijer, and Julian Kinderlerer. 2009. Distributing Responsibility on Sustainable Biofuels. Science and Engineering Ethics. 15(4): 531-543.
In the perception of technology innovation, two world views prevail: technical determinism, that societal change is caused by technological developments, and social determinism, a view that holds that technological change is caused by societal developments. These two world views play a role in current social debates about technology development, and the authors look at this influence by using the case study about the debate about the implementation of biofuels as an example.
Mielenz, Jonathan. R. 2011. Biofuels from Protein. Nature Biotechnology. 29:327-328.
Discusses how rerouting nitrogen flux in bacteria allows for renewable production of biofuels from proteins. This strategy provides a new route to making biofuels and may address long standing problems in the field such as nitrogen recycling.
Pinentel, David. 2009. Biofuels, Solar and Wind as Renewable Energy Sources. Dordrecht: Springer.
Looking most closely at biofuels, the author discusses some of the major environmental problems associated with biofuels, wind and solar power, as well as the effectiveness and economics of renewable energy sources of this kind.
Pimentel, David et al. 2009. Food Versus Biofuels: Environmental and Economic Costs. Human Ecology: An Interdisciplinary Journal. 37(1): 1-12.
As the world population continues to grow, as does the need for energy. The ethical issues surrounding the use food crops such as corn to produce ethanol raises major ethical questions. Nearly 60% of humans in the world are currently malnourished, so the need for grains and other basic food is critical. Growing crops for fuel squanders land, water and energy resources vital for the production of food for human consumption. The authors of this article claim that growing crop for biofuels not only ignores the need to reduce fossil energy and land use, but exacerbates the problem of malnourishment worldwide.
Rulkens, Wim. 2010. Sewage Sludge as a Biomass Resource for the Production of Energy: Overview and assessment of the various options. Energy and Fuels. 22(1): 9-15.
Discusses how sewage sludge from the treatment of municipal wastewater could be used to produce energy, including anaerobic digestion, co-digestion, incineration in combination with energy recovery, co-incineration in coal fire plants or in combination with organic was focused on energy recovery, use as an energy source in the production of cement or building materials and many other potential uses.
Thomson, Paul B. 2008. The Agricultural Ethics of Biofuels: A first look. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. 21(2): 183-198.
This article proposes two complimentary philosophical approaches to examining the questions that should be posed in connection with the increased use of biofuels to meet the growing demand for energy worldwide. The first stresses a critique of underlying epistemological commitments in the scientific models being developed to determine the feasibility of various biofuels proposals, and the second looks at the philosophical goals of agriculture and then looks at how a turn to biofuels might function within that philosophy.
United States National Research Council, Policy and Global Affairs Division, Science and Technology for Sustainability Program. 2010. Expanding Biofuel Production: Sustainability and the Transition to Advanced Biofuels, Summary of a Workshop. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
Discusses the sustainability of biofuels and the need to make sure large-scale use does not compromise the needs of future generations. The report look at possible effects on water quality and quantity, soils, wildlife habitat and biodiversity, greenhouse gas emissions, public health and the economic viability of rural communities specifically in the U.S. upper Midwest region.
Chalmers, Hannah and Jon Gibbins. 2010. Carbon Capture and Storage: More Energy or Less Carbon? Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy. 2(3): Article number 031006.
Discusses the potential for carbon capture and storage to help keep coal as an electricity generation fuel and examines related risks such as the potential for the long-term leakage. Despite these risks, the authors believe that carbon capture and storage is a valuable tool if projects of this kind are carbon-neutral or are able to capture around 90% or more of the fossil carbon of fuel used. The authors discuss various projects of this kind and their potential for adding to a sustainable energy solution for the future.
Haszeldine, R. Stuart. 2009. Carbon Capture and Storage: How Green Can Black Be? Science Magazine. 325(5948): 1647-1652.
Discusses the process of the capturing of carbon dioxide at the point of emission from gas or coal burning power plants and the many technical, commercial and political hurdles that will need to be overcome before a viable carbon capture and storage industry can be created between 2020 and 2030.
MacGill, Ian, Robert Passey, and Terry Dale. 2006. The Limited Role for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Technologies in a Sustainable Australian Energy Future. International Journal of Environmental Studies. 751-763.
After laying out a simple technology assessment framework for policymakers to evaluate the different options for cutting global emissions, the authors apply this framework to carbon capture and storage and suggests that it should be considered as a promising but still somewhat unproven option. There are some questions regarding its effectiveness and safety, and it is unlikely to be able to make significant contributions for at least a decade.
Van Alphen, Klass, Paul M. Noorthout, Marko, Hekkert, Wim C. Turkenberg. 2010. Evaluating the Development of Carbon Capture and Storage Technologies in the United States. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 14(3): 971-986.
Reviews the development of carbon capture technology from 2000 and 2009 and discusses policy recommendations for technology managers who wish to accelerate the deployment of carbon capture and storage development. The major needs are to stimulate technological learning, to facilitate collaboration and coordination in the field, to create financial and market initiatives for the technology, and to provide supportive regulation and sound communication on carbon capture and storage.
Blankinship, Steve. 2001. Can Power Producers Out-Recycle the Aluminum Industry? Power Engineering. 105(5): 10.
This short article discusses how the power industry can become an environmental champion by recycling the resources used to make energy.
Chou, M.-IM, V. Patel, S.-F.J Chou, and K.K. Ho. 2003. A Coal Combustion Byproduct, Fly Ashy, for Fired Building Brick Making : A preliminary technical feasibility study. Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management. 29(4): 217-22.
Discusses a study that sought to use fly ash from coal burning electricity plants, which usually is ponded or disposed in landfills, to make bricks. The study found that the bricks containing 20% to 40% fly ash instead of conventional raw materials, had better color, physical consistency and fired compressive strength then those of standards bricks.
Date, C. 2004. Successful Waste Water Reuse. Pollution Engineering. 36(9): 16-21.
Discusses how power plants can reuse municipal wastewater in their production of energy and new projects being built around the country that are effluent-fed power facilities. The authors discuss the success of one such plant in Lodi, California.
Dixon, Robert, Elizabeth McGowan, Ganna Onysko and Richard M. Scheer. 2010. US Energy Conservation and Efficiency Policies: Challenges and opportunities. Energy Policy. 38(11): 6398-6408.
Expanding energy conservation and efficiency in every sector nationwide is one of the most cost-effective instruments for reducing U.S. energy imports, the trade deficit and energy’s environmental impact. This article reviews the history of U.S. energy conservation and efficiency policies, and discusses key provisions currently in law that will affect how engineering projects will be built and managed both now and in the future.
This article argues that protecting the climate is actually profitable if we approach the problem through the perspective that saving fuel costs is much more economical (as well as environmentally beneficial) than buying more fuel. The author argues that by investing integrative design that captures multiple benefits from single expenditures, adopting and enforcing energy efficient standards for buildings and appliances, and rewarding utilities who cut peoples bills rather than selling more electricity is the way to help control climate change and stop U.S. dependence on foreign oil.
Adler, Stuart B. 2005. Fuel Cells: Current status and future challenges. The Bridge. 35(4); 28-32.
Fuel cells, which convert chemical energy directly into electricity, are more efficient than current means of energy conversion. The question is where they might fit in the broad spectrum of energy choices. This paper briefly reviews and compares polymer-electrolyte fuels cells (PEFCs) and solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and then describes significant scientific challenges that must be overcome before these technologies can become commercially competitive.
Briguglio Nicola, Et al. 2010. Renewable Energy for Hydrogen Production and Sustainable Urban Mobility. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 35(18): 9996-10003.
This article does an economic and environmental analysis and life cycle assessment on the feasibility of a start-up renewable energy plant located in Italy which will use renewable energy sources to produce hydrogen from an electrolyzer, which will then feed a fleet of buses using fuel cells as an energy source.
Hedstrom, Lars, et al. 2006. Key Factors in Planning a Sustainable Energy Future Including Hydrogen and Fuel Cells. Bulletin of Science, Technology 26(4): 264-277.
The authors discuss future energy systems that rely on hydrogen and looks at energy storage, transportation and energy use of hydrogen in vehicles from a sustainability perspective. The authors point out the need to be aware of the losses implied by the product, packaging, distribution, storage, and end use of hydrogen, and looks at how plug in or fuel cell hybrids might be a better option for some types of vehicles over a battery electric vehicle in which is the most energy efficient.
Lin, Jung-Chou, Russell, H. Kunz, James M. Fenton, and Suzanne S. Fenton. 2004. Chemical Engineering Education. 38(1): 38-47.
Describes how because of its safety and operational advantages, the proton exchange membrane fuel cell is a good choice for an undergraduate laboratory experiment in a chemical engineering course and as a way to introduce students to issues of renewable energies and energy ethics.
Rabaey, Korneel and Willy Verstraete. 2005. Microbial Fuel Cells: Novel biotechnology for energy generation. Trends in Biotechnology. 23(6): 291-298.
Discusses how bacteria in microbial fuel cells use an anode as an electron adapter, to what extent they generate electrical output, and compares microbial fuel cell technology to current alternatives for energy generation.
Watanabe, Kazuya. 2008. Recent Developments in Microbial Fuel Cell Technologies for Sustainable Energy. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering. 106(6): 528-536.
Microbial fuel cells are devices that exploit microbial catabolic activities to generate electricity from a variety of materials, including complex organic waste and renewable biomass. The author discusses the advantages this kind of fuel cell has over chemical fuel cells that can only utilize purified reactive fuel and discusses the technical advances and research that needs to continue so microbial fuel cells can be of practical use in the near future.
Axelsson, Gudni. 2010. Sustainable Geothermal Utilization: Case histories, definitions, research issues and modeling. Geothermics. 39(4) 283-291.
Discusses the successes of geothermal systems worldwide and how modeling studies indicate that geothermal energy can be used in a sustainable manner, and how long-term studies of its sustainability can be accomplished. It then presents the sustainability modeling studies for the Hamar and Nesjavellir geothermal systems in Iceland, the Beijing Urban system in China and the Olkaira system in Kenya as examples.
Balat, M. H. Balat, U. Faiz. 2009. Utilization of Geothermal Energy for Sustainable Global Development. Energy Sources Part B: Planning & Policy. 4(3): 295-309.
Discusses the possible role geothermal resources could play in contributing to sustainable energy use in many parts of the world. After examining the technology, economics, and environmental acceptability of geothermal energy, the authors go on to investigate how it can be used effectively in the near future.
Ghose, Mrinal K. 2004. Environmentally Sustainable Supplies of Energy with Specific Reference to Geothermal Energy. Energy Sources. 26(6): 531-539.
Discusses alternative energy sources available to India and the rest of the world and key environmental issues associated with each. The author concludes that geothermal energy has a promising future and discusses its potential, recovery, present scenario of utilization and its utility as a cleaner energy source in India and elsewhere.
Kömürcü, Murat Ìsan, and Adem Akpinar. 2009. Importance of Geothermal Energy and Its Environmental Effects in Turkey. Renewable Energy: An International Journal. 34(6): 1611-1615.
Discusses the important role geothermal energy has the potential to play in resolving energy issues in Turkey and its potential environmental benefits.
Rybach, Ladislaus. 2003. Geothermal Energy: Sustainability and the environment. Geothermic. 32(4): 463-470.
Discusses the sustainability of geothermal energy as compared with fossil fuels and discusses the minor, controllable environmental impacts of this source of energy. However, for the responsible use of geothermal energy, there must be full compliance with environmental regulations, which may vary from country to country, and environmental effects must be monitored and documented, rated, and if necessary, reduced.
Blekhman, David et al. 2010. National Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Education Program Part I: Curriculum, and Part II: Laboratory Practicum. ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, Conference Proceedings, 2010. June 20-23, 2010.
Describes the results from a project funded by the Department of Energy that sought to develop and expand education programs in hydrogen and fuel cells. The paper present the educational efforts and models being developed at five different engineering schools around the country, and shares the wealth of approaches taken and the challenges and accomplishment of developing this curriculum. The second article discusses the integrated laboratory practicum associated with these courses that support student learning and how equipment available on the market and custom-built laboratory units are being utilized in the laboratory practicum.
Edwards, P.P., V.L. Kuznetsov, W.I.F. David, and N.P. Brandon. 2008. Hydrogen and Fuel Cells: Towards a Sustainable Energy Future. Energy Policy. 36(12): 4356-4362.
Discusses how hydrogen and fuel cells are likely to be one of the key energy solutions for the 21st century and how they will contribute significantly in environmental impact, enhanced energy security, and the creation of new energy industries. This paper discusses key scientific and technical challenges that hydrogen and fuel cells must overcome before they can make a significant impact to cleaner and more efficient energy production processes.
Granovskii, Mikhail, Ibrahim Dincer, and Marc A. Rosen. 2006. Environmental and Economic Aspects of Hydrogen Production and Utilization in Fuel Cell Vehicles. Journal of Power Sources. 157(1): 411-421.
This article considers three technologies for hydrogen production: hydrogen from natural gas reforming, and the use of wind and solar energy generation to produce hydrogen via water electrolysis. The authors found that in the case of all three, a decrease of environmental impact (air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions) is accompanied by a decline in the economic efficiency. However, the authors conclude that hydrogen production from wind energy via electrolysis is more advantageous for mitigating greenhouse gas emission and that traditional gas reforming is more favorable for reducing air pollution.
Kumar, P, Britter, R. and Gupta N. 2009. Hydrogen Fuel: Opportunities and Barriers. Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology. 6(2): 021009.
Discusses how hydrogen fuel could be the fuel for the future because of its clean nature and ubiquitous presence. However, a number of hurdles exist that need to be overcome before it can become a viable energy option. This paper discusses the economic, social and technological implications on the use of hydrogen as a future transport fuel.
Whitmarsh, Lorraine and Martin Wietschel. 2008. Sustainable Transport Visions: What role for hydrogen and fuel cell vehicle technologies? Energy and Environment. 19(2): 207-226.
Increasing attention is being focused on hydrogen transport technologies as a possible means of achieving more sustainable transport. The authors of this paper investigated the wider literature to identify criteria for sustainable transport and sought to determine which hydrogen transport technologies can meet these criteria. While they found that hydrogen could alleviate some of the problems in the transport sector, other problems are not solved and might even be exacerbated by hydrogen use. They end by highlighting the need for integrated transport policies and argue for more reflexive and inclusive societal debates about the impacts and asks who will benefit from these new technologies.
Childress, Vincent W. 2009. Energy Perspective: Is Hydro Electric Green? Technology Teacher. 68(4): 4-9.
Discusses the impact of energy sources and waste on the environment and the sustainability of hydroelectric power. The author discusses the energy output and environmental concerns associated with different configurations for producing hydroelectric power and ends by giving an example of how hydroelectric power as a potential source for sustainable power can be incorporated into technology, science and mathematics classes.
Harrison, G.P. and H.W. Wittington. 2002. Vulnerability of Hydropower Projects to Climate Change. IEEE Proceedings in Generation, Transmission and Distribution. 149(3): 249-255.
While hydroelectric power and other renewable resources are likely to help mitigate the extent of climate change, climate change itself might alter the availability of natural resources like water and adversely affect the financial viability of both existing and potential schemes for renewable power generation. The article looks at a model to access relationships between changes in climate and the viability, technical and financial, of hydropower development, using a case study from a potential hydroelectric project in South Africa as an illustration.
Ibrahim, Gusri Akhyar, Che Hassan Che Haron, Che Jusna Azhari. 2010. Sustainable Rural Energy: Traditional Water Wheels in Padang (PWW) Indonesia. AIP Conference Proceedings 6/28/2010. 1225(1): 467-474.
Discusses the effective use of water wheels in Padang Indonesia which is easily constructed using local resources and is used to irrigate rice fields. The wheel has had a big impact on the region’s economy, increasing the productivity of the rice fields and is easily accepted by the local community. The authors look at how water wheels of this kind are an effective sustainable energy choice for regions of this kind and have relevance in the modern world.
Kaygusuz, Kamil. 2002. Sustainable Development of Hydroelectric Power. Energy Sources. 24(9): 803-815.
Discusses policies to meet increasing demand for electricity in Turkey and elsewhere and how the building of large-scale dams is likely to create environmental problems as they have in Canada, Egypt, and the USA. Instead, the authors recommend that small scale dams be used to ensure the sustainability of this energy source.
Schiermeier, Quirin et al. 2008. Energy Alternatives: Electricity without carbon. Nature 454(7206): 816-823.
Discusses the potential for carbon-free sources of electricity, including hydropower and biomass. The authors favor hydropower electric systems as they need no fuel or fuel-extracting infrastructure and save the carbon costs of mining and transporting coal. While biomass has the potential to generate much power, the authors worry that the use of waste and residues may cause the removal of carbon from the land that would have enriched the soil, indicating that long-term sustainability may not be achievable.
Yuksel, I. 2009. Hydroelectric Power in Developing Countries. Energy Sources Part B: Economics, Planning & Policy. 4(4): 377-386.
Discusses the technical, economic, and environmental benefits of hydroelectric power and how it is likely to be an important contributor to the future world energy mix, particularly in developing countries. This article deals with policies to meet increasing energy and electricity demand for sustainable energy development in some developing countries such as Brazil, China, India, and Turkey.
Forsberg, Charles. 2009. The Real Path to Green Energy: Hybrid Nuclear-Renewable Power. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 65(6): 65-71.
The author discusses the possibility of the targeted use of nuclear power to solve the major problems of renewable energy sources by providing carbon-emission-free power for biofuel refineries and backup energy for solar, wind, and other renewable sources.
Forsberg, Charles W. 2009. Sustainability by Combining Nuclear, Fossil and Renewable Energy Sources. Progress in Nuclear Energy. 51(1): 192-200.
The author proposes a solution to meet the need to avoid climate change and the need to replace traditional crude oil as the basis of our transport system by integrating different energy sources, rather than considering them separate entities that compete. He first describes several examples of combined-energy solutions and explains how these might meet much of the world’s electric demand.
Mahaffey, James A. 2009. Atomic Awakening: A new look at the history and future of nuclear power. New York: Pegasus Books.
Evaluates the potential of nuclear technology as a non-polluting, renewable energy source while describing how nuclear energy’s negative association with weapons development and the Cold War has stymied the progress of its beneficial uses.
Mizuo, Junichi. 2008. The Social Responsibility of Nuclear Energy. Progress in Nuclear Energy. 50 (2-6): 694-699.
This article discusses the social responsibility of nuclear energy that involves two responsibilities: the primary responsibility being an obligation to society, and the secondary responsibility being a positive contribution to society. Seen from the same perspective, Nuclear energy is expected to make a positive contribution to the advancement of society and to encourage a safety culture that prevent serious accidents while also encouraging the sound development of organizations and society.
Perrow, Charles. 2011. Fukushima and the inevitability of accidents. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 67(6): 44–52.
The author discusses the disaster at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station in March of 2001 and examines the ability of government and business to prevent such accidents in the future. He concludes that, "some complex systems with catastrophic potential are just too dangerous to exist, because they cannot be made safe, regardless of human effort."
Shrader-Frechette, Kristin Sharon. 2009. Data Trimming, Nuclear Emissions, and Climate Change. Science and Engineering Ethics 15(1)” 19-23.
The author discusses how many scientists, government leaders, and industry representatives support the tripling of global-nuclear-energy capacity on the grounds that nuclear fission is “carbon free” and “releases no greenhouse gases.” The author discusses how these claims are scientifically questionable, and he discusses three reasons why this is so. They include: (i) They rely on trimming the data on nuclear greenhouse-gas emissions (GHGE), perhaps in part because flawed Kyoto Protocol conventions require no full nuclear-fuel-cycle assessment of carbon content. (ii) They underestimate nuclear-fuel-cycle releases by erroneously assuming that mostly high-grade uranium ore, with much lower emissions, is used. (iii) They inconsistently compare nuclear-related GHGE only to those from fossil fuels, rather than to those from the best GHG-avoiding energy technologies.
Shrader-Frechette, Kristin Sharon. 2005. Mortgaging the Future: Dumping Ethics with Nuclear Waste. Science and Engineering Ethics. 11(4): 518-520.
On August 22, 2005, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency issued new regulations for radiation releases from the planned permanent U.S. nuclear-waste repository in Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The author discusses the goal of these new standards - to provide public-health protection for the next million years, while he examined the major flaws in these standards, which threaten equal protection offered by older standards, ignore the needs of the most vulnerable, allow many fatal exposures, and sanction scientifically flawed dose calculations.
Stoett, Peter. 2003. Toward Renewed Legitimacy? Nuclear Power, Global Warming, and Security. Global Environmental Politics. 3(1): 99-116.
The largest problem facing the global nuclear power industry has not been one of technical or even cost difficulties, but one of public acceptance. The resolution of this image problem has been detaching in the popular imagination nuclear power from nuclear weapons proliferation fears and promoting the industry as a way to mitigate global warming. The author gives a brief history of the evolution of global nuclear commerce and examines the current situation with emphasis on the global warming argument and the problematic securitization issue in the post September 11th context.
Taebi, Behnam, Jan leen Kloosterman. 2008. To Recycle or Not to Recycle? An Integrated Approach to Nuclear Fuel Cycles. Science and Engineering Ethics. 14(2): 177-200.
This paper discusses how to make the choice between using open and closed nuclear fuel cycles as a matter of intergenerational justice. The closed fuel cycle improves sustainability in terms of the supply certainty of uranium and involves less long-term radiological risks and proliferation concerns. However, it compromises short-term public health and safety and security, due to the separation of plutonium. The authors discuss the extent to which we should take care of our nuclear waste and to what extend we should accept additional risks to the present generation, in order to diminish the exposure of future generations.
Verbruggen, Aviel. 2008. Renewable and Nuclear Power: A common future? Energy Policy. 36(11): 4036-4047.
This article argues that nuclear power should not be considered one of the main options to bring down the carbon intensity of commercial energy supply along with renewable energy. Unlike renewable energy, it falls short on sustainability criteria and its public acceptance is low.
Von Hippel, Frank N. 2008. Rethinking Nuclear Fuel Recycling. Scientific American 298(5): 88-93.
This article discusses the dangers of attempting to recycle nuclear reactor fuel, a concept that the U .S. Department of Energy has advocated. Reprocessing used nuclear fuel to extract its plutonium is highly expensive and gives off dangerous radiation. Reprocessing also has the potential to make it easier for terrorists to steal plutonium for building an atomic bomb, as the plutonium coming from recycling is relatively safe.
Wang, Shin-Laing. 2008. Elective Courses on Nuclear Energy. ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, Conference Proceedings 2008. June 22-24, 2008.
Through a grant received through the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, North Carolina State A&T University has begun to develop course modules and elective courses on nuclear energy to raise awareness of nuclear power and its related issues in security, safety, and environmental protection.
Yim, Man Sung. 2006. Nuclear nonproliferation and the future expansion of nuclear power. Progress in Nuclear Energy. 48(6): 504-524.
Abott, D. 2010. Keeping the Energy Debate Clean: How do we supply the world’s energy needs? Proceedings of the IEEE. 98(1) 42-66.
The author asks the question of what would happen if each energy source was given as a single supply for the world and concludes that a solar hydrogen economy would be the one answer to the world’s energy needs. The author discusses how solar thermal collection via parabolic reflectors would help gather the power, and discuss methods for storing and using gaseous and liquid hydrogen in internal combustion engines for mobile energy use. He discusses why other energy solutions are less feasible, and concludes that a solar future by far the most practical solution for our energy needs.
Kalaani, Youakim. 2005. A Solar System Project to Promote Renewable Energy Education. ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, Conference Proceedings. June 12-15, 2005, p. 12857-12861.
This paper presents preliminary efforts and a proposal to implement green energy technical education by developing, testing, and disseminating a 1-kW photovoltaic power production system recently acquired through a grant. The project is meant to both raise public awareness of the requirement to protect the environment by promoting the use of green energy, as well as help teach about renewable energy by developing curriculum material with applied projects for engineering students that will help foster creativity in students at all levels.
Kalgirou, S.A. 2004. Environmental Benefits of Domestic Solar Energy Systems. Energy Conservation and Management. 45(18-19): 3075-3092.
After reviewing the amount of pollution caused annual by the burning of fossil fuels, the author discusses the environmental benefits offered by the two most widely used renewable energy systems: solar water heating and solar space heating.
Kaygusuz, K.2009. Environmental Impacts of Solar Energy Systems. Energy Sources Part A: Utilization & Environmental Effects. 31(15): 1376-1386.
Discusses the benefits of solar energy, as well as how the wide scale deployment of solar may present some potential negative environmental implications which could include noise and visual intrusion, greenhouse gas emissions, water and soil pollution, energy consumption, labor accidents, impact on archaeological sites or on sensitive ecosystems, as well as both negative and positive socio-economic effects.
Lewis, Nathan. 2007. Towards Cost-Effective Solar Energy Use. Science Magazine. 315(5813: 798-801.
For solar energy to become a primary energy source, it must be captured, converted, and stored in a cost-effective fashion. This article discusses new developments in nanotechnology, biotechnology and the materials and physical sciences which may help make this possible in the near future.
Service, Robert. 2005. Is it Time to Shoot for the Sun? Science Magazine. 309(5734): 548-551.
Discusses a new push by the U.S. Department of Energy to transform solar energy into a leading power source. The author looks at why solar energy is a promising solution to the world’s rising demand for energy.
Thirugnanasambandam, Mirunalini; S. Iniyan, Ranko Goic. 2010. A Review of Solar Thermal Technologies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 14(1):312-322.
Discusses present day solar thermal technologies, presents ideas for improvements and development, and outlines the potential role solar power could play as the economic and environmental cost of fossil fuels continue to rise.
Clark, Robert. H. 2007. Elements of Tidal-Electric Engineering. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Interscience.
This book discusses how engineers can approach doing a feasibility study for a proposed tidal power development plan, first looking at the history of this field, and then looking at current technologies in use. The author also looks at how to do an economic evaluation and risk assessment of tidal power systems, as well as an environmental impact assessment of proposed construction and operation of the project over the short and long term. The book concludes with an examination of commercially operating plants and a brief review of the sites that have been the subject economic and environmental impact investigations over the last half century.
Clement, Alain, et al. 2002. Wave Energy in Europe: Current Status and Perspectives. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 6(5): 405-431.
Discusses progress in wave energy in Europe during the past ten years, looking at both the technical and economic status of wave energy conversion and its potential environmental benefits and risks.
Inger, Richard, et al. 2009. Marine Renewable Energy: Potential benefits to biodiversity? An urgent call for research. Journal of Applied Ecology. 46(6): 1145-1153.
The marine environment presents a relatively untapped energy source and offshore instillations are likely to produce a significant proportion of future energy production. The article discusses concern over the potential negative effects of wind power offshore instillations, as well as wave and tidal energy conversion devices, may have on the biodiversity of marine life. The authors claim that though worries over habitat loss, collision risks, noise, and electromagnetic fields are valid, if appropriately managed and designed, these offshore instillations have the potential to actually increase local biodiversity and to benefit the wider marine environment if they are designed to act as artificial reefs and fish aggregation devices.
Langhamer, Olivia, Kalle Haikonen, Jan Sundberg. 2011. Wave Power : Sustainable Energy or Environmentally Costly? A review with special emphasis on linear wave energy converters. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 14(4): 1329-1335.
Generating electricity from waves is predicted to be a new source of renewable energy with a global potential in the range of wind and hydropower. This article discusses some examples of wave power experiments, the potential environmental impacts and areas of study needed to help mitigate these impacts.
O’Roarke, Fergal, Fergal Boyle, and Anthony Reynolds. 2010. Tidal Energy Update 2009. Applied Energy. 87(2): 398-409.
Tidal energy has the potential to play a valuable role in a sustainable energy future as it is an extremely predictable energy source that depends only on the gravitational pull of the moon and sun and the centrifugal forces created by the rotation of the earth-moon system. This article discusses the current status of tidal energy technology and identifies key barriers challenging the development of tidal energy, as well as the importance of a supportive policy to assist development.
Briggle, Adam. 2005. Visions of Nantucket: The Aesthetics and Policy of Wind Power. Environmental Philosophy. 2(1): 54-67.
This paper uses the case study of a proposed wind farm to examine the relationships between the humanities, sciences, and stakeholders in environmental decision making. After providing background on wind power and the proposed Nantucket Sound wind farm, it addresses four questions: What does "aesthetics" mean? How were aesthetic concerns expressed in the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), and what were the shortcomings of the EIS process? How could it be improved? This last question raises issues about how to rationally adjudicate matters of aesthetics in environmental policy making. The paper concludes with some thoughts on why this is such an important (and thorny) issue and what role humanists should play in environmental disputes.
Boone, Jon. 2005. The Aesthetic Dissonance of Industrial Wind Machines. Contemporary Aesthetics. 3:1-9.
This essay searches for the right aesthetic justification for wind plants in the ocean as well as on shore. Wind power does offer an appealingly clean, renewable source of energy as opposed to fossil fuels, but its central problem is the enormous energies that are likely to be wasted in the process of producing and channeling a relatively small amount of power.
Haggett, Claire. 2011. Understanding Public Responses to Offshore Wind Power. Energy Policy. 39(2): 503-510.
Discusses the literature available looking at public responses to offshore wind power projects and recommends that the public should be included in decisions about offshore wind farms and explains that they play a key role that should not be underestimated.
Pasqualetti, Martin J., Paul Gipe, and Robert W. Righter. 2002. Wind Power in View: Energy Landscapes in a Crowded World.
Though wind power is generally perceived as environmentally friendly, locally, wind turbines are often see as environmentally unfriendly because they are such a visible, intrusive part of the landscape. This book discusses the complexity of arguments between proponents and opponents of wind power from a historical, philosophical, engineering, and industrial perspective.
Veganzones, Carlos et al. 2009. New Platform for Experimental Education in Electrical Generation Based on Wind Energy Systems. International Journal of Engineering Education. 25(4): 841-848.
In a course taught at the Universidad Polietecnica de Madrid entitled, “Electrical Generation with Renewable Energy Sources” students experiment with wind energy electrical generation with a reduced-size wind turbine to which different types of scaled size electrical generation systems can be coupled.
Welch, Jonathan B. Anand Venkateswaran. 2009. The Dual Sustainability of Wind Energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 13(5):1121-1126.
Reviews how wind energy can provide the best of both worlds by not only providing sustainable energy from an environmental perspective but also by being sustainable financially. The authors review why this is so and make public policy suggestions to help make wind energy better and cheaper without requiring extensive federal government support.
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https://www.onlineethics.org/Resources/Bibliographies/EnergyProd.aspx
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1. What is the IP or IP?
According to the world Organization of intellectual property (WIPO), intellectual property (IP) is a type of property. In this way, we can say that its owner or holder can dispose of it as he pleases and than any other natural or legal person available legally its property without his consent. Of course, the exercise of this right is subject to limitations.
The IP is divided into industrial property containing different mechanisms of protection on inventions related to the industrial sector, such as patents, utility models, trademarks or industrial designs; and copyright for literary, artistic and scientific creations that have to do with the human intellect.
2. What is the IP?
It is a type of PI. Inventions are solutions to technical problems and industrial designs are aesthetic creations determining the appearance of industrial products. In addition, industrial property includes factory or trade marks, service marks, names and commercial designations, including indications of source and appellations of origin, and protection against unfair competition. Here, the feature of intellectual creation is less prominent and raw industrial applicability, but what matters is that the object of industrial property typically of signs transmitting information to consumers, specifically with regard to the products and services offered in the market, and that the protection is directed against unauthorized use of such signswhich most likely misleading consumers to mistake, and against misleading practices in general.
In summary we can say that he includes patents, utility models, trademarks, industrial designs and geographical indications of source and appellations of origin.
3.-What are the requirements for a patent?
They must meet three requirements:
1. The invention must be new. The European Patent Convention defines this requirement in article 54: "it is considered that an invention is new when it is not covered by the State of the art". The State of the art consists of "all that prior to the date of filing of the application of European patent or the priority date, if it exists, is made available to the public by means of a written or oral, description, by use or by any other means."
2 It must involve inventive activity. The invention not be evident for an "expert in the field", that is a professional who knows the technical field which includes the invention.
3 It must be susceptible of industrial application. The invention must be susceptible to use in any field of industry, including agriculture.
4-Who and where should I write?
You must go to the service of research management and transfer of technology (SGITT)-(OTRI) research results transfer Office, and ask for Alicia Blaya [email protected] (9370) or Pilar López [email protected] (2235).
5-Where can I find the necessary forms?
If you contact with us personally, we will solve all your doubts and you will be guided with the processing, but through the OEPM can access all the necessary forms according to the mechanism of protection.
If you want to access the forms of internal management of IP in the OTRI, you can access the section of our website.
6-What protection granted a patent?
The patent has a duration of twenty years extendable, counted from the date of filing of the application and produces its effects, primarily the right to prevent anyone manufacturing, offering, marketing or the use of a product subject of his patent, from the day that publishes the mention of which has been granted (art.49)(, art. 50 LPE).
The publication of the application in the official bulletin of Industrial property, once requested the completion of the report of the State of technical grants a temporary protection until the patent is granted, which consists of the right to demand compensation, reasonable and appropriate to the circumstances, anyone who makes use of his invention, between that date and the date of publication of the mention of the patent has been granted (art.63 LPE).
The grant of the patent is made without prejudice to third parties and without the State guarantee as to the validity of the same and the usefulness of the object upon which rests (art.37.2 LPE).
The effects of the patent are limited to the national territory.
7-Who should be the owner and who the inventors?
As holder shall always University or institutions to which belong the researchers and inventors as investigators observed. When patents are transferred to the market, they would have an impact on the curriculum of the inventors involved in the patent.
8-What rights do the inventors?
Patent protection means that the invention may not be made, used, distributed or sold commercially without the consent of the owner of the patent. Enforcement of patent rights is usually respected in the courts that, in most systems, have the power to punish infringements of the patent. In the same way, a court may also declare invalid a patent if a third party obtains satisfaction in a dispute related to the patent.
A patent holder has the right to decide who may - or may - do not use the patented invention during the period in which the invention is protected. The patent-holder can give your permission, or license to third parties to use the invention according to terms established by common agreement. The holder may also sell the right to the invention to a third party, which will become the new holder of the patent. When the patent expires, also expires the protection and the invention happens to belong to the public domain; i.e. the owner ceases to hold exclusive rights to the invention, happens to be available for commercial exploitation part by part of third parties.
9-Can publish or disseminate the invention before patenting?. is incompatible?
If it is completely incompatible to publish before patenting because it would break one of the requirements of patentability, it would have worldwide novelty, and therefore the patent would be directly denied. But it is feasible, patenting and past a reasonable time to make the publication.
10-How to protejo a computer program?
The procedure for the grant of patents and substantive requirements vary from one country to another. In particular, vary significantly practices and case law existing in relation to the patentability of inventions relating to computer programs. For example, in some countries means that "inventions" must have "technical character" pursuant to the law of patents, and are not considered patentable inventions computer programs as such, while that in others there is no such requirement so that computer programs are usually patentable subject matter.
In Spain specifically, computer programs may be protected under copyright. However, the protection of copyright shall only cover expressions, but not the ideas, procedures, methods of operation or mathematical concepts as such. It is also feasible to patenting of software, but only when the machine that came with the invention requires that software to function.
11-Can I protect an idea?
The ideas can be protected only if they have been concretizadas, in other cases I can never protect an idea. Therefore, any idea, concept, improvement plan or other solutions not verified and concretizadas in the form of something material are excluded from patentability. Under patent law, an idea can be protected only if it is incorporated into an invention that meets the requirements for a technical problem. In addition, the law of copyright does not protect ideas, procedures, methods of operation or mathematical concepts as such.
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https://sgitt-otri.ua.es/en/propiedad-industrial/faq.html
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Overview of Patent Search
A patent is referred to a right granted to the applicant or an entity that excludes others from using, selling, making or importing the patent product or procedure without consent from the owner. A Patent Search comes under the purview for the Patent Registration process or it could be said as an initial step for Patent Registration. A patent is a part of the Intellectual Property Rights and is protected by it. This right is granted by the Government of India to the inventor.
A Patent shall be originating a new process of doing anything or offers a new technical solution for a problem and that shall be useful for the public in large portions. The invention could be of any machine or any substance processed by the producer or creator. For Patent Registration, it must be kept in mind that the process, research, product or service is original in its nature and not copied from any other source. For such requirements Patent Search is taken into consideration. Since no such similar patent shall be registered twice. To cover the different aspects of the Patent and provisions for its violation, the ministry of India introduced a different act for it i.e. the Patent Act, 1970. The act covers all the aspects related to Patent in India.
What do you mean by Patent?
A Patent is regarded as a legal document that provides the authority or control over the particular invention or writing or to any other creation for which the inventor is applying through. The initial point is noticed that the invention created shall be new from the point of origin or it shall offer a new technical solution.
Any new technique, invention, writings, etc shall be registered by the creator through Patent Registration. By registration the creator will have the total rights over his/her creation. This right is enjoyed by the creator for a certain period of time. The right is granted by the Patent authority established in India through the government.
What is a Patent Search?
Patent search is a search for the patents to determine no identical or similar invention is to be patented in the database. It is the initial step taken into consideration for Patent Registration. Patent search is done to increase the chance to get a patent registered as one will get to know about the already existing patents registered in the public domain. That quick fixes the patent registration. A Patent Search provides a hint as to what facts of the patent are already accessible in the data regarding the new patent to be registered. Also one will get in touch with the new inventions that have patent protection.
A Patent Search is mandatory for the creator itself. Through which the Patent Registration gets easy on its way for the initial process. The search would also determine the invention’s uniqueness from that of others.
Patent Search is based on Territorial basis. It is according to the registration. The search shall be made for a required territory based on the place where the patent has to be registered. Suppose the registration is required to be done in the U.S. then the database of US must be searched for Patent. Almost every national Patent Office has its own website for the Patent Search. India also has its own website for Patent Search i.e. IP India Patent Search. It is a government organised website. There is no cost prescribed for Patent Search.
Important Information for Patent Search
A Patent Search is possible when an individual has the following information of patent-
- Application Date of registration of the patent
- Title of invention
- Complete specification of invention
- Application Number of patent
- Patent number provided while registration
- Applicant Number for invention
- Abstract or zest of invention
- Applicant’s name
- Name of the Inventor
- Country name of the Inventor
- Complete address of the Inventor
- Details of office where registration application is filed
- Application number of the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)
- Publication number of PCT.
Types of Patent Search
There are different types of Patent Search and as described as below:
- Freedom to Operate Search (FTO)
- Patentability/ Novelty Search
- State- of- the- Art Search
- Patent/ Technology Landscape Analysis
- Validity/ Invalidity Search
A FTO determines the products or inventions similar to existing registered patents. Such search is made before the invention is launched in the commercial market. A FTO is performed on the patents which are already registered and are active. Thus the patents which are expired are not included in this research. The FTO also analyzes the patent application and the patents issued. This will help in ensuring that the applicant’s product, process, material does not infringe as of any other patents already existing.
The patentability/ Novelty search is the most common search tool for patents. This search is accomplished either before or during the invention’s development or before filing for the patent application. This search is usually performed by professionals. The search is useful for the creator as that will determine the scope for subject matter of patents. The search can be conducted through various techniques such as for:
keyword search, Assignee search, Application ID Search, etc. These minor searches for patents will help for filing the patent application.
A state of the art search is said to be a wider search engine as compared to other patent searches. This search engine is helpful to determine the similar technologies present in the market. The search also determines the opponents in the same field. It also considers the technological development in the areas of interest of the individual. Thus with the above overall search, it could be resulted in such inventions which could be survived in the market.
It is an extended search engine for the State of the art search. It provides thorough searches in the market for similar technology, the opponents with similar technology, the players and changes made in such a field. It provides a deeper understanding of the patent data.
Validity/Invalidity Search is performed when the patent is granted to the applicant. This search is normally used when the Patents are likely to be infringing the other patent in the market. During litigation of patent infringement the search is mostly undertaken to determine its validity subject to other patents. Validity and invalidity search of patents is determined by its claims. The technique for both is same, but the outcome of the search is based on the objective of the search.
Importance of Patent Search
Patent Search has various importance facets such as-
- Determine Validity of Patent
- Gaining knowledge of Related Inventions
- To be Aware of Patents Rights
- Determining the Claims to be Filed in the Patent Application
- Increases the Scope for a Patent
While working on Patent Search, the individual can determine its validity in proposing the application. Patent Search will help out for reference to declare its validity of the Patent registered previously. Thus an individual who files a fresh application for patent registration for its creation will help him/her out with its validity of patent accordingly.
Through Patent Search the individual will gain knowledge for the related inventions existing in the patent registration. That will help to know more about the invention type, status, validity, nature. Such knowledge will help the applicant to upgrade his application for the patent.
By doing research on patents, it determines the rights of the Patent applicant. The rights of the invention could be selected by the applicant itself. Researching makes awareness of what all rights could be taken into consideration for the patents and then it shall be granted as right. The rights of patent shall be of such nature that no one else's right is curtailed accordingly.
By making thorough research for patents, the research provides the claims for patents that can be filed in the patent application itself. The claims shall not overlap the other patent and shall hold novelty in its invention. So the chances of its registration increase.
By researching, the applicant gets more aware about the patents. That provides a plus point for the applicant, as the applicant can draft his/her patent application accordingly. This will increase the chance for patent registration easily.
How to do a Patent Search?
To register a Patent, the creator needs to be aware of the other similar patents in the market. A patent shall be researched in the territory where it has to be registered. For Example: if an inventor wants to register its patent in India then the research shall be done for the Indian Territory.
Firstly for the Patent Search, the need is for understanding the concept of it and fixing the goal and information which is to be searched. Then, the invention shall be disclosed accordingly to the attorney or such person who is researching. The information of invention shall be disclosed as required aspects of it only.
Later, the key features shall be listed down of the invention. It makes the search simple. It should be in normal language. Finding out the characteristics of inventions helps to ensure that all elements are covered without any duplication made to the patent.
Procedure for Patent Search
A Patent Search requires no cost in India. It can be done by the inventor itself either before or after the invention or while applying for the Patents. It’s upon the discretion of the applicant when he/she does research. But it would be better if the search is completed before filing for Patent Registration.
A Patent Search can be done through the website of Patent database of India. In the link four menu tabs will be displayed as named Patent Search, Patent E- register, Application Status and Help.
1. Patent Search
In the tab of Patent Search, two options are displayed for search either for published applications or granted patents. The user can select between the types or both options could be selected by clicking on it. After selection the search can be started. The application will show the following search categories-
- Application date
- Title
- Abstract
- Claims
- Description
- Application Number
- Patent Number (for granted patent)
- Application Name
- Inventor Name
- Inventor Country
- Inventor Address
- Filing Office
- International Patent Classification
- PCT application Number
- PCT Publication Number
- Field of Invention
- Patent Assignee Country
Every search category mentioned above will display a drop down box from which the user has access to change the category. A search box is displayed inside for every search category in which the user needs to input the keyword for which the search is required. Users can enter the keyword for different categories at once in their respective search boxes. Then at the bottom of the page a captcha code is required to be filled out by the user.
2.Patent Information
After entering the captcha code, various relevant patent results will be displayed according to information inserted by the user. The application selected shall be opened by entering the information for its application number, title, application date, and status of patent. Thus selecting further from the above would result in following information for patents-
- Invention Title
- Publication Number
- Publication Date
- Publication Type
- Application Number
- Application filing date
- Priority Number
- Priority Country
- Priority Date
- Field of invention
- Classification
- Inventor Name
- Inventor Address
- Inventory Country and Nationality
- Applicant Name
- Applicant Address
- Applicant Country and Nationality
When the entire column is filled up and selected, details will be displayed.
3. Patent E- Register
In the Patent E-register tab, it shows two columns Abstract and Complete specification. In summary, the summary of the patent application is displayed and in complete specification the details are mentioned of any specification which the user requires. In the patent e-register the status of granted patent is checked. In the tab of patent e- register the patent number shall be inserted along with the code displayed in the last. And click on patent e- register. The result will be displayed of patent status, date of renewal and data of patent.
4. Application Status
The status of patent application status could also be checked through the tab ‘Application Status’. The application number shall be entered along with the code displayed in the end and then click on ‘Show Application Status’. The result will display the details of application such as application number, applicant number, filing date, title of invention, and further application status. Also the documents relevant with the application can be seen off with the tab at the bottom of the page ‘View document’.
5. Help
The help desk is also provided on the website. Any confusion arising while undertaking the search, the same could be inserted in the help desk mentioned in the above four tabs. The queries related to Patent Search can be solved with it.
BizAdvisors Assistance for Patent Search
Bizadvisors offers the best services for Patent Search in India. The services we provide could be summarised as follows-
- We provide to clients our best experts patent attorneys.
- Our experts will examine your invention and search accordingly.
- The status of patent search could be tracked by the client easily.
- We have advanced technology through which we can provide you with results in less time.
- Best Professionals guidance for other queries related to Patent Search.
It is essential to register a patent as soon as possible. The idiom suits here well, early to come early to gain. Thus the one who registers the patent soon will gain benefit comparatively to other people who have made an invention. For such, Patent Search is regarded as the basic procedure.
To start a Patent Search with Bizadvisors, one needs to get in touch with our professionals and soon they will reach out to you. The queries could be discussed with experts. Then all you need to do is submit the required documents related to patent invention. All the details of the patent which is regarded as crucial information shall be shared and discussed with us. And then the guidance procedure will begin accordingly.
Why BizAdvisors?
The Bizadvisors have great facility for the client’s business upbringing and following are some reasons one should choose Bizadvisors-
- We minimize legal requirements.
- Our clients can also keep track of the progress on our platform at any moment.
- Our knowledgeable professionals are here to answer any queries you have.
- We will make sure that your interactions with professionals are pleasant and smooth.
- We always try our best to make our clients happy with the legal services we provide.
- We provide free legal advice.
- Our prices are transparent and reasonable.
- We deliver your work on time.
- We have a team of experts.
- We give money back guarantees as well.
- 200+ CA and CS assisted us in our work.
- We give an option of easy and convenient EMIs.
Patent Search is regarded as a mandatory search tool for the patents to be registered in India. The government has made it free of cost for the user. The Patent Search is beneficial to the inventor as that gives him/her various rights and identity. Thus a patent is required to be registered to avail such benefits and to attain its legality in the market.
The Patent Search could be concluded as a strategic decision for a user. It involves various critical processes and the website for Patent Search is also difficult to understand sometimes. Thus it is advisable to appoint an expert or professionals who have great knowledge of the patent.
Bizadvisors will provide complete assistance from patent search to patent filing and the requisites of it with minimum requirements of costing. We have patent expertise that has various tools by which we deliver the results quicker. So do contact BizAdvisors for any query related to Patent Search.
Frequently Asked Questions
No, Patent which is registered once shall last for 20 years generally from the date of the application. It is different in every country as patents are regarded on the basis of territory.
Patent search takes approx 15 to 20 days to complete. The days will be calculated from the day when all the related documents and an explanation of the invention is submitted to the attorney or the one who is making the search.
Patent Search can be done through various search tool which are mentioned as follows:
- Patentability Search
- Freedom to operate Search
- State of the Art Search
- Invalidity Search
- Evidence of use Search
A patent's time period is for 20 years from the date of application filled. Thus after the lapse of such a time period the inventor loses his right or authority over the patent. And loses its protection granted. After that the patent gets part of the public domain and everyone can use it without any restrictions.
Following mentioned are the types of Patent:
- Utility Patent,
- Provisional Patent,
- Design Patent,
- Plant Patent.
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This article has been written by Shoronya Banerjee from Amity University, Kolkata. This article delves into certain fields that have found the relevance of patents to be extremely important.
Introduction
A patent is synonymous to a unique and exclusive right conferred upon an inventor as per laid laws and rules, allowing him/her to exclude or include other people from using, imitating or selling his or her invention in the territory of that country during the longevity of that patent. But in association to this if any prior rights already existed connected to related inventions that too cannot be overlooked. It is usually notified to the individual inventor and following the trends, the employees usually accredit their inventions to their employer. It is available for any product, method, and design is associated with requirements of uniqueness, novelty, purpose and usage.
The source of safeguarding an invention of any product, design, formulation and method according to specific guidelines of originality, suitable conditions etc. Usually, a patent protects an invention for 20 years. In association to laws specific to certain countries, patent rights don’t apply for certain products as well.
For instance under UK laws, finding scientific theories, mathematical methods, presentation of information, dramatic and musical acts, and so on, are not patentable. Under Canadian law, if the Commissioner is not satisfied that a patent is not to be granted to an applicant then it can be refused and such other laws.
Patents
The granting of patents that protect inventors and their inventions is a very complex matter. It stops others from utilizing the inventions of someone else to gain profit and commercial name. The first patent was issued to a German for building a model of a mill and the first English patent was granted to John of Utynam for his creative making of stained glass extending to 20 years. While the French system developed a system introducing registration and examination and also establishing the importance of it. In the background of the Indian scenario, protecting inventions on the standards set by British Patent Law in the name of Act VI, 1852 was widely followed. Inventors were granted with Patents for a period of 14 years. This Act was modified and changed to Act XV which was further modified and renamed into the Patents and Design Protection Act, 1883 which with time was further named as the Protection of Inventions Act,1888 and from here the Indian Patents and Designs Act had traced its way out in the future.
When discussed about the types of patents, the basic and common patents that are widely mentioned are, utility patents, plant patents, design patents and provisional patents:
- One of the most common types of patent, the utility patent protects methods of constructing or formulating something, composition ingredients, manufacturers that come up as a new idea and are useful, etc. In the same way, if an existing process, the composition of a product or similar things are changed and improved upon, a utility patent can be obtained for such a work as well. Methods relating to the way of doing something that is usually for a technical, industrial or commercial purpose. Composition refers to constituting ingredients helping in the construction of a product or substance. New technologies, internet-based software, etc has indeed issued a threat to the boundaries of products protected by utility patents.
- Design patent also known as the “surface ornamentation” of an object, requires the design to be inalienable from the object. Such a patent protects the product’s presentation. It was seen in the case of Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Stiffel Co, the respondent had obtained a design patent for a pole lamp that had received a great amount of success in the market The petitioner began to sell a similar item for a lower price causing loss to the respondent. An action of patent infringement was brought against the petitioner. The petitioner was forbidden to sell the lamps and was asked to pay damages to the respondent.
- New and different plants are protected by plant patents. But such plants cannot be reproduced from tuber, has to be discovered in a cultivated state, produced asexually which is a proof of the applicant producing the plant and such set other boundaries and limitations., and so on.
Current issues and emerging issues related to Patents
Scope of patent protection
Patents that are known to protect the inventors and their inventions also have boundaries and limitations for their application. It has scope for granting protection and establishing the legitimacy and genuineness of the patents. The scope can include:
- Geographical scope: The size and number of patents increase the worth and scope of intellectual property protection. A patent can only be protected in a specific country other than the one where it has received it if a huge number of patents is traced back to the same priority document or valid member of the patent family. Patents valid only in a particular small geographical area confers a small geographical scope of patent protection which considering the international market is nothing. On the other hand, a large family and number of patents imply higher costs during filing for it and maintaining its fees.
- Related to the content or composition: The claims with a stronger base provide a more strict intellectual property right which is assessed by the content of the article. The structuring of the claim and the relation shared by it with several and more patent families provides a better scope of patent protection for it. Usually, one patent indicates the protection of one invention but related applications to that same patent prevent competitors from even coming near it.
- Innovation in drug industries: The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) establishes a new sphere of intellectual property rights concerning the health sector. The member states of the World Trade Organization (WTO) formulate their patents and other IPR laws in consideration with the requirements and provided laws. But yet these member states have to follow the TRIPs agreement. The TRIPs agreement provides several opportunities, for instance, compulsory licensing, negotiating with patent holders for giving the lowest price, and so on.
Issues in the field of biotechnology
- Patent laws apply to all innovations related to the field of technology. Bio-technology has become an essential part of our economy with inventions and developments in pharmaceutical science, energy, and environment sectors and, so on, related to which patent laws are equally applicable as well. Being an extremely research-intensive industry it involves the companies investing maximum revenue in research, development, and more exorbitant costs in the case of manufacturing and developing new products and ways of operation.
- But on the contrary, imitating such products would involve low costs. When a company invests in such a research project alongside the high risks involved in it and the expectations of the years’ worth research leading to valuable and exclusive innovations with high market value, the menace of imitation becomes a great problem for the company.
- Patent Laws here does away with the possibilities of competitors taking to imitating products. Sometimes biotechnology firms come up with ingenious inventions, protect it by patent laws, and provide a license for it to larger companies with the capability of launching it in the market. So these companies earn their revenue based on their capability to develop and the idea and ability to patenting and licensing.
- Complexity steps in with what biotechnology inventions can be patented and what cannot be. The invention has to fill the essentials patentability of a novelty, the unique method involved and, its industrial utility is considered to be basic fulfillment criteria but the debate has risen upon other requirements as well.
- A major focus is also put to ensure that the claims in patent applications do not supersede the matter which is explained by the invention, as divulged in the patent so that no patent owner is given excessive and unjustified rights. This has to be considered not only while drafting patent applications but also formulating research and development plans and strategy, especially when the invention results are essential for the company’s profit margins.
Dimminaco A.G. v. Controller of Patents and Designs & Ors
It was seen in the case of Dimminaco A.G. v. Controller of Patents and Designs & Ors, the petitioner had issued a patent application related to its invention of a method of preparing the infectious Bursitis Vaccine. As under Section 12 of the Patent Act, 1970, laying down the method of examination of such an application, the Patent Office Examiner declared that the application did not constitute any inventions as laid by Section 2(i)(i) of the Patent Act, 1970. It was said that the Patent Applicant’s invention arranged by a particular process was capable of being used as food or a drug, but not as an invention under section 2(i)(i).
It was contended by the appellant that there was no restraint against the method of preparation of a product that was already patented, even if the process constituted live virus, leading the objection under section 2(i)(i) by the Examiner to be unreasonable. It was also said that there was no deterrent as per current laws for granting a patent to a final product involving live virus. The grant of patent affected and denied on the basis of administrative policies would mean the violation of the Rule of Law as no administrative policy can annul the statutory provision. It was held that the patent application had to be reconsidered sooner. Not later than two months from the date of production of this judgment.
Issues of patents in outer space
The United Nation had passed a resolution in 1961 declaring the application of international law on outer space and celestial bodies legitimate and it also made the exploration of outer space and celestial bodies free for all States but in compliance with international law. They are not subjected to national appropriation. Space technology and outer space activities developing with time has shown the requirement of protection in the matter of innovation and new developments as per space research, studies and projects. Space activities slowly inclining towards the commercial and private sphere and the space activities working under international cooperation schemes have further attracted the requirement of patent laws with regard to outer space.
The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States
This Treaty is also known as the Outer Space Treaty provides the groundwork for international space law. While Article II of the treaty states that the moon and other celestial bodies are not subjected to ‘national appropriation’ or any sort of means. Hence outer space is considered to be a public domain with no one nation being able to claim the outer-space or ownership of celestial bodies. But it is also considered under Article VIII that the state with the registration of a space object can have control over that object. But Article VI also puts forth that “the activities of non-governmental entities in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, shall require authorization and continuing supervision by the appropriate State Party to the Treaty”.
The process utilized for collecting the raw data from the Outer Space with the usage Remote Sensing Satellite is patented as an invention. The technology and method involved is different and varies as per all remote sensing satellites. For the national patent laws being applicable only with respective territories puts forth a problem when new inventions are used or violated in outer space. Even the data collected by these satellites don’t have any copyright protection. But it applies to the final value-added data or the product.
Issues of patents in public health
- Innovations in the field of biotechnology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical science, and so on have changed the face of the health sector worldwide.
- In the case of improving public health the main aim of the authorities remains to ensure the balance between the inventor’s right on the creation of a product or process to improve the health sector and the way of implementing it for the help and requirement of the general public.
- New drugs, treatment methods, and clinical trials require a lot of investment, patents act like a catalyst making the inventors invest the required amount of money.
- Innovations in the field of biotechnology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical science, and so on have changed the face of the health sector worldwide. In the case of improving public health, the main aim of the authorities remains to ensure the balance between the inventor’s right on the creation of a product or process to improve the health sector and the way of implementing it for the help and requirement of the general public.
- New drugs, treatment methods, and clinical trials require a lot of investment, patents act like a catalyst making the inventors invest the required amount of money.
- Developing countries often negotiate with the patent holders to provide them with the drugs and apparatus at a low cost. This has happened before when certain companies agreed to help poorer or underdeveloped countries with medicines to treat fatal and severe diseases.
- Public health can be maintained when both the public and private sectors involve each other with the authorities promoting the importance of joint ventures, legalizing innovations, etc.
- The Doha Declaration under paragraph 5(2) says that “freedom to determine the grounds upon which such licenses are granted” and highlights the idea of compulsory licensing.
- Therefore, the Doha Declaration put forth the time when the rights of an inventor could be exclusive, and when it could be abridged to achieve larger public interest.
The field of nanotechnology
Nanoscience is the study related to the rare occurrence and controlling of material measured in nano-scale, for extending the sciences into the nano-scale. Such materials can show variable properties compared to that as shown on a macro-scale. With the help of nanotechnology, materials with specific characters can be formed. The revelation of nanotechnology and developments in it allow the production of such results that are very beneficial for mankind in the future.
The utilization of it to build diagnostic tools, therapeutic micro-tools, electronic components used to create more strong and effective devices and so many more such products can be built to help mankind. New and more developed material could also help in the field of space technology, protection of the environment, forming micro-materials, etc. But here as well the product or process has to be innovative, considered to be novel, and should have commercial and industrial applications.
For instance, it was decided in the Nano-crystalline metals case, that the initial method of passing current at fluctuating interims under maximum density and such timing to set out the deposit nanocrystalline material of less than 100 nm size on the cathode was distinguished from the present claim. The Board also confirms that the inventor could not have anticipated the prior teaching to be successfully extrapolated to structures smaller by at least two orders of magnitude.
Patents required for business development and strategy
With the progressing time protection provided by patents have become immensely important with growing competition in the market and future perspectives of a business. Patents provide the exclusive right to stop a competitor from imitating an innovation for commercial gains. Patent analysis stands to be extremely important for business development as it provides with every information and details of a demanded field of technology and predicts the future market need.
A radical and ‘fundamental innovation’ could establish new markets and provide new industrial spheres as well, whereas ‘improved innovations’ brings forth an upgraded product of better quality and better usage. These are the products with capabilities of meeting a customers requirement and demand henceforth offering the establishment of a new market and business. The existence of business method payments reveals new processes of doing business in compliance with strategies with achieving their set goals.
But laws relating to such patents vary according to countries. For instance, according to Section 3 of the Indian Patent Act, “mathematical method or business method or a computer program or algorithms are not patentable”, unless it solves a technical problem and a new method or process is developed out of it. But India should increase the scope and allow business methods to be patented for gaining the trust of investors to invest in certain projects and strengthen the market.
In the case of Netflix, Inc. v. Blockbuster, Inc, Netflix had 2 patents which were related to the idea of ordering and delivering digital video discs through the internet. Therefore, since 1999 it has rented such discs on subscription basis to its site, www.netflix.com. But the defendant blockbuster had conducted traditional renting of DVDs until 2004, when it launched its “Blockbuster Online” providing DVDs through its websites. Netflix had filed a lawsuit against Blockbuster for infringing its patents. It was held that the court would adjust on its own to eliminate distortions or impose clarifications that can be required in further proceedings.
Conclusion
With time the awareness of intellectual property rights has become path-breaking, acting like an incentive to stimulate inventive behaviour and innovative activities of man along with supporting the economy. Alongside conferring exclusive rights on the inventor, patents also help in returning the amount invested in the whole process of research, development, and production. It grants an inventor the benefit of enjoying a monopoly. Patents are given in exchange for new inventions.
Though India has stepped into the field of product patent regime it still has a long way to go in case of managing the interests of the companies and maintaining a balance. India still has great hurdles to cross like that of implementing the TRIPs agreement to achieve institutional reforms, building technical capability, etc. TRIPs agreement promotes foreign direct investment, usage of genetic resources, environment protection, and so on. India must promote the formation of an association between the Convention on Biological Diversity and TRIPs to bring forth more opportunities for the patent offices. Patenting should involve an intelligent strategy working side by side with the inventions that are to be implemented.
References
- https://www.mondaq.com/india/patent/366752/business-method-patents
- https://www.mondaq.com/patent/795336/supreme-court39s-recent-decisions-on-enforcement-of-utility-model-patents
- https://www.iusmentis.com/patents/claims/
- https://www.forbes.com/sites/stephenkey/2017/11/13/in-todays-market-do-patents-even-matter/#45bb241356f3
- https://www.pulj.org/the-roundtable/emerging-issues-related-to-patents
- https://smallbusiness.findlaw.com/intellectual-property/types-of-patents.html
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What is AI?
AI is loosely defined as any technology that undertakes to accomplish an activity which would normally require human intelligence. It is capable of-
(i) comprehending unstructured data
(ii) producing computer reasoning
(iii) self-learning
Hence, it produces unexpected and unconventional results which are independent from the programmer’s instructions.
It’s well-settled that AI related inventions are patentable. However, what happens when AI creates an invention of its own, without any human intervention or a human engagement which is insufficient to recognize a human inventor. This question remains largely unanswered in patent legislations across the world. The reason for this legislative gap may be due to the non-consideration of such a futuristic technological possibility at the time of drafting the patent statute.
Who is an inventor?
US courts have held that an “inventor” is the party which conceives an invention, and only he reserves the right to obtain a patent on this invention. In Goldstein v California, US Supreme Court held that authors and inventors should be given a broad interpretation. It should be construed to mean an ‘originator’, to whom anything owes its origin.
In Eastern District of Texas’s Oasis Research, LLC v. Carbonite, the US Federal Court held that a person who merely suggests an idea but not the means of accomplishing it is not an inventor. In TS Holdings, Inc. v. Schwab it was further clarified that merely financing or initiating the process of invention does not qualify the person to be a patent-holder.
A person is required to feed general information about the relevant field and define the parameters to the AI for initiation of an invention. A direct application of the abovementioned precedents suggests that a person who is merely financing, owning AI or feeding the data and initiating the inventive process is insufficient to qualify himself as an inventor for the purposes of patent law.
Can an AI be an inventor?
On July 29, 2019, Stephen Thaler filed the world’s first patent application before USPTO for an AI created invention. He utilized his AI system named DABUS for creation of a new type of beverage containers by feeding general information about the field in DABUS’ neural network. In his application, Thaler named DABUS as the inventor and himself as the assignee of the AI’s invention.
The USPTO rejected this application because of the mandate of US patent statute which only recognizes inventions created by natural person or group of natural persons. USPTO also reasoned that the threshold for inventorship is the conception of the idea and the scope of the statute is very narrow to accommodate conception by an AI.
Thaler also filed patent applications before UKIPO and EPO. Both the applications were rejected in the same fashion as USPTO. They reasoned that an inventor can only be a natural person and not an AI or machine. On 28 October 2019, the UKIPO updated its patent manual, whereby it clarified that an AI is not acceptable as an inventor for the purposes of seeking patent.
At present, AI cannot not be considered as inventors in most jurisdictions including US, Japan, Korea, China, UK, Switzerland. Patent legislations in all these countries require conception from a natural person for claiming inventorship.
Ownership of inventions by AI machines
Generally, the creator of the invention gets the ownership right over a patent. However, the ownership of these rights may pass from an individual to another individual or an employer by the way of an assignment or through law. From this discussion the issue arises whether an AI can be a patent holder for its inventions or the patent right automatically transfers to the person owning the AI.
UKIPO answered this issue in DABUS case, where it held that AI does not have a personhood status in law and lacks both moral and legal rights which therefore prevents it from holding any ownership rights like a natural person. The underlying object behind granting patent is to incentivize innovation, however, an AI or machine does not require any such incentive. Thus, it cannot hold any patent for both legal as well as practical reasons.
In the same breath, the Director General of WIPO also rejected the notion of ownership rights for AI. He further reasoned that there is no efficacy in granting a to an AI since sooner or later, a natural person is involved in the creation.
Why patent protection for inventions by AI machines might be beneficial?
- Most experts suggest that AI will be at the crest of innovation within the next 20 years. Patent protection would further boost the AI created inventions to step into the future- inventions although may be created by AI machines, the patents for the same are assigned to the creator of the AI machine itself, since currently the law does not recognize AI machines as capable of holding patents as ‘inventors’. Hence in this sense, it boosts innovation and the creators of such AI machines have an incentive to employ such machines to create new inventions.
- From a utilitarian perspective, patent protection ensures the greatest good of the greatest numbers. It ensures that the society benefit from the creation of socially valuable products by AI in a cost-effective manner and the subsequent disclosure of the technical know-how. It will balance the right of individual against the society by incentivizing the creator of the AI to develop, own and use AI for creation of novel inventions.
- No patent protection would force the owner of the AI to file applications identifying himself as the creator of the invention which is morally wrong as it degrades the value of human inventorship and will also mislead the public.
Policy Considerations and Need for coherent Guidelines
Late Prof. (Dr.) Shamnad Basheer had highlighted the ability of combinational creativity of AI machines, that is, the ability to come up with new innovations by combining existing prior arts in infinite ways. This ability of AI machines can also be used to easily surpass any existing patent literature and come up with innumerable novel innovations.
Hence, there is an alarming need of policy considerations for dealing with AI-generated inventions. Although at present AI generated inventions form a small chunk of innovations in economic terms, they may become a significant part of research and development in the future due to its exponential growth.
UKIPO also observed in the DABUS case that there is a void in the current patent system regarding AI generated inventions and hence, invited and encouraged for a wider debate on this topic for finding creative solutions to accommodate such inventions.
In the absence of any clear guidelines regarding the inventorship criteria and ownership of patents, the general welfare of the society is bound to suffer.
The patent offices of Japan, Korea, China, US and Europe held its first meeting on New Emerging Technologies and AI on 20 March 2020 in Berlin. One can only hope that the matter of handling applications for AI-generated inventions will be high on the task force’s agenda.
Donald Goldstein v. State of California, 412 U.S. 546 (1973).
Oasis Research, LLC v. Carbonite, Inc., Case No. 4:10-CV-004358 (E.D. Tex. Jan. 8, 2015)
TS Holdings, Inc. v. Schwab, No. 09-CV-13632, 2011 WL 13205959 (E.D. Mich. Dec. 16, 2011).
Watson cooks up computational creativity, Florian Pinel, https://perma.cc/GGV7-NHT4.
BL O/741/19, UK Intellectual Property Office, https://www.ipo.gov.uk/p-challenge-decision-results/o74119.pdf.
Artificial Intelligence and Inventions, HFG Law and Intellectual Property, http://www.hfgip.com/news/artificial-intelligence-and-inventions.
supra note 5.
Obsessing on Newness: The Death of Patents?, Shamnad Basheer, SpicyIP, https://spicyip.com/2018/01/obsessing-on-newness-the-death-of-patents.html.
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https://blog.ciprnuals.in/2020/06/patentability-of-inventions-by-ai-machines-issues-of-inventorship-and-ownership/
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In April 2021, the House of Representatives introduced the Patents and Designs (Repeal and Re-Enactment) Bill (the “PD Bill”), 2021 which seeks to overhaul the Patents and Designs Act 1971 that currently provides for the protection of Patent and Design rights, albeit inadequately.
While this is a welcome development, one cannot overlook the numerous attempts over the years to introduce new legislation that seek to better protect intellectual property rights in Nigeria. These bills have been unable to scale through the processes needed for enactment into law, and as a result we have been stuck with outdated laws that are not able to protect the new and emerging species of intellectual property law. We are thus hopeful that the 9th Assembly changes this pattern.
The PD Bill, like its other counterparts, seeks to introduce and protect aspects of Patents rights existing in other parts of the world such as the Utility Model (“UM”) certificates which would be the focus of this article.
Utility Model
Utility Models are similar to Patents in that they give monopoly rights for a limited period of time to inventors of new technical inventions that have a short commercial life, or make small improvements to, and adaptations of, existing products within the relevant geographical area. They are sometimes referred to as “small” or “lesser” patents. For example, a miniature circuit breaker or a grip for a hydraulic hose have been successfully registered as UMs in China and Germany respectively. These sorts of inventions typically make small improvements on existing (patented) inventions and are best protected by UM registrations.
For an invention to qualify as a UM under the PD Bill, Section 18(1) provides that the invention must be new and industrially applicable. On the other hand, a patentable invention as defined in section 3(1) of the PD Bill is one which is new, inventive, and industrially applicable. From the foregoing, we can observe that the requirement of an inventive step is not applicable for inventions seeking to be registered as a UM under the PD Bill. An invention shall be said to have an inventive step where the invention is not obvious to a person skilled in that field of use.
Due to the less stringent requirement for an inventive step, UM’s are the perfect vehicles through which modifications, or incremental inventions on an existing invention can be protected. In practical terms, UMs are useful for SME’s and local inventors that seek to register improvements to existing inventions. In some countries, UM’s can be applied for in the same fields of technology as patents. In other countries, UM protection is only available for the shape or structure of products in specific areas of technology, such as mechanical devices and apparatus, but not for technical, chemical, and biological processes. Under the PD Bill, UM certificates can be applied for in the same fields of patentable subject matter, as the relevant sections do not provide any restrictions as to applicable subject matter or required documents.
Another difference that exists between the UM and Patents is the validity period. Generally, the owner of a UM obtains the exclusive right to prevent third parties from commercially exploiting their invention for a limited period, usually between 6 to 10 years from the filing date depending on the country, while patents tend to have a life cycle of 20 years. Section 18(4) of the PD Bill provides that the UM certificate shall expire at the end of the 7th year from the date of filing without the possibility of a renewal.
Just like patents, renewal fees are typically due annually to ensure the UM remains in force. However, in some countries, renewal fees are paid every few years or not at all, until the end of its limited life cycle. Under the PD Bill, 2021, it is not quite clear what will be applicable in Nigeria. Section 18 (5) provides that “with the exception of subsection (3), section 12(1) does not apply in the case of utility model certificates”.
The provisions of section 12 are reproduced below;
(1) subject to subsection (2), a Patent Application shall expire twenty years after the filing date of the application for patent;
(2) in order to maintain the patent or patent application, an annual fee shall be paid in advance to the Registrar for each year, starting one year after the filing date of the application for grant of the patent.
(3) a period of grace of six months shall be allowed for non-payment of annual fee of the prescribed fee.
(4) where the annual fees are not paid in accordance with this section, the patent application shall be deemed to have been withdrawn or the patent shall lapse.
In view of the specific provisions in Section 18(5), one is left to wonder on the applicability of subsections (2) and (4) on UMs and whether renewal fees will be paid every year, every other year or not at all. Nonetheless, the bill is still being edited, and we hope proper clarity is given to the provision of Section 18 (5).
In conclusion, the objectives for providing UM protection are similar to those for granting patents. UMs incentivize inventors to innovate by giving them recognition for their effort and creativity as well as the possibility of exclusive commercial exploitation of their inventions for a limited period of time. Nonetheless, as with patents, the inventor is required to disclose the specifications of the invention to the public in exchange for this exclusivity.
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Read the article at Banwo & Ighodalo.
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https://insights.afriwise.com/blog/patents-and-designs-repeal-and-re-enactment-bill-2021-introduction-of-utility-model-certificates
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Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence performed by a computer. Although artificial intelligence dates back to the 1950s, nowadays it has become more popular in our day-to-day life through its use in transport, banking, social networking, automobiles, healthcare, personal devices, telecommunication, computing, etc. It is rapidly entering into every technological field.
The creation of new ideas is often protected by intellectual property, in which patents are the most obvious form of protection. In India in 2018, there was an increase of about 10 times in the filing of patent applications related to AI compared to 2012. This is in line with global AI patent production activity, which saw similar growth during this period, according to a report by the Center for Security and Emerging Technology at Georgetown University. Globally, India ranked eighth in the number of patent families related to AI; the top spot is occupied by China, followed by the United States, Japan and South Korea. It is surprising to note that in comparison to other Top 10 countries, India had no AI patent prior to 2002. In less than two decades, there has been a sharp rise in this domain and, as a result, India has moved up to within the Top 10 countries.
Considering that India’s AI patent numbers have increased significantly, the patentability of AI-created inventions and their inventorship is a big challenge as per the current patent regime. In general, in order to get a patent, one has to fullfil three criteria of patentability: novelty, inventive step and industrial applicability. As per the Indian Patents Act, 1970, there is absolute novelty requirement similar to that in the Convention on the Grant of European Patents (EPC), which means that the invention is considered to be novel if it is not available in the public domain anywhere in the world by means of written or oral description, by use, or in any other way. Further, the patentability of software-related inventions falls under non-patentable inventions and is determined by Section 3(k) of the Patents Act, 1970 along with the Guidelines for Examination of Computer Related Inventions (CRIs) published by the Office of the Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trademarks.
As per Section 3(k), a mathematical or business method or a computer programme per se or algorithms related invention are not patentable matter unless the invention shows technical advancement over the existing prior art(s). Another criteria of the patentability as per Section 2(1)(ja) of Indian patent act is that the invention possesses “inventive step,” which means that it involves technical advancement compared to existing knowledge or having economic significance or both, which makes the invention non-obvious to a person having ordinary skill in the art. Now the question arises when an invention is developed through AI how the inventive step criteria of patentability will be fulfilled.
One hope for protecting an AI-related invention can be seen in the Copyright Act, 1957 under Section 2(ffc), where the term computer program has been defined. The act protects the algorithm in the form of codes or schemes, including a machine-readable medium which make the machine to perform a particular task or achieve a particular result. But this hope has been diminished by the 2002 guidelines, where most computer-related inventions were deemed ineligible for patents.
From 2015 to 2017, the Indian patent office issued three examination guidelines on computer-related invention (CRIs) to give the clarity on prosecution of software related invention; still, the guidelines excluded computer programs or algorithms from being patented. Thus, in order to get patent protection, one has to include hardware along with AI algorithms and method of device, except for individual code/algorithms.
Another major hurdle for patenting AI-related inventions arise relates to the exclusive right, which as per the law is assigned to the true and first inventor, and specifically to a natural person. Thus, when the patent law was made, the concept of machine-as-inventor did not exist, therefore the invention right has been given only to humans. However, with the development of technology, when a machine is contributing significantly – or in some cases completely – to an invention, the question of inventorship, especially when it is co-shared with a machine, arouses the question whether the machine, which is neither morally nor legally bound to uphold these rights, is the inventor,
Although in India there has been a rise in the number of patent filings in AI-related inventions, mostly in the field of personal devices, computing devices and also in biomedical applications, diagnostics and lab-related activities due to the Covid-19 pandemic, there still is no clear-cut guideline or rules that can be applied to AI-related inventions. Thus, it is important that appropriate policy has been put in place to deal with AI-generated inventions. In today’s fast developing world of technology, when AI may be improving at an exponential rate, it may become a significant part of the research and development, and it will be seriously problematic, if we lack clear IP policy on how to protect AI-generated inventions and to determine who should be listed as an inventor and who takes ownership of these inventions and the related patents.
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https://asiaiplaw.com/section/ip-analysts/protecting-artificial-intelligence-driven-inventions
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Assignee and Inventor Filters
You can filter results by assignees and inventors. In Amplified, you can filter your results to similar patents from one or more companies, entities, or inventors. You can also exclude particular assignees or inventors. Assignee and inventor filtering is commonly used to:
- Get a quick understanding of your competitors activity in the same field
- Focus on a prolific inventor to understand their similar inventions
- Add "-" at the front to exclude a company, like your own, that you already know well and don't need to see more of. This works for inventors too.
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https://support.amplified.ai/article/24-assignee-and-inventor-filters
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The biotechnological inventions majorly include products and/or processes of gene engineering technologies, methods of isolation of micro-organisms from culture medium, methods of mutation, cultures, mutants, transformants, plasmids, processes for making monoclonal antibodies, etc.,1 Often, the focus is laid on controversial issues surrounding biotechnology patenting such as criteria for patenting plants and animals, the patenting of gene sequences and related morality issues. Contrary to the aforesaid issues, majority of biotechnology patent applications are decided on serious issues of patent system such as novelty, inventive step and industrial application as well as the sufficiency of disclosure and support of the description to the claims.
Biotech inventions are considered in the same light as the other inventions. The Patents Act, 1970, seeks to help the applicants as well as the examiners of patents as it covers not only at how the basic issues of protecting biotechnological inventions have been applied in the past but also at how they should be applied, subject to guidance from courts and the Intellectual Property Appellate Board (IPAB) in the context of recent developments in the technology. This article endeavors to throw light of such aspects and explicitly discusses the provisions with regard to patenting of biotechnological inventions.
Prior Art Search
The draft guidelines issued by the Indian Patent Office on 25th March 2013 mandates the examiner to design a comprehensive search strategy by combining various search parameters including key words, IPC, sequences etc., and thorough search should be carried out in patent as well as non-patent literature. If a patent application consists a sequence listing of nucleotides or amino acids then Rule 9 (1) of the Patents Rule (2003), specifies that the same is to be filed by the applicant in electronic form2. A thorough search of the sequence has to be carried out by the examiner on the commercial databases available to the office using BLAST, FASTA, etc.
Novelty
It is mandated that novelty has to be assessed in the same manner as that for other inventions. Novelty has to be interpreted vis-à-vis prior art as provided under Section 13 of the Act. To ascertain novelty as per Sec 2(1)(j) of the Act, the following different kinds of claims can be evaluated namely,
- Product-by-process claims: A claim describing a product should not be anticipated by a prior disclosure of that particular product per se regardless of the method of production of the product. The claimed product cannot be considered as novel, if the process by which it is produced is novel. In order to establish novelty, technical evidences are required to show that the modifications in the processes result in other products which are distinct with regard to their properties over the products known in the prior art.
- Sequence claims: If any applicant claims that a polynucleotide sequence which was already available in a library is not novel, even if the function of that particular sequence was not previously characterized. If any sequence of a polynucleotide from a prior art doesn’t match exactly to the claimed sequence of polynucleotide, then the subject matter is considered novel. The same applies to a polypeptide sequence.
- Combination/Composition claims: The claims of combination of products of biotechnology are often missed out while assessing novelty instead is dealt under the inventive step or other relevant clauses of Section 3 of the Act. However, since combination/ composition claims have already fallen into the public domain, they have to be dealt under novelty.
Inventive step
According to the Patents Act, 1970, an invention will have inventive step if it is technically advanced or economically advanced when compared to the existing knowledge and it should be non-obvious to a person with ordinary skilled in that art. Example, structurally and functionally similar polynucleotide/polypeptide sequences are considered to be obvious. Similarly claim for a sequence with minor variations/mutations in the amino acid sequences which do not alter the activity and function of a protein sequence which is already in public domain cannot be patented due to the lack of inventive step. Therefore, the applicant should provide evidences to highlight the difference between the encoded protein disclosed in the prior art and that encoded by the claimed DNA for which a patent is being sought.
Industrial Application
As per Section 2(1) (ac) of the Act, “Capable of industrial application” in relation to an invention, means that the invention is capable of being made or used in an industry. Mere discovering a gene sequence and the protein encoded by it doesn’t ensure patent protection unless a distinct and credible use of the gene sequence is specified. To establish industrial applicability of a gene sequence, the use of the sequence and the significance of the product encoded by it has to be stated. Section 64(1) (g) of the Act provides that if the invention do not meet the criteria of industrial applicability, it is deemed to be revoked.
Fragments /Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs)
Fragments/ESTs are allowable only if they satisfy the question of usefulness and industrial application. A credible and substantial use of the EST should be disclosed. For Example, use of ESTs as a probe or chromosome marker to diagnose a specific disease condition.
It is mandated that adequate care has to be taken while examining inventions whose commercial exploitation is speculated to be contrary to public order, morality or causes serious prejudice to human, animal or plant life or to the environment as per the provisions mentioned in Section 3(b) of the Act. (e.g., cloning of mammals, modifications in the germ line and genetic identity of living organisms, terminator gene technology and use of human embryos)
As per Section 3(c) of the Act, the products such as microorganisms, nucleic acid sequences, proteins, enzymes, compounds, etc., which are directly isolated from nature are not patentable subject matter. However, the exception to this provision is the processes of isolation of these products can be considered subject to requirements of Section 2(1) (j) of the Act.
Section 3(d) of the Act provides that any minor modifications in the already existing substance in the prior art are not patentable unless the improved property or efficacy of the modified substance is established. With respect to biotechnology patent applications, section 3(d) is applicable to those inventions relating to a three-dimensional or crystal structure of a polypeptide unless it is proved that such polypeptide differs significantly in properties with regards to therapeutic efficacy.
Further, Section 3(e) establishes that a composition comprising a combination of substances naturally occurring in nature is not patentable subject matter unless the synergistic effect of the components is established. In the light of chemical and biotechnological sciences, Section 3(e) of the Act reflects the legislative intent on the law of patenting of combination inventions.
According to Section 3(h) of the Act, a method of agriculture (a method of spraying insecticide for controlling pests) or horticulture is not considered as patentable subject matter. Conventional methods performed on actual open fields should be construed as method of agriculture/horticulture.
Section 3(i) of the Act emphasizes that any method of treatment including diagnostic procedures or method of drug administration either to humans or animals are not patentable. Some inventors draft composition of drugs in certain dosage forms and claims that subject matter relates to application or administration of individual drugs. In such cases, although the claims are directed to a combination of drugs, but the claimed invention resides in the method of administration of individual drugs in the said manner and thus, it falls within the scope of Section 3 (i) of the Act. Patenting on gene based diagnostics is completely ruled out.
As per Section 3(c) of the Act, it is mandated that microorganisms are not patentable. It is implied also that only modified microorganisms are patentable subject matter under the Act. Claims relating to basic biological processes of growing plants, germination of seeds, of development stages of plants and animals are not patentable. In relation to biotechnological inventions, bio-informatics is relatively a new science that has evolved from the combination of information technology and biotechnology. Determination of patentability of inventions pertaining to bio-informatics is examined vis-à-vis the provisions mentioned under section 3(k) of the Act.
Section 10(4) of the Act requires that every complete specification shall fully and particularly describe the invention and its operation or its use and by the method by which it is to be performed. In case of biotechnological inventions, it is possible that the gene may play a vital role in the treatment of one or more of the listed diseases. But it is very unlikely that the gene or the protein it produces will have a role in all of the diseases. Such claims are made when the function of the protein is not fully characterized. Therefore the potential uses of the protein claimed are speculative. It is hence evident that if there is no evidence in the complete specification as filed that the gene/ polypeptide is of therapeutic or diagnostic use in the laundry list of different diseases listed, then the specification is insufficient.
Claims to antibodies that may have therapeutic or diagnostic potential are not valid if a role for the target protein in a specific disease has not been identified and proved by sufficient data.
Section 10(5) of the Act, provides that the claim(s) shall be clear and succinct and shall be fairly based on the matter disclosed in the specification. Also, the claim(s) of a complete specification shall relate to a single invention, or to a group of inventions linked so as to form a single inventive concept. In case of genetic engineering patent applications, it is very frequently observed that an application claim a large number of polynucleotide/polypeptide sequences. Lack of unity create problem during publication, examination and searching stage. Further, it is unclear whether the claimed sequence relates to a single invention or to a group of inventions linked so as to form a single inventive concept.
Deposit of biological material
The draft guidelines mandate that the biological material which cannot be described in a sufficient manner and which is not available to the public has to be deposited to an International Depository Authority (IDA) under the Budapest Treaty. The deposit is to be made before filing of the patent and a reference of the deposit is to be submitted within three months from the date of filing of the patent application in India. It is necessary for the inventory to correctly identify and indicate the characteristics which are to be included in the specifications and it should also include name, address of the depository institute and the date and number of the deposit. In India, Microbial Type Culture Collection (MTCC), Chandigarh is the International Deposit Authority (IDA).
The Biodiversity Act , 2002
The BD Act came into force on 1st July 2004.The BD Act provides a mechanism to prevent the misappropriation of biological resources and traditional knowledge by introducing provisions for mandatory prior permission from the National Biodiversity Authority by the applicant for any patent application based on research or any information related to biological resources obtained from India.
According to this Act, the applicant has to provide a mandatory disclosure of the source and geographical origin of the biological material in the patent application. An applicant has also to provide a declaration in Form 1 of the Patent Rules, 2003 about the permission from the competent authority.
Conclusion
In addition to the basic patenting issues, special issues such as moral and ethical concerns, cloning of farm animals, stem cells, gene therapy, patenting of DNA and ESTs of gene sequences, etc., have also evolved. Therefore, setting norms and protocols for assessing biotechnological inventions poses challenges to the applicants for patents as well as to the Patent Office. In view of the aforesaid, the biotechnology and allied sciences patent provisions in India serves as a potential guide in order to establish uniform and consistent practice with regard to the patent applications made in the said technologies.
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https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=ef0d267d-5f4a-4bf9-8bf8-409bd5644cdc
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SOURCE: QualcommDESCRIPTION:
5G’s ability to connect millions of cellular-enabled devices for countless applications doesn’t just pop into existence overnight. Transmitting data through high radio frequency bands requires precise calculations about energy and positioning, especially across long distances and with large amounts of information. Modern mobile devices are smaller and more powerful than ever and conserving energy and managing connections requires new advancements and ingenuity in wireless technology. Dr. Lola Awoniyi-Oteri, a Principal Systems Engineer in Research and Development at Qualcomm Technologies, knows all about these breakthroughs of power savings and mobility management for 5G – she invented many of them.
Growing up in Nigeria, Lola developed a love for technology that she carried with her to the U.S. She received a B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering through a joint program with Clark Atlanta University and Georgia Tech. After that, she received an M.S. and Ph.D. in the same field from Stanford University before joining Qualcomm in 2008.
Optimizing power savings for 3G devices was one of her first assignments when she arrived at Qualcomm. Now, Lola focuses on standardization, research, and development of 5G millimeter wave devices, particularly in those same areas of mobility management and power efficiency. Her total list of patents and inventions spans a wide range of areas, including Wide Area Network technologies involving cellular and satellite networks, as well as Local Area Network technologies like Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. Lola’s inventions help reduce power consumption while enhancing network mobility and the mobile user experience for 3G, 4G, and 5G connectivity. In total, she is responsible for 300+ worldwide patents and applications in the wireless communications field.
To learn more about her inventions, why she became an inventor, and how she believes others can succeed, we sat down with Lola for a conversation.
Did you always know you wanted to be an inventor?
Actually, I always wanted to be an inventor because of a book I read growing up. The book is called Men of Purpose by Peter Masters. It talked about scientists and inventors like Michael Faraday – who came up with equations that perfectly describe electricity – along with Lord Kelvin (whom the temperature scale is named after) and James Maxwell, the father of the field of electromagnetism.
My dad was an electrical engineer and that's how I got my interest in engineering. I saw him deploy fixed landlines and wireless communications systems in Nigeria and witnessed how that changed communities and states — even the country. When I came across this book, I saw how Faraday fundamentally changed the whole concept of electricity with his discoveries and inventions. Seeing the impact engineering and inventions can have on humanity inspired me to learn more about technology and how to leverage it in making a difference.
So you’d say the book, Men of Purpose, had a major influence on your life?
I would say my dad first and then the book. My dad was a telecommunications engineer, and he exposed my sisters and I to the technologies he worked on. For example, in Nigeria, each state had their own Independence Day celebration because there wasn't any system for a nationwide broadcast. When I was six, my dad was the lead engineer in charge of a project that set up the first satellite system for a nationwide broadcast and I was glad I got a front row sit to observe the progress of the project. On the day it launched, people across the nation watched the Independence Day celebration from the capital city at once thanks to my dad. I knew then that if you truly understand technology, you can make a real difference. I remember it like it was yesterday.
That experience triggered my interest in the sciences and engineering, and as a result, in high school my favorite subject was physics. Naturally, I studied engineering in college because it allowed me to apply many of the principles of physics I learned growing up and gave me the opportunity to put things together and extend knowledge.
How would you explain to someone how your patents and inventions help them enjoy 5G connectivity?
Some of my inventions allow the end user to enjoy the high speeds promised by 5G without sacrificing the battery life. In general, 5G devices use the sub 6GHz or millimeter wave frequencies for communication. The millimeter wave band provides larger bandwidth for communication which means higher data rates and more users can be supported on the network; however, with this larger bandwidth, one starts to think of how much power consumption is required. In other words, we want to take advantage of the larger bandwidth but, at the same time, we want to deliver devices that are not draining power too quickly. This is where power savings comes into play.
Given this challenge, the question really is, “how do we harness the 5G millimeter wave benefits while enabling efficient power consumption on 5G devices?” With this problem statement, and the knowledge of how the device communicates with the network, as well as existing power savings techniques, we can develop different approaches to enable efficient power consumption on 5G devices. As an example, a power saving approach could be ensuring that the device is not monitoring control channels all the time, specifically, allowing the device to only monitor control channels frequently enough that when the network needs to ping the device, it still can do so without draining too much power. Other approaches include using only the required resources for communication. For example, while receiving data from the network, one antenna may be sufficient for the communication instead of activating multiple antennas on the device which would lead to significant battery drain. By investigating and evaluating some of these approaches, we can develop interesting and innovative power saving ideas one step at a time.
What’s the process for inventing pivotal technologies involving 5G mmWave mobility and power efficiency?
Going from an idea to a device in one’s pocket takes a while. The process typically starts with engineers thinking of the significant problems in 5G mmWave that need to be solved. A good example is the one I mentioned earlier on power savings. In that case, we know we want to leverage the larger bandwidth available in the millimeter wave band to achieve higher data rates and capacity for emerging wireless applications, however, how much power is this going to drain and how can we mitigate the cost? The next step is to narrow the scope of the problem until the problem statement is clearly defined. The journey from identifying a significant problem to defining the problem statement could take years.
Once the problem is clearly defined, we can then start investigating solutions and keep refining them until one or more viable solutions have been identified and demonstrated to address the problem. Then we start proposing the selected solution(s) to the appropriate Standards Developing Organizations (SDOs) and begin working with other companies to get a consensus for which solution(s) will be adopted. Driving consensus within the SDOs to define specifications for wireless features takes another couple of years, if not more. The product team then takes the specifications and builds products and services around them. As you can see, ideas can take several years to evolve from ideas into a device to be enjoyed by the end user.
In the mobile industry, going from one generation of a device to another can roughly be calculated as a 10-year window. For example, once 4G was standardized and we started working on ideas for 5G, it was around 10 years before 5G was a reality. It is also important to realize that a given generation typically has multiple releases which incorporate new features. For example, once the first release of 5G (Release 15) was standardized, further modifications or additions to the features in the specifications are ratified in subsequent releases. The 5G Release 16 was available a few years after Release 15, we are currently working on Release 17 and planning the scope for Release 18 features.
How does the culture of Qualcomm support your ability to invent and create new technologies?
Qualcomm equips employees to invent and develop innovative ideas. For example, there are many wireless communication classes at Qualcomm anyone can take. If you are new to 5G or looking to dive into more details about specific areas of 5G, Qualcomm has courses on a wide range of 5G subjects. For an individual who is new to invention, or just trying to understand the space, Qualcomm provides a lot of these resources to get you up to speed.
Another thing I love about Qualcomm is how knowledgeable people are. When I was in grad school, there were concepts where I would have to read a textbook for months trying to understand them. At Qualcomm, there are literally experts down the hallway from you whose offices you can walk into and talk to them for 20 minutes, and you immediately understand the crux of the problem or the concept. Having access to experts like this really makes your life easy as an inventor, because like I said earlier, knowing what exists is a good starting point for developing new innovative ideas.
Qualcomm has created this ecosystem that attracts experts. You have experts in the field with in-depth knowledge to equip you with whatever you want to know about 5G. You have people who understand the specifications back to front and front to back.
The collaborative environment at Qualcomm is amazing, too. Any of the ideas I work on, I'm working on with teams. We're brainstorming and putting new ideas together, and it is one of the most fun parts of my job. We're all trying to create new products and services, and I really enjoy being surrounded with people who are experts in their field and are also driven to make a difference.
What is some advice you would give to young inventors?
I remember reading through Men of Purpose and finding all these people that had many inventions, and I thought, "Oh, this is impossible!" Now, having gone through the process a number of times, I realize that what really matters is having an interest in any specific field, spending enough time to understand the existing body of knowledge and identifying significant problems in the space. Those are the ingredients you need to begin inventing and coming up with innovative ideas.
Once you come up with ideas, then you investigate ways to evaluate them. To do this, we have simulations and prototyping platforms, where you can experiment with some of these ideas, asking the questions, "Does it work? Is it effective? " If not, then you go back to the drawing board and refine your ideas until you come up with unique and solid ones.
It's definitely a long process. It's iterative. It's not a straight shot, and the first idea you come up with doesn’t always win. But the idea is to stick to it. I sincerely believe in my heart that anybody can invent in any specific field as long as one is willing to dedicate oneself and have the interest in spending time to understand what exists, what the problems are, and how to start proposing new ideas and to find ones that are viable.
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https://markets.finance.townhall.com/townhall/news/read/41741764/how_dr._lola_awoniyi
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In 2013, Howard Markel published a “perspective” in the New England Journal of Medicine on the Bayh-Dole Act, “Patents, Profits, and the American People–The Bayh-Dole Act of 1980.” In his article, Markel argues that Bayh-Dole should be “recalibrated,” in part to deal with the high price of “lifesaving technologies,” along with problems of sharing, undue emphasis on applied research at the expense of basic research, and conflicts of interests for doctors. “All Americans should be able to share in the bounties of federally funded biomedical research.” It’s difficult to argue with any of this.
What concerns me, however, is how Markel describes Bayh-Dole. It’s not that he doesn’t have citations for his treatment, but rather that he apparently accepts the assertions of those “sources” though they lack any substantive basis. Since the bulk of Markel’s argument consists of retelling a history of Bayh-Dole, we may as well give some context to that history in the interest of providing a sense of perspective.
History is often told from the perspective of the victor. In the case of Bayh-Dole, the victor has been the patent brokers who went up against public policy to ensure that pharmaceutical companies could maintain monopolies over new therapeutic compounds that might be beneficial in fighting disease. But let’s work through Markel’s retelling and point out some of the problems with the victors’ account. The starting point is this statement regarding Bayh-Dole:
the law reversed decades of government policy by allowing scientists, universities, and small businesses to patent and profit from discoveries they made through federally funded research
The government policy that controlled was the Kennedy patent policy (1963), subsequently modestly revised by Nixon. That policy encouraged flexibility within a uniform framework of principles. The government was directed to acquire invention rights when the purpose of the contract was to
(1) create products or methods for commercial use by the general public
(2) explore fields that directly concern public health or welfare
(3) study a field where the government is the principal developer or user
(4) operate a government-owned research facility or coordinate the work of others
In these cases, the contractor would get a non-exclusive license to any invention that was made, and one non-exclusive license meant that the next license, too, would have to be non-exclusive. It’s rather difficult, you see, for the government operating under this policy to grant exclusive licenses to anyone other than the contractor that hosts the inventive work. Thus, non-exclusive methods are baked into the executive branch patent policy from the get-go. Nice.
The conditions in (1) include the public in the U.S. “or abroad”–considering the effect of patenting in non-US jurisdictions where US citizens may be–and also to uses that may be required by federal regulation. Thus, “commercial use” is not merely a matter of profiting from the sale of products, or profiting from the licensing of patents to permit the sale of products, and certainly not from speculating on the possibility that at some future point a patent can be monetized by taxing those that might eventually sell products. Commercial use, here, means any use that involves commerce–so that the use might be entirely “internal” but allow someone (a person, a company) to engage in commerce or to offer a product or service required by regulation.
Conditions in (2) speak directly to work such as searching for new compounds with therapeutic benefits–to prevent, to cure, to mitigate disease, for instance. It is here, at (2), that we will see the collision between federal policy and the pharmaceutical industry. The government, in funding the search for therapeutic compounds–medicinal chemistry in its glory years of the 1950s and 60s–encroaches on territory that the pharmaceutical companies wanted to control with patent monopolies. “Patent medicines” and all that. Thus, when the HEW insisted that inventions in this area made with federal support should be owned by the government and either dedicated or licensed to the public–in keeping with the Kennedy patent policy–pharma was horrified and organized a boycott. How do you think things ended up?
However, a contractor could under the Kennedy patent policy could “in exceptional circumstances” acquire more than a non-exclusive license if it is in the public interest, either when the contract was awarded or after an invention has been identified when the invention is not a direct goal of the contract and greater rights are needed to “call forth risk capital.”
But if the contract is for government procurement and the contractor has technical competence and an established “non-governmental commercial position” in that area, then the contractor should “normally acquire the principal or exclusive rights,” so long as the government gets a non-exclusive license.
If the contractor doesn’t have an established commercial position, however–as is the case with most universities–agencies are instructed to make any determination of ownership after an invention has been made, “in a manner deemed most likely to serve the public interest as expressed by this policy statement.” Especially important is whether the contractor intends to “bring the invention to the point of commercial application”–that is, so that “the invention is being worked and that its benefits are reasonably accessible to the public.” It was the delay in federal agencies deciding on ownership in such cases that created the impetus for Bayh-Dole, but only after other efforts had failed.
Under the Institutional Patent Agreement program, begun in the early 1950s and then suspended, only to be revived in 1968 by the NIH, nonprofit organizations could enter into a master agreement with the NIH (and later also with the NSF) so that determinations of ownership were made upfront, by contract (despite the Kennedy and then Nixon patent policies requiring determinations to be made after an invention was identified). Thus, for the sixty plus nonprofits that had an IPA with the NIH, the contractor could own patents on inventions made with federal support–subject to various requirements to protect the public interest, with the implication being that the patent system alone was not sufficient to so protect the public where the purpose of the research was not government procurement from commercial sources, but rather government subvention–assistance to support work undertaken overtly with a public interest as its goal.
Thus, Bayh-Dole did not “reverse” government policies on patents. That’s part of the nonsense of the faux history of Bayh-Dole. Bayh-Dole made one part of government policy arbitrary–determination of whether the government should require ownership of a given invention when the contractor did not have an established commercial position–and made that arbitrary determination government wide, and then eliminated many of the protections for the public interest that went with that determination. In essence, Bayh-Dole replaced “in a manner most likely to serve the public interest” with “it serves the public interest that institutions that host federally funded research should have a free hand in exploiting for profit any patents on any inventions that may be made in that research.” That is, Bayh-Dole determines “public interest” by rule rather than by judgment, and the rule is that the public interest is served when a university owns an invention made with federal funds. And by implication, the public interest is not served when an invention is owned by its inventors under federal common law, or by the government, except as the garbage bin for otherwise worthless inventions, to keep them out of the hands of their inventors and not in competition with university patent licensing efforts.
The Bayh–Dole Act is beloved by the biotechnology and investment communities. In 2002, the Economist called it “possibly the most inspired piece of legislation to be enacted in America over the past half-century” because it “helped to reverse America’s precipitous slide into industrial irrelevance.”
The Economist reversed itself three years later in an article titled “Bayhing for blood or Doling out cash?” And even if an anonymous writer for The Economist asserts that Bayh-Dole has done something, it would have been really keen if there had been any data to back the claim. But there wasn’t at the time, and still isn’t today, because the reports of use that Bayh-Dole anticipates that federal agencies may request are kept secret. A quip in a British op ed piece doesn’t establish anything as a fact, and if that’s what people are basing their views of public policy on, well, gosh, that’s something. For all that, Senator Long called Bayh-Dole “the worst bill I’ve ever seen”–and that was before the 1984 amendments removed the restrictions on university patent behaviors that got the bill passed in the first place. Oh, yes, as Markel points out, Bayh-Dole was a political favor for Senator Bayh, who had lost his election. Bayh-Dole, the parting gift to the patent broker lobby.
There’s nothing to indicate Bayh-Dole did anything to “reverse America’s precipitous slide”–or that there really was much of slide at all. We might say, then, that The Economist at one point approved of Bayh-Dole and based that approval on an assertion about a change in America’s “industrial relevance.” But there’s no good evidence that Bayh-Dole had led to greater industrial activity in America. For all that, from 1968 to 1978, nonprofits had first dibs on pretty much all NIH-sponsored inventions and what did they do? They “commercialized” 4 inventions out of 96–about 5% of what they touched. How did Bayh-Dole, implementing roughly the same terms (however distorted) that the IPA program used, do anything different? Even now, university commercialization rates are sub 1%. Where are all the manufacturing jobs brought about by Bayh-Dole? Non-existent.
If Bayh-Dole was to have any noticeable effect, it would have to be in non-defense (where contractors could own), non-health care (NIH IPAs allowed contractors to own), non-science (NSF IPAs allowed contractors to own) areas of federally supported research. What does that leave us with? Energy, space, agriculture. Whatever has happened has happened at the same time as Bayh-Dole, or even in spite of Bayh-Dole, but no one has shown that Bayh-Dole has caused much of anything with regard to America’s industrial economics. The burden of demonstration is on those advocating for Bayh-Dole. Support your claims with data. But you can’t. Isn’t. Markel gets this part right:
The law certainly contributed substantially to the increase in patents awarded to universities over the past three decades — from 380 in 1980 to 3088 in 2009.
That’s because prior to Bayh-Dole, most patents weren’t awarded directly to universities, but went to university-affiliated research foundations such as WARF or to Research Corporation. Bayh-Dole didn’t have to upset this balance–but patent brokers used it to break up Research Corporation’s dominance in the field. If anything, university patenting become much less selective, more fragmented, less connected to industry, and much less accomplished.
As for patenting, we need some perspective. University and nonprofit share of total patenting has gone from 0.1% in 1976 to 1.1% in 2016. Meanwhile government owned patenting has decreased as a share of patents overall, from 2.6% in 1976 0.28% in 2016. University and nonprofit patents with a government interest are up 10x relative to total patents and government patents are down 10x relative to total patents. But look at the actual percentage–we’re talking about finding a significant effect from 1% of the patents issued. That in itself would appear to be a difficult task, but keep in mind that universities appear to have “commercialized” only about 0.5% of what they have claimed, so we are talking about finding an effect in 0.5% of 1.1% of all U.S. patents… at most… a very small number of patents… at best about 2,400 patents out of 5,600,000 patents. Are we really ready to make a case that a couple of thousand patents over 40 years has made a significant difference in overall American industrial anything relative to the other 5.6 million patents–even if only 5% of the inventions covered by those patents were ever used?
We don’t even see much effect for Bayh-Dole when it comes to university patenting. There are jumps in university patenting, but much later. And patenting, on its own, is a measure of the amount of money available to patent, and not directly of innovation (which often has no need of patenting, or is a result of avoiding patents). Further, the existence of patents is a direct measure of new technology that is *not* available for broad use. That’s the nature of a patent–the right to exclude all others. Counting patents shows, absent any contrary evidence, what is excluded from general use. Where’s the information that such exclusion by nonprofits, who almost never use what they patent, has resulted in use by others–you know, the “practical application” nodded to by Bayh-Dole. Hasn’t happened the way it has been claimed.
More difficult to confirm is industry’s estimate that between 1996 and 2007, university-based research-licensing agreements contributed $47 billion to $187 billion to the gross domestic product.
So true. The claim is not “industry’s”–it is a claim manufactured by the Association of University Technology Managers a lobbying organization of mostly university licensing professionals (whose dues are paid mostly by their university employers). How do they arrive at their numbers? They take the total reported university licensing revenue and assume that all income represents sales (doesn’t). Then they multiply this revenue by the reciprocal of a typical royalty rate (to create a fictitious “royalty base” which they take to be total sales–cannot possibly be, since much royalty income is in the form of payment for patenting costs, upfront licensing fees, lump sum payments such as at milestones, realized equity, and in settlements). Then they can apply modeled “multipliers” for the effect of spending that fictitious total sales figure in the economy. It’s all balderdash–clever, but entirely made-up.
Oh, the US GDP between 1996 and 2007, about $154 trillion dollars. The “industry” asserts a maximum effect of $187 billion using its fictional model. Let’s see, that amounts to contribution of 0.1%. And that’s the best case that the “industry” can put forward, even with made-up calculations. At $47 billion, the effect rounds to 0. There is effectively no effect from Bayh-Dole on the American economy, on American manufacturing, or on American innovation. Any effects we might want to look for are going to be local, or not measured by such coarse things as the number of patents or the amount of cumulative licensing income. How many inventions are excluded from general use does indicate innovation. How much money people have paid for access does not track use but rather requirements for payment. And when the figures for either amount to a tiny, almost undetectable, portion of the overall patenting and GDP figures, it’s absurd to think that these are arguments for Bayh-Dole’s success.
Indeed, the law’s many critics question how much it has actually benefited the economy (as opposed to individuals and shareholders) and the extent of its social costs.
Help me out–where are these many critics? I’d like to meet even a few of them! But we don’t even have good quantitative data on Bayh-Dole’s social costs. Just reports from the field and reasoning about public purposes and the amazing thirty-five year dearth of anything positive being reported by universities. The universities won’t even break out the effect of patents on subject inventions relative to all inventions that universities claim ownership of (patents on federally supported inventions now constitute about half of all university patents, based on federal interest statements in issued utility patents).
Bayh–Dole’s inspiration was not a perceived need to transform the conduct of research but the economic doldrums of the 1970s.
This is the story put forward by Senator Bayh. But as best I can tell, it was just a cover story. There was no likelihood that a handful of patents a year would make much difference to the American economy. The motivation for Bayh-Dole was the determination to replace the canceled IPA program that had shuttled federally supported research inventions to pharmaceutical companies via university exclusive licenses that preserved (at very low cost) patent monopolies in newly discovered compounds. That, combined with the idea that if universities had financial incentives, they would create their own licensing programs, patent more things, and make money for more university research, which in turn would create more inventions and start a virtuous cycle of money-making, research, inventions, patents, and more money-making.
In 1978, a group of constituents representing Purdue University lobbied Bayh to seek ways of reaping profits from government allocations for university-based research, arguing that although the United States spent billions of dollars annually funding more than half of all academic research and owned 28,000 patents, it had little to show for the investment.
It was the director of the Purdue Research Foundation, and the problem had to do with an invention that been supported by the Department of Energy that the agency was dragging its feet in making a determination of ownership. You can read Joseph Allen’s account here. At the time, the federal government spent around $7 billion on basic research at universities–so, yes, technically “billions” of dollars, but not really. The 28,000 patents is something of a mythology, as checking the references to citations to 28,000 figure never seems to end up citing a report with actual data. But even so, as Markel points out, Rebecca Eisenberg shows that many of these patents were ones that contractors had already passed up. More to the point, only 325 of these patents were from HEW research (here’s Eisenberg):
For example, 325 of the 28,000 patents in the government’s portfolio were from HEW, and seventy-five (or twenty-three percent) of these HEW patents were licensed as of the end of fiscal year 1976.
That is, in the health area, the federal government’s licensing rate for patents was 23%–about the same as the rate claimed for universities’ licensing agents (the research foundations and Research Corporation) working with non-federal inventions. The commercialization rate–somewhat different than the licensing rate–for universities handling federally supported inventions was closer to 5%. One might think that the federal government was doing way better than the universities prior to Bayh-Dole, at least in the area of health care. But that’s not how politics spun the quant, obviously.
Since it typically takes millions of dollars to transform a discovery into a profitable product, industry advocates argued, few firms would pursue something that could be reproduced by a competitor once the first company had succeeded.
This is a strange argument, but one that keeps getting repeated. Profitable products are not the only use for discoveries. Discoveries can often be used directly by anyone capable. That’s the case, especially, for method inventions. There’s nothing to “develop.” That’s also the case, largely, with things like disease assays, which follow a procedure, and software, which implements algorithms. Further, often discoveries may improve or extend a known product, and therefore do not require “millions of dollars” in development because most of that work has already been done.
Finally, and most importantly, if there is still “millions of dollars” of development work to be done, then there is more intellectual property yet to be developed, and any patented invention in such a line of development can prevent others from copying that invention. Thus, exclusive commercial positions, where development is required, do not need to arise from an initial access to a discovery, even when a new product must be created from mere research findings. Anyone can develop, and when they do, they will invariably have to invent, and the first to invent will control that line of development. If there are other lines of development, then there will be competition. Otherwise, the competition is to be first to establish any significant development necessary to create a commercially profitable product. That’s no different than a company doing its own research in a race with other companies. And if there’s no significant development necessary, then also it’s not likely a product will take millions of dollars to develop. The patent then plays a different role: to prevent others who might also readily develop a product that doesn’t take millions of dollars from doing so. That is, to preclude competition, not to enable the necessary investment to make a product at all.
So the argument about millions of dollars of development doesn’t make any sense unless the development is all testing and not inventing. Even in drug development, one of the places in which development is expensive and copying relatively inexpensive, there are still things to work out having to do with the therapeutic dose, the method of delivery, testing for efficacy, and the like. These things, too, may be inventive and create the desired exclusive commercial position with regard to how any given company settles on doing things. To my mind, the argument about “millions of dollars” is unfounded. But it keeps getting repeated, in part perhaps because companies do spend “millions of dollars” developing new products. They just don’t need to have an exclusive license to a fundamental enabling discovery to justify the expense. But no doubt most companies would jump at the chance to exclude their competition where the expense to develop is not all that great and the profit potential is high, especially if the price to be charged can be based on a patent monopoly without competition.
Nevertheless, his signature opened the floodgates to a river of money that has become more turbulent over time.
There has not been that much money, actually, except in some rare–once every thirty years–kind of deals. What got opened were the floodgates to on a river of administrative windfall-lust. Just start a licensing operation and you could have piles of money–and have the cover that every dollar was “in the public interest.” Just hire a few of these nice patent brokers and their attorney friends, and the rest will take care of itself in just, um, a few years, yeah, like five, or twenty, or thirty maybe, sure, thirty at the max. If it takes much longer than that, it’s because the university hasn’t invested enough money in the effort, or faculty have been uncooperative, or the federal government still hasn’t provided enough research money. Anything other than that the dual monopoly approach (take all inventions, license to create private monopolies) doesn’t work as advertised.
And there’s not much that anyone can point to that this stream or creek of money has accomplished, other than a few rich inventors, a building here or there, and a bunch of well paid patent attorneys and tech transfer professionals. The attorneys and administrators have done well, regardless of the outcomes of patent licensing deals.
Markel asks some good questions. But here’s one that’s not relevant to Bayh-Dole:
How can scientific discovery proceed if all innovations and research tools are patented and the discoverers control access to them?
This is, in its way, the same issue that Michael Eisen is addressing now, with his concern for patents and the pursuit of knowledge. The answer is simple: it is not the patent that causes the problem, it is how the patent right is deployed. Back in the day, when Archie Palmer compiled the then-current list of reasons why universities should not be into patenting, one of the reasons to patent was to preserve the research and public commons against monopolist attacks. This is the same approach used by “free” open source (“free” as in speech, not beer) with copyright–use copyright to create conditions to defend against the exploitation of copyright against the goals of making a source code and its derivatives openly available. Similar methods are used in patent commons (such as under the Apache licensing protocols) and in standards–contribute your patents and in exchange gain access to everyone else’s patents, but if you assert a claim against the standard, you lose your rights in everyone else’s patents.
As long as there are copyrights and patents, then there is a need for copyrights and patents to resist exploits that, while “legal” may not be at all in the interests of those creating a commons. And while commons are not themselves always benign (patent pools can be used by monopolist interests as well), they certainly have their place and are often strongly aligned with academic goals. The trick in managing patents to encourage the expansion of the frontiers of science is to focus primarily on *not controlling access* to them, except when someone attempts to prevent others from enjoying the benefits of that access. Such thinking fuzzes the brains of patent attorneys raised with the idea that to have a patent means having the right to threaten to destroy one’s competitors, unless they pay, if pay is more desirable that destruction. A patent on an academic discovery is used, not as an ordinary patent, but as a patent to resist the effects of ordinary patents on a research commons or on the public domain. It’s just that university administrators–most, not all–refuse to rise to the occasion and use academic patents in this way. Even when Bayh-Dole still contains traces of the gestures to such an approach as the default.
The way universities have implemented Bayh-Dole, discoverers don’t get to control access to “innovations”–meaning inventions made with federal support don’t gain the benefit of academics choosing whether to make their discoveries broadly available or hold them close. University administrators take these inventions, often citing Bayh-Dole as the reason, and treat them as potential profit-generating “assets” to be held in a “portfolio” which in turn is “successful” if one invention a decade scores a lucrative deal. But Bayh-Dole does not vest title with universities, does not mandate that universities take title, does not authorize a portfolio approach, does not require commercialization, and does not treat patents on subject inventions as ordinary inventions, and does not encourage exclusive licenses.
If academic inventors were given the freedom to choose, many would choose not to patent–and thereby increase the public domain, make research exchange simple and make technology adoption direct. If academic inventors were given the freedom to choose, when they did opt for patenting, they also would choose invention management organizations that had a decent profile for the technology and industry represented by the invention. Inventors would not be stuck with their own institution, regardless of its capabilities and then implicated in a conflict of interest between trying to make money and also being a trustee safeguarding the integrity of the research in the public interest. And if academic inventors had the freedom to choose, they could negotiate with those agents for how an invention would be managed, under what conditions the agent could be dismissed and if so, how rights in an invention would be disposed. That’s a tough negotiation when the agent is also the university that employs you. Finally, if academic inventors are given the choice, they may well choose to have the federal government act as the trustee for their inventions–that federal government management, especially in the form of non-exclusive licenses available to all, has the advantage of recognizing inventive work with a patent, disclosing the invention in the patent literature, and managing any resulting patents without a profit motive. That sort of management, it turns out, is strongly aligned with academic values (at least, for many academic researchers).
That’s my experience, anyway, in nearly twenty years of working with academic researchers. They make good choices relative to the research, to their colleagues, to their institutions, and with respect to industry. Some want money. Others don’t. No arbitrary policy can begin to anticipate their needs or the variations in the circumstances of their inventions.
Here’s Markel’s conclusion:
It’s time for Congress to recalibrate Bayh–Dole.
Clearly, nothing happened on this in 2013 or 2014 as a result of Markel’s article. That’s unfortunate–we need more articles like this one, but in forums monitored by the people who control university patent policies and practices, or who can influence those people. Those would be the major donors to the university, regents, football coaches, and state legislators, and senior administrators. Maybe the AAUP would gather its gumption and go after patent policies that abrogate academic freedom by forcing faculty inventors to publish in the patent literature.
But I will make a different point. University patent policy and practice has next to nothing to do with Bayh-Dole. Bayh-Dole doesn’t require university administrators to behave as they do with regard to patents on federally supported inventions–not in claiming inventions, not in what they choose to file patent applications on, not in how they conduct those patent prosecutions (in secret, to get cleverly broad claims), not in how they hold patents for licensing, not in the structure of the deals they demand. Next to none of this depends on Bayh-Dole. Recalibrating Bayh-Dole won’t do a thing to change the course university administrators have chosen for their invention management programs. Even repeal of Bayh-Dole won’t change a thing at universities, other than perhaps pulling some inventions away from badly misconceived and mismanaged university patent licensing programs. Policies and practices will persist. Bureaucrats, once entrenched, are loathe to risk their livelihoods by giving creative people their freedom–even if that freedom is the freedom promised in the form of academic freedom; even if that freedom is what makes academic researchers distinctive as independent investigators supplied with institutional scale resources.
Until federal patent policy recognizes the freedom of the academic investigator, and the academic inventor (not always the same thing), and recognizes as well the role of the public domain, commons, and platforms in developing the foundations for new opportunities in technology, we will stay on the present university path to the Moloch state, one in which administrators interfere in every possible discovery to attempt to extract payments before anyone may use or adopt what’s been discovered.
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http://researchenterprise.org/2017/03/09/what-about-recalibrating-bayh-dole/
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The Techno-College invites surgeons, engineers, innovators, researchers and scientists active in the field of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery to apply for The Techno-College Innovation Award.
We are looking for technological breakthroughs in all areas related to thoracic and cardiovascular research in particular for new surgical methods or devices. Innovations can be in the form of patents, inventions, new products, ideas or services. The innovations should have the potential to change our standard practice and should go beyond marginal improvements in existing procedures or products.
The six finalists will be selected by the New Technology Committee and asked to present their work in the Lion’s Den session which will take place on Saturday 20 October at the Annual Meeting. The session will be organised in a ‘rapid response’ format – 2 minutes presentation (4 slides) with 6 minutes of discussion to follow. The winner will be selected by a judging panel and the assembled audience on site.
The Award is €5,000.
Closing date for applications 17 September 2018
Submissions should be submitted using the PowerPoint template according to the following instructions:
It is mandatory to use the PowerPoint template that EACTS provides and that can be downloaded HERE. Only this template is accepted!
- A maximum of 7 slides is allowed covering the following:
- Title and brief description of the innovation
- Explanation of what the innovation is seeking to address
- What is noteworthy/novel about the innovation
- Further detail concerning the innovation (how could it potentially impact the practice of cardiovascular surgery; how does it go beyond marginal improvements on something that already exists)
- List any patents, copyright, publications or references with recognised arbiters of the innovation
Describe any practical results achieved to date – ie., sales, profits, users, citations etc.
The 2018 Techno-College Innovation Award was awarded to:
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https://www.eacts.org/the-association/awards/techno-college-innovation-award/
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I dislike the patent system in its present form. I believe that patents last much longer than they ought to. I think that genuinely independent re-invention should be a valid defence in cases of infringement. I think that most patents granted are for things that are so obvious that they should not be patentable, but a lot of examiners are not in a position to make a good judgement about what would be obvious to someone who is "ordinarily skilled in the art" of a specialist field of engineering because a lot of examiners themselves have engineering skills that would not be considered up to the standard of "ordinary" by specialists in the fields of endeavour that many inventions involve. One day in the coffee room at work, a colleague explanied to me the problem he was working on, and over the next few minutes I suggested to him several ways of solving this problem, but my colleague told me that each of those solutions was already patented. If the examiner were allowed to send to a panel of five experienced engineers a document containing a summary of the goals and motivation of the supposed invention but not containing any disclosure of the details and claims of the supposed invention, and if the engineers were mostly able to guess each claim of the invention within a few minutes, then I think this might be a practical way of proving that a supposed invention is either well known or not sufficiently inventive. I am disgusted by the many patents that have been granted recently for old textbook circuits or for circuits that were previously patented by someone else under a slightly different title. Furthermore, I feel that patent examiners and the patent office have not enough incentive to look properly for prior art, since they get paid more (in the form of granting fees) if they fail to find prior art that exists, yet they stand to lose very little in the case that they grant a patent that they should not grant. I feel that companies that subsequently infringe a patent bear too much of the risk or cost when an invalid patent has been granted. I believe that if the patent office or the examiner risked a fine for granting a bad patent that were similar in size to the penalty that a company or engineer could receive for infringing a patent, then the standard of examination would improve. I believe that too many monetary and procedural obstacles are put in the way of anyone who knows of prior art and wishes to invalidate a bogus patent (it should be free to do this and there should even be a monetary reward when the patent is invalidated, as it is a service to all other citizens who would then have the use of the newly unpatentable invention at lower cost). I believe that the extra work of searching for patents that any new product might infringe is a huge cost to the economy, and is a massive waste of the time and effort of some of the most skilled people in the world. In my own employment as an electronics engineer, I have had to try hard not to use any circuits that are even slightly inventive unless I have to, because using an inferior circuit from a 20 year old standard textbook avoids the risk of infringing any valid patents, whereas if I come up with my own circuit then I would have to perform a very time consuming search for other people's patents on the same idea, and even if I perform this search perfectly it still leads to uncertainty because there may have been a patent application already submitted by someone else that has not yet been published.
US7750749 "Switching Circuit, and a Modulator, Demodulator or Mixer Including Such a Circuit"
US7548051 "Low Drop Out Voltage Regulator"
US7038552 "Voltage Controlled Oscillator having Improved Phase Noise"
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http://www.chrisj.org/patents/patents.html
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NIDEC GPM is among Germany‘s innovation leaders.
On behalf of the F.A.Z.-Institut, Prognos analyzed the patent applications of 33,000 companies operating in Germany for the study "Germany's Leader in Innovation". Not only was the number of patents evaluated, but also their relevance. NIDEC GPM belongs to the top group of innovative companies in Germany!
This analysis is based on the patenting activities of companies and research institutions. Patents provide a more far-reaching insight into the research activities of companies and research institutions than any other data source can provide. They provide a unique, highly differentiated picture of the nature and technological field of innovation and its inventors. Last but not least, it should be borne in mind that the field of industrial research and development is often subject to strict secrecy. In many cases, patents are the only publicly available source of a detailed description of companies' research and development activities.
Innovation leaders are specific companies and research institutions. They can be characterised by two central characteristics:
-They are highly innovative.
-Their innovations significantly influence the corresponding field of innovation.
They lead the innovation competition. The innovativeness and leadership of companies in Germany are measured by two metrics that are well established in the literature:
-Leadership - how strongly does an invention influence other inventions? For each patent family we count the number of citations by other patent families, the so-called forward citations. The more often a patent family has to be cited by other patent families, the more strongly this invention influences and thus leads.
-Novelty/innovativity of the invention - to what extent can an invention differ from previous inventions? We count here how often a patent family cites other patent families - the so-called backward citations. The less often a patent family has to cite other patent families, the newer and more innovative the invention. These two metrics form the core of the identification of German innovation leaders.
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https://www.nidec-gpm.com/en/details-279/nidec-gpm-is-among-germanys-innovation-leaders.html
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Thank you for your interest in submitting an idea or suggestion to The Coca-Cola Company (“Company”). Each year, our Company receives a large volume of ideas and suggestions and our experience has shown us that many of these have already been developed independently or considered in our system. Therefore, in order to protect all parties and avoid any misunderstanding, we have adopted certain strict policies to govern these submissions.
Do not send your submission to any employee of the Company as this will delay assessment, even if you do not hear back on this submission. We take on no obligation to reveal the degree of consideration we gave an idea or to return any material you submit.
Importantly, our policy prevents us from considering ideas or suggestions related to advertising, promotions or formula modifications to any of our existing products (“Prohibited Categories”). Do not submit an idea or suggestion in a Prohibited Category as it will not be reviewed.
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https://www.coca-colacompany.com/contact-us/submit-an-idea
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The beginning:
Research deliverables
Bayh-Bole, as it turns out, will be a statute that limits the scope of patent property rights in federally supported inventions, but in such an obtuse way that in effect it creates mostly administrative burdens (despite its gestures otherwise). Because Bayh-Dole is largely unenforced, with no provisions to protect inventors or third parties, or to provide the public with accounting or procedures by which to object to the private disposition of patents, it stands as not only a repudiation of the overreach of the PHS but also of public oversight of inventions made with federal support or related to that support. Federal research funding becomes, under Bayh-Dole–that is, unenforced Bayh-Dole–a subsidy for private patent monopoly exploitation. And university administrators have adopted that approach whole hog, as the expression goes.
What should the scope of claim by any sponsor of subvention research be in the disposition of results? For procurement, the matter is easier–start with the sponsor enjoying the freedom to practice what has been specified as deliverables. Anything else that’s made or invented or discovered along the way is irrelevant, so long as it does not interfere with what has been ordered. Of course, research is weird this way, as even in procurement, one can specify research services “to explore,” so that anything that’s found in exploring is the deliverable. The problem then is to specify what’s exploration on contract and what’s exploration in one’s spare time. How does one set limits on exploration, so that exploring in one’s spare time, in the same area that one is to explore “on the clock,” does not result in the production of yet more deliverables for the all-consuming sponsor?
Perhaps the very idea of deliverables from “research” is unworkable because it lacks a definable scope. One might procure the solution to a problem, but not the research that goes into finding the solution and proving it out. One might get the benefit of something that works, and not demand also all that someone has learned or thought about or created along the way to deliver that something in working condition. The PHS claim to anything “which might possibly be construed in any manner” to be PHS supported or related amounts to a requirement not to use the patent system for such work, unless approved to do so by the PHS–and then with conditions running on top of the patent system and antitrust laws.
Private patents on public health
The argument that’s latent in the PHS requirements is the same one in the Space Act–there should not be a proprietary “market” for advances in the area of new technology that might alleviate suffering and disease. Or, at least the federal government has no mandate to subsidize such markets. A surgeon should not prevent other surgeons from saving lives with a new technique or tool. Nor should a university claiming to own what a surgeon has invented. A company should not prevent doctors from using a new compound to treat disease or prevent other companies from supplying that compound or variations of the compound or different formulations involving that compound or different methods of delivering that compound. The “market” in alleviating suffering and disease ought to be the expert provision of responsive services, without limiting the services (or products) that others may also provide. That, at least, appears to be the determination at the heart of both the PHS and the NASA approach to patents in their respective areas of research support.
In such a “market,” especially one created or stimulated or entered by government research funding, the idea goes that patents serve no good purpose. The government, one might say, need not consider granting patents when there is or should be no domestic “market” in which goods should be proprietary. It’s like “patents in space”: who is going to worry whether some use of a technology on board a space craft infringes a patent.
“The only way to save the crew is for them to use their lithium crystals as a radiation shield.”
“But that would infringe Bobblespace’s patents!”
“The crew will have to take that risk.”
Think of health care on its own frontier of science and technology, and the idea of patents fades as beyond useless–immoral. Wagon train folks who can’t fix the wheel on their cart because the process of fixing wheels has been patented. People in a drought-stricken region cannot drill for water because the drilling process and tools they would use are patented.
What is and what should never be
Put it this way: there are some areas that form markets and others that do not and should not. Patents are not appropriate in areas that don’t and shouldn’t form markets for patent monopolies. The government should not issue patents in these areas. Thus, for a long time, space or nuclear power did not form markets–all there was, for the most part, was government funding for procurement or research. The government got all the reports and decided what to hold and what to publish. It did not need the patent system to give people an incentive to publish what would otherwise have remained trade secrets. There was no purpose to patents–all patents would do is to prevent companies from bidding for more work from NASA. That is, patents would quickly make a hash of competitive bidding or open use by one contractor of what had been supplied to the government by another contractor.
In a similar way, from the PHS perspective, if the government was to be involved in meeting the public health needs of the country, then those people working with the government to discover useful things that might serve to alleviate suffering and disease should adopt service without the need (or “incentive”) to exclude others from using what has been put forward.
In both of these developments, we are dealing with the provision of services–commercial or university-hosted–that do not require the production of “products.” While “products” may be produced once an “intervention” has been developed, the “market” in the meantime is “exclusion-free.” Once a product has been defined, then companies may compete, may create proprietary positions in improvements and add-ons and methods that improve efficiency of production and the like. One might recognize in this account the use of a commons to form a “platform” that establishes a standard, for which there are “essential” rights (ones that all should have access to) and “non-essential” rights (those that may be proprietary and for which one may have a competitive advantage).
The digital computer and the internet both followed this approach. In the early history of the U.S. aircraft industry, the government had to intercede and get competing companies to create a common standard–otherwise their various claims created patent gridlock and stalled domestic development while other countries moved ahead with aircraft development. A similar thing has happened with nanotech in the U.S., led by universities filing patents on every tiny (so to speak) detail of such things as carbon nanotubes–essentially stalling out development rather than promoting it.
Imagine if you will getting mining rights that apply only to the top foot of earth, and to dig at any depth, one must acquire mining rights from fifty or a hundred other rights holders, who have filed claims beneath your own. These other claimants, of course, have the same problem–they need permission from you and a hundred others to get to their foot of earth.
The idea then, is not that patents are in general useless (that’s a different discussion), but rather that there’s a point at which the government might issue patents, and that point happens after there’s been research and testing and application. Competition based on exclusion of others based on government-issued patents happens later, not during government-supported research, not during work within the government’s domain of primary interest, working on behalf of a general good. The debate, then, is about when the government should start issuing patents in a given area of research that the government has chosen to support for a public purpose (rather than merely to procure goods and services that are generally available). The PHS answer is–later or never. And that, interestingly, was the answer that many university faculty members in schools of medicine gave as well, circa 1950. Here’s Harvard’s policy in 1962:
One might see, then, where the PHS was coming from in expecting that faculty at the University of Wisconsin, and using WARF’s services, would follow along. To exclude others in this area of research, at this point in the research, was immoral. Exclusion prevented other researchers from working on the same findings. Exclusion created institutional conflicts of interest. Exclusion pitted investigators against one another for funding. Exclusion created opportunities to exploit public suffering using government-created monopolies. Why would the government participate in such activity by issuing patents and leaving folks to create fragmented ownership, institutionally licensed new technology? One cannot get to platforms that way, nor to public availability.
Kennedy patent policy distinctions
Two distinctions were made about when patenting might take place based on government funding. These both show up in the Kennedy patent policy in 1963. The first is when a contractor has an established commercial position and capability. Then the contractor can be left with patent rights if the contractor wants them, so long as the government has free rights for its purposes. This distinction separates a private market for inventions from the government market for inventions. The government market is “exclusion free.” The private market can deal in exclusion for competitive reasons. One might see in this distinction the makings of the “dual use” idea in military research–that there might be a civilian, non-military use for technology originally developed for the military. Thus, sonar might result in a dual-use fish-finder for commercial and recreational fishermen. In this line of thinking, the Kennedy patent policy gave a contractor three years from the date of patent issue, or about five or six years overall, to get something developed commercially or explain why, again, the contractor should have a monopoly.
The second distinction has to do with “calling forth risk capital” when a contractor lacks a commercial position or capability. In this case, the government may permit private funding to do the work that otherwise would fall to the government to fund or would not be funded at all. In either case, however, the risk capital comes forth to do work in the public interest–to bring an invention to the point of “practical application” so that everyone has access and might benefit “on reasonable terms.” Once the risk capital has performed its public service, recovered its investment, and received a reasonable profit, the incentive of patent exclusion should end and everyone again should have access. To the extent that commercially viable products are now possible, the opportunity should be shared among all those that wish to pursue it. In effect, the private risk capital creates a platform, is allowed to exploit that platform for a time to recover costs, and then releases that platform for all to use. Just as with commercially positioned contractors, the risk capital supplier has five or six years of monopoly to get something done, make it available, and recover costs with some profit.
Again, from the government’s perspective, given that it is providing the funding, it can require inventions as deliverables and dedicate the inventions to the public–expanding the public domain, just as if the research had been done in another country, or we just realized naturally what it had taken some effort to reveal. The advantage in such cases is not in what one knows, but in what one does with that knowledge–commercial proprietary advantages then lie in the improvements to the platform, especially the “non-essential” improvements. Where the purpose, however, is to alleviate human suffering and disease, the government’s supply of monopoly powers in the form of patents still may require limits on the use of patents relative to patents in general. That’s the concern–that in matters of public health, if patents are go be used, then there must be a public covenant on that use that limits the patent.
In these two distinctions, then, we find a critique of the patent system when applied to research conducted to advance the frontiers of science or to address matters of health, supported by federal money. In these areas, the patent system on its own permits a term that’s too long and allows a patent owner to do things that run against expectations, such as preventing all use of an invention or charging exorbitant fees for use of an invention or delaying development and then suing all who use the invention anyway, in essence taxing them for doing what the patent owner chose not to do.
If the need is urgent, as is the case with public health where people are suffering and dying, then leaving a patent owner to fuss around for two decades doesn’t work. If the need involves things where there really shouldn’t be a “market” based on exclusion, such as medical care, then a patent fails to protect the public from exorbitant prices, meaning that only the rich gain the benefit of access, or the government (or insurers or charitable organizations) must pay the cost as if everyone was wealthy. This is a wonderful result for patent owners and speculators on the future value of such patents. Where people are dying, the price charged can be sky high, since you have got them, as it were, by the throat.
In this way, one might see the huge gulf between two superficially similar arguments. In one, private risk capital is called forth to accomplish a public purpose when it cannot be accomplished any other way–creating more useful forms of invented stuff and then making those useful forms broadly available for others to make and improve. In the other, a patent owner suppresses all other ways of making an invention available while attempting to call forth private risk capital. The patent owner insists on finding private risk capital willing to exploit a patent monopoly so that the patent owner obtains greater financial return from the investment in patenting. In the first instance, private risk capital comes forward to benefit the public when other approaches have failed or the private risk capital offers to do what the government would otherwise do. In the second instance, a patent owner insists on creating a product available only to those with ability to pay, and we are asked to construe this objective as in the public interest because a product might be developed and a company and a university split the enhanced income from holding a monopoly not only on the product but on the invention’s range of technology from which the particular product has been selected.
In the hands of university patent brokers, the Bayh-Dole Act is nothing but slight of hand in changing one argument for the other.
Here is the next article in the series:
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http://researchenterprise.org/2017/05/23/the-ipa-and-wisconsins-1969-patent-policy-9/
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Patenting of intellectual property (IP) is a rather time-consuming and laborious procedure. Patents are granted only to those inventions that are new, involve an inventive step and industrial applicability. If one or more of those requirements are not met, the Patent Office will refuse to grant the patent, and you will be unable to recoup the investment. Therefore, it is advisable to carry out a patent search on existing databases before registering an IP object. By analyzing the results of a patent search, inventors have the chance to return to the drafting of their application materials and amend accordingly.
What is the purpose of a patent search?
A patent search is aimed at finding existing documentation of specific feature(s) of the prior art from the entire patent information that was disclosed. Said documentation of the prior art is used in determining the patentability of the claimed invention.
The subject of a patent search is determined in accordance with the specific objectives of the object, as well as its elements, parameters, features, and other characteristics. In order to carry out a competent assessment of the results of a patent search, it is necessary to establish the feature(s) with which it will be possible to determine the information for the request.
It is necessary to correctly formulate the goals of the search, choose the appropriate type, and successfully implement and analyze it. Features of a patent search may differ significantly in each industry. For example, for mechanical industry, it is sufficient to search by key phrases and the index of international patent classification, however, this method would not be effective for pharmaceuticals. The most useful tools for prior art searches of pharmaceuticals, are databases that index the chemical structures of organic compounds.
It is important to note that before moving on to a patent search, a careful study of the topic, existing technical solutions, synonyms, specific terms, and their meanings in this field is necessary. It is also important to understand the bibliographic data of the patents, as well as in what cases a particular technology would be really novel and differ in the inventive step.
The patent search is laborious but necessary. It is carried out not only by individuals and organizations wishing to register their invention, but also by various companies that intend to operate the product. The use of already registered inventions by companies or individuals who do not own the patents, is strictly prohibited and can entail huge fines.
The main types of patent searches are:
1) Thematic search, which is carried out to identify all possible information regarding a particular field or technology.
2) Search by name, also related to a thematic search and carried out as an additional one. This procedure involves the analysis of all patents that are associated with a particular individual or company.
3) Search by number, which is carried out when the number of the patent document or an application, is known.
4) Search by classification, carried out to search for technical solutions related to a specific class of the International Patent Classification.
There are three ways to carry out a patent search:
1. Contact an experienced patent attorney.
A patent attorney can assist at all stages of a patent search, starting with identifying a set of features for a search query and ending with a professional opinion after a detailed analysis of the documents has been made.
2. Directly through the local Patent Office.
With this method, an applicant will need to independently prepare all the necessary documents for conducting a patent search (i.e. the set of features, fill the required forms, and pay the fees). The Patent Office provides their own patent search by the use of free worldwide databases. For example, the Ukrainian Patent Office which is an international search authority, use the following databases:
As a result, the applicant will receive only the list of prior art documents without its analysis. Therefore, it would be necessary that the results be studied by the inventor or by an experienced person in the field of technology. In some jurisdictions, the Patent Office uses paid databases which simplify the search process with additional tools for the analytic processing of the results. For example, the Russian Patent Office uses Questel Platinum, Derwent Innovation – Clarivate Analytics, LexisNexis Patent Strategies.
3. Independently.
With this option, the applicant/inventor will need to complete all the stages of the patent search on their own, i.e. identifying the set of features for a search query, searching the prior art documents in the free and/or paid worldwide databases, and analyzing them. In some cases, this type of search makes sense, since a specialist guided by his experience in the field of technology can independently analyze the prior art.
Steps for a Patent search:
For an example of the steps for a patent search, an object “Method for identifying electric vehicles through a charging port“ has been selected. The search was conducted using the databases of the EPO, WIPO, EAPO, Russia and Ukraine.
The patent search does not give a 100% guarantee that all risks will be excluded after the search, as the volume of patent applications is continually growing and not all published by the day of the search. It is also worth noting that not all patent applications are prosecuted successfully. According to the World Intellectual Property Organization, international patent applications increased by 5.2% (265,800 applications) in 2019.
Based on the foregoing, it can be concluded that the patent search is objectively a necessary process before filing an application and its further submission to the PCT phase, which can save the applicant from financial losses in the future.
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https://iprgroup.info/importance-of-the-patent-search-before-filing-an-application-digest-06-2020/
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The European Patent Office (EPO) has now held its first ever conference on the patenting of artificial intelligence (AI). In attendance were over 350 members of industry, academia, user associations, patent law firms, judicial bodies, national patent offices and government bodies.
The conference addressed the ways in which the fast-paced technological advancements of the fourth industrial revolution (4IR) will affect patent offices, namely:
– The protection of AI with patents and other intellectual property rights,
– The use of AI in the development of inventions, and
– The use of AI in the patenting process.
The speakers noted that the latest scope and trends of the current “AI explosion” not only encompass the ICT industry, but also affects the scale and speed of innovation in every field. Indeed, the EPO has seen a very fast growth of 4IR patent applications in the past few years: about 50% of the patent applications received by the EPO in the areas of medical and automotive technology already have a computer-implemented invention (CII) element to them. In this respect, the EPO representatives indicated that the Office now has a stable and reliable approach to CII inventions.
On the topic of achieving the best possible protection for AI, several panelists also discussed the relevance of each stage of an invention: evaluating the invention, drafting the patent application, prosecuting the patent application, and enforcing the patent. Various solutions were proposed, and an extensive discussion took place regarding the need to speed up the patent granting process, provide for patent applications to be published earlier, and adapt the model to confer protection on the business rather than on the inventor. In order to deal with the specifics of AI, the possibility was even raised during the conference of making substantial legislative changes, including changes to the criteria for patentability.
The conference also addressed post-grant issues of AI patents and ownership, as well as the societal and ethical aspects of patents in the field of AI. The question was also addressed of whether, e.g. in the case of autonomous inventions, the person skilled in the art should remain a human being, or whether the definition of this fictional person requires an adjustment.
The EPO concluded by recalling the recent reforms it enacted to improve efficiency and quality, which the EPO believes will help in addressing future challenges, including those offered by the ever-increasing interest in AI patenting activities.
The EPO also announced that it plans to hold a similar conference on patenting blockchain technology, which is yet another field characterized by fast growth and increasing interest from industry.
This conference clearly shows the EPO’s interest in tackling the challenges of new technologies as soon as they arise, so as to offer a service that is ever more tailored to the business needs.
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http://www.modiano.com/eng/patenting-artificial-intelligence-at-the-epo/
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Developing discoveries into useful products and patenting the subsequent innovations is an important way to ensure that research in the lab translates into tangible benefits, said Revel Iyer, an expert in Africa's patent system, at the TWAS Research Grants conference in Tanzania.
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania – Imagine a scientist whose efforts have focused for years on an important issue. Eventually the scientist hits a target, and this provides opportunities for future career development and potential new discoveries. Now imagine that someone uses that discovery without permission.
What would be the consequences for the scientist who had invested so much time, intellect and resources?
Patents are exclusive rights granted for inventions – they provide researchers with a monopoly to commercialise the invention over a 20 year period, says Revel Iyer, an expert in patent law. Most important, he says, patents act as catalyst for technological development: by protecting creativity, they support a dynamic innovation ecosystem where human endeavour flourishes.
Iyer is the director of the Technology Transfer Office (TTO) at Cape Peninsula University of Technology in Cape Town, South Africa. He was a guest speaker at the TWAS Research Grants conference in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, on 29 August. The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) provided generous support for the conference.
As a scientist, Iyer was involved in biotechnology and led the transgenic maize research program at the University of Cape Town. As an inventor, he was involved in the development of plants genetically engineered to be drought-tolerant.
Since 2016, Iyer has been the director of the CPUT TTO, where he deals with technology transfer, intellectual property laws and patenting. In an interview with TWAS staff writer Cristina Serra, he offered insight on the importance of patenting and protect scientific findings.
Dr. Iyer, in your experience, are African scientists aware of the importance of patenting discoveries and intellectual products?
I do not think so. It appears to be a global problem with scientists from universities not being very familiar with intellectual property (IP). IP is mainly considered an aspect of the commercial world and has traditionally been treated as something that cannot coexist with academic research. The success of the USA system has challenged this mindset. The knowledge economy in the USA blossomed after implementation of the Bayh-Dole Act (legislation dealing with intellectual property arising from research funded by the federal government). A number of countries are now implementing similar legislation. An example is South Africa. This requires a culture shift.
What are typical patent objects?
Inventions can be patented. In contrast, ideas and discoveries cannot be patented. Thus one needs to understand the difference between inventions and discoveries. A discovery is the observation for the time of something that already existed but was not known to science. An invention goes a step further. It involves using one's creative abilities to act upon ideas and discoveries to create something useful. For example, the development of the light bulb.
Does Africa have a unified patenting system, or is fragmented?
There is no such thing as a global patent or a continental patent. This is probably the biggest misconception regarding patents. Patents can only be enforced in the country where they have been filed. Thus a patent filed in the USA does not prevent a person in Kenya from exploiting the invention in Kenya.
Is the patent process difficult in Africa? Can African nations afford it?
Patenting involves specific knowledge. Thus one needs to employ the assistance of an IP lawyer. Filing in African countries is not very expensive. In contrast, filing in the developed world is costly. And the more countries you file in, the more expensive it becomes. In addition to filing costs, there are costs for office actions and maintenance of the patents. One can go straight to national phase, or take the longer process – provisional filing followed by Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) followed by national phase. This is typically dependent on the specific IP and the commercialisation strategy for it.
Why should African scientists invest money in a patent, rather than investing in new equipment or hiring PhD students and manpower?
Filing patents should be a strategic decision by the university. It should be done to protect potentially lucrative inventions that may provide a large financial return. Patenting for the sake of patenting is not advised. Thus one should not chase numbers of patents but rather be very selective in what one protects. Or else the cost would negatively impact the institution. In contrast, a wisely constructed portfolio could have long-term benefit on the institution providing revenue that will allow the university to upgrade facilities, and provide more bursaries. But more than this, bringing about this culture shift means that the research occurring in the lab is more relevant to society.
The example I often use is: A researcher was focused on cancer drug research. However, all of his research was published. This prevents patenting – in fact it destroys all possibility of patenting. For drugs which take around 14 years to develop and cost on average around USD150 million during this process, a patent is a basic requirement. Where there is no possibility to patent, it is generally not possible for that drug to reach the market. My question is, would a cancer patient get value from reading the publication or from being treated by an actual drug that is created in the process? The mindshift leads to better quality research in the long run as commercial due diligence is much more rigorous than peer review.
Are patents important for everyday life, or do they serve just scientists?
By definition, inventions have impact on the socio-economic sector. Patents have to be used or they can be deemed invalid for non-use. Thus one cannot patent something to prevent others from using it. It needs to be made available commercially.
Once a good is patented, how strong is the enforcement of IP rights? How big the risk of theft of intellectual property?
Once a patent has been granted, it provides for enforceable rights in that specific territory. The problem however is that one has to enforce one's rights against an infringer in the courts. This can be very expensive. At the same time, awards against infringers can be very big, sometimes being in the hundreds of millions of dollars. In the absence of the patent, one has no enforceable rights.
In Africa there are two regional patent systems - ARIPO and OAPI: why should a scientist choose one or the other?
The Organisation Africaine de la Propriété Intellectuelle or African Intellectual Property Organization (OAPI) largely serves French-speaking African countries, whereas the African Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO) largely functions in the English-speaking countries. Importantly, South Africa, Nigeria and Egypt do not form part of ether system. Filing via OAPI or ARIPO allows one to get protection in the individual countries within the respective system. For OAPI the application automatically extends to all member states. For ARIPO the specific member states need to be designated. Recently there have been discussions to harmonise the two systems with increased levels of cooperation.
Should scientists patent as individuals, or it would be better if they merge in larger groups to have stronger voice and relevance?
My preference is that individual scientists do not file patents. I often find that scientists cannot grasp the concept of commercialisation. Often it is better to get in an entrepreneur or techno-preneur to run the spin-off/start-up. A good scientist does not necessarily make a good businessman. I feel that universities should have systems in place to protect and commercialise IP. It should not be in the hands of individuals.
Sometimes scientists think that patenting could pose obstacles to publishing. Is it true?
Patenting does not compete with publication. However, if one publishes before filing the patent application, it destroys the possibility to patent. Thus it is best to file a provisional application before publishing. This gives one 12 months more to file a full application. Thus patents and publication can co-exist.
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https://twas.org/article/foster-innovation-protect-inventions
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The Bill related to Industrial Property was approved on March 14th, 2016 by TBMM (Grand National Assembly of Turkey) Industry, Commerce, Energy, Natural Resources, Information and Technology Commission. The purpose of the Bill approved by the commission is to make a contribution to promote the technological, economic and social progress by means of protection of rights on trademark, geographical indication, design, patent, utility model and traditional product name. The changes made to protect the patent rights with the new regulations are discussed below one by one.
- While patents may be granted to inventions with or without examination, the instrument of patent without examination is excluded from the new bill. Therefore, all inventions will be subject to a detailed examination.
- While there was no right to object to the patents after its registration according to the Decree Law no. 551 concerning Protection of Patent Rights on patents, nullity claims can now be settled out of courts before TPE (Turkish Patent Institute) thanks to the new right to object after registration. Besides, with the Decree Law no. 551, there is no right to apply for a separate patent unless there is an objection to the integrity of invention but now there is a right to apply for an optional separate patent.
- Any objections made to a published patent application would not be processed regardless of their reasonable grounds and the applicants would have the right to demand documentation anyhow. With the new decree law, objections made to the published patent should be processed by TPE. Thus, Patent applications can be canceled out of courts before TPE as a result of objections based on reasonable grounds. Other notable innovations regarding the patent rights include enabling objecting to granted patents for a period of six months after registration and therefore changing the procedure of filing a lawsuit to cancel the granted patent, providing a compensation period and a pay plan to prevent loss of rights which usually occur while paying the annual patent fees and bringing a regulation to reestablish the rights.
- While there are no provisions regarding the biotechnological inventions in current Decree Law, the biotechnological inventions within the scope and biotechnological inventions out of the scope are expressed clearly in compliance with European Patent Convention and EU Directive no. 98/44.
- In the current Decree Law on patents, there are no clear provisions regarding protection of initial and subsequent medical uses in the field of pharmaceutics but clear provisions regarding protection of initial and subsequent medical uses (indication patents) are introduced with the new decree law.
- Another innovation is giving the right of ownership of the inventions of members of university to higher education institutions and giving at least the one third of the resulting revenue to the inventor in order to bring in the inventions to the economy by using corporate infrastructure of universities through patents and revealing the existing invention potential in universities. By giving at least the one third of the resulting revenue to the member of university, it is intended to promote invention activities of academicians. Giving the right of ownership of the inventions made as a result of public funded projects will make it easier to commercialize the inventions. In addition, a framework regulation of giving the ownership right of inventions in question to the party, which conducted the project and has a greater potential to commercialize the invention, is made to promote high levels of participation to the research and development activities supported by state institutions and organizations, and to promote collaboration between state institutions and organizations and business firms.
Apart from these, registration period is reduced from 17-42 months to 7-24 months by simplifying and shorten the process of granting a patent and a more qualified patent system will be adopted as a result of abolishing the system of patent without examination to significantly eliminate the disputes in market. In case of not complying with the durations given in the registration period, potential loss of rights owned by particularly the patent applicants and SMEs will be prevented by reestablishing the lost rights.
Consequently, all legal texts are gathered under a single decree law to create a simpler, but more executable statement. The processes of granting patents is simplified and accelerated compared to the regulations in Decree Law no. 551 so that the practical problems may be resolved.
The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought about your specific circumstances.
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https://www.mondaq.com/turkey/trademark/541526/what-does-the-bill-related-to-industrial-property-brings-to-protection-of-patents
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IP and innovation in biotechnology and pharmaceuticals
While the pharmaceutical sector relates to all the economic activity aimed at researching, manufacturing and marketing drugs, biotechnology refers to any technological application that uses biological material to make or modify products or processes (e.g. genetic engineering). Today, both pharmaceutical and biotechnological inventions can be the subject of patent protection. Furthermore, the categories of patentable biotechnology inventions in many OECD countries have expanded over the years to include genes, gene fragments, research tools and diagnostics, and genetically modified plants and animals. In particular, the number of gene patents granted has risen significantly since the second half of the 1990s, which has triggered concerns regarding the application of patentability requirements, the scope of protection of these inventions, the formation of patent thickets, licensing and litigation costs. In order to address those issues, different policy measures are available, including: providing subsidies to increase seed and start-up capital for small biotechnology firms, encouraging good licensing practices, clarifying and reinforcing research exemptions, exploring alternative access arrangements and knowledge transfer mechanisms, improving the quality of patents issued, and monitoring emerging access challenges.
Pharmaceutical
Biotechnology
The legal context of IP for biotechnology and pharmaceuticals
Evidence on IP use in biotechnology and pharmaceuticals
Debates regarding IP and innovation in biotechnology and pharmaceuticals
Challenges
Policy instruments
- Encouraging good licensing practices in the public and private sectors. The licensing of patented technologies can provide financial rewards to inventors, while encouraging the dissemination and use of inventions by others. Licensing guidelines or model contracts are self-regulatory solutions to some of the perceived problems associated with the patenting of biotechnology. Good practice guidelines can encourage their further development and use (OECD, 2004).
- Clarifying research exemptions. A useful step would be to assess how research exemptions are used in practice and to consider how research exemptions could permit use of patented technologies for research, while offering adequate protection for those who create novel research tools (OECD, 2004).
- Exploring alternative access arrangements. Understanding how patent pools, patent clearinghouses and public databases can be used in biotechnology, and what peculiarities of technology or industries require different solutions, would help move these access arrangements closer to reality (OECD, 2004).
- Conducting economic analyses of knowledge transfer mechanisms. Technology diffusion occurs within an increasingly complex web of relationships involving industries, universities, and small and large firms. Patents allow these informal and ad hoc forms of interaction to occur. It is important to develop methodologies that can explain how technology transfer occurs in these structures, and how market and non-market transactions are affected by various features of the patent system (OECD, 2004).
- Improving the quality of patents issued. Governments could compare how examiners in different jurisdictions interpret the criteria of patentability for biotechnology inventions, and whether these criteria are applied with sufficient rigour (OECD, 2004).
- Monitoring emerging challenges. New challenges may emerge in interdisciplinary fields such as biotechnology. Governments need to anticipate where the next generation of challenges will emerge (OECD, 2004).
- Arundel, A. (2003), “Biotechnology indicators and public policy”, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers, 2003/05, OECD Publishing, Paris.
- Brekke, K. and Straume, O.R. (2008), “Phamaceutical patents: incentives for R&D or marketing?”, CESifo working paper 2433.
- Bud, R. (1993), The Uses of Life: A History of Biotechnology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
- Cohen ,W., Nelson, R. and Walsh, J. (2000), “Protecting their intellectual assets: Appropriability conditions and why U.S. manufacturing firms patent (or not)”, NBER Working Paper 7552.
- Convention on Biological Diversity 1992, Article 2.
- De Backer, K., López-Bassols, V. and Martinez, C. (2008), “Open innovation in a global perspective: What do existing data tell us?”, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers, 2008/04, OECD Publishing, Paris.
- Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 447 U.S. 303 (1980).
- Directive 98/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 1998 on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions.
- Dutfield, G. (2003), Intellectual Property Rights and the Life Science Industries: A 20th Century History, Ashgate, Dartmouth.
- Galambos, L. and Sturchio, J.L. (1998), “Pharmaceutical firms and the transition to biotechnology: A study in strategic innovation”, Business History Review, Vol. 72.
- Grubb, P.W. and Thomsen, P.R. (2010), Patents for Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals, and Biotechnology: Fundamentals of Global Law, Practice, and Strategy, Oxford University Press.
- Guellec, B. and van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie, B. (2007), The Economics of the European Patent System: IP Policy for Innovation and Competition, Oxford University Press.
- INTA (2007), “The importance of pharmaceutical trademarks in protecting public health”, INTA.
- Levin, R., Klevorick, S., Nelson, R., and Winter, S.G. (1987), “Appropriating the returns from industrial research and development”, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Vol. 1987 (3), pp. 783-831.
- Mansfield, E. (1986), “Patents and innovation: An empirical study”, Management Science, Vol. 32(2), pp. 173-181.
- Mazzoleni, R. and Nelson, R.R. (1998), “The benefits and costs of strong patent protection: A contribution to the current debate”, Research Policy, Vol. 27, pp. 273–284.
- Nuffield Council on Bioethics (2002), “The ethics of patenting DNA: A discussion paper”. London: Nuffield Council on Bioethics, www.nuffieldbioethics.org.
- OECD (2009), Patent Statistics Manual, OECD Publishing, Paris.
- OECD (2004), Patents and Innovation: Trends and Policy Challenges, OECD Publishing, Paris.
- OECD (2003c), Compendium of Patent Statistics, OECD Publishing, Paris.
- OECD (2002), Genetic Inventions, IPRs and Licensing Practices: Evidence and Policies, OECD Publishing, Paris.
- Pisano, G.P. (2006), Science Business: The Promise, the Reality, and the Future of Biotech, Harvard Business School Press, Boston.
- Tudge, C. (2000), In Mendel’s Footnotes: An Introduction to the Science and Technologies of the Nineteenth Century to the Twenty-Second, Jonathan Cape, London.
- United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) (3-14 June 1992), Rio de Janeiro (Agenda 21, the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, the Statement of Forest Principles, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity).
- USPTO, Guidelines for Examination of Applications for Compliance with the Utility Requirement.
- Vettel, E. (2006), Biotech: The Countercultural Origins of an Industry, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, Pa.
- Walsh, J.P., A. Arora and W.M. Cohen (2003), “Effects of research tool patents and licensing on biomedical innovation”, in Patents in the Knowledge-based Economy, The National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
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https://innovationpolicyplatform.org/content/ip-and-innovation-biotechnology-and-pharmaceuticals
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take as direct starting point a previous invention.
Dependent inventions can be divided into the following three types:
• Improvement: starting from a previous invention, inventors deine an incremen-
tal improvement;
• Transfer: starting from a previous inventive concept, inventors identify a new
use that is an original application in a new technical field;
• Combination: by combining earlier inventions or elements from previous inven-
tions, a new technical solution is found.
Obviously, these inventions must be characterized by an inventive step, in order to
avoid being an implementation variation that does not produce a different and bet-
ter effect of the device or process.
From a legal point of view, there is an important difference between independ-
ent and dependent inventions. By virtue of legal protection, dependent inventions
can be implemented only with the consent of the holder of the previous patent (for
example, a new process for manufacturing a product already covered by the patent
belonging to others).
The industrial patents are divided into two categories:
• patent for industrial invention;
• patent for industrial design, which is again divided into utility models and
industrial designs.
The patent for utility model is distinguished from the patent for invention in
that it protects enhancements of existing products, which result in the increased
usefulness of the products themselves, rather than in new solutions to technical
problems.
A patent for utility model must protect a concrete object, so that it does not
apply to processes. Compared to a patent for industrial invention, it has a duration
of 10 years from the filing date, divided into two five-year periods, with mainte-
nance fees which can be paid in a lump sum or in two installments, one at the time
of filing and the other at the expiration of the first five-year period.
The patent for design is meant to protect the aesthetical features of any indus-
trial or handicraft item, the whole product or a part thereof, as resulting in par-
ticular from characteristics of the lines, contours, colors, shape, texture and/or
materials of the product itself and/or its ornamentation.
Designs may be registered provided that they are new and show an individual
character.
Designs are considered to be identical if their features differ only in trivial
details.
Search WWH ::
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http://what-when-how.com/Tutorial/topic-6jc14fv/Developing-Biomedical-Devices-Design-Innovation-and-Protection-24.html
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The talk aims to introduce you in a sociological view on collective identity which would be as distant as possible. Within sociological, and also within anthropological theory since the 1980s, ‘collective’ notions increasingly are accused of being essentialist, of being ontological or metaphysical; of homogenizing and fixating the fluid and heterogenous social reality. Those critiques concern even the most basic concepts of the social sciences, namely the notion of society (beneath all other notions for collectives). The same is true for the notions of culture(s), and of identities. In contrast, only few sociological theories explicitly concentrate on collective identities (in particular Shmuel Eisenstadt’s and Bernard Giesen’s). In general, theories of ‘society’ seem to be seldom within sociological theory today. Against those theoretical tendencies – and in view of the nevertheless virulent societal conflicts around collective identities –, I will firstly explore the arguments against collective notions. Secondly, I will plea for a postfoundational, thoroughly non-essentialist notion of collective identity, taking ‘collective identity’ as impossible as necessary. Finally, I want to reveal the critique of all collective notions – and in particular that of the notions of ‘collective’ and ‘cultural identity’ – as being itself an identity politics, as being based on a particular political imagination of the collective’s unity, identity, and foundation.
Kath Woodward (The Open University)
Changing Identities, Changing Identifications: What is the relevance of the search for certainties?
I explore some of the puzzles of identity and identities, drawing upon my experience of researching and writing about identities, identification and embodied selves especially in the context of sexual politics and social inequalities and relationships between inner and outer worlds, over the last 30 years. One big issue is the claim to certainties which underpin identity politics, however, diverse, fluid and fragmentary those identities may be. The concept still invokes binary logics such as nature and culture, sex and gender, visibility and invisibility. Flesh and bodies are central to the debate and I address the apparent certainties of birth and death as embodied experiences, explored in my recent research with Sophie Woodward, to suggest some ways of making sense of changing identities in changing times.
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https://icon.uni-mainz.de/keynote-speakers-2020/
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If identity provides us with the means of answering the question ‘who am I?’ it might appear to be about personality; the sort of person I am. That is only part of the story. Identity is different from personality in important respects. We may share personality traits with other people, but sharing an identity suggests some active engagement on our part. We choose to identify with a particular identity or group. Sometimes we have more choice than others. This chunk will address the relative importance of structures, the forces beyond our control which shape our identities, and agency, the degree of control which we ourselves can exert over who we are. Identity requires some awareness on our part. Personality describes qualities individuals may have, such as being outgoing or shy, internal characteristics, but identity requires some element of choice. For example, I may go to football matches on Saturdays because I enjoy shouting loudly with a crowd of lively extroverts, but I go to watch Sheffield Wednesday because I want to identify with that particular team, to wear that scarf and make a statement about who I am, and, of course, because I want to state that I support one Sheffield team and not the other (Sheffield United). We may be characterised by having personality traits, but we have to identify with – that is, actively take up – an identity.
This example also illustrates the importance of marking oneself as having the same identity as one group of people and a different one from others. Think about a situation where you meet someone for the first time and, in trying to find out who they are, ask questions about where they come from and what they do. In such situations we are trying to find out what makes up this person and also what makes them the same as us – that is, what we have in common – and what makes them different. If you see somebody wearing the badge of an organisation to which you also belong, it marks that person out as being the same as you, as sharing an identity. Or consider a situation where, travelling abroad, hearing the voices of those who speak your own language, you feel both a sense of recognition and of belonging. In a strange place, finding people who share our language provides us with something and someone with whom we can identify. Or imagine that you are on a train, and a stranger in the compartment is reading the local newspaper from the town where you were born. You might strike up a conversation which includes references to what you have in common. This presents a moment of recognition and of having something in common with another person who shares an identity with you. Identity is marked by similarity, that is of the people like us, and by difference, of those who are not. There are other examples which are less reassuring, where the appropriate identity is not established, and where, for example, one may be denied access to credit or hire purchase, pension or sickness benefits, or entry to a club or restaurant, or, even more significantly, to a country.
How do we know which people are the same as us? What information do we use to categorise others and ourselves? In the examples above, what is often important is a symbol, like a badge, a team scarf, a newspaper, the language we speak, or perhaps the clothes we wear. Sometimes it is obvious. A badge can be a clear public statement that we identify with a particular group. Sometimes it is more subtle, but symbols and representations are important in marking the ways in which we share identities with some people and distinguish ourselves as different from others.
In this sense, although as individuals we have to take up identities actively, those identities are necessarily the product of the society in which we live and our relationship with others. Identity provides a link between individuals and the world in which they live. Identity combines how I see myself and how others see me. Identity involves the internal and the subjective, and the external. It is a socially recognised position, recognised by others, not just by me.
However, how I see myself and how others see me do not always fit. For example, individuals may view themselves as high achievers, worthy of promotion, yet be viewed by their employer as less than successful. The young people noisily returning home from a club in the early hours of the morning may be seen by others as troublemakers. Think about some of the ways in which how you see yourself may be at variance with others' perception of you. This could be at a more personal level, in the context of family and friendship relationships, or at a more public or even global level, where particular characteristics are attributed to specific national or ethnic groups. A sense of conflicting identities may result from the tensions between having to be a student, a parent, and an employee at the same time: these are examples of the multiple identities which people have.
The link between myself and others is not only indicated by the connection between how I see myself and how other people see me, but also by the connection between what I want to be and the influences, pressures and opportunities which are available. Material, social and physical constraints prevent us from successfully presenting ourselves in some identity positions – constraints which include the perceptions of others. Criminal identities are often produced through the exaggeration of stereotyping, where newspaper reports reproduce the notion of a criminal identity as young, male and black (Mooney et al., 2000). Criminality can be produced by others who construct this category of person. This process of stereotyping certain groups as criminal also illustrates some of the imbalances and inequalities in the relationship between the individual and the world outside.
The subject, ‘I’ or ‘we’ in the identity equation, involves some element of choice, however limited. The concept of identity encompasses some notion of human agency; an idea that we can have some control in constructing our own identities. There are, of course, constraints which may lie in the external world, where material and social factors may limit the degree of agency which individuals may have. Lack of material resources severely limits the opportunities we have; as in the case of poverty and economic constraints. It is impossible to have an identity as a successful career woman if one is without a job and if there are no employment opportunities. Other limitations to our autonomy may reside within us, for example in the bodies which we inhabit, as illustrated by the ageing process, by physical impairments, illness and the actual size and shape of our bodies.
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https://www.open.edu/openlearn/people-politics-law/politics-policy-people/sociology/identity-question/content-section-1.1
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Note [Nov. 20th]: Due to technical difficulties, I lost my working list and its backup early into the term, which I had been developing during the summer. The list below is a partial start back toward that list. While our course is coming to an end, I will continue to update this list with readings over time, in case your interest in the course continues or remains beyond the confines of the classroom.
***
Philosophy has a history of disproportionate representation of privileged identity groups, both in the holding of academic positions and in the philosophical literature. Philosophy of mind can sometimes be particularly white, male, nondisabled, and otherwise narrow in insight. This reading list is meant to help point you toward other readings and materials which might address the topics we cover, which are in some sense “noncanonical”, and where you might find your own identity or thoughts better represented, or where you can turn to broaden your interests and understanding.
By non-canonical readings I mean both (i) those readings not considered in the typical philosophical canon, and (ii) those readings or materials by people who do not fit the canonical image of a philosopher. I’ll also try to add in any other readings I mention in class, even if they are not themselves noncanonical. My many thanks to everyone who has helped recommend readings and other works.
The readings below are presented in no order but that by which I add them. The hope is, by scrolling through, you’ll find something that may interest you that you wouldn’t have seen in a targeted search. Of course, you can still use your browser’s built-in search function to find specific readings. Clicking the title of the piece linked will send you to the resource, where I’ve been able to locate such a link.
- Barbara Gail Montero’s essay “The Body Problem”. In it, she asks just what it means to be physical, arguing that an answer to the mind-body problem first needs an answer to what she calls the “body problem”. She also has a blog at https://barbaramontero.wordpress.com/
- Sara Ahmed’s book “Queer Phenomenology”. In it, she examines what it means for bodies to be situated in space and time, and how a queer phenomenology reveals how social relations are arranged spatially, how queerness disrupts and reorders these relations. She also has a blog at http://feministkilljoys.com
- Jenny Reardon‘s and Kim TallBear’s paper “Your DNA Is Our History: Genomics, Anthropology, and the Construction of Whiteness as Property”. In it, they “seek to bring greater clarity and visibility to these constitutive links between whiteness, property, and the human sciences in order that the fields of biological anthropology and population genetics might work to move toward their stated commitments to antiracism”.
- Hélène Cixous‘s essay “The Laugh of the Medusa“. In it, she discusses the female body and women’s sexuality with regard to writing, and develops the notion of écriture féminine, which would continue to be explored by what Mary Klages calls the French “poststructuralist theoretical feminists”.
- Talia Mae Bettcher‘s paper “Trans Identities and First-Person Authority”. In it, she argues that transgender persons should be considered to have “first-person authority” over their gender, and explores what exactly that means.
- Amy Mullin‘s paper “Selves, Diverse and Divided: Can Feminists Have Diversity without Multiplicity?“. In it, she explores ways of thinking about divisions and diversity within a self, and how to think of the self as diverse but not composite. Amy Mullin is a philosopher in our department, and currently the Dean of Arts and Sciences at UTM.
- bell hooks‘ book “Talking Back: Thinking Feminist Thinking Black“. This book is a collection of essays, many of which look at the relationships between speech and identity. In particular, her chapter “‘when i was a young soldier for the revolution’: coming to voice” includes comments against the standard academic notion of a singular authentic identity.
- Noël Merino‘s paper “The Problem with “We”: Rethinking Joint Identity in Romantic Love“. In it, she argues that we should resist the idea that a unified identity is developed in cases of romantic love.
- Rosemarie Garland-Thomson‘s paper “Misfits: A Feminist Materialist Disability Concept“. In it, she explores the critical concept of a “misfit” in order to explore the lived experiences and identities of disability, while considering “how the particularities of embodiment interact with the environment in its broadest sense”.
- Ana Paula Mireles Andrade‘s masters thesis “Snapping, Sharing… Being. Digital Online Photography and Identity Construction“. In it, she explores the roles that selfies and other photography play in mediating between online and offline identities and identity formation.
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https://cdf.so/phl240/readings/
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[Michael, Associate Professor of Philosophy at Mississippi State University, Political Genealogy After Foucault: Savage Identities, p. 134-137]
Foucault’s counter-memory is very close to the Nietzschean idea of “active forgetfulness” (aktive Vergesslichkeit). Counter-memory consists of essentially forgetting who we are. It is a forgetfulness of essence, of necessity, of the moral and ontological obligations that bind us to an identity. There is freedom in forgetfulness. Counter-memory holds us at a remove, a distance, from ourselves, not in the tradition sense of self-reflection, but of wrenching the self – this identity – apart, through an incision, a cutting that makes the self stand naked and strange before us across an unbridgeable divide, a gap of difference. Counter-memory dislodges the propriety of our-selves. The self, as a coherent identity, becomes foreign through counter-memory. We cannot remember what it was that compelled us to act, believe, be a given way. Counter-memory dissolves this compulsion, this determination, this subjection. The power of identity is suspended through a forgetfulness of its necessity – a freedom is opened within the space of a difference that no identity can constrain. This difference always plays outside the limits, outside any delimitation of being. Counter-memory thrusts us into this uncharted world, where a memory makes no sense, where play is the order of the day, where lightening and chance disintegrate the heavy and solid, the identical.
Genealogy proceeds through “dissension” and “disparity.” Wherever “the self fabricates a coherent identity,” genealogy puts into play a subversive counter-analysis that “permits the dissociation of the self, its recognition and displacement as an empty synthesis.” Genealogy disturbs, fragments, displaces the unity of subjectivity. It cuts through the oppressive, assimilating density of Truth and discovers in this beguiling haze that subjectivity is nothing more than a colorful mask. Who we are, what we are, is a mask displayed for public viewing and examination, for personal-al subjection and ethical subjugation. Genealogy cuts through this mask, only to make another discovery. Behind it there is no essential identity, no unified spirit or will, no naked subject stripped of its colorful dress. Rather, there is only a matrix of intersecting lines and heterogeneous congruities, an arbitrary and historically contingent complex of discursive and nondiscursive practices. Asserts Foucault, “If the genealogist refuses to extend his faith in metaphysics, if he listens to history, he finds that there is ‘something altogether different’ behind things; not a timeless and essential secret, but the secret that they have no essence or or that their essence was fabricated in a piecemeal fashion from alien forms.” Contrary to what René Descartes or John Locke would contend, unity (whether of consciousness proper or the continuity of personal experience) is not the essence of subjectivity. Unity is a mask for an interplay of anonymous forces and historical accidents that permits us to identify subjects, to identify ourselves, as specific human beings. Unity – identity – is imposed on subjects as the mask of their fabrication. Subjectivity is the carceral and incarcerating expression of this imposition, of the limitations drawn around us by discourses of truth and practices of individualization; but seen through the “differential knowledge” of genealogy, the identity of subjectivity collapses.
for disruption, for displacement, for violating those inviolable spheres of liberty that serve as the limits of our subjection. It is not a freedom for individuality, but from it – a freedom from individualization, from the practices and discourses which bind us to our own identity as individuals. It is not a freedom against the office of government, but against governmentality – against a rationality that imprisons us in the cellular space of our own self-government. At the same time, the freedom of/through counter-memory is a form of mimetic play with the notion of positive freedom whereby citizenship is unwrapped like a cloak from the politicized body.
In simple terms, it can be said that genealogy “enables one to get free of oneself.” That is, by exposing the nonessentiality of the limits imposed on us through the constitution of a self, it opens the possibility of going beyond those limits. This opening is a kind of fracture, at once an open space and a breaking free of the constraining power inherent in identity and identification. In this sense, genealogy opens up “a space of concrete freedom, i.e., of possible transformation.” This notion of fracture allows us to define freedom more precisely, to gauge whether or not a genuine space of freedom has been opened for us. Freedom, concrete freedom, is a space of possible transformation. Unless we are free to transform ourselves, to be other than the identity dictated for us by some extraneous rationality, we have no freedom. Even the most violent forms of resistance against subjection accomplish nothing if they do not gain this freedom, do not open a space of possible transformation – which means nothing more, and nothing less, than the possibility of being otherwise. Something very like this point is made by Dennis Altman with regard to the Stonewall riots of 1969 and the militant Gay Liberation Front that emerged from them in the early 1970s. In one of the seminal texts of what would later become known as Queer Theory, Altman rails against the limited vision of a political movement that sough for gay and lesbian people little more than an expansion of rights and the “liberal tolerance” of the homophile community: “Homosexuals can win acceptance as distinct from tolerance only by a transformation of society, one that is based on a ‘new human’ who is able to accept the multifaceted and varied nature of his or her sexual identity. That such a society can be founded is the gamble upon which gay and women’s liberation are based; like all radical movements they hold to an optimistic view of human nature, above all to its mutability.”
This requirement that we are only genuinely free if we are able to transform ourselves is recalcitrant. It is crucial to understand, however, that what is being required here is not a freedom to transform ourselves in accordance with some global or teleological model of a more “genuine” form of subjectivity. This freedom does not consist (as it does in On Liberty) in replacing one form of subjectivity for another that is supposedly “truer” or more fulfilling to human nature. Not only is this illusory and unobtainable, it would also amount to a cancellation of freedom, a reimposition of subjectival limitations and expectations. Rather, the freedom opened by counter-memory is a freedom of permanent transformation, of always being able to become other than what we are.
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http://essaydocs.org/1nc--short-shell.html?page=21
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The One China Policy is a simply worded but profound diplomatic predicament. In 1972 the United States officially recognized the People’s Republic of China which controls what is now mainland China and severed official ties with the Republic of China operating in Taiwan. At the time of this decision the two entities both claimed that they were the official leaders of the ancient Chinese nation. Today both parties happily affirm the One China Policy, but for very different reasons. The Chinese still maintain that the inhabitants of Taiwan are simply living in a rogue province, a child that will return to the Chinese empire. Many Taiwanese on the other hand view the One China Policy as a redundant statement of the obvious, there is one China and also one Taiwan. The people of Taiwan, the Taiwanese people, Taiwanese American, all these phrases are outcomes of the emergence of a Taiwanese ethnic identity. This occurrence within the Chinese world is not an isolated incident as well. In the city of Hong Kong, which was under British control for over a century, a strong sense of identity and independence is blooming as well. When comparing these narratives with the development of ethnic identities in America, one can see a dynamic demonstration of the constructivist theory of ethnic identity politics. Due to Taiwan’s unique political environment, the shared experience of the Taiwanese people led to the creation of a new Taiwanese ethnic identity amongst individuals who historically identified as Chinese.
According to the Constructivist theories of ethnic politics, the ethnic identity is fluid and always under development. Scholars such as Kanchan Chandra hold that ethnic identity is influenced by a variety of factors, many of which are political and economic conditions. Chandra explains that “the mechanisms by which ethnic identities change are general and interconnected” (Chandra, 2012). This can be used to describe the emergence of a Taiwanese identity even though the overwhelming majority of these individuals have bloodlines dating back to the Chinese mainland. Constructivists argue that ethnic identities can be influenced by the political environment which creates shared experiences. When individuals are subject to live under a particular political regime, they share similar challenges and experiences. In the case of Taiwan, the citizens live under a liberal democracy as compared to their Chinese neighbors who live under a strict authoritarian regime. Chandra explains that, “Constructivism tells us, these challenges can be a product of the very political and economic phenomena they are used to explain” (Chandra, 2012). Under this reasoning, the shared experiences that allows Taiwanese citizens to develop a sense of identity can be attributed to the differences in political environment. This explains the common sentiment that many Taiwanese oppose rejoining China because they refuse to live under Communism or fear that their freedoms will be taken away (Van de Horst 2016). When this is combined with the unique culture that defines the Taiwanese such as food, pop culture, and norms it is understandable that 76.7% of 20-29 year olds identify as Taiwanese on the island (Salmonsen, 2018). The fluidity of ethnic identity can also be affirmed by the growing number of Taiwanese who also feel Chinese with the recent success of China’s economy. This is because certain circumstances can activate identities, usually in the individuals favor (Chandra, 2012).
The theory of Constructivism and the importance of political environments can be further supported by examining Taiwan’s history. The modern Taiwanese state was established in 1949 after the Nationalist Chinese fled to the islander after losing the Chinese Civil war to the Communist. These two factions both claimed to be the true China, with the mainland being governed under Maoist/Communist principals and Taiwan under capitalism. Prior to 1949, Taiwan was a Japanese colony which also left a visible influence on contemporary Taiwanese culture. This apparent difference of history and administrative systems when compared to mainland China aided in the development of the Taiwanese identity. The importance of administrative structures is an integral element in Constructivist theory. Chandra writes that the “processes associated with the modern state administrative centralization, the collection of statistics, taxation, language standardization, the creation of centralized education systems and military and security apparatuses can change or create the ethnic divisions” (Chandra, 2012). The juxtaposition of Taiwan’s liberal democracy with China’s authoritarian regime shows a vast disparity in political environment. Furthermore, Japan’s colonial rule created another layer of difference in political environment to that of China. The impact of colonialism and political systems is explained by David Laitin in his analysis of Yorubaland a former British colony in Africa. In his work titled “Bringing the State Back” he explains the effects of British indirect rule in Yorubaland. This distinct style of governance meant that the British created a new political order by “coercion or elite-and institutionalization of a pattern of group activity”(Laitin, 1985). Through this style of governance, the British were able to manage their colonies but also create new ethnic divides and norms. The significance of this point can be seen in Taiwan as the presence of Japanese colonialism and later a liberal democracy most likely had a profound effect on the Taiwanese identity. This idea of the influence of political environment can be seen as recently as the introduction of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) which runs on a platform demanding stronger national identity. This differed from the pro-China stance of the Kuomintang, which was the original Chinese nationalist group that founded Taiwan in 1949. As a result, the amount people who identified as Taiwanese spiked immensely (Van Der Horst, 2016). In the year 1991, a poll showed 13.6% of Taiwan’s citizens identified as Taiwanese which is in in stark contrast to the current statistic of around 80%. Furthermore, young people feel the strongest about their Taiwanese identity which could be attributed to the current political climate and the presence of the DPP which first came to power in the year 2000 (Salmonsen, 2018). Prior to the establishment of the DPP the Kuomintang ruled Taiwan as a single party authoritarian state, now it is one of the freest countries in Asia. Laitin explains that “identities are fluid and the myths of kinship are subject to manipulation, the boundaries of ethnic identities are subject to rearticulation” (Laitin, 1985). The vast disparity in political environment created with the Chinese mainland contributed to the solidification of the Taiwanese identity.
The circumstances surrounding the emergence of the Taiwanese identity can be found in other areas of the Chinese world. One of the most emblematic examples is Hong Kong, which is a mere city that has a growing sense of independence and ethnic identity. Although China is made up of a large variety of regional ethnicities, these groups more or less identify as Chinese. Exceptions to this include Tibet which has had centuries of autonomy and are currently governed as a special autonomous zone. Hong Kong is an interesting example because unlike Tibet, it has historically been part of the Chinese empire. However, after the conclusion of the first Opium War with Britain in 1842, Hong Kong became a British Colony until 1997. The disparity between Hong Kong and the mainland reached its peak after the establishment of Communist China. During the 1970s Hong Kong was labeled as the “Asian Tiger” for its economic success while the mainland was predominantly rural (BBC, 2018). After rejoining China in 1997, Hong Kong was given a 50-year period of autonomy to aid in integration. However, the damage was already done, the political conditions surrounding Hong Kong had led to the emergence of an independent mentality. The term “Hong-Konger” began to be used to describe those who live in the city and the term is even being used abroad. In fact this sense of identity and independence is so strong that one Hong-Konger writes “I remember very clearly, at primary school, a considerable wave of pupils dropping out: their families were in a hurry to move abroad before the 1997 Handover of sovereignty to Communist China”(Lo, 2017). If ethnic identities were not fluid in the sense that Laitin and Chandra describe, one would expect the inhabitants of Hong Kong to rejoice at the prospect of returning to China. However, it is apparent that the vastly different political and economic conditions that continue to divide China and Hong Kong have created a new sense of identity. Much like the inhabitants of Taiwan, the people of Hong Kong differentiate themselves from those in the mainland even though they may have identified as Chinese before. Both Hong Kong and Taiwan are wealthy, capitalist democracies which differentiates them from the Communist Chinese. This sense of identity came to a flash point as recently as 2014 when over 100,00 Hong-Kongers took to the streets to protest the Chinese government’s interference in their democracy (BBC,2018). This conflict could be attributed to the emergence of the Hong-Konger identity which grew to value the democracy and economic freedom Hong Kong enjoys relative to mainland China. Furthermore, the lasting ethnic cleavage between Hong Kong and China is a recurring trend in British colonies as seen in Yorubaland.
If one wishes to see more examples of the ability of political institutions to influence ethnic identities, look no farther than the United States. The Harvard Kennedy School explains that “For millions of Americans, issues of racial and ethnic identification are frequently complicated, a legacy of the country’s endless waves of immigration as well as its long history of slavery and expansion into Native American lands across the continent” (Kille and Wihbey, 2015). As a result of a tumultuous racial history along with the fact that the majority of Americans can trace their roots back to immigrants, ethnic politics have been incredibly complex. In America they’re variety of strong ethnic classifications such as African American, Latino American, and Asian American which are made up of people who can trace their blood lines to other countries. However, due to the fact they live under the shared experience of the American political system, these groups developed their respective identities. These identities have been subject to a plethora of efforts to mobilize along racial lines. Examples of such efforts include the Democratic party placing a large emphasis on appealing to the Black community and the Latino American community’s mobilization on immigration reform. These political stances on key issues work to solidify the identity of the various communities along a particular set of values and viewpoints. Laitin explains such an occurrence in the creation of ethnic conflict in Yorubaland when he states: “cleavage became the dominant metaphor for political action” (Laitin, 1985). This mobilization and universal viewpoints helped solidify the idea of the African American or the Latino American. It was the unique social experiment that was the United States of America that created the political environment necessary to conceive a new set of ethnic identities. That is why the children of first generation Americans from Asia typically identify and are viewed as Asian Americans not Asian. This is why “Social scientists continue to study the impact of racial issues across diverse areas, from the way economic scarcity can influence perceptions; to issues of law enforcement and criminal justice ; to the way race can shape the mechanisms of policy and politics” (Kille and Wihbey, 2015). America is a prime example of just how quickly ethnic identities can shift and transform. The influence of the unique political environment that is the United States, provides a key insight on the development of a strong identity amongst the Taiwanese people.
At first glance the emergence of a strong Taiwanese identity on an island where just a generation ago people identified as Chinese is perplexing. However, when viewed through the Constructivist theory of ethnic politics, such an occurrence should be expected. Constructivist believe that ethnic identities are fluid, subject to such factors as politics, economic conditions, and history. When comparing Taiwan’s liberal democracy to China’s authoritarian regime there is no surprise that the inhabitants would develop very different ideas about who they are as people. Furthermore, the transformative effects outlined in constructivist theory can be seen in other areas of the Chinese world. Most notably Hong Kong where a mere city with a unique history of British colonialism and economic as well as political freedom developed a growing ethnic identity. The fluidity of ethnic politics and identity can best be examined in the United States. Here individuals with bloodlines stretching all around the world develop entirely new ethnic identities, such as the African American culture which is acknowledged and cited around the world. As outlined by scholars such as Chandra and Laitin, ethnic identities are always shifting and developing due to political and economic circumstances. The emergence of the Taiwanese identity is just another example of the relationship between ethnicity and socio-economic politics.
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http://www.tahistory.org/the-emergence-of-the-taiwanese-identity-%E2%97%8Eethan-yang-%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B0%E7%BE%8E%E4%BA%BA/
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This article is written by the curator in conversation with the curated for the upcoming triple-bill of aural, visual and poetic explorations of ritual in ‘Resonant Lines’ presented by the National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA) Melbourne and Multicultural Arts Victoria for Mapping Melbourne 2017. The triple-bill is birthed out of a collaboration between artists from South Asian and Euro-Australian backgrounds. Resonant lines is performed by Aarti Jadu, Nithya Iyer, Luna-Mrozik Gawler, Devika Bilimoria, Sudeep Lingamneni and Andrew McLaughlin.
Ritual is a loaded term encompassing a pastiche of the sacred, the secular and the profane. The reading of ritual through the indicators of structure, process, experience, function, ideology and frame enable the act of multi-sensorial meaning-making. Performative interventions of ritual provide fissures by creating a liminal space – one that is fluid and transitory, a state of in-betweenness.
Dancer and movement artist Nithya Iyer notes that the very act of creating and participating in ritual allows for individual agency in defining one’s self and their connection to the world. These acts become creators of meaning, interpreters of identities and disruptors of hierarchies. The study of ritual is inherently fraught with complexity and I do not wish to deny the depth of its multiplicity.
Iyer continues, ‘For some it connects us to an intangible sense that there is something greater than our individual self—a universe, a god, a consciousness, a mystery—that we are connected to and belong with. This includes much religious worship where there is a sense of acting in dialogue with the other. For others, it simply is an abstract act of being with one’s self meaningfully or introspectively, like drinking a glass of wine, writing in a journal, taking a walk or listening to music. Rituals like family dinners and birthday celebrations also allow us to connect to a shared sense of humanity and community’. This slippage of categorisation empowers an interplay of possibilities in a performative sphere.
The articulation of ritual through the body shifts perceptions of temporality, spatiality, identity and community. It is in this nexus that the transformative power of ritual thrives. Disrupting the concept of linear time, ritual draws upon action, repetition and continuum to affect consciousness. Ritual also reimagines the inner landscape, reconfigures the relationship to place and regenerates a safe space to create the ideal conditions for a transcendental experience. Singer and vocal artist Aarti Jadu explains that the parts of ritual that she personally finds helpful and beautiful are: its power to create integrity, allow for a space of gratitude and intent and unpack personal and universal benefit’.
The negotiation of identity and community in ritual, particularly in the Australian context, can provide an embodied understanding of dynamic racial and cultural inter-relationships, mediated through live performance and digital technologies. Poet and performance-maker Luna-Mrozik Gawler elaborates, ‘The ritual process is both collective and individual, and while there are traditions to inform them or a greater community to sometimes witness their performance, it is ultimately the individual who creates, and no person is pardoned from change.
‘The ritual occurs between a physical act, an immaterial intention and the greater unknown at which it is directed, and this is a fluid space. As needs change, so too does the ritual, which raises interesting questions when it comes to a present-day, multicultural Australia where ancient traditions exist alongside contemporary and new-age beliefs. A ritual is a repetitions process, but the consistency might arise from any one part of a practice – the physical act itself, the immaterial intention or the greater unknown it is directed toward, while the rest might be in a constant state of change’.
This flux facilitates a state of flow for the self. Punk-rock musician and sound lecturer Andrew McLaughlin describes the process of strumming the guitar, shredding the vocals and synthesising the rhymes and rhythms as a meditative act. Composer and sound artist Sudeep Lingamneni reveals that he is interested in unearthing the essence of the music, excavating the forces which work to create and produce sound and tracing the trajectory of its travel. They both concur that it is as much about what is left out as it is about what is left in. Having studied and worked side-by-side for a decade at University, they’re excited about their first collaboration and are embracing the lack of method to the madness.
In thinking through secular pursuits of ritual, Gawler finds the shamanic teachings from Australia particularly useful. She observes that the course of connecting with Mother Nature, asking the natural world for guidance, clearing spaces with smoke or sound are things that are accessible and habitual, even when she is inclined toward skepticism or secular thinking.
Ritual is not without its own problems. Some rituals can be archaic, violent and discriminatory. Others can be a rite of passage, forcefully executed and denying of agency. I remain wary of romanticising the idea of ritual as a whole without these considerations taken into account whilst I also remain fascinated by the micro-personal and macro-political reverberations of ritual.
Finality is a myth. Challenges manifest. Questions remain. Rituals evolve. Iyer echoes this internal conflict, ‘Has the ritual remained? Technically, yes. But what else has occurred to preserve that ritual in an evolving society? What impact does this have on the intention of that ritual in the first place? These conflicts have always stood out to me’.
‘Resonant Lines’ is designed to culminate in a six-way improvisation between the artists. The layering of backgrounds, disciplines and beliefs in a process of creation that is not pre-meditated is intended to highlight the subjectivity of the self to the audience, with the larger notion of understanding the self too as the audience. The spontaneity will hopefully negotiate resonances and dissonances in real-time without being able to negate the past and the future as influencers of the present moment. After all, ritual almost always entails risk.
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https://peril.com.au/topics/arts/performing-ritual/?shared=email&msg=fail
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In the Preface of Identity, Francis Fukuyama states that he would not have written this book without the election of President Donald Trump. Fukuyama examines the motivations behind this election and similar events around the world, such as Britain’s vote to leave the European Union. He argues that liberal democracy fails to adequately address the complex needs of society by examining nationalism, religion, and the democratization of dignity. The democratization of dignity entails that recognition is provided to everyone and not merely a specific class of people. The book builds on Fukuyama’s previous works and explores how differently dignity is defined and how liberal democracies fail to provide individuals the adequate means to exercise; thymos: the part of the soul that craves recognition of dignity, isothymia: the demand to be respected on an equal basis with other people, and megalothymia: the desire to be recognized as superior.1 Fukuyama explains how these motivations can overpower basic desires like food, shelter, and safety. For example, isothymia explains why individuals are willing to fight for the interests of others in their identity group. They will often defend this person regardless of their difference in wealth and power because they perceive that society disrespected this person due to their shared social distinction. Liberal democracies also need to provide structured opportunities for megalothymia, in that the free market that provides sufficient outlets for these individuals. The political combination of isothymia and megalothymia has led to individuals weaponizing identity and its emphasis on equal recognition for their gain. This demand for recognition of one’s identity is the master concept that explains the rise of megalothymia leaders who portray their success as the success of the identity of their constituents.
Overall, the book draws heavily on classical philosophers such as Martin Luther, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Immanuel Kant, and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. However, because these ideas form the foundation of his arguments, he fails to include the views of contemporary philosophers or social psychologists. He looks to directly connect classical philosophy with current events painting the process of political unrest as cyclical. There is very little consideration paid to how the human experience has evolved through national and international legal precedent. The international community has determined that specific identity-based governmental actions are no longer appropriate, i.e., forced religious conversion, genocide, identity-based deportation. For the author, our current state of identity politics seems to have created a need to reexamine the core tenants of the liberal democracy. The only reason to view identity through a historical context is to examine the philosophers of that time. He only analyzes the revolutionary aspects of identity through contemporary events. This philosopher based examination of identity is compelling; however, a more historical event-driven paradigm may have created a more convincing narrative. Through predominantly philosophy, he determines that dignity and resentment are eternal concepts throughout human history, and we can establish patterns of behavior.
Fukuyama makes a strong argument for how fostering a sense of national identity can create security, administer effective government services, facilitate economic development, promote a wide radius of trust that facilitates economic and political exchange, maintain a strong social safety net that mitigates economic equality, and bring legitimacy to the social contract of liberal democracy.2 He defines equality in the United States as both an equal negative freedom from government and positive freedom of self-government and economic exchange. National identity was responsible for facilitating the creation of social capital in the face of the shifts that were occurring during the industrial revolution. He asserts that identity is not a biological distinction, and we can universally translate lived experience into a shared experience. Fukuyama argues that diversity can not be the only basis for identity. We must instead maintain a creedal identity based on the conventional political principles of the enlightenment such as constitutionalism, the rule of law, and democratic accountability. In his view, this is the only way to unify a modern liberal democracy in a multicultural society. What he fails to acknowledge substantively is the blending of social and institutional mandates. As individuals generate social capital within a national identity, social forces can capture institutions, and this can separate identity from shared experience. As institutions formally recognize identities outside of the national identity, they officially recognize this reality through policy and strive to give all identities equal access to a shared experience. Fukuyama would have done well to address how the American creedal identity did not hold equal value within state and local institutions. This approach would have created a much more specific focus of the book and perhaps would not have done well with his global scope that centered around the parallels of identity in Europe and the United States. Nonetheless, he could have examined issues wherein the absence of the formal recognition of nonnational identities in an institution can create a vacuum in which specific identities have more informal power than others. A clear example of this is when we examine diversity issues in recruitment and retention within law enforcement due to informal identity preferences within institutions. He acknowledges that these problems need to be solved to promote a national creedal identity but downplays the role of identity within the institutions.
He explains that understanding the legacy of developing this creedal identity can not undermine our prerogative to reform and improve it within the constitutional framework. The United States constitution is amended and not replaced because the stability it provides, regardless of its legacy, needs to be maintained. To disregard it would be to be intellectually dishonest about the benefits the system has created. Fukuyama acknowledges that the recognition of past mistakes is only as vital as it is necessary to improve our creedal identity. Acknowledging past oppression is not an act to seek justice by those who perceive themselves oppressed, but instead a stick of which we can measure our national progress. In this sense, I feel that he draws on a narrative of hope as opposed to a solution of punitive measures. He theorizes that societies with greater social cohesion waste fewer resources and promoting assimilation and engaging in the politics of victimization. His positive message is that we can confront our victimhood.
We determine the social toll it takes through our perception of it. Our nation’s resources are finite to the degree that we have to choose how and when we expend political capital. Issues of identity are often incapable of being addressed in a liberal democratic framework. Fukuyama suggests that Europe must redefine national identity to a European Union universal standard that would center around liberal democratic principles. This redefinition would incorporate a union-wide transition to a jus soli citizenship. This transition would raise the standard of assimilation to obtain citizenship. This “in for a penny, in for a pound” approach to national identity is a consistent theme throughout the book, and he makes a compelling case for an institutional approach to the assimilation process.
This book offers its readers a way to further examine the role of identity in society and to shape the expectations of identity politics. It will force the reader to examine how identity has developed into our modern understanding and if society can effectively utilize these concepts to create greater social trust through national identity. Fukuyama examines how the expansion of national identity can address many of the problems we are facing. The development of national identity to increase our shared experience may limit the cultural autonomy of immigrants, but Fukuyama would attest that it would solve more problems than it creates. As national identity becomes stronger, citizens can build political coalitions based on identities of association and not of ethnic or religious identity. He theories that this is how we can reverse the weaponization of identity in a liberal democracy.
William Condon was a Supply Officer with the United States Marine Corps before starting his graduate degree in Governance and Democracy at Georgetown University in 2018. He was a member of an infantry battalion and participated in two deployments to Japan and South Korea. As a graduate student, Will has had the opportunity to attend a variety of classes on governance and corruption, specifically in Latin America. Concurrently, he has been serving in the United States Marine Corps Reserves as a Logistics Advisor with Marine Corps Advisory Company A in Anacostia, Washington DC. Will is also an assistant editor of Democracy and Society.
Endnotes
- FUKUYAMA, FRANCIS. IDENTITY: the Demand for Dignity and the Politics of Resentment. New York , NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2018. xiii
- Ibid 128-131
Bibliography
FUKUYAMA, FRANCIS. IDENTITY: the Demand for Dignity and the Politics of Resentment. New York : Farrar, Straus and Giroux , 2018.
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https://democracyandsociety.net/2019/09/23/identity-by-francis-fukuyama-book-review/
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The City is updating Ivan Forrest Garden‘s frontage along Queen Street East!
The timeline is subject to change.
Construction will start in early April. During construction, there will be no access to the park from Queen Street East. Alternative access to the park includes:
The northwest entrance from Glen Manor Drive:
The northeast entrance from Crown Park Road. This entrance is via stairs
A virtual open house was held to share the preferred concept design and invite residents to ask questions about the project.
Download the open house presentation.
The preferred concept design was developed by combining strongly supported features from each of the previously presented concept design options. Key features include:
An online survey was launched to gather additional feedback on the concept design options.
A preferred concept design is currently being developed.
A Virtual Public Meeting was held to present Concept Design options for the streetscape improvements and gather feedback from the public.
Download the:
Common features of both concepts:
Concept Design Focus:
Key Features:
Concept Design Focus:
Key Features:
An online survey was launched to collect feedback about the community’s vision and hopes for the project. In total, the survey received 306 responses.
Download the Ivan Forrest Visioning Survey Report.
The aim of this project is to revitalize the park’s frontage along Queen Street East. Improvements will primarily include upgrades to the park entrances, pathways, seating areas and planting beds in the streetscape on the southern edge of the park.
The full scope of improvements will be determined through the consultation and design development process in response to budget and site constraints, as well as functional requirements for both the park and right-of-way.
While we aim to provide fully accessible content, there is no text alternative available for some of the content on this site. If you require alternate formats or need assistance understanding our maps, drawings, or any other content, please contact Rachel Weston at 416-937-3481.
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https://www.toronto.ca/city-government/planning-development/construction-new-facilities/improvements-expansion-redevelopment/ivan-forrest-gardens-streetscape-improvements/
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Stanley Park Redevelopment Initiative
UPDATE:
The public was invited to review the preferred concept plan at a public open house on November 23, 2013 and was available on Calgary.ca. Additionally, a feedback form on the engagement process was distributed at the open house and available on-line. Generally, those who provided feedback found the engagement process very effective and appreciated the range of opportunities to review the material. View the details of the feedback survey.
The final report for the Stanley Park Redevelopment and Management Plan is currently under review prior to presentation to Council. Over the past few months, additional work was undertaken to review the Plan in conjunction with Water Resources and flood experts on recommendations for greater flood mitigation and resiliency.
The final report will be made available following Council’s review. Requests for funding will be made for the detailed design and implementation of the plan. This work will be undertaken as future projects, pending funding.
Phase 1: Start Up & Background Research, Assessment and Review (Spring 2013)
Phase 2: Strategic Framework and Future Alternatives Concept Options (Current)
Phase 3: Draft and Final Redevelopment and Management Plan (Fall 2013)
Phase 1: Start Up & Background Research, Assessment and Review (Spring 2013)
This phase of the project focussed on existing conditions of the park - what works, what doesn't work and what potential ideas and desires are possible for the park. Various methods were used to gather input from the public including; a public kick-off event, stakeholder workshops, survey questionnaire, online forum (via PlaceSpeak), and sounding boards (comment sheets) installed in the park.
Below are the summaries of feedback from this phase of the project:
- Project Kick-off Open House
- March 18 Workshop Summary
- March 23 Workshop Summary
- Sounding Board Summary - April 15, 2013
- Updated - Sounding Board Summary - May 21, 2013
Phase 2: Strategic Framework and Future Alternatives Concept Options
An overall vision, goals and guiding principles were drafted based on what we heard during the first phase of engagement. This helped guide the development of two concept design options for the park based on user input. A presentation of "What We Heard", the Draft Vision, Goals and Guiding Principles, and two Preliminary Concept Options were shared during a stakeholder and public open house held in Stanley Park on June 13 & 15, 2013. General comments were collected at these events, along with a secondary survey questionnaire handed out for participants to complete and posted online until early August. June 2013 0pen house presentation boards and Park Design Options have been posted since early June.
View the summaries of the survey results and the emerging themes of the Phase 2 Public and Stakeholder Engagement input that were received between June and early August of 2013.
Phase 3: Draft and Final Redevelopment and Management Plan (Current)
The final phase of this project will see a preferred concept plan emerge out of the input we received on the concept options. This may resemble one of the two concept options or a combination of both.
The Preferred Redevelopment and Management Plan was presented to the public on November 23 at the public open house.
Once the plans are finalized, it will be presented to Council for approval and used to request funding for future implementation.
Project Background
Stanley Park has become increasingly popular in recent years, resulting in greater demands placed on the park. The City of Calgary Parks is working towards a redevelopment plan for the park. This plan will take into consideration the increasing number of park visitors, with goals to enhance park visitors’ experience, boost the park’s environmental health, and identify much needed lifecycle upgrades and replacements.
Why prepare the plans?
Stanley Park is a popular multi-use park with a long history and a place in the hearts of the communities and users it serves. A comprehensive redevelopment plan is required to ensure all current and future activities can be balanced in a sustainable way. Evolving needs and desires for the park will be addressed by this plan. The goal is to ensure the park remains valuable for park users today and into the future.
What are the steps in the process?
The City of Calgary Parks has retained Stantec Consulting as experienced park planners and engagement specialists to assist us with this project. The planning process involves a step by step approach:
- First, community and user input, suggestions and comments are gathered. This helps to inform how people and key user groups use the space. It will also help identify areas for improvement.
- Next, information is analyzed for appropriateness, feasibility, and suitability to determine how it should be incorporated into the redevelopment plan.
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https://www.calgary.ca/csps/parks/construction/stanley-park-redevelopment.html
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Scott Carpenter Pool Replacement
This project is partially funded through the renewal of the 2017 Community, Culture and Safety (CCS) Tax.
Final Concept Plan
The final concept plan for the redevelopment of Scott Carpenter Pool incorporates community, staff and stakeholder feedback. In its entirety, the plan for the pool facility represents what is desired most by the community, user groups and stakeholders. Based upon the goals of the project and feedback from the community, the first phase will replace the existing lap pool with ten lanes, include a renovated bathhouse to support the pool, provide leisure amenities to serve all ages and abilities as well as general park improvements. Other aspects of the plan, such as the retractable roof will be considered in future phases when additional funding is identified.
The Parks and Recreation Department would like to thank everyone that participated in the planning process for this important community project. Next steps involve working with a consultant to prepare detailed engineering and construction drawings. This is expected to last for most of 2017. Redevelopment of Scott Carpenter Pool is expected to begin with the closure of the facility at the end of the 2018 season.
January 2018 Update
Staff has been working with an architecture firm to prepare construction drawings for the redevelopment of Scott Carpenter Outdoor Pool. Anticipated completion of constructions drawings is April 2018.
In November 2017, the department solicited qualifications from general contracting firms interested in performing pre-construction and construction services for the project. Pre-construction services are used for development of construction drawings by providing suggestions to the design team for cost savings and schedule efficiencies based on the proposed plans for each of the construction document submittals, detailed cost estimating, identifying obstacles and solutions to meeting an aggressive construction schedule.
Background
Located in a neighborhood park that supports a wide variety of recreation opportunities, the Scott Carpenter 50-meter outdoor pool is a unique amenity that supports many aquatic recreation needs of Boulder. Based on the recommendations of the 2015 Aquatics Feasibility Plan (AFP), the department’s Capital Investment Strategy, and what is known about the condition of the outdoor pool, staff hired a consultant team to develop a comprehensive concept design for the renovation of the facility.
The overall goal of the project is to develop a conceptual design for the pool redevelopment that meets or exceeds the needs of the community including:
- Balancing lap swimming capacity with open swim availability;
- Providing amenities that are multi-generational and multi-use;
- Providing a renovated bathhouse to support the pool use;
- Exploring partnership opportunities to leverage current funding; and
- Incorporating sustainability measures where feasible.
Planning and Community Outreach
The project began in May 2016 and a multi-disciplinary project team has been working with the consultants to develop plans. The purpose of this coordination has been to refine program elements for the Scott Carpenter Pool based on what was learned during development of the Aquatic Feasibility Plan and feedback that has been received through various community meetings and outreach events.
September 14, 2016 Public Open House
A public meeting was held on September 14 at Scott Carpenter Pool. The intent of the meeting was to gather input from the community on the importance of various pool elements, as well as, get feedback on three concept design alternatives. The meeting was attended by approximately 40 to 50 people and achieved anticipated outcomes. Feedback and comments from the meeting and survey were used to help guide the development of a preferred concept plan for the replacement of the facility.
November 2, 2016 Public Open House
A second public meeting was held on November 2, 2016. The intent of the second public meeting was to present a preferred concept plan that incorporated feedback from the previous public meeting, as well as, other targeted community outreach events. The preferred plan received a high level of support and, with minor modifications, will be used as the basis for developing the final preferred concept plan.
January 23, 2017 Parks and Recreation Advisory Board Public Hearing:
The concept plan for the redevelopment of Scott Carpenter Outdoor Pool was unanimously approved by the Parks and Recreation Advisory Board at the January 23, 2017 business meeting.
Please contact Doug Godfrey, Parks Planner at [email protected] with any questions regarding this project.
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https://bouldercolorado.gov/parks-rec/scott-carpenter-pool-replacement
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From October 1 to October 28, the City will host a variety of events and activities to share street design concepts for Duke Street and gather input. This will be the second community input phase of Duke Street In Motion, following up on last summer’s community input on the overall vision and goals for the project. Community input in October will contribute to deciding which elements to advance into further design, analysis, and additional public input as we work to develop a final design recommendation for Duke Street In Motion. This is one of 3 community meetings which will include a presentation followed by an open house component. The meeting will focus on Jordan Street – Roth Street (Segment 2), but will have information on the entire corridor.
Parking is available. Bishop Irelton is a 5 minute walk from the Duke Street and Cambridge Road DASH Route 30 and 9 minute walk from the Alexandria Commons Metrobus 28A bus stop. Parking is available on site.
To request reasonable disability accommodation, contact [email protected] or call 703.746.4084, Virginia Relay 711. Spanish interpretors will be available.
|Links:|
|Contact Person:||Jennifer Monaco|
|Contact Email:||[email protected]|
|Fees:||Free|
|Audience:||Anyone may attend|
|Tags:||Business Development, City Council Calendar, Community Meeting, Community Outreach, T&ES Events, Transportation|
For event details visit http://www.alexandriava.gov/c/49058
Maps produced by the City of Alexandria GIS & Maps division.
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http://apps.alexandriava.gov/Calendar/Detail.aspx?si=49058
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Project Status:
We are wrapping up the first stage of community engagement, in which we received input regarding the public’s experiences along the project corridor. The next step will be to summarize the comments and concerns received to develop alternative solutions. A second open house will be hosted in the summer of 2020 to discuss proposed solutions and designs with the community.
This project began in March 2019, and public engagement is underway. The first open house was hosted September 24, 2019, followed by multiple outreach efforts at the nearby schools (see below for details). An online survey was available (closed on New Year’s 2020) to the public for those who did not have a chance to attend an event. Check back for more information about the project!
Opportunities to Learn More about the Plan and to Provide Input
There will be several upcoming opportunities to provide your observations, feedback, and other information on this project. Please see the attached fliers for more information:
Thank you for attending our previous outreach events!
September 24, 2019: the City of Citrus Heights hosted an open house at Mesa Verde High School to gather community input on the Carriage Drive and Lauppe Lane Safe Schools Corridor Plan. Flyers in English, Spanish, and Russian.
November 13, 2019: the City of Citrus Heights held a pop-up event during school pick-up time at Mesa Verde to get additional input from parents, teachers, and students. Flyer - English Flyer - Spanish
December 4 & 12, 2019: The City of Citrus Heights hosted a table at Sylvan Middle School at their Parent/Teacher Conference (12/4) and Steam Night (12/12) to collect feedback from parents, students, and school staff regarding their experiences on the project segment of Auburn Boulevard and parking lot traffic. Check out the following flyers for more information: English and Spanish Version; English and Russian Version.
After feedback on the existing conditions is received from the community, the city will provide a summary of all comments. This feedback summary will be the basis for developing conceptual designs and alternatives for the project corridor. Another wave of community outreach will then be conducted to receive feedback on the proposed concepts.
Contact:
General Services Department, (916) 727-4770
Project Email: [email protected]
Page last updated January 10, 2020
Project Description:
Over the past three years, the three schools located along the Carriage Drive/Lauppe Lane corridor have experienced a 25% enrollment increase and the large majority of students arrive to school in cars. The increase in enrollment has contributed to already high peak vehicular, pedestrian, bicycle and parking demands, increased vehicular speeds, midblock and uncontrolled pedestrian crossings, and school ingress and egress concerns.
The project will evaluate the Carriage Drive and Lauppe Lane corridor and on-site school circulation to identify appropriate, cost-effective measures to mitigate deficiencies. The scope of this project includes community engagement to identify community based solutions and will tailor the ultimate design to the needs and desires of both the residential and school communities. Once complete, the Plan will be used to seek final design and construction funding.
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http://cops.citrusheights.net/944/Carriage-Dr-Lauppe-Ln-Safe-Schools-Corri
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Frisco will seek input on Nordic Center, Marina master plan at pair of events
Frisco town officials will be hosting a community conversation to gather input and feedback on trails, user groups and overall future plans for the Frisco Nordic Center on Thursday, April 5, from 5-6:30 p.m. at the Frisco Adventure Park Day Lodge, located at 621 Recreation Way. Participants will receive a beverage and light appetizers.
Next week, on Thursday, April 12, officials will host another community conversation at the day lodge to present a brief overview of the latest draft of the Marina Master Plan. The town has already gathered ideas from open houses and surveys but says there is still time for input. The event will run from 5-6:30 p.m. with a presentation at 5:30 p.m. Beverages and appetizers will be served.
Start a dialogue, stay on topic and be civil.
If you don't follow the rules, your comment may be deleted.
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https://www.summitdaily.com/news/local/frisco-will-seek-input-on-nordic-center-marina-master-plan-at-pair-of-events/
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The town of Vail is hosting a “Virtual Open House” for the West Vail Master Plan. Due to COVID-19 conditions, the open house will be entirely virtual, found at EngageVail.com.
The purpose of this open house is to hear from the public on a vision for West Vail and understand desired conditions for housing, businesses, land use and design, and transportation facilities. The virtual open house will be open for feedback through Friday, Sept. 11.
EngageVail.com will be the hub for the open house, with information about the project, timelines, an existing conditions analysis and a survey. This 5- to 10-minute survey will ask about a vision for West Vail, concerns, and dive into the plan topics with other questions including desired business types and design character for both housing and commercial properties. Map-based questions will ask about walking and biking around West Vail. Residents, property owners, employees, guests and anyone else interested in the future of West Vail are encouraged to participate.
The town will host a live online open house event at 6 p.m. Thursday, Sept. 10. This event will combine a presentation with real-time polling and an opportunity to ask questions and provide comments. Additional information will be provided at EngageVail.com.
The intent of the West Vail Master Plan is to re-envision planning, zoning and design options as well as transportation infrastructure, housing and economic development for the West Vail area. The planning process is expected to take between 12 and 18 months, with adoption by the Town Council in the spring/summer of 2021.
Over the past few months, the planning team has been meeting with the advisory committee, convening focus groups and analyzing the existing conditions in West Vail. To read the land use and design, economics and housing, and transportation and mobility analyses, see EngageVail.com.
The town of Vail is committed to working with the community in innovative and interactive ways to encourage participation across the community. For more information, call Vail Community Development Department Director Matt Gennett, 970-479-2146 or email [email protected].
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https://www.vaildaily.com/news/west-vail-master-plan-process-includes-virtual-open-house/
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City of Hoboken announces:
PUBLIC INVITED TO REVIEW PRELIMINARY DESIGN CONCEPTS FOR 1600 PARK & HOBOKEN COVE
The City has commissioned the professional landscape architect Imbiano Quigley (IQ) to design the parks at 1600 Park and Hoboken Cove. Based on input from two earlier community meetings, IQ has developed four preliminary conceptual designs for the parks. Residents can view the four designs at http://www.hobokennj.org/1600park.
The design concepts are also on display in the lobby of City Hall through early January, alongside the design ideas of a studio class of graduate students in the Landscape Architecture program at City College in New York.
The concepts demonstrate a variety of active and passive park features. As residents review these designs, they are asked to consider mixing and matching elements from the various concepts, as opposed to choosing one concept over another. This is an opportunity for the community to think broadly about which elements will make for the best park to meet the present and future needs of this area and Hoboken as a whole.
The public can submit feedback on the preliminary design concepts by emailing [email protected] or through the comment box in the lobby of City Hall. City Hall is typically open Monday through Friday, 9:00 am – 4:00pm but will be closed on Friday, December 23rd and Monday, December 26th.
A final conceptual plan, which may incorporate features from various preliminary concepts, will be developed and presented for additional feedback at a public meeting to be held in late January. The time and location for the meeting will be announced at later date.
Get the latest Hoboken news:
Talking Ed Note: MSV has included several of the four designs available at the link above. The public will have input on any mix for the final design approved.
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https://hobokenhorse.com/city-of-hoboken-announces-public-2/
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By: Von Jeppesen
In early December 2013, the Town of Oakville launched their Downtown Plan at the Oakville Centre for the Performing Arts. The launch was moderated by Oakville Mayor Rob Burton and included an expert guest panel of urban design and community development professionals.
Over the next sixth months, the Town will be conducting extensive community engagement to gather feedback on how to build a community that embraces culture and supports beautiful streets which will strengthen the vision of “being the most livable town in Canada.”
The Downtown Plan will be comprised of two studies – the Downtown Cultural Hub and the Downtown Transportation and Streetscape.
The Downtown Cultural Hub Study
The Downtown Cultural Hub Study will explore opportunities to create a downtown cultural and performing arts space including: a performing arts centre, art gallery, library, outdoor program space, and digital space that will become the cultural, social, and economic heart of our community.
The Downtown Transportation and Streetscape Study
The Downtown Transportation and Streetscape Study will improve downtown streets, pedestrian and cycle ways, and the Towne Square by introducing a cohesive look and feel, while increasing connectivity, mobility and accessibility.
Timetable and Feedback
The Town plans to gather feedback from the public over the next sixth months with community open houses/workshops, stakeholder sessions, surveys, online discussion forms and more.
This will be followed up with an initial proposal from the Town and additional open houses/workshops/consultations until a final plan is completed near the end of 2014. As Canada’s 150th birthday approaches in 2017, the Town plans to apply for provincial and federal grants that may be available to help fund aspects of the plan.
The next Downtown Plan open house and workshop will be held on January 30, 2014 at 7:00 p.m. at Town Hall, 1225 Trafalgar Road.
For more information, please visit the Town’s Downtown Plan web page.
Please stay tuned as the Board and Town of Oakville plan to hold an exclusive stakeholder session with our Members in early 2014. We hope you’ll consider participating in this exciting vision that will shape Oakville’s downtown core for years to come.
Thanks for stopping by!
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http://www.century21.ca/steve.pacheco/Blog/The_Downtown_Plan
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Updated: November 9, 2018
A public open house will be held on December 10, 2018 from 6:30 p.m. to 9:00 p.m. in the Dalhousie Student Union Building Council Chambers (2nd floor), 6136 University Ave, Halifax, NS, The public is invited to review park concepts and to provide feedback on design and layout options.
Requests for additional project information and questions can be directed to Stephen Cushing, Landscape Architect- Parks and Recreation, [email protected], 902-292-1565
Background
This fall, as part of our business plan, Parks and Recreation is looking to surrounding residents and users of Gorsebrook Park to share their vision for how Gorsebrook Park can be made more comfortable and functional. We want to understand the park issues and opportunities as you see them.
At 7.6 ha (19 acres), Gorsebrook Park is classified as a District Park. Identified in the Regional Plan, District Parks serve the recreation needs of several communities offering a range of recreational uses, including, walking and cycling trails, sports fields, picnic areas, play facilities for children, and areas for passive recreation uses that are left in a predominantly natural state. In its current state, Gorsebrook Park, including school lands, houses several recreational facilities, including two ball diamonds, a sports field, three tennis courts, three basketball courts, a ball hockey/box lacrosse court, an accessible playground, and a community garden.
In 2015, Councillor Waye Mason hosted a community meeting to discuss core community park values and future wants and needs for Gorsebrook Park. Present at this event were local sport groups, park users, the local community association, adjacent school communities, and surrounding residents. Important park values identified by the community at this meeting include,
- Multi-use, multi-purpose spaces;
- Safe and accessible spaces;
- Park circulation and connections;
- Park sustainability;
- Multi-season use;
- Inclusion and involvement of community;
- Park aesthetics.
The objective of this park planning project is to confirm future park upgrades that are consistent with community input and that can be phased in over time.
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https://www.halifax.ca/recreation/parks-trails-gardens/park-planning-projects/gorsebrook-park
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Have your say on the draft concept design
We have developed a draft concept design based on your feedback from our initial consultation in November 2022.
We want to ensure we have this right!
Your feedback will again help us ensure the final concept design reflects community needs and the overall project vision.
To share your feedback:
- Complete the online survey
- Attend the draft design in-person drop in session (details below)
- Post a written response (no stamp required) marked ‘Knox Skate & BMX Park Extension’ to:
- Open Space, Knox City Council, Reply Paid 70243, Wantirna South VIC 3152
Feedback submissions will close Friday 26 February 2023.
Drop In Session
Saturday 18 February 2023 04:00 pm – 06:30 pm
Draft Design Drop In Session
At the Knox Twilight Skate & BMX Park Competition held at the Youth Pavilion at Gilbert Park, Knoxfield
Timeline
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Timeline item 1 - complete
Gather idaes
Let us know what you would like to see in the proposed extension
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Timeline item 2 - complete
Form the concept
We collate your ideas and perpare a concept
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Timeline item 3 - active
Have your say on the concept
Comment on the concept, prioritise your ideas and fill in the gaps
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Timeline item 4 - incomplete
Prepare final design and documentation
Based on your feedback, we will refine some elements before preparing the final plans
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Timeline item 5 - incomplete
Tender for a contractor
Council will tender for a contractor to build the pproposed extnsion
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Timeline item 6 - incomplete
Construction
We will bring your vision to life
Previous engagement
Contact Us
Have questions or want to learn more about a project, contact us below:
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https://haveyoursay.knox.vic.gov.au/gilbert-park
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As a utility, meeting the energy needs of our customers is what FortisBC does every day.
That’s why when our customer Woodfibre LNG asked us if we could deliver natural gas to them, we began to explore how and proposed the Eagle Mountain – Woodfibre Gas Pipeline (EGP) Project. And we also started talking with the community right away.
The proposed Eagle Mountain Gas Pipeline will expand a portion of our existing natural gas transmission system, which was built in 1990 to serve Squamish, the Sunshine Coast and Vancouver Island.
It involves adding about 47 kilometres of new pipe, beginning north of the Coquitlam watershed and ending at the proposed Woodfibre industrial site.
For each of our projects, we are always seeking out ways to create local jobs, opportunities for aboriginal communities and other economic benefits. Those interested in providing goods or services can complete the Contractors and Vendors form.
Since 1990 FortisBC has had a pipeline running through and providing gas to Squamish.
Our investment in this pipeline helps to keep natural gas delivery rates stable for all customers.
Generally, the pipeline expansion will follow the existing gas pipeline route because it’s the most environmentally sound option and limits new disturbances to the environment.
In some cases, following the existing route entirely will not be possible. We will always try to minimize impact and respond to feedback.
The decision on the route isn’t final – we are continuing to engage with stakeholders, communities and First Nations to refine the route so that it works for as many groups as possible, while also being safe and efficient.
Watch a visualization of the proposed pipeline route.
Compressor stations help us maintain the flow of gas through our system and to our customers’ homes and businesses. To provide service to Woodfibre LNG, we asked for feedback from the public and Squamish Nation during the environmental assessment processes, and as a result of the comments received, made significant changes to our project design to address safety and environmental concerns from First Nations communities. We’ll continue to listen and respond as we move forward.
We have proposed to build new electric powered compressor units at our Eagle Mountain compressor station in Coquitlam. We’ve also proposed to build a new natural gas powered compression station outside Squamish, near the base of Mount Mulligan.
The proposed Mount Mulligan compressor facility will help keep the gas moving through our existing system as it makes its way to our existing customers in Squamish, Whistler, the Sunshine Coast and Vancouver Island.
Have questions about the Mount Mulligan compressor station option? Watch our quick video to learn about our approach to safety, the environment and compressor station noise.
For more than five years, we’ve been meeting with local residents, community groups, First Nations, stakeholders, local government and the regulators to gather and incorporate feedback into our environmental assessment application.
On June 24, 2016, Squamish Nation Chiefs and Council voted to approve the project.
On August 9, 2016, the provincial government issued an Environmental Assessment Certificate for the project.
Our focus now will be to incorporate the conditions as we continue our detailed design of the project. We will also continue engaging with Indigenous groups, local stakeholders and the community as we move forward with the next phase of planning and permitting.
We’ve conducted hundreds of environmental studies in the Squamish area to ensure we’re proposing the safest, most environmentally responsible project plan.
The 673-hectare Skwelwil’em Squamish Estuary Wildlife Management Area (WMA) plays an important ecological role and serves as habitat for wildlife.
Our existing system has been operating underneath the WMA since 1991 safely and without incident. To access the Woodfibre LNG site, a segment of the proposed expanded pipeline section needs to be installed underneath the WMA.
We are committed to operating responsibly and mitigating potential environmental impacts.
We would install a pipeline about 50 to 70 metres below the surface of the WMA using a trenchless method called horizontal directional drilling, with the exit point as close to the Monmouth Ridge as possible.
If this option is used, surface impacts in the WMA will be minimized as much as possible. There will be some short-term construction impacts at the exit point, within the WMA. A barge landing site will also be built in the WMA to allow for the transportation of materials and workers.
FortisBC has also proposed an additional option, in response to public and First Nations input.
Build an underground tunnel about 30 metres below the surface of the WMA. The new sections of pipeline will be installed within the tunnel.
Continue the trenchless construction through the Monmouth Ridge Mountain. The exit point won’t be visible from Squamish.
This construction technique is similar to what was used to build the new Port Mann water main deep below the Fraser River.
If Option #2 is used, temporary workspace, roads and barge landing sites in the estuary won’t be required. Some additional geotechnical testing will be required near the exit point. We will completely avoid surface disruptions in the WMA.
Everyone who visits Squamish immediately appreciates the natural beauty of the area. FortisBC has taken this into consideration by planning safe methods of construction to minimize disruption to birds and wildlife. This project is about making our community stronger and sustainable – both environmentally and economically.
The Squamish Nation’s decision to approve the economic agreement is a significant and positive milestone for FortisBC’s Eagle Mountain to Woodfibre Gas Pipeline project. This approval has been issued as part of the Squamish Nation’s environmental approval process and FortisBC is proud to be a part of this negotiation, which is the first of its kind in Canada.
As part of its agreement with Squamish Nation, FortisBC is committed to delivering comprehensive economic benefits, including employment and training opportunities. In addition, we will be undertaking studies around improvements to energy efficiency and infrastructure location.
We’re proud to be part of the Squamish community and we want to meet our neighbours. Join us for a free game of mini golf, a BBQ lunch, fun prizes and giveaways.
While our current phase of planning work is ongoing, we have reduced our presence and community office hours at our location on Cleveland Avenue. We value the feedback we receive from local stakeholders and residents, and we will be available by scheduling an appointment in advance. Contact us at [email protected].
FortisBC and Woodfibre LNG celebrated the reopening of our Squamish Community Office on June 14. The event celebrated the continued support we have received from the local community, and will be open from Wednesday to Friday from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m.
(L to R) Art Kanzaki, FortisBC’s Project Director, Eagle Mountain – Woodfibre Gas Pipeline; Cynthia Des Brisay, FortisBC’s Vice President of Midstream Services & Resource Development and Elliot Moses, FortisBC ‘s Community & Indigenous Relations Manager attended the reopening of the Squamish Community Office.
Viviana, our community relations manager, addresses some of the geotechnical work that took place during the fall of 2016, about halfway between the Woodfibre LNG site and the Squamish Estuary. She summarizes the steps we took in advance of the clearing work that took place, as well as the steps we took to mitigate our impact to that area.
Spit Road re-opens to pedestrian and vehicle traffic now that FortisBC crews have completed geotechnical investigations along the Squamish dike.
The subsurface data collected over the past several weeks will help us properly manage tunnel construction underneath the Skwelwilem Squamish Estuary Wildlife Management area for the Eagle Mountain to Woodfibre Pipeline Project. Work was suspended when crews encountered a pocket of naturally occurring gases, and notified safety and regulatory authorities.
We appreciate the public's patience.
Woodfibre LNG Limited announce that they have secured approval to move forward with their LNG export facility, to be located near Squamish, BC.
This is a positive step for FortisBC's Eagle Mountain to Woodfibre Gas Pipeline project. We will continue to work on design and permitting of the pipeline to serve Woodfibre's facility.
FortisBC's proposed Eagle Mountain to Woodfibre Gas Pipeline project is a 47-kilometre expansion to our existing Vancouver Island natural gas transmission system to deliver gas to the Woodfibre LNG facility in Squamish. Earlier this year the Eagle Mountain Gas Pipeline project received environmental approval from the Squamish First Nation and an Environmental Assessment Certificate from the provincial government.
We will continue our discussions with Indigenous groups, stakeholders, and the public as the project moves forward.
The safety of our employees and the public, and the security of our assets is FortisBC's number one priority.
In the early hours of Thursday morning, November 3rd, a small fire was intentionally set at our Community Office in Squamish. Thankfully, there were no injuries as a result of this incident. We are supporting Squamish Fire Rescue and Squamish RCMP as they continue their investigation.
Our Community Office has been a place of peaceful and constructive dialogue for more than two years. We know that this incident is not representative of the community of Squamish.
We are grateful to Squamish Fire Rescue and Squamish RCMP or their quick response to this incident.
The provincial government grants the Eagle Mountain-Woodfibre Gas Pipeline project with environmental assessment approval. Read the official release.
Squamish Nation Chiefs and Council vote to approve an Environmental Assessment Agreement for the proposed Eagle Mountain – Woodfibre Gas Pipeline Project and issue an Environmental Certificate to FortisBC. Read the news release.
FortisBC representatives host an open house in Squamish to support the Environmental Assessment Office public comment period.
A public comment period for our addenda on our final report takes place from September 24 to October 15, 2015. Comments helped the BC Environmental Assessment Office ensure that all environmental, economic, social, heritage and health concerns related to our proposed addenda have been part of the assessment process.
Squamish Nation Council outlines a series of environmental conditions as a result of its review, and we revise our plans to address their conditions.
View the materials from the open house hosted by the District of Squamish.
FortisBC representatives host an open house in Coquitlam to support the Environmental Assessment Office public comment period.
FortisBC representatives host an open house in Gibsons to discuss the project and answer questions.
FortisBC representatives host an initial open house in Coquitlam to discuss the project and answer questions.
FortisBC representatives host an initial open house in Squamish to discuss the project and answer questions.
Enter your email below to get the latest news and alerts regarding this project.
We believe in supporting organizations that help build safe and caring communities within our service areas.
In June 2018, we sponsored a free mini-golf and barbecue event at the WhistlePunk Hollow Adventure RV Park for the community of Squamish. More than 100 people visited our booth and learned more about our natural gas services and our project in the area. Check out the event.
In October, our Squamish community office participated in the fourth annual province-wide Turn Down the Heat Week campaign, sponsored by the Business Improvement Areas of BC, the Downtown Squamish Business Improvement Association (BIA) and FortisBC. Read more.
At FortisBC, we serve more than 135 communities across the province. Giving back to the communities where our 2,200 employees live and work is an important part of our efforts to create a sustainable future for British Columbians.
We’ve been a part of the Squamish community for more than 25 years. And we take our role as a good corporate citizen very seriously. The local recipients of our community investment grants include a wide-range of organizations that are working hard to make Squamish and the Sea-to-Sky region a better place to live. Read more.
The Squamish Day Loggers Sports Festival celebrates the connection between Squamish and local industry. Bryan Couture is the president of the Squamish Loggers Sports Association, and we spoke with him about the importance of the event to the community and how industry growth can benefit Squamish. Read the interview.
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https://talkingenergy.ca/project/eagle-mountain-woodfibre-gas-pipeline-project
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Mount Holly, NC – A group of dedicated individuals including City employees, community members, and members of the Kimley-Horn planning and design engineering consulting team have been working on a project called Bike Mount Holly. This Comprehensive Bicycle Plan has been assessing current bicycle conditions, identifying on-going needs, and recommending ways to make it safer and easier to bike in Mount Holly.
This community-driven planning process included three key phases: Visioning and Needs, Analysis and Recommendations, and Documentation and Adoption. The Plan has been using existing data and public input to help build the foundation for coordinated recommendations. The Mount Holly Comprehensive Bicycle Plan will provide the community a blueprint for creating a "bike"able community for everyone in Mount Holly.
This process will conclude with an open house on Thursday, April 18, 2019 at the Mount Holly Municipal Complex. The goal of this event is to walk the community through the various stages of the Bike Mount Holly plan. The interactive stations, provided for use by the attendees, are organized accordingly.
Attendees will visit stations to learn more about the process, engagement results, recommendations, and priorities. Materials displayed at the previous meetings will also be available.
The open house will serve the following purposes:
Educate participants on the planning process, including how community participation has been reflected in the plan.
Introduce the plan's recommendations and orient attendees on how the plan will be communicated.
Create informed consent among the community as it relates to the plan, and gather feedback on communication of the final plan.
The open house will be held on Thursday, April 18 from 5:00 PM - 7:00 PM in the Grand Hall of the Mount Holly Municipal Complex located at 400 E. Central Avenue, Mount Holly, NC 28120. This is a family-friendly event open to the public.
For more information, please visit www.bikemountholly.com or contact Brian DuPont, Assistant Planning Director at (704) 951-3009 or [email protected].
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https://mtholly.us/event.php?Bike-Mount-Holly-Open-House-254
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Draft Plan Update
Staff are currently working to complete the Draft Plan based on community feedback and Council direction on August 22, 2022.
Once the revised Draft Plan has been prepared, the updated version and a full account of changes will be posted on the website.
Sign up for notifications and opportunities for additional feedback.
SEE the Draft Plan and Design Guidelines:
We are currently in Phase 4: Draft Plan Review
This phase included both in-person and on-line open house events and community surveys to gather feedback on the Draft Plan. As part of this phase, community stakeholder groups and council advisory committees were also consulted. As part of the review process, also included public engagement on additional housing options to further address emerging housing needs.
- June 11 to August 22, 2022; Housing Option Engagement Planning Process. This included an in-person community workshop involving 120 people in small group discussion, and two follow-up events on-line (220 participants) and a feedback community survey that included 874 submissions.
- December 2021 to March 2022; Consultation with community stakeholder groups which included the Cadboro Bay Residents Association, Cadboro Bay Village BIA. Urban Development Institude and Council Advisory Committees.
- Public Engagement & Survey Report.
- November 13, 2021 to January 10, 2022; Community Survey.
- November 13-25, 2021; Four Public Open House events included information displays with highlights from the Draft Plan. The same information is included in the Virtual Open House here.
- October 27, 2021; Draft Plan and Design Guidelines.
Phase 3 - Plan Development:
- May 17, 2019; Phase 3: Public Engagement Summary Report. See all the input received at the design charrettes and workshops. This information is used to inform the draft plan development in Phase 4.
- February 26, 2019; Community Workshop 3: Transportation brought together 45 community members and stakeholders. This included people from all areas of Cadboro Bay, seniors and youth working side-by-side exploring ideas and priorities for Sinclair Road and Cadboro Bay Road. Looking at neighbourhood connections and mobility improvements. View the workshop open house display boards and the opening presentation by Saanich Engineering and BC Transit.
- January 26, 2019; Community Workshop 2: Natural Areas and Community Amenities engaged over 50 community members together with staff in a conversation that explored natural areas, the shoreline and recreation networks. See the open house display boards and introduction presentation slides.
- November 27 & 28, 2018; Community Workshop 1: Housing and Land Use involved 155 community members exploring housing and land use in village edges, the broader neighborhood, Queenswood and Ten Mile Point areas. See the opening presentation, the open house displays and the workshop results presentation.
- July to November 2018; Village storefront Gallery Display showcasing concept ideas emerging from the Village Design Charette. This allowed the broader community to view the work-in-progress.
- June 19 & 20, 2018; the Cadboro Bay Village Design Charrette took place involving 184 community participants in sharing ideas and developing concepts for the future of Cadboro Bay Village. View the Charrette Final Presentation and the Village Design Charrette Video here.
Phase 2 - Community Visioning:
- November 5, 2018; Phase 2: Public Engagement Summary Report. See the community visioning survey results and open house comments received. This information is used to inform the planning process and upcoming workshops.
- May 12 - June 10, 2018; the Community Visioning Survey took place. 203 individuals completed the survey on-line and paper copy.
- May 12 & 14, 2018; the Community Visioning Open Houses were successfully completed.
- May 7, 2018; Saanich Talks Speakers Series # 2 Our Community in a Changing Climate looked at sustainable consumption, sea level rise, coastal impacts, biodiversity and climate change.
- March 21, 2018; Saanich Talks Speaker Series #1 Building Neighbourhoods for the Future marked the project kick-off event.
Phase 1 - Project Initiation:
- February, 2018; the Project Advisory Committee was formed. The Community Engagement Strategy was developed in collaboration with the Project Advisory Committee.
- December 2017 - February 2018; Initial consultation with community stakeholders, the Cadboro Bay Residents Association and the Cadboro Bay Business Association.
- November 28, 2017; council approved a project Terms of Reference for the Cadboro Bay Local Area Plan update.
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https://www.saanich.ca/EN/main/community/community-planning/local-area-plans/local-area-plan-updates/cadboro-bay-local-area-plan-update/where-we-are-in-the-process.html
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Due to open in late 2021, the new Town Basin Park will provide an important link between Whangārei’s waterfront, the Huarahi o te Whai Hātea Loop Walkway and the central city area.
The $6.6 million project will transform the waterfront site next to the Victoria Canopy Bridge into a new, fun and versatile space with:
Construction began in October 2020 and will be complete in time for the opening of the neighbouring Hundertwasser Art Centre (HAC) with Wairau Māori Art Gallery.
The final design of the park brings together public feedback, with three top-rated features being viewing terraces, a large lawn, and a water feature. The final design features an amphitheatre to hold community concerts, markets and events, a great lawn for people to gather and relax, terraced waterfront seating, trees for shade and illuminated water jets for park users to splash around in during summer.
The park is being built on land rich in Māori and European history and these cultural narratives are woven into the new park’s design.
The Hātea Loop, which borders the new park will remain open during construction of the new park.
The name of the new park being developed at the Town Basin should show the significance of its site in the past, in the present and in the future, according to people in charge of the project.
Work behind the scenes on a project converting what was a major intersection, then became a temporary parking area, has included historical, archaeological and cultural conversations and reports about its significance.
Discussions with representatives of the hapu of the area, Te Parawhau and Ngati Kahu o Torongare, have covered its history and use in its earliest times, then history was gathered relating to European settlement and more recent times. These discussions included its complicated history of mana whenua and ownership through various reclamations, river diversions and land acquisition by different parties.
A process has been developed to ensure all these factors are taken into consideration when a final name for the park is decided.
The public was invited to put forward naming ideas for the park, along with explanations of the reasons behind the suggestions, and how they reflect the significance of the area. Call for suggestions closed on 17 March 2021.
Representatives from the Tangata Whenua of the area, and members of the project team will consider all the proposals and create a shortlist of five suitable names, along with explanations of their relevance.
A final name will be selected by Whangarei Mayor Sheryl Mai and all Councillors, who will each rank each name according to preference.
Infrastructure Planning and Capital Works Department Manager Shelley Wharton says the new park site has a rich Māori and European history which should provide plenty of inspiration when it comes to selecting a name.
“As part of the design stage of the park we conducted background research on the history of the site which unearthed some interesting findings. Geometria, a heritage management consultancy, prepared a history and archaeology review of the site. Matakohe Architecture + Urbanism prepared a cultural narrative report after researching written and oral historical stories relevant to the site and wider landscape. Following on from this we held several workshops with hapu members from Te Parawhau and Ngati Kahu o Torongare which provided opportunities to incorporate cultural narratives into the overall design.”
Mrs Wharton says this history is referenced in four key themes within the new park’s design:
“We have woven references to these themes into the design of the park through several different approaches,” Mrs Wharton said.
“They include a diagonal path to connect the Riverside/Dent/Hātea Drive pedestrian intersection to the Town Basin, and using paving patterns to echo the Hātea River, Waiarohia Stream and Raumanga Stream which all flow into the Whangarei Harbour. We will be including a kotuku in the design of the balance park, and curved corten steel panels will echo the shape of the kotuku’s neck.”
Whangārei’s new Town Basin Park will feature a curved amphitheatre and a great lawn perfect for hosting community events.
Having an area to host events, as well as lots of green space were two of the most requested items during public consultation on the park’s design.
The amphitheatre and great lawn at the new Town Basin Park will be flexible spaces that can be used for events such as the Matariki Festival, outdoor cinema, artisan and food markets.
When they are not being used for events the public will be able to enjoy using the spaces for passive recreation, like picnics, catching up with friends and family, and relaxing.
Park lighting will make it possible to host night time events and will also help create a vibrant night time atmosphere within the central city.
Careful thought has gone into the design of the park to ensure safety and accessibility for park users of all ages and abilities.
The amphitheatre and planting behind it will provide a visual and physical barrier to Riverside Drive, while the play space has been located next to the great lawn, allowing children to move safely between the two areas.
Another important consideration was designing the paths to guide the public to use designated pedestrian crossings.
New public toilets are also being installed in the event space and will provide more facilities for park users, visitors to the Town Basin and people using the Hatea Loop.
An interactive water feature at Whangarei’s new Town Basin Park will be enjoyed by all ages.
Children will be able to play in the streams of water on hot days while LED lights will provide colourful night time displays.
Water features like the one that will be installed at the Town Basin Park have proved to be popular and fun park additions in other places around New Zealand and the world.
The water feature will be located in the centre of the park so it is visible from all pedestrian entrances – drawing visitors in.
It includes 19 water jets, each with LED lighting, that can be programmed with varying sequences and colour displays.
The water is recycled and treated to enable use all year round, especially during long, hot, dry periods when there can be water restrictions. Water will be continuously treated to a high standard to ensure it is safe for play.
During events the water jets can be turned off so the area becomes a large flat paved plaza.
Children will be able to bounce, jump and balance their way around the unique play space planned for the new Town Basin Park.
Designed by NZ firm Numat, the small play space features colourful rubber mounds, spinning balls, two small in-ground trampolines and a low tightrope.
Shade will be provided by a patterned timber structure designed by local firms Main 4 Architects and RS Engineering that can be covered with canvas for extra sun protection during summer.
The play space is positioned between the water feature and great lawn to allow children to transition between each area safely.
It will complement the upgraded Town Basin Playground which reopened in February 2021 with massive improvements.
There is also a new large destination playground planned for Pohe Island.
The new Town Basin Park will include unique landscaped terraces, lawns, seating and lots of other comfortable places to sit and enjoy the close connection to the waterfront and views to the marina and Parihaka.
Lawn terraces will lead visitors from the central plaza down to the upgraded timber boardwalk at the river’s edge. There will also be a variety of seating options for both individuals and groups.
While the amphitheatre terraces and Great Lawn will provide spaces and seating to gather for food markets, outdoor concerts and cinemas, there will also be more intimate spots on the waterfront for individuals or smaller groups to enjoy a quiet lunch or social interaction.
These compact landscaped and grassed areas will provide extra spaces for people to relax and listen to musicians, or observe wildlife and other activities on the water.
Cnr Dent Street & Riverside Drive, 0110 View Map
Cnr Dent Street & Riverside Drive ,
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https://www.wdc.govt.nz/Council/Projects/New-Town-Basin-Park
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DOT To Hold Open House On Onondaga Lake Parkway Safety
Town of Salina , N.Y. - Well many have asked what to do, to stop trucks from slamming into the railroad bridge on Onondaga Lake Parkway, the DOT wants to share some suggestions.
New York State's Department of Transportation will host an open house this Thursday on Onondaga Lake Parkway safety improvements.
The DOT will present a variety of preliminary design concepts. Project drawings will be available for review and DOT representatives will be available to answer questions.
Preliminary design concepts that will be presented include: reducing Onondaga Lake Parkway by one lane in each direction for a portion of the Parkway, creating a raised median or placing a barrier in the median along the Parkway, reducing the speed limit, replacing the over-height vehicle detection system, and improving signage.
The community open house event is from 5:30 to 7:30 p.m. with a presentation at 6, its taking place at the Chestnut Hill Middle School, 204 Saslon Park Drive, Liverpool.
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https://wsyr.iheart.com/content/2019-11-12-dot-to-hold-open-house-on-onondaga-lake-parkway-safety/
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Public Open House for the Bondurant Comprehensive Plan
The Bondurant Comprehensive Plan Advisory Committee, along with the consultant company Confluence, has been working on the updated comprehensive plan for Bondurant since July of 2021. A comprehensive plan is a long-range plan that covers a wide range of community topics, including land use, parks and recreation, natural resources, economic development, housing, community character, transportation, and infrastructure.
Public engagement has been a key component of a comprehensive plan update process thus far and will continue to be through the upcoming adoption process. Throughout Bondurant’s comprehensive planning process, the public has been invited to engage and provide feedback in a variety of ways, including public workshops, stakeholder meetings, event booths, a box city event, and an interactive engagement website. It is now time for another public open house to gather additional public feedback on the plan’s draft chapters.
The public open house will be hosted on Wednesday, June 22 from 4:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m. at the Bondurant Community Library located at 104 2nd St NE. The public is invited to stop by anytime during the open house.
Bondurant’s comprehensive plan will be called the Building Bondurant Comprehensive Plan. This document will lead the development of Bondurant through 2050. Find more details at https://buildingbondurant.com/ - while accessing the website sign up to receive e-mails about upcoming events.
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https://www.cityofbondurant.com/home/events/58571
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Today, the City will post the staff report for the April 10 Planning and Design Commission (PDC) meeting on the Entertainment and Sports Center project (ESC). This is anticipated to be the last of eight hearings by the PDC on the ESC project. The PDC will forward its final recommendations to the City Council at this meeting. The ESC project is scheduled for City Council consideration on May 13.
The City’s Planning and Design Commission will make recommendations to the City Council on a host of planning and design issues related to the ESC, public plaza, digital billboard program, and the planning approvals for up to 1.5 million square feet in new mixed use development contemplated in the area surrounding the ESC.
The April 10 meeting is the latest milestone in a six-month public input process facilitated by the City, Kings and PDC to ensure strong public oversight, feedback and engagement on ESC planning and design issues. Ideas gathered from the public have been incorporated into the design of the ESC, the public plaza and the surrounding development area.
Notable items in the staff report include:
- Arena design. Groundbreaking design concepts that provide for a state-of-the-art, environmentally friendly facility to serve the region’s entertainment, sporting and family event needs.
- Plaza development. As part of the ESC Project, the Kings have worked with the City, and with the community to develop a landmark open space plaza that will serve as a central gathering place that, like the ESC, celebrates the best of Sacramento and the region.
- L Street activation. A key priority has been to ensure that the ESC design maximizes its potential impact to activate the surrounding downtown area, particularly on the L Street side of the project. The report details several measures planned to maximize this activation.
- Bicycle facilities. As part of an overall plan to promote use of alternative modes of transportation, the ESC Project will include 126 short- and long-term bike parking spaces; a bike valet program to accommodate spikes in bicycle usage; and identification of several locations to accommodate future bike-share programs anticipated by the City.
The Kings and City will incorporate any feedback and recommendations from the PDC into final materials that will be prepared for final Council action and public review on Tuesday May 13.
Upcoming important dates:
- April 22, 2014 – City Staff to provide an update to Sacramento City Council on project approval timeline, agreements and financing plan.
- May 13, 2014 – City Staff will present the Entertainment and Sports Center project to Sacramento City Council for final approval. Definitive agreements, Final Environmental Impact Report, Financing Plan, Entitlements and Digital Billboard Ordinance will be posted online for the public to review well in advance of the May 13 Council meeting. A media release will be distributed when those documents are available.
Additional information about the project, including background reports, development application and timeline can be found on the ESC website.
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https://sacramentocityexpress.com/2014/04/04/entertainment-and-sports-center-project-will-be-heard-at-planning-commission-on-april-10/
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The City of West Hollywood has several parks and a swimming pool. West Hollywood and Plummer Park facilities are available for recreational events, community meetings, and sports activities. Kings Road Park is reservable for community events Monday through Saturday on a limited basis. No bookings are accepted for Sundays. All park facilities are open seven days a week, with the exceptions of holidays. Call the park offices for details.
- Park Rules [PDF]
William S. Hart Park & Off-Leash Dog Park
Amenities:
- Address:8341 De Longpre Avenue
West Hollywood, CA 90069
- Phone:(323) 848-6308
- Capacity:N/A
- Parks
- Address:8341 De Longpre Avenue
Park Hours: 6:00 am - Midnight
City of West Hollywood Hart Park Site Improvement Project
Public Park
Hart Park is a Local Cultural Resource of the City of West Hollywood in the County of Los Angeles. The grounds offer wonderful outdoor amenities to the public including an AIDS Memorial, off-leash fenced-in dog park area, picnic tables and beautiful landscaping. A portion of the building is used as a theatrical center by The Actors Studio.
Project Scope
This conceptual phase of design will involve community input events to obtain feedback on desires and concerns for the park improvements. These events will be followed up with community presentations to graphically demonstrate what the improvements will look like and engage community participation to arrive at a final agreed upon design concept.
The primary focus of the improvements is to provide access to the park for all park patrons by upgrading existing parking and ramp locations, improving the dog park surface and amenities, and enhancing security features including lighting.
Improvements and upgrades to the existing buildings will be performed in a separate phase of work.
Local Cultural Resource
The structure is a two level, L-shaped house with a wood shingle exterior and gable roof. The “L” shape is open to the southeast and a square brick chimney projects from the roof on the northern side.
The entrance to the house, on the south facade facing DeLongpre Avenue, is a plain wood paneled door with a Classical plain wood paneled door with a Classical wooden pediment and surrounding molding. Fenestrations include French doors, paired casements and six over six double sash windows. The windows have molded wood lugsills and the French doors have heavy wood lintels. Second floor windows break the cornice line and punctuate the roof with shed roofed dormers. The eastern façade features a stone column and wood trellis. There is a one story detached wooden structure at the rear of the property.
Pop-Up Events
FEBRUARY 20, 2020
City of West Hollywood staff from the Urban Design And Architecture Studio and Facilities and Recreation Services along with landscape architects from MIG presented community opinion results to the public on Thursday, February 20, 2020.
Community input was collected over a period of several weeks at various outreach events conducted throughout West Hollywood. The opinions collected reflect resident’s opinions on topics relating to accessibility updates for parking and pathways, dog park amenities, maintenance and cleanliness, and the cultural significance of the property. Participants attending Thursday’s presentation also had the opportunity to provide feedback after the presentation. An audio tape of the presentation is available to anyone interested in listening.
The next public presentation will be held on Wednesday, March 25 during the Disability Advisory Board meeting which begins at 6:00pm in Rooms 5 & 6 at the Plummer Park Community Center. During this presentation concept design plans will be shown for review and comment.
Please contact Christina Sarkees, Senior Project Management Supervisor with the City of West Hollywood at [email protected] for a copy of the audio tape or with any questions regarding the Hart Park Improvement Project.
Hart Park Presentation #1 photos:
FEBRUARY 1, 2020
Your feedback is awesome!! Here are photos from the 1st Pop-Up events held on Saturday, February 1, 2020 at Hart Park. A fun time and many good conversations were had by all!
Hart Park Community Outreach Pop-Up - February 1, 2020
There’s still time to share your ideas about improvements for Hart Park! Please see the Community Outreach Schedule for upcoming events!
Hart Park Improvements - Community Outreach Schedule of Events
Event-related special accommodations may be provided upon written or phone request to Debbie Gonzalez within 48 hours prior to event date.
Email: [email protected] Ph: (323) 848-3116
|Saturday
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February 1, 2020
10:00a.m – 3:00p.m
|Hart Park Community||Hart Park||Pop-up Event #1|
|Wednesday
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February 5, 2020
3:00p.m – 7:00p.m
|Community Outreach||WH Park – Grass Area between Dog Parks||Pop-up Event #2|
|Monday
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February 10, 2020
9:00a.m – 2:00p.m
|Farmers Market||Plummer Park||Pop-up Event #3|
|Thursday
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February 20, 2020
6:00p.m – 8:00p.m
|Community Presentation #1||Plummer Park Rooms 5 & 6||Presentation Q&A
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Mtg #1 Community Findings
|Wednesday
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March 25, 2020
6:00p.m – 7:30p.m
|DAB Meeting||Plummer Park Rooms 5 & 6||Presentation Q&A
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Visual Interpretation of Findings 3 Concepts
|Wednesday
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April 15, 2020
6:00p.m – 8:00p.m
|Community Presentation #2||Plummer Park Rooms 5 & 6||Presentation #2
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Visual Interpretation - Preferred Concept
|Wednesday
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June 10, 2020
6:30p.m – 9:00p.m
|Community Presentation #3||City Hall Community Meeting Room - 1st Floor||Presentation Mtg #3
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Preferred Concept Approval
|To Be Determined 2020 Schedule
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6:00p.m – 9:00p.m
|City Council Mtg||West Hollywood Park Council Chambers||Presentation Final
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Concept Approval
For more information, please call the City of West Hollywood’s Senior Project Manager, Christina Sarkees, at (323) 848-6571, or [email protected].
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https://www.weho.org/Home/Components/FacilityDirectory/FacilityDirectory/15/773
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Imagine waking up one morning and there is a glow about you, burdens of the past have been lifted, the heaviness of your heart has been lightened. You no longer are filled with pain, grief, anger, or resentment, and your spirit feels free to live once again. You feel an energy that allows you to love and create from your brilliant Diamond Essence! You may ask how can this be, how can this happen for me?
It is through the Law of Forgiveness that the gates open to the Kingdom of Heaven, but it’s not the Heaven above. Rather it is the Heaven that we can create within and here on earth by fully embracing the vibration of Love (Living Only Vibrant Energy). If we lived in a world in which only love and acceptance existed, would we need the Law of Forgiveness? We would not. Forgiveness is needed because, at some point, there is judgment or blame of Self, others, or a situation. When judgment and blame occur, separation is created, and love is no longer present. When love is present, there is no longer separation or the need for forgiveness.
“Forgiveness of another (or your Self) restores the truth of one’s own being. It brings freedom, transparency, and the restoration of life. Any process leading to understanding can accomplish this. When your life is transparent you are free, wise, and of service to all,” wrote Glenda Green in The Keys of Jeshua. However, forgiveness cannot be only a mental process through rationalization, thoughts, and words, it must be felt within the heart and given from the heart. Forgiveness is a tool and empty words or gestures cannot bring to us the energies of love, compassion, and acceptance. Forgiveness allows us access to such vibrations, feelings, and knowingness.
Why is there a need to forgive? The lack of forgiveness creates grief, despair, resentment, and anger within your heart and mind. It skews your perception of what’s really True, leads you to make assumptions and decisions based on false perimeters, and generates unhappiness and lack of fulfillment within your life. The wound is an incomplete energetic cycle and, if left unresolved, it is perpetuated in other relationships and situations and can eventually manifest as physical illness and dis-ease within any body of consciousness.
Understand, we invite people and situations into our lives so we may create, experience, learn, heal, and/or grow. It may be for one or all of these reasons. In doing so, we are playing out karmic relationships or soul agreements. Karmic relationships are based on balancing a deficit rather than a soul agreement to fulfill a common purpose where there is a sense of harmony for those involved. Karma is a contract in which two souls have agreed to complete a specific lesson or an energetic cycle from the past.
Some karmic relationships can be quite challenging while others are extremely gratifying and productive. It depends on the nature of the agreement and the maturity and perspective of the individuals involved. If the agreement is about healing the past, judgment usually exists about Self or one another and forgiveness is necessary. Within the experience of judgment, one is right or wrong, good or bad rather than the acceptance of just ‘what is’. There is comparison that one truth is better than or less than, one is more valued while the other is undervalued. Understanding the true sense of Nature, all truths are actually the sum of the whole.
Forgiveness is not about condoning an action that may have hurt you, but it is an understanding and honoring of why it occurred and the process of letting it go. It is not about forgetting what happened but about accepting what was and what no longer will be. Have you heard “I forgive you but I’ll not forget what you’ve done!” and it is said with malice and vengeance? Know that this is not True forgiveness. Forgiveness is about moving from the past which is dead energy to the present of where you and the other are today. Did you learn, grow, and heal from your experience? The past is a record to be utilized for discernment but not to keep your Self or another in a box which no longer is True and no longer serves either of you.
Honoring and accepting one’s own and the other’s unique truth, you create a bridge for each to freely create and live their own soul’s purpose and path. As each person is unique, so is their path, my path is not yours and yours is not mine. It is the honoring of the paths that allows the freedom for each to uniquely express.
The Energy Forms associated with the Law of Forgiveness are the balance of the Masculine and Feminine Heart Forms bridged through the energy of the Blue Diamond. The Blue Diamond holds the Divine Truth of your God cell consciousness. By utilizing these forms through breathing the infinity breath, you are assisted in letting go of the past and forgiving your Self, others, or situations. As you breathe out your pain into the forms, you must create the intention of healing and forgiveness then breathe back in the energies of love, compassion, understanding, and acceptance. Allow the forms to help you release the pain, even if there is resistance or the need to hold on or to be right, commit to receive the transformation from pain to love and joy. You can consciously choose to open your heart to your Self, the other, or the circumstance and to love once again!
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https://qudrahealing.com/tag/divine-love/
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synchronicity,
time travel,
reality creation, and explains the motivation of negatively
polarized beings as
the alpha draconians. It further shows why the
New Age belief that "there are no victims" is incorrect, explains
what emotion is and how it is used to manipulate reality, reveals
why some beings lack emotion and what they are unable to do as a
consequence, and illustrates the extent of freewill.
The interaction with the
physical allows the conscious components to experience and discover
themselves, gain knowledge of their own nature and that of other
conscious pieces, and set up the eventual complete self-realization
of the zero order being of that universe.
The character is limited in
potential; while the player can start a business, grow old, and
travel the world, all the character can do is operate within the
various levels of the game.
To be derived, one must be a holographic fragment of something. So second order beings are somehow holographic fragments of first order beings. Recall that first order beings can not directly break the laws of physics, the primary domain in which they exist, which is physical reality.
So,
since second order beings cannot directly break the laws of
probability, it follows that probabilistic reality is the primary
one in which they exist, or at least from which they originate.
However, since there is consciousness, a certain amount of chaos is always present, and therefore some uncertainty.
Probability theory
is a result of the presence of these uncertainties. It can be seen
that the more consciousness there is in an event, the less Newtonian
Mechanics, or any system of science based on the laws of physics,
can predict the outcome of that event.
This is why the domain of probability is claimed
here to be the ethereal planes.
Because astral planes
consist of emotional energy, which second order beings lack. If they
originated from the astral planes, then they would have emotion, and
consequently a direct connection to God, but since they don't, they
therefore do not originate from the astral planes. First order
beings have emotion, but this does not mean they originate from the
astral planes, it simply means that they have an astral component.]
They are like
ethereal robots.
It
then continues to exist in ethereal reality or probabilistic
reality, and goes to work carrying out its intended mission by
altering probability on this level. But unless attention and
focus
is given to it from time to time, its emotional substance runs out
and it fades away (the robot runs out of energy).
Does that make us humans service to self since we steal the bodies of animals and plants when we eat them? Yes it does. But what's more important is what direction we are moving, whether we are progressing toward more destruction and selfish greed, or toward wise altruism and godhood. This is what separates the good guys from the bad guys.
The good
guys, despite being 'service to self' in that they must kill animals
and plants for food, are still working to improve conditions in this
world, whereas service to self creatures as the alpha draconian
lizard beings have no intention on improving either the world or
their ways.
Their envy of God and its laws makes them adept at
bending these laws and finding loopholes, ultimately to wrestle
control of reality away from God and place in their own hands.
All
attempted physical alterations of the past merely alter the newly
created timeline, and hence the timeline from which the time
travelers originate goes unaffected. Why they bother with altering
the original timeline instead of being satisfied with the new one is
a question the author cannot yet figure out.
How then is
the zero order being fooled into altering the past at the command of
second order beings?
Emotion
is energy, and energy without order is useless, which can be seen in
thermodynamic systems where great disorder, or entropy, means little
useful energy available for work.
Emotion coupled with pattern, direction, and focus is called "will." Will power means applying emotions in a directed manner to get things done.
Aleister Crowley and Blavatsky have written much about
will.
To you, accidents are random, disordered, and seemingly without purpose. When focused emotions are applied to the equation, however, accidents turn into synchronicities.
The question is whether or not those synchronicities serve to help you, help others, destroy you, or destroy others.
This all depends on who is utilizing the emotion.
Negative forces (often second order beings) seek to destroy you or others who are a threat to their power and control structure. Your higher self engineers synchronicities to help you learn and evolve, and sets in motion events necessary to fulfill the plans you made before incarnating into this life.
To which of these you cater to
depends greatly on what emotional energy you choose to supply.
The Higher Self is wise, and does not judge your requests, so whether you wish for good or evil things, the higher self doesn't care as all will be a learning experience in the end.
One thing the
Higher Self can not do is violate the free will of another.
Even with positive reality creation, bad things still happen to you,
and when they do, you're screwed unless you are prepared to deal
with them. Positive reality creation does not guarantee protection
from such events, despite their being attracted less frequently into
your life.
Thinking happy thoughts will reduce the number of negative
synchronicities in your life, but there will still be accidents and
intentional violations of freewill left over, beyond your
metaphysical ability to prevent. Only physical prevention works in
such cases, as the cause of such events are physical.
So if the perpetrator chooses to
take upon himself that karmic debt, or if he is too stupid to even
know about karma, then he is free to murder, mug, and rape whomever
he pleases and is physically able to victimize. In this universe,
physical force is sovereign to synchronicity and consciousness.
Say you are a murderer who just killed someone. Since there are no victims, the person you just killed wanted to die this way and probably made an agreement with you at some higher level for this to take place. Maybe he was a murderer in another lifetime and must now repay his karmic debt by being murdered himself. If this is true, then say you kill another one. He, too, made an agreement to repay karma.
Now, what is morally limiting you from killing anyone else? Nothing.
Everyone you choose to kill freely chose to have you kill them, and thus you are perfectly justified in becoming a mass murderer. And what about your karma? Don't you get into karmic debt, even if you kill as part of an agreement? If no freewill is violated, then no debt is accumulated, meaning that if your 'victim' has chosen to die at your hands (since there are no victims), then you did not violate his freewill and consequently you accumulate no karmic debt.
If everyone
followed this reasoning, soon no one would be left alive. Does
"there are no victims" make plenty of sense to you? No.
Because reality creation, synchronicity, and consciousness are all within the domain of probability and chaos, not within physical laws of matter and energy. Consciousness is a probability altering phenomenon -- this has been stated over and over elsewhere on this site. Probability has to do with choosing one event over an alternate.
But in either case, once an event is chosen, the laws of physics are still obeyed.
It is merely the laws of probability which
are broken in the process of choosing, but this isn't a big deal as
probability and statistics is a subjective science and not in
perfect accord with physical reality anyway, otherwise there would
be no uncertainty in statistical predictions.
Thus, the creation of synchronicity by
second order beings from the future isn't foolproof, as it fails
when the target makes his original choice by ignoring the emotional
pressure originating from the future.
This sounds paradoxical, that he has freewill and yet
makes a choice desired so by the manipulator of his reality. The key
to understanding this paradox is that the manipulator is the target,
as God is the conscious seed of the human target, and therefore
altering the choice of the target is like choosing to alter one's
own choice, meaning there is no violation of freewill since one
cannot violate one's own freewill.
It simply chooses for
reality to follow a course in which the person made that choice
without physical (which includes emotional) coercion.
Technology is the intricate application of
force, utilizing and working within the true laws of physics to
accomplish certain goals.
They went back in time to establish organized religion as we know it, as hypothesized in "Time Traveling Nazi Jehovahs."
Another possibility is that they have developed time travel technology capable of replicating the zero order ability to alter current timelines without creating new branches.
All this
fooling with history simply shows that our present is impermanent,
and our memories and records are changing constantly.
This is a powerful tool and weapon, a threat against second
order beings whose way of existence is jeopardized by the prospect
of having their choices altered by first order beings who request
God to do so.
Because first order beings have a subconscious memory
and metaphysical link to the zero order being, anything that happens
in their mental worlds has a slight impact upon physical reality,
and vice versa. Dreams illustrate this perfectly. The language of
communication between the internal mental world and God itself is
purely symbolic, geometric, and archetypal.
They
are headed by second order beings who, in their drive for power and
control, have resorted to physical symbology to tap the
synchronistic engineering capabilities of God.
Interestingly, the
reptilian part of the brain works in symbolic
ways and is responsible for a great portion of brain activity during
the dream state.
But the theory fails to take into account the fact that these projections have established their own identity, their own consciousness, rhythm, culture, and identity. So, despite their being a subconscious projection of our collective unconscious, they will still continue to exist even after we have been wiped out by them.
That is the
distinction between what is said here and what has been theorized.
Watch out for changes in synchronicity, plans,
and destiny after experiencing deja vu - someone is messing with
your reality. Sometimes it is for the better, and sometimes for the
worse.
Think ahead when you make decisions, and think logically.
The more you rely on emotion or superstition, the easier it is for them to lead you astray.
In New Age circles, logic is tossed aside and emotion, intuition,
and attention to synchronicity is emphasized. As you may have
guessed, and what many others have also figured out, much of
New Age is a trap seemingly an alternative to orthodox religion, but a trap
nonetheless.
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https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia_synchronicity09.htm
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Spirituality involves a belief in a spiritual dimension. The term spirit refers to the non-material, which is an aspect of reality that does not obey the laws of the material world. The most basic characteristic of spirituality is a belief in an unseen spiritual dimension that permeates physical reality. The spiritual dimension exists everywhere. Some people understand it as God, while others view it as a form of energy. It does not matter what you call the spiritual dimension as it cannot be defined by words, or understood through logical thought.
Belief in a spiritual dimension is based on direct experience. Some people are naturally connected to the spiritual and begin to have spiritual experiences at a very early age. Others are blind to the spiritual and dismiss spiritual experience as coincidence, imagination, or distorted perception.
A second characteristic of being spiritual is that it involves a personal relationship with the spiritual dimension. It is your personal connection to the spiritual world that makes your spirituality real, otherwise it is just an idea. The clearer your experience of the spirit world the more influence it will have on the meaning of events in your life.A final characteristic of spirituality is that it involves a belief that you have an individual Spirit. The concept of an individual Spirit is paradoxical in that it is both individual and part of a larger spiritual dimension. If the larger spiritual dimension was an ocean, your Spirit is like a droplet falling from a wave. As the droplet falls through the air it is your individual Spirit. When the drop hits the water your individual Spirit ceases to exist and merges with the ocean.
Although your Spirit is separate from the larger spiritual dimension it remains connected to it. Your Spirit is your connection to spirituality. Among other things, your Spirit provides you with access to knowledge, healing power, strength, wisdom, and joy.
Understanding the relationship between yourself and your Spirit is fundamental to many Eastern spiritual traditions. This understanding provides insight into who you are, what you are, and the meaning of your life. Eastern traditions call this process Self-Realization.
Site TitleSite Slogan
Self-realization
Why seek Self-realization? Why bother with changing your life to have a greater connection with your Spirit? Self-realization is a state of awareness characterized by clarity, authenticity, and serene happiness. The ultimate goal of seeking Self-realization is to find meaningful happiness. Self-realization is more of an orientation toward a goal than a state of accomplishment. Meaningful happiness is found on the journey to Self-realization rather than arrival at its destination. The attainment of Self-realization is not as important as the benefits you gain by seeking it.
Self-realization is based on the concept that there is a True Self and a false self. The false self is your conscious mind. The True Self is not easily defined; if it were then Self-realization would be a simpler task. Generally the True Self is understood to be your Spirit.
Self-realization is a process of shifting your identity from your conscious mind to your Spirit. An analogy that illustrates the point is of a king who develops amnesia. Unbeknownst to his subjects he wanders out of his palace to the country side. In order to support himself the king finds work as a laborer on a farm. Eventually the king grows to believe he has always been a farm worker. The king’s belief that he is a farm worker is like similar to your identification with your false self. If the king recovers his memory he would know his True Self and return to the palace as King.
You are a Spirit having an earthly experience. The problem is you have forgotten that you are Spirit and now identify with your conscious mind. The path to Self-realization involves looking past your conscious mind to see your Spirit. Self-realization is an experience of being fully present in the world as your Spirit. The path to Self-realization consists of practices directed at helping you become Spirit.
It is not the purpose of this book to argue for the existence of Spirit or a spiritual dimension. That is for you to discover on your own. This book focuses on Self-realization. It is a step by step guide to help you realize the presence of your Spirit in your life. The ultimate goal is to reap the benefits of Self-realization, which are happiness, health, and wisdom.
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The Path to Self-realization
Of all the Eastern traditions Yoga has the most developed teachings regarding Self-Realization. Yoga is a branch of Hinduism, the world’s oldest religion. Yoga dates back to cave monasteries that existed in the Himalayas 5000 years ago. Today Yoga is generally known as a form of exercise involving physical poses and stretches. Ancient Yoga had little to do with these postures. The yogis of the Himalayan monasteries focused upon meditation as a means for achieving higher states of consciousness and spiritual development.
The Yoga Sutras offers a concise step by step guide to Self-realization. The Yoga master Pantanjali wrote the Yoga Sutras in approximately 200 BCE. The general framework of this book is based upon the practices and principles found in the Yoga Sutras. As much as possible these ancient teachings are illustrated through modern science in the form of psychology, neuropsychology, and physics.
The practices presented in the following chapters are based on the concept that the path to Self-realization is primarily a process of removing obstacles and distractions. You do not need to add to yourself to be your Spirit, but rather take away. Self-realization involves removing those things that you are doing that separate you from your Spirit. When you remove these obstacles your Spirit naturally arises. Self-realization does not come from action or learning, but instead by the removal of obstacles. Similar to the way a farmer removes a sluice gate to irrigate a field.
Self-realization does not come from action or learning, but instead by the removal of obstacles. Similar to the way a farmer removes a sluice gate to irrigate a field.
The Yoga Sutras, (Ch. 4-3).
Self-realization does not come from action or learning, but instead by the removal of obstacles. Similar to the way a farmer removes a sluice gate to irrigate a field.
The Yoga Sutras, (Ch. 4-3).
The farmer’s field has shallow indentations running in between the lines of crops. Near the field runs a stream. When the farmer wishes to irrigate the crops he raises a sluice gate at the stream which allows water to flow down and irrigate the field. The analogy indicates that there are things you do that block your Spirit from fully entering into your life. Remove these blockages and your Spirit will fill your life.
One way to think of blockages to Self-realization is to imagine a sun beam entering a room through a small hole in a wall. The room is otherwise dark except for this ray of light. Now a jar of water is placed near the hole blocking the sun beam. If the water in the jar is pure the light will shine through. In contrast if the jar is full of floating impurities then the light will be blocked and the room will be dark. Your Spirit is the sun beam and your blockages are those objects floating in the jar. If you can clarify the water, your Spirit will shine into your life.
Blockages to Self-realization occur at the level of social relationships, thoughts, and physical health. At the social level blockages develop from relationships that are characterized by anger, jealousy, fear, or violence. Such problems drain time and energy away from pursuits that can bring you closer to your Spirit. At the mental level blockages come from emotions and thoughts that disturb the mind. When your mind is disturbed you are blocked from experiencing your Spirit.
Blockages at the level of the physical body can become major distractions. Physical pain, lack of mobility, disease, or fatigue can be significant obstacles on the path to Self-realization. The healthier your life style, the less likely you will be distracted by physical problems. The Taoist sages of ancient times placed great value on health and longevity since they believed it took many years to reach Self-realization.
Adopting a life style that minimizes the barriers to Self-realization provides you with clarity of mind, clarity of body, and a relationship with the World that is marked by harmony. Clarity of mind brings you self-understanding, serenity, and an increased ability to focus attention. Clarifying your body will improve your health, vitality, and mood. Living in harmony with the world will benefit your health, safety, and friendships.
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https://www.beyourspirit.com/page/page-2/
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Do You Want to Be an Explorer of Consciousness?
As explorers of consciousness, we recognize that within the human being there are many levels of consciousness. You and I are present in the physical body to bring these levels of consciousness into proper balance. For us, our necessary lessons must be mastered while in our physical embodiment, although this may not be true for all realms of existence.
As part of the lesson form, each of us comes here for a given purpose always in keeping with our karmic plan that is part of the master plan, that plan being, in turn, part of another master plan, et cetera.
The High Self, the spiritual part of us, is that part which determines what our life’s work is going to be, also in keeping with the karmic plan. There is a master karmic plan in operation within the body of each and every one of us, and within that master karmic plan there are many sub-karmic patterns involving each one with whom we come in contact, regardless of what that relationship might be.
Although we have dealt from time to time with many of these different levels of consciousness, it was found necessary to simplify our work to three primary levels of consciousness – those being the higher consciousness, which we refer to as the High Self, the Consciousness or Conscious Self, and the Basic Consciousness or Basic Self, also referred to as the Subconscious.
We are also mindful that there are many higher levels of consciousness above the High Self. The Conscious Self is the same one that we are all functioning through at the present time and with which we are familiar. The Subconscious or Basic Self, too, has sub-levels.
Experience has taught us that the High Self, the spiritual part of us – not to be confused with the spirit or soul – is tied and linked to the soul entity. The High Self determines (upon proper negotiation with the Lords of Karma, in keeping with the entity’s karmic debt) what the specific pattern within a life cycle is going to be and draws it to itself in keeping with the karmic pattern.
There is a divided opinion as to just where we, as humans, come from. There are those who say we evolve up through the mineral, the plant, and the animal kingdom into the human form. There are those who say we do not, that we have never been part of a lower kingdom. They are both correct. The soul entity has not been part of the lower kingdoms, but the Subconscious is that part of us that evolves up through the three lower kingdoms. Therein lies the reason that the human is basically animalistic. The goal is to rise out of the animalistic form, reaching upward into the spiritual form.
Each one of us has a total karmic pattern. We must understand, of course, that karma is both good and bad. Too often we are inclined to feel that we are caught up in the earth struggle and are working out a karmic pattern that is mostly negative. This is not at all true. That which we reap is that which we have sown,— whether it is positive or negative. When the karmic cycle is completed, there is an absolute balancing of the scales.
The Subconscious has a memory pattern of its own — independent of the karmic pattern available to it or the High Self — of everything within the present life cycle back to and including most of the prenatal period after conception. From that time, the Subconscious is building its own memory pattern. Therein lies one of the reasons why psychiatric and psychological approaches have been effective only to a certain degree.
Prior to birth, therefore, the Subconscious is fully aware of whether it is loved or whether it is not loved during the period of pregnancy. It knows for instance, whether it is wanted or rejected by one or both parents.
In addition to these awarenesses that the Subconscious has during that nine-month period prior to it coming into the physical field, it also has a memory pattern of prior lives, limited to that part which the High Self has seen fit to be filtered down, to be worked out at a given time during the lifetime.
Surprisingly enough, the Conscious Self also knows what the mission is for the life span. Obviously, the Conscious Self could not cope with the task of working out the entire pattern if it had to struggle with it on a day to day basis, while it knew what is to occur step by step all the way to the termination of the life span. So the memory pattern is wiped out from the Conscious Self at some time after birth. This interval could be six months, a year, two, three, four, or five years. Rarely would it go beyond that.
Many youngsters are very psychic. They come in with a full knowingness of those things that we have forgotten, as we have grown older, and are not aware of again until we start searching and come forward in spiritual Light. Some children often talk to the elves and fairies they see around them. Their elders, who cannot see these beings, usually think it is an abnormal action and that the children are just imagining these things. Because of the pressure of society, of parents in particular, the psychic awareness of the youngsters gradually diminish and, as they grow older, they lose the memory of it.
The Subconscious has several functions. First of all, it is the keeper of the physical body. If the Subconscious is blocked off for some reason or other, the condition of the physical body will deteriorate. It is absolutely important, if a physical person is going to evolve properly, for the Subconscious to cooperate fully.
The Subconscious also acts in our relationship with each person we meet and know. This is why we instantly respond to a new contact. We either like that person or dislike them in an instant, and it is because of the recognition of the Subconscious, imaged upstairs in consciousness. Of course, to the extent that we permit this to happen, we are not mastering our karmic lesson. The goal of the action of karma is to move us into a state of consciousness wherein we love everyone. It does not mean that we are compelled to like them, but that we do love them spontaneously. We recognize them as being part of the beloved total concept of which we too are a part, and God is expressing in and through each one.
Standing at the side for the purpose of assisting this process in us are our teachers, guides, instructors, and helpers. Many of them are with us from the time we are born until the time we expire. We all have master teachers, and we all have doctor teachers. We may have more than one of each, and oftentimes do, and they are not always the same ones. They change as we progress and come into new cycles. At such times, a new teacher is assigned to us to carry on our instruction and guide us from that point on.
As humanity’s battle between the duality of good and evil, light and darkness, becomes more and more intense, the vibration is being sharpened. This is being done deliberately by those who are responsible for such things, to force us as human beings to reach higher and higher so we climb out of the muck and mire in which we may find ourselves. This is why many people today are finding themselves in great emotional stress that is becoming more and more acute all the time. Those of us who work in this area can see the stress increasing — greater this month than it was last month, and so on. The stress is calling for more and more people to reach for the Light, to reach a higher degree of understanding.
There is that desire within to search for truth, for greater enlightenment and unfoldment. The function of each of us, as explorers of consciousness coming into embodiment, is to bring our three levels of consciousness together, to integrate them, to clear out the blocks, and to reach up to the High Self, and to the many levels of consciousness above the High Self, through to the Godhead, increasing our awareness and unfoldment.
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http://foug.org/wisdoms/otherwisdoms/Explorer-Consciousness_2017.htm
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Ignore Vasanas or Do Battle with Them?
Petra: I was confused about one point and didn’t have time to ask the question, so I’m hoping you’ll be able to answer it.
Ram said that you don’t have to worry about your psychological issues – what your mom/dad/society has done to you, because it really doesn’t matter. You are the Self, whole and complete and limitless. We should understand this and be vigilant when these thoughts/ideas come up and dismiss them.
However, he said that when we enter the stage of nididhyasana, some of these psychological issues are deeply embedded samskaras and need to be uprooted and worked through, so I’m not sure why they need to be worked through in the nididhyasana phase but not otherwise.
Sundari: On the tricky question of how to deal with binding vasanas, it’s a both/and, not either/or, as is so often the case in Vedanta. What is so important to understand is that Vedanta is not about perfecting the jiva or making it wrong; it is to understand who and what they are and the forces that condition them, to be free of the identification with the jiva and not modifying to the gunas, which requires guna management. We are all made a certain way and are not to blame for our psychology until we know. When we do, the buck stops there. Yes, of course it’s true that you never made your (not-) self the way it is, but on the other hand, to be free of it requires the application of knowledge. Nididhyasana, the last and most difficult stage of Self-inquiry, applies to all jivas who are glued to their jiva identity and unaware of it because think that because they have realized the Self, they are home and dry. Most inquirers who realize the Self are a long way off from actualizing what it means to live permanently free of the jiva as the Self.
Nididhyasana is a full-scale approach to the jiva’s story, no fine print, full disclosure, total transparency in thought, word and deed. It is not about beating up the jiva, blame or feeling bad about its story. But if one is serious about Self-inquiry, there is no room for making excuses for or protecting the jiva identity – it must be seen for what it is to be dismissed. Only the merciless truth will set you free of the jiva program – and then we can truly accept the jiva as it is. For a pure mind to obtain, there can be no place to hide for the little ego. It must be flushed out. Self-realization is a guarantee that Isvara is going to step up the heat with any detritus still lingering in the microcosmic causal body. Living the teachings means allowing this stuff to surface, see the program, understand its origin as guna/Isvara and only then to dismiss it. There is no way to be truly free of it any other way. You can live with the stuff if you see it all as not-Self and don’t care about the mental agitation it will cause, but then freedom is not that free, is it? The advaita shuffle (I can’t help it, it’s not me, so who cares how I act or treat myself or anybody) is not going to result in limitlessness, for sure.
The point is, do we want to continue being jerks and suffering or do we want to apply this amazing knowledge to the jiva so that it has an amazing life, with permanent peace of mind? We can say we know who we are and like ourselves the way we are and so does everyone else, and that’s perfect. Bravo. Only we will know if this is true or not. Once we see how Isvara has conditioned the jiva/ego, it behoves us to understand the jiva and its impact on those around us, as well as on how protecting the jiva identity impedes our growth and moksa, freedom from and for the jiva. It is up to us to make the adjustments so that the jiva lives happily and so do the people around us with whom we have contact
We are all flawed as jivas and all have our little issues, nobody is perfect. Who cares? This is not about being perfect, as I said before, quite the contrary. It is about paying attention to what is, to life as it is presenting itself to us, and managing the mind, i.e. the gunas, for maximum peace of mind or the gunas manage you.
The only way full and firm assimilation of the teachings can take place is if we are willing to face the messy duck pond of our lives and clean it up. Everything that is not in line with the scripture must be renounced. This is non-negotiable, and if you try to make the scripture fit into your life instead of the other way around, it just won’t work, as you know. End of story. The BS must end on all levels and if the teachings do not translate into our lives you might as well give up on Self-inquiry.
Once we have seen and understood our vasanas for what they are without denial or projection and know that they do not belong to the jiva or the Self, then we can say why worry about them? Leave them firmly in Isvara’s hands and make it clear that you expect them to be taken care of, while sticking to your sadhana, following dharma, practising karma yoga and guna management. To be free as the Self means you are totally okay with the jiva being flawed, knowing you are done with that identity and no longer invested in it. Until then, when the hungry vasanas pop up like unwelcome corks in the ocean of samsara, which they will until they don’t anymore, you dismiss them instantly or just ignore them. If we stick to our sadhana and keep discriminating, Self-knowledge will eventually destroy the binding vasanas turning them into burnt ropes with no power left in them to bind.
Short Teaching on Nididhyasana Practice
Self-realization is the full understanding of your true nature as awareness, but it is not yet Self-actualization. It means you apply the knowledge to your life and take a stand in awareness as awareness, but if the mind is still agitated by rajas and tamas because all the qualifications are not in place and residual binding vasanas still condition the mind, Self-actualization has not taken place.
Nididhyasana is the final “stage” which comes after all the previous steps and stages of Self-inquiry have been completed (sravanna and manana). It is also the final stage of karma yoga and comes after karma jnana sannyas. Karma yoga is a preliminary form of nididhyasana. Here karma yoga becomes a different kind of mind management – it is the transformation of our remaining binding mental/emotional conditioning into devotion to the Self along with the final renunciation – renouncing the idea of seeking moksa because you are moksa. To complete the last stage of self-inquiry can take decades for some people; it is almost always the longest stage. It requires the application of sacred karma yoga and jnana yoga until the jiva is fully dismissed and you never think of yourself as a person again.
Nididhyasana is managing the mind’s involuntary as well as habitual thoughts and feeling patterns, which are bedrock duality and can survive moksa. Without self-objectivity and mind-management, these patterns can still hijack the mind without a moment’s notice, denying it access to the Self in the form of Self-knowledge. There is nothing inherently wrong with involuntary thoughts, but they tend to immediately morph into actions which are liable to create unwanted karma in the form of obscuring thoughts and emotions. To fully negate all thought/emotional patterns we must have knowledge of the gunas from which they originate so as not to condition to them. Until this stage is complete, Self-actualization has not taken place.
Unless Self-knowledge translates fully into the life of the person, he or she is still identified with certain aspects of being a person. In other words, binding vasanas and the sense of doership or egoic belief in separation will still be causing agitation in the mind. For existential suffering to end and for awareness to be one’s primary identity, the person needs to be free of the idea of being a person to live free as the Self. What is the point of Self-realization if the mind is still under the tyranny of its likes and dislikes (vasanas)?
To be fully Self-actualized means (1) that one has fully discriminated the Self (consciousness/awareness) from the objects appearing in it (all objects, meaning all gross objects as well as one’s conditioning, thoughts and feelings – all experience) and (2) that that knowledge has (a) rendered the binding vasanas non-binding and (b) negated one’s sense of doership. Once Self-knowledge is permanent, you never think of yourself as a person again, and you are totally fine with the apparent person and their role in the world of objects.
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http://www.shiningworld.com/site/satsang/read/3671
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The Karma , also known as the law of cause and effect, is a fundamental concept in many Eastern religions, including Hinduism and Buddhism. In this article we discover in detail what is its deepest meaning, its origins, its laws and how Karma affects our lives.
Contents
- WHAT IS KARMA
- THE HISTORY OF KARMA
- KARMA ACCORDING TO THE VEDIC UPANIṢADS
- KARMA ACCORDING TO BUDDHISM
- KARMA ACCORDING TO HINDUISM
- THE 12 LAWS OF KARMA FOR A BETTER LIFE
- THE GREAT LAW OR THE LAW OF CAUSE AND EFFECT
- THE LAW OF CREATION
- THE LAW OF HUMILITY
- THE LAW OF GROWTH
- THE LAW OF RESPONSIBILITY
- THE LAW OF CONNECTION
- THE LAW OF FOCUS
- THE LAW OF HOSPITALITY
- THE LAW OF THE HERE AND NOW
- THE LAW OF CHANGE
- THE LAW OF PATIENCE AND REWARD
- THE LAW OF MEANING AND INSPIRATION
- CONCLUSIONS
- RECOMMENDED READINGS
What is Karma
The term “Karma” today is often used lightly and with little understanding of its depth. Many people claim “it is my karma” , referring to lucky or unfortunate events in their lives. However, this meaning could not be further from reality: the use of the phrase “is my karma” suggests victimization and passivity , while Karma is exactly the opposite.
The good deeds are what modern society teaches us to do, from time to time or periodically, when we want to feel at peace with the world or the next. At Christmas you volunteer, you give what you don’t use anymore, you leave a few coins to a homeless man crossed on the street, you give directions to a foreigner even if you find it hard to communicate. All these gestures, large and small, are what is commonly called a “good deed”.
But is a good deed really the simple act of helping those in need at that time and then going home?
In India most religions and philosophies give this concept of “good deed” the name of Karma. The term is a westernization of the Sanskrit word “Karman” (कर्मन्), which can be roughly translated into “action”.
What for us represents a simple gesture (whether positive or negative), for the followers of these philosophies or religions is a much deeper concept: Karma is the principle of action and reaction , of the right universal law, since each of our actions it involves other living beings and this leads to consequences that will sooner or later affect us.
For this reason Buddhists and Hindus always try to act according to this law, since it not only influences their current life, but also has repercussions in the cycle of reincarnation in which they firmly believe and which is inseparable from Karma itself, as it is the universal law that the rule.
Faced with these beliefs our concept of “good deed” loses its momentary power of fulfillment in favor of a much more spiritual philosophy of life. But where exactly does the concept of Karma come from?
The history of Karma
The term Karma and its conception date back to around the eighth century BC and are mentioned in the Upaniṣad , a set of Indian religious and philosophical texts and reflections transmitted only orally. Today it is a very central concept in Buddhism and Hinduism since it is at the center of the cardinal belief of these religions: reincarnation . Its etymological meaning means “to do, to cause” , hence the reason why it is considered as a law.
Although in all the major Eastern religions Karma has the same definition, every current has developed over time its concept of “Karman”. The main religions and philosophies that address this theme are three:
- The Vedic Upaniṣads
- Buddhism
- Hinduism
Let us briefly analyze how each religion deals with this concept.
Karma according to the Vedic Upaniṣads
The Upaniṣad are a collection of religious and philosophical reflections dating back to the IX-VIII century BC They were handed down orally and included the rites and traditions of the three main religious collections of the time: Veda , Brāhmaṇa and Āraṇyaka .
In this collection the Karma is closely linked to the sense of renunciation aimed at improving reincarnation: if one’s conduct is good, one will reincarnate in the earthly world and lead a comfortable life; if we can even renounce the main desires of men (comfort, wealth and power), we can aspire to reincarnate at a higher level.
The more these reflections are deepened, the more we will come to the concept of today’s most well-known Karma: “good conduct” , that is, through good actions we generate “good” and through bad actions “evil” is generated . And yet we speak of good deeds always outside of all that is worldly, since we always aspire to a higher level of life and spirituality than the present one.
But only by reaching the culmination of these concepts does one arrive at the true fulcrum: this collection of reflections observes Karma from another point of view, more central to the existence of the single person. According to the Upaniṣad each person’s character and living conditions are determined by their own desires , which consequently lead us to act in a certain way, pushing us towards a certain type of Karma. Finally, every action represents the innermost part of individuals and such actions have consequences for the rest of the universe, be they large or small.
Karma according to Buddhism
Karma is the universal law on which Buddhism is based : according to this law, every action or intention generates karma of a certain type.
In Buddhist Karma, even if we talk about action and intention , it is the latter that is the most important of the two since a virtuous (therefore good) action done without intention will not produce positive Karma, as it was done without conscience .
Also being the reincarnation closely linked to Buddhism, the Karma regulates this process: brilliant actions will lead to a blessed rebirth; dark deeds will lead to a rebirth of suffering.
There is also another type of Karma to pay attention to: that inherited from previous lives . On our shoulders we have the Karma inherited from the lives we have already lived, even though we are not aware of it.
The substance of the Buddhist Karma is the one closest to what we Westerners have learned: every action generates good, evil or neutrality and these energies never disappear into nothingness, nothing remains unpunished or undeserved (as far as it may seem to us).
Karma according to Hinduism
This religion is widespread throughout almost the entire Asian continent (especially in India) and treats the subject of Karma in a different and more ramified way than what we have seen so far.
Although at the center of the karmic cycle there is always reincarnation, the Hindus have broadened the concept of Karma to a real personal and social duty , including the various castes and the correct performance of their roles.
Unlike Buddhism (which does not believe in “destiny”), Hindus see human Karma as a tiny fraction of universal Karma, so vast that not even the gods can escape it; however, in a particular current Theist of Hinduism, God can influence Karma, as long as it continues to exist and follow its course.
According to the Yoga Sūtra , a fundamental text on which Yoga is based and strongly linked to Hindu practices, there are “painful states” that influence Karma, pushing us towards suffering. According to the philosopher Patañjali, the one who wrote the Yoga Sūtra, Raja Yoga is the only practice that allows one to escape the pain caused by this type of Karma, thanks to which one can arrive at the rest of the spirit (even if one cannot never free it completely, because every action leaves traces that lead to upset and pain).
This current was updated by the philosopher Ādi Śaṅkara, who lived towards the end of the first century AD, according to which there are “karmic residues” that differ in:
- residues of life just ended
- residues of other lives that did not manifest themselves in the life just ended
- residues we have generated in the life that has just ended
The revolution of this philosopher lies in the explanation of why we are not all created equal or (in the Hindu context) in one caste instead of another: thanks to the karmic residues, to the accumulation of karman, we are born in a certain place and, thanks to this knowledge, we can aspire to liberation, reincarnation after reincarnation.
The 12 laws of Karma for a better life
The word “law” is often used for lack of a more appropriate translation. The 12 laws of Karma are not laws, but life lessons related to the concept of Karma.
The 12 karmic laws listed below are meant to educate you to make the necessary changes within you to generate positive Karma and to get rid of the negative one. If the world around you is chaos, it is because there is chaos within you. Once at peace with yourself, you can be at peace with the rest of the world.
- The great law or the law of cause and effect
What you sow you will collect.
The message is similar to that of the Law of Attraction . In other words, everything you give is also what you will receive , be it positive or negative. So if you want love in your life, be loving. If you want to enjoy financial abundance, be generous. And if you want to have honest and open relationships, you must also offer authenticity and honesty to the people you care about.
- The law of creation
According to the karmic law of creation, we must be active participants in our lives if we are to achieve what we desire. We can’t just wait for things to happen to us. We should aim to surround ourselves with what we want in our lives and look for clues in our environments as to what we need.
An important part of understanding the Law of Creation is to see that things outside of us tell us what is happening inside. So if you don’t like the look of your life right now, look inside yourself and ask yourself what needs to change.
- The law of humility
Of the 12 laws of Karma, Buddhism often emphasizes the importance of the law of humility. The key point of this karmic rule is that you have to accept the true reality of something before you can ever change it .
For example, if you consistently blame others for things you have created or see someone who disagrees with you as an enemy, you are out of step with reality. Therefore, you will find it very difficult to make the changes you need. Introspection can help you make the most of the law of humility.
- The law of growth
If you’ve ever heard the famous saying “Wherever you go, here you are” , you’ve already thought of the law of growth in a sense.
The message is that you have to work on a change in yourself before expecting the world around you to change. All we have is control over ourselves and not the people or things that surround us.
So concentrate on your development before trying to control or change others; let them come to their own conclusions about what needs to change.
- The law of responsibility
This law summarizes the most common meaning of Karma. You are the source of what happens during your journey . What is happening around you is a mirror of what is happening inside you; this is the sense in which you are responsible for all your life experiences, pleasant or unpleasant.
Like the law of growth, this karmic law aims to teach you that you should try to take responsibility for the good and bad things you create, rather than constantly seeking outside yourself to find excuses.
- The law of connection
This law emphasizes the interconnected nature of past, present and future and reminds us that our control over the present and the future can help us erase the bad energy of the past (whether it comes from our current or previous life).
Another point raised by the law of connection is that it takes time to remedy the karmic wrongs of the past. However, every little step can have unexpectedly powerful effects.
- The law of focus
Your life will be more satisfying if you can direct your attention to a single activity or thought to the exclusion of others. Our minds are not equipped to perform more tasks with equal competence.
So, if you have several important goals, try to follow them in a linear and classified order instead of giving each lens only a fraction of your energy.
Another vital lesson is that if you focus on your higher values you will not be able to focus on “lower” emotions or thoughts like those that come from resentment, anger or possessiveness.
- The law of hospitality
This law teaches that if you believe in a certain thing, at some point you will naturally be called to demonstrate your commitment to that truth . The focus here is on the link between conviction and practice. Suggests and encourages the importance of ensuring that your actions reflect your deepest beliefs.
This law also covers how the universe will “test you”. Life gives us the opportunity to put into practice the lessons learned and show you when you have to work further on yourself.
- The law of the here and now
As we have seen, in Buddhism Karma is connected to ideas about accepting the truth of your reality. Similarly, Buddhists generally connect Karma to the theme of truly living in the present moment . If you cling too much to past feelings, experiences and beliefs, you will always have a foot in the past. Similarly, if you focus on anxiety or greed, you will always have one foot in the future.
Following the law of the here and now means reminding yourself that the present is all that you really have and that it is there to be fully exploited.
- The law of change
The law of change conveys the message that the universe gives us what we need . Thus, you will discover that history repeats itself over and over until you demonstrate that you have learned what you need to do to create a different future.
If you notice that you seem to be stuck in a cycle, this is because there is something fundamental that has not yet been addressed.
On the contrary, if things around you start to change suddenly and dramatically, take this as a sign that you have recently made significant steps in your growth.
- The law of patience and reward
The law of patience and reward states that all your greatest successes require constant hard work . This means that you must be patient, regardless of your goals in life.
If you expect immediate results, you will be disappointed in the end; your successes will be less than what you are able to achieve.
Instead, try to understand your true purpose. Act according to that purpose and enjoy the reward of knowing that you are doing what you should be doing with your current life. Over time the associated successes (emotional and material) will follow.
- The law of meaning and inspiration
Last but not least, the law of meaning and inspiration is a good law to think about when you need a motivational drive.
This particular aspect of Karma emphasizes that your every contribution will influence the whole , however small or large that contribution may be. Whenever from creative and loving contributions to the world around you, your act inspires equally positive behaviors from others and attracts more positivity in your life.
You may not always feel significant, but you are. Without your presence, the energy of the universe would be substantially altered.
Conclusions
We have seen how the concept of Karma is much broader than what is commonly understood by us and how it is different in its area of origin despite the fact that everything derives from the same beliefs. But precisely because these beliefs are only such, we are free to exercise them based on our personal experiences. In the end the concept remains the same: to accumulate positive Karma to live well in this life and in the next one.
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https://notesread.com/karma-karmic-law-works/
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What is Karma in relation to shamanic healing?
Fundamental to understanding shamanism and spiritual healing is the concept of Karma. Because of the central role it plays in our lives, it is crucial to understand what it is and why it’s important prior to receiving healings from Jude.
The idea of Karma permeates eastern and western cultures, is present across many religious teachings, and is often casually referenced in pop culture. Yet many still don’t fully grasp exactly what it is or why it exists.
In the simplest terms:
- Karma is a natural law governing all energies in existence
- It exists to create a perfect balance of energies that shape your experience
- Your experience is the mechanism through which your soul can learn and evolve
We all need experience in order to learn. This principle is evident when one has more empathy after having experienced a wrong, for example. Karma’s sole purpose is to create experiences necessary for us to expand our awareness and understanding through life’s lessons.
Prior to our birth, we choose certain circumstances we will encounter in this lifetime to learn specific lessons. This is why bad things can happen to good people, or why children get sick for example. It is the reason human suffering exists. It is as Buddha explained, that the human condition is suffering.
In this way, each lifetime we have on earth can be thought of as a classroom, teaching our souls lessons it takes onto the next lifetime and so on.
Some people may not believe in Karma due to religious preconceptions. Regardless of the religion you subscribe to, Karma still plays a role in your experience.
In science, Newton’s laws of physics show us that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction – these are forces we can directly measure in the laboratory. Similarly, there are external forces we cannot yet ‘prove’ to exist in a laboratory, that follow this same principle. These forces are not seen with the eye or touched with the hand. They are subtler energies that are sometimes ‘felt intuitively’ or ‘known’.
You can understand this energy if you’ve ever thought of someone you haven’t seen for years, and soon after they call you, or experience a coincidence that was infinitely unlikely to occur at random.
It is these energies that Shamans, through years of dedicated spiritual practices, are able to detect and work with, which allows profound healing to take place during a spiritual healing session. Working with spiritual energies to bring about healing of physical ailments, challenges or situations via physical and spiritual methods is at the core of a ‘spiritual healing’.
Though our karma and spiritual forces shape our experience here, we also have ‘free will’ to make our own choices in life. Every choice we make affects our karmic balance; a thought, an action, a spoken word, an event. In this way, Karma can be thought of as a ‘Divine ledger’, recording the good and bad to influence outcomes with the ultimate goal of teaching us in the classroom of life. Everyone on this earth has karma; this is why we have incarnated into this dimension.
It is helpful to think of this life as a video game, in which you can make choices that affect the level you are able to advance to. Our guides, angels and spiritual helpers can subtly influence you via your intuition, however it’s ultimately up to you to become attuned to the signs we get from them.
Most often, we know if an action or thought is ‘good’ or ‘bad’ with respect to its Karmic balance by our intention behind it. Yet there are times when we may not know how an action will tip the karmic scale. Most often our circumstances will reflect our karmic balance; addiction, accidents, sickness, worries, bad relationships, frustration, lack of spiritual motivation etc. If you find yourself experiencing these circumstances and find them unpleasant, it is an indication that you have incurred ‘bad’ karma.
It’s important to note that Karma does not exist to punish or reward, but rather to teach and give opportunity. The simplest definition from Dr. George King is that ‘Karma is pressure’. This pressure shifts forces and energies to bring about what is right for you.
When you become aware that this law exists, you can start to bring your thoughts, actions and energies into alignment with it. You’ll then begin to see its perfection unfold and understand how it can work for you in your life.
Once you recognize the effects in your own life, you can appreciate that what is true at the individual level is also true on a larger macro level. You may have heard the phrase “Be the change”. This is the very same idea. What you do in your life is part of a bigger picture and its Karmic necessity tips the balance for the collective consciousness.
It’s important in our understanding of Karma to note that we are affected by karmic patterns that go beyond our own actions:
- We are born into this life with a karmic pattern, and carry with us karmic balances incurred in our previous lifetimes
- Additionally, we are affected by other karmic patterns beyond our immediate control, such as those:
- of our parents (and their karma from past lifetimes)
- of our families
- of those we have close friendships or sexual relationships with
- of the physical city, state and country in which you live
- of the collective actions of humans at this point in our evolution (both past and present)
Can I change my Karma?
Suffering as a result of ‘bad’ Karmic patterns can be balanced through thoughts/actions/words that are ‘in service’ to others. Every ‘good’ action has 2x the effect to balance the ‘bad’. Examples include:
- Watering a plant
- Thinking about the good in others
- Giving food to the homeless
- Offering a ride to a friend when needed
- Joining a peace group that promotes good in the world
It’s possible for any person to help others if so motivated, even in the smallest of ways. Actions ‘In service’ to others include doing something as small as picking up a piece of debris in your neighborhood, to more dedicated volunteer efforts such as homeless outreach, donating your time in a hospital or hospice or church.
There are instances of suffering that are perpetuated by the individual’s mind. Sometimes those desperately in need of help will reject it because they ‘enjoy’ being trapped in a negative mindset. This form of suffering is not the result of bad karma conferring a lesson to teach the soul, but rather this occurs due to the individual’s free will to maintain this negative mindset, and the person is engaging in a form of self-hate.
If your life is plagued with problems you would like to resolve, helping others through selfless service provides a mechanism to feel more positive about themselves. Helping others positively changes one’s Karma and also changes world Karma.
If you trade your daily expectations for appreciation and thankfulness for whatever outcomes you experience, the karmic deficit we have will manifest itself into a brighter future for you because of this positive attitude towards life.
During a spiritual healing session, Jude connects with divine intelligence, or universal spiritual energy known as ‘prana’. This is the energy that enables us to inhabit a physical body, for our heart to have a beat. In a healing session, Jude is able to become a conduit through which this energy can flow to you. In other words, Jude is not the healer himself, but is being used by angels and spirits to bring energy that the client needs at this time allowed by the client’s karma. This spiritual energy will help you by enabling the body to heal itself, and bringing that which you need at this moment in time to resolve problems in your life or for your highest good, according to your karma.
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https://africanshamanhealer.com/karma/
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A karmic contract is a contract our Higher Self commits to during or before entering this current lifetime. It’s meant to teach us lessons that will help our soul grow.
Karmic contracts are the conditions, or soul agreements, in which we’re born in this life and they’re often subconsciously understood as fate, even though our higher Self agreed to it.
Not every contract is the same. Some are non-negotiable, some are present through more than one lifetime and some can be broken; it all depends on the experience of your soul.
Karmic soul contracts dictate the people you will meet, all the good and the bad things that affect your life, your spiritual progress and opportunities and the places you travel to.
Your parents, siblings and partners are the product of the same contracts and there’s a high chance that some of them you knew in past lifetimes.
Why do we need karmic contracts?
Karmic contracts are a part of the reincarnation and spiritual enlightenment process.
Almost every ancient civilization, from all over the world, believed that when our soul leaves this life, it returns again in a different body.
The meaning behind reincarnation is soul development and attaining enlightenment.
However, that usually means thousands of lifetimes and learnings until we’re done with it.
When that happens, the soul stays in something that’s best described as heaven or a heavenly state and there will be no need to reincarnate in another body again.
Until then, we’re bound to karmic contracts , relationships, negative karma , good karma and lessons to purify our consciousness till our soul completes its journey.
What is karma and how does it work?
Karma has become a very popular word and spiritual concept everywhere in the world but it’s most frequently used in a sense of something that’s fated, something that’s inescapable.
In its original meaning, it is the principle of cause and effect.
It’s well described in the saying ‘what goes around comes around’, which came into existence as a way to describe the dynamics of human relations.
It’s obvious that people around us react to our behavior and our activity. If we’re good to other people, it’s likely they’re going to be good to us and if we’re not, we should expect the same.
However, when we talk about the spiritual concept of karma, we think about spiritual law, which suggests that all of the consequences of our thoughts, words and deeds are going to come back to us or the person who has done them.
The thing is, the effect doesn’t have to be immediate, it can be postponed.
Consequences can gather and manifest themselves after we have forgotten about our actions; for example, in another lifetime.
That’s why many of us ask ourself why we deserve something bad that happened to us when we have never done anything wrong.
That’s why the law of karma is seen as surprising, unexpected and unexplainable.
It’s best to understand karma as something natural. When you think about it, physical, psychological and sociological laws work the same way; every action has an equal reaction.
It’s the same with spirituality.
How to overcome karmic contracts
Overcoming karmic contracts is different for every person but there are some universal rules that help you decrease your karmic debt, such as doing good deeds whenever you can.
Every well-intentioned action will eventually result in something positive. The only thing is, we don’t know when. However, the positive energy you give to another will get back to you when you need it the most.
The other important thing is to become aware of your thought patterns and causes of your problematic behavior. The more you’re aware of yourself, the less of a chance you’ll do something questionable.
The key to understanding karma is to understand ourself and work on our self-improvement and spiritual growth.
Most of the karmic soul contracts relate to relationships in our lives and that’s why we always hear about karmic relationships , since they’re the main channel through which we learn.
If you’re wondering if your relationship with a specific person is the result of a karmic pattern, here are the 8 most recognizable signs that can tell you if your relationship is indeed karmic:
8 signs you’re in a karmic relationship
1. It feels like it’s meant to be
A karmic relationship often comes in unusual ways or at unusual timings in life. If it doesn’t, then you still have that feeling like you can’t stay away from a certain person, even though you don’t know why.
The moment you meet the person, you have a feeling like something just clicked .
I’m not saying that the fact something clicked means that relationship is necessarily good but rather that something that needed to happen just happened. It’s like attaining some kind of goal you didn’t know about.
Karmic relationships are fated and we can internally feel it even when we don’t understand it consciously.
We helplessly gravitate and fall into those relationships and only later on start to understand that it was fate.
Of course, not everything that’s in a way forced or looks forced upon us (because we’re not aware of our pre-lifetime agreements) is going to be the most comfortable experience of life.
It can be good but it will always be challenging and in order for our soul to grow, we need to embrace the tough lessons.
2. It’s full of repeating patterns
Karmic relationships are here to teach us lessons our soul needs to learn in order to grow.
That’s why they’re intense and more often than not consist of repeating patterns that show us what the lesson is that we have to learn.
Did you ever notice how you encounter people who trigger the same problems in your life? Those problems are not a coincidence; that’s what you need to learn.
Moreover, have you noticed how with people who are close to you, like your partner or maybe even family members , you have the same problems that keep repeating again and again?
If your relationship looks like a never-ending, repetitive problem that can’t be solved, it’s probably karmic . That only means solving it will be challenging but not impossible.
Furthermore, it means that’s exactly what you have to change to grow and attain well-being in this lifetime.
3. The boundaries are blurred
Unfortunately, more often than not, karmic bonds include a lot of toxic behavior and people in karmic relationships often experience mental or physical abuse .
If you’re in a relationship with a person who doesn’t show you respect or takes advantage of you, that means your boundaries are not set and you need to learn to set them.
Sometimes, that’s the lesson you have to learn—to stand up for yourself. You’ll notice that as soon as you set the boundaries, relationships in your life will change and even possibly cease.
4. You behave selfishly
On the flip side, maybe you’re the one who behaves harshly toward another person or maybe you’re not emotionally invested enough but something keeps you close to the person you’re involved with.
This kind of relationship is clearly karmic and sometimes our unexplainable feelings can be connected to our past life experiences.
5. It’s full of highs and lows
The laws of karma are unpredictable and so are karmic relationships . One day, they’re very passionate and full of love and the next, they’re cold and bitter.
The best thing you can do is observe the patterns and triggers that lead you to a certain mental state, where you’ll find many unhealed aspects of you that need work.
In order to free yourself from bad karma , you need to become conscious of your weaknesses and assert your free will in accordance with your soul.
6. You get to know your shadow side
Every light is followed by a shadow. Every person has a shadow side that controls a part of their unconsciousness. It’s not always easy to spot but karmic relationships are one of the ways to highlight it.
Our shadow side perpetuates negative actions based on fear and a lack of understanding of our innermost needs and desires.
However, we shouldn’t see our shadow side as something negative, even though it’s the part of us we don’t like to admit we have.
Our shadow side has its purpose in our life and the first step to understanding it is to accept it.
7. You have a hard time letting go
Karmic lessons mostly come with great pain and one of the most painful experiences is letting go of something you feel attached to.
Sometimes, letting go and separation are incredibly hard and feel like one part of our soul is being taken away.
With almost every relationship that’s a karmic lesson , you’ll experience great pain and loss and an inability to fully comprehend the connection you had with that someone or something.
8. You lose yourself
This might be the most traumatic and life-changing experience of them all.
Soul contracts are not bound to our current personality or life, they go way beyond that; that’s why sometimes when we experience this kind of relationship , our soul doesn’t resonate only with our current personality but merges into more or elevates to our h igher Self .
It’s like your subconscious remembering something that’s happened before but you can’t really explain it. It’s not necessarily bad or good, it just is.
However, the idea of losing ourself is scary when we observe it from a practical point of view and that’s why it’s important to practice things that induce higher levels of consciousness, where our ego and personality are dissolved, primarily with meditation.
With these practices, we get used to alternate states of being that are inevitable on a real spiritual journey.
What’s the difference between a karmic partner, a twin flame and a soulmate?
Many people are confused by the different kinds of soul connections we can have in life but depending on our karmic contracts , we can experience all or just some of them.
Here are brief explanations of the terms but keep in mind that not everything that has to do with the soul is really possible to label.
Karmic partner
Karmic relationships are often exciting and passionate at first but burn down quickly.
However, they change our life forever and often bring a great amount of pain and suffering. They’re like redirections that are meant to happen in order to change us for the better.
Usually, a karmic partner is not the one we’re going to spend our entire life with.
Soulmate
Soulmate relationships are full of unconditional love . This kind of relationship is kind, understanding and something we long for at the deepest level.
It’s the person we feel like we knew before the first meeting. It’s the person we want to spend our life with, someone who triggers our innermost feelings and makes us become a better person.
Twin flame
Your twin flame is the person who is your mirror. If you look up the definition of a twin flame , it will tell you that twin flames are one soul separated into two bodies.
It’s everything we want but also fear and therefore has qualities of both a soulmate and a karmic relationship .
Twin flames usually don’t happen more than once in a lifetime and sometimes not even once.
Karmic contracts are tools our soul uses on its path to final completion. That’s why we have to understand that all the bad things that happen in our life have meaning.
They happen for a reason we don’t know yet but they’re crucial for our spiritual journey.
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https://herway.net/what-are-karmic-contracts/
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According to Advaita Vedanta, God as Sat-Chit-Ananda is perfect existence, consciousness and bliss; whereas the manifested universe as a play of Shakti or energy is temporal; the immutable principle or reality is beyond time. God is not exactly a being - in order for there to be being, there has to be non-being - and, it is said, that such dualism within the differentiated reality does not exist in that state. It cannot be described, quantified, reasoned, or explained all of which exist on a differentiated basis only directly experienced as itself. Shakti or energy, as an abstraction, is eternal but its manifestations are continually changing. Therefore, in Hinduism, God is represented in both male and female form. The male as sat-chit-anand is immutable; the female shakti is temporal. While being omnipresent and immanent in reality, sat-chit-anand is formless. Shakti is manifested but, also, exists in an unexpressed form inside of sat-chit-anand. Therefore, even if the Universe ceases to exist at one point, it will eventually be reborn because Shakti in an immaterial form is also eternal.
What motivates the action is described more poetically as a dance or a play.
life begins with consciousness. What makes an ant different from a rock is some sense of itself. Rather than existing purely causally, it has some degree of freedom, but the grosser awareness is more causally bound. In its pure form as sat-chit-anada, consciousness is said to be completely independent of causality. And therefore true freedom can only be realized in that state. Until then, the mind is bound to causal existence to greater and lesser extents. An awareness of self is present in grosser and subtler forms. Animals or even a microbe will have some form of awareness. However, in mankind, the ability to reason allows this base awareness to be refined into higher existential contemplation.
Vedanta describes the mind as being composed of sheaths or veils going from a gross awareness of self to a subtler awareness. Love - what we call love - is a very complex emotion described by as a feeling of empathy or compassion; the identification of one's self with others.
According to Vedanta, selfless love is actually an attribute of the self-realized. The mind shorn of its grossness is perfectly pure and, just like water poured from a jug into a pond mingles in an undifferentiated manner, so ultimately in nirvikalpa, samadhi or enlightenment, there is a type of universal identification. This identification is not merely a delusion but actually a state of simultaneous experience. Yogis have described having a spherically expanding universal vision and a state of indescribable rapture. Scripture gives the metaphor of a voluminous lake overflowing with pure water. Paramhansa Yogananda, in his book Autobiography of a Yogi, describes this experience as realization of ever new joy. Self-realization is not easy to achieve and requires spiritual practice, sometimes over multiple life times.
One of the biggest reasons for this difficulty is that the thirst of the soul for material existence is not sated. Though realization is by far the greatest prize and the culmination of achievement, it is elusive. Prarabdha Karmas, the force of accumulated metaphysical causality, the impulses whose imprints or Samskaras are in the mind where the subtle most human desires are the yearnings of the soul. Ramakrishna said that God himself has become all these forms. It is not his will that the play should come to an end. That's why self-realization is not easily achieved. Saint Gyaneshwar said that the play existed for the sport of God. It was all his forms and manifestations.
The yearnings or desires cause the soul to seek out new manifestations. At death, though the gross body and senses die, the causality of those desires does not die. It seeks out a new corporeal existence. If the motive force is good, then the bound soul will go to any number of heavens; if the motive force is bad, it will go into any number of hells. The place where it goes is precisely motivated by its own nature. Hell is a place where there is suffering and ignorance. Heaven is where there is pleasure or sensory enjoyment.
Neither residence in that heaven or hell, for the bound soul, is permanent. The soul (Atman), while working off its previous karma, continually acquires new karma. Like a metal hammered with new impressions, in the course of a life, the actions we reinforce shape the quality of the mind and the subtlest part of the mind is the soul. Therefore, it is conceivable that if someone continually acquired bad karma by reinforcing bad actions they would remain in hell for a very long time. However, the soul can always be redeemed because there is the power of free will or independence from causality that originates from God himself.
Good and evil is equivalent to knowledge and ignorance. Knowledge is good. Ignorance is evil. Ignorance leads to suffering and bondage. Knowledge leads to happiness and liberation. The highest heaven is said to be self-realization because that state is eternal, ever new, pure, perfect, and rapturous. Therefore, it is considered to be better than any sensual heaven, such as those in the realms of the gods.
The sequence of self realization is Atma Nirikshana (Self introspection), Atma Vishleshan (Self Analysis), Atma Sudhaar (Self correction), Atma Vikaash, (Self development), Atma Bodh (Self realization) and Atma Trupti (State of Bliss). This is how self realization leads to God realization.
Self-realization- is achieved through 4 types of spiritual practices.
- Karma yoga - without attachment to the fruit of action, acting by offering the fruit of the action to God. In other words, the practice of wholesome actions, actions that are complete, that fulfill all aspects of the present moment, leaving one in a state of fulfillment, i.e. free from desire, until the next impulse arises. All actions have a personal component which is unavoidable, be it pleasant, neutral or unpleasant. Wholesome, harmonious or in the flow actions are by definition fulfilling and therefore lead to Self Realization.
- Raja yoga - psychic control or one pointed meditation that first focuses thought onto one point and then stops thought leaving only the underlying awareness.
- Bhakti yoga - the development of love for God and other beings.
- Gyana yoga - reasoning the mind from gross most to subtle most state culminating in samadhi. This type of Gyana or knowledge is not exactly like book learning. Rather Gyana is discovering one's self and uncovering its mysteries through direct inner contemplation. Ultimately knowledge of relative phenomena dissolves and only the original Life-Force or God remains.
As taught by Ramana maharshi, awareness or consciousness of ‘I am’ plays a key role in achieving self-realization; tracing back to the source of awareness by asking oneself the question ‘Who am I?’, the true self becomes obvious. Focusing attention on the qualified ‘I am’ is a powerful means to achieving the end which is being at one with the completely unqualified ‘I’, the True Self which is experienced as Silence. Replacing the confused duality of Self and ego with the pristine non-dual experience of Self is the essence of Ramana's teaching.
True happiness is the manifested Self. It only seems like a result because it is not felt or known permanently before the ego is removed. As explained by Ramana Maharshi.
Happiness is inherent in man and is not due to external causes. One must realize himself in order to experience his unalloyed happiness. All spiritual scriptures are meant to make man retrace his steps to his original source.
Where are you now? Are you in the world or is the world within you? You must admit that the world is not perceived in your sleep although you cannot deny your existence then. The world appears when you wake up. So where is it? Clearly, the world is your thought. Thoughts are your projections. The ‘I’ is first created and then the world. The world is created by the ‘I’ which in its turn rises up from the self. The riddle of the creation of the world is thus solved if you solve the creation of ‘I’.
So I suggest one should find and realize his or her ‘self’ and achieve God realization,
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https://www.speakingtree.in/blog/self-realization-part-2-process
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Learning To Trust Your Intuition Enables Authenticity
In life, we forget what feels good and really true for our own health and wellbeing, because we think, or rather, are conditioned to believe what someone else considers ‘good’ or ‘successful’ applies to us. Along the way, we lose our free will about what we believe is best for our self-care and default to what has been imprinted on us since childhood. We stop being true to ourselves as we fulfill and 'play' a role that is expected of us.
Your intuition can be a guiding factor in taking action and making decisions for your best and highest good. But how can we identify what our intuition is versus what our logic leads us to?
What is intuition?
Intuition is an innate knowingness that surfaces the unconscious to the conscious (wakeful) state without necessarily involving logical processing or reasoning. It’s the balance between your inner knowing and experience that comes from your higher Self, universal love and trust. Your intuition is a combination of gut feel, layered with experiences and past perceptions through time, so that all of these combined over the years become part of your intuitive baseline.
What is logic?
On the opposite side, logic is deliberate and considered. Logic involves analysis and processing to come to an end result or decision. And because of this, naturally it requires conscious effort and some type of a systematic formula or order to get to the outcome.
Whilst intuition is subtle and cultivated from multiple sources simultaneously, logic is orderly, mostly sequential and specifically uses sets of information or data to support the outcome.
When is it important to trust your intuition?
Your intuition is an important aspect of your life as a whole. Learning to develop your intuitive abilities can benefit you in your connections with colleagues, clients, business deals, as well as personal safety and self-protection. For example knowing when someone’s energy does not mirror where you’re at or when someone’s facial expressions appear or can be perceived as positive, however you can sense that something is not quite right.
How can we flow from our intuitive Self?
In the modern world, we’re taught or programmed to prioritise logic and reason over our natural, instinctual senses. In actuality, if we can learn to balance the two - that’s where we start to flow and succeed.
Actively making choices to release your programmes, gives you a fresh canvas to start from. Letting go of habits and patterns, so that you can really start to connect and listen to your mind-body essence will free your intuitive abilities.
Be patient and kind to your Self as you start working on honing this skill. You’ll notice where your pre-conditioned programmes come up to throw in doubt, fear and uncertainty. Question the things that are coming to the surface and realise that they are not you – they are the things you need to let go of, so that you can trust your Self and what your intuition tells you.
Balancing your gut feeling and your logic… that gut-brain connection brings us to our centre – the heart space. Our heart space is our true authentic Self. When something feels good and true to you, it’s most likely to be from your higher Self. The challenge most of us will have, is in learning to let go of the programmes and structures that we’ve moulded our lives around because of passed on generational fears and fears developed in childhood.
Trusting your Self
It comes down to trust. Trusting your higher Self, or your intuition and utilising it as a tool for guidance in decision-making and taking action will provide a knowingness that you are doing exactly what is right for you in the moment. It allows you to show up as your truest, most authentic Self. And who wouldn't want to live in that space?
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Check out my related posts for more!
With Love,
Divya
My mission is to be of service to our community, future generations and our environment through conscious living.
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https://www.divya-chandegra.com/post/learning-to-trust-your-intuition-enables-authenticity
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"What human beings can be, they must be." Abraham Maslow described the process of self-actualisation as the desire to become the most that one can be. In the current age where the focus seems to be pathological mental health issues and medication, it becomes ever more important to understand self actualisation and the process of living fully. Once we understand the process of self actualisation, we may use negative emotions as a catalyst for change.
The Night of Transformation 04 March 19 – Maha Shivratri
The dark night - with no moon to light the sky - has been celebrated in ancient Egypt, Greece and India since antiquity. The worship of Thoth in Egypt, Dionysus in Greece, Pashupathi or Shiva in India, suggests that these cultures shared a common belief – the only way to transform was to let go of the norm.
What is Spontaneous Enlightenment – Sahaja?
Sahaja means spontaneous enlightenment.The Sahajiya Siddha concept of spontaneous spirituality influenced many Eastern religious and spiritual traditions including Buddhism and Hinduism. Spontaneous spirituality was alluded to indirectly and symbolically in the twilight language (sandhya bhasa) used by the Siddha's throughout the centuries. Siddha traditions also influenced the Bhakti or devotional movements through the Sant tradition, as can be discerned from the writings of the Bauls of Bengal, Dnyaneshwar, Meera, Kabir and Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism. It is often said that understanding the concept of Sahaja-Siddha enables you to understand the purpose of human life.
How Quantum Entanglement and Samsara are Entangled
Entanglement - the action of entagling or being entangled. To entangle means to become twisted together or caught in process that is difficult to escape. Quantum entanglement shows the relationship between subatomic particles that operate even over great distances almost like magic. Samsara is the Indian concept of cyclicality of all life and the bonds that tie us to pain or freedom. Are the concepts of quantum entanglement and samsara related?
Let Us All Unite!
You, the people, have the power to make this life free and beautiful, to make this life a wonderful adventure. This is a speech that inspires me and which I hope will inspire you. We have the power to make this life free and beautiful. Let us unite in this goal.
My Life: Renunciation vs The World
My Life: Renunciation vs The World Having recently returned from a journey of ascetic solitude in the Himalayas, I face the challenge of having to re-integrate into the real world. Heres my reasoning for my struggles. Would love to hear your suggestions and comments.
What is Epigenetics?
Simply put, Epigenetics is the study of how our lifestyle and environment changes our bodies. Its relates specifically to how our genes are expressed to create physical changes in our bodies.
What is Karma?
The Indian concept of karma developed and evolved over centuries. Hence many different definitions of karma came into being. Central to all these definitions was the relationship between karma and causality. Karma - was described as action, deeds, intention as well as the outcome of ones action. But what if karma really? Read to understand.
What is Dharma?
There is no single word for dharma in English. A few authors have attempted to translate dharma and have come up with over 20 different translations including "law, order, duty, custom, nature, practice, purpose, quality, statute". However each of these words is incomplete. Even a combination of these concepts do not convey a complete sense of dharma. In this article I explain what dharma is.
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https://nuninhighheels.com/page/3/
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Sanatana Dharma- Eternal Journey to Ishwara
Sanatan Dharma is the oldest religion mankind had ever realized or experienced before. Sanatana Dharma can be seen with the evolution of nature, animals, and mankind. It simply exists as earth, nature, and mankind so.
This dharma is not the brainchild or initiation of any guru or primarily based totally on any prophecy. One can get the authentic information of Dharma from the holy scriptures of Vedas, Upnishads, and Mahakavya. Hinduism is a relatively Modern-day shape, geographical identity, resultant of defense against forceful conversion, torture, slavery, attack, and genocide of the people of this country, and partial knowledge of Sanatana dharma.
Sanatana Dharma in Modern time
In contrast to modern order and man-made faith which are primarily based totally on prophecy, secret knowledge, self-made unscientific rules, and supernatural experiences, etc. Sanatan Dharma is access to the spiritual (Not Physical) area of every person in his or her life and beyond. Where present-day religion works at the bodily symbol, works, and attribution Dharma considers the soul as its subject and exploration in this arena.
Union with God
Sanatana Dharma is an equation between Soul and Param Brahma.
God with many avatars
Dharma considers God as one with many manifestations. Just like a woman is a mother to one and sister to second and daughter to third and sister-in-law or daughter-in-law to others the Same manner God is referred to as or worshiped or cherished in exclusive names and avatars.
Unification of Trinity
Santan Dharma tells the power of three devs- Brahma, Vishnu, and Mahesh (Trinity) All are linked as one referred to as supreme consciousness or param Brahma. It’s three dimensions of one Brahma. One offers Birth, second with nurturing, and third with death. And completes the birth, death, and rebirth cycle.
Explore understanding and Truth
Setting apart misbeliefs Dharma by no means says or orders or instructions whatever in particular. What you notice nowadays in Hinduism is a lifestyle and a contemporary-day-day knowledge of dharma.
The very basis of the relation between soul and Param Brahma is the liberty to seek and discover knowledge, hidden truth, and way of life.
such a grant of freedom to humans is only possible in Sanatana dharma also called the religion of humanity (मानव धर्म प्राणी मात्र के लिए ).
Freedom of Soul, Mind, and Body
Sanatan Dharma stands for freedom of soul, mind, and body in its entirety. In dharma, it’s far believed that every individual has his or her unique karmic imprints and spiritual inclination. And Devotee is free to pick his personal course to discover his or her spiritual dimension with God.
Path to Libration
Liberation or Mukti is the principal goal of human beings. The Chakra of birth, death, and rebirth are pillars of karmic balance. And Liberation is freedom from the birth and death cycle and union with Param Brahma.
Law of Karma
On earth, the only law that is working perpetually is the law of karma. What you get is what you do. karma of good thought and deed is received in the same and equal amount. good karma reciprocates good karma and bad with bad. The Law of action, inaction, and reaction is effectively explained in the holy book Srimad Bhagwad Gita.
Disclaimer:
The author has previously published a similar article elsewhere
The readers are suggested to read the following similar articles.
Worship or prayer which works.
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http://shaktiohm.in/?p=266
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We have been raised to believe that we are insufficient in our current state and that others wouldn't appreciate us. They desired a change in the way we looked, thought, and acted. Because we are sociable beings at our foundation, connecting with others and forming social bonds is a basic human goal. To avoid being abandoned, alone, and helpless, many of us decided to compromise our identities. While Beauty and the Beast by Marie Le Prince de Beaumont, has many distinct symbols throughout the tale such as kindness, virtue, and selflessness, the climax is shaped through abnormality and standing out from the crowd. The tale examines how happiness isn't through conforming to society's expectations, but through being your true authentic self. While not acting the way others supposedly leads to broken relationships and judgment, trying to fit the role that society expects will never end in happiness because you will never be on your true path, it prevents positive societal development change, and it is not more rewarding than accepting the judgment and the fate it brings.
While everyone may have a time in their life when they feel as if they are lost, it is one thing to be lost and find yourself, and a completely different thing to conform to a certain identity and follow a path that may be wrong for you. Characters' identities are largely formed by external causes, and they are generally inclined to adjust to what is placed upon them by others. If one has been brought up in an environment where they are given what they want when they want it, they would become accustomed to that. Due to their wealth, Beauty's sisters have grown to expect the delights that most only dream about. They acted very condescendingly as a result of their pride, "gave themselves ridiculous airs, and would not visit other merchants' daughters, nor keep company with any but persons of quality" (10). The phrase "persons of quality" refers to further wealthy individuals. The sisters of Beauty had very limited perspectives and were unable to see what life's true meanings were. They made materials and objects their personality and when it was gone so was their sense of self. They believed in wealth over kindness and authenticity and as a result, were left lonely, with their community "glad to see their pride humbled" (10) The characters' own identity is ultimately determined by what and who they are, so if they are rotten on the inside, it won't be too long until their external reality catches up to them. They weren't following their true path and therefore ended up feeling drained and empty after their fortune ran dry. Identity is not defined by material possessions but most make it so. Knowing your core beliefs and the principles you live by is essential to being authentic. You will adopt the habits and views of others if you are not being true to yourself, and you'll begin to adhere to the standards and viewpoints of other individuals. You can only live your life in harmony with your principles if you are aware of the intentions behind your actions.
The key to making connections with others is to have genuine positive intentions for both yourself and your company. In Beauty and the Beast, the connections between the characters are frequently flipped, and they act in ways that are unforeseen and improper under the blatantly gendered patriarchal regime of the 18th century. This is important because since there were so many stereotypes about the way people should act, so if one was truly a virtuous individual, they wouldn't be afraid to break societal norms. The story offered alternatives to the stereotypical female fairy tale heroines by featuring a strong, independent Beauty who frees the Beast from his captivity in a hideous body. "There was only you generous enough to be won by the goodness of my temper" (17) Both Beauty and the Beast do not overtly challenge patriarchal notions of gender; however, both portrayals offer alternatives to these norms and push the bounds of what is acceptable for men and women to accomplish. Even though Beauty is meant to be a hostage, the Beast is actually behind bars and the female is the one doing the saving, as opposed to the male. This sets the stage for a change in the perspective on how women were supposed to act, leading to more powerful female characters in future writing.
Everyone's path has its outcomes and destinations. If you don't follow your instincts, you may end up on the wrong path with the wrong fate. Beauty stayed true to herself and ended up exactly where she was destined to be. Even though the beast was a hideous and scary creature she stood her ground and for what she believed in "I have so great a desire to see my father, that I shall fret to death if you refuse me that satisfaction" (15) Regardless of the irony that he doesn't want her to leave him, he accepts that she must go home and see her worried father. The brief distance enables Beauty to realize that she has truly grown to love the Beast. She doesn't seek the palace or its wealth. Greater beyond all else in the entire world, she treasures the Beast's affection and companionship.
When you choose the path that is against the tide, it requires a lot of strength. It's simple to just follow the pack, hence the vast majority of individuals that choose the broad path, such as Beauties sisters. When you stay loyal to yourself and forge your own identity, it becomes more difficult. It requires guts and inner strength to face the task of being true to oneself regardless of judgment. Being genuine makes happiness simpler to attain because you are being judged regardless of what you do. Go through your time on earth, on your terms, not anyone else's.
Recognition in Retrospect
Critical Essay
Recognition in Retrospect
I'd like to believe everything in life has a purpose or at least a reason for its existence. If there was no purpose then the dreaded experiences would feel personal and difficult to look past.
Beloved is a mental survey of traumatic experiences that analyzes slavery through the eyes of slaves, making the reader feel a personal connection to the characters. Morrison depicts the former slaves' painful inner torment as well as the suffocating lifestyles they had in the novel. Traumatic experiences create lasting wounds in one's subconscious, which frequently falters one's hope. While Sethe reflects on her past she is faced with remembering the indescribable agony and misery she was forced to live through. Rather than addressing and overcoming her anguish, she decided to bury those horrific memories, and as a result, became captive to her own history. "It amazed Sethe... because every mention of her past life hurt.... But, as she began telling about the earrings, she found herself wanting to, liking it." (Morrison 69) Not until Beloved shows an interest in Sethe's past is she able to truly face the reality of what she overcame. Beloved's desire to reminisce about the past can be viewed as a form of deceit that drags the undesirable past into the present, yet on the other hand, it can be viewed as a necessary obstacle for Sethe and her community to overcome in order to heal from past trauma. This passage highlights the need for detachment from what is being told in storytelling: thus by developing a backstory on her past, Sethe is enabled to create her own detachment from the occurrences, and, like Beloved, become a listener of her own narrative.
There are numerous unpleasant times in everyone's life that they attempt to push back as much as possible, but no matter how hard they push, the past is unchangeable. When one has been through traumatic experiences, it's normal to turn off memories in an attempt to preserve themself from unpleasant emotional experiences that are supposedly doomed to happen. But this impending doom that we believe has the ability to disturb our peace only has the ability to affect us if we give it enough power to do so. In the novel, it is commonly believed the greatest solution to forget the memory is to forgo and discard that version of themselves. The hardest thing to come to terms with is that even with the turmoil that affects their identity so deeply, overcoming these struggles solely depends on if you are willing to let go of the past and move forth. "To Sethe, the future was a matter of keeping the past at bay. The "better life" she believed she and Denver were living was simply not that other one. Sethe keeping her from the past, that was still waiting for her was all that mattered" (Morrison 51). Memories influence the present because they alter our perspective of the world. Sethe believes that in order to have a better life she must not only protect herself from her past entirely but also Denver as well.
Some events have such force that simply remembering them is enough to cause the dreadful event to repeat again. "Those that saw her that day on the porch quickly and deliberately forgot her. It took longer for those who had spoken to her, lived with her, fallen in love with her, to forget... In the end, they forgot her too" ( Morrison 323-324) Morrison depicts the internal and external ways in which individuals in the community reconfigured their memories to push away the discomfort and confrontation with their inner trauma Beloved forced them to feel. The process moves at varying speeds based on the nature of each person's relationship with Beloved, but they all eventually reach the same point of forgetfulness. The story suggests that in order for a society to be cleansed of harmful events, the former must be accepted and left behind.
Memory is shown as a perilous and reflective force of awareness in Toni Morrison's novel Beloved. All of the individuals in the narrative experience a loss of genuine individuality as a result of slavery, as well as their own external and mental anguish. They are compelled to cope with their history in order to heal as individuals as a result of interacting with energy from their past. They will not be able to escape until they are fully engaged in reflection.
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https://greaterclevelandscholasticwriting.com/2023/honorable-mention/alexa-christopherson/
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Tim Cresswell’s Place: An Introduction highlights a binary between what can be defined as a ‘Place’ versus a ‘Non-Place’ or placeless-ness. I will analyse that the binary he creates in his chapter, ‘Place in a Mobile World’ is not necessarily one that needs to exist, due to the subjectivity and individuality of the phenomenology of places.
A ‘Place’ can be defined as a heterogenous, dynamic and lively space that is continuously shaped by our social practices and processes.1 He argues that Place is significant to people, and people are significant to the place itself. In other words, Places and people simultaneously create a sense of attachment and historical meaning.2 However, Cresswell discusses that Places have been increasingly homogenised due to increased mobilisation and a consumer society, creating a sense of ‘Placeless-ness’ or ‘Non-Place’3 He describes Placeless-ness as one of inauthenticity, where the average American changes home every three years, reducing the significance of a home. He also uses the example of tourism, where people would rather travel for the sake of it, rather than caring about the actual destination.4
However, Places don’t mean the same thing to everyone: a Non-Place can be seen as a place to someone else. Individuality is taken away in Cresswell’s readings as he over generalises what a sense of place is. For example, in Japan, there is a concept called famirii resutoran or famirsu, meaning family restaurant. These family restaurants are a selection of Japanese, Chinese or Korean cuisines, or even American chain restaurants such as Denny’s, as they “cater to diners of every age, sex and degree of affluence.”5 This seemingly ‘Non-Place’ of a Denny’s, homogenous as it is a chain restaurant, can be perceived as heterogenous due to its unique placement in Japan. A restaurant such as Denny’s is given cultural significance, due to its name and Japan’s history of multiculturalism forming from a “150-year history of industrialisation, nation-state formation and imperialist expansion,” as well as the economic boom in the 1960s.6 Therefore, Cresswell’s binary of Place versus Non-Place is not necessarily true as there are places that seem homogenous on the outside but are actually dynamic places that are imbued with memories and meanings for other people.
Cresswell further highlights this binary through the ‘Disneyification’ of Places. Disneyland is used as an example of a Non-place, where every park is recreated across the world, and thus give the same experience to everyone worldwide. However, even Disneyland can create a unique and individual experience for everyone. When Tokyo Disneyland opened in 1983, it was part of a plan to facilitate more cultural exchanges between Japan and the United States.7 Tokyo Disneyland can be seen as a different experience from American Disneylands because of its different rides, attractions and food. Additionally, due to its sister park, DisneySea. DisneySea is completely unique to Japan with its own theme and attractions that allow people, especially locals, to enjoy.
In summation, the binary of Place versus Non-Place that Cresswell highlights in this chapter does not necessarily exist in its entirety. This is due to individual and subjective experiences in seemingly homogenous places.
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https://www.spatialhistory.net/cities/2022/03/place-versus-non-place/
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Do you know how to say “No” from a state of profound self-confidence and based on a deep “Yes” to life itself? Do you know what the key is to completely violence-free power built on healthy strength? Would you like to be able to face challenges with true power, and to say YES to life in all situations?
Shai Tubali invites you to a journey into the mystery of your solar plexus chakra.
The solar plexus chakra is the source of our feelings of resilience and the origin of the strength needed to face challenges and social, environmental and energetic pressures.
It is also the source of our sense of individuality and the feeling that we have boundaries that can protect us. There are natural boundaries and there are boundaries that are based on resistance. In the healthy state of the solar plexus chakra, it is possible for it to create for us a boundary that is not resistance-based, but is rooted in true individuality and quiet confidence. In this situation, no negative energy can invade the system.
This chakra functions also the core of our energetic immune system, physically and emotionally. It is one of the major keys to our health. Its ability to prevent the invasion of negative energy is equally physical, energetic, emotional and mental.
What participants say
“I found Shai’s teachings tremendously powerful and insightful intellectually, yet simultaneously they effected me spiritually, energetically, emotionally with integrated meditations that make the experience ‘real’, ‘known’. He teaches with heart and a pureness of intuition and intent that I have found wonderfully transformative.”
“The loving guidance from the level of the person through the transpersonal field towards the SELF touched me a lot. A helping hand – yet fully open. Clearly focused and still so free.”
“The entirely different perspective from on our PURE BEING, free of Dogmas and rituals, free of have to, should, otherwise…. is so liberating and inspiring. To place ourselves in freedom like this, is pure love. Thank you so much!”
In this seminar we will learn:
- Learn about and reveal the principle and experience of the essence of the solar plexus’ true inner power. Unlike the experience of resistance, anger, struggle or frustration, true inner power is all about our ability to feel inner forces inside us that can enable us to be relaxed, quiet and still when we find ourselves in front of challenges that seem insurmountable.
- Develop the different dimensions of Power Psychology in us. This involves the ability to handle states of weakness and the ability to be resilient and strong, when we are under pressure; to face serious challenges out of an inner quietness and with a clear sense of will power.
- Study the intricacies of the energetic immune system
- Get to know true individuality, rather than what we usually perceive as such. This will be based around a real experience of what individuality truly is. This is of crucial importance, because only true individuality can lead to, and develop into, the feeling of being safe and strong. This in turn is needed, since in order to really love we need to be rooted in a healthy and strong solar plexus, as this is the connection between the third chakra and the fourth chakra.
- Learn how not to be afraid of tensions, conflicts and pressures, and how to deal with and respond to states of anger, criticism and conflict with other people
The Seminar includes:
- Inspiring talks
- Special guided meditations
- Different practices for the empowerment of the solar plexus
- Practicing of a technique that enables us to prevent diseases from taking over our body
- A technique that will enable us to successfully face challenges on a daily basis
- A technique that will allow us to withstand, deal with and handle moments of weaknesses
- Free and full access to all learning materials, talks and practices of the course for 24 months.
- Daily meditations sent to you for 21 days to help you apply and deepen what you are learning and experiencing
This learning programme is accessible both, by attending classes in our center in Berlin or online via our interactive live broadcast platform, which also allows you to play the recordings whenever it suits you best. You can watch lessons at your own pace and revisit them whenever you need, and if you missed one, watch them in your free time from the comfort of your home.
How to Participate
Start immediately after registration
You get access to all materials right away after your registration. Additionally you will daily email over a period of 21 days to support you in your meditation practice.
Study at your own pace
The course is structure as a 4 weeks seminar. However you study the materials at your own pace.
The journey is all about you.
The journey is all about you. All lectures are created to activate and empower your solar plexus chakra.
Flexibility
Daily online lectures. Participate from wherever you are.
Exclusive Membership Area
Get access to the exclusive membership area.
365 Days Full Access
Participate now and receive 12 months access to the video course and to all the materials for only
240 € 180 €.
I want to participate
About Shai Tubali
Spiritual Teacher, Author and Philosopher – Shai is a prolific and renowned author, with 23 books published to date. His bestselling books have been translated into five languages and have won awards in Israel and the United States. In his teaching Shai combines Yogic knowledge and Eastern practices with the latest in Western science, psychology, and philosophy to create innovative transformative processes. Indeed, almost 20 years of in-depth study of Eastern thought and Yogic tradition have brought this trained Yogi up to a master level in utilizing the tools of spirituality to offer structure, deep insights, and methods for personal growth in all areas of life. Based on his own direct and ongoing revelation of cosmic consciousness since the age of 23, he is a pioneering figure in the field of self-transformation who has helped thousands of people to transform their lives in his many years of teaching around the world.
This site is not a part of the Facebook website or Facebook Inc. Additionally, This site is NOT endorsed by Facebook in any way. FACEBOOK is a trademark of FACEBOOK, Inc.
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https://activespirits.net/en/sp/true-inner-power-online/
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Your Happiness is Within You, so where is the road?
Life is difficult sometimes but Fortunately, there is some moment of happiness.
For some people, love is true happiness, but for others, it's money or power or maybe both. then, what is happiness?
It seems like an odd question, but is it?
It seems strange to talk about happiness during a pandemic, but is it?
We're stuck at home, but many of us sense an opportunity to think about his life. In this world, we rarely get the chance to stop and consider our happiness and our purpose in life.
How often you said, " I want to be happy?".
People don't really understand the definition of happiness. Many people think that happiness is having fun, good food, the passion of sex, or the excitement of the new experience in life.
For them, these are happiness but in reality, it's just the definition of pleasure.
So, what is happiness?
As Mahatma Gandhi said about happiness: “Happiness is when what you think, what you say, and what you do are in harmony.”
Definition Of Happiness from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary
First, let's take a look at the definition of happiness. The Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary definition of "happiness" is: "the state of feeling or showing pleasure".
So, happiness is a state of feeling or showing pleasure. From this definition, we can understand some point about happiness :
- it's a state. it means that it isn't something constant forever
- it's a feeling.
Here's another definition:
Happiness is simply the ability to find gratitude and satisfaction at the moment that you have right now.
For my entire life, I've been watched a lot of movies and a documentary about happiness, and after watching them for a long time, I concluded that happiness is how we deal with ourselves, and others.
Talking here about " The Art of Happiness", Here are five secrets to happiness :
First: Be Optimistic
To be optimistic means that you believe in your ability to succeed, and to learn from your mistake and implement new strategies to achieve your goal and finally achieve your happiness.
There is a book, an excellent book that I came across and I recommend you to read it. This Book Called 'Learned Optimism: How to change your mind and your life' by Martin Seligman.
In this Book Seligman highlights three different way or As I prefer Called them, Three attitudes:
- Believe that it will pass
- Don't blame yourself
- it's just a part of your life when things go wrong.
- express gratitude.
Remember, Never be afraid of taking action to achieve your happiness.
“Optimism is a strategy for making a better future. Because unless you believe that the future can be better, you are unlikely to step up and take responsibility for making it so.”— – Noam Chomsky
Second: Don't Be a Slave To Your Past
If you want to be happy, you need to get over your past. Indeed, if you stick with your past, you will just end up suffering in your life and you will not achieve true happiness.
Yes, it's difficult to forget bad memories but remember we didn't tell you to erase them, you need to get over them if you want to live a happy life.
Here some tips to help you let you go :
- Replace the bad with the good ones
- Meditate
- be gentle with your self
- Surround your self with people who love you and fill you up
- Talk about your past or write it in a piece of paper and burn it to let it go.
“Be not the slave of your own past - plunge into the sublime seas, dive deep, and swim far, so you shall come back with new self-respect, with new power, and with an advanced experience that shall explain and overlook the old.”— ― Ralph Waldo Emerson
Third: Enjoy Life
Life is precious and unfortunately, we only have one life to live and we don't want to waste. So how do you start to live more at the moment and savor the good things that life has to offer?
Here are 4 ways to enjoy your life:
- Focus on Yourself
- Replay Happy memories.
- Make time to relax
- Build a moment of enjoyment in your daily positive life.
- Meet new people.
- Explore new places.
- Try new things.
- Celebrate small wins.
- Allow yourself to feel happy.
- Make time for gratitude and appreciation.
Here some quotes about enjoying life and to get you back on track of happiness :
“The purpose of life is to live it, to taste experience to the utmost, to reach out eagerly and without fear for a newer and richer experience.”―— Eleanor Roosevelt
Fourth: Stay Close To Your Family And Friends
Family is one of the important things in our lives. Indeed, The basic connection between family will always be love.
If you fill up your life with the love of your friend and family, I guarantee you will be live a happy life. Then, you achieve true happiness.
There are so many reasons to stay close to your family! family is so important in our life. Let's talk about some of the reasons to stay close to your family.
- Family is always there for you, no matter what happens.
- They are family, it means no conditional love.
- They are a support system.
- Gratitude.
- It is an important connection in this life.
Focus on helping others and living with meaning.
Here are 8 ways to make your family closer :
- Be the leader of your family.
- Establish Family Values.
- Be present.
- Create the culture in your home.
- Control your schedule.
- Plan whit purpose.
- Remind often.
- Have fun.
“Happiness is having a large, loving, caring, close-knit family in another city.”— –George Burns
“You don’t choose your family. They are God’s gift to you, as you are to them.” –— Desmond Tutu
Fifth: Happy People Take Care of Themselves
Self Care is so important in life. it's so important to make sure you take good care of your body, mind, and soul.
Here are 6 ways to get you started with self-care:
- Sleep well.
- Eat right.
- say no to others, and say yes to yourself.
- Read a book.
- Exercise.
- Take a trip.
"Happiness is within you, Not From others".
“Don't forget to appreciate yourself.”— ― Debasish Mridha
3 Videos That Explain Happiness
If you're interested in learning and understanding about happiness, there are few videos you might want to check out
Positive Psychology: The Science of Happiness
The surprising science of happiness | Dan Gilbert
How to Be Happier – Happier by Tal Ben-Shahar, PhD
This content is accurate and true to the best of the author’s knowledge and is not meant to substitute for formal and individualized advice from a qualified professional.
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https://hubpages.com/health/Your-Happiness-is-Within-You-So-where-is-the-road
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In other words their life is planned out. The reason the community was afraid that the people would make choices of their own is because of the chance of wrong choices. Therefore the people might cause havoc with wrong choices. In this passage Jonas learns why the community was afraid of choices. “Once he had yearned for choice.
The receiver of memory, the giver, is the only person who is able to the true pleasure of life. When Jonas is elected as the receiver of memory by the community and meets the Giver, his life is changed. Everything he believes in was controlled and hidden the real human life by the community. He is getting to realize that he will not be able to stay in the community any more and starts to find his own and comfort place. I would like to focus on describing the Giver’ compression for Jonas because I do think that this book can not be described without him.
We as people must look after ourselves and live for ourselves or we will become caught in our problems and become the people we were helping. Ayn Rand, in her novel, Anthem warns us of “Moochers”, people who demand, expect, or need support from others or the government. Rand supports her claim by creating a society in her book Anthem, where the people depend on their “Brothers”, the word “I” is not known by anyone, a job is appointed to you by a council, electricity is not known of, and no man can be smarter than the others in their profession. The author’s purpose is to show that a society with people depending on others takes away individualism and results in low evolution and zero change. The author writes in a formal tone for readers.
In Lois Lowry’s The Giver, Jonas and his community live in a world without memories. As no one has anything from the past to compare their current lives to, there is also no concept of real pain or pleasure. Both pain and pleasure are important aspects of life and the human experience, giving each person a different perspective based upon their experiences, creating differences that the community of The Giver strives to get rid of. In order to protect sameness and equality in every aspect of life throughout the population, no one can be allowed memories except for the one chosen member, the Receiver of Memories. When Jonas becomes the Receiver of Memories, he obtains memories of both pain and pleasure.
Jonas wants to leave the community to discover the truth about Elsewhere and what is there. While Jonas’ motivating factors to leave the community are for the selfish reason to experience life, he additionally leaves for their understanding of the past and to give them the ability to love through one another’s burdens. Jonas understands the consequences of leaving the community, but wants to be able to experience colors, pain, and love; which he couldn’t have if he stayed. “If it failed, he would very likely be killed. But what did that matter?
Surprisingly you could say Bob Ewell wants to also protect his children from the rest of the community because he was trying to protect his daughter Mayella from the rest of the community because he thought it was the right thing to do. As of his deep set hatred for the community from which he lives he cannot show this care for his children in the right way. So even though these two characters are opposite in the way they act, they are similar in protecting their children; Atticus knows how to protect his children in the right way, but Bob Ewell doesn’t, which makes him vicious and violent towards Maycomb and even his own children.
The Giver by Lois Lowry describes a perfect world without suffering, war and caring prejudice. Jonas, the main character in The Giver, is selected to be a memory receiver and therefore awakens to the dreadful essence of his community. Though Jonas's community pursues a utopian society, it is actually a dystopian world which deprives villagers of human rights and obliterates their humanity, including sensibility and elaborative faculty. In order to create a harmonious community without hardship of lives, the government implements autocratic laws. To begin with, though strict rules and rituals executed in Jonas's community are essential to an orderly society, they can also efface villagers human rights including individuality, dominating in villagers lives instead of supervising them.
The reason for this is that growing up we did not have much, so we had to work for what we did have. My parents taught me and my brothers to stick together no matter what. The lessons that they taught me causes me to view myself different than other nineteen year olds. I know that nothing I do is for me; it is for the greater good of my family. I strive for the top in everything that I do because that is how I was raised.
Harper’s presentation, he discussed the importance of mentoring. He also discussed some myths of being a mentor and how to be successful and bold. To be successful and bold Mr. Harper said that a person should ask for what they want in life. “Closed mouths don’t get fed” is a popular expression that describes exactly what Mr. Harper was talking about. An individual cannot be scared to ask for what they want in life, because the worst thing that they can be told is no.
In this "utopia," created in The Giver you don't get to do that. Other people choose the activity you are going to do for the rest of your life. Fiona was assigned Caretaker of The Old, a job she really wanted, but what happens if she starts that job and decides that she really doesn’t like it, She can't change jobs because she lives in a world where she doesn't have a choice, where she can't run her own life. By not having any kind of influence in one of the major choices in your life, the community can have some tragedies such as this one from the book. " I heard about a guy who was absolutely sure he was going to be an engineer and instead he was assigned sanitation laborer.
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https://www.123helpme.com/essay/The-Giver-by-Lois-Lowry-299736
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Although human beings differ in their ability to experience happiness due to their psychology and circumstances, studies show that happiness is possible and attainable in life. Studies in positive psychology suggest that through simple strategies, we can learn to feel better about ourselves and increase our levels of happiness.
Martin Seligman and others who have done research in this field found that three factors were key to happiness, a pleasant mind, virtuous character, and purposeful and meaningful life. While they may not lead to everlasting happiness, they are proven to be effective to improve happiness and general wellbeing.
Certain strategies are found to be effective in increasing your potential for happiness. Some of them are listed below. They contribute to your happiness by boosting your morale, wellbeing and positive state of mind.
1. Focus on the positive. Your happiness increases to the extent you focus on the brighter side of your life and fill your mind with pleasant memories and feelings. In short you have to find your own happiness, making use of the opportunities that come your way.
2. Make happiness your main goal. If you want something badly you will go for it and do everything necessary to achieve it. Make happiness the chief aim of your life. Whether you are spiritual or not, subordinate all other goals to it, even your spiritual and religious ones. If you are really serious about feeling good and doing good, you will come to it eventually, finding your own way.
3. Bear the burden of happiness. Like all good things in life, happiness demands its own price in the form of discipline, self-control and austerities. For the sake of happiness you may have to bear with pain and suffering as a necessary preparation to change yourself. Take for example your health. You cannot have good health unless you do regular exercise and eat a balanced diet. It means you have to undergo pain and discomfort and lead disciplined life to overcome your initial inertia and reluctance.
4. Manage expectations. There are limits to what you can do. No technique is perfect and no method will ensure 100% guaranteed results. We have also noted that there is a set level of happiness to which everyone returns eventually after experiencing some emotional highs and lows. It means beyond a point there is nothing much one can do about happiness. Therefore temper your expectations without losing hope.
5. Use your strengths. You are happy to the extent you are in harmony with yourself and make the best use of your talents, strengths and interests. Martin Seligman, who championed positive psychology, called them signature strengths. Using your signature strengths gives you the sense of control, opportunities to experience fulfilling relationships, greater job satisfaction and even self-actualization.
6. Build on virtue and character. True happiness is built on a firm foundation of virtue and character. They provide meaning and purpose to your life and a valid reason to rejoice in your actions and accomplishments, besides boosting your morale and making you feel good about yourself, without negativity, shame and guilt. Knowledge, wisdom, justice, honesty, kindness, gratitude, fairness, forgiveness, self-control, courage are some of the universally recognized components of an ideally positive and virtuous life, which you can pursue to experience overall satisfaction with your life and increased happiness.
7. Let go of your past. Everything looks different in retrospect. Your past can be a hindrance to your happiness if you do not let it go. Mentally it is difficult to do because a part of our thinking becomes frozen in time. The best and the most conventional way to deal with it is by cultivating detachment. With detachment you can move forward in your mental timeline and make peace with yourself. Detachment is the highest virtue and key to peace and happiness.
8. Cultivate meaning and purpose. Meaning and purpose is a key component of your happiness. I have already suggested that happiness should be the chief aim of human life. You can expand this goal to include the happiness of others. With that, you can increase your potential for happiness substantially. You also gain the trust and support of others as you transcend your selfishness and show genuine concern for others. It leads to a greater sense of fulfillment and better opportunities to live for a greater purpose as you engage in satisfying relationships and noble causes.
Your happiness depends upon you. You are the one who makes yourself happy or unhappy. If you are determined, you can minimize the role of external factors and circumstances in your emotional wellbeing and remain happy irrespective of what goes on in your life. By disputing your irrational beliefs and habitual responses and refusing to drown yourself in sorrow and self-pity you can gain control over your thoughts and emotions and remain undisturbed. Except in exceptionally adverse situations, happiness is largely a matter of choice. If happiness is the most precious thing in your life, you can choose to be happy. Whatever strategy or approach you may use, the decision to be happy or unhappy is ultimately yours.
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Suggestions for Further Reading
- The Power of Determination
- Factors Which Contribute to Happiness
- Mental Maturity and Adult Behavior
- The Power of Your Thoughts
- To Think Outside the Box and Its True Meaning
- How to Avoid Stereotyping People
- Meditation and Levitation
- Enjoying the Simple Pleasures of Life
- 10 Reasons Why Plans Fail
- Thought, Energy and Manifestation
- How to Deal With Unpleasant Situations
- Stop Blaming Others
- Ten Effective Ways to Improve Your Self Esteem
- Determination, The Sustaining Power
- Are you Bored With Your Life?
- What Do You Think Success Means?
- Why People Worship Celebrities and Film Stars?
- Dealing with Adversity
- The Success Mindset
- Why Older Workers Find It Difficult to Get a Job?
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https://www.hinduwebsite.com/selfdevt/mental/effective-strategies-to-increase-your-happiness.asp
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The Emigrants, by W.G. Sebald
Having read a fair amount of the author’s work before, I must say I was struck by the elements that made this such a compelling novel. Some readers may be a bit puzzled that it is a novel in reading it, because the novel is approached in such a detailed way that it seems entirely true to life, with a deep degree of connection between the fates of the various emigrants involved. As exile is a theme I ponder often in my own writing and life , this book certainly revealed that Sebald had a strong ability for empathy in being able to construct the lives of people who were able to make a go of it but who suffered greatly as a result of being cut off from their German homeland for reasons largely beyond their control, or, at times, their ability to cope. That said, one leaves this book with a profound sense of melancholy, and that seems to be intentional, as the author himself was an exile who pondered deeply on the relationship between his homeland of Germany and its historical crimes, something that appears here in sharp relief.
The four connected narratives of this novel take up about 240 pages or so. The book begins a bit timidly, I would say, with a short narrative of Dr. Henry Selwyn, who settles from Germany in England, who has a wife that he is distant from and a daughter who at times laughs in a disturbing way. The next narrative is of Paul Bereyter, a teacher who spent the Second World War in the military while his family was dispossessed and his mother sent to the concentration camps, and who commits suicide after going blind and never receiving the respect he was due, even to be called Mister, by his neighbors. The third narrative looks at Ambros Adelwarth, an immigrant to the United States whose lengthy and interesting life, which included some successful gambling and travels throughout the Middle East, ended with his time in a New York sanitorium where he was depressed and isolated and determined to annihilate himself through psychiatric treatments. The book ends with a narrative of Max Ferber, who is sent to England as a child by his parents who are unable to escape the horrors of the Holocaust and whose record from his mother haunts his existence and that of the person who tries to summarize it for posterity.
These stories are all connected in various ways. For one, it appears that the titular emigrants are Jews whose fates in some way are connected with Hitler’s Germany. Whether one is an educated person who escaped and was able to live a more or less decent life in exile or whether one was compelled to try to return home even if it never could be home again, these are people whose identity (likely Jewish or part-Jewish) continued to affect their lives even as they were abroad. The characters as a whole have some overwhelming torments in their lives. Many of them have some sort of death wish and all of them appear to be in deep suffering over what they have lost, be it family members or their own marriages and happiness or their peace of mind. The characters here appear over and over again to be lonely and trapped within their memories and regrets even as they have left behind enough of a trail for the narrators of the various stories to long to know these people deeper and to try to reach out over the abyss that separates some souls from others. One gets the sense that the author himself was a tormented soul trying to reach out over the chasms that separate thoughtful and suffering people from each other. Whether he was more successful in literature than many are in their lives is impossible to say.
See, for example:
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https://edgeinducedcohesion.blog/2018/05/27/book-review-the-emigrants/
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As I rolled our car into the garage on Sunday, officially marking the culmination of our 9-day and 2,000-mile “vacation,” I sighed deeply. Not out of sorrow that the trip which took a year of planning (and saving) was over, but out of relief. As we quickly unloaded the car and prepared the kids for bed, my wife and I chatted back and forth about the misnomer that is the term “family vacation.” There is no relaxing on a vacation with a five- and two-year-old; our annual week-long expedition to California will forevermore be referred to as “the trip.”
To put things into context, thanks to Asperger’s Syndrome, the act of vacationing is generally not a relaxing experience for me. The travails of traveling, being out of my routine and my very defined circle of comfort, tends to make it difficult to peacefully unwind unless I am in a familiar environment. Surprisingly, I am not as much of an outlier as I thought. As my wife was doing her normal post-vacation picture organizing, she matter-of-factly remarked that looking through the photos might be more fun than actually being there. And of course, there is plenty of recent scientific research to support her assertion. A recent quality of life study found that vacationers generally report a higher degree of pre-trip happiness than non-vacationers, but few have a similar outlook once they return, and those euphoric feelings were almost exclusively reported by those who went on “very relaxed” vacations. Furthermore, the same study found that holidays—a day or two off to relax, without having to go anywhere—actually resulted in a much greater improvement in reported happiness, both immediately and long-term. A more recent study investigated the connection between vacations and happiness and found a clear negative correlation between vacation-induced happiness and travel. Happiness researchers Michelle Gielan and Shawn Achor discovered that how vacations influence your quality of life is dependent upon the stress level of said vacation. The more extensive the travel and extravagant the activities, the less happy and energized one is upon their return. When it comes to vacations, maybe it’s not about those “once in a lifetime experiences,” but the energy, time, and cognitive resources you have to expend to get them.
Throwing a few kids into the mix only ups the stress ante. Traveling pushes the thresholds of what researchers refer to as the “parenting happiness gap”. Basically, parents aren’t unhappy, they generally find parenting fulfilling and wouldn’t have it any other way, but how it actually influences their overall quality of life is highly dependent on the amount of stress it triggers. Anecdotally, I can confirm that a monkey obsessed two-year-old who doesn’t understand that kicking the back of your seat and screaming uninterrupted for nearly 10 hours while you are driving on less than adequate sleep can initiate a stressful response. So why do we as parents subject ourselves to the torment that is traveling with young children? Along with the never-ending belief that this trip will be different and the anticipated dopamine high from sharing all the pictures on social media, contemporary science has offered a few insights into the importance of the family vacation.
- Experiences over “stuff,” that’s what true happiness is all about, right? Actually yes, especially for children. As much as my kids like their bikes, the research is crystal clear that experiences create better and longer lasting memories and forge stronger social bonds than tangible gifts. If you want a happy child, devote time to them, not money.
- While on trips, you are more likely to exercise the PLAY and SEEKING systems, a pair of neurological mechanisms that play a strong role in cognitive development. Exploring the vast expanses of San Diego Zoo or putting your feet in the sand of an unfamiliar beach activates genetic expression of key brain fertilizers in the frontal lobes (the parts of the brain involved in cognitive functioning, social intelligence, and goal-directed behavior), enhancing executive functions like stress regulation, attention, concentration, good planning, the ability to learn, and also improving physical and mental health. These new experiences also trigger the release of oxytocin and dopamine, neurochemicals that influence stress and happiness levels. Vacations can literally make our children smarter and happier.
- Similar to the previously mentioned studies investigating the association between vacations and happiness in adults, research has found that children tend to prefer simple pleasures over extravagant trips. A large-scale study involving over 40,000 families in the UK found that play dates at the park and outdoor games increased long-term happiness more than long, planned vacations and even amusement parks. While my daughter flipped out over meeting Elsa at Disneyland, if prodded, I think she would confess that swimming with her cousins at my aunt’s home was the highlight of the trip. My wife and I certainly agreed that it was.
Parents, maybe we’re doing this vacationing thing all wrong—for ourselves and our children. You don’t need an exotic location and rollercoasters to create lifelong memories and lasting happiness (and smarter kids), it’s about relaxing, refueling, and devoting time to those you care about. Put down those phones and take your kids for a bike ride; eschew the life-size cartoon characters and share pizza and conversation with loved ones you only see once a year; put your feet in the sand and not in another line; make every day a vacation and your vacations something you can do every day.
This post comes from the TODAY Parenting Team community, where all members are welcome to post and discuss parenting solutions. Learn more and join us! Because we're all in this together.
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https://community.today.com/parentingteam/post/destination-happiness
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How do I stop regretting my past?
How do I stop regretting my past?
21 Ways To Stop Regretting The Past And Finally Move On
- Make a regret bonfire. Either metaphorical or real.
- Ask a different question. Quit asking, “What if I’d done this or I hadn’t done that?”
- Break the cycle.
- Apologize.
- Prevent further regret.
- Put things in perspective.
- Give yourself a second chance.
- Give others a chance.
Is feeling regret normal?
It’s normal to experience large and small regrets, so regret isn’t an emotion you need to be scared of. Here are some tips for coping when it happens: 1. Rather, we more often feel regret over falling into our common self-sabotaging patterns.
Which is worse guilt or regret?
As an emotional response to a distressing experience, the sound of the word “guilt” is harsher and more of a self-reproach than the word “regret.” If you say, “I feel so guilty” you should make sure that the deed and circumstances surrounding it actually warrant your feeling of guilt rather than regret.
Is knowledge of the past useful for us today essay?
The knowledge of the past, however, is still useful for us today because morals and practical techniques are still appropriate to our daily lives. Morals and lessons about people’s way of behaviors are still highly regarded today. What people nowadays recognize is the importance of these morals to their offspring.
Does regret last forever?
Regret can last for minutes, days, or years. It’s a very real, and valid, reaction to a disappointing thing in your life. It’s one of those feelings that you can’t escape. However, regret doesn’t have to last forever.
Why is it important to know our past?
Studying history enables us to develop better understanding of the world in which we live. Building knowledge and understanding of historical events and trends, especially over the past century, enables us to develop a much greater appreciation for current events today.
Why is regret so painful?
Regret is a negative cognitive or emotional state that involves blaming ourselves for a bad outcome, feeling a sense of loss or sorrow at what might have been, or wishing we could undo a previous choice that we made. The pain of regret can result in refocusing and taking corrective action or pursuing a new path.
What is true remorse?
Remorse involves admitting one’s own mistakes and taking responsibility for one’s actions. It creates a sense of guilt and sorrow for hurting someone else and leads to confession and true apology. Remorse comes from true empathy for the pain the other person is feeling because of your actions.
How does your past affect your future?
They start by pointing out that your ability to envision the future is strongly influenced by your memory for the past. That is, you tend to use memories of past experiences to predict what your life will be like in the future. It is easier to use your memories when the future you are predicting is close in time.
Does my past define me?
According to Dr. Linda Paul, “No, the past does not define who you are. The past certainly influences a person, including influencing how they see their possibilities, but some change and some control is possible. The past does not define us as people because the past is constantly changing.
How does regret affect us?
Regret can significantly impede happiness because regret often causes people to feel shame, sadness, or remorse about decisions or the ways in which they have spent their lives. Sometimes regret can contribute to depression, but depression can also cause feelings of regret that were not previously there.
Why do we regret the past?
Simply put, we regret choices we make, because we worry that we should have made other choices. We think we should have done something better, but didn’t. We regret these choices, which are in the past and can’t be changed, because we compare them to an ideal path that we think we should have taken.
Why is regretting bad?
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Similiarities Of Brave New World And Never Let Me Go Novels
The novels Brave New World and Never Let Me Go share the major themes of identity, individuality, and humanity, and both books present to their audience what happens to these ideas – ones that make up the core of our society – when we use science to attempt to achieve a harmonious utopia.
Brave New World by Aldous Huxley describes a fictional world with features of both a dystopia and a utopia in which science is used to create a more effective humankind and their sustained survival. Individuality exists only in what you are scientifically assigned to be from birth – test-tube embryos are assigned castes (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Epsilon), and only the upper two castes are given the best treatment so that they may become world-leaders, scientists, and other great thinkers. Lower caste embryos are cloned via the Bokanovsky Process, which involves shocking embryos so that they divide and produce many identical clone embryos so that they develop into identical human beings, predestined to perform menial tasks. The most basic ideas of humanity such as parenthood and appreciation of nature are diluted and reprogrammed through “Neo-Pavlovian Conditioning” to create a society that is efficient and stable. Similarly, Never Let Me Go also contains themes of medical science being used to further the progress and stability of humanity, however in a less advanced way that can be considered to still have elements of individuality and humanity – humans are cloned and these clones are raised separately, in worse conditions (bar the case of our main protagonists), so that their organs may be used for donation to “regular” humans should they get a disease that would otherwise be incurable or difficult to cure. Although there is very little insight given into the cloning process and its origins in the world of Never Let Me Go compared to Brave New World, we find out that the clones of the former tend to be modelled from undesirable people. This leaves the characters with an identity crisis; it leaves them wondering whom their ‘original’ is and whether they would walk a similar path were their future as a donor not already chosen for them.
Huxley wrote Brave New World in 1931, during a time when science, technology and industrialism was on the rise. He was raised in an academic family and received extremely high quality education – he was also very wary of the potential issues of scientific advancement, something that is very evident from this novel, which almost prophesizes issues with science and morality brought up in the 20th century by, for example, the totalitarian Nazi party, whose scientists performed many inhumane experiments. These issues continue to be brought up in the 21st century by things such as controversial stem cell research. Ishiguro was born in Japan but raised in England, where he received mentorship from acclaimed writer Angela Carter after studying creative writing at university. Never Let Me Go was published in 2005, and also addresses contemporary issues raised by such things as the legislation permitting the aforementioned stem cell research, which was passed in 2001 in the United Kingdom and began passing in 2004 in the New Jersey and California in the United States. When published, both novels raised the question of “how far is too far” when it comes to science and humanity.
One of the primary ways the flaws of using inhumane scientific methods for the advancement of mankind is presented in both novels is through the feelings and thoughts of the main characters. In Brave New World, even the brainwashed and programmed alphas have their vices – for example, The Director, who is the administrator of the Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Centre in which children are born and raised (so to speak) has fathered a child naturally – something considered extremely unusual and shameful in the World State society. Because of this, Linda, the mother of the Director’s son, is considered a social outcast, and as a result she was too ashamed to leave New Mexico and return to the World State. Even Helmholtz Watson – who is essentially a prime example of an Alpha, feels his work as a lecturer at the College of Emotional Engineering is meaningless and empty – that he is wasting his potential and his ability, which is proved when he says “Did you ever feel, as though you had something inside you that was only waiting for you to give it a chance to come out? Some sort of extra power that you aren’t using – you know, like all the water that goes down the falls instead of through the turbines” Through characters like this, Huxley shows that attempting complete stability through the removal of individuality and human instinct is in itself, unstable, as it is in our core nature to be curious and to want more in life, as shown by the “mistakes” made by powerful alphas. Similarly, the ruminations of Kathy, Tommy and Ruth in Never Let Me Go about identity and their discussions on what it means to be a clone: “We all know it, we’re modelled from trash. Junkies, prostitutes, winos, tramps” show the dissatisfaction with the system that even the “better off” clones have. In fact, they are not even content having a higher quality of life than the other clones, which is evidenced when Kathy says “Why did we do all of that work in the first place (…) if we’re just going to give donations then die?” Another example from Never Let Me Go would be Miss Emily and Madame, the founders of Hailsham school who are advocates for humane treatment of clones – clearly not every “regular” human is content with the idea that human beings will be born and raised only to be harvested for their organs as adults. This is similar to controversial real-world issues such as abortion, cloning, and stem cell research.
Setting plays a particularly important role in Brave New World. Huxley’s novel is one of Utopian science-fiction. He creates an incredibly elaborate setting with precise details about everything from technology (“vibro-vacuum massager”) to professions (“Director of Hatcheries and Conditioning) to play activities (“Centrifugal Bumble-puppy”). Some parts of the earth, however, remain as they were before the World State came to power. With Bernard and Lenina, you visit one of these Savage Reservations, the New Mexican home of the Zuni Indians. It is a world away from civilized London: the Zunis are impoverished, dirty, ravaged by disease and old age, and still cling to their ancient religion. Huxley shows the reader two extremes of human living conditions – a precisely controlled environment where natural human instinct is inhibited through brainwashing and drugs, and a place where there is a distinct lack of technology reminiscent of real-life tribes. Clearly, Huxley is using this juxtaposition of societies – one of which lacks good health and the other which lacks natural human behaviour and emotions, to imply that there is an ideal middle ground between these two states in which humanity can live comfortably without sacrificing identity, or running the risk of deadly diseases due to lack of medicine. In Never Let Me Go. The main settings are the boarding school, Hailsham, and The Cottages – a communal set of buildings situated on an old farm. It is where the three main characters go to live at the age of sixteen until they begin training to become carers. Unlike Brave New World, the settings here are made to be somewhat relatable for the reader, with only small differences to the reality of modern day England. In both novels, there are different groups separated by the way they live, and where they live – Brave New World’s “savages” are somewhat more relatable than the World Staters as their lives are simply more similar to ours – they feel normal emotions, reproduce naturally, and experience disease and old age, whereas the clones of World State barely show shades of humanity – they are almost robot-like in their hive-mind desire to be efficient and stable (although as we know this falls apart on an individual level, even among the alphas).
In Never Let Me Go, Kazuo Ishiguro writes in the first person from the perspective of Kathy – he uses it here to limit the knowledge of the reader, and only bit by bit is it revealed that the world Kathy lives in is very different from our own. However Kathy is not an unreliable narrator – the lack of details is due to an unknowing reader, as from her point of view, she is speaking to the reader as if they have experienced life as a clone: when telling us about the care at Hailsham, she says: “I don’t know how it was where you were, but at Hailsham we used to have some form of medical every week.”
As in many Utopian novels, the characters of Brave New World tend to be simple representations of ideas and behaviours and an “outsider” character is used to highlight the flaws of the society that those who live in it cannot comprehend to it being the status quo for them. The structure of Brave New World is fairly unusual, which is characteristic of Huxley’s fiction writing. The beginning of the book introduces Bernard as the main character and through him we learn about the World State – this is contrasted with the middle section in which we are introduced to the “real” main character, John, and the Savage Reservation in New Mexico, which is wildly different to Brave New World’s London. The third part of the novel chronicles the clashing together of John’s life, behaviours and beliefs with that of the World State. Because it is conventional to introduce main characters at the beginning of novels, Huxley’s strange structure may lead some to believe that Bernard is the main character – but just as we learn how cowardly he is, he is switched out for John, who comparatively appears heroic, and introduces a second perspective, likely more similar to that of the reader’s, on London and the World State.
John is a very unique character who provides the reader with interesting insight as he has incredibly extensive knowledge of the works of Shakespeare, and it was his only window to civilised life when he was in New Mexico. Due to this, every aspect of him – his emotions, reactions, speech, and attitude are all heavily influenced by Shakespeare. Through this Shakespearean frame on which to base his frustrations and criticisms, we see his critical view of the World State and it’s values. It also provides John with the linguistic skills required to debate with Mustapha Mond when they meet. However, John’s constant Shakespeare-vision occasionally mean he doesn’t fully comprehend the complexity of other characters, for instance, Lenina, who in his mind is sometimes a hero, and sometimes a “strumpet” – neither label quite captures the complexity of her character however.
Using the examples of our main characters we see that Ishiguro builds his dystopian/utopian world by revealing it bit by bit to us through Kathy’s reminiscing. Our opinion of the clone system in the world of Never Let Me Go is carefully moulded by having Kathy narrate as though the reader is also a clone we have the same experience she has had in learning what it means to be a clone, however in Brave New World, we experience the world from different perspectives, which gives more room for the reader’s personal views.
In Margaret Atwood’s article on Brave New World, she calls it “a masterpiece of speculation” and talks about Huxley’s portrayal of the positives and negatives of so-called Utopias. Comparing it to Orwell’s 1984 but with “a different and softer form of totalitarianism”, Atwood discusses the prophetic merits of both novels, noting of Brave New World that “On the wilder fringes of the genetic engineering community, there are true believers prattling of the gene-rich and the gene-poor – Huxley’s alphas and epsilons” and “in 1989 (…) we seemed to be in for a trivial, giggly, drug-enhanced spend-o-rama.” Clearly from a modern reader’s perspective we can see, along with Atwood, the creeping approach of the society Brave New World warns us about, and lack of identity and individuality that plagues its inhabitants. The article also looks at Brave New World’s brand of happiness, and asks “what is the price we might pay to achieve it?” referencing the loss of identity in exchange for social stability. Similarly, in Louis Menand’s article on Never Let Me Go, he describes the premise of the book on a basic level as “even when happiness is standing right in front of you, it’s very hard to grasp.” Both articles discuss how the idea of happiness is presented in both books, and Menand compares one book to the other by describing the setting of Never Let Me Go as “brave-new-world Britain,” implying that Brave New World is the logical progression of the society in Never Let Me Go, which is entirely possible with 550 years for the possible technological advancements between them.
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https://literatureessaysamples.com/similiarities-of-brave-new-world-and-never-let-me-go-novels/
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We are hiring for a Customer Happiness Manager for one of our government entities in Abu Dhabi.
The Customer Happiness Manager will join to collaborate with General services team to provide an excellent customer service and to promote this strategic objective throughout the company
Plan, co-ordinate and control the activities of the customer happiness team to maintain and enhance customer relationships to ensure the value and satisfaction of internal and external customers
The Customer happiness manager supports operational objectives in the following way:
- Design & improve the internal and external customer experience
- Increase customer satisfaction and advocacy
- Taking ownership of customers issues and following problems through to resolution
- Setting a clear mission and deploying strategies focused on customer happiness up to high level standards in accordance with the Abu Dhabi government charter
Skills & Knowledge
• Proven experience as customer service manager or similar position
• Client services or management experience.
• Basic accounting skills.
• Great computer skills and the ability to learn new skills quickly.
• A professional appearance.
• Excellent knowledge of hospitality and security protocols and procedures
• Excellent knowledge of MS Office
• Professionalism with pleasing personality
• The ability to remain positive and focused in a fast-paced environment.
• Exceptional communication skills, both written and verbal in both Arabic and English
• Diploma / Bachelor’s degree in related Field (Hospitality/ Facility Management or Business Administration).
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https://www.adeccome.com/jobs/job/a0W4I00000WrzT3UAJ
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In addition to stuffing the body cavity of animals, including mammals, birds, and fish, various cuts of meat may be stuffed after they have been deboned or a pouch has been cut into them. Popular recipes include stuffed chicken legs and stuffed breast of veal, as well as the traditional holiday stuffed goose or turkey.
Many types of vegetables are also suitable for stuffing after their seeds or marrow has been removed. Tomatoes, capsicums (sweet or hot peppers), and vegetable marrows (zucchini) may be prepared in this way. Cabbages and similar vegetables can also be stuffed or wrapped around a filling. They are usually blanched first, in order to make their leaves more pliable. Then, the interior may be replaced by stuffing, or small amounts of stuffing may be inserted between the individual leaves.
It is occasionally claimed that the ancient Roman, as well as medieval, cooks stuffed animals with other animals. An anonymous Andalusian cookbook from the 13th century includes a recipe for a ram stuffed with small birds. A similar recipe for a camel stuffed with sheep stuffed with bustards stuffed with carp stuffed with eggs is mentioned in T.C. Boyle's book Water Music.
British celebrity chef Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall has championed the ten-bird roast, calling it ``one of the most spectacular and delicious roasts you can lay before your loved ones at Yuletide``. A large turkey is stuffed with a goose, duck, mallard, guinea fowl, chicken, pheasant, partridge, pigeon and woodcock. The roast feeds around 30 people and as well as the ten birds, also includes stuffing made from two pounds of sausage meat and half a pound of streaky bacon along with sage, port and red wine.
In the United States and Eastern Canada multi-bird dishes are sometimes served on special occasions. See Turducken and Gooducken.
Almost anything can serve as a stuffing, many popular Anglo-American stuffings contain bread or cereals, usually together with vegetables, herbs and spices, and eggs. Middle Eastern vegetable stuffings may be based on seasoned rice, on minced meat, or a combination. Other stuffings may contain only vegetables and herbs. Some types of stuffing contain sausage meat, or forcemeat, while vegetarian stuffings sometimes contain tofu. Oysters are used in one traditional stuffing for Thanksgiving. These may also be combined with mashed potatoes, for a heavy stuffing. Fruits and dried fruits are often added to stuffing including apples, dried prunes, apricots, and raisins. In England, a popular stuffing is sausage meat seasoned with various ingredients, sage, onion, apple, etc.
The stuffing mixture may be cooked separately and served as a side dish, in which case it may still be called 'stuffing', or in some regions, such as the Southern US, 'dressing'.
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http://www.foodguts.com/?ingredient=stuffing
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Mortadella Sausage and Cheese Tortellini
Delicate and aromatic Mortadella sausage with grated Italian cheese, fragrant herbs encased in freshly-frozen artisan pasta.
Cooking Instructions
Plunge into salted boiling water from frozen. As soon as the water starts boiling again, gently stir and let cook for about 1 minute. These cooking instructions are a guide only.
Serving suggestion:
Delicious served with olive oil, grated Parmesan and a garnish of Rocket leaves.
Important Information
Nutritional Information
|per 100g|
|Energy||1328kJ (317kcal)|
|Fat||11g|
|Of which saturates||2.2g|
|Carbohydrates||45g|
|Of which sugars||1.2g|
|Protein||12g|
|Salt||1g|
Ingredients
PASTA: soft wheat flour, eggs (20%), durum wheat semolina, water, sunflower oil.
STUFFING: Mortadella, raw ham, breadcrumbs (soft wheat flour, water), beef and pork meat, grated cheese (milk, rennet, salt, preservative: lysozyme egg protein), salt, nutmeg, sunflower oil, garlic, rosemary, marjoram,
MORTADELLA: pork meat, pork tripe, pork fat, sucrose, sugar, salt, spices, flavor, natural flavor, pistachio, garlic, antioxidant: sodium ascorbate, sodium erythromate, preservative: sodium nitrite, sodium nitrate, flavor enhancer: monosodium glutamate.
RAW HAM: pork meat, salt, preservative: potassium nitrite.
It may contain soy.
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https://field-fare.com/product/mortadella-sausage-cheese-tortellini/
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Partridge & Sausage Casserole
This hearty partridge and sausage casserole is perfect during those cold winter months. If you don’t have time to prepare the stock, you can always substitute with stock cubes. Instead of chipolata sausages you can also swap with our pheasant sausages!
Ingredients
- 3 partridge
- Half pint of stock
- 1 oz butter
- ¼ lb (4 oz) chipolata sausages
- 2 onions
- 2 carrots
- 1 rasher of bacon
- 1 tbsp of plain flour
- bouquet garni
- 4-6 croutons fried bread
For the stuffing:
- 1 shallot
- 1 oz of butter
- 3 oz of white breadcrumbs
- 1 oz of raisins
- 1 oz of chopped walnuts
- 1 tsp of chopped parsley
- 1 small egg
- Salt and pepper to taste
Method
- Bone out the partridges leaving the leg bones in. Spread out birds on worktop.
- To make the stock place the carcasses in a pan. Roughly chop the onion and carrot and add to pan along with the bouquet garni. Cover with water and simmer on a low heat for 2-3 hours with the lid on. Strain off the liquid and set aside.
- Pre heat the oven to gas mark 3 / 325F / 165C.
- Prepare the stuffing by firstly softening the chopped shallot in butter. Mix with the breadcrumbs, raisons, parsley and walnuts. Bind together with the egg and season to taste.
- Spread the stuffing onto the partridges and sew up or secure with poultry pins. Heat the butter in a flameproof casserole dish, place the sausages in the dish and brown slowly. Add the partridges to the dish and brown off. Add the onion, carrot and bacon, cook for 2-3 minutes then dust with flour, add bouquet garni and stock. Cover casserole tightly and braise slowly for 45-60 mins in the oven.
- Serve with creamy mash potato and your choice of greens and enjoy.
Whole game meat as well as breast fillets are now available to buy online. Browse the range.
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https://www.wildandgame.co.uk/blogs/partridge-recipes/partridge-sausage-casserole
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Roast chicken scented with lemon and the delicate flavour of Thyme, and served with a delicious herby stuffing. An ideal Sunday roast for all the family.
Pre-heat the oven to 180°C, 350°F, Gas Mark 4. To prepare the stuffing, heat the oil and fry the onion and Mixed Herbs for a few minutes until the onion has softened. Transfer to a bowl and stir in the breadcrumbs and sausage meat.
Take the chicken and push the stuffing into the neck end. Pull the neck skin around the stuffing and secure with a cocktail stick. Push the lemons into the cavity of the bird.
Rub the butter over the chicken and sprinkle with Thyme. Lay the bacon over the chicken in a woven pattern. Place the bird in a roasting tin and cover with foil. Roast for 1 hour 45 minutes or until the juices run clear at the thickest part. Remove the foil and roast for 10 minutes to crisp the bacon. Delicious served with roast potatoes and your favourite vegetables.
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https://www.schwartz.co.uk/recipes/chicken/lemon-and-thyme-roast-chicken
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Perfect for summer picnics, these tasty scotch eggs are easy to make and are guaranteed to impress your friends and family!
Ingredients:
- 5 large eggs
- 300g good-quality pork sausage, skinned
- 1 tsp black peppercorn, crushed
- 140g cooked ham, shredded
- 25g sage, apple & onion stuffing mix
- 1 tsp chopped sage
- 1 tsp chopped thyme
- 1 tsp chopped parsley
- 100g plain flour, seasoned, plus extra for dusting
- 100g dried breadcrumb
- sunflower oil for frying
Method:
1. Bring a pan of salted water to the boil. Lower 4 of the eggs into the pan and simmer for 7 mins 30 secs. Scoop out and place in a bowl of iced water, cracking the shells a little so they’re easier to peel later. Leave them to cool completely, then peel and set aside.
2. Put the sausage meat, pepper, ham, stuffing and herbs in a small bowl, mix to combine, then divide into 4 equal balls. Squash one of the balls between a piece of cling film until it’s as flat as possible. One at a time, lightly flour each cooked egg, then use the cling film to help roll the sausage meat around the egg to completely encase. Repeat with the remaining sausage balls and eggs.
3. Beat the remaining egg and put on a plate. Put the flour and breadcrumbs on 2 separate plates. Roll the encased eggs in the flour, then the beaten egg and finally the breadcrumbs.
4. To cook the eggs, heat 5cm of the oil in a wide saucepan or wok until it reaches 160C on a cooking thermometer or until a few breadcrumbs turn golden after 10 secs in the oil. Depending on the size of your pan, lower as many eggs as you can into the oil and cook for 8-10 mins until golden and crispy. Drain on kitchen paper and leave to cool.
Do you have a favourite picnic recipe? We’d love to hear it! Send your recipe idea to [email protected] and we’ll share it on social media.
Click here to see our top tips for a successful picnic.
Click here to see our picnic-friendly products.
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https://www.cosyfeet.com/community/scotcheggs_june2017
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Kevin Dundon's Christmas classic. Lemon and herb turkey.
Step 1: On Christmas Eve To prepare the traditional stuffing to go in the main cavity of the turkey, melt the butter in a saucepan on a medium heat. Add the onion and cook for 2 to 4 minutes, until translucent, then remove the pan from the heat. In a large bowl, combine the breadcrumbs, lemon zest and herbs. Pour over the onion and butter mixture and stir well. Season the stuffing with salt and pepper and allow to cool completely, then refrigerate overnight.
Next, prepare the sausage meat stuffing that will go in the neck cavity. In a large bowl, mix together the sausage meat, dried apricots, onion, garlic, lemon zest and herbs and season well with salt and pepper. Refrigerate overnight. To prepare the turkey, remove the turkey giblets from the main cavity, if supplied. Set aside to use later for the gravy.
To make the lemon and herb butter, in a small bowl, beat the butter with the lemon zest and herbs until it’s pliable. Using your fingers, starting with the neck cavity, gently loosen the skin attached to the turkey breast, being careful not to tear or slit the skin.
Carefully push the lemon and herb butter under the skin and spread it all over the breast. Pack the sausage meat stuffing into the neck cavity to give a smooth shape. If there is any left over, roll it
in baking parchment into a pudding shape, then wrap in tin foil to roast along with the turkey the next morning. Place the turkey and stuffing back in the refrigerator overnight.
Step 2: On Christmas morning Preheat the oven to 160°C/gas mark 3. Remove the turkey from the fridge. Line the main cavity with some baking parchment paper, then loosely pack the traditional stuffing into the bird. If possible, using kitchen twine, tie the legs together with the parson’s nose to
keep the legs together while roasting. This helps to keep the stuffing in and makes for a nicer presentation, but it’s not necessary.
Important! Cooking times
Don’t forget to weigh the turkey again with the stuffing enclosed to ensure you calculate the correct cooking time. It should be 40 minutes per kilo plus 40 minutes, so a 7kg turkey will need about 5½ hours. You can also insert a digital thermometer by the leg of the turkey and it should read 70°C.
Prepare the roasting tray by placing the reserved giblets, carrots, onions and garlic in the bottom of the tray to create a trivet for the turkey and to make the gravy later.
Calculate the start time
Work backwards from when you want to serve Christmas dinner and add 15 minutes for the turkey to rest. Season the turkey all over with salt and pepper, then roast in the oven according to the weight of the stuffed turkey. After the first 2 hours, loosely cover the turkey with tin foil to prevent it from browning too much.
Make the gravy
Remove the turkey from the oven, lift out of the roasting tray onto a carving board and loosely cover again with tin foil. Allow the meat to rest for 10 to 15 minutes before carving. You can make
the gravy while the turkey rests.
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https://supervalu.ie:443/recipes/christmas-lemon-and-herb-turkey
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Happy 2013! I hope you had a great break. WDTD enjoyed some time off sharing many festive feasts with friends. One standout dish last Christmas was Michael’s incredibly juicy Turducken.
Mr Barin says: This meal is ridiculous. It is four kinds of meat and takes about three days to prepare and my house was covered in a thin film of turducken grease for weeks afterwards. The only reason I did it is because all my friends have been talking about wanting to do this for at least 3 years now. It was so much fun and fed 20 or so happy tummies!
I accompanied Michael to get the birds at his local butcher the Establishment 218 and loved the whole experience of donning the jacket and entering the giant meat freezer room! If you are ever in the area I highly recommend a visit to buy some high quality meat at a reasonable wholesale price.
Then to Fratelli Fresh on Danks Street to get the rest of the stock and stuffing ingredients.
Michael’s mate Cam’s home made jam will be applied on the birds’ skin to add sweetness and texture.
With a sharp knife remove the wing tip and next joint leaving the mini drumstick these can be used separately or roasted with the rest of the bones to make the stock.
Turn the bird breast side up and at the neck remove the wishbone by pulling the skin up and sliding your knife along the bone using the bone to guide your knife to make two incisions forming a v along the topside of the wishbone. Use your fingers to pull the bone free.
Turn the bird breast side down and make a cut from neck to tail along the backbone. Find the shoulder joint where the wing joins the carcass and cut the joints through the cartilage just until the joint is separated but the wing is still connected by the meat. If you can’t find the joint move it and you can feel where to cut.
Next, hold the wing and the carcass firmly and pull it away, kind of like removing a jacket until the meat is separated to the oysters on the back.
At the front put your fingers on each side of the sternum and pull down to separate the meat until the meat is clear from the carcass at the front.
Next use your knife to cut just around the oysters then lift the leg and pull it away to break the thigh joints away from the carcass then pull the meat clear from the carcass.
At this point the carcass should pull clear and you will only have the leg and wing bones left in the meat.
The fillets will be left on the carcass which can then be pulled off by sliding your fingers under them and pulling them away.
There is a bit of sinew in the fillets which needs to be removed by holding the tip of the sinew flat on your cutting board with a towel and scraping the meat off.
You can place the fillets in the bird when laying them together to make sure there is even thickness through the meat.
Finally you remove the bones in the legs and wings by cutting around the joints then using your knife to scrape (not cut) the bones from the meat. When you reach the middle joint in the leg use your knife to cut around it and you can continue scraping until it is clear. Now you should have a completely deboned bird! Repeat for the other two birds.
The stuffing – Pork and fennel sausage with pine nuts, sage, rosemary and konbu.
Start cooking the stock while putting together the Turducken.
Lay the turkey out skin side down first. Push a bit of the stuffing into the cavities in the legs and wings where the bones were.
Next rub the skin of the duck and the chicken with Cam’s Rosemary and Fig Jam then lay them down on top of the turkey. Duck first, then chicken.
Place the stuffing on top of the three birds in the middle making sure to get stuffing all over yourself and the bench-top making it as messy as possible.
Now is the tricky part, you are going to need to grab the sides of the turkey and fold them into the middle so that they overlap and bring the skin of the next around and tuck it in. Flip the whole thing over to form a neat meat parcel. Neaten it up by crossing the legs over and pulling the skin at the neck and tail over.
Tie the legs together then bind the whole thing together with loops of cooking twine.
Carve/pull apart and serve with the jus. Bon Appetite indeed!
The Birds. You can ask the butcher to debone the birds for you, making sure that to keep the bones for the stock. However if you would like to try to do it yourself there are a few great youtube videos out there which show you how. My favourite one is here (It’s mesmerising watching him do it).
The steps for all the birds are exactly the same so before you do the turducken, you can try practicing a few times with a chicken and when you are comfortable you can move on to the bigger birds.
Once the birds are deboned season them all well with salt and pepper and set aside while you make the stuffing.
The Stuffing. The stuffing I used is based on pork sausage meat, sage and rosemary but you can get creative and use whatever you would like, perhaps incorporating nuts vegetables or even cheese!
Sweat the onions and garlic then set aside to cool.
Remove the sausage meat from the skins and in a large bowl combine with the other ingredients, mixing with your hands until it holds together.
The Stock and Poaching. Season then roast the bones you have removed from the birds in a medium-hot oven for 40-60 mins until golden brown.
Roughly chop then sautee the vegetables in the largest stock pot you can possibly find, borrow, buy or steal. Then add all the bones and cover with water. Your pot might still not be big enough. Mine barely was. Add the bay leaves and peppercorns and season with salt.
Bring to the boil then simmer for 8-10 hrs skimming the fat from the surface of the stock.
Strain the stock then put back on the stove to bring back to a simmer, add ½ a cup of brown sugar then use a small crane to gently lower the trussed up birds into the stock. You will splash stock out of your pot.
Poach the birds for 3-4 hrs until the meat is cooked through then remove from the stock. Make sure not to leave it in too long otherwise the bird will start to fall apart and you will have turducken stew instead (which would be delicious).
Now clear space in your fridge. Take this opportunity to throw away that jar of sauerkraut that has been sitting in the back of your fridge unused for 3 months. You won’t have any room for anything else in your fridge but that’s fine because you also need to clear space in your stomach for the enormous meal that you will soon be eating.
The Jus. Sweat the shallots in butter add the red wine and reduce by half. Once reduced, add the stock and brown sugar and reduce by 2/3.
Strain then whisk in the butter a little at a time until it gives it a beautiful gloss and richness.
You shouldn’t have to season that much because of all the goodness that the stock has been through but if required, season to taste with salt and pepper.
Final steps (finally!) Take the poached turducken out of the fridge then let it come to room temperature. Rub the skin with salt, pepper, and brown sugar then place in a medium hot oven for 1 hour. Remember it is already cooked through so you are just warming the meat through and getting a nice roasted caramelised finish to the meat.
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https://whodoesthedishes.com/the-bird-baron/
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Scrolling through Facebook today, I saw a photo set with pictures of someone baking something and the header said something like: “You can’t have a good New Years party without sausage rolls!”. My first though was something like “yeah.. right” but then I got flashbacks from pigging out the sausage rolls my mom used to make around Christmas and New Years. I guess the photo set had some kind of truth to it. So, surprise, surprise, here’s the recipe for (lucky New Years) sausage rolls!
Ingredients:
-450 grams of gluten-free bread mix (I used Peak’s)
-1 sachet of yeast (it has about 15-20 grams in it)
-300-350 grams of ground beef (or half-half minced meat).
-370 ml lukewarm water or milk (I used water, and it didn’t mess up the taste)
-2 eggs
-Your favorite spice mix: I used chicken spices (pre-made with salt, pepper and more) but you can use pepper, salt, nutmeg > think Autumn, Winter flavors.
-Gluten-free breadcrumbs (approx. half a cup).
How to make it!
The dough
Pour all the bread-mix into a bowl. Make a small hollow in your bread-mix pile and pour in the milk (or water) .
After this, add the yeast to the mixture and mix into the milk (or water).
Gradually mix in more and more of the surrounding bread-mix into the milk/water+yeast. After this, you can knead your bread mix.
Flop it around a bit and feel the mixture: if it’s too dry, you can add a small amount of milk/water, if it’s too wet, add some extra flour.
Pull the dough apart, and roll into small balls. With this recipe,I made 15. Let the dough balls rise under plastic foil for about 10 minutes. Use this time to make your filling.
The filling
Take 1 egg, your meat of choice, your spices of choice and your breadcrumbs and mix. Again, feel what you need: if your mixture is too runny: add more breadcrumbs; too dry: add a bit more egg.
Once you’ve found your consistency, roll the meat into sausages (see above).
Combining
Take one of your dough balls, and roll out into a long, oval shape.
Put the sausage in, lengthwise.
Fold the dough over the sausage on the short ends first, and then over the long sides.
Whisk the remaining egg in a small bowl, and with it, give the top of your roll an egg wash!
Put in the oven for about 25 minutes at 200ºC. Take out when golden brown on the top!
Enjoy your lucky sausage rolls!!
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https://comfortablyglutenfree.com/2015/12/30/sausage-rolls/
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Sausage meat mixed with sage & onion stuffing, onion and cracked black pepper. Wrapped in puff pastry.
Additional information
|Ingredients||
|
Pork,Rusk(WHEAT Flour,salt)Water,Spices,,SULPHITES,E221,E621,E450ii,stuffing,E535,E551,onion,herbs,pastry(wheat flour,margarine.)EGGS
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We can deliver to you from Wednesday through to Saturday (Saturday deliveries have a delivery extra charge of an additional £12). Please see our deliveries page for more information.
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https://archersbutchers.com/product/sausage-plait/
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Caramelised Onion Sausage RollsElena Duggan
Ingredients:
- 50g EVOO
- 1kg Brown onions, 850g after peeling, sliced into 5mm rings
- 20g Massel Vegetable stock powder
- 100g Boiling water
- 30g Stevia
- Pinch Black pepper
- 500g Pork mince
- 500g Beef mince
- 3 large eggs, plus 1 for egg wash
- 6 Sheets Puff Pastry, thawed (you can also use Gluten Free if intolerant)
Dried Herbs & Spices
- 2.5g Sage
- 2.5g Rosemary
- 5g Parsley
- 5g Oregano
- 10g Smoked paprika
- 20g Garlic granules
- 12.5g Chives
- 25g Onion flakes
Optional
- Sesame or poppy seeds for surface texture and decoration.
Method:
- Preheat oven to 180° Celsius, fan forced.
- In a large heavy based fry pan, heat EVOO to a medium heat, soften onions whist stirring to ensure even caramelisation. Add stock powder, water and stevia and stir until dissolved. Simmer until almost all liquid has evaporated.
- While the onions are caramelizing, in a large bowl mix the mince, eggs and dried herbs and spices together until just combined and set aside.
- Allow onions to cool to room temperature before stirring through the mince mixture.
- Place an even amount of mince on each sheet of your pastry sheets and knead into long sausage shape in the centre across the length. Place a small amount or egg wash on the inside top of the sheet of pastry in a line, this will act as glue to seal the roll shut. Fold the bottom of the pastry sheet up and over the filling and then the top of the pastry sheet down to overlap it by approximately 1cm. Gently press the pastry together to form a seal.
- On a lined baking tray, place the sausage rolls, sealed side down on the tray. Brush them all with egg wash thoroughly to gain even golden colour.
- Gently press poppy or sesame seeds in a line down the middle. If smaller sizes are desired gently but firmly cut to size with a sharp knife and leave a gap between each roll on the tray.
- Place sausage rolls in the oven for 30minutes, or until meat is cooked through and pastry is golden.
- Serve hot with your favourite sauce or they are just as tasty cold in lunchboxes.
Notes
- Once carmelised, the weight of the onions is reduced to below 500g (468g).
- Dried ingredients negate the need for breadcrumbs in terms of aiding binding of mince mixture.
- Twice the amount of beef mince can be used to substitute the pork – in fact any of your favourite mince (chicken, turkey, veal) or combination works well, you may choose to adjust herb ratios however.
- Cutting the filled pastry into desired lengths is easier than filling pre-cut pastry.
Optional
- Grain free option could substitute pastry with cabbage leaves or lettuce cups – but would require stir-frying mince in balls first.
Health Notes:
- Gluten free
- Grain free, optional
- Low Fructose / Minimal sugar
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https://mymarketkitchen.tv/caramelised-onion-sausage-rolls/
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You may also want to watch:
a little flour, mixed with salt and pepper
For the stuffing
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125g (5oz) fresh breadcrumbs
100g (4oz) chicken livers, finely chopped
4 rashers streaky bacon, finely chopped
2 tbsp fresh mixed herbs, for instance parsley, chives and rosemary
1 tbsp chopped capers
1 beaten egg
Method
One medium-sized tenderloin (about 350g) is plenty for two, the quantities given here are for 4 people.
Slit the tenderloin fillets lengthwise without cutting them right though, then flatten them out and sprinkle with salt. Chop the herbs finely.
For the stuffing, thoroughly mix all the dry ingredients and bind together with the beaten egg and a tablespoon of sherry.
Press half the stuffing into each fillet and tie up with string into a long sausage shape. Roll in the seasoned flour.
Heat the butter in a heavy casserole and brown the fillets on each side, then lower the heat and add the sherry. Add enough water to come about halfway up the fillets.
Cover tightly and cook on a very low flame or in a slow oven, 150 deg C, 300 deg F, Gas Mark 2, for about an hour, turning once half-way through.
When the fillets are cooked through, remove from the pan and arrange in slices on a warm serving dish. Serve the sauce separately.
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https://www.royston-crow.co.uk/lifestyle/pork-tenderloin-cooked-in-sherry-sauce-7709566
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Dioscorides wrote that pine kernels are astringent and somewhat hot. Eaten alone or with honey diminishes coughing and helps chest illnesses. Mashed pine kernels eaten or drunk with cucumber seeds with a little wine brings on urination and tempers ardor in the bladder and kidneys. Drunk with purslane juice helps against smarting of the stomach, restores lost energy and represses corrupt humors. Picked fresh from the tree and boiled in wine helps old coughs.
Laguna stated: Pine kernels are very good for maintaining and engendering good humors, although there is some difficulty in digesting them. Apart from this they are nutritive, lenitive and resolutive. They are pectorals that make meat grow on the thin people however, if eaten in quantity they cause indigestion and hurt the stomach if eaten without soaking them in hot water.
|Meatballs, Typical Addition to|
Hispano-Arabic Recipes
Photo by: Lord-Williams
Penny pinchers used substituted pine kernels with wasps as they taste the same but they do not have as good nutritional sources as pine kernels or even pinecones.
[Austin. 1964:34; ES: Pegge. Oct 15, 03; ES: Renfrow. Jun 16, 04; Laza. 2002:168-169; Nola/Pérez. 1994:206; and Villena/Calero. 2002:23a]
A DISH WITH PINE KERNELS ADAPTED FROM HUICI’S TRANSLATIONS OF ANÓN AL-ANDALUS #306 PLATO DE PIÑONES, p 171
Ingredients
|Spice, Onion and Pine Kernel Mixture|
Photo by: Lord-Williams
1 chicken deboned, skinned and chopped
1 c onion chopped
1 tbsp chopped parsley
½ tsp cinnamon
1 tsp ginger
½ tsp cloves
½ tsp white pepper
⅔ c pine kernels
olive oil for browning and cooking
4-8 eggs yolks
For meatballs:
½ lb of the chicken above
1 c breadcrumbs
1 egg
1 tbsp parsley
Preparation
For the meatballs:
Take grind ½ lb of the chicken. Mix this with the other ingredients and make meatballs.
The remainder:
|Typical Medieval Colorful Presentation|
Photo by: Lord-Williams
Brown the meatballs and the rest of the chicken in olive oil.
Make a mixture of the onion, herbs and spices, Grind half the pine kernels and add them to the mixture. Mix this with the chicken.
Cover and simmer until the meat is cooked. Spread the remaining herbs and spices and whole pine kernels over the top. Dot with egg yolks. Place it on the hearth until the yolks set. Serve warm.
As they are very expensive now, they were not available when preparing this recipe. Walnuts were substituted.
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http://www.medievalspanishchef.com/2017/05/pinones-with-adaptation-of-13th-century.html
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- Vegetable Strudel with Spiced Cranberry…
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Vegetable Strudel with Spiced Cranberry and Orange Sauce
This impressive vegetable strudel makes a great centrepiece for a meat-free Christmas dinner. Even better - it can be prepared the night before for a stress-free Christmas Day.
Printable version A4 | A5 | Index card
Serves 8
Ingredients
- 225g cranberries
- 1 orange, juice and finely grated zest
- 3 tbsp cranberry juice
- 175g caster sugar
- 125g butter
- 1 tbsp olive oil
- 1 red onion, peeled and chopped
- 2 cloves garlic , peeled and chopped
- 1 leek, trimmed and thinly sliced
- 1 red pepper, deseeded and finely chopped
- 200g chestnuts, cooked and finely chopped
- 150g breadcrumbs
- 2 apples, peeled, cored and diced
- 1 small handful flat-leaf parsley, chopped
- 2 tbsp thyme, chopped
- 3 eggs, beaten
- 280g artichokes in sunflower oil, drained
- 220g filo pastry
- 125g soft goat's cheese
Total time required
- Preparation time:
- Cooking time:
Prepare Ahead
Get ahead by prepping this dish the night before. Follow steps 1 and 2, then layer the stuffing and cheese on clingfilm and roll it up tightly into a sausage shape and chill. You can finish the strudel a few hours in advance; simply brush it with melted butter again before cooking.
Instructions
- Place the cranberries, orange juice and zest, cranberry juice, sugar and 5 tbsp water in a pan. Simmer for 5 minutes until the berries start to pop and the sugar has dissolved, then put aside to cool.
- Preheat the oven to 200oC/180oC fan/Gas 6. Heat 25g of the butter and all the oil and cook the onion, garlic, leek and red pepper for 7 minutes, stirring occasionally, until softened but not coloured. Remove from the heat and stir in the chestnuts, breadcrumbs, apple, herbs, eggs and artichokes until well combined. Season.
- Unroll the filo and cover with a damp cloth to stop it drying out. Melt the remaining butter. Brush a sheet of pastry with butter, cover with another sheet and repeat until you have six layers. Spread half the stuffing across the centre of the filo, dot over the goat’s cheese, cover with the remaining stuffing and wrap it all up. Lay seam side down on a baking sheet, tucking the ends under. Brush with melted butter.
- Brush 3 more sheets of pastry with butter and scrunch on top of the parcel. Cover the strudel with foil and bake for 35 minutes. Remove the foil and bake for a further 20 minutes until golden. Serve with the cranberry sauce and garnish with a sprig of parsley.
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https://groceries.morrisons.com/webshop/recipe/vegetable-strudel-with-spiced-cranberry-and-orange-sauce/41280
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If you are hoping to get something productive out of this lockdown, why not try your hand at making one of these delectable Scottish recipes?
Haddock Fishcakes
Scottish seafood is some of the best in the world. This recipe for haddock fishcakes offers the opportunity for a bit of creative license: add some smoked fish if you want a stronger flavour but, if you want to keep it light and fresh, use lemon, herbs and seasoning to the same effect.
Kirsty Scobie and Fenella Renwick’s Haddock Fishcakes
Ingredients (serves four)
400g white potatoes, peeled
500g fresh haddock
500ml full fat milk
3 bay leaves
1 fish stock cube
1⁄2 bunch of spring onions, sliced
2 garlic cloves, crushed and thinly sliced
1⁄2 red chilli, deseeded and thinly sliced
small handful of flat leaf parsley, chopped
small handful of chives, chopped
juice and zest of 1⁄2 lemon
250g plain flour
2 eggs, beaten
For the breadcrumbs:
3 slices of white bread
small handful of fresh herbs, chopped (we use parsley and dill)
vegetable oil, for deep frying
Method:
Chop your potatoes into large chunks and add to a pan of water, then bring to the boil and then simmer until soft. Drain and let them steam dry.
While your potatoes are cooking, place your fish into a large pan or frying pan, cover with milk and add your bay leaves and some black pepper. Simmer your fish very gently until it flakes apart, making sure it doesn’t boil. Drain your fish into a colander over the sink, pushing the fish down to squeeze out as much liquid as possible. Bin the bay leaves and flake the fish into a bowl (removing any stray bones).
Put your stock cube in a small mug, add two tablespoons of boiling water and mix until you have a runny paste. Scrape this paste into the flaked fish and add the spring onions, garlic, chilli, parsley, chives and the lemon juice and zest. Mix well. When the potatoes are completely dry, mash them, then add to the fish mix.
To make the breadcrumbs, put the bread and herbs into a food processor and whizz until you have fine textured breadcrumbs. Place your flour in one bowl, beaten eggs in another and breadcrumbs in another and season each bowl. Roll the fish mix into eight evenly sized balls, then dip each one into the flour, then the egg and then the breadcrumbs, making sure they are fully coated.
To deep fry, put enough vegetable oil into a large pan or deep fryer to a depth that will fully cover a fishcake: don’t overfill the pan. Heat slowly to 180°C, then carefully add a few fishcakes. Use tongs with your first cake and make sure the oil sizzles as soon as you put it in; remove it and wait if it doesn’t. Fry until the fishcakes are golden brown and start to float in the oil – about five minutes. Remove carefully and put in a warmed oven while you cook the rest of the fishcakes.
If you are pan-frying, heat plenty of vegetable oil in a large frying pan, flatten the fishcakes and fry them for around five minutes on each side.
Kirsty Scobie and Fenella Renwick are chefs and authors of The Seafood Shack: Food & Tales from Ullapool www.kitchenpress.co.uk
Satyapal Singh Rathore (Mutton Curry)
One of the best things about modern Scottish cuisine is that it involves a fusion of different cultures and cooking styles. This recipe from Satyapal Singh Rathore involves a traditionally Scottish meat, mutton, in a Rajasthani Laal Maas, which is usually made during special occasions and festivals in Rajasthan.
Ingredients (serves four)
10 Kashmiri dry red chillies, soaked in water for at least 20 minutes
500g mutton, cut into one-inch pieces
1/2 cup curd (dahi /yoghurt)
1 teaspoon cumin seeds
2 teaspoons cumin powder
2 teaspoons coriander powder
1/2 teaspoon turmeric powder
2 tablespoons ginger garlic paste
Ghee, as required
2 brown cardamom
3 cardamom pods/seeds
1-inch cinnamon stick
3 cloves
1 bay leaf
3 onions, finely chopped
1/2 teaspoon garam masala powder
Coriander leaves, few sprigs, chopped for garnish
Method:
Add water to a pan. Add the soaked kashmiri red chillies and all the dry spices including cumin seeds, black cardamoms, green cardamoms, cinnamon stick, cloves, bay leaf into the water. Let it boil and switch off the flame once the dry red chillies become soft. Let it cool a bit, retain the water and then grind the spices into a fine paste in a mixer grinder.
In a large mixing bowl, add mutton, yoghurt, cumin powder, coriander powder, turmeric powder, one tablespoon ginger garlic paste and the dry red chilli paste which we prepared in the beginning. Mix everything well and set aside to marinate in the refrigerator for an hour.
Heat ghee in a pan. Add onions and sauté till they turn light brown in colour. Add the remaining ginger garlic paste and sauté for a minute. Add the marinated mutton to the onions and sauté on high heat for two to three minutes.
Add the required salt and water (which we retained from boiling the dry red chillies) into the pan. Cover the pan with a lid and let it cook for 20 to 25 minutes. You can add more water if you want a watery consistency.
Once the mutton is cooked, light a piece of charcoal, place it in a small metal bowl and place the bowl in the centre of the pan. Add two to three cloves to the coal, pour some ghee and quickly cover the pan with a lid and set aside for two to three minutes.
Remove the charcoal bowl, put the curry back on heat, add garam masala and give a quick stir before removing from heat. Transfer to a serving bowl and garnish it with coriander leaves.
Satyapal Singh Rathore is head chef at Mr Basrai’s, Dundee Street, Edinburgh. For more information, visit mrbasraiedinburgh.com
Scotch Egg
Scotch eggs aren’t exactly thought of as haute cuisine. But this version, with panko breadcrumbs and curry mayonnaise, breathes new life into an old favourite. Food blogger Lucy Loves specialises in hearty home-cooking and her Scotch Egg recipe will certainly warm you up after a wintry walk.
Lucy Loves’ Scotch Eggs (makes six eggs)-
Ingredients:
6 eggs for hard boiling plus 2 eggs for coating
450g to 500g sausagemeat or skinned sausages
Two tablespoons fresh herbs, parsley or thyme are good, finely chopped
Salt and pepper
3 tablespoons plain flour
150g breadcrumbs, panko would be great
Vegetable oil for deep frying, approx 1 litre
(For the curry mayonnaise)
3 tablespoons good mayonnaise
2 teaspoons mango chutney, a nice spicy one if you can get it
1 to 2 teaspoons curry powder
Leaves or parsley to garnish
Method:
Take a medium sized saucepan and fill with water. Bring to the boil then add the six eggs. Boil for exactly 6 minutes then take off the heat and run under cold water. Leave to cool before peeling then popping to one side.
Take a bowl and add your sausage meat. Tip in the fresh herbs and salt and pepper and mix well with your hands or a spoon. Divide the sausage meat into six roughly equal portions then flatten into a flat disc. Wrap this around the egg, smoothing the sausage around the egg, making sure there are no holes.
Repeat with the rest of the sausage and eggs. Serve with the curry mayonnaise as a dip.
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https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/19011864.food-best-scottish-dishes-can-make-home/
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You put all your ingredients in that sausage and just mix it lightly with your hand. For a caribbean twist, add one finely diced scotch bonnet pepper, upping the heat in your sausage.
Pin On Gravy
You can also shape your sausages into links by grinding your mixture once again with your meat grinder and filling the casings with a stuffing tube.
Meat grinder sausage recipes. Once all the meat is pushed through the grinder and all the sausages. You may slightly cook the meat with the seasoning before you start staffing the sausages with the casing. If using natural casings, soak in cold water for 30 minutes, then rinse thoroughly.
Then, send the ground fennel sausage mixture through the grinder a. Attach sausage stuffer with large stuffing tube to mixer. Grease sausage stuffer tube and slide casings on tightly and tie off end.
You can vary the size depending on how big your meat grinder is. How to make homemade breakfast sausage: Set up your meat grinder with a coarse grinding plate.
Sheet pan sausage, peppers, and onions; See more ideas about homemade sausage, homemade sausage recipes, sausage recipes. Next, you have to prepare the seasonings & spices, but be careful about the proportions & quantity;
If you want to prepare turkey sausage without intestines, you can use jars and boil down the mass. After you've prepared your casing and ground meat, clean the grinder by feeding a piece of bread through it, remove the grinder attachment, wash and dry it, reassemble, and add the sausage stuffer attachment. Kale with sausage and white beans
If you don't want to mix it by hand, you can use a kitchenaid; Trim meat and cut meat into strips. A meat grinder is a machine that can fulfill the need for many tools in the modern kitchen.
The temperature should be below 12 °c (53,6 °f) at all times. Sausage, pepper, and potato bake; Sausage, asparagus, and mustard strozzapreti ;
Cut the meat and fat into pieces that fit your grinder. Recipes to showcase your homemade sausage. This will help you grind later and make sure the.
The versatility of meat grinders makes it an essential device for preparing your delicious food like burgers, meatballs, and sausages, etc. Grind all of the seasoned chicken and pork (3). Depending on the type of sausage being made, it is possible to twist the sausages to make individual links.
Mix the ground meat well with the spices to prepare the doe or basic of the sausage. Gradually add the crushed ice as you process it. Spread each hoagie bun with 1/4 cup.
Place sausages in the hot skillet and cook, turning frequently, until warmed through and browned all over, about 10 minutes. You can seamlessly stuff sausages using a meat grinder with very little stress. Remove food grinder attachment and attach flat beater and mixer bowl to mixer.
Load the meat on to the meat pan/hopper on the lem big bite® grinder. Add white wine, turn to stir speed and mix 1 minute. You just set it to about 50 rotations.
It’s also worth mentioning that the sizes for each type of sausage are just recommendations, and aren’t set. Place a sheet pan below the grinder to catch the sausage. Preheat a frying pan to a medium temperature and add the oil.
Put the casing onto the sausage stuffer. To make summer sausage or bratwurst, 1/4 inches and 5/16 grinder plates are your best options.
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https://howardfranklinmusic.com/meat-grinder-sausage-recipes/
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M7 – Mendoza
What environmental responsibilities do we have to the rest of the world? What obligations do we have to future generations?
As the world’s sole superpower, I feel we bear the responsibility of leading the charge to combat, prevent and reverse the effects of global warming. We should invest in and improve technologies and processes of producing green, renewable energy in order to show the rest of the world that it can be done and how to do it. Now, thinking back to our previous discussion about dumping waste materials in developing countries, I firmly believe that we as a nation should also find ways to recycle our own materials rather than pawn them off on others who don’t have the ability to resist. Learning how to reduce, reuse and recycle efficiently can have a major impact on the environment in a positive way all by itself.
Now, in regards to what obligations we have to future generations, I think it goes without saying that we owe them the world…literally. We may not have caused all the problems we face today, but we are definitely contributing to them and it is entirely possible for us to find the solutions to them. We shouldn’t simply say oh well and pass these issues on as they will only get more complicated and difficult to solve or prevent. If you have kids of your own, I’m sure you don’t want them to grow up in an environment that can harm or kill them by entirely preventable issues such as contaminated water, air, food or what they are exposed to simply by stepping outside.
Who should pay the cost for protecting the environment — those responsible for causing the pollution or those who stand to benefit from protection and restoration?
In regards to this question, I say that both must pay. Perhaps not equally in a 50/50 split, but I’d say in a 70/30 split with those responsible for pollution paying a larger chunk. This would serve to punish those who commit environmental wrongs and may persuade them to seek routes that are cleaner and avoid financial punishment. Those who stand to gain should also have “skin in the game” and pay a portion of the cost as this is not a solution that can be achieved by any one group alone. We must all be vested in the success and implementation of greener policies that will benefit everyone on Earth.
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https://businessethics.community.uaf.edu/tag/ecological/
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The adverse effects of the increasing world population and, consequently, increased human activity, in the environment have together caused global climate change, which has great ramifications for present and future generations. According to National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) (2014), climate change is defined as the change in the normal temperature in a given period of time, or in the amount of rain in a year. With the industrial revolution, increase in the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and rising air pollution caused the world's average temperature to increase and rainfall patterns to change. Subsequently, an increasing trade volume through globalization continues to force countries to increase production, causing environmental pollution. As a result, this has become a factor included in all literature which addresses accelerating climate change (Idso & Idso, 2001; Vitousek, Mooney, Lubchenco, & Melillo, 1997; Zachos & Dickens, 2008). Due to damages as a result of global climate change, studies on the social and economic effects of this subject have started to draw attention. The fact that climate change threatens both present and future generations has raised a number of concerns. For this reason, this issue has been intensively discussed in national and international platforms. The concepts of growth and development, being previously among the main targets of economies, have been replaced by sustainable growth and development, and intensive studies have been initiated to improve the adaptation and resistance of a sustainable environment to climate change (Swart, Robinson, & Cohen, 2003; Soubbotina, 2004).
The concept of sustainability was introduced by the United Nations Environment and Development Commission’s “Common Future” report published in 1987. According to this report, humanity has the capability of sustaining development by ensuring its daily needs, without jeopardizing the ability to respond to the future generations’ needs (Brundtland, 1987). Besides this, sustainability is defined as ensuring the continuity of the diversity and productivity of biological systems according to the science of ecology. Climate change and disaster risk for sustainable improvement of life for future generations among sustainable development goals have been considered as one of the areas to be focused on mainly within the scope of strategic planning.
Climate change has environmental and socio-economic problems as well as direct and indirect effects on human life. These effects are caused by hot/cold air waves, air pollution, and allergens. On the other hand, the indirect effects of climate change, as a result of changes in the ecosystem, cause vectors to multiply or change in the habitat, resulting in infectious diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, and AIDS. In addition, diseases such as dysentery, cholera, and typhoid are diseases that are indirectly caused by climate change. Besides, natural disasters such as rising water levels as a result of melting glaciers and hurricanes cause injuries and deaths. Moreover, these natural disasters can cause loss of production and hunger by deepening poverty due to economic loss. It is also stated that extreme weather affects people physically and weakens their psychological health (McMichael, 2013; Patz, Campbell-Lendrum, Holloway, & Foley, 2005; WHO, 2012).
Cluster Analyses: A multivariate statistical analysis method that groups individuals or objects according to their common characteristics.
Cross-Section Dependence: The situation of a shock coming from a horizontal section that affects other horizontal sections as well.
Renewable Energy: The energy continuously obtainable from the sources in nature, such as the wind and the sun.
Sanitation: Measures taken to maintain hygiene and healthy environment.
Discriminant Analyses: A multivariate statistical method which is used to identify the factors that differentiate two or more pre-classified groups by estimating a function.
Unit Root Test: A test for determining whether the mean, variance and covariance of a time series are independent of time.
Causality: To give statistically significant information on a time series values about the future values of another time series.
Vectors: The living creatures which reserve and carry organisms that cause the diseases without harming the carrier.
Sustainable Development: Without harming natural resources, to ensure economic growth by protecting the environment and fight against poverty.
Ecosystem: Interactions between living things and the inanimate environment surrounding them.
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https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/a-panel-asymmetric-causality-between-health-and-climate-change/225875
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The Most Important Environmental Issues Today
Environmental pollution and global warming are harsh and honest realities of the 21st century. The continued reliance on fossil fuels and the lack of alternative sources of green energy are taking their toll. Melting ice caps and an ever growing endangered species list confirm the overuse and abuse of earth's natural and precious resources. Overpopulation, overproduction, and over consumption are all to blame for our planet's current state. It's important to understand why climate change is a problem, but arguably more important to know ways to help reduce pollution, greenhouse gasses, and the use of toxic chemicals worldwide.
The future of our planet as a whole is threatened by the environmental issues listed below. The way we're living and operating businesses is directly affecting the resources we need to support those foundations. Political and social issues often play into concerns regarding our environment, so it's important to stay informed and up to date on what's going on in the world as a whole. This list of the most important environmental issues to date covers all the most pressing matters that affect human, animal, and plant life on the planet.
What's most important to you personally? What do you believe is the absolute most urgent issue that should be addressed? Read through these current environmental problems and types of pollution and up vote the ones you find most important.
Smog, emissions from livestock, and carbon dioxide are all major contributors to air pollution worldwide. Air pollution can contribute to global warming and have detrimental effects on human health. Should we be doing more to make our air cleaner?
Land Pollution
If there's pollution in the soil, there's a risk of hazardous chemicals and toxicity in the agricultural growth in surrounding areas. Should we be doing more to cut back on land pollution?
Agricultural Pollution
Agricultural pollution can result in human health deterioration, as well as severe ecological effects. What can we do to promote more sustainable farming practices worldwide?
Waste Disposal
Given our booming population, public waste companies can't keep up with demand for sanitary trash disposal. This results in rising toxicity, compromised public health, and a polluted environment.
Industrial Waste
Industrial waste is any solid waste that is produced by manufacturing or industrial processes. America produces roughly 7.6 billion tons of industrial waste per year, which can have devastating effects on the environment.
Biodiversity Decrease
Biodiversity helps our planet thrive, but certain human activities may be putting diversity at risk. Should we be doing more to preserve, conserve, and protect our planet's valuable ecosystems?
Urban Sprawl
Urban sprawl is the increasing expansion of urban areas, which can lead to an increase in air, water, and land pollution. Should we be doing more to contain the size of American cities?
Endangered Species
We're in the midst of the sixth mass extinction as species are dying off at an unprecedented rate. The loss of biodiversity can have powerful affects on our environment and be detrimental to human health. Should we be doing more to preserve endangered species and their habitats?
Overpopulation
Human population is rising at a rapid rate and this means less space and resources are available. Does the earth have the capability to support human life given this record high number of people?
Radioactive Waste
High-level radioactive waste - or nuclear waste - can take anywhere from 1,000 to 10,000 years to decay, and it remains hazardous this entire time. How can we store waste safely to protect future generations?
Water Pollution
Oil spills and radiation are rabid factors, as is chemical pollution based on human activity. As water is important to human health and our ecosystem, what can we do to keep our oceans, rivers, and lakes cleaner?
Ozone Depletion
Deterioration of the ozone layer can have harmful effects on humans, such as increased risk of skin cancer, and contributes to global warming and climate change. Should we lessen our use of chemicals that deplete the ozone?
Greenhouse Effect
Global warming, ozone depletion, and radiation all contribute to the Greenhouse Effect, which is warming up our planet to a dangerously high temperature. As the Greenhouse Effect threatens the earth's ability to sustain life, many feel we should be doing much more to lessen the burning of fossil fuels, which strongly contributes to the problem.
Monoculture
Monoculture, or monocropping, is essentially weakening produce little by little over time by producing the same crop or livestock species in a single area. What can you do to help? Buy from small or locally sourced farms.
Desertification
Certain practices in agriculture, deforestation, and changing weather patterns are resulting in once lush environments becoming increasingly barren. What can we do to keep our earth fertile?
National Park Preservation
Not only an environmental concern, but a cultural and historical one as well, how can we make sure our National Parks are preserved for future generations?
Eutrophication
Eutrophication is the result of excessive nutrients or plant life in a body of water due to runoff from nearby land. While the process happens naturally, human activity has increased the rate of eutrophication in recent years. This results in toxification to humans and death to animals and ecosystems within the bodies of water.
Littering
Littering contributes to pollutions, increases toxins in soil and water, and can spread disease to humans and animals. Increasing the number of available trash receptacles and raising public awareness could help curb the problem.
Medical Waste
Not only does medical waste increase trash and pollution, it can also spread disease and bring about insects and vermin. How can we better dispose of our medical materials to keep people, animals, and the environment safe?
Marine Trash
The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is a huge chunk of collected debris and trash that's accumulated in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. How can we stop corporations and other entities from dumping waste in our oceans?
Increased Natural Disasters
Since 1980, there's been a serious increase in the amount of weather-related disasters that occur each year. Believed to be a result of the earth's climate changing at a rapid rate, the ability to prepare for and prevent such disasters is of upmost concern.
Native Pollinators Threatened
Habitat loss, disease and agro-chemicals are spurring the loss of native bees and other pollinators. As a result, we've been losing these important insects at a rapid rate and this could have environmentally catastrophic results.
Ocean Acidification
Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, there has been a 30% increase in ocean acidity. This can have a dramatic effect on the ability of some marine species to survive.
Global Warming
NASA's 134-year record shows that 15 out of the 16 hottest years on record have occurred since the year 2000. Should we be doing more to curb manmade climate change? Reducing carbon emissions worldwide, and your personal carbon footprint, could help.
Non-Recyclable Waste
Non-recyclable materials mean bigger landfills, wasting the earth's valuable space, and chemicals in such materials can harm the air, water, and soil. Should we strive to create more recyclable products?
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https://www.ranker.com/list/most-important-environmental-issues/lauren-slocum?ref=collections&l=2667095&collectionId=2546
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The study is based on climatic instances on Malaysian country. This revolves around the causes of the degradation and the effects. This leads to the coming up of theories in terms of the discourse to cover up, in line with the CSR strategies in place by the government. This calls for better accounting of environmental resources, on efficiency, conservation and dire management for the future generations advantage.
Introduction
Environmental accounting is increasingly becoming an issue of great concern with the increasing modernization and industrialization. The cases of global warming are of great concern throughout the whole world, a phenomenon discussed by different stakeholders in place, in forecasting the provisions for future generations to be, in a safe and well-managed environment. Climate change especially on the effects associated with global warming have adverse effects to biodiversity, in the sense of plant and animal existence on planet earth. This is mainly caused by industrial pollution. Environmentalists and other stakeholders working on the same issue, in making the world free from pollution, document this on a daily basis on the media. Customers, investors and other stakeholders in the same are, with greater insights for the same, on coming up with amicable solutions especially on safety measures in place, also echo this. This mainly enhances better practices to be emulated globally on environmental protection measures at any given point in time.
Purpose of the Research
The study is aimed at giving the clarity on the issues of environmental concern at any given period. This can be summarized as:
- To investigate the environmental challenges caused by Malaysian companies.
- To identify the environmental theories practiced in ensuring environmental safety along different stakeholders.
Climate Change
Climate change and global warming are issues that have affected climatic sciences and climatic policies a great deal (Munasinghe and Swart, 2005). Global warming is mainly caused by the emission of Green House Gases (GHG) such as Carbon dioxide and methane among the other gases present in the atmosphere. The emissions then cause the increased global temperatures that have adverse effects to mankind in their respective habitat. UNEP and UNFCC (2002) indicate human activities to be the main reason behind global warming on biodiversity. Dyer (2001) also echoes this that food crisis is the main reason behind global warming since the encroachment of populations lead to increased food demand to be satisfied.
The immediate effects felt involve the changes within the ecosystem through the state of isostasy with instances of storms, floods and increased sea levels from the melting ice and reduced glaciers in the polar regions (Bebbington and Larrinaga-Gonzalez, 2008).
Global warming is caused by the use of fossil fuels through the global business sector in the provision of energy for industrial consumption on persons. This has led to increased monitoring of the activities of businesses across the world for instance the Kyoto Protocol that was adopted in 1977, signed by around 175 countries was mainly to control the GHC emissions. Though it became a blow to the developed countries on their methods of production, it came to be accepted by those companies by providing alternative production methods in place. This clearly indicated the production systems adopted globally at the center-stage of industrial pollution.
Climate Change in Malaysia
Malaysia as world of the world developed counties, also is affected by the instances of environmental pollution, as other states such as USA, Britain, China, Japan among the world developed nations. Tangang, Juneng, Salimun, Sei, Le and Muhamad (2012) indicated that based on the levels of emissions emitted in the 21st century, the Malaysian temperatures are expected to increase to 3-5oC. This poses the country with the risk of the rise in the sea level during this period.
In the last forty years, Malaysia has been faced with problems of temperature rise amounting to 0.18oC for each decade since 1951 with increased sea levels (Tiong, Pereira and Pin, 2009). Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (2000) indicated that there is likely to be a 10% decline in rice production with every 1oC temperature increase. This was also seen to have adverse effects on oil palm plantations, resources, fisheries, costal infrastructure and mangrove vegetation (Tiong, Pereira and Pin,2009). This has from then made Malaysia put in place appropriate measures to curb global warming and possible causes of temperature increase at all costs (Mustafa, Kader and Sufian,2012).
It was one of the countries around the world that participated in the signing of the Kyoto protocol of 1997. The country suffered greatly from the effects of urbanization on the environment. This is based on the metal industries such as iron and steel, minerals and petroleum products consumed in the country. Malaysia has promoted Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in all her companies within the Public Listing of the companies. This is so helpful in controlling environmental pollution within the country through the policy framework adopted, in terms of environmental accounting for better environmental management. This is from the perceived and felt effects of environmental issues in place that the country despite the challenges with adoption of the concepts in place such as the Kyoto protocol.
Accounting Theories
Accounting is seen to have a broad perspective on the socio-economic and environmental considerations. The observation is based on the consideration of the each and every factor that promote environment degradation with amicable solutions towards management. This is based on socially constructed discourse for use within the project, to enhance proper environmental protection mechanisms in place. This is mainly tied to the analysis of companies in Malaysia on environmental management practices for improvements in areas not well covered from the study.
Social discourse from Malaysian companies
Source: Global Conference on Business & Social Science-2014, GCBSS-2014, 15th & 16th December, Kuala Lumpur
From the accounting information on the environmental discourse, the energy saving and efficiency indicates the highest proportion of 52 companies worth 65.82% from the total companies. This is closely followed by air pollution with 44 companies, having 55.70%. Gas emission/pollution indicates 37 companies with 46.83% of the total discourse covered. This was then followed by 24 companies with name of the gas disclosed at 30.38% of the totals observed. Kyoto protocol and other agreements observations proved the least with only 1 company at 1.27% of the proportions indicated from the analysis. This indicated the levels in which individual companies conceal their information in terms of environmental pollution in the country. It varied from one air pollution element to the other from the observed findings.
From the content analysis of Malaysian companies, the commonly used terms included emissions, carbon emission, emission standards, green house gases, biodiversity and global warming among the other terms used. The study is based on a series of environment accounting theories for instance, Itanen (2011) indicates the CSR disclosure classification. The study reveals the different types of discourse within the company. The first one entails the declaration of the company profits and strategic management. This indicates that the climate change and global warming are considered caring discourse. This indicates the theories behind the environmental exploitation with more focus on care from the different companies in the country.
The second discourse is concerned with the expressions on diverse activities from the companies jointly, with relation with each other, from the different production disciplines within the country, towards a common goal on environmental sustainability (Itanen, 2011). This is mainly achieved through awareness campaigns with the general public on environmental protection. This is mainly based on accountability on the available natural resources and how to use them to reap future benefits with the generations to come. This is mainly on the themes of environmental conservation and management within the different times in the country.
The third discourse is based on Energy efficiency on ensuring the energy sources mainly utilized by the persons in the country are energy conservative. These includes the solar energy among the other renewable energy sources. This also aims at the reduction in fossil fuels usage that exploits the environmental resources with adverse problems to biodiversity. From the analysis done on the companies, the companies are seen to be involved in three main discourse on environmental protection such as business, caring and sharing (Itanen, 2011). This renders the companies abiding to the CSR policy frameworks in place by the Malaysian government in her production sectors.
Conclusion
From the study on climate change, Malaysia is seen to be faced with vast climatic problems. This begins on the increased urbanization. It has been seen to take place in place in regions within the country. This is evident through the urbanization experienced with increased population growth and need for more resources. This is seen to cause for the CSR policy frameworks in addition to the Kyoto Protocol of 1997, in enhancing environmental protection. The outcome from the three discourse observed from the sharing, caring and business in greatly tied to environmental protection at the end of the day. This is seen to make the country quite reliable and more environmental friendly in terms of the legislations in place.
References
Bebbington, J. & Larrinaga-Gonzalez, C. (2008). Carbon trading: Accounting and reporting issues. European Accounting Review, 17(4), 697-717.
Munasinghe, M. & Swart, R. (2005). Primer on Climate Change and Sustainable Development Facts, Policy Analysis and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Itanen, M. (2011). CSR discourse in corporate reports exploring the socially constructed nature of corporate social responsibility. Unpublished Master Degree Thesis, Aalto University, Finland.
Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (2000).Malaysia Initial National Communication, Malaysia: MOSTE.
Mustafa, M., Kader, S.Z.S.A. & Sufian, A. (2012).Coping with climate change through air pollution control: some legal initiatives from Malaysia.2102 International Conference on Environment, Energy and Biotechnology, Vol. 33, Singapore: IACSIT Press.
Tangang, F. T., Juneng, L., Salimun, E., Sei, K. M., Le, L. J. & Muhamad, H. (2012).Climate Change and Variability over Malaysia. Sains Malaysia, 41(11), 1355-1366.
Tiong, T. C., Pereira, J. J. & Pin, K. F. (2009). Stakeholder Consultation in the Development of Climate Change Policy: Malaysia’s Approach. Presented in the Environmental Policy: A Multinational Conference on Policy Analysis and Teaching Methods on 11-13 June in KDI School of Public Policy and Management, Seoul, South Korea.UNEP & UNFCCC (2002). Climate Change Information Kit. France: UNEP.
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