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The children learn through the development of the Mathematical mind, including arithmetic, geometry and algebra. The Montessori approach to arithmetic lays a perfect foundation for complete comprehension that number is quantity and size. We have materials that reinforce this idea. All aspects of number are presented in concrete form first before any abstract concepts are introduced. This is done from the 3-6 Class to the 9-12 Class.
‘Mathematics are necessary because intelligence today is no longer natural but mathematical, and without development and education in mathematics it is impossible to understand or take part in the special forms of progress characteristic of our times’ (Maria Montessori).
The Montessori Mathematics Curriculum Aims To Develop:
- A basic knowledge and competence in mathematical skills, concepts and language.
- Confidence and accuracy in practical and environmental mathematics situations.
- A positive attitude towards mathematics.
It also guides the child into the discovery of new concepts in number, measurement and space and the consolidation of more familiar ones through the use of Montessori designed concrete material.
Through this material the child has opportunities for repetition to reinforce the concepts, as we believe the child must reach abstractions him/herself through activities in the concrete form. Read on…
Working Towards the Abstraction Of Mathematical Concepts
In order for the child to reach a mathematical abstraction he/she needs to have a prepared foundation. Subconscious experience with order and sequence as well as sensorial exploration (in the 3-6 class) are preparatory steps necessary for that foundation.
This is done as follows:
Junior Class - 3-6 years old Mostly concrete material with language attached after exploration.
Senior Class - 6-9 years old Repetition, memorisation and abstraction.
Senior Class - 9-12 years old Abstraction and application, linking to other curriculum areas.
Our resources are specially prepared didactic materials, encompassing games, charts, investigatory exercises and including the use of calculators.
Our goal is for each student to be given the opportunity to achieve excellence in mathematical knowledge and skills to the best of his/her ability.
The Development Of Mathematics
From the moment of birth, the child finds himself in a world of language, which he absorbs until it becomes a part of him/herself. This is not the case with mathematics. Many children encounter difficulties because the introduction of mathematical terms and concepts are postponed until they become difficult for them. Adults try to give in a short time and in an abstract way, the experience that humankind has acquired through the centuries.
The origins of mathematics arose from the needs of man. It was only after man had used maths as a tool for unknown ages that he/she gave rules to mathematics. Thus the abstraction of rules came only after the practical application of the operations. Today, however, too often we start mathematics in the school with a study of the rules. The child needs the concrete before the abstract, just as mankind did before him/her.
Five hundred years ago there was comparatively little to learn: today the collective knowledge of humankind is immense.
Throughout history humankind has learned by:
- Experience - Followed by
- Comprehension - After which he formulated
- Rules/Laws
The rule or law, must be the point of arrival and not the point of departure. If you begin with the rule, the child then closes his mind and learns only by memory. First give the child experiences with concrete materials then mathematics becomes a joy. As Maria Montessori says, ‘By nature man is endowed with a mathematical mind’ Children learn best through practical experience with concrete materials from which they derive comprehension.
From comprehension, abstract rules may be intuited and generalised.
The liberty of the Montessori school consists in the fact that each child is able to repeat these learning experiences as often as they need in order to arrive at this comprehension. The child through his/her own efforts arrives at the internalisation of abstract concepts through his/her own involvement with concrete manipulative materials. This process is in contrast to the traditional method in which the teacher drills the child in the memorisation of facts and concepts.
The Montessori materials for mathematics provide a concrete representation of abstraction allowing the child to develop a clear inner image of concepts in mathematics. The concrete materials help the child develop an inner picture of mathematics that will last a lifetime.
The foundation laid in the Junior Cycle (3-6) years is the first stage of a spiraling process that takes many years to mature. Our goal at The Children’s House is to help our children form a clear understanding, beginning with very concrete materials and moving in carefully planned steps to greater levels of abstraction. They must work with these materials repeating and reviewing them continually until the knowledge becomes second nature and is absorbed into their unconscious mind. The end result is the ‘passage into abstraction’ at which time the child can routinely solve problems with pencil and paper.
The Montessori method challenges children to apply their knowledge to real life tasks. These can range from graphing the daily temperature and computing the average for each month to adjusting the quantities called for in a recipe for a larger number of people. Just as the origins of mathematics grew out of man’s need to calculate, so Geometry was an outgrowth of man’s need to measure and to build.
When the Egyptians built the pyramids with the aid of simple knotted rope in the proportions of the scalene right-angled triangle, they laid the foundations for the study of geometry. Only later, in Greece, were the laws and theorems deduced that made it a science. The child must follow the same sequence: first must come the practical experience as in Egypt, followed by abstraction, as carried out in Greece.
From the moment the child enters the Montessori environment, he finds him/herself surrounded by a world of geometric beauty and proportion. The sensorial materials at his/her disposal are rich and varied, offering concrete experiences and clear impressions. These sensorial materials are the tools that aid in the development of the child’s visual sense in the discrimination of form, proportioned as they are on metric measurement. Dr. Montessori also used the word ‘stereognostic’ taken form the Greek and translated literally as ‘knowledge in three dimension’, to describe the child’s muscular memory of 3D shapes.
Building upon this strong foundation the child is then given the language of Geometry. Because the child is still in the sensitive period of language he readily learns the names connected with the objects and shapes of which he has gained such concrete impressions. At Senior Class (6-12 years old) level the language of geometry is further developed through extensive work with the classified nomenclature. This not only enriches the child’s vocabulary of geometry but gives clear insight into geometric properties.
Through the analytical study of geometry the child arrives at abstraction. Due to the series of natural and logical steps with the concrete experience the child is able to arrive at the creative work of abstraction at a far earlier age than is generally thought possible for this study.
The great interest the children show for the study of geometry in Montessori schools stems from the many early experiences that have stimulated their curiosity and their thirst for knowledge of how and why mankind developed geometry.
It is wonderful to witness children at such an early stage of development learning with such ease and delight. The understanding they learn will stay with them forever. | https://childrenshouseprimary.ie/montessori-maths/ |
The access to scientific knowledge, whether general or factual, must necessarily involve a visual, auditory or other presentation that appeals to one or more senses of the human being. If we are interested in the visual presentation of knowledge, we notice that the natural written language occupies a predominant place in it but that other graphic forms (notations, mathematical and chemical formulas, diagrams, tables, forms, hypertexts, etc.) play an important role in facilitating the performance of various intellectual tasks (calculation, comparison, deduction, etc.).
The general framework in which our work is carried out is the study of techniques for visualizing scientific knowledge and in particular their formal specification with the purpose of building visualization tools that are adapted to the tasks of the scientific user. Indeed, experience shows that there is not an optimal visualization technique but that the effectiveness of each technique depends on the context and objectives of the user (see, for example [Card1999]).
To formally represent the notion of visualization technique it is necessary, according to the reference model proposed by [Chi2000], To formally represent the notion of visualization technique, it is necessary to define an abstract model of the data to be visualized, an abstract model of the visual objects and an application of the data model in the abstract visual model. In the case of the visualization of scientific knowledge, it is therefore necessary to create an abstract model of the scientific knowledge to be visualized. Our goal is to provide a formalization of visualization that applies to any science, so we decided to build an ontology of the knowledge structuring objects used in the various sciences. Such an ontology will make it possible to model the knowledge to be visualized in the form of instances of the classes of this ontology, according to the diagram in figure 1.
If sciences vary according to their objects of study (differentiable functions, butterflies, human societies, elementary particles,…), they also have their own concepts to structure the knowledge produced. Mathematics produces theorems, corollaries, lemmas, conjectures, proofs, whereas physics speaks about laws, principles, measures, experimental results or anthropology produces observations, theories, explanatory hypotheses, methods. In addition, each science has developed a set of formalisms (i.e. linguistic constructs) to express and process this knowledge: chemical formulae and equations, mathematical formulae, flow diagrams, interaction diagrams, syntactic trees, etc. and a set of knowledge production techniques: experimentation, formal reasoning, surveys, observations, etc. However, it can be seen that the vocabulary for classifying scientific knowledge objects is limited and that several terms often cover similar concepts. Therefore, we can think of building a central ontology composed of a small number of classes of scientific objects. The knowledge to be visualized can then be represented as instances of these classes.
In the rest of this article we will begin by examining the work that focuses on the representation of scientific knowledge and those that, while somewhat related, can provide important elements. We will then present the method used to create a first version of the SKOO ontology of scientific knowledge objects and the ontology obtained. We will then present the first evaluations we have carried out. In the conclusion we will give perspectives on the practical use of this ontology and on the continuation of the evaluation and development of the ontology.
2 State of the art
To our knowledge, there is currently no ontology whose field is the conceptualization of objects used to represent or structure scientific knowledge in general. It should also be noted that works on the epistemology of science do not generally address this general ontological question but deal either with a particular science or a particular aspect of science. On the other hand, this ontological work was carried out in knowledge engineering for some specific fields.
The OMDoc ontology core presented in ([lange2013ontologies]) presents a model of mathematical knowledge in the form of knowledge items that are types of mathematical objects, theories or statements, which can be of the Assertion, Proof, Definition, Axion, etc. type. In addition, there are relationships between these types of elements, such as the Proof-Assertion proves relationship. Although this ontology is dedicated to mathematics, it can easily be extended to other sciences.
The SIO (Semanticscience Integrated Ontology) ontology, [Dumontier2014], is a higher level ontology that essentially aims to represent biomedical knowledge. The primary purpose of SIO is to describe complex biomedical objects (with component-composite relationships) and the processes in which they are involved or the (experimental) procedures applied to them. However, in the SIO description class, there are many concepts used to structure scientific knowledge: argument, belief, conclusion, evidence, hypothesis,… However, unlike OMDoc, there are no specific relationships between these concepts, but they can be linked to the objects they describe. SIO also describes the linguistic, mathematical and media objects that support knowledge.
The notion of experimental scientific process is at the heart of the EXPO system ([soldatova2006ontology]). It combines SUMO ontology ([niles2001towards, )]) with subject-specific ontologies of experiments by formalizing the generic concepts of experimental design, methodology and results representation. EXPO aims to describe different experimental domains and to provide a formal description of the experiences for analysis, annotation and sharing of results.
We can also consider what has been done in scientific knowledge bases, such as Gene Ontology ([ashburner2000gene]), OntoMathPro ([nevzorova2014ontomath]) or FMA ([Rosse2007]) that aim to represent the current state of our knowledge in a field. They generally consist of a terminology part that organizes very precisely the concepts of the domain and a part composed of assertions (statements) that represent our knowledge about these concepts. In Gene Ontology (GO), statements are called "annotations". They typically link a gene and a term from the GO ontology (for example, to indicate that the gene has a certain function). The statements are qualified by a type of proof (experimental, phytogenetic inference, automatic inference, etc.). In OntoMathPro ([nevzorova2014ontomath]) the terminology levels and assertions do exist but are not structurally separated. Thus Stokes’ theorem (assertion) is not an instance but a subclass of the Theorem
class. Similarly, as a first level subclass of Mathematical knowledge object we find both Theorem and Tensor. There is therefore an aggregation of the objects describing the knowledge and the objects of the domain on which we are working.
It should also be noted that there are ontologies whose sole purpose is to list and classify the subject-specific objects or to create a domain terminology (SWEET, ScienceWISE, etc.). In general, these ontologies are not interested in knowledge structuring objects.
On the other hand, a lexical ontology such as WordNet contains a large number of concepts such as theorem, law, definition, hypothesis, corollary. However, it should be noted that these concepts are not organized in a way that can be directly used. For example, we have the hyperonymic relationship chains
and
whereas from a formal point of view a corollary is a theorem. In other words, an ontology of scientific knowledge objects cannot be extracted by the simple projection of a part of WordNet. The same is true for other higher-level ontologies (SUMO, CyC,…)
3 Construction of the SKOO ontology
To build the ontology of Scientific Knowledge Objects Ontology (SKOO)111http://purl.org/net/skoo we applied the following process:
-
We collected a set of terms used to structure knowledge in different scientific fields. This was done by consulting books (textbooks, forms, “handbooks” monographs) in biochemistry, physics, mathematics, linguistics, sociology; interviews with scientists from different fields; analysis of the terminology level of scientific knowledge bases and ontologies (Gene Ontology, OntoMathPro,…)
-
To build the upper level of ontology we first associated the highlighted terms with equivalent or more general “synsets” of WordNet. Then we used the DOLCE ontology, already aligned with WordNet, to find higher-level concepts.
-
Finally, we have defined relationships between higher-level concepts based on relationships found in scientific ontologies, in particular OMDoc, and by specialization of certain high-level DOLCE relationships.
Figure 2 shows the upper level of the ontology obtained and its links with DOLCE and WordNet. We describe below the interpretation of each of its classes.
- Sci_Knowledge_Item
-
The items of scientific knowledge are all the objects that serve to structure the expression of scientific knowledge. They may be objects, such as theorems, laws (physical, chemical), models or methods that carry knowledge in themselves in the Platonic sense of true and justified belief. But they can also be “auxiliary” objects such as definitions, examples, evidence, hypotheses, problems. These objects correspond to the objects of the description class of the ontology DOLCE ([masolo2003wonderweb]).
- Sci_Information_Object
-
The purpose of this class is to group all forms of expression of knowledge elements, whether linguistic or in the form of diagrams, schemas, formulas, etc.. This is a subclass of the DOLCE ontology information-object class ([masolo2003wonderweb]), and its main class Sci-linguistic-object is a subclass of the DOLCE linguistic-object class ([masolo2003wonderweb]). This class aims to include all forms and methods of expressing the concepts used to represent knowledge of the disciplines under consideration.
- Sci_Activity
-
This class represents the activities, in the sense of activity (hyponym of human activity) in WordNet, that are used to generate elements of scientific knowledge. These activities may be experimental (process, experimentation, observation), but also empirical (conducting surveys) or formal (formally proving, calculating). The precise description of activities, in particular experimentation, is not defined in this ontology because it is already covered by other ontologies, such as SIO and EXPO.
- Domain-object
-
represents all objects about which scientific knowledge is expressed. This class serves as an anchor point for classes describing the objects studied in specific fields. When using ontology in practice, the principle is to import an ontology of objects from the scientific domain concerned and create subsumption axioms for its higher level classes.
4 Evaluation
We conducted two types of evaluations, consistency and capacity. In addition to the internal consistency of the ontology, to give an indication of the external consistency (relative to other ontologies), the ontology has been aligned with the OMDoc, DOLCE and WordNet ontologies. To do this, we translated the OMDoc and WordNet concepts into OWL classes, then created correspondence axioms of the owl:subClassOf and owl:EquivalentClass types between them and SKOO. Table 1 shows some of these axioms. We then verified the consistency of the ontologies obtained by merging SKOO, the three ontologies and the correspondence axioms (but without correspondence between DOLCE, WordNet and OMDoc).
To evaluate the capabilities of ontology we must verify whether, given a system of visualization of scientific knowledge, ontology makes it possible to create an appropriate abstract model for this knowledge. In the case of structured and homogeneous knowledge bases, such as Gene Ontology annotations or mathematical forms, it is easy to check the adequacy of the ontology. Indeed, this knowledge generally corresponds to statements that can be theorems. On the other hand, the case of knowledge expressed in texts is more complex. We carried out a first test by taking as a visualization system a part of an accelerator physics book ([wille2000physics]). We have modeled different concepts from the different sections of Chapter 3, in particular, the main concept expressed in Section 3.2, the complete Section 3.6 of this book (dispersion and momentum compaction factor) and a theorem used in Section 3.8 as SKOO class instances. Figure 4 shows the modeling of a physical law (Law instance) represented by an equation (Equation instance) and also the modeling of a theorem (Theorem instance) and a notation (Notation instance) used to represent a particular concept. It should be noted that in the relationships shown in this figure, the hasIndividual relationship is used by Protégé to associate the type of instance (the class) with the instance itself.
5 Conclusions and future work
We presented the construction of the first version of the SKOO ontology whose purpose is to provide a general model for the modeling of scientific knowledge to be visualized (according to the diagram of [Chi2000]). Although the concepts represented in this ontology all exist in other ontologies, none of them are grouped in such a way that they can be directly used to represent scientific knowledge. Hence the interest of the SKOO ontology. The ontology was aligned with reference ontologies to verify with a reasoner that they did not contradict them. On the other hand, we have begun to validate the capacity of this ontology to model the knowledge represented in existing knowledge bases, which does not pose any particular problem, and the knowledge represented in (hyper)texts, which is more difficult, especially for texts in the human and social sciences. After having carried out a test on a part of a physics book, we will undertake tests on books from the humanities and social sciences.
The next step in this work will be to fully model various existing knowledge visualization systems. To do this, we will use the SPARQL language to specify transformations from a knowledge model (expressed with SKOO) to a model of visualization objects (including lists, trees, graphs, texts, geometric shapes, etc.). This will validate the complete model for specifying visualization techniques. From there it will be possible to create a visualization generation system from their specification and use it to create new visualization techniques and test them with users.
During this work we realized that the interest of this ontology goes beyond the mere visualization of knowledge. It is applicable, for example, in the context of the search for precise information or automatic reasoning on large bodies of scientific knowledge.
Acknowledgement
This work has been enriched by the valuable advice and experience of Giuseppe Cosenza and Jean-Pierre Hurni, whom the authors would like to thank. | https://deepai.org/publication/an-ontology-for-the-formalization-and-visualization-of-scientific-knowledge |
Category theory is an area of study in mathematics that examines in an abstract way the properties of particular mathematical concepts, by formalising them as collections of objects and arrows (also called morphisms, although this term also has a specific, non category-theoretical sense), where these collections satisfy certain basic conditions. Many significant areas of mathematics can be formalised as categories, and the use of category theory allows many intricate and subtle mathematical results in these fields to be stated, and proved, in a much simpler way than without the use of categories.
The most accessible example of a category is the Category of sets, where the objects are sets and the arrows are functions from one set to another. However it is important to note that the objects of a category need not be sets nor the arrows functions; any way of formalising a mathematical concept such that it meets the basic conditions on the behaviour of objects and arrows is a valid category, and all the results of category theory will apply to it.
One of the simplest examples of a category (which is a very important concept in topology) is that of groupoid, defined as a category whose arrows or morphisms are all invertible. Categories now appear in most branches of mathematics, some areas of theoretical computer science where they correspond to types, and mathematical physics where they can be used to describe vector spaces. Categories were first introduced by Samuel Eilenberg and Saunders Mac Lane in 1942–45, in connection with algebraic topology.
Category theory has several faces known not just to specialists, but to other mathematicians. A term dating from the 1940s, "general abstract nonsense", refers to its high level of abstraction, compared to more classical branches of mathematics. Homological algebra is category theory in its aspect of organising and suggesting manipulations in abstract algebra. Diagram chasing is a visual method of arguing with abstract "arrows" joined in diagrams. Note that arrows between categories are called functors, subject to specific defining commutativity conditions; moreover, categorical diagrams and sequences can be defined as functors (viz. Mitchell, 1965). An arrow between two functors is a natural transformation when it is subject to certain naturality or commutativity conditions. Functors and natural transformations ('naturality') are the key concepts in category theory. Topos theory is a form of abstract sheaf theory, with geometric origins, and leads to ideas such as pointless topology. A topos can also be considered as a specific type of category with two additional topos axioms.
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The article content of this page came from Wikipedia and is governed by CC-BY-SA. | http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Category_theory.html |
Konrad Jacobs, via Wikimedia CommonsAlexander Grothendieck, on left.
Alexander Grothendieck, one of the most important mathematicians of the twentieth century, died at 86 on Thursday, Nov. 13, 2014.
Grothendieck’s main mathematical contributions were to the field of algebraic geometry. Algebraic geometry is the study of the curves (and higher-dimensional analogues) formed by the solutions of algebraic equations, linking together the algebraic concepts of equations and numbers with the geometric ideas of shapes and curves.
In the 1960s, Grothendieck and his contemporaries revolutionised algebraic geometry by establishing a powerful and abstract foundation for the subject. The techniques and generalizations originally developed by Grothendieck became the main set of tools used by mathematicians working in algebraic geometry for the last fifty years.
Grothendieck’s reinvention of the foundations of algebraic geometry led to countless discoveries in the field in the last half century. His techniques were a necessary tool in the work done by Maryam Mirzakhani that earned her the historic first Fields Medal awarded to a woman earlier this summer.
In 1970, at the age of 42, Grothendieck started to turn away from mathematics and later from society in general. As mathematician Winfried Scharlau wrote in a brief biographical note on Grothendieck, “he turned to the problems of environmental protection and ecology, he supported the antinuclear power movement, and he fought against military buildup, especially of nuclear weapons, and the military-industrial complex”.
Through the 1970s and 1980s, Grothendieck became ever more reclusive. While he no longer worked in a conventional mathematical setting, Grothendieck would write incredibly long “meditations” that would be shared with only at most a handful of his peers. The subjects of these meditations varied from further developments in algebraic geometry to long, winding mystical speculations.
Grothendieck was a truly brilliant mathematician, and in the twenty years he was active in the field, he reinvented the way we understand equations and curves. | https://www.businessinsider.com.au/alexander-grothendieck-died-2014-11 |
Changing the Culture 2011
Changing the Culture 2011:
Through Our Teaching
Date: Friday, April 29th, 2011
Location: SFU-Vancouver at Harbour Centre,
515 W. Hastings Street, Vancouver, Canada
The conference is free, but space is limited, and therefore registration is required.
Online registration is now closed.
The registration deadline: Wednesday, April 27th, 2011
Conference Program
8:00 Registration
8:45 Opening Remarks, Room 1900, Fletcher Challenge Theatre
9:00 Plenary Talk, As Geometry is lost - What connections are lost? What reasoning is lost? What students are lost? Does it matter?, Walter Whiteley, York University, Room 1900, Fletcher Challenge Theatre
Abstract:In a North American curriculum preoccupied with getting to calculus, we witness an erosion of geometric content and practice in high school. What remains is often detached from "making sense of the world", and from reasoning (beyond axiomatic work in University). We see the essential role of geometry in science, engineering, computer graphics and in solving core problems in applications put aside when revising math curriculum. A second feature is that most graduates with mathematics degrees are not aware of these rich connections for geometry.
We will present some samples of: what we know about early childhood geometry.; and then of the critical role of geometry and geometric reasoning in work in multiple fields outside of mathematics. With a perspective from "modern geometry", we note the critical role of transformations, symmetries and invariance in many fields, including mathematics beyond geometry.
With these bookends of school mathematics in mind, we consider some key issues in schools, such as which students are lost when the bridge of geometry is not there to carry them through (caught in endless algebra) and possible connections other subjects. We also consider the loss within these other disciplines. We will present some sample investigations and reasoning which can be supported by a broader more inclusive set of practices and which pays attention to geometric features and reasoning in various contexts. In particular, we illustrate the use of dynamic geometry investigations, hands on investigations and reflections, and making connections to deeper parts of the rest of mathematics and science. Download the presentation file here. Links to sources discussed in the presentation can be found in this document.
10:00 Coffee Break, Room 1400, Segal Centre
10:30 Workshops AB
Workshop A: Changing the Culture of Homework, Jamie Mulholland and Justin Gray, SFU, Room 1900
Abstract: Who do your students think their homework is for? Does attaching credit to homework promote student understanding, or encourage students to find answers by whatever means necessary? Are they focused on calculating the answer, or seeing the big picture? Is their homework grade a true reflection of their own understanding of the material, or does it better reflect the understanding of their "support network"?
In this workshop we will describe our efforts to improve student feedback and to promote good study skills in first and second year mathematics classes.
Workshop B: What is Mathematics-for-Teaching and Why Does it Matter?, Susan Oesterle, Douglas College, Room 1530
Abstract: In this interactive workshop we will review some of the latest research on the nature of specialised mathematics content knowledge for teachers. We will examine particular examples and consider how being aware of MfT can affect not only our approach to the preparation of teachers, but our own mathematics teaching.
12:00 PIMS Award Ceremony: Presentation of the 2011 PIMS Education Prize to Dr. Veselin Jungic, SFU
12:30 Lunch, Room 1400, Segal Centre
13:30 Workshops CD
Workshop C: Using Cognitive Load Theory Principles to Construct Calculus Exam Questions, Djun Kim and Joanne Nakonechny, UBC, Room 1900
Abstract: Cognitive load theory (Paas 1993) provides an approach for writing appropriate level questions so that novices will be more likely to answer the intended question. Cognitive load theory focuses on excluding extraneous information and providing only essential information for the learner. Although this approach is generally used to engender the selection of fundamental component parts and ordering them to scaffold learning new material, we have also found that better test questions can be constructed using these same principles; or so we think. Come and experience the difference, learn the principles for writing questions using cognitive load theory, and find out what we have learned about the process.
Workshop D: Efficient and Effective Teaching of Learning of Mathematics for Students of Science and Engineering with Software for Symbolic Computation, J. F. Ogilvie, CECM, SFU and Universidad de Costa Rica, Room 1530
Abstract: Although computers have enabled a revolution in many academic and other activities, their impact on the teaching and learning of mathematics has been much less potent than is warranted by the pressing demands of users of mathematics in scientific and technical areas. The present and continuing development of pertinent software facilitates a reappraisal of methods of teaching mathematics, with an emphasis on both improving the understanding of concepts and principles and the implementation of mathematical applications. We discuss how software for symbolic computation can play, and has already played, a significant role in the teaching and learning of mathematics not merely in particular topics but according to an holistic appreciation of all the mathematical knowledge and capabilities that a student of science and engineering might require for a prospective technical career during the twenty-first century.
14:30 Panel Discussion, How to convince our students that you cannot learn mathematics by just watching somebody else do it? Veselin Jungic, SFU, Susan Milner, UFV, Fred Harwood, Hugh McRoberts Secondary, Room 1900, Fletcher Challenge Theatre
16:00 Coffee Break
16:30 Plenary Talk, Raising the Floor and Lifting the Ceiling: Math for All, Sharon Friesen, University of Calgary/Galileo Network, Room 1900, Fletcher Challenge Theatre.
Abstract: "Math. The bane of my existence for as many years as I can count. I cannot relate it to my life or become interested in what I'm learning. I find it boring and cannot find any way to apply myself toit since I rarely understand it." (high school student)Today, mathematics education faces two major challenges: raising the floor by expanding achievement for all, and lifting the ceiling of achievement to better prepare future leaders in mathematics, as well as in science, engineering, and technology. At first glance, these appear to be mutually exclusive: But are they? Is it possible to design learning that engages the vast majority of students in higher mathematics learning? In this presentation, I will present the findings and discuss the implications from a research study that explored the ways to teach mathematics that both raised the floor and lifted the ceiling. | https://www.pims.math.ca/educational/changing-culture/2011 |
Virtual reality can take you to some far-out places — mountaintops, distant cities and even fantastical game worlds. A team of artists and mathematicians is now adding to that list: universes where the usual rules of geometry and physics don't apply.
Vi Hart, who founded the research group eleVR, led a team that built a virtual landscape that looks like a set of endlessly repeating chambers. This virtual landscape follows the rules of a type of non-Euclidean geometry called hyperbolic geometry (also called H-space). It operates in a different way than the normal world, which abides by so-called Euclidean geometry. In this VR universe, the floor can fall away from your feet as you walk forward and distances aren't what they seem, all because lines and angles don't behave the way they do in the ordinary world.
"In H-space, when you move your head a little bit it's normal, but if you make larger movements it's different," Henry Segerman, a co-author of the studies and an assistant professor of mathematics at Oklahoma State University, told Live Science. That's because in H-space "a lot of it is very close to you," meaning that the amount of space between two points is less in certain directions than in Euclidean space, where a unit of distance is a consistent length. [5 Reasons We May Live in a Multiverse]
The results have applications in the academic realm as well as for the video-game industry. However, the impetus for the project was more art than science: "Mathematics and art are not so distant from each other," Hart said. "In both mathematics and art, we can talk about entirely fictional worlds."
Following the rules
Most geometry used in everyday life is the geometry of flat spaces, or Euclidean geometry, so called because the Greek mathematician Euclid wrote down many of its principles. For example, Earthlings expect that parallel lines will never meet and that if you add up the internal angles of a triangle it will come out to 180 degrees. It also means that if you walk forward 10 feet, make a right, walk the same distance, and repeat the process three more times you'll come back to the same point.
Non-Euclidean geometry doesn't operate that way. A triangle inscribed on the surface of a sphere — a spherical geometric space — has more than 180 degrees in its internal angles, and one drawn on a saddle-shaped surface — a hyperbolic geometrical space — can have fewer degrees. Spherical geometry gets used in navigation because the surface of the Earth is spherical. Hyperbolic geometries show up more in cosmology.
"A hyperbolic space is shaped rather like a Pringles chip," Segerman said.
The upshot is that exploring non-Euclidean worlds via virtual reality will be deeply weird. In order for the scientists to translate this weird realm to a VR space, they had to include at least a few Euclidean features, if only to make it less disorienting to users, Segerman said. [The 11 Most Beautiful Mathematical Equations]
The project isn't designed to have any immediate use. The resulting VR landscape could make for fun video-game worlds and even be used to teach students how to navigate in such spaces. In addition, some types of data with a lot of "branching trees" ― which are typically tricky to visualize ― could be visualized in these kinds of spaces.
It's could also be useful in mathematics. "Sometimes entering this [world] is a more direct thing than reading about it or calculating," Segerman said. Walking through a non-Euclidean space in person is easier for many people than trying to analyze it on paper, since one interacts via the senses just as one does in the ordinary world.
Another researcher he cites in the paper, Jeff Weeks, has made flight simulators, for example, that work in these kinds of spaces.
"The 'real reason' (in my opinion, at least) is to let people get a gut-level understanding of various non-Euclidean geometries. In other words, rather than trying to understand non-Euclidean geometries via formulas and abstract mathematical models, we want people to experience them directly," Weeks, an independent researcher who has designed games to explore mathematical concepts, told Live Science in an email.
Teaching people how to navigate such odd spaces can have real-world benefits in physical science as well. The whole universe, for example, is actually a non-Euclidean space, on large cosmological scales.
"The conclusion here is that if we want to understand the natural world we live in, we need to let go of Euclidean preconceptions, and get comfortable with several other kinds of geometry."
The research is detailed in two papers published on the preprint site arXiv.org.
Original article on Live Science. | https://www.livescience.com/58448-virtual-reality-reveals-non-euclidean-universe.html |
Mathematics in Daily Life
Mathematics is often a branch of science which bargains using the improvement of correct physical or abstract models which supply a basis for explaining how points function.
The term mathematics may be utilized to mean distinct items. A lot of people use the term to refer to geometry, algebra, trigonometry, and calculus. Other individuals use it to refer for the complete field of mathematics.
It might seem odd that people would have any must study mathematical formulas since they appear so straightforward and straightforward. Numerous people have trouble understanding a difficult mathematical formula, so they turn to mathematicians to understand the answer. Mathematicians have an understanding in the procedure by which a formula is formed.
Some persons get bored with all the study of mathematics in everyday life. They just like the subject but would prefer to experience it in additional genuine life situations. Other people who would prefer to discover about mathematics in each day life do not have a want to discover it in an artificially developed environment. They’ve good enjoyable when they can use their knowledge from the all-natural planet to resolve complications in an interesting way.
There are numerous reasons why people like this kind of finding out, which includes working with metaphysical mathematics in every day life. A number of people like metaphysics because it allows them to know the world around them and their place in it. Other individuals appreciate metaphysical mathematics because it lets them see their place in the massive picture of life.
For instance, it may be enjoyable to understand metaphysics in daily life. For some individuals, understanding the entire world through metaphysics is fascinating. Other individuals may possibly find the topic difficult but fascinating. However, people who come across metaphysics intriguing may possibly like it simply because they need to encounter an even deeper understanding of reality.
Metaphysics is also a very exciting strategy to practice mathematics. You’ll find lots of areas of mathematics exactly where one can incorporate metaphysical ideas into the understanding of problems. One example is, geometry has some really exciting ideas that a single can apply to true life situations.
One instance of a mental mathematics exercising for daily life is to note the presence of geometry in each day life. It is difficult to assume about everyday life without the need of noticing geometry. In fact, 1 may possibly obtain it difficult to assume about geometry without having noticing geometry, or without having paper helper perceiving geometry, but 1 does have a tendency to notice it.
Metaphysics can help you explore all the many points that we’re unaware of. It offers us the opportunity to look in the beauty in the globe around us and to look in the limits and inconsistencies of our own thoughts. For those who learn metaphysics in daily life, you might always have an idea of the concepts that you’re studying, whether or not you’re conscious of them.
One of the most significant concepts of metaphysics is transcendental thinking. In lots of situations, an individual who has studied metaphysics has grow to be so acquainted with the way the mind performs that they could get familiar with the thoughts of other folks with no even realizing it. Often, the person who is becoming studied is unaware that they’re becoming studied and rather might turn out to be fascinated using the study of your researcher.
Another example of a mental exercise that may be employed in every day life is to notice patterns. One example is, the moon cycles in a certain www.math.uh.edu pattern each and every month. You could then get Master Papers to know the pattern of the moon, or the patterns in other points around you. This can be exciting to complete, and it can also be beneficial.
Many men and women in daily life have interests that involve geometric shapes. If you’d like to try and perform out a puzzle, you can learn the best way to solve it applying the fundamental principles of geometry. The identical point is correct for one thing as uncomplicated as placing with each other an animal’s head. It does not take long to find out a new process for completing this activity, which is helpful to individuals in each day life.
Mathematics in everyday life provides us a sense of being able to perceive the world about us and how it relates to our everyday lives. and understanding it from a student who desires to discover it is actually a fantastic way to improve your knowledge of it. Plus the ideal portion is, it’s not too difficult to do. | https://agctraining.com.au/mathematics-in-daily-life/ |
In the first article of LTM 21, James Russo introduces a simple yet engaging mathematical board game to enhance learners' mental computation skills. In the second article in this issue, Debbie Stott builds on her experiences of using arrays to develop learners' conceptual understanding of multiplication and division. The third article, by Richard Kaufman, highlights an interesting relationship inherent in Pythagorean Triples, while in the fourth article Nicholas Kroon explores the beauty of mathematical proof. Michael de Villiers then presents two examples of appropriate generalisation activities that go beyond the normal curriculum, while in the sixth article Yiu-Kwong Man illustrates an alternative method of finding the greatest common divisor of two or more numbers.
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3-in-a-Row Magic DiceAuthor James RussoSource: Learning and Teaching Mathematics 2016, pp 3 –5 (2016)More Less
'3-in-a-row Magic Dice' is a simple, engaging and mathematically meaningful activity designed to reinforce count-on and count-back strategies, enhance pupils' mental computation skills and expose pupils to patterning and place-value concepts as they navigate the 100's chart. The game is primarily aimed at pupils around 7 to 8 years of age. However, with minor modifications it can be played by younger or older pupils as well.
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Using arrays for multiplication in the intermediate phaseAuthor Debbie StottSource: Learning and Teaching Mathematics 2016, pp 6 –11 (2016)More Less
In their book Maths for Mums and Dads, Rob Eastaway and Mike Askew (2010) list some common problems that children have with multiplication:
- "Making mistakes using techniques they have learnt mechanically, without understanding what they were doing
- Thinking that multiplication means multiple adding (when often it is about ratios)
- Assuming that multiplying always makes things bigger (so they are stumped when they discover that multiplying by 1/2 makes things smaller)" (p. 141)
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QED - The Beauty of Mathematical ProofAuthor Nicholas KroonSource: Learning and Teaching Mathematics 2016, pp 12 –16 (2016)More Less
"Mathematics, rightly viewed, possesses not only truth, but supreme beauty-a beauty cold and austere, like that of sculpture, without appeal to any part of our weaker nature, without the gorgeous trappings of painting or music, yet sublimely pure, and capable of a stern perfection such as only the greatest art can show."
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Generalising Some Geometrical Theorems and ObjectsAuthor Michael De VilliersSource: Learning and Teaching Mathematics 2016, pp 17 –21 (2016)More Less
Generalisation is an important mathematical process, one that lies at the very heart of mathematical thinking. Not only does generalisation expand knowledge, but it often contributes to increasing our understanding by revealing relationships between different mathematical concepts and topics. With this in mind it is unfortunate that most formal school systems around the world tend to focus largely on 'routine' problems and the 'drill and practice' of mathematical techniques. Little opportunity is typically left to stretch and challenge more able learners. Given the pivotal role that generalisation plays in mathematics, it seems educationally necessary to design suitable activities for engaging talented mathematical learners (as well as prospective Mathematics teachers) in the process of generalisation that goes beyond the normal curriculum, and can possibly stimulate them to explore generalisations of their own. This article presents two possible examples of appropriate generalisation activities. The first is the generalisation of a familiar theorem for cyclic quadrilaterals to cyclic polygons, while the second is the generalisation of the concept of a rectangle to a higher order polygons.
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Finding the Greatest Common Divisor by Repeated SubtractionsAuthor Yiu-Kwong ManSource: Learning and Teaching Mathematics 2016, pp 22 –24 (2016)More Less
The greatest common divisor (GCD) of two or more positive integers is the largest integer that is a common divisor of the given integers - i.e. the largest integer that divides the given integers without leaving a remainder. There are many methods for finding the GCD of two or more integers. Some of the most commonly taught in schools are the methods of factor listing, prime factorisation, and common decomposition using the so-called ladder method. Each of these methods is briefly illustrated below for the pair of integers 18 and 24.
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Cautionary Tales of Geometric ConversesAuthors: Duncan Samson, Avi Sigler and Moshe StupelSource: Learning and Teaching Mathematics 2016, pp 25 –29 (2016)More Less
Within the South African school Mathematics syllabus, pupils are exposed to a number of geometric theorems along with their converses.
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A dynamic investigation of geometric properties with "proofs without words"Authors: Victor Oxman and Moshe StupelSource: Learning and Teaching Mathematics 2016, pp 30 –35 (2016)More Less
Dynamic geometry environments are a powerful way of engaging students in real-time mathematical exploration. Students are able to investigate mathematical properties through dynamic engagement by dragging objects and observing the effect immediately. Through this process it is possible not only to investigate geometric properties but to form conjectures and hypotheses relating to additional properties. Although it may be easy enough to establish that a conjecture is not true, we need to be a little more careful with establishing its veracity. Although the dynamic geometry environment can lead us to suspect that a conjecture is true, to verify that it is indeed true still requires a formal geometric proof. In this article we present a series of progressive tasks that are ideally suited to exploration in a dynamic geometry environment. The tasks are gradually developed through 'what if' question posing (Brown & Walter, 1990, 1993). Rather than getting students to attempt to prove various conjectures on their own (which they could of course do if they wanted), 'Proofs Without Words' (PWWs) are presented as a route to this verification process (Katz, Segal & Stupel, 2016; Nelsen, 2001; Sigler, Segal & Stupel, 2016). The idea is for students to engage with each PWW diagram, attempt to make sense of it, and then to articulate a formal geometric proof of the conjecture based on the PWW diagram.
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Mathematics competitions - year-based problemsAuthor Alan ChristisonSource: Learning and Teaching Mathematics 2016, pp 36 –38 (2016)More Less
Local and international mathematics Olympiads and Competitions often make use of problems that incorporate the year of the competition. I have used problems of this nature in the training of pupils to compete in the International Mathematics Competition (IMC), and have also devised and submitted a number of original questions to the IMC committee for possible inclusion in the competition itself. Problems for elementary level, i.e. primary school pupils who are 13 years or younger at the date of competition, must avoid high level mathematics, and should rather be based on the application of logic and general mathematical principles. This article looks at a number of problems I submitted to the 2015 IMC held in China, and comments on their adaptability for future years. The reader is encouraged to attempt these problems and use them in the classroom, with suitable adaptation as desired.
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Camouflaged FunctionsAuthor Duncan SamsonSource: Learning and Teaching Mathematics 2016, pp 39 –41 (2016)More Less
As part of the South African school Mathematics syllabus, pupils are exposed to a number of different functions and their graphical representations. Pupils generally become fairly adept at identifying what type of graph a given function represents when the function is given in one of its standard, and hence familiar, forms. However, when the function is presented in a non-standard form pupils often struggle trying to make sense of the function.
As part of a 3-day Matric revision camp at the start of our final term I presented a session entitled "Hidden Functions & Other Camouflage". My intention in the session was to motivate pupils to think more laterally and more flexibly when engaging with functions and their graphs, particularly in relation to functions given in non-standard formats. In this article I share some of the ideas we explored.
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Exploring the minimum conditions for congruency of polygonsAuthors: Olga Plaksin and Dorit PatkinSource: Learning and Teaching Mathematics 2016, pp 42 –46 (2016)More Less
Polygons form an important component of Euclidean geometry within most school curricula. In the earliest grades pupils observe, describe and sort polygons according to their general characteristics. This then develops into a more sophisticated classification system based on properties and definitions in which various 'families' of polygons emerge. The general idea of congruency is then introduced, and is formally explored with a specific focus on triangles.
The formal exploration of congruency in polygons with more than three sides is seldom dealt with at school level. It is our contention that exploring congruency in polygons other than triangles is likely to enhance a more meaningful appreciation for the concept of congruency, and may prevent pupils from making erroneous generalisations. By way of example, pupils are familiar with the idea that two triangles are congruent when their sides are correspondingly equal. Pupils might thus fall prey to the misconception that two quadrilaterals are also congruent if their sides are correspondingly equal.
The purpose of this article is to present an exploration of congruency in polygons other than triangles. We first explore the necessary conditions to establish congruency in quadrilaterals, and then use an inductive process to establish a broader generalisation of congruency in polygons. It is hoped that such an exploration in the classroom will deepen pupilsâ?? appreciation for the concept of congruency. | https://journals.co.za/content/amesal/2016/21 |
In the past few decades there has been a revolution in computing and communications, and all indications are that technological progress and use of information technology will continue at a rapid pace. Accompanying and supporting the dramatic increases in the power and use of new information technologies has been the declining cost of communications as a result of both technological improvements and increased competition. According to Moore’s law the processing power of microchips is doubling every 18 months. These advances present many significant opportunities but also pose major challenges. Today, innovations in information technology are having wide-ranging effects across numerous domains of society, and policy makers are acting on issues involving economic productivity, intellectual property rights, privacy protection, and affordability of and access to information. Choices made now will have long lasting consequences, and attention must be paid to their social and economic impacts.
One of the most significant outcomes of the progress of information technology is probably electronic commerce over the Internet, a new way of conducting business Trizetto login . Though only a few years old, it may radically alter economic activities and the social environment. Already, it affects such large sectors as communications, finance and retail trade and might expand to areas such as education and health services. It implies the seamless application of information and communication technology along the entire value chain of a business that is conducted electronically.
The instructional strategies employed in such classrooms are teacher centered because of the way they supplement teacher-controlled activities and because the software used to provide the drill and practice is teacher selected and teacher assigned. The relevancy of technology in the lives of young learners and the capacity of technology to enhance teachers’ efficiency are helping to raise students’ achievement in new and exciting ways.
As students move through grade levels, they can engage in increasingly sophisticated hands-on, inquiry-based, personally relevant activities where they investigate, research, measure, compile and analyze information to reach conclusions, solve problems, make predictions and/or seek alternatives. They can explain how science often advances with the introduction of new technologies and how solving technological problems often results in new scientific knowledge. They should describe how new technologies often extend the current levels of scientific understanding and introduce new areas of research. They should explain why basic concepts and principles of science and technology should be a part of active debate about the economics, policies, politics and ethics of various science-related and technology-related challenges.
Students need grade-level appropriate classroom experiences, enabling them to learn and to be able to do science in an active, inquiry-based fashion where technological tools, resources, methods and processes are readily available and extensively used. As students integrate technology into learning about and doing science, emphasis should be placed on how to think through problems and projects, not just what to think.
Technological tools and resources may range from hand lenses and pendulums, to electronic balances and up-to-date online computers (with software), to methods and processes for planning and doing a project. Students can learn by observing, designing, communicating, calculating, researching, building, testing, assessing risks and benefits, and modifying structures, devices and processes – while applying their developing knowledge of science and technology.
Most students in the schools, at all age levels, might have some expertise in the use of technology, however K-12 they should recognize that science and technology are interconnected and that using technology involves assessment of the benefits, risks and costs. Students should build scientific and technological knowledge, as well as the skill required to design and construct devices. In addition, they should develop the processes to solve problems and understand that problems may be solved in several ways.
Rapid developments in the design and uses of technology, particularly in electronic tools, will change how students learn. For example, graphing calculators and computer-based tools provide powerful mechanisms for communicating, applying, and learning mathematics in the workplace, in everyday tasks, and in school mathematics. Technology, such as calculators and computers, help students learn mathematics and support effective mathematics teaching. Rather than replacing the learning of basic concepts and skills, technology can connect skills and procedures to deeper mathematical understanding. For example, geometry software allows experimentation with families of geometric objects, and graphing utilities facilitate learning about the characteristics of classes of functions.
Learning and applying mathematics requires students to become adept in using a variety of techniques and tools for computing, measuring, analyzing data and solving problems. Computers, calculators, physical models, and measuring devices are examples of the wide variety of technologies, or tools, used to teach, learn, and do mathematics. These tools complement, rather than replace, more traditional ways of doing mathematics, such as using symbols and hand-drawn diagrams.
Technology, used appropriately, helps students learn mathematics. Electronic tools, such as spreadsheets and dynamic geometry software, extend the range of problems and develop understanding of key mathematical relationships. A strong foundation in number and operation concepts and skills is required to use calculators effectively as a tool for solving problems involving computations. Appropriate uses of those and other technologies in the mathematics classroom enhance learning, support effective instruction, and impact the levels of emphasis and ways certain mathematics concepts and skills are learned. For instance, graphing calculators allow students to quickly and easily produce multiple graphs for a set of data, determine appropriate ways to display and interpret the data, and test conjectures about the impact of changes in the data. | https://banmenmuye.com/impacts-of-information-technology-on-society-in-the-new-century/ |
AV node visible near bend of red line.
The AV node receives two inputs from the atria: posteriorly via the crista terminalis, and anteriorly via the interatrial septum.
An important property that is unique to the AV node is decremental conduction, in which the more frequently the node is stimulated, the slower it conducts. This is the property of the AV node that prevents rapid conduction to the ventricle in cases of rapid atrial rhythms, such as atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter.
The atrioventricular node delays impulses for ~0.1 second before allowing impulses through to the His-Purkinje conduction system, which spreads impulses to the ventricular walls. The reason it is important to delay the cardiac impulse is to ensure that the atria have ejected their blood into the ventricles before the ventricles contract.
The blood supply of the AV node is from a branch of the right coronary artery in 85% to 90% of individuals (a branch off of the posterolateral artery, the AV nodal artery, and from a branch of the left circumflex artery in 10% to 15% of individuals. When the RCA supplies the AV node, the coronary system is said to be "right dominant," and when the AV node is supplied by the LCX, the system is "left dominant."
↑ Campbell, N., & Reece, J. (2002). Biology. 6th ed. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings.
This page was last edited 04:02, 15 March 2016 by wikidoc user WikiBot. Based on work by [email protected], Cafer Zorkun, Jacki Buros (bot) and Alexandra Almonacid and wikidoc anonymous users 210.253.85.196 and Arcadian. | http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Atrioventricular_node |
Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is a type of abnormal heart rhythm, or arrhythmia. The heart’s rhythm (heartbeat) is regulated by natural electrical impulses that travel through the heart muscle. These impulses tell the heart’s chambers when to contract.
SVT refers to a fast arrhythmia that is generated from somewhere in the top filling chambers of the heart (supraventricular means above the ventricles). This is the most common type of fast arrhythmia in children. It can present during pregnancy or in infancy as well as later in childhood. In this abnormal heart rhythm, the body’s natural electrical impulses stimulating the heart do not come from the sinus node within the heart as they should. Instead, electrical activity may be carried through additional pathways through the heart, which as commonly referred to as “accessory pathways.” Other forms of SVT may be created from additional areas in the atria or near the atrioventricular (AV) node. Electrical impulses can be generated at a rapid rate, which may result in up to 230 to 280 heartbeats per minute. It may seem surprising, but children typically are able to tolerate these fast heart rates well. Sometimes, SVT can be stopped by using vagal maneuvers, but sometimes medicines are required to restore the normal sinus rhythm.
Treatment for SVT is possible with the valsalva/vagal maneuver, in which the patient is asked to strain, or bear down, in order to slow the heart rate. In babies and younger children, SVT may be stopped with application of a large bag of ice to the face. If this is not effective, medications can be used to slow the heart rate. For those with severe SVT, cardioversion may be recommended. In cardioversion, an electrical shock is delivered to the heart to change an abnormal heart rhythm back to a normal rhythm.
Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is a term used to describe an abnormally rapid heartbeat that occurs in some people. The heart seems to palpitate and race out of control. Sometimes, it lasts for a few seconds or minutes. At other times, the patient has to go to the ER and have the condition controlled by IV medication.
Rapid heartbeat is usually accompanied by shortness of breath, chest discomfort and lightheadedness. It is usually not a dangerous or fatal condition.
SVT may be present from birth. As we grow older, fast heart rates become more perceptible because the aging heart may not be able to withstand a fast heart rate as well as a youthful one can.
This condition can be controlled by medications, but most people opt for an ablation procedure. This is a nonsurgical way of correcting the electrical shortcut that causes the problem. It usually takes a few hours, but is very safe and effective.
Arrhythmias that begin above the ventricles are called supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). In this condition a series of early beats in the atria speeds up the heart rate. There are two main types of supraventricular tachycardia:
- Sinus tachycardia is a normal increase in the heart rate. It is caused when the sinus node sends out signals faster than usual. It often occurs with fever, excitement and exercise. No treatment is needed. Rarely, a disease such as anemia (low blood counts) or increased thyroid activity can cause this fast heart rate. In these cases, when the disease is treated, the tachycardia goes away.
- In Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome, an abnormal path between the atria and ventricles cause the electrical signal to arrive at the ventricles too soon to be sent back into the atria. Very fast heart rates may begin as the electrical signal bounces between the atria and ventricles. Many people with WPW syndrome do not have noticeable symptoms.
Heart rhythm disturbances that originate in the upper heart chambers are referred to as supraventricular tachycardias or SVT, and as a group are the most common type of arrhythmia. These arrhythmias are generally considered benign and are not life threatening.
There are five major types of rhythm disturbances that arise in the upper heart chambers:
- Atrioventricular (AV) nodal reentrant tachycardia
- AV reentrant tachycardia
- Atrial tachycardia
- Atrial flutter
- Atrial fibrillation
Your physician and/or nurse will review with you the suspected mechanism of your SVT.
Continue Learning about Arrhythmia
Important: This content reflects information from various individuals and organizations and may offer alternative or opposing points of view. It should not be used for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. As always, you should consult with your healthcare provider about your specific health needs. | https://www.sharecare.com/health/arrhythmia/what-is-supraventricular-tachycardia-svt |
Abnormal Heart Rate (Too Fast or Too Slow) Reasons, Causes, Symptoms
The heart beats throughout life and is essential to maintain life. This beating is the contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle which allows it to pump blood. The heartbeat as it is known needs to be adequate for the body’s needs. This normal heart rate varies among individuals but is usually above 60 beats per minute and less than 100 beats per minute, which s considered the normal range.
Therefore a heart rate below 60 beats per minute or above 100 beats per minute is considered abnormal in a person who is awake and not under any physical or emotional stress. However, there are instances where these abnormalities may be physiologically acceptable, particularly in professional athletes who have lower than normal heart rates or momentarily during stress which causes a higher than normal heart rate.
How does the heart beat?
The heart is a muscular pump that beats due to electric impulses. The muscles contract and relax in response to the electric impulses. These impulses are generated within the heart in the sinoatrial node (sinus node). It is also known as the natural pacemaker. These electrical impulses then need to be transmitted throughout the heart where it causes different parts of the heart to contract and relax at different times.
These impulses travel via the internodal pathways to the atrioventricular node (AV node). A delay between the impulses to the atria and ventricles of the heart ensures that blood is pushed in cyclical manner between the chambers or out 0f the heart. It is the contraction of the ventricles that are felt as the pulse in the different areas of the body. If it is too rapid then it is known as tachycardia. If it is too slow then it is known as bradycardia.
What is Tachycardia?
Tachycardia means a heart rate of 100 beats per minute (100 bpm) or more. The heart rate can be assessed by measuring the pulse at the wrist (radial), elbow (brachial), neck (carotid), thigh (femoral), knee (popliteal), ankle (posterior tibial) or foot (dorsalis pedis). Tachycardia is an abnormally high rate and is commonly seen temporarily during periods of stress, pain or strenuous activity.
Sometimes tachycardia may also be due to certain medical conditions. In these cases it is more likely to be prolonged, lasting for hours, days, months and even years. Left unattended, it will disrupt the normal heart activity and possibly lead to cardiac arrest. Most adults will have a heart rate of 65 to 85 bpm during rest or without strenuous activity.
How does tachycardia occur?
It is important to note that tachycardia in an otherwise healthy heart is not abnormal. However, it is short lived. Prolonged tachycardia is due to some abnormality or disease and it can be dangerous. There are three ways in which tachycardia may occur.
The natural pacemaker (sinus node) generates more frequent impulses which causes the heart to beat faster.. This is referred to as increased automacity (sinus tachycardia). This can happen with stimulation from the central nervous system, hormones, drugs and certain toxins.
Another way in which tachycardia can occur is where an impulse may travel through different pathways in the heart where one pathway allows the impulses to travel faster than the other.The slower traveling impulse may then pass back into the faster pathway to cause an additional beat. This is known as re-entry.
The changes in the muscle cell (depolarization and repolarization) necessary for contractions may be hampered in diseased muscle tissue. Therefore a contraction may occur prematurely. This is known as triggered activity.
Read more on electrical heart activity.
Symptoms of a Rapid Heart Rate
The following symptoms may arise due to tachycardia.
- Dizziness or fainting (extreme tachycardia)
- Palpitations
- Chest pain or discomfort
- Shortness of breath (dyspnea)
It is not uncommon for people with persistent tachycardia to not experience any notable symptoms. In some of these cases, a person may only notice symptoms occasionally like when the abnormally high heart rate rises to extremes or when it drops to an otherwise normal level. In extreme cases, tachycardia can result in cardiac arrest may occur. This is where the heart stops or fails to pump effectively. Blood can therefore not be circulated properly and oxygen supply is hampered. Death can occur.
Causes of a Fast Pulse
- Anxiety
- Pain
- Exercise
- Dehydration
- Fever
- Infection
- Anemia
- Hyperthyroidism
- Heart disease
- Myocardial infarction (heart attack)
- Cardiac failure
- Cardiomyopathy
- Chronic ischemic heart disease.
- Drugs – usually high doses of the following :
– Beta blockers
– Anti-arrhythmic drugs
– Antibiotics like erythromycin
– Antidepressants
– Anti-psychotic drugs
– Antimalarial drugs
- Lung diseases that affect perfusion, including infections like pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders (COPD)
What is Bradycardia?
Bradycardia refers to abnormally slow heart rate which is less than 60 beats per minute (BPM). It may also be referred to as a slow pulse or low pulse but should not be confused with a weak pulse. Although the normal heart rate is above 60 beats per minute, athletes who are very physically fit may have a normal heart rate under 60 beats per minute. This is not considered abnormal.
It is also not abnormal for bradycardia to occur in any person when asleep. However, the heart rate rises above 60 beats per minute upon waking. Any pulse reading that is recorded at less than 60 bpm indicates a heart that is beating too slowly. This means that the cardiac output is low – the heart is pumping out less blood than it should within a given period of time. If too low, the insufficient blood with oxygen will be distributed throughout the body.
How does bradycardia occur?
The heart rate is determined by the impulses emanating from the sinoatrial node (sinus node). These impulses travel through the internodal pathways to the atrioventricular node (AV node). Here the impulses are delayed so that the heart atria, which receive blood, do not contract at the same time as the heart ventricles, which push out blood.
It is the ventricular contraction that is felt as the pulse at various parts of the body. In bradycardia, the sinus node is either generating impulses at a slower rate (sinus bradycardia) or AV node is not passing out the impulses effectively (AV block).
Symptoms of Slow Heart Rate
A slow heart rate in athletes and when asleep or very relaxed is due to reduced sinus node impulses (sinus bradycardia). This is also known as asymptomatic sinus bradycardia because a person does not feel unwell with such a slow heart rate and it is not due to any disease process.
Pathological bradycardia may result in a number of symptoms including :
- Fatigue
- Dizziness
- Fainting
- Blurred vision
Causes of a Low Pulse Rate
The following conditions may cause sinus bradycardia or affect the AV node. | https://www.healthhype.com/abnormal-heart-rate-too-fast-or-too-slow-reasons-causes-symptoms.html |
which molecule binds to hemoglobin to stimulate the displacement of oxygen?
Hydrogen Ions
when a blood clot is forming in the body, signaling by platelets recruits other platelets to the site of injury. The coagulation cascade is initiated and the body does not stop until the clot is formed and bleeding has ceased. This is an example of:
Positive Feedback
Plasma has many dissolved substances. Which of the following are NOT present under normal conditions?
Carbon Monoxide - will displace oxygen
Which of the following causes vascular spasm during hemostasis?
Endothelium
during the coagulation cascade, conversion of which molecule by activated platelets result in the common pathway?
Factor X
always found circulating in the blood plasma
it is inactive until cleaved to active form
Fibrinogen
heart cells at rest. slightly negative charge
Polarization
cells reach their threshold
contracting/working
charge changes from ( - ) to ( + )
Depolarization
brings cells back to resting state, back to negative charge
Repolarization
conduction cells that spread signal from atria to ventricles
Bundle of HIS/AV bundle
generates the initial action potential; pacemaker of the heart
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
nerve-like cardio myocytes that activate the lateral ventricular walls. last to be stimulated
Purkinje Fibers
concentration of cells in the interatrial septum; slows down action potentials so atria have time to contract and fill ventricles
Atrioventricular (AV) Node
cells split and descend to the apex of the heart via the interventricular
Right and Left Bundle Branches
calcium handling/slow release
shows a prominent plateau phase after spike during action potential
Cardiac Muscle
sodium handling
sharp drop immediately after spike in action potential
Skeletal Muscle
what event happens when the pressure in the Left Ventricle is higher than the pressure in the Left Atrium
Mitral/Bicuspid (AV valves) close
during ventricular systole, blood in the atria is _________(increased/decreased) and volume of the ventricle is ________
Increased
Low
during isovolumic contraction, pressure is highest in the ___________
outflow vessels
during what part of the cardiac cycle is pressure highest in the large systemic arteries?
Isovolumic Relaxation
during ventricular diastole, pressure of the RIGHT VENTRICLE is _________ (increased,decreased,same), compared to pressure in the RIGHT ATRIUM
Decreased
what phase of the cardiac cycle are cardiomyocytes shortening?
Isovolumic Contraction
What event occurs when the pressure in the Left Ventricle is higher than the pressure in the aorta? | https://www.easynotecards.com/notecard_set/108054 |
How kidney cancer clinical trials work
When you participate in a kidney cancer clinical trial, you’re getting access to the latest experimental therapies available. These voluntary research studies help to test the safety and effectiveness of emerging treatments.
All clinical trials conducted in the United States must adhere to a strict, predetermined protocol and must be approved and monitored by an Institutional Review Board (IRB) composed of physicians, scientists, statisticians and laypeople who are responsible for ensuring that any risks are minimal relative to the potential benefits of the study. Learn more about how cancer clinical trials work.
Participating in a kidney cancer clinical trial
Not all patients are eligible to enroll in a clinical trial. Each clinical trial has its own guidelines for who can participate. These guidelines are in place to ensure the safety of trial participants and make sure the data we collect can be used to evaluate the trial’s effectiveness.
Typically, the decision to participate is made by your care team in conjunction with you and your family as part of your overall personalized treatment plan. | https://www.henryford.com/services/kidney-cancer/treatments/clinical-trials |
A project aiming to make understanding clinical trials easy, and informing about the potential benefits of taking part in them.
ECRIN – European Clinical Research Infrastructures Network
A European network dedicated to improving the health of patients and citizens across the world through clinical research.
PTN – Pediatric Trials Network
An alliance of clinical research sites located around the United States that are cooperating in the design and conduct of pediatric clinical trials to improve health care for the youngest patients.
IASP – International Association for the Study of Pain
An international learned society bringing together scientists, clinicians, health-care providers, and policymakers to stimulate and support the study of pain and to translate that knowledge into improved pain relief worldwide.
CerebralPalsySymptoms.com
CerebralPalsySymptoms.com mission is to provide the public with accurate and up to date information on the many aspects of cerebral palsy and other birth injury complications. The team strives to maintain a comprehensive free resource so those interested or concerned about their children can take actions to protect them.
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Leave this field empty if you're human: | https://pediatricpain.cvbf.net/resources/useful-links/page/3/index.html |
In an impressive scientific and organizational feat, researchers, health care workers and patients in the United Kingdom rapidly generated evidence that has transformed the care of patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) worldwide. In so doing they have provided an example that Canada should emulate.
On Mar. 19, 2020, a randomized trial called RECOVERY (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy) enrolled its first patient. This UK study was designed to determine, among other things, whether dexamethasone (a readily available, inexpensive medication) is better than usual care without dexamethasone for patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Less than 4 months and 6424 patient participants later, the results had been analyzed and released.1,2 Dexamethasone significantly improved survival in the subset of patients who were sick enough to require supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation.
RECOVERY’s results have influenced practice globally because they were convincing. Randomization, which eliminates most confounding, ensured that the improvement seen was due to dexamethasone and not to differences in patient characteristics. Moreover, the primary outcome (death) was unequivocal; enough patients were randomly assigned to make the results credible; study participants appeared similar to most sick patients with COVID-19 (the authors estimated that about 15% of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 in the UK were entered into this study3); and the benefits of dexamethasone were substantial (1 patient out of every 8 requiring mechanical ventilation who received treatment with dexamethasone will now survive, whereas without the treatment they would have died). In separate studies, the RECOVERY investigators also convincingly showed that 2 medications used widely in the pandemic’s first phase — hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir–ritonavir — are ineffective for admitted patients with COVID-19.4,5
Canada cannot currently match the UK’s ability to rapidly conduct such high-priority studies. What can we learn from their success?
The UK has a pre-existing, longitudinally funded clinical research and care improvement network within the National Health Service to conduct research that has passed peer review by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR).6 Centres that participate receive infrastructure support to carry out their work and can, on rare occasions, collectively turn on a dime to focus primarily on 1 project. The UK chief medical officers of health and the NIHR gave the RECOVERY trial priority status,7,8 and 176 academic and nonacademic hospital organizations in the UK participated in the study.2 This remarkable institution participation rate maximized the likelihood that the trial results would be generalizable and it indicated clinicians felt both that the research question was important and participation in the trial would not unduly complicate patient care. Data collection at local hospital sites was restricted to essential items and supplemented by outcome data obtained from centrally collected administrative data, made available to researchers (with consent and appropriate privacy protections) in close to real time. Other success factors included rapid and centralized national ethics review and the ability of clinicians in the UK to explain to their patients the implications of participating in the trial (in Canada, clinical care and consent to enroll in clinical trials are kept separate).
RECOVERY has shown how large, well-designed and executed clinical trials that have been identified as priorities can be completed in 4 months. This approach is applicable to many important questions in Canadian health care beyond COVID-19. The noncommunicable diseases that place a great burden on patients and the health and social care systems in our country would be much better managed if we embedded high-priority trials into routine clinical care. The Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) has invested in COVID-19 research9 and other trials, but researchers, and willing patients, are hamstrung by a lack of clinical research capacity and real-time pan-Canadian data integrated within routine care.
Those who manage and fund Canada’s health care systems need to view high-priority trials as an integral part of clinical care and to provide adequate and stable infrastructure funding, thus avoiding the current time-consuming and expensive process of developing separate data-sharing agreements and contracts with many hospitals and organizations. Collaboration across Canada’s provincial and territorial health care systems is more challenging than in the UK’s NHS, but with partial federal funding and federal support it should be feasible. A mechanism should be established, likely through the CIHR, to identify clinical trials that are a national priority according to their potential clinical and health system impact and methodological rigour. This will require a national review panel that includes scientists, clinicians, patients and health system managers. Prioritized national clinical trials must be efficient, with simple criteria for enrolment and data collected on only a small number of important outcomes, supported by rapid access to interprovincially shared routinely collected clinical data (more rapid than the months to a year it currently takes to access administrative data for research in Canada).
Canadian patients with COVID-19 are currently benefiting from the UK’s foresight. It will take a major cultural shift in Canada’s attitude toward clinical trials, political will, funding and infrastructure for clinical trials like RECOVERY to occur in Canada, but it can be done, and we must up our game.
Footnotes
Competing interests: See www.cmaj.ca/site/misc/cmaj_staff.xhtml for Andreas Laupacis. No other competing interests were declared. | https://www.cmaj.ca/content/192/32/E928 |
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Providing an evidence base for trial conduct best practice
Momentum gained through innovative trial design may be lost if trial conduct is sub-optimal. Our research aims to provide an evidence base for trial conduct best practice by developing and evaluating methods to ensure that trials are run effectively and efficiently. Similarly, momentum may be lost by inefficient or poorly presented evidence synthesis. Hence, the Unit also focusses on best practice in the conduct of systematic review and meta-analysis.
Trial Monitoring and Data Quality
Reliable trial results can only be obtained with data of appropriate quality. Ensuring and demonstrating data quality is time-consuming and accounts for a large proportion of trial costs. Surprisingly, there are no internationally-agreed standard methods for best ensuring quality data, or for implementing monitoring.
Electronic Health Records (EHR)
Recognizing the potential that timely access to appropriately linked EHR has to provide cost-effective data for trials, the MRC CTU at UCL successfully bid to the Government’s new Health Data Research UK (HDR UK) body. Under the theme of “21st Century Clinical Trials”, the MRC CTU at UCL will work with six London universities to unlock the potential of EHRs to deliver better, cheaper and quicker trials.
Regulatory future-proofing
Typically, industry-sponsored phase III trials are orders of magnitude more expensive than equivalent academically-sponsored trials. As industry cannot undertake all the trials in which their product may improve outcomes, academic trials must fill this gap; efficiently meeting regulatory needs at low cost. Our work in this area has the potential to make the UK a more attractive place for industry, particularly in terms of academically-initiated trials.
Implementation of novel designs
We have been pivotal in developing novel designs, notably multi-arm multi-stage and platform, umbrella and basket protocols. We continue to share our experiences at the national and international level. In particular, novel designs provoke new practical problems that traditional trials do not experience, including longevity of committees and multiple competing demands on staff time.
Timely and reliable systematic reviews
We have developed a novel Framework for Adaptive Meta-analysis (FAME) in which the objectives, eligibility criteria, outcomes and analyses for a particular review are defined prior to all (or the large majority of) trial results being available; thus lending the approach a level of rigour akin to a prospective trial. Working closely with trialists, we develop a detailed picture of how trial results are likely to emerge over time, allowing us to anticipate the earliest opportunity for reliable meta-analysis. | https://www.ctu.mrc.ac.uk/our-research/methodology/conduct |
Pycnogenol® is a proprietary product made exclusively from French maritime pine (Pinus pinaster subsp. atlantica, Pinaceae) bark extract. It is manufactured by Horphag Research (Geneva, Switzerland). In terms of dollar sales, Pycnogenol was ranked among the 100 top-selling herbal dietary supplements in the United States in mainstream retail outlets (food, drug, and mass-market stores) and top 50 in the natural channel (health food stores) from 2013-2015. In 2017 Pycnogenol ranked 117th in the US mainstream retail channel and 63rd in the natural channel. Pycnogenol is one of the most extensively researched herbal supplement preparations in terms of both clinical studies and its underlying biological activity.
USES
Although there may be many potential uses for Pycnogenol, the most extensively studied use is to treat cardiovascular health, especially chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), a condition defined by poor drainage of blood from veins resulting in swelling or skin problems. Seven controlled clinical trials have been published that show improved symptoms. However, larger and more rigorous studies are warranted to confirm these findings. Controlled human clinical trials have been published on the following potential uses: thrombosis (blood clots), diabetes and its complications, hypertension (high blood pressure) and its complications, coronary artery disease, asthma, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), gynecology (endometriosis [premenstrual pain caused by endometrial tissue outside the uterus], dysmenorrhea [painful menstruation], pregnancy-associated pain, and menopause transition), osteoarthritis (OA), acute and postpartum hemorrhoids, and memory. These indications have 1 to 5 well-designed, published clinical trials that support the findings. All of these studies have shown a benefit, but larger studies are needed to confirm the findings. Preliminary clinical trials have been conducted in the following areas, but more trials are needed to support these potential uses: erectile dysfunction, retinopathy (a diseased condition of the retina in the eye), gingivitis (infection of oral gums), melasma (a dark discoloration of skin), ultraviolet (UV) light-induced erythema (sunburn), skin elasticity and hydration, muscle cramps and pain, postthrombotic syndrome, diabetic microangiopathy, metabolic syndrome, allergic rhinitis, common cold, psoriasis, chemotherapy/radiotherapy side effects, and tinnitus.
DOSAGE AND DURATION OF USE
The following doses were used in the clinical trials reported in Table 2 in the full monograph by the American Botanical Council. It should be noted that some of the doses are based on a single study and/or uncontrolled studies.
ADHD: 100 mg/day or 1 mg/kg of body weight/day
Allergic rhinitis: 100 mg/day
Asthma: 100 mg/day or 1 mg/lb of body weight/day
Chemotherapy/radiotherapy side effects: 150 mg/day
Cholesterol/dyslipidemia: 120-150 mg/day
Cognition: 100-150 mg/day
Common cold: 100 mg/day
Coronary artery disease: 200 mg/day
CVI: 150-360 mg/day
Diabetes: 50-200 mg/day oral or 100 mg topical Pycnogenol powder
Dysmenorrhea: 60 mg/day
Endometriosis: 60 mg/day
Erectile dysfunction: 120 mg/day
Gingivitis: 30 mg/day
Hemorrhoids (acute): 150-300 mg/day oral plus topical 0.5% Pycnogenol cream
Hemorrhoids (postpartum): 150 mg/day
Hypertension: 100-200 mg/day
Melasma: 75 mg/day
Menopause transition: 60-200 mg/day
Metabolic syndrome: 150 mg/day
Muscle cramps: 200 mg/day
OA: 100-150 mg/day
Platelet function: 100-200 mg/day
Pregnancy-associated pain: 30 mg/day
Psoriasis: 150 mg/day
Retinopathy: 40-160 mg/day
Skin elasticity and hydration: 75 mg/day
Sunburn: 1.10-1.66 mg/kg of body weight/day
Thrombosis: 100-200 mg/day
Tinnitus: 150 mg/day
In the clinical trials, the most common duration of use was 2 to 3 months; however, longer-term use may be justified. Based on the published chemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of Pycnogenol, there are no data suggesting a limitation on duration of use, and there is no evidence from actual product use by millions of people that might warrant a limitation. Long-term safety studies would be a useful addition to the overall safety profile of Pycnogenol.
MANUFACTURER DOSE RECOMMENDATIONS:
According to the manufacturer, the dosage of Pycnogenol will depend on the nature of the desired health benefits. For example, the dose required for preventative effects may be different from the dose used for improving acute or chronic health problems.
As an antioxidant, Pycnogenol may be effective at any dose. However, the manufacturer states that in order to have measurable physiological effects related to prevention of oxidative tissue damage, the daily intake should be at least 20 mg.
When used as a preventative measure for cardiovascular health, 25 mg/day is recommended. Higher doses ranging from 50 to 100 mg are recommended for cardiovascular health risks such as hypertension, blood hypercoagulation, and impaired blood circulation.
When using Pycnogenol for anti-edema (anti-swelling) effects, such as in venous insufficiency, the manufacturer recommends 50 mg/day. For more advanced stages of venous insufficiency, the daily dosage should be in the range of 100 to 150 mg for a limited period of time, such as up to 4 weeks. Once edema and symptoms have improved, a daily maintenance dosage of 50 mg may be considered.
For lowering blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes, the manufacturer recommends taking 50 mg once or twice daily.
Anti-inflammatory effects can be achieved with Pycnogenol doses of at least 30 mg/day.
For dysmenorrhea, 30 mg once or twice daily is recommended.
For OA, asthma, and ADHD, 100 mg/day is recommended.
CONTRAINDICATIONS AND PRECAUTIONS
There are no known contraindications for Pycnogenol.
Pregnancy and Lactation: As a general precaution, Pycnogenol should not be taken during the first 3 months of pregnancy.
Children: As a general precaution, children younger than 6 years old should not use Pycnogenol.
ADVERSE EFFECTS
The safety of Pycnogenol is based on data obtained from 91 human clinical studies with a total of 6845 people, including both healthy participants and patients with a particular dysfunction or pathology. The overall frequency rate of adverse effects (AEs) is very low (2.4%). In healthy participants, the incidence rate is even lower (0.1%). An evaluation of the clinical studies revealed that the occurrence of AEs is unrelated to the level of the dose or duration of use.
From what can be gleaned from the clinical trials, it appears that gastrointestinal (GI) discomfort is the most frequently occurring treatment-related AE. According to the manufacturer, GI effects may be avoided by taking Pycnogenol with food or after a meal. Dizziness, headache, and nausea are the next most frequently reported treatment-related AEs. Acne, diarrhea, and dysfunctional bleeding are the most frequent AEs in studies of women with premenstrual syndrome or dysmenorrhea. The majority of AEs observed were mild.
There have been no reports of serious AEs in any clinical study or from commercial use of Pycnogenol since it was introduced into the market in Europe around 1970.
DRUG INTERACTIONS
Pycnogenol has been consumed by adult and elderly patients taking conventional pharmaceutical medications at the same time. No information from spontaneous reporting is available on any interactions resulting from simultaneous intake of conventional medicines with Pycnogenol. Other interactions with alcohol consumption or food intake have not been reported. Pycnogenol does not affect international normalized ratio (INR, a measurement of bleeding tendency) in patients taking aspirin. No drug interaction studies have been performed with Pycnogenol.
As with all medications and dietary supplements, please inform your healthcare provider of all herbs and medications you are taking. Interactions may occur between medications and herbs or even among different herbs when taken at the same time. Treat your herbal supplement with care by taking it as directed, storing it as advised on the label, and keeping it out of the reach of children and pets. Consult your healthcare provider with any questions. The information contained on this sheet has been excerpted from the full Scientific and Clinical Monograph on Pycnogenol®. ABC is an independent member-based educational organization focusing on the medicinal use of herbs. For more information visit the ABC website at www.herbalgram.org. | https://herbalgram.org/resources/other-monographs-and-articles/pycnogenol-proprietary-botanical-ingredient-monograph/table-of-contents/pycnogenol-consumerpatient-information-sheet/ |
Selon deux nouvelles études, l'utilisation de la capture électronique de données augmente durant les essais cliniques, tandis qu'un processus de revue centralisé accélère le développement de médicaments.
Studien zufolge nimmt die elektronische Datenerfassung bei kinischen Versuchen weiter zu, während ein zentral organisierter Überprüfungsprozess die Entwicklung von Medikamenten beschleunigt.
Preliminary findings from a new survey on electronic data capture (EDC) use in clinical trials were presented on 19th October at the Drug Information Association's (DIA) third Annual Clinical Forum in Nice, France. The survey, titled Investigational site perspectives on clinical trial information systems, is the first update to a 2001 survey published on the topic.
The eClinical Forum, a not-for-profit association comprised of representatives from pharmaceutical and allied industries, conducted the survey with support from TechTeam Global and other industry associations. Some key findings from the survey include:
- Substantial growth in overall use of EDC. Across the surveyed population, EDC is now used in 58 per cent of clinical trials versus 13 per cent in 2001. Ninety-five percent of respondents indicated that they have had experience with EDC during the last three years versus 52 per cent in 2001. And 27 per cent of respondents indicated that EDC is used in all of their current trials versus less than onepercent in 2001.
- Users generally satisfied with EDC, but opportunity for improvement. Sixty-seven percent of those surveyed are satisfied with EDC, however, results also showed a shift away from EDC as a positive factor in a site's decision to participate in a clinical trial. Nearly 50 per cent of respondents also perceived an increase in workload when using EDC, which is double the number reported in the 2001 survey.
- Duplication of data entry. The findings reveal that there is still extensive duplication in data input and that the use of paper case report forms (CRFs) alongside EDC has actually grown since 2001. Ninety percent of respondents indicated that more than 80 per cent of their clinical trial data is subject to duplicate entry.
- How to increase user satisfaction. Respondents identified speed of system response, cross-system standardisation, resources available for data entry and help desk support as among the most important opportunities for increasing user satisfaction with EDC.
"As health care and pharmaceutical technologies become more interdependent at the clinical research interface, the eClinical paradigm needs to be revisited in order to respond to advances and external influences," said Richard Perkins, president of the eClinical Forum. "Understanding investigational site personnel's experiences with today's clinical trial technologies, and their perspectives on future requirements, is critical to delivering improved eClinical solutions."
"TechTeam is committed to supporting the effective use of clinical trial technology in the life sciences industry and is thus pleased to help the eClinical Forum conduct this important study," said Chris Donohue, general manager of TechTeam Global's life sciences business unit. "Information from this study will be of significant value to all involved in the clinical trial domain and will help TechTeam improve its services in support of eClinical trials."
The survey remains open until 30th November. The final report will be released to eClinical Forum members in January and will be available to the public via the eClinical Forum Web site (www.eclinicalforum.org) and TechTeam Global Web site (www.techteam.com) in mid 2010.
Concept to completion
Meanwhile, a Central Institutional Review Board (CIRB) for cancer clinical trials that was created by the US National Cancer Institute (NCI) in 2001 has helped trials start more quickly (just over a month faster, on average) and thus expedite the time from concept to completion of crucial investigational research according to a new finding. This study of the CIRB was performed by scientists at the Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System (VAPAHCS) and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California with assistance from NCI.
Over the past 40 years, more than 1700 institutions in the USA have enrolled up to 20000 patients annually in phase III clinical trials coordinated by NCI and have used separate IRBs to monitor research involving patients. Federal regulations require that most NIH-funded clinical trials be monitored by an IRB.
To determine whether a new treatment is safe and more effective than current treatments using clinical trials is a lengthy process that can take up to 10 years and cost more than US$1billion, in some cases. Many researchers have complained that administrative requirements, including IRB oversight, are delaying the release of new treatments. One solution NCI proposed was to form a CIRB to conduct IRB review of large, multi-site oncology trials.
"Mounting a CIRB that is nationwide in scope has been challenging for NCI due to the complexity involved in assuring high-quality protection for study participants while attempting to speed the process," said Jeffrey Abrams, associate director of NCI's cancer therapy evaluation programme. "For all the volunteer reviewers and participating sites, this study provides objective confirmation that a centralised approach significantly improves the overall process for participants in multi-site trials."
The study assessed whether use of NCI's CIRB was associated with lower effort, time and cost in processing adult phase III oncology trials, which are the gold-standard of trials for validating whether a therapy becomes a new standard of care. Early phase trials (phase I and II) and paediatric trials were not included in the analysis due to the lower patient enrollment populations required.
Clinical trial sites that are not enrolled with the CIRB must have their local IRB conduct a full board review as they would with any research study. Sites enrolled with the CIRB have their local IRB conduct a facilitated review, which is a review category requiring only that the local IRB chairperson or designee signal acceptance of the CIRB's review.
To determine whether the CIRB was achieving the hoped-for efficiencies, researchers compared clinical trial review at sites affiliated with the NCI CIRB with the review at unaffiliated sites that used their local IRB. Oncology research staff and IRB staff were surveyed to understand differences in effort, timing and costs of clinical trial review. CIRB affiliation was associated with faster local review (about 34 days) and about six hours less research staff effort. Many clinical trials sponsors value faster and more predictable reviews and often pay commercial, fee-for-service, central IRBs to perform reviews.
Affiliation with NCI's CIRB was also associated with a savings of US$717 per initial review, of which about half was associated with time savings for research staff and the remainder was associated with savings for the IRB staff.
Overall, the programme resulted in a net cost of US $55 000 per month for NCI, but the CIRB could actually save costs if more sites were to use the CIRB. Moreover, this net cost estimate does not include the benefits of bringing new cancer therapeutics to market more quickly.
"Efforts are underway to expand enrollment in the CIRB and to encourage sites to use the CIRB to minimise administrative inefficiencies," said lead researcher Todd H Wagner, health economist, VAPAHCS and Stanford University School of Medicine. "And based on our research, increased efficiencies and net savings are likely." | https://www.scientistlive.com/content/23782 |
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Displaying 1 - 8 of 8 results.
Op-Eds
Behind North Korea's Rocket Launch, Economic Turmoil
Marcus Noland
(PIIE)
April 12, 2012
Testimonies
Breaking the Cycle of North Korean Provocations
Marcus Noland
(PIIE)
March 1, 2011
Speeches & Papers
North Korea in 2008: Twilight of the God?
Stephan Haggard
(PIIE) and
Marcus Noland
(PIIE)
January 1, 2009
Op-Eds
Partially True Confessions: How Big is the North Korea Deal?
Marcus Noland
(PIIE)
July 7, 2008
Op-Eds
Aid Could Nip the North Korean Nuclear Threat
Stephan Haggard
(PIIE) and
Marcus Noland
(PIIE)
September 17, 2007
Op-Eds
A Nuclear North Korea: Where Do We Go from Here? | https://blogs.piie.com/search?sort=field_date&order=desc&f%5B0%5D=field_contributor%3A1660&f%5B1%5D=type%3Acommentary&f%5B2%5D=field_related_topics_and_regions%3A662 |
Featuring the ways publishers can help authors to escape admin work, researchers’ protests against Plan S and a new tool to assist authors to meet open access policy requirements.
I’m an author – get me out of here! via Oxford University Research Archive
Academics today have a lot on their plate: they must battle to secure funding, network and travel to find the best collaborators, while still having to conduct and publish as many research papers as they can. This discussion paper documents the added pressures that academics face on top of these already pressing demands, such as the administrative burden of paper submissions and the complexities of copyright agreements, and how publishers might seek to mitigate some of these problems. In an attempt to help publishers to remove ‘annoying practice’, this paper recommends that authors retain copyright with no restrictions, DOIs are issued upon acceptance, and that there is only one clearly defined open access option, without limitations on how long the paper is freely available for or which groups it can be shared with.
The woman leading the researcher pushback against Plan S via Nature
Earlier this month, an open letter was penned by a group of academics in opposition to the European Comission’s Plan S mandate. This was coordinated by Biochemistry Professor Lynn Kamerlin from Uppsala University, Sweden and has been signed by more than 950 fellow academics. In her interview with Nature, Professor Kamerlin outlines her arguments against the plan, which primarily revolve around the safeguarding of academic freedoms and the protection of the high-quality journals in her field that may struggle to change to an open access funding model successfully. While appreciating the shortcomings of the current ‘publish or perish’ system and its focus on high-impact journals, Kamerlin expresses her concerns that researchers involved in Plan S would be unable to publish in at least 80% of journals because under the plan’s current guidelines. Although Plan S’s creators hope publishers will make their journals compliant, if they don’t European researchers may be left unable to collaborate with researchers from countries not bound by Plan S. This would put them at a disadvantage in the pursuit of their academic careers compared to those not subject to the plan’s requirements.
Meeting funder open access requirements via Jisc
With so many funders implementing their own open access policies, researchers often find themselves at a loss as to how to meet conflicting requirements or what specific guidelines they must meet per research paper if their funding comes from multiple sources. This guide has been designed to help researchers by collating the links to the various databases in which policies are housed, and to provide tools that researchers will be able to use to find the best way to comply with these policies. One such tool is the Publications Router, which gathers information from publishers and feeds it through to the free institutional repositories in which a green open access version of the paper can be posted.
‘Open and Engaged’ at the British Library
Last month, the British Library hosted an event as part of Open Access Week, gathering experts in open access to give their perspectives on the open access landscape and the future of scholarly communication. Topics such as findability, public engagement and open access in the humanities, as well as overarching themes of the need for trust in the publishing system and the research it disseminates, were discussed. This blog post provides an overview of the event and highlights the key takeaways from the day. | https://www.openpharma.blog/blog/weekly-digest/weekly-digest-whats-happening-in-open-science-57/ |
The Heller-Hurwicz Economics Institute was launched in 2010 to establish an intellectual powerhouse of the world’s top faculty and graduate students focused on creating effective tools of economic theory that will lead to policies and institutions that address major socioeconomic problems. The Institute is a global initiative in the College of Liberal Arts designed to inform and influence public policy by supporting and promoting frontier economic research and by communicating its findings to leading academics, policymakers, and business executives around the world.
Minnesota Economics Big Data Institute
MEBDI is a newly established research institute at the University of Minnesota that promotes and produces applied economic research that harnesses the power of big data under the guidance provided by economic theory. The institute brings together economists from the University of Minnesota economics department and outside researchers from broad backgrounds to contribute to this mission.
Economics Research Library
3-145 Hanson Hall
Monday–Friday
1:00–4:30 p.m.
The Department of Economics funds their own library, the Economics Research Library (ERL). The collection consists of economics and mathematics books, economics journals, working papers, and a few government publications. The ERL also houses the department archives. The library was created in 1967 with a donation of items from Professor Jacob Schmookler.
The library can be used by anyone; however, only faculty and graduate students from the Department of Economics may check items out. | https://cla.umn.edu/economics/research/research-centers |
Since 1981 the Central Bank of Barbados’s Annual Review Seminar has provided a discussion forum for economists, academics and practitioners in the areas of economics, finance, and other related areas. It is our pleasure to invite you to our 35th Annual Review Seminar, to be held from July 28 – 31, 2015 in Barbados.
The theme for this year’s conference is “Rethinking Economic & Financial Policy Research & Implementation.” This year’s theme emphasises the importance of policy makers engaging with key stakeholders (academia, private sector organizations, NGOs, the wider community) in the review of conventional approaches to economic research and implementation of policy reforms. In this regard, the Seminar provides an opportunity for participants to discuss their research in full view of this approach amid the new and continuing challenges faced by Caribbean economies.
This year’s conference will address a wide range of topics:
Papers are welcomed from academics and practitioners in the field of economics, finance, international trade, or any related discipline. Those who do not wish to present a paper, but would be interested in stimulating and policy-oriented discussion, are also welcomed.
There are no fees to be paid. However, participants are asked to cover the cost of their accommodation. Upon request, the Conference Secretariat can arrange accommodation.
Central Bank Of Barbados
Tom Adams Financial Centre,
Spry Street,
Bridgetown
Barbados,
West Indies
E-mail: | http://www.centralbank.org.bb/research-publications/news/events/article/7906/annual-review-seminar |
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Speeches & Papers
Turmoil on the Korean Peninsula
Marcus Noland
(PIIE)
February 1, 2000
Speeches & Papers
Can Sanctions Stop the Iranian Bomb?
Gary Clyde Hufbauer
(PIIE) and
Jeffrey J. Schott
(PIIE)
March 1, 2006
Speeches & Papers
The Economic Implications of a North Korean Nuclear Test
Marcus Noland
(PIIE)
July 1, 2006
Op-Eds
A Nuclear North Korea: Where Do We Go from Here?
Marcus Noland
(PIIE)
October 11, 2006
Op-Eds
Aid Could Nip the North Korean Nuclear Threat
Stephan Haggard
(PIIE) and
Marcus Noland
(PIIE)
September 17, 2007
Op-Eds
Partially True Confessions: How Big is the North Korea Deal?
Marcus Noland
(PIIE)
July 7, 2008
Speeches & Papers
North Korea in 2008: Twilight of the God? | https://blogs.piie.com/search?sort=field_date&order=asc&f%5B0%5D=field_related_topics_and_regions%3A662&f%5B1%5D=type%3Acommentary |
Innovation Arabia 8, under the patronage of His Highness Sheikh Hamdan Bin Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Crown Prince of Dubai and President of HBMSU, showcases leading academic research and the latest practical solutions in four key sectors of development: management, education, health and banking and finance. Under the theme of “Innovate, Collaborate and Differentiate: Honouring the Past, Treasuring the Present and Shaping the Future”, the conference reflects the belief that innovation is the path towards growth, progress and a better tomorrow for the Arab World.
The Islamic Banking and Finance track at Innovation Arabia 8 aims to mobilize quality policy oriented and basic research in the field of Islamic Banking and Finance and related areas, with a focus on issues related to growth, equity, and stability, creating competitive edge, and lessons to be learned from the current financial crisis. This track will provide a platform for dialogue and discussions between key policymakers, financial sector practitioners, economists, and academics to address the important issues facing the global Islamic finance industry. The track will provide an opportunity for participants to exchange research knowledge and practice, and to share developments in the theory and applications of Islamic Banking and finance.
Abstracts of research papers in 500-700 words are invited from researchers and practitioners from around the world, educators, professionals and Ph.D. scholars/Post Graduate students on contemporary issues in Islamic Banking and Finance befitting any of the focus areas mentioned below. Topics of interest for submissions include, but are not limited to:
Innovation Arabia will also feature, in addition to the above, three concurrent tracks on e-Learning Excellence, Health and Environment, Business and Quality Management. For more details, please visit the Conference Website. | https://www.hbmsu.ac.ae/downloads/massmail/ia8-paper-submission/islamic/index.html |
The 8th International Conference on Modern Research in Management, Economics and Accounting is a conference that takes place in Munich , Germany on the 19th to 21st of October 2018. The conference offers the opportunity for presenting Management, Economics and Accounting research in technical sessions and finding out what colleagues in the field are working on. MEACONF also provides a friendly and sociable platform for meeting colleagues in technical sessions research, instigating joint research projects, and generally keeping in touch. On behalf of the Organizing Committee, we welcome scholars, researchers, as well as corporation and government executives. You can present your research work or just attend.
This conference provides valuable opportunity for academics, researchers, professionals, administrators, educational leaders, policy makers, economists, industry representatives, advanced students, and other persons who are interesting in management, economics and Accounting subject area in worldwide to present their ideas, suggestions, research findings, experiences and innovations. Gathering of pool of human resources can easily exchange their ideas, knowledge and other things with others effectively. All submissions are peer-reviewed; In addition, all the submitted full papers will be included in the conference proceedings and have publication opportunity in Various indexed international journals. Moreover, organizing committee will offer the participants a city tour free of charge.
Organizing Committee will offer the participants a city tour free of charge, so learn about Munich’s vibrant past and present, away from the crowds and at your own pace, with a friendly local guide.
This highly exciting and challenging 8th International Conference on Modern Research in Management, Economics and Accounting is intended to be a forum, discussion and networking place for governmental officials, academics, researchers, professionals, administrators, policy makers, advanced students, and others.
Entrepreneurs and managers can benefit from attending this conference as well, since it is of a great importance to apply these theories to real world challenges.
Government officials and policy makers: Learn about the best practices in Management, Economic and Accounting, current trends and more; network with other policy makers and NGOs working in the related fields.
MEACONF will provide unlimited resources to interact with prominent leaders in the field and greatly expand your global network of scholars, professionals and activists. | http://www.meaconf.org/http-www-meaconf-org-2018/ |
Programmes that provide adult learners with an alternative pathway to university typically offer considerable support. Students in such enabling, or access, programmes are increasingly choosing to study online because of the flexibility it affords, yet little is known about how well this mode of learning caters for their needs. The aim of this study, therefore, is to establish how well supported enabling students in an online programme feel, and what particular aspects of support work best for these students. The concept of ‘holistic’ learning, defined in humanistic terms, provides a framework for this discussion. Drawing on data from subject evaluations and an online survey, this qualitative case study compares the experiences of online and on-campus students in an introductory, study skills subject. Significantly, both cohorts reported similar levels of satisfaction with the support received. Regular communications and encouragement from their lecturers were very important to online students, while contact with fellow students was generally not a priority. Online resources, such as lecture recordings and short ‘talking head’ videos, helped students learn but also personalised their experience. Findings suggest that a supportive online environment can be achieved, thus going some way to addressing students’ personal as well as academic needs, and challenging negative stereotypes around the anonymity of online learning. © 2019, © 2019 The Open University. | https://acquire.cqu.edu.au/articles/journal_contribution/_I_never_felt_like_I_was_alone_A_holistic_approach_to_supporting_students_in_an_online_pre-university_programme/13450988/1 |
The BCcampus Book Club Small Teaching Online Guest Facilitator
Mirabelle Tinio is an EdTech advisor, instructor, and chair of modern languages at snəw̓eyəɬ leləm̓-Langara College, in Vancouver, B.C. She has a master of arts in French literature from UBC and a Maîtrise de lettres modernes from the Sorbonne Nouvelle – Paris III. In addition to teaching, she offers workshops on learning technologies, supports instructors with online course development, and facilitates book clubs. She particularly enjoys book clubs as a place where synergy occurs: drawing together the community of teachers/learners to share ideas and brainstorm solutions to challenges. She facilitated two book clubs on Small Teaching Online in 2020 at Langara College shortly after instructors in B.C. were forced to pivot courses online due to the pandemic. She considers students, support staff, and fellow instructors as partners in building a supportive learning community and looks forward to having meaningful and inspired discussions with Small Teaching Online book-club participants.
We are so thankful that she is willing to be our guest facilitator, joining BCcampus co-facilitators Leva and Helena.
Here are some of Mirabelle’s thoughts on the upcoming book club:
1) Why is this book a good choice for our sector?
Small Teaching Online provides small, practical, actionable strategies for instructors to keep improving and updating their online teaching skills. Instructors are busy people, and now, more than ever, we are feeling overwhelmed with responsibilities and uncertainty. Focusing on small, impactful changes is a sustainable and effective approach to course development.
2) With some institutions now planning to go back to campus in the fall, how is this book still relevant? Even though we will no longer need to teach completely online in the fall, having an online component provides students with additional means to access content and engage with the instructor and students. I think this experience of being forced to use online tools and adapt to remote learning will have a lasting impact, making them more a part of our daily lives. Instructors may still consider mixed-mode formats if suitable to their programs or provide additional online tutorials and workshops outside of scheduled class time. I believe the lessons from our experience and from Small Teaching Online will remain relevant post-COVID.
3) What would participants gain from joining? The book club is a chance to meet fellow post-secondary instructors throughout B.C. and delve deeper into online teaching strategies together. We’ll have opportunities to test some of Darby’s tips and reflect on our own individual teaching practices. Participants would become part of a supportive community of teachers/learners, sharing their challenges and successes, and learning from and with each other.
4) What do you do when you are not behind your computer? At the moment, that would be sleeping, although sometimes I do fall asleep in front of my computer. In the rare moments that I’m not in front of my computer, I like to get out of the city and enjoy running in the trails; taking in babbling brooks, chirping birds, budding flowers … being one with nature. I’m also involved in grassroots J.E.D.I. (justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion) organizing and remain a lifelong learner, enrolled in UBC’s MEd in Adult Learning and Global Change program.
If you would like to join, it is not too late. Register here! | https://bccampus.ca/2021/03/23/meet-mirabelle-tinio/ |
• Our unique online programme will provide you with a gateway to specialist provision regardless of your location.
• Developed by expert tutors in theatre and performance, the course has evolved to reflect the technological developments of the industry and online learning. It has also gained a reputation for rigour and excellence.
• Our Virtual Learning Environment gives you access to a wealth of learning resources and a comprehensive choice of modules focussing on theatre making as a practice.
• You will join an online community of enthusiasts, theatre professionals, teachers and returning learners and will be guided by expert practitioner-academics.
Career opportunities
Our graduates have gone on to work across a range of theatre-related roles and in education. Some continue on to further study on postgraduate programmes at the College and elsewhere.
“I love this course because I can fit it in with my busy full-time working schedule and because of the opportunities to collaborate with others who share a passion for theatre; nationally and internationally.” Abbie Riddell, Theatre Events Assistant, Salisbury Playhouse.
Two start dates: January and September.
Interested? | https://getintotheatre.org/opportunities/training/theatre-studies-ba-hons-by-online-learning-rose-bruford-college-of-theatre-performance |
I just returned from ATD 2017 in Atlanta, where I spent most of my time talking to vendors and training colleagues about how L&D is getting done today, how managers are coached (if they’re being coached), and how emerging leaders are being supported in their professional development efforts. I’ve also been catching up with my professional reading as I settle back in the office after 6 weeks of working travel. One update publication caught my eye. Thomas Frey, a Colorado futurist and colleague, addressed the World Economic Forum, saying that by 2030, the largest company on the internet would be an education-based company that we haven’t heard of yet.
Really? Of all the educational institutions around the world already, Dr. Frey says most will be gone or small players because they’re hampered by old school methods. Like it or not, social media, the Internet, and Artificial Intelligence are transforming the way we teach, train, and learn. This transformational opportunity (and risk) is facing L&D departments and educational institutions.
Reflecting on What Dr. Frey provoked in me, I wondered how accurate he was. I presented often in the 1990’s at International Telework Association and Online Learning Conferences about trained a lot of managers to virtually lead telecommuters. Nearly 30 years later, I spent two weeks in Australia as a Learning Engagement master and fellow to bridge virtual classroom distance. I’ve been working with Vocational Technical educators to better blend the classroom with online learning.
I also teach graduate students online at the University of Denver in both the Organization Leadership and Organization Development graduate programs. I continuously learn to “applify” my coursework to remain engaging. Even though HR.com lists DU’s leadership graduate program as the 4th best such degree program, will we continue to excel? I realize how fast my skill sets evolve just to stay current.
The digital revolution does mean the end of learning as we know it.
Expertise and good classroom management skills are not enough to be a good teacher. MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses) are often a very good, and a fast-growing competitor. Search engines are dynamic, connecting the searcher to much more relevant information, faster than any smart instructor can do. Google “learns” us every time we search. dynamically responsive to its users.
Frankly, most teachers lose to Dr. Google and YouTube when it comes to sharing simple, on-demand, easy to digest information. Despite my decades of experience, I can never be as responsive to learners as AI, even though I’m “in class” twice a day. Students depend on Alexa and Siri more than they rely on me as their temporary learning guide.
Are trainers and teachers becoming replaceable?
We need to bring more value to learning. Trainers are learning guides; we are the sticky factor. We connect learners to each other, their career, and learning, especially when learning online, but how?
We are the designers, the curators and guides. Ask yourself where your L&D department can better partner with digital resources to strengthen management development training. How can you better use social media and apps? Do you include team activities and evaluation? Do you require robust online discussion forum participation? How much do you incorporate peer learning into the management courses?
Connect learners to the course’s learning path, structure, and logic. Ensure your LMS and course path makes sense. Use story and gamification principles to connect the learner to the material.
Connect with learns as whole people, authentically. Share your personality and appreciate theirs. Welcome humor, learn everyone’s professional goals, experiences and strengths, their quirks, and where they need extra attention.
Meet students where they already are, which includes social media like YouTube, Instagram, Pinterest, Facebook.
Provide specific, timely, and frequent learning feedback, especially for on-demand self-paced learning modules. This is always important, and especially so with Millennial and Z Generation learners who expect frequent feedback, even more important when class is virtual.
Bridge virtual distance with online team learning experiences and discussions. Connect people to learn in groups, and help them learn how to become connected team players.
Pick at least 1 Ease Engagement Action to focus on so that you positively impact the learner experience in ways that Google, YouTube, and self-paced MOOCs cannot (at least yet). If you’re a leader-coach, adapt these 5 actions to be even more focused in your coaching. | http://www.thesmartworkplace.com/the_smartworkplace_blog/the-digital-revolution-means-the-end-of-professional-development-as-we-know-it/ |
Not all risks can be engineered out of the work environment. Even with the best plans, procedures and systems in place, individuals at work still take short cuts and make mistakes. Sometimes risk-taking behaviour is intentional, for whatever reason. In other cases, risks may be taken due to a lack of understanding about a particular hazard, associated controls or inadequate training. To individual workers, such risk-taking can result in injury, ill-health and fatalities. To the organisation, some of the many costs can include lost time, damage to machinery, litigation, and prosecution. If unchecked, these costs can escalate. This course, delivered by HSL psychologists, will provide you with an understanding of the many factors that influence both workers' and managers' behaviour. It will also highlight the strengths and weaknesses of traditional behaviour modification strategies for correcting unsafe and unhealthy behaviour, highlighting why such approaches may have limited impact. The course adopts a holistic approach to health and safety cultural improvement using behaviour change techniques (incorporating HSL's ASCENT - Achieving Safety Culture Excellence Now and Tomorrow programme) to help reduce the likelihood of risk taking behaviour for health and safety. It differs from other courses on this topic by demonstrating how behaviour change, leadership and worker engagement can be incorporated into the wider health and safety management system to ensure an integrated, and therefore more effective approach to risk management. In doing so, both the immediate and underlying causes of risk-taking can be tackled head on. These strategies apply as much to manager behaviour as they do to operational staff.
This workshop will be delivered by a senior HSE inspector with more than 25 years of experience, and is a rare opportunity to understand your regulator by seeing the world through an inspector's eyes. You will learn: how HSE examines and uses employers' risk assessments; the common errors that HSE finds in the risk assessment process; and how to use this information to manage risks more effectively and avoid enforcement action.
Manual handling is one of the main causes of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD), which are the second most common occupational injuries within the UK and make up nearly half of all work-related ill health seen by general practitioners (GPs) are MSD related. The most recent HSE statistics on MSDs show a 20% increase in MSDs with 184,000 new cases (2013/14), around 80 per cent of which are attributable to work conditions. Prevention and control of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) is a major priority and as such HSE have published a simple but effective risk assessment method called the MAC tool. This enables risk identification of key manual handling risk factors so that these can be eliminated or managed in the most cost effective way. This course will equip you with the knowledge to help recognise, assess and reduce manual handling risks in your organisation. It is suited to employers and employee representatives who intend to begin the process of manual handling risk assessment and control within their companies. It will also benefit those already involved in manual handling risk reduction who require more formal or in-depth training in this subject, including training in the use of specific manual handling assessment tools.
This qualification is specifically aimed at individuals currently in a position of senior leadership, e.g. Board Director, H&S Director, Operations Director, HR Director, Finance Director, as well as others in senior leadership positions, or those who are aspiring to become a senior leader. The course covers financial and legal reasons for good health and safety leadership and also focuses on how leaders can become better advocates and influencers in relation to health and safety.
Tackling workplace stress is becoming an important business topic, with many organisations realising that good mental health is just as important as good physical health. Many pioneering organisations are incorporating the topic within their wellbeing initiatives, helping to raise awareness of the issues as well as break down stigma. In the last few years initiatives such as mental health first aid, mindfulness and resilience training have become very commonplace interventions. And while such interventions are widely adopted, you also need to add a big dose of prevention into the mix. How effective is your current approach to managing stress in your workplace? Do you know whether it contains the right mix of primary, secondary and tertiary interventions to truly be effective? Our event will help you to understand the essential components you need to develop a successful strategy, recognise the features, benefits and limitations of popular interventions, critique your current approach to ensure it contains the right ingredients and help you refine your strategy to set you on the road to success. We'll also bring you up to speed with the latest thinking from HSE specialist inspectors who will explain how their enforcement approach is evolving. | https://www.hsl.gov.uk/training/training-in-manchester |
Most people know that our current health care system draws a hard line between mental and physical health. Cancer and heart disease are physical. Depression and anxiety are mental. But that distinction isn’t totally accurate. And that misconception matters ― or should matter ― to doctors and patients alike.
Recognizing how the mind and body overlap allows us to treat all kinds of health issues more effectively. I’ll give you two very different examples. First, studies show that people with heart disease experience more cardiac symptoms, both in number and severity, when they feel under stress. So treating physical causes and symptoms is only half the job. Patients also need emotional support to help them cope with the burden of illness.
Read about the psychology of heart-healthy behavior.
Now consider mental illness. We know that people can be predisposed to depression by their genes, physical illness, life experience or a combination. A successful treatment plan addresses both the physical factors ― such as chemical imbalance in the brain ― and the emotional elements.
This holistic approach applies to other conditions besides depression. I’m thinking of the opioid epidemic. Addiction is a chronic physical illness by definition, but it has an emotional component as well. Some addicts are self-medicating for mental health disorders. To prevent a relapse, you need to treat those underlying issues.
Who is watching out for your mental health?
Since the 1960s, doctors have been taught that what goes on in the brain is separate from what goes on in the body. As a result, psychiatry isn’t fully integrated into our health care system. It’s considered another specialty, like cardiology or oncology. This first came to my attention when I regularly saw patients as a pulmonologist. Who else is going to ask someone with pulmonary fibrosis how they are coping with carrying around an oxygen tank?
Shifting to a system that treats the whole person will be a real challenge. But there are care settings where health professionals are already attuned to these things. At the Veterans Administration hospital where I volunteer, doctors recognize that traumatic injuries can influence mood, and that mood influences physical healing. They also see how physical and emotional challenges have a profound impact on someone’s ability to be successful at work and in social relationships.
Outside the VA, specialists often assume that a patient’s primary doctor is exploring questions about stress or mood. But only 40% of Americans have a primary care physician, and far fewer have a psychiatrist or therapist. To ensure individuals get complete care, all doctors need to be asking more questions and making referrals to mental health resources. We share responsibility for our patients’ wellbeing.
What can you do as a patient to get the care you need?
Find a primary care doctor you trust. Develop a good relationship with him or her. The best ones take a broader view of your health, rather than seeing each symptom in isolation.
Get comfortable talking about emotions. Make stress, anxiety and coping strategies regular topics of conversation with your health care providers.
Take advantage of mental health programs and treatments. Compared to a decade or two ago, we have more advanced medications and non-pharmacological therapies. And we have a greater understanding of the meaningful benefits of cognitive behavioral therapy (a form of talk therapy) for patients with depression.
This whole-person approach to wellness is the reason Aetna offers members many mind-body programs. Personalized strategies emphasize the importance of mindfulness, getting more sleep and reducing stress. Not long ago, those life strategies were viewed as irrelevant to a person’s health care. But these are all things that boost one’s mood. An added bonus? They make a huge difference in improving physical health.
Read about Aetna's partnership with the Campaign to Change Direction, a national initiative to raise awareness about mental and emotional health.
The more we focus on understanding the interaction of physical and emotional health, the better we’ll be at anticipating and treating complex issues. You can help yourself and your doctor by being open about any emotional challenges. Together we can create a new health care model that treats the whole person, not just brains and bodies. | https://www.aetna.com/health-guide/mind-body-connection.html |
Over the last few years 'Mindfulness' has become an extremely popular way for people to treat what they might describe as stress in their lives. Mindfulness is based in a tradition of meditation practice to slow down one's engagement with the world and reflect on the immediate thoughts and sensations that one experiences. A key reason for many engaging in Mindfulness is this break with the demands of busy lives and a focus on the immediate experience of breathing, acknowledging thoughts as they arise without getting caught up in problem solving. Many who practice Mindfulness find it relaxing and regenerative and it can be a great aid to creating balance to the demands of a busy life.
I suggest that some other factors that have led to its increased popularity are the lack of specialised or expensive equipment and that it is something one can practice on one's own anywhere, but most likely somewhere quiet. There may be no additional financial costs as might be associated with related practices like yoga or pilates, which many people prefer to attend paid classes for. Indeed there are many videos on YouTube and other websites introducing people to Mindfulness, a huge volume of new books on the subject and app.s for phones and other electronic devices. Mindfulness is readily accessible.
Some people begin practicing Mindfulness as a way to improve their mental health or to treat a specific mental health concern that they have. Taking time out from a hectic life can give someone increased energy to tackle their concerns with more focus, and many people similarly engage in physical exercise for this reason. Such a practice may reduce symptoms of distress – such as tiredness, insomnia, general irritability or anything else that may have provoked them to begin Mindfulness – but it cannot address the causes of distress. Mindfulness may be one way to lessen the pressure of symptoms, and that may be enough for someone to begin to gain some breathing space from their immediate concerns, but as a psychoanalyst I believe that symptoms must be read as provoked by underlying causes.
From a psychoanalytic perspective symptoms are dense knots of significance that we have unconsciously repressed so as to defend ourselves against their causes, which we perceive as overwhelming. Psychoanalysis gives someone the space to let their symptoms speak. In contrast, any treatment or practice that intends to reduce or remove symptoms without questioning their causes provides no insight that may prevent their recurrence. Some people want to treat their symptoms and avoid their sources altogether, believing that addressing the sources of the symptom would be more difficult than avoiding them, but I would argue that if such an approach works for a while, symptoms will return or return in other forms if they aren't analysed.
I'm not arguing that anyone should stop engaging in Mindfulness, or that the benefits they may be gaining from it aren't to be valued. Everyone may gain from practicing Mindfulness, just as physical exercise and a good diet help us remain resilient to the pressures of daily lives. I do argue however that it is not a substitute for a more in-depth engagement with the causes of distress, as may be facilitated with psychotherapeutic or psychoanalytic treatment. It is a question for each person engaged in Mindfulness as to what they seek from their practice, and only they can answer that question. | https://joecleary.ie/blog/being-mindful-of-mindfulness |
I am a psychology student interested in the psychosocial aspects of chronic illnesses, psychological diversity, and coping strategies.
Location London
Activity
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Hi, everyone! My name is Taru Sorsa. I am a MSc Health Psychology student at King's College London. Due to my keen interest in neuroimmunology, I would like to expand upon my knowledge on neuroscience. Looking forward to learning with you!
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The first week exceeded my expectations. Given I took part in this course to enhance my medical understanding of diabetes, this was a holistic and engaging introduction. Looking forward to expanding upon my knowledge!
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As insulin release is inhibited by stress hormones, I would like to know more about the role of cortisol. Chronic stress is associated with high levels of cortisol. Likewise, chronic stress interferes with hba1c levels. Is there any evidence suggesting that higher cortisol levels are linked to causal properties of any forms of diabetes?
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As insulin release is inhibited by stress hormones, I would like to know more about the role of cortisol. Chronic stress is associated with high levels of cortisol. Likewise, chronic stress interferes with hba1c levels. Is there any evidence suggesting that higher cortisol levels are linked to causal properties of any forms of diabetes?
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@YasminIslam As Seema lives in The United Kingdom, I refer to my knowledge regarding the current state in the UK. Given the holistic approach to healthcare is in the emphasis of current changes in the healthcare of chronic physical illnesses, healthcare professionals acknowledge the emotional and social aspects of diabetes. As NHS aims to improve access to...
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Although modern insulins are highly effective, it is noteworthy to bear in mind that their effectiveness is influenced by various external and internal variables. The correct units of short-acting insulin depend on, for example, the time of day and physical activity. Indeed, effective insulin administration is the result of constant monitoring and...
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Hi everyone! I am an aspiring Psychology graduate, interested in the psychosocial aspects of chronic physical illnesses. Given I would like to specialise in the holistic treatment of diabetes, I aim to expand upon my scientific comprehension of its physical dimensions. Looking forward to exploring the topic with you!
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By trial and error, I have learned that acceptance is in the essence of my functional coping. When I accept the presence of distress, my stress levels decrease in response. Perhaps, I am not expecting too much from myself whereby I am not as self-critical as I would be. Indeed, it is beneficial to acknowledge that distress and stressful life events may require...
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The formulation table outlines Dave's current issues concisely. 5P model explores behavioural, physical, emotional and social aspects of Dave's difficult situation which in turn allows Dave and the clinician to draw links between these factors. Additionally, 5P model aims to identify triggers (e.g severe health concerns), maintenance factors (e.g alcohol...
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I am impressed by the development and aims of IAPT-LTC. An integrated team consisting of multiple perspectives to health, indeed, is more likely to respond to chronically ill patients' unique and holistic medical needs more efficaciously than individual health care professionals. If all the services were located in the same place, it would not only enhance...
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Dr Clare Gerada outlined a promising theoretical model of integrated care. Nevertheless, the model requires further adjustments in terms of its practical efficacy. Although some clinics in the UK engage with the holistic approach to health, regional differences cannot be disregarded. After all, health inequalities are an integral part of current health-related...
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Erin's critical evaluation of MBSR reflects on prons and cons in balance. Although she outlines many positive effects, her description discusses the contradiction between symptoms of physical and mental illnesses and commitment to required independent tasks in MBSR. Personally, I found this detail meaningful and interesting. Congruent with Erin's experience,...
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I support the importance of clear and accurate definitions of physical activity. Misinterpretations of these definitions are likely to occur frequently and hence, some individuals may find it difficult to engage with physical activity. Most importantly, it is necessary to highlight that maintaining healthy lifestyle does not require extreme ways. Likewise, it...
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Indeed, stress responses vary significantly. Interestingly, you described the importance of stress appraisals in terms of our responses to stressors. As stress appraisal theory suggests, individual's own evaluation of the stressful event determines the final behavioural and emotional response to it. Like you mentioned, at its best, stress can contribute to...
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In my opinion, the structure of this course is clear and easy to follow and hence, the learning experience is pleasant.and engaging. As this week's activities demonstrate and outline various ways to assess and approach case formulation, I am looking forward to accomplishing the next week's lessons regarding treatment approaches.
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Indeed, the rationale for the importance of stress and mental health awareness and management is supported by this sufficient statistical evidence base. Stress not only is a significant risk factor for an individual worker but also interfers with the employers' interests significantly. Therefore, it can be argued that collaborative and collective approach...
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The introduction video was engaging. Thank you! Considering the current COVID-19 circumstances under which healthcare professionals are experiencing work overload frequently, the statistical information provided by the video was concerning. Personally, I am looking forward to learn more about the coping strategies from both theoretical and practical...
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Stress is a natural survival mechanism helping us to respond to threats. In fact, acute stress can boost our performance by intensifying our attention. However, uncontrolled, chronic stress can trigger a variety of health issues interfering with all dimensions of health. For instance, many studies have demonstrated that it increases the prevalence of...
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The interview was concise and cooperative. Matthew spent a rather short period of time assessing the main symptoms of depression again which in turn allowed the therapy to progress. Like Matthew writes in his article above, Dave's interpretations of his symptoms play an important role in reframing the dysfunctional thoughts and behaviours. Interestingly, Dave...
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Regular screening taking place at primary care units is a promising method to assist patients who would not otherwise seek psychological or psychiatric treatment. This population, for instance, include patients with stigmatised ideations of mental health. Given that the risk of depression and anxiety is a prevalent effect of physical illness on mental health,...
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At first, I found it hard to choose between stigma and differentiation from normal distress. Given that fear of stigma is a significant variable preventing patients from discussing their psychological symptoms, it makes it challenging for healthcare professionals to notice clear signs of clinical depression and/or anxiety, to determine and assess a difference...
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In contrast to the previous clips, the communication flowed. Dave was able to discuss his current situation in his way, at his own pace. External interruptions or critique were not present whereby Dave had an opportunity to contemplate difficult issues in his life in a non-judgemental environment. Matthew clarified Dave's expressions by asking what he meant...
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Although Dave's manager's intentions might have been constructive, she failed to express her empathy convincingly. For example, she said to Dave that there is no need for him to be apologetic for being ill. Despite the preceding statement, his boss addressed the illness inappropriately by accentuating that 'he is sick all the time'. By doing so, she created a...
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Satnam appeared to reinforce Dave's maladaptive behavior repeatedly (drinking alcohol). Although Dave tried to explain his situation several times, Satnam disregarded the information. In other words, his listening skills were rather poor in this conversation. Given that Dave is depressed, he is prone to interpret Satnam's reactions negatively which in turn is...
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Erica, Rachel, and Stacian emphasized the importance of understanding regardless of the context. According to their interviews, authoritative, judgemental and narrow-minded responses to both mental and physical health contributed to negative outcomes. Contrariwise, empathy, openness, and collaboration contributed to positive interpersonal experiences. Erica...
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The importance of effective self-care cannot be overemphasized when living with type 1 diabetes. As a person affected by type 1 diabetes, the concept of self-care has influenced my life in multiple ways. In more depth, I compare it to any other learning experience as it consists of similar achievements and challenges. Obvious consequences of good self-care...
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Interestingly, diabetes used to be called 'sugar disease' in Finnish which is my mother tongue. Therefore, sugar is still strongly associated with diabetes in Finland. Other aspects of the history of diabetes may also explain certain misunderstandings of the condition. For instance, it was common to diagnose people with symptoms related to diabetes by tasting...
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Sugar may be a risky word choice in the presence of individuals with diabetes. First, it should be used extra carefully when referring to food and beverages. Indeed, packages and adverts are filled with misleading slogans and promises. ‘Sugar-free’, ‘no added sugar’, ‘natural sugar’ and ‘reduced sugar’ are trending words in the industry. Although they all give...
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Active monitoring of blood glucose levels on a daily basis is one of the most challenging demand of diabetes self-management. As this behavior is the base of effective self-management of diabetes, the role of self-efficacy is important in order to maintain and improve this habit. Therefore, my idea is to combine 'encouragement' and 'observing others'. in a...
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According to my research, a few dominant characteristics are strongly associated with diabetes - poor lifestyle choices and sugar. Diabetes is a complex condition to observe as its aetiology and controllability vary rigorously between individuals. For example, aetiology of type 1 diabetes is still rather unknown whereas causes of type 2 diabetes are...
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Integrated care should be the essence and base of all health care. The preceding statement is consistent with the ideology according which health is considered the summary of physical, mental, social and spiritual dimensions. As we know, a major problem influencing one dimension of well-being is likely to cause a snowball effect. For example, a depressed...
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Integrating care should be the essence and base of all health care. As we know, a major problem influencing any dimension of well-being is likely to cause a snowball effect. For example, depression is likely to impact one's involvement in social activities and blood glucose level control of diabetes negatively. Individual differences play also an important...
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I am mostly interested in participating the discussion about diabetes-related stigma. As I am currently conducting my own piece of research investigating the same topic, it is extremely interesting to explore your thoughts and ideas about it.
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To reflect my philosophy of life, I certainly emphasize the holistic existence of all human beings. In fact, even this discussion is a great example of our holistic existence. As this conversation shows, our being cannot be narrowed to either physical or mental entities as this conversation requires both dimensions. Despite our individual differences, our...
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There was a problem with my insulin pen last year which gradually led to diabetic ketoacidosis. As my blood glucose levels were persistently extremely high regardless of my insulin doses, I went to the nearest A&E in order to seek additional help. As the results of my blood tests showed signs of ketoacidosis, I was hospitalized for a couple of days. I remember...
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Al though 'The WHO Goals Targets and Messages' appear to be theoretically consistent with the current scientific knowledge including biomedical and experiential dimensions of chronic conditions, there seems to be significant clashes between practice and theory in this context. As mentioned in previous comments, it may not be useful to set global,...
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Thank you for your message Brandy! Although my visual acuity dropped significantly as a result of retinopathy, I was lucky enough to receive appropriate treatments. I went through five eye surgeries during three months which in turn was rather challenging and horrific experience. Type 1 diabetes is a tricky condition as it requires one's full attention and...
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I agree with you. However, it is extremely important to distinguish type 1 diabetes from type 2 diabetes. The aetiology of type 1 diabetes is still unknown whereas the causes of type 2 diabetes are well-established. Accordingly, in contrast to type 2 diabetes type 1 diabetes is not considered preventable yet. Also, studies investigating self-perceived stigma...
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Your attitude is absolutely beautiful!
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Disease is a biomedical concept of a condition causing a variety of symptoms and functional effects on one's biological structures whereas an illness is a more comprehensive understanding of a condition including its social aspects such as cultural impacts and influences. In light of this knowledge, I prefer calling each condition by their medical names...
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I was diagnosed with diabetic retinopathy a couple of years ago. In contrast to my previous years with diabetes, I was finally scared of this condition and its disabiling power. When I was a child/adolescent diabetes was just a part of my daily routines just like eating breakfast or taking a shower. The most severe complications related to my diabetes were...
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Some of my friends occasionally fast for religious purposes. Although they do not struggle with their decision, it is something that could potentially put my health at risk. Regular meals are rather a necessity than a choice for people with diabetes which is why it is not possible for me to fast under any circumstances.
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Thank you for sharing this story Catharine! As a young woman living with type 1 diabetes, it is extremely empowering to hear about mothers with type 1 diabetes. Thank you!
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First of all, I am a person affected by type 1 diabetes. Secondly, it is my privilege to know other people living with the same condition. Although we are all individuals and our personal challenges and experiences vary significantly, there is always some sort of understanding between us which gives us feelings of unique support and safety. My most notable...
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Active involvement is a good indicator of engagement which in turn is a key element in digital environment. As these comments are our only way to prove our presence, it is essential to join the discussions and answer the questions properly. Constructive and effective dialogues between other learners and educators are important in terms of asking additional...
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Hi! I am a final year undergraduate student studying psychology in the University of Westminster (United Kingdom). I am currently conducting my final year project which regards diabetes-related stigma. I was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes in 1999 (when I was 6-year-old) and therefore my academic interest is to conduct research aiming at improving holistic...
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As a person with type 1 diabetes, I have learnt through personal experiences that health is the integrity of physical, psychological and social well-being. If there is anything negative affecting any areas of my health for a long time, these factors are likely to weaken other areas of my health as well. For instance, poorly controlled blood glucose levels are...
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In light of research evidence, this video and my personal experiences, type 1 diabetes definitely increases the risk of depression and anxiety. At times, it is complicated to define whether blood glucose levels are affecting the current mood or the current mood is affecting blood glucose levels. In a nutshell, the link between somatic and psychological...
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Like Erin and Stacian tell in the video, accessibility of mental health services seems to be one of the key features of successful integrating care. In more detail, it seems that if all the required services are within the same environment patient satisfaction increases. These outcomes, indeed, are necessary in regards to patient’s engagement with treatments....
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IMPARTS appears to be a potential intervention for clinical settings. Indeed, this is a great example of a better approach to treat patients holistically.
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In light of of research investigating disability-related stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination and stigma, people with chronic illnesses are at higher risk of experiencing preceding issues. Self-perceived stigma, for instance, is a prevalent problem among population affected by HIV or diabetes. To apply this data, it is relevant to suggest that people with...
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Theoretically, stepped care model seems to be the best possible way to assess and treat mental well-being of people with long-term conditions. The pyramid model visualizes the issue effectively as the main emphasis is on prevention. The higher a patient climbs, the worse his/her holistic well-being has become. Additionally, prevention of mental distress is the...
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This article addresses the interaction between sleep and health comprehensively. Like variety of studies indicate, quality of sleep is a significant predictor in terms of evaluating one's mental or/and physical health. Indeed, the negative circle of sleep deprivation in this context is an essential theme as people with chronic somatic illnesses are at higher...
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In my opinion, mindfulness is a great option for people with chronic physical illnesses and it is definitely worth trying. Although there are evidence that supoort its effectiviness on psychological well-being, there are also findings that show variance between people. Additionally, it is essential to treat each condition individually without making...
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As this clip may indicate, mindfulness meditation can be benfeficial in terms of stress reduction. In fact, it has been found that mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR) programmes can support psychological well-being of people with chronic physical illnesses such as chronic pain, HIV and cancer. Hopefully, NHS will continue providing these services to...
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How much does the NHS spend treating the effect of poor self-management of chronic physical illness on mental health? For example. it is well-known that poorly controlled diabetes is likely to cause depression. Are there any programmes aiming at decreasing the prevalence of these cases?
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Dave’s physical, emotional and social issues seem to be the result of his resistance to diabetes. In other words, his physical health has impacted all the other aspects of his health. Despite his long history with diabetes, he has clearly not accepted his condition. As he mentions in the video, he has not dealt well with having diabetes. According to current...
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Hi everyone! My name is Taru. I am a final year psychology student at University of Westminster. This course captured my attention as my main academic goal is to research the interaction between type 1 diabetes and mental well-being in the future. In more depth, I am particularly interested in studying the impact of chronic stress on people living with type 1... | https://www.futurelearn.com/profiles/8267084 |
Sophia Goh is a professional counsellor and psychotherapist based in Singapore. She holds a Master of Arts in Counselling and Guidance and is the founder of Sofia Wellness Clinic. She is passionate about helping individuals lead successful, fulfilling and well-meaning lives – one that they would be eager to jump out of bed for. She works closely with teenagers and adults to help them overcome life challenges and flourish as individuals.
Sophia believes that counselling and psychotherapy should be as accessible and as normal as going to the gym, or getting a haircut. Instead of paying attention to our mental health only when issues arise, she believes that our mental health is an important aspect of human functioning that anyone can strive to improve.
Her areas of expertise are in Depression, Anxiety and Stress Management, Anger Management, Life Transitions, Career Counselling, Relationship and Self-esteem Issues. She also works with teenagers and parents on Child and Adolescent Issues, Peer Pressure, Bullying, Academic Stress and Difficult Parent-Child Relationships.
Sophia holds a Master of Arts in Counselling and Guidance from National Technological University and a Bachelor of Business Management from Singapore Management University. She is a Certified Holistic Nutritionist and a Mindfulness trainer (Mindfulness for Well-Being and Peak Performance, Monash University).
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Call us at 6250 1222 to make an appointment. | https://corecollective.sg/professionals/professional-sophia-goh |
Pluto has huge ice volcanoes that may still be active to this day. A comprehensive analysis of data from NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft, which flew past Pluto in 2015, has revealed that a large area of its surface – at least 180,000 square kilometres – is made up of ice that seeped out from underground via cryovolcanism relatively recently.
This area, surrounding two mountains called Wright Mons and Piccard Mons, is made up of undulating hummocks of ice that seem to be unique to Pluto. “There’s not really anything anywhere else in the solar system that looks like this,” says Kelsi Singer at the Southwest Research Institute in Colorado. “They’re very rough, they’re very bouldery, blocky, bumpy, lumpy – it would be a tough hike.”
Singer and her colleagues examined images, composition data and topographical maps of the area to determine how this unique terrain formed. They found that it was probably created via what is called effusive cryovolcanism, with liquid or relatively soft ice seeping out from underground to gradually create huge mountains and overlapping mounds. While Wright Mons and Piccard Mons appear to be cryovolcanoes at least as large as the biggest active volcanoes on Earth, there is no evidence of explosive volcanic eruption, just slow, effusive seeping.
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The overlapping nature of the hummocks indicates that there were probably multiple episodes of volcanism over time, and the lack of impact craters hints that this happened relatively recently. “It’s all relatively young,” says Singer. “It probably formed within the last couple hundred million years, but we’re not sure if it’s still ongoing.”
This large a volcanic landscape means that cryovolcanoes had to spew out more than 1000 cubic kilometres of ice in this area. This amount of cryovolcanism would require Pluto’s insides to be hotter than researchers expected based on what we know of its interior structure. “We just don’t have a great understanding of how these smaller solar system bodies can have this active geology and they aren’t just cold and dead,” says Singer.
Journal reference: Nature Communications, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29056-3
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More on these topics: | https://www.newscientist.com/article/2313814-pluto-has-a-huge-field-of-bumpy-ice-created-by-massive-volcanoes/ |
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The City has determined that the selection of a site for the proposed action will not have a probable significant adverse impact on the environment. Future environmental impact analysis will be evaluated once a specific site is selected. An environmental impact statement (EIS) is not required under RCW 43.21C.030(2)(c) based on review of an expanded environmental checklist, which is available on the proposed project website.
This DNS is issued under WAC 197-11-340(2) and the comment period will end on Jan. 18, 2021. The responsible official will reconsider the DNS based on timely comments and may retain, modify, or, if significant adverse impacts are likely, withdraw the DNS. If the DNS is retained, it will be final after the expiration of the comment deadline. The Everett City Council will be briefed on the site selection analysis and consider a resolution to proceed with further investigation of one or more of the sites. | https://www.everettwa.gov/2653/Public-Works-Operations-Site-Selection-S |
Recent observations by instruments aboard Mars Express show peculiar behaviour by water vapour in the highest and lowest regions of Mars. Results from the study will be presented by Luca Maltagliati at the European Planetary Science Congress in Potsdam on Wednesday 22nd August.
Measurements of water vapour in the atmosphere of Mars by the PFS (Planetary Fourier Spectrometer) and OMEGA (Observatoire pour la Minéralogie, l’Eau, les Glaces, at l’Activité) instruments, both onboard Mars Express, give us a clear view on the seasonal behaviour of water vapour in the atmosphere of Mars. The study shows irregularities in the behaviour of water vapour, different from the global trend on Mars, in the atmosphere surrounding the Big Volcanoes and the Hellas Basin, which are respectively the highest and lowest regions on Mars.
There have been regular measurements of the behaviour of water vapour during the Martian year since the 1970s, but the complementary characteristics of these two instruments allow a comprehensive analysis of the Martian water cycle with unprecedented detail.
“For most of the year, the atmosphere on the summit of the big volcanoes is enriched in water vapour – the ratio of water vapour is much higher compared to the surrounding areas. This can be explained by upslope currents activated by the extreme topography of the region that bring up a lot of material, water vapour included, from the bottom to the summit,” said Luca Maltagliati, a scientist at the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research.
In the Hellas Basin region, the observations also showed a peculiar seasonal behaviour. While the north seems to present the same quantity of water vapour through the Martian year, the interior of the basin seems to be depleted of it in some seasons, especially if compared to the south region.
The causes for this are still being investigated but it is believed that, in this case, local circulation of the atmosphere plays an important role. In fact, Hellas itself is known to have an important part in driving the circulation of the whole Southern hemisphere of Mars. The presence of surface ice was also observed during local winter.
These results mark the importance of local influence on the global water cycle.
Mars Express is the European Space Agency’s first mission to Mars. The spacecraft, which has been in orbit since December 2003, is investigating the history of water on Mars and mapping the planet in unprecedented detail.
Tharsis Montes is a range of three volcanoes in the Tharsis region of Mars.
It consists of Ascraeus Mons (whose summit is about 18 km above Mars’ mean surface level, and is 460 km in diameter), Pavonis Mons (14 km above Mars’ mean surface level) and Arsia Mons (almost 19 km high and 435 km in diameter). Another volcano, Olympus Mons (22 km high and 600km in diameter), is the tallest known mountain in the Solar System and is located northwest of the Tharsis volcanoes.
The Hellas Impact Basin, also known as the Hellas Planitia is a roughly circular impact crater located in the southern hemisphere of the planet Mars. It is the largest impact structure on the planet, with a diameter of about 2,300 km and a depth of 8 km in its lowest point) The basin is thought to have been formed during the Late Heavy Bombardment period of the Solar System, over 3.9 billion years ago, when a large asteroid impacted Mars. | https://www.europlanet-society.org/epsc0708-the-highs-and-lows-of-martian-water-vapour/ |
Geography is the study of Earth’s landscapes, peoples, places and environments. It is unique as it provides the bridge between the social sciences (Human Geography) and the natural sciences (Physical Geography).
Human Geography concerns the understanding of the dynamics of cultures, societies and economies, and physical geography concerns the understanding of the dynamics of physical landscapes and the environment.
Everything that has ever existed (or ever will) is in some way related to Geography. Over the course of their geographical studies, students will study the broadest range of topics. Topics as diverse and as destructive as volcanoes and earthquakes and as fundamental as the evolution of life on earth!
In Year 7, 8 and 9 pupils will be equipped with all the necessary tools with which to be highly successful in IGCSE and IB examinations later in their school career. The core geographical principles including locational and place based knowledge and understanding as well as the application of skills and developing an understanding of the route to geographical enquiry.
Students will contextualize their studies during Key Stage Three in a wide range of locations ranging from the study of tourism in the French Alps in Year 7 to the causes of desertification in the Horn of Africa in Year 8 and the impact of the fashion industry on Myanmar in Year 9.
In Geography, we believe that it is critically important to expose pupils to the rapidly changing tools that technology has to offer. Whilst exploring our diverse and detailed curriculum pupils will develop their presentation, evaluation and analysis skills using everyday software such as Google Maps but also more specialized applications such as the latest school based Geographical Information Systems (GIS software). Students will also learn how to select and process relevant information from the Internet, often using real time data to inform their studies. | https://www.nordangliaeducation.com/our-schools/hong-kong/learning/secondary-curriculum-years-7-11/geography |
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important things about volcanos
A volcano is an impressive sight. When they are dormant, they loom large over everything on the landscape. When they are active, they are a destructive force of nature that is without equal, raining fire and ash down on everything in site. And during the long periods when they are not erupting, they can also be rather beneficial to the surrounding environment.
There are Three Major Kinds of Volcanoes: ...Volcanoes Erupt Because of Escaping Magma: ...Volcanoes can be Active, Dormant or Extinct: ...Volcanoes can Grow Quickly: ...There are 20 Volcanoes Erupting Right Now: ...Volcanoes are Dangerous: .
In 1980 in spokeane washington it was dark at noon as a result of the ash cloud form Mt. St .Helens eruption more than 300 kilometers (186 miles) away. | https://www.storyboardthat.com/storyboards/9c8d0686/volcanos |
This page provides links to download the Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS). The FEIS includes updates to the alternatives evaluated in the Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS). (Please see the Alternatives Analysis History page for information on the alternative screening process and how the alternatives were identified). The FEIS fully evaluates these alternatives including their impact to the human and natural environment. A preferred alternative Arterial Alternative 3 was identified based on public, stakeholder, and agency review.
Please use the links below to download the chapters and appendices of the FEIS. Note that large files may require additional time to download. | https://www.rtcwashoe.com/engineering-construction/pyramid-highwayus395-study-background/pyramid-highwayus395-draft-eis/ |
The relationship between agriculture and environment is very complex and continuously evolving. The agricultural production system is based on the permanent interaction with the surrounding environment, from which it draws the necessary resources for the production (soil, factors of production, renewable and fossil energy, etc.).
Therefore, the agricultural activity is characterized by positive or negative impacts on the environment.
A global evaluation approach of the production system gives the opportunity to obtain an analysis of the reciprocal relationships existing among the different factors involved and to highlight the agricultural-environmental "consistency" of the production.
The global evaluation of the production system, when compared with a sectorial analysis or the analysis of the application of certain practices, gives the opportunity to highlight the interactions among the various factors of production (at various levels) and their impact on the environment.
The method introduced by Ticino Park uses and adapts an evaluation method developed in France (DIALECTE) and used also in Austria (ECO POINTS).
This system enables the evaluation of the production processes of the holdings according to criteria enhancing virtuous agricultural practices when compared with the traditional applied techniques.
The global evaluation of the production system is divided into three main themes: | http://www.parks.it/parco.ticino.lombardo/Eecoregole.php?id=4 |
|Description||Based on research and analysis required by the Regulatory Fairness Act (RFA) – RCW 19.85.070 - Ecology has determined that the proposed rule, Wastewater Discharge Permit Fees (chapter 173-224 WAC) may have disproportionate impacts on small businesses. The RFA directs Ecology to determine if there is likely to be disproportionate impact, and if legal and feasible, reduce this disproportionate impact.
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The Small Business Economic Impact Statement (SBEIS) is intended to be read with the associated Cost-Benefit Analysis (Ecology publication #15-10-030), which contains more in-depth discussion of the analysis.
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The mission of the Department of Ecology is to protect, preserve, and enhance Washington’s environment. To help us meet that goal, please consider the environment before you print or request a copy.
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|Contact||Bev Poston at 360-407-6425 or [email protected]|
|Keywords||municipal, fees, wastewater, permit, stormwater, NPDES, groundwater, discharge|
|WEB PAGE||Wastewater/Stormwater Permit Fee Rulemaking|
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Preliminary Cost-Benefit Analysis and Least Burdensome Alternative Analysis - Chapter 173-224 WAC, Wastewater Discharge Permit Fees
Copyright © Washington State Department of Ecology. See https://ecology.wa.gov/About-us/Accountability-transparency/Our-website/Copyright-information. | https://apps.ecology.wa.gov/publications/SummaryPages/1510031.html |
The Dorset Paleo-Inuit occupied the island of Newfoundland for over 800 years (1990 BP to 1180 BP), producing a unique and identifiable archaeological record. Despite this, our current understanding of this sea-mammal hunting population is essentially based on past analysis of architecture, artefacts, and animal remains. While these data show that the Dorset intensively used sites at different locations through the Arctic and Subarctic, very little information is known regarding their impact on their surroundings and the environment. Our research is based on soil samples collected at the site of Phillip’s Garden, which is considered to be one of the most intensely occupied sites within the Dorset culture’s geographic range. Beetles, which are known to be ecological specialists, were used as a proxy in this research in order to document the composition and fluctuation in vegetation, and environmental change through time at the site. The analysis demonstrates that the Dorset communities of Phillip’s Garden harvested trees, and modified the environment and the flora surrounding their settlement more intensively than previously thought. | https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/67698 |
We present the framework design and modeling for an integrated vehicular and human-centric urban sensing system. The goal is to understand the impact of vehicles and human activities on the surrounding environment. This is achieved through a seamless integration of the human aspect into vehicular and urban sensing going beyond the traditional human-in-the-loop sampling methodologies. We describe the framework design of this system which allows humans to make decisions or take actions and gather feedback to understand the effect of those actions. Based on this framework, a prototype BusSense system has been developed based on the university campus shuttle buses. We describe the system architecture and implementation. We present tools for modeling the system based on Hidden Markov Models (HMM). These models are used for detecting events and identifying patterns in the data. We also present modeling results and analysis using the experimental data. | https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/handle/10220/16630 |
As the Millennium Development Goals did earlier, the Sustainable Development Goals have mobilised the international community into what can be the most important, although the most challenging, development goals of the 21st century. However, a main limitation has been that the SDGs considered as a baseline the inaccurate figures that were presented by the UN at the end of the MDGs. These figures were not challenged, not even by the academic community, who in many cases has used them uncritically.
Elsevier, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Volume 137, October 2018
A policy and research agenda has emerged in recent years to understand the interconnected risks natural resource systems face and drive. The so-called ‘Food-Energy-Water’ (FEW) nexus has served as a focal point for the conceptual, theoretical and empirical development of this agenda. This special issue provides an opportunity to reflect on whether natural resource use, as viewed through the FEW-nexus lens, provides a useful basis for guiding integrated environmental management.
Elsevier, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Volume 133, June 2018
Sustainable use and management of nutrients is an important issue for food, energy and water systems. The close connections between the three systems, reflected by the “nexus” concept, warrant an integrated approach to nutrients management across the nexus. In this paper, dynamic modelling of nutrient flows in a local food-energy-water system is presented and applied to a simplified case study.
Elsevier, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Volume 133, June 2018
Toward supplying food, energy, and water demand: Integrated solar desalination process synthesis with power and hydrogen coproduction
The increase in population coupled with rising per capita income and associated change in consumption habits will put unprecedented stress on food, energy and water (FEW) resources. Sustainable and reliable fresh water supply is central for life and also for all sectors that support our existence. Uncertainty on water security prompted interest in investigation of renewable energy driven desalination processes. One particularly promising option is to produce fresh water from the two most abundant resources on earth: solar energy and seawater.
Elsevier, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Volume 140, November 2017
The tremendous increase in allergy in the African continent cannot simply be explained by the change in public hygiene. There are many “prehygiene” communities with sewage-contaminated water supplies, helminth infestations, bare footedness, and poor housing, and still there is a high prevalence of allergic disease. Africans can be exposed to many risk factors facilitating severe asthma and wheezing, including airborne viruses, smoke, indoor dampness, cockroaches, and poor access to health care.
Elsevier, Sustainable Cities and Society, Volume 29, 1 February 2017
Planning for infrastructure capacity expansion of urban water supply portfolios with an integrated simulation-optimization approach
The expansion and operation of water supply systems under growing demands, hydrologic variability, and water scarcity requires strategic decisions on supply sources for reducing and improving reliability and flexibility. The design and operation of such supply portfolio merits decisions of what and when to expand, and how much of each source to use considering interest rates, economies of scale and hydrologic variability.
Elsevier, Sustainable Cities and Society, Volume 28, 1 January 2017
Agent-based modeling to simulate the dynamics of urban water supply: Climate, population growth, and water shortages
The sustainability of water resources depends on the dynamic interactions among the environmental, technological, and social characteristics of the water system and local population. These interactions can cause supply-demand imbalances at diverse temporal scales, and the response of consumers to water use regulations impacts future water availability. This research develops a dynamic modeling approach to simulate supply-demand dynamics using an agent-based modeling framework that couple models of consumers and utility managers with water system models.
Elsevier, Sustainable Cities and Society, Volume 28, 1 January 2017
Public health and water quality management in low-exposure stormwater schemes: A critical review of regulatory frameworks and path forward
An international review of stormwater regulation and practices, especially for low-exposure, landscape irrigation schemes in urban environments, was undertaken with a view to identifying what could be used in Alberta, Canada. A general lack of clear guidance and regulation to manage stormwater quality and potential public health risks was identified, which could be hindering the uptake of stormwater schemes generally.
Elsevier, Sustainable Cities and Society, Volume 28, 1 January 2017
Disasters impacts on urban environment are the result of interactions among natural and human systems, which are intimately linked each other. What is more, cities are directly dependent on infrastructures providing essential services (Lifeline Systems, LS). The operation of LS in ordinary conditions as well as after disasters is crucial. Among the LS, drinking water supply deserves a critical role for citizens. The present work summarizes some preliminary activities related to an ongoing EU funded research project.
Elsevier, Sustainable Cities and Society, Volume 27, 1 November 2016
London's ability to remain a world-leading city in an increasingly globalised economy is dependent on it being an efficient, low-risk place to do business and a desirable place to live. However, increasing climate risk from flooding, overheating and water scarcity threatens this, creating the need for adaptation. An adaption pathway describes a structured sequence of adaptation decisions that are designed to manage climate risk in a wide range of possible future conditions. | https://sdgresources.relx.com/water-supply?page=2 |
- "Direct or indirect pressures exerted upon journalists or other social communicators to stifle the dissemination of information are incompatible with freedom of expression."
- "1. Attacks such as the murder, kidnapping, intimidation of and threats to media practitioners and other exercising their right to freedom of expression, as well as the material destruction of communications facilities, undermines independent journalism, freedom of expression and the free flow of information to the public. 2. States are under an obligation to take effective measures to prevent such attacks and, when they do occur, to investigate them, to punish perpetrators and to ensure that victims have access to effective remedies."
- "Public authorities should take appropriate steps for the effective protection of journalists and other media personnel and their premises, as this assumes a grater significance during elections. At the same time, this protection should not obstruct them in carrying out their work."
- "Governments have a general obligation to safeguard the physical security of all people within their jurisdiction. In addition, various statements in UN documents support a heightened obligation of governments to protect journalist and media offices from physical attack. The member of the UN, at the 1993 World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna…among other matters, reaffirmed and strengthened their commitment to give effect to many of the fundamental rights set forth in the [UDHR]. Paragraph 25 of the Vienna Declaration is particularly relevant: [T]he World Conference encourages the increased involvement of the media, for whom freedom and protection should be guaranteed within the framework of national law...For the above reasons and owing to the particular importance during election campaigns of protecting the security of the mass media, including those that publish controversial views, governments must be especially vigilant during election campaigns to condemn, investigate and punish attacks against media personnel and property."
- "Administrations have a duty to protect journalists from attacks or intimidation and to enable them to work safely, without fear of reprisals for their reporting. Any form of violence against journalists (including harassment and intimidation), as well as any illegal actions interfering with media freedom, should be investigated and prosecuted."
- "Media workers who investigate corruption or wrongdoing should not be targeted for legal or other harassment in retaliation for their work."
- "Attacks such as the murder, kidnapping, harassment of and/or threats to journalists and others exercising their right to freedom of expression, as well as the material destruction of communications facilities, pose a very significant threat to independent and investigative journalism, to freedom of expression and to the free flow of information to the public.States are under an obligation to take adequate measures to end the climate of impunity and such measures should include devoting sufficient resources and attention to preventing attacks on journalists and others exercising their right to freedom of expression..."
- "Intimidation of journalists, particularly murder and physical attacks, limit the freedom of expression not only of journalists but of all citizens, because they produce a chilling effect on the free flow of information, due the fear they create of reporting on abuses of power, illegal activities and other wrongs against society. States have an obligations to take effective measures to prevent such illegal attempts to limit the right to freedom of expression."
- "It is essential that journalists and other agents of the mass media, in their own country and abroad be assured of protection guaranteeing them the best conditions for the exercise of their profession."
- "Every woman has the right to the recognition, enjoyment, exercise and protection of all human rights and freedoms embodied in regional and international human rights instruments. These rights include, among others: ...c.The right to personal liberty and security. "
- "The Committee recommends that States parties: (f) Adopt a zero-tolerance policy towards all forms of violence that undermine women’s participation, including targeted violence by State and non- State groups against women campaigning for public office or women exercising their right to vote. "
- "[States should foster citizen participation in the electoral process by] requiring that political parties permanently refrain from exercising pressure, violence and intimidation on the population, and protecting voters and candidates against such threats. This requires strict compliance with the principle of secrecy of the ballot and application of dissuasive but proportionate sanctions against perpetrators of any of these violations. "
- "Every woman has the right to be free from violence in both the public and private spheres. "
- "Decisions on the choice of electoral systems are important to overcome the traditional gender bias that undermines women’s participation. Substantive progress towards the equal participation of women as candidates and voters as well as the holding of free and fair elections will not be possible unless a number of appropriate measures are taken, including a gender-responsive electoral system and the adoption of temporary special measures to enhance women’s participation as candidates, ensure a proper voter’s registration system and ensure that women voters and female political candidates are not subject to violence either by State or private actors. "
- "Every person has the right to personal liberty and security. No person shall be subject to arbitrary arrest, search, detention, abduction or any other form of deprivation of liberty. "
- "Every electoral law must provide for intervention by the security forces in the event of trouble. In such an event, the presiding officer of the polling station (or his or her representative) must have sole authority to call in the police. It is important to avoid extending this right to all members of the polling station commission, as what is needed in such circumstances is an on-the-spot decision that is not open to discussion. "
- "In some states, having a police presence at polling stations is a national tradition, which, according to observers, does not necessarily trigger unrest or have an intimidating effect on voters. One should note that a police presence at polling stations is still provided for in the electoral laws of certain western states, even though this practice has changed over time. "
- "[Consider] signing and ratifying or acceding to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and other core international human rights treaties. "
- "Tak[e] proactive measures to eliminate all barriers in law and in practice that prevent or hinder citizens, in particular women, persons belonging to marginalized groups or minorities, persons with disabilities and persons in vulnerable situations, from participating fully in effectively in political and public affairs, including, inter alia, reviewing and repealing measures that unreasonably restrict the right to participate in public affairs, and considering adopting, on the basis of reliable data on participation, temporary special measure, including legislative acts, aimed at increasing the participation of underrepresented groups in all aspects of political and public life; " | https://eos.cartercenter.org/quotes?ob%5B%5D=18&page=2 |
Housing and Crime
How does one’s place of residence affect his criminal risk?
Crime data show that a lot more crimes take place in socially and economically disadvantaged neighborhoods than their more affluent counterparts. Is it because living in a disadvantaged neighborhood aggravates one’s criminal risk? What is the causal effect of living in a disadvantaged neighborhood on residents’ criminal risks?
As usual, research effort to investigate this problem is hampered by the selection problem. Residents in disadvantaged neighborhoods may be systematically different in their crime-relevant characteristics, and it is not clear how researchers can disentangle the effects on crime of the residential location choice from the effects of these other individual characteristics.
One potential remedy is to run a randomized experiment, in which comparable individuals are randomly assigned to neighborhoods with varying levels of crime and other socioeconomic disadvantages. But this seems even more unrealistic than the randomized policing experiment we saw earlier. Who is going to agree to live in a high crime neighborhood just because some researcher asks him to do so? However, a slightly modified version of this experiment actually takes place in real life. While it would be impossible to force an individual to live in a high-crime neighborhood against his will, it is a lot easier to induce a household living in a high-crime neighborhood to move to a low-crime neighborhood.
Consider the Moving-to-Opportunity (MTO) program, a large-scale housing assistance experiment sponsored by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). In 1994, the MTO program invited low-income households living in high-poverty neighborhoods to apply for housing vouchers, which could be used to rent apartments in more affluent neighborhoods. Approximately 4,600 families from five major U.S. cities, Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York, applied for the program. Applicants were then randomly assigned to one of the three groups: experimental, Section 8, and control. Families assigned to the experimental group received housing vouchers, on the condition that the vouchers would be used to rent a unit in low-poverty neighborhood. Those in the Section 8 group also received the vouchers, but they were allowed to use the vouchers in any neighborhood they liked. Lastly, those in the control group did not receive housing vouchers.
Economists Jeffrey Kling, Jens Ludwig, and Lawrence Katz analyzed the offending rates of children of the MTO participating families 4-7 years after the program. They observed that female youths assigned to the experimental group were 35 percent less likely to be arrested than those in the control group, but found little difference in the arrest rate among male program participants. Since male youths commit a lot more crimes than female youths, this finding casts doubt on the use of government-sponsored housing assistance as a viable crime-fighting tool.
How should we interpret this null result? One potential explanation is that an individual’s residential location has little to do with his criminal decision. Relatedly, most of the youths examined in this study were already in their teens at the time of the MTO randomization, and many male youths who relocated to low-poverty neighborhoods may have continued to spend time with their old friends from previous neighborhoods. In this case, the effect of the residential location on crime would have been muted.
The lack of significant crime-reducing effects of the MTO program was very much disappointing, given the huge cost of providing housing assistance to thousands of households. However, the MTO program seems to have brought in other important social gains. Researchers found that those who used the vouchers to move to low-poverty neighborhoods were significantly less likely to have diabetes, obesity, physical limitations and psychological distress than their unlucky counterparts 10-15 years after the program.
References:
- Kling, Jeffrey R., Jens Ludwig, and Lawrence F. Katz. “Neighborhood Effects on Crime for Female and Male Youth: Evidence from a Randomized Housing Voucher Experiment.” Quarterly Journal of Economics (2005): 87-130.
- Sanbonmatsu, Lisa, Nicholas A. Potter, Emma Adam, Greg J. Duncan, Lawrence F. Katz, Ronald C. Kessler, Jens Ludwig. “The Long-term Effects of Moving to Opportunity on Adult Health and Economic Self-sufficiency.” Cityscape (2012): 109-136.
Further Reading:
- Wolfers, Justin. (May 4, 2015). Why the New Research on Mobility Matters: An Economist’s View. New York Times. Retrived from www.nytimes.com. | https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/economics-of-crime/0/steps/20299 |
On occasion, it may be necessary for officers and caseworkers to disregard the risk score generated by even the highest-quality assessment instruments and process. For example, overrides may be appropriate when the subject of the assessment exhibits a lengthy history of serious criminal activity but encounters his first arrest relatively late in that career. The gainfully employed, vocationally skilled, drug- and alcohol-avoidant, married serial killer who commits several homicides before experiencing even one arrest will achieve a low risk score on most general risk instruments. Obviously, following the recommendation of the risk tool would be a very bad decision.
Positive institutional adjustment is a factor that might warrant a lower custody level. History of committing rape or membership in a gang might warrant higher custody levels (Austin, 1998). Whatever the reason for the override, the total rate of overrides should remain low. Frequent overrides are an indication that the classification system is not working or is not understood by users.
H. Situational and Environmental Influences on Offender Behaviors
Prediction accuracy is difficult to achieve in volatile environments. Prisons, for example, harbor a variety of environmental and situational features that can give rise to circumstances favorable to violence, independent of the violence-proneness of any particular inmate. Encounters with gang members, sudden and unpopular decisions by prison administration, and even a facility’s architecture create opportunities for misconduct above and beyond the prediction presented by the formal risk assessment process (Austin & McGinnis, 2004).
Neighborhoods are also important influences on an offender’s risk. Neighborhoods vary widely with respect to the employment and housing opportunities they offer to reentering offenders, and they vary with respect to criminogenic influences such as crime rates, poverty, and residential instability. Using neighborhood-level census data in combination with data on a sample of offenders on community supervision in the Portland, Oregon, area, Kubrin and Stewart (2006) confirmed that recidivism rates were higher among offenders in disadvantaged neighborhoods, even after taking individual-level characteristics into account.
Browse criminal justice research papers or view criminal justice research topics. | http://criminal-justice.iresearchnet.com/system/offender-classification/9/ |
They fear for their safety.
What do typical American gun owners have in common with people on probation or parole for committing a violent crime? Both groups are arming themselves in self defense, new research indicates.
As The Trace and the Guardian reported last week, a majority of gun owners now say that protection from other people is a primary reason for keeping a firearm, replacing hunting as the most prevalent motivation. A new analysis of a survey of criminal offenders in Chicago shows that members of that population say they are obtaining guns for the same reason — to shoot, if necessary, other people who would do them harm.
To complete the analysis, Michael Sierra-Arévalo, a doctoral candidate in sociology at Yale University, examined data from a 2006 survey of 141 people who were on probation or parole for a violent crime. Most were black men from high-crime neighborhoods on Chicago’s south and west sides.
In an interview, Sierra-Arévalo tells The Trace he wanted to see if there was a link between what academics call “legal cynicism” and protective gun ownership. Legal cynicism is a broad term that reflects a view that the criminal justice system and all of its moving parts, from judges to criminal laws to police officers, are unfair and ineffectual. The cynicism is strongest in poor, minority neighborhoods where rates of violent crime are high.
Sierra-Arévalo’s analysis focused on how offenders’ perceptions of police officers, in particular, influenced their choice to own a gun. He concludes that there is a strong link between the criminal offenders’ lack of faith in law enforcement to protect them from violence, and their high rates of gun ownership.
In this pool, 83 percent said they got their most recent gun for protection. (While it is possible in some circumstances to obtain a gun permit in Chicago, most criminal offenses are disqualifying).
Sierra-Arévalo suggests the attitudes of people in the survey reflect how high-crime neighborhoods are policed. A combination of over-policing for minor infractions, under-policing for serious violent crimes, and police brutality breeds widespread mistrust of law enforcement.
In Chicago, the clearance rate — or solve rate — for murders has plummeted to about 20 percent. There is a shortage of police detectives, and the youngest and most experienced cops are disproportionately assigned to patrol the most dangerous neighborhoods.
One consequence of these failures to adequately police violent crime is that members of these communities often take matters into their own hands, instead of calling the police for help. They get guns to protect themselves from violent crime, or to retaliate when they think the system is incapable of serving justice.
The results of the analysis show that offenders with the most negative perceptions of the police were much more likely to own a gun, and to own a gun for self defense in particular, than criminals with more positive views of law enforcement. In fact, having a low opinion of police was a stronger predictor of protective gun ownership than having been a victim of a crime in the past, the study concluded.
Interestingly, violent offenders who claimed a gang affiliation were significantly less likely than other types of criminal offenders to own guns for protective purposes, Sierra-Arévalo found.
Sierra-Arévalo says that there are limitations to his analysis. The most obvious: that there are many interpretations of “self protection.” In saying that they own guns for this purpose, felons might say they feel like they are in danger because they operate criminal enterprises. People who live in high-crime areas might also consider the boost a gun gives to their social status as an integral part of self protection, he says.
But he says his results have a strong social policy implication. | https://www.thetrace.org/2016/09/chicago-criminal-offender-gun-ownership/ |
A new study by American Bar Foundation (ABF) Research Professor John Hagan and co-authors examines the paradox that high-crime rate communities where residents are skeptical of police also rely heavily on 911 calls for police assistance.
In a new article on “Racial Isolation, Legal Cynicism and Reported Crime,” published online recently in the prestigious Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), Hagan and co-authors Bill McCarthy, Daniel Herda, and Andrea Cann Chandrasekher present an explanation of this paradox.
Hagan and his co-authors further examine how residents are unconsciously and consciously influenced by historical understandings that have developed over long periods of time.
A result — especially in disadvantaged and racially isolated African-American neighborhoods — is a tendency toward “legal cynicism,” or a shared disbelief in the law, police and the criminal justice system that persists alongside frequent calls for police assistance.
Using survey and census data from neighborhoods in Chicago, Hagan and his colleagues find that this cynicism dates historically from experiences of inequality — from slavery, through Jim Crow laws, to contemporary residential racial isolation, segregation and economic disadvantage. These factors join with higher mass incarceration rates among minority men and higher rates of home foreclosures and evictions among minority families, which are continuing sources of distrust in law enforcement and neighborhood policing.
Through survey and official data gathered over several decades in Chicago, Hagan and his co-authors show that the problems of policing in high-crime rate, minority neighborhoods are far more complex and deeply entrenched than is acknowledged or resolved by reliance on policies of punishment and mass incarceration.
The responses residents most seek are prevention and protection. | http://legalnews.com/jackson/1463610/ |
Best Times to Post on Instagram
Running a Social Media account can lead to many questions. Twitter, LinkedIn and Facebook all have a similar approach and a similar algorithm, but Instagram is completely different. Today we want to help answer a long lingering Instagram question… that is (drum roll please)… When is the best time to post on Instagram?
Now that question almost seems too easy, right? At least from our perspective owning an Instagram account and keeping up with a personal brand. Are people just oversimplifying an aspect of the mysterious and cloudy Instagram puzzle?
Let’s take a look at what the research is saying
- According to Hootsuite and the research study that they completed, the consensus was made that 11am on Wednesdays is the best day and time of the week to produce high engaging content on your Instagram. This makes sense, but is it true for everyone’s profile on social media? The statement continued and the overall effect of posting on Instagram is more accurately defined by your audience because every single page has a different purpose.
- HubSpot came to an agreement with Hootsuite that the best time to post is Wednesday, and they also stated in a different blog that it was 11am according to Clifford Chea and the research team. Although, HubSpot and Hootsuite are in the same industry which correlates to a similar audience. Remember… audience is the keyword in solving this puzzle.
- Next, according to Lifewire, with over 12 million Instagram posts analyzed from both small and large accounts; they have found scattered answers for each day of the week.
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- Lifewires results:
- Monday: 6:00 a.m., 10:00 a.m., 10:00 pm.
- Tuesday: 2:00 a.m., 4:00 a.m., 9:00 a.m.
- Wednesday: 7:00 a.m., 8:00 a.m., 11:00 p.m.
- Thursday: 9:00 a.m., 12:00 p.m., 7:00 p.m.
- Friday: 5:00 a.m., 1:00 p.m., 3:00 p.m.
- Saturday: 11:00 a.m., 7:00 p.m., 8:00 p.m.
- Sunday: 7:00 a.m., 8:00 a.m., 4:00 p.m.
- Lifewires results:
These above results may still lead to the thought, “OKAY, SO WHEN IS IT BEST?!” Researching different times to post on social media can be very frustrating due to the inconsistency of information that is out there across different marketing research blogs, as well as, the different industries and variables involved in your research.
Your answer? Engagement: The factor of a post’s comments, likes, and shares. Yep, that simple. The answer is based on an Instagram account’s target and the product or personal brand they are representing. A community business, nonprofit companies, healthcare companies and entertainment companies will all have different prime times to post on Instagram due to their varying target audience.
The best way to figure out when you should post on Instagram is to try out the following
- Create a social media audit: Track your competition, see what they are doing well and when they are posting, along with what posts are not doing well within a specific time and day.
- Test your content out: The truest form of figuring out when you should be posting on Instagram is to analyze the information. Start posting on Instagram at scattered times each day (or every other day depending on when you post), and track which posts are receiving the most engagement.
- Use Instagram Insights: If you have a Business Profile on Instagram, you will be able to track specific data regarding your most successful days and hours for posting.
- Click on Insights, Total Followers, and scroll down to Most Active Times to get the most accurate and up to date information about the hours and days you should be posting for your specific account.
To conclude, the number one data point that you have to consider is the impact of reach. Deciding who you want to reach and finding out how to reach them when they are using Instagram is essential to increasing engagement. This is where your Instagram page might sink or swim. We hope our handy steps allow you to reach your top engagement or at the very least understand your audience and analytics better. Stay tuned for future blog posts where we will discuss how to determine the best times to post on other social media platforms! | https://socialthrive.com/2022/04/best-times-to-post-on-instagram/ |
This is going to be the first chapter of my future book: How to get established on social media from scratch. This will also be the hardest one: I am used to writing from experience and I started so long ago that it’s going to be not easy to imagine starting out again.
I created a public project at MyBlogU to crowd-source some ideas and opinions to form my future article.
As a person who is just starting to figure out the mysteries of social media, I understand the blank mind one gets when they first arrive at a Twitter Feed. You ask yourself if this Social Media thing is actually going to benefit your website, build your userbase and trust among your fans. Then you force yourself to write out some tweet related to your niche, and you call it a day. If people are interested, they should come, right?
Well, that is sort of right, but not really. After I started out, not long ago, that was me. All my tweets consisted of were a new article I had published on my website. No hashtags, no engagement. I was effectively tweeting to myself. I knew, however, that I was doing something wrong. So I decided to research.
Therefore, the best advice I can give someone just starting out, is to do your research. Learn how social media works before you engage with it. Read some articles on how people have gained massive followings related to their niche, and apply their strategy to your own Social Media Tactics Plan.
Even more important than research, however, is sticking with it, and doing. Research is all good and all, but if you don’t actually apply the concepts and strategies and do something; you will simply never see results. Even if you were like me and all you were doing was tweeting out your new articles; keep with it. You might not be gaining any followers, but at least you are doing something. Enlightenment can come next. Most importantly, avoid zero-days. What do I mean by this? Well, from my own personal philosophy that applies to more than just social media, never go a day without doing at least something. Hell, even if it’s 10 minutes to 12, and you haven’t done anything yet, put out a crappy tweet. I don’t even care if it has anything to do with your niche; just do it. Then do it again tommorrow, and the next day, and the next, and the day after. Improve upon what your doing, and then do that again. Rinse and repeat. Eventually you will see results; and it will be oh so satisfying.
Start now. Go. Make sure Today isin’t a zero day.
Don’t try and be on every single social media platfrom at once, unless you have tons of spare time on your hands. It can be a steep learning curve and mastering everything at the same time is overwhelming. Reserve your name everywhere, but only pick 1-2 to focus on. Stick with them until you’re comfortable before adding more.
Using TweetAdder – the common method of following people and unfollowing them if they don’t follow back. This blogger used TweetAdder + Facebook to get his first 1000 blog visitors (see here: http://www.fitforblogging.com/1000-blog … s-guide/). Here is another guide that offers some good TweetAdder tips (http://leavingworkbehind.com/get-more-t … followers/).
Interaction – this can be in the form of sharing links, retweeting, direct messaging, replying, favouriting.This is the method I use on my personal account as it just seems natural to me. It is slower than simply following/unfollowing people but more effective in my opinioni. I’m not a Twitter power-user but even with a few interactive tweets, I get new relevant followers every day.
Twitter Chats – I’m sure you already know this one. From personal experience, I’ve gotten tens of new contacts through the #myblogu & #vcbuzz Twitter Chats.
All of the above – I bet combining all of the above would be quite effective and I’m tempted to try it out.
Whatever strategy used, it is important that one has a solid Twitter profile, ideally with at least a 3-figure tweet count, and that the person shares his/her Twitter profile in multiple places (e.g. forums, email, social media profiles, blog posts, etc…).
Samuel Scott @samueljscott: What makes you original?
Long before you even start to think about social media, it is important to create a good positioning and messaging strategy first. There are likely countless others — perhaps extending into the thousands — who know what you know and write about what you write about. What truly makes you stand out? What makes you original? What is your “unique value proposition”? In other words, why should people follow you? This is the first step of the marketing and PR process that I’ve outlined at Moz here and here.
Then, unify your personal messaging. Once you know your overall positioning, you need to unify your personal messaging everywhere so that the same branding is communicated. The text of your website, your meta titles and descriptions, your social media profiles, your writings themselves, and your social media posts should all reflect the ideas in your positioning.
Gina Davis @CustomGrowthGrp: Create a new Persona…..
The one thing I know about social media is that it changes. What you/we did when first starting out is not necessarily what you would do now.
1. Take an idea you might be thinking about, start a new persona. Like you are just starting out, then you could showcase it, like a case studies.
2. At the same time find others that are in different stages of getting started. Talk with them about what they have done, how they got to the point they are at now.
I started my blog in May 2013. I looked for experts both locally and online, like other bloggers & social media experts. I learned some myself, hired people on occasion. I think the main thing I did that I wouldn’t change is I picked one platform, learned everything I could about it, implemented techniques that I found, before moving on to learn the next platform. Otherwise I think it would have overwhelmed me. I am by no means through with learning either. 10 years into this I won’t be through learning.
If you have more specific questions, I am happy to answer them.
Be smart about it. When beginning to build and grow your personal brand on social media, always treat it as you would treat work for a paying client. Always stay professional, and show that you’re interactive with others that you encounter. Engage in different topics, and don’t just constantly push your own material on others! Variety is key.
The first step is to get set up and make your account look professional. I am sure you can write a few pages justr on that. No point in making connections if you look like somebody nobody would want to connect with.
Second step is to post content. Who cares if nobody sees it? The key is that you have on display a smaple of what you offer before you start connecting.
Then comes the connecting, and there are of course so many ways to do this. These days, unlike when we first started, one of the best ways is to find groups (at least on G+ and FaceBook) or search posts of a similar interest and start engaging with comments and shares of those posts. On Twitter, you can just start adding them, then use JustUnfollow to remove those that don’t follow back (except those that you want to follow just because you want to follow them).
If you want to leave a mark in 2015 on social media, I’d say consider using a small paid campaign to get your personal brand or something offered around your personal brand in front of people. In the past it was a lot easier to make that initial ground on Facebook for interest, however with reach as it is I don’t think it’s nearly as easy. There’s a lot to be said for what was said on Moz in my opinion. It doesn’t even have to be $1 a day, maybe just a few a week. I think it’s the only way to make a mark on Facebook if you’re starting out now.
I remember starting on facebook 3 years ago. I started by searching and joining groups that were in the marketing niche. I didn’t start with many groups, actually there was one particular facebook group that I focused on. I was very active in the group. I asked questions. I commented on peoples’ posts. I was also consistent and participated everyday or every other day. From there, it all fell into place. People in the marketing niche started friending me and following me.
Your WHY drives why you get out of bed, why you work so hard, why others participate gladly in your mission.
When you have your WHY clarified, then the matter of success in social media is about mechanical implementation.
Rounding up your content– ideally, high credibility third party endorsements from people in your industry and customers. Their word carries more weight than yours, especially on video. Set up your content sequences to guide people on a journey from being unaware of your cause to being a full-on supporter. Use personas in your marketing automation (email tools) before you attempt to scale it to social.
Amplify– when you have your various channels working, you can use social media to amplify this content in the right sequence to the right users. You can influence the influencers, largely through ad platforms like Facebook and elbow grease on twitter.
Understood properly, social is an amplifier of what you already have, not a random project you give to a “social media expert”. Without the vision and supporting content in place, no amount of social tech mastery will get you where you need to go. In summary, you need GCT (goals, content, targeting), in that order.
f you’re lucky enough to be just starting out an dhave good handle on the idea of creating and promoting a personal brand then Social media is a reat way to go. All of the social media platform want to see real people behind the profiles anyway so you are in with a good start.
When I started out in Social Media I created what might be called fake profiles that described a company rather than me as a person. Having done that and foun d it too hard to separate the business identity from me I decided about six months ago that I’d focus on a personal brand identity for all of my business dealings.
This has proved problematic because I’ve built up a presence as Segment Digital and now want all of those people who know me as that to suddenly switch to my personal brand of Steve Counsell. I’ve even changed my public profile name!
Creating new and ammending old social media accounts has been a challenge to get right especially with my Google Accounts and Google Plus.
Creating profiles that match a personal brand would be an absolute joy if the account names are all available for my name. Sadly they’re not. Yes there is more than one person called Steve Counsell in the world.
As for the basics of Social Media I’d say that profiles on Facebook, Twitter, Google+ LinkedIn and Pinterest are all must haves. I use Buzz bundle to do multiple posting to the main platforms and have a domain name that matches my personal brand. Luckily enough stevecounsell.com was available.
My best tip would be to select the social media sites that fit you. So many of them out there, so it’s really easy to divide up our efforts (and get lost). In the end, we might not achieve much in any of these sites.
I did that before, wanted to be more active in several sites. I didn’t get much results at first, so invested more time and effort into each site (hoping to get better results). I did get small victories, but in the long run, I lost valuable time and effort (which I could have otherwise spent on creating content for my readers).
So, find the best social media sites to work with. Of course, to find that, one must first work with it. My suggestion would be to do some research first and then experiment. Find out similar bloggers from your niche – are they active on Twitter? On Google Plus? On FB? Where do they have most success?
Then select 2 sites to work with – focus on these two sites for a couple of months (I would suggest working on it for 5-6 months for conclusive data).
If they work out, great…stick with them. If they don’t, try someother site. Of course, within thse 5 (or 6) months, you should also experiment with various tactics.
(Research into that. Researching is the key aspect of all this, especially for a new marketer…finding the key techniques, testing them out and tweaking them. Without proper techniques, you may not achieve much in 6 months).
Most people today want to start on social media to promote some sort of product or service. They want sales.
Back when I started, I dreamt all about the kind of sales I could possibly do, inspired by the hundreds and perhaps thousands of successful businesses on social media.
Somewhere down the road in the last 2 years, I understood that every tool has its advantages and disadvantages. Every person who chooses to use a tool will benefit more if they use it to their advantage.
This lesson taught me to use social media to find new people, connect with them, interact, and ultimately offer value in one way or another. For example, it could be pointing them to a useful URL if they faced a problem, or answering them if they had a question. Often, participating in communities helped me to get to know new people and because of the help they received, they reached out to get to know me better. Everything after that is history.
Starting out on any social media site these days is hard because they are cluttered. It can take a lot of time to build a noticeable following. What I would do is to select 2 or 3 social media sites where I want to build my audiences, I would create profiles there and would start a blog where I would publish high quality content. I would feature social media widgets on my blog so that people could follow me.
You could probably start differently, for example on Twitter start following other people and hope that others follow you and slowly build it up, but I think that’s inefficient.
I would say for a start the person getting started should take the time to look at the various platforms and see what appeals to them personally. If they are really visual than Pinterest or Instagram might be the best place to start. If they really want to engage with their clients than I would say Facebook for sure. I think the most important thing however for some one new would be to pick one master it, build the following and then spread their wings.
If they are motivated enough a product like Hootsuite that will post on multiple platforms would be good.
But if someone is really new to social media, they need to find something they enjoy so the stay with it. They have to post regularly and I believe that is easier when you like it.
I remember when I first started out in social media, my first “tweet” was like yelling at the top of your lungs at the bottom of a pool. No one could really hear you. But I knew that if I kept writing, tweeting, and interacting someone out there “may” be interested in what I had to say.
I don’t think that’s changed much today. The best way to build a personal brand is to publish, regularly. You’ve done a fantastic job of that. Make it a time to publish new updates, discover and follow new people, and add your voice to the chorus of new ideas and topics that interest you. No one is going to agree with you 100% and that’s just fine. Write, publish, and interact for you. Discover what it is about YOU that separates YOU from the rest of the world. That’s your personal brand.
Not that you’d ever need advice from me but I’m all about following and sharing passions. My Twitter account is an amalgram of my love for Crossfit, Bacon, Beer, Comic Books, Softball, Bad Movies, and lastly…SEO. And I bring all those passions out when I speak or write (at least I hope I do). I’m sure you do as well. So if you are building a personal brand, be passionate. Like what you do and tell it to anyone who will listen.
I hope there was something useful above. Good luck with the book and I can’t wait to read it!
Social media has really changed the way that branding is done. It is now really possible to alter the way that people perceive you, especially as most of the people you are marketing to do not know you in person.
For this reason, it is vital that everything that you publish on social media is in keeping with your brand, and who you are. Before joining every social media site that’s out there, consider which ones are important to your brand. LinkedIn is ideal for professionals who want to connect with others in their industry, Instagram is ideal for visual expression, Pinterest can be a great place to show off things that you are passionate about, Facebook is a great place to be friendly and personal, and Twitter can encompass all of these.
However, not everyone needs to join every social media site that is out there – try to pick two or three that are relevant to your branding and focus on updating these consistently. Whether you are new to social media or not, you need to remember that once you post something on the internet, you can’t take it back.
I highly recommend reading, and then re-reading, everything you write before you click the button to publish it. Choose your wording carefully and remain consistent in everything you do.
Finally, remember that there will be times when you will receive criticism. Try not to let this get to you. Take a step back and wait a while before replying if you need to. Social media can be a great platform to address the issues people may have with your brand, but there is a right way and a wrong way to go about this.
I think as a semi-new entrepreneur, my advice would be not to jump too quickly on social media before you define and truly understand your target market. You have to go beyond the demographics and dig into psychographic data- what their interests are, what they struggle with, what their belief system is. All of this data should roll into a customer avatar/persona so you have a crystal clear ideas of Who your prospect is.
This will help you identify the social network where you customer spends their time (B2C and B2B) . Also spend time branding your page and clearly identifying who you are and what solution you have to offer. I would also have a focus on 1-2 social networks to start and then grow to other networks when it makes sense. Most importantly, have a defined content marketing and editorial plan that offers value to your followers and focus on brand building and engagement. Also know what resources you do and don’t have. If you are a solopreneur, you may need to do a cost/ebenefit analysis of your time and see if you are better off hiring someone to handle your social media posting and campaigns vs. doing it yourself.
I actually remember when i started with twitter because it was last year. I remember the date because twitter has a feature where you can look back at your first tweet.
Just like you can go back to the beginning of your time line on face book. But it was jan 4 2014 I had just watched David Letterman open an account and send his first tweet live on the night show. My first post was if David Letterman can do it then why can’t i.
Funny now people say if Max can do it then, why can’t they.
I would say figure out who you are or what your business identity is. Then decide on one network. For most people I would say linkedin, twitter or G plus should be their first network. Since g plus and fb are going to offer ways for you to sell directly from their site you might want one of them or pinterest or instagram if you are going to be selling stuff.
If you have a lot of friends on facebook, then you might start there but be sure to open a separate page for your business. You always want to keep the personal and the business separate.
I never post anything on any of my pages that I would be ashamed to have on my business feeds. This means I avoid controversial subjects like religion politics and heated sports debates.
I would also recommend that they have their own blog or website before starting with social media. Remember you want to use social media to drive people to you and you can’t do that if you don’t have your own site. But assuming you have your own online property then be sure to include links to your site in every social media post. every one that’s a absolute must in my way of thinking.
Social media is great, but it can also be super frustrating and make you want to bang your head on the wall when you post something and get crickets for your efforts. I’ve been poking at it here and there for a long time, and only recently really got serious about using it as an audience building tool, and started seeing a little bit of traction.
So I would definitely point out that there is a LOT of competition out there (since you’re not just competing with those you would normally think of as your competition, but literally EVERYONE online) and you have to keep plugging away and being consistent. Making small changes is a great way to test things and see if you can get better results, but you have to keep at it!
Also, don’t try to attack them all at once. For example, I’m focusing on Facebook, and doing a little bit of work on Twitter and Pinterest, but that’s really it. And I’ve automated as much as absolutely possible from my website. At one point I was trying to do ALL the social media sites at once, and just got burned out.
1) Secure your username on all social media platforms – Even if you don’t plan on using a specific social media platform right away, at least you have your username if you even venture into that platform.
2) Be consistent with your social media platforms – Have the same username and profile photo across all your platforms. This will help with making you easily recognizable. *Use a photo of your face, rather than a pet/flower/etc.
3) Follow influencers in your niche – These are the people who have a good level of engagement with their followers and are providing valuable information.
4) Be consistent with what you post – If your niche is related to food, don’t post about sports.
I’m in this boat now. I’ve used social media for personal use for years, but now want to start my own social media marketing business solopreneur gig. Personal branding on social is top of mind for me.
Treat your brand like you would your business (very carefully, very seriously). Make a conscious decision about how you want your digital footprint to look like, and clean up what doesn’t match that.
Choose your platforms thoughtfully. If you’re going to use something for personal AND business use, lock down your privacy settings for the personal side. This can mean things like making some Pinterest boards private or actively choosing to use Facebook only for personal use and putting the business side on Google+.
If the end goal of social for personal branding is a job of some form, your choice of platforms should be driven by where your target audience (e.g. recruiters, hiring managers, potential clients, potential publishers, etc.) do their business. If it’s LinkedIn, create a beautiful profile. If it’s Twitter, find who you want to work for/with/influence and follow them – respond/engage accordingly.
Starting a blog is a surefire way to control your message. It’s worth the small amount of money to reserve your personal URL & make a blog. If money’s an issue, do it as cheaply as you can with Blogger or WordPress.com.
Jeanne Alford @JEAlford: Pick one!
I do remember starting out in social media.
I chose to “pick one” and that’s the advice I’ve given colleagues. Pick one platform to start out on and learn how to use it; get comfortable; build up your list and read what others are doing on that platform. For me, it was Facebook. My strategy was to build my personal connections — friends from my hometown, my extended family, new friends.
Once I was comfortable adding updates, photos, etc. I added to my skill set. It had to be LinkedIn, I needed to establish a strong professional network — remember we went through a pretty rough recession and keeping afloat meant getting new jobs, new projects, etc. I found most of my interviews came via LinkedIn connections.
I finally added Twitter — getting comfortable with the 140-limit took some time, but I slogged through figuring it out.
So, the strategy “Pick One” worked for me on a personal and professional level.
1. Create a professional landing page or a website that showcases your skills, your portfolio (small projects, samples, stuff you played with in college – paperwork, a cool volunteering project etc.) with pictures and short relevant description.
2. Define name: it’s either you use your real name or a pen name or your business name – ideally, it should be the same one you use on your social media profiles. If the landing page is example.com/EmaJohn (picked a name) then the social media accounts should display the name Ema John (even if the Twitter handle is @ejohnbiz), but the display name should always be the same as the one on the landing page.
3. Communities. You need to get social. This means to not be afraid to engage in conversations, or to state your opinion, or to introduce someone. I for one am active in 3 major platforms: Twitter, Google+ and Facebook.
On Twitter, I do my best to stay in touch with people, to thank my new followers, to participate in Twitter chats (#vcbuzz, #myblogu etc.).
On Facebook, I have at least 3 groups I am active in: 1 group is international and entirely remote, chances to meet these people in person are below sea level, but then again, the insights I get are amazing. 1 group is co-administrated by myself & a team I’ve been working with here in Romania, so this one is targeted on our projects only. 1 group is general, 4000+ members, entrepreneurs and business owners, angel investors and so on – I’ve been attending the meetups almost weekly for the past 2 years.
On Google+, I have 1-2 groups (communities) that I enjoy spending time with, one of them allows me to (virtually) meet great people such as Guy Kawasaki, Barry Feldman, Martin Shervington and more. He organizes fun activities together (like #canvaquest, #jimmyfallonplus and more), we organize hangouts, HOAs and comment all the time. It’s fun and engaging.
I think all that matters is to become active in groups and communities that are already active, in which engagement rate is high. Don’t fear of being yourself, of speaking out and making yourself noticed.
If you have a real name added to those accounts, people will google you and get to your landing page. That’s how I got about 20,000 hits on my about.me page last year, in just 1 week.
I went from just a Twitter handle or Facebook name or Google+ ID to an actual person, as long as I kept being consistent and persistent.
So many comments and the project was active for one day only! Wow!
Thanks for becoming part of MyBlogU, Max! This means so much for us!
Thanks Ann for giving us this opportunity. So many excellent answers. I look forward to the next brainstorm or interview.
Thanks for being such an awesome part of our community! | http://annsmarty.com/how-to-start-out-on-social-media-mybookjourney-mbustorm/ |
One evening I received a call and was enquired about my interest in joining a Training of Trainers on Personal Advancement and Career Enhancement (PACE). My agreement was followed by the arrival of an over 500-page document about the PACE training programme, communication, problem-solving and decision making, time management, water; sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and financial literacy. All of this had to be read to develop a synopsis which seemed like a herculean task back then. As I began to flip the pages I was engrossed into reading the material. With every passing minute, I was pinched by illustrations and examples provided under every topic. The characters of female garment workers (used throughout) seemed to come alive as if narrating their incidents only to deepen my reflection towards various issues faced by women as individual, family member and a worker.
Before I realised, the time had passed, the synopsis submitted, and I was en route to Indore to attend a seven-day training. I just want to sum up a few crucial aspects based on my reading, training experience and reflection of the PACE training focused on communication, problem-solving and decision making
Communication
Our communication largely depends on the usage of various components, our body language is as vital as the words we speak. For E.g. If I am sad and a friend asks me -how are you? I reply I am fine, whereas my expressions do not reflect the same. Thus, the friend will not go by words and will rather enquire what happened, by asking ‘is there some problem?’ He/she would have caught the non-verbal cues such as the tone, facial expressions and body language.
As a child is born the inequalities are visible in the society, where male childbirth is considered more joyous in comparison to the girl child. There on, as the child grows up freedom of choice, movement, decision making power, sharing of responsibility, ownership and access to family assets and their social status continues to vary cause of their gender. Gender bias hinders communication to a large extent, women/girls are considered to have a lower IQ and thus are not approached for problem-solving or support. For e.g. In an interview process, a male interviewer due to gender bias practices pays selective attention towards the female interviewee leading to unclear communication between the two. Due to such communication, the interviewee’s chance of being shortlisted is jeopardized.
The different styles of communication include (i) Aggressive, (ii) Submissive, and (iii) Assertive. Amongst the three styles, an assertive style of communication helps others to understand one’s point of view on a subject as one tries to understand their viewpoints on the same subject. It allows an individual to be controlled in one’s approach and assert one’s opinion in a peaceful manner and reach a conclusion with increased acceptance from others.
Profiling and its usage for effective communication
Profiling is the process of knowing about an individual’s personality and can play a crucial role in effective communication. To understand the profile of a person one is communicating with it is important to know his/her likes and dislikes, attitude and viewpoints on relevant topics, previous interaction experience if any and the power dynamics with one another.
The profiling information can be used for effective communication. For instance, whilst holding an interview by putting the person at ease, building a good rapport, facilitating the entire communication process will ensure getting desirable results of holding the interview successfully.
Role of communication in consensus building
The term ‘finding middle ground/consensus building’ is related to addressing everyone’s concern which leads to a higher level of acceptance and ownership towards the decision taken. The role of communication is to assist people involved to exchange their ideas and opinion with each other, influence or be influenced by one another to build consensus.
The communication style plays a key role in ensuring consensus building e.g. an assertive communication style will help build consensus around the decision through an open discussion giving due respect to everyone’s opinion. The case will be different if an aggressive or submissive style of communication is used as the result could be non-cooperation or submission due to fear and lowered self-esteem respectively.
Problem Solving & Decision Making
The difference between the desired state and an existing state is the problem. For instance, one wants to reach the station by 8 pm to catch the train, due to excess traffic one reaches at 8:15 pm instead and misses the train.
To understand problem-solving and decision making in a manner I would use another Problem Suppose You fall ill and it is the last date for submission of school admission form for your child. The response to the problem and decision making could be in the following ways: –
- Avoidance– You ignore the problem and accept that the submission of the admission form wouldn’t be possible.
- Over-reliance on others– You are petrified and start calling out to your friends or relatives for support.
- Over-reliance on self– You don’t ask anyone for support and decide to submit the admission form on your own.
- The balanced approach– You check with the school authorities if it is possible to submit the form a day later, if yes then you decide to submit the next day else you call your friend whose office is near to the school and request him/her to submit the admission form on their way to work.
Pre-requisites for decision making
Decision making is a process of making the best choice or choosing an alternative one in each condition to ensure one gets the desired results.
The pre-requisites for decision making include having a ready access to resources and information that are required for decision making, belief in one’s own opinion, necessary authority to take a decision, courage to stand by one’s own decision and be prepared for success or failure as a result of the decision taken.
Gender barriers in taking decisions
The ability of women to make decisions is often affected by gender stereotyping and socialization. This results in the low value placed with decision-making skills amidst women which are further visible in the ability to make decisions at home and work front. Some of the gender-related barriers while taking decision include pre-conceived notions due to which women are often led to believe that they do not know how to handle problems.
- The assumption that women’s problems are of a non-serious nature.
- Exclusion from decision-making processes.
- Denial of access to resources such as information, education, property etc.
- The patriarchal mindset which primarily rests power of decision making with men.
- Denial of respect for their opinion being listened to without being ridiculed.
- Not being in a position of authority or having financial freedom.
The above reflections help draw a conclusion that communicating with impact and skills for problem-solving and decision making is an invaluable asset for any individual. This ability is largely affected by the socialization process which leads to the denial of opportunities and exposure to develop these skills. However, one can build these capacities by understanding one’s style of communication and the change she/he would like to bring about to influence the opinions of others leading to better problem solving and decision making. | https://www.careindia.org/blog/pace-up/ |
What is Decision-making?
In its simplest sense, decision-making is the act of choosing between two or more courses of action. In the wider process of problem-solving, decision-making involves choosing between possible solutions to a problem. Decisions can be made through either an intuitive or reasoned process, or a combination of the two.IntuitionIntuition is using your ‘gut feeling’ about possible courses of action. Although people talk about it as if it was a magical ‘sense’, intuition is actually a combination of past experience and your personal values. It is worth taking your intuition into account because it reflects your learning about life. It is, however, not always based on reality, only your perceptions, many of which may have started in childhood and may not be very mature as a result. It is therefore worth examining your gut feeling closely, especially if you have a very strong feeling against a particular course of action, to see if you can work out why, and whether the feeling is justified.
Reasoning
Reasoning is using the facts and figures in front of you to make decisions. Reasoning has its roots in the here-and-now, and in facts. It can, however, ignore emotional aspects to the decision, and in particular, issues from the past that may affect the way that the decision is implemented. Intuition is a perfectly acceptable means of making a decision, although it is generally more appropriate when the decision is of a simple nature or needs to be made quickly. More complicated decisions tend to require a more formal, structured approach, usually involving both intuition and reasoning.
Applying both Reason and Intuition
One way to do this is to apply the two aspects in turn. It’s useful to start with reason and gather facts and figures. Once you have an obvious ‘decision’, it’s the turn of intuition. How do you feel about the ‘answer’? Does it feel right? If not, have another look, and see if you can work out why not. If you’re not emotionally committed to the decision you’ve made, you won’t implement
it well or effectively.
Effective Decision-Making
Decisions need to be capable of being implemented, whether on a personal or organisational level. You do, therefore, need to be committed to the decision personally, and be able to persuade others of its merits. An effective decision-making process, therefore, needs to ensure that you are able to do so. What Can Prevent Effective Decision-Making?
There are a number of problems that can prevent effective decision-making. These include:
- Not Enough Information – If you do not have enough information, it can feel like you are making a decision without any basis. Take some time to gather the necessary data to inform your decision, even if the timescale is very tight. If necessary, prioritise your information-gathering by identifying which information will be most important to you.
- Too Much Information – The opposite problem, but one that is seen surprisingly often: having so much conflicting information that it is impossible to see ‘the wood for the trees. This is sometimes called analysis paralysis and is also used as a tactic to delay organisational decision-making, with those involved demanding evermore information before they can decide. This problem can often be resolved by getting everyone together to decide what information is really important and why, and by setting a clear timescale for decision-making, including an information-gathering stage.
- Too Many People – Making decisions by committee is difficult. Everyone has their own views and their own values. And while it’s important to know what these views are, and why and how they are important, it may be essential for one person to take responsibility for making a decision. Sometimes, any decision is better than none.
- Vested Interests – Decision-making processes often founder under the weight of vested interests. These vested interests are often not overtly expressed but may be a crucial blockage. Because they are not overtly expressed, it is hard to identify them clearly, and therefore address them, but it can sometimes be possible to do so by exploring them with someone outside the process, but in a similar position. It can also help to explore the rational/intuitive aspects with all stakeholders, usually with an external facilitator to support the process.
- Emotional Attachments – People are often very attached to the status quo. Decisions tend to involve the prospect of change, which many people find difficult.
- No Emotional Attachment – Sometimes it’s difficult to make a decision because you just don’t care one way or the other. In this case, a structured decision-making process can often help by identifying some very real pros and cons of particular actions, that perhaps you hadn’t thought about before. | https://leadertheproject.com/skill/decision-making/ |
My son is keen to study MIS. Can you give some advice if he should pursue it and which colleges should he apply to?
Management Information System, (MIS) is a computerised database of information capable of being organised and programmed to generate reports that can be used to assist decision-making at all levels in an organisation. The role of an MIS manager is to process the information available, analyse the problems and then develop and maintain the computer applications designed to solve the problem.
Individuals in this field can work for a range of companies and industries, from financial institutions to healthcare companies.
An information systems degree provides one with a range of specialist skills in areas such as hardware, software development and programming, systems analysis, database systems and design, networking and operating systems and data-mining. During your son’s studies, he will also develop crucial skills such as problem-solving and change management, the ability to contribute to a team objective and commercial awareness and business acumen.
Developing these skills means he is able to understand and implement an employer’s informational requirements into business applications, working alongside engineers and business analysts. He could also specialise in specific industries such as finance or healthcare.
The field has a fairly strong placement record, with 70 per cent of graduates being employed within six months of graduation. A variety of jobs are open, including data analyst, IT consultant, systems analyst and database administrator. Industries that typically hire MIS graduates are IT, retail, financial, healthcare and HR.
Carnegie Mellon, MIT, Stanford, University of California – Berkeley and Cornell would be the most coveted universities offering this degree in USA. In the UK, Warwick, LSE, Cardiff, Reading would rank amongst the most popular universities offering the programme. | https://fridaymagazine.ae/life-culture/ask-the-experts/is-a-degree-in-management-information-system-a-good-optio-1.2160989 |
Introduction Problem solving and decision-making are important skills for business and life. Problem-solving often involves decision-making, and decision-making is especially important for management and leadership. There are processes and techniques to improve decision-making and the quality of decisions. Decision-making is more natural to certain personalities, so these people should focus more on improving the quality of their decisions. People that are less natural decision-makers are often able to make quality assessments, but then need to be more decisive in acting upon the assessments made. Problem-solving and decision-making are closely linked, and each requires creativity in identifying and developing options, for which the brainstorming technique is particularly useful. Good decision-making requires a mixture of skills: creative development and identification of options, clarity of judgments, firmness of decision, and effective implementation. Case Incident 4. 2: You supervise 12 engineers. Their formal training and work experience are very similar, so you move them around on different projects. Yesterday, your manager informed you that an overseas affiliate has requested four engineers to go abroad on extended loan for six to eight months. For a number of reasons, he argued and you agreed, this request should be met from your group. All your engineers are capable of handling this assignment; from the standpoint of present and future projects, there is no special reason any one engineer should be retained over any other. Somewhat complicating the situation is the fact that the overseas assignment is generally undesirable location. (Ghillyer, 2008) How would you select who should go abroad on ex-tended loan? A way to answer this question requires knowledge. Knowing the meaning of an extended loan helps determine the choice of the subject to be selected to this assignment. An extended loan is a method of semi-permanently giving something away to someone while reserving your right to ask for it back later if you change your mind. (Dictionary, 1999) Going abroad on an expatriate assignment definitely has its benefits, both professionally and personally. The question in this case is how to select employees to go abroad? In most cases is a good decision making technique to let employees in this case the engineers know about the opportunity and let the individuals request if interested in the specific assignment. In this case all individuals are capable of completing this assignment without any complication. If four engineers request the assignment the selection process is easier. If none of the engineers request the assignment the four engineers needed would be selected randomly since all of them have the experience, training and capability for this assignment. What are some major factors that would influence your decision process? | https://samples.edusson.com/going-abroad/ |
Understandable Statistics: Concepts and Methods, 12th edition, by Brase and Brase is a thorough yet accessible program designed to help readers overcome their apprehensions about statistics. To reinforce this approach, and make the material interesting as well as easier to understand, the book integrates real-life data from a variety of sources, including journals, periodicals, newspapers, and the Internet. The WebAssign component for this title engages students with many features, including links to a complete eBook.
Course Packs with ready-to-use assignments built by subject matter experts specifically for this textbook. They are designed to save you time, and can be easily customized to meet your teaching goals. Course Packs are also available for Stats in Practice Video Questions, Labs, and Project Milestones.
Stats in Practice Video Questions (SIP): Show students how Statistics applies in the real world. Short and current news videos introduce each chapter. Each video is accompanied by multiple-choice and discussion questions, so that students can understand real-world context of what they're learning and stay engaged throughout the whole chapter.
Student Resources include Data Analysis Tool Instructions / Tech Guides for the below software. Can be used stand-alone or in conjunction with assessment items (Homework, Labs, or Project Milestones). A Student Solutions Manual is also available.
Instructor Resources include Instructional Lecture Videos, hosted by Dana Mosely. These topic-specific videos provide explanations of key concepts, examples, and applications in a lecture-based format. An Instructor Resource Guide is also available. | http://www.webassign.net/features/textbooks/bbunderstat12/details.html?l=subject |
1,034 pages | 808 B/W Illus.
Mechanical Design of Machine Components, Second Edition strikes a balance between theory and application, and prepares students for more advanced study or professional practice. It outlines the basic concepts in the design and analysis of machine elements using traditional methods, based on the principles of mechanics of materials. The text combines the theory needed to gain insight into mechanics with numerical methods in design. It presents real-world engineering applications, and reveals the link between basic mechanics and the specific design of machine components and machines.
Divided into three parts, this revised text presents basic background topics, deals with failure prevention in a variety of machine elements and covers applications in design of machine components as well as entire machines. Optional sections treating special and advanced topics are also included.
Key Features of the Second Edition:
Mechanical Design of Machine Components, Second Editionhelps you gain a grasp of the fundamentals of machine design and the ability to apply these fundamentals to new engineering problems.
"Ugural has written a very good, comprehensive technical book for machine design. The book covers every fundamental of mechanical design… The author helpfully offers some case studies in which the theory is connected with and implemented in practical application…"
—Choice, September 2015
"… a very good, comprehensive technical book for machine design. … will be most valuable as a text for junior and senior undergraduate courses and a reference book for mechanical engineers in practice. Summing Up: Recommended. Undergraduates through professionals and practitioners."
—X. Le, Wentworth Institute of Technology, CHOICE
"Overall, the book covers the bases. …as complete as a machine design text can be… addressing basics, failure analysis, and a healthy variety of actual design elements and assemblages. The case studies provide particularly valuable insight into the design process as applied in the real world."
—Steven G. Hall, Associate Professor, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA
"…provides a good overview of the constituents of machine element design. The examples are interesting and illustrative."
—Andreas Almqvist, Associate Professor, Division of Machine Elements, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden
"The main strengths … are that the book is written in an easy-to-understand English and that topics are explained rigorously. The book is well documented with references to research articles and gives good, broad but also deep insight into many subjects. … Chapter 1 has a very good introduction to working as an engineer. The design phases are well written and understandable. … Chapter 7.9 – 7.12 is very well written with a good introduction to using safety factors with the Goodman diagram, etc. This is not found in other books. … [Overall,] the book covers a very broad area of mechanical engineering and still maintains good, in-depth coverage of the subjects. The book actually covers the syllabus of different courses, without the lecturer having to bring in additional reading."
—Jon Svenninggaard, VIA University College, Horsens, Denmark
"An excellent comprehensive textbook on mechanical design that includes the topics usually covered in a second course of mechanics of materials."
—Oussama Safadi, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
"A valuable textbook for students who are interested in applying basic mechanics of materials knowledge to real-world problems."
—Yong Zhu, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA
"After using the first edition of this text for about a decade, I highly recommend this text in the field of mechanical design. Ugural gives us a clear and concise treatment of the subject; detailed chapter example problems with some appropriately place case studies. Also, his end of chapter problems reflects the chapter’s subject matter and example problems in a thoughtful and relevant manner."
—Gary H. McDonald, The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, USA
"I can say right now that I will use this textbook this fall. I have looked through it, and I am very impressed with it. … I will be placing an order through our bookstore for approximately 30 of these for the fall semester."
—G. Steve Tarrant, Montana Tech of the University of Montana
"Overall, I believe this book would make a great addition to the textbook references for the design engineer."
—Jeff A. Hawks, Ph.D., University of Nebraska-Lincoln
"Ugural provides a comprehensive text that is well-organized and straightforward, with practical problems to reinforce the concepts." | https://www.routledge.com/Mechanical-Design-of-Machine-Components/Ugural/p/book/9781439887806 |
相關分類:
機率統計學 Probability-and-statistics
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商品描述
本書序言
· 30% of the 1,000+ exercises are updated or new, based on contemporary studies and real data. Most of these exercises foster and promote critical thinking skills.
· Updated technology: all printouts from statistical software (SAS, SPSS, MINITAB, and the TI-83/Tl-84 Plus Graphing Calculator) and corresponding instructions for use have been revised to reflect the latest versions of the software.
· New Statistics in Action Cases: six of the 14 cases are new or updated, each based on real data from a recent study.
· Continued emphasis on Ethics: where appropriate, boxes have been added emphasizing the importance of ethical behavior when collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data with statistics.
Content Changes
· Chapter 1 (Statistics, Data, and Statistical Thinking): Material on all basic sampling concepts (e.g., random sampling and sample survey designs) has been streamlined and moved to Section 1.5 (Collecting Data: Sampling and Related Issues).
· Chapter 2 (Methods for Describing Sets of Data): The section on summation notation has been moved to the appendix (Appendix A). Also, recent examples of misleading graphics have been added to Section 2.10 (Distorting the Truth with Descriptive Statistics).
· Chapter 4 (Random Variables and Probability Distributions): Use of technology for computing probabilities of random variables with known probability distributions (e.g., binomial and normal distributions) has been incorporated into the relevant sections of this chapter. This reduces the use of tables of probabilities for these distributions.
· Chapter 6 (Tests of Hypothesis): The section on p-values in hypothesis testing (Section 6.3) has been moved up to emphasize the importance of their use in real-life studies. Throughout the remainder of the text, conclusions from a test of hypothesis are based on p-values.
This package includes Pearson MyLab Statistics, an online homework, tutorial, and assessment program designed to work with this text to personalize learning and improve results. With a wide range of interactive, engaging, and assignable activities, students are encouraged to actively learn and retain tough course concepts.
· 30% new and updated exercises give students more of the practice they need to succeed.
· StatCrunch™ applets have been updated to run in HTML5, so that they are more accessible and will run on most computers and tablets without additional plugins.
· Data-informed updates: the authors have analyzed aggregated student usage and performance data from the previous edition's Pearson MyLab Statistics course. The results of this analysis helped improved the quality and quantity of exercises that matter most to instructors and students.
本書特色
· McClave and Sincich provide support to students when they are learning to solve problems and when they are studying and reviewing the material.
o “Where We’re Going” bullets begin each chapter, offering learning objectives and providing section numbers that correspond to where each concept is discussed in the chapter.
o Examples foster problem-solving skills by taking a three-step approach: (1) "Problem", (2) "Solution", and (3) "Look Back" (or "Look Ahead"). This step-by-step process provides students with a defined structure by which to approach problems and enhances their problem-solving skills.
o The "Look Back" feature gives helpful hints for solving the problem and/or provides a further reflection or insight into the concept or procedure that is covered.
o A “Now Work” exercise suggestion follows each Example, which provides a practice exercise that is similar in style and concept to the example. Students test and confirm their understanding immediately.
o End-of-chapter summaries now serve as a more effective study aid for students. Important points are reinforced through flow graphs (which aid in selecting the appropriate statistical method) and boxed notes with key words, formulas, definitions, lists, and key concepts.
· More than 1,000 exercises are included, based on a wide variety of applications in various disciplines and research areas, and more than 35% have been updated for the new edition. Some students have difficulty learning the mechanics of statistical techniques while applying the techniques to real applications. For this reason, exercise sections are divided into four parts:
o Learning the Mechanics: These exercises allow students to test their ability to comprehend a mathematical concept or a definition.
o Applying the Concepts—Basic: Based on applications taken from a wide variety of journals, newspapers, and other sources, these short exercises help students begin developing the skills necessary to diagnose and analyze real-world problems.
o Applying the Concepts—Intermediate: Based on more detailed real-world applications, these exercises require students to apply their knowledge of the technique presented in the section.
o Applying the Concepts—Advanced: These more difficult real-data exercises require students to use critical thinking skills.
o Critical Thinking Challenges: Students apply critical thinking skills to solve one or two challenging real-life problems. These expose students to real-world problems with solutions that are derived from careful, logical thought and use of the appropriate statistical analysis tool.
· Case studies, applications, and biographies keep students motivated and show the relevance of statistics.
o Ethics Boxes have been added where appropriate to highlight the importance of ethical behavior when collecting, analyzing, and interpreting statistical data.
o Statistics in Action begins each chapter with a case study based on an actual contemporary, controversial, or high-profile issue. Relevant research questions and data from the study are presented and the proper analysis demonstrated in short "Statistics in Action Revisited" sections throughout the chapter.
o Brief Biographies of famous statisticians and their achievements are presented within the main chapter, as well as in marginal boxes. Students develop an appreciation for the statistician's efforts and the discipline of statistics as a whole.
· Support for statistical software is integrated throughout the text and online, so instructors can focus less time on teaching the software and more time teaching statistics.
o Each statistical analysis method presented is demonstrated using output from SAS, SPSS, and MINITAB. These outputs appear in examples and exercises, exposing students to the output they will encounter in their future careers.
o Using Technology boxes at the end of each chapter offer statistical software tutorials, with step-by-step instructions and screenshots for MINITAB and, where appropriate, the TI-83/84 Plus Graphing Calculator.
o To complement the text, support for the statistical software is available in Pearson MyLab Statistics’ Technology Instruction. Student discounts on select statistical software packages are also available. Ask your Pearson representative for details.
· Flexibility in Coverage
o Probability and Counting Rules:
§ Probability poses a challenge for instructors because they must decide on the level of presentation, and students find it a difficult subject to comprehend.
§ Unlike other texts that combine probability and counting rules, McClave/Sincich includes the counting rules (with examples) in an appendix rather than in the body of the chapter on probability; the instructor can control the level of coverage of probability covered.
o Multiple Regression and Model Building:
§ Two full chapters are devoted to discussing the major types of inferences that can be derived from a regression analysis, showing how these results appear in the output from statistical software, and, most important, selecting multiple regression models to be used in an analysis.
§ The instructor has the choice of a one-chapter coverage of simple linear regression (Chapter 11), a two-chapter treatment of simple and multiple regression (excluding the sections on model building in Chapter 12), or complete coverage of regression analysis, including model building and regression diagnostics.
§ This extensive coverage of such useful statistical tools will provide added evidence to the student of the relevance of statistics to real-world problems.
o Additional online resources include files for text examples, exercises, Statistics in Action and Real-World case data sets marked with a data set icon. Also available is Chapter 14, Nonparametric Statistics, and a set of applets that allow students to run simulations that visually demonstrate some of the difficult statistical concepts (e.g., sampling distributions and confidence intervals).
o Role of calculus:
§ Although the text is designed for students without a calculus background, footnotes explain the role of calculus in various derivations.
§ Footnotes are also used to inform the student about some of the theory underlying certain methods of analysis. They provide additional flexibility in the mathematical and theoretical level at which the material is presented. | https://www.tenlong.com.tw/products/9781292165417?list_name=sp |
Teaching young students how math applies to the real world can not only boost their interest in math in elementary or secondary school, but may entice them to pursue the subject in university.
Associate Professor Hongmei Zhu of the Department of Mathematics and Statistics in the Faculty of Science is on a mission to teach students the real-world applications of math. It’s a challenge she and several of her colleagues have taken on after noticing a gap. They’ve reached out to schools in the community to make a difference.
Many elementary and secondary teachers don’t teach computational modelling problems to their students in part because they aren’t familiar with it. “They also don’t always realize how it helps students gain critical thinking, problem solving, communication skills and teamwork skills,” said Zhu.
This is where Zhu and her team, including fellow colleagues and graduate students, can better prepare teachers by holding workshops specifically for them. It gives them the tools and understanding to teach these types of math problems to their own students. They also gain awareness of how computational modelling can foster engagement in, and an appreciation for, math.
“We want to help increase math literacy for students from Kindergarten to Grade 12 so they can think critically and solve new real-world challenges innovatively in the future,” says Zhu. “Math is a language and it provides a set of tools. It is not abstract. It’s very relevant and constantly evolving because we need to create more math tools to solve new real-world problems.”
Students often complain they don’t see how math relates to the real world, but after using math to answer questions like “out of all the hospitals within commuting distance, how do you know which provides the best non-emergency care?” they can better see how it can be applied beyond the classroom.
Since 2016, Zhu and her team have held the International Mathematical Modeling Challenge (IM2C) for Ontario high school students. By 2018, with the help of a $25,000 Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) grant, 22 teams participated of which 13 successfully finished, including one from British Columbia.
In addition, Zhu and her team hold March Break and summer camps, and a Science Odyssey event focused on fractals. For some students, it has been life changing. After the camps, they have gone on to pursue math biology or applied math at university, surprised by how interesting math can be. | https://yfile.news.yorku.ca/2020/02/20/solving-real-world-problems-through-mathematical-modelling/ |
Economics for Managers presents the fundamental ideas of microeconomics and macroeconomics and integrates them from a managerial decision-making perspective in a framework that can be used in a single-semester course.
To be competitive in today’s business environment, managers must understand how economic forces affect their business and the factors that must be considered when making business decisions.¿ This is the only book that provides business students and MBAs with a thorough and applied understanding of both micro- and macroeconomic concepts in a way non-economics majors can understand.
The third edition retains all the same core concepts and straightforward material on micro- and macroeconomics while incorporating new case material and real-world examples that relate to today’s managerial student.
Name: MacroeconomicsAuthor: HubbardEdition: 2ndISBN-10: 0132992795ISBN-13: 978-0132992794
ISBN-10: 0132992817
ISBN-13: 9780132992817
For courses found in Economics Departments and Departments of Women’s Studies, on The Economics of Women, Women and Work, or the Economics of Gender.
The most current and comprehensive source available for research, data, and analysis on women, gender, and economics.
Blau, Ferber, and Winkler are widely known for their research and contributions on the study of the economics of gender. As active researchers and leading scholars on the subject, the authors are in tune with the most current and relevant research that’s included in Economics of Women, Men, and Work. | https://www.testbanka.com/product-category/economics/page/4/ |
I Negotiate ground rules, set goals and assessment criteria, set learning objectives, set specific behavior objectives. I encourage students to interact and have lengthy question and answer session to check learning. I use their name positively, ask for their opinion, make a point at looking at their work, comment favorably about genuine effort or achievement.
Undergraduate studying Business and Management. One-to-one teaching at your home. Classes are structured around the needs of the pupil. Very engaging and easy to talk and listen to. Real-world experience adds to the authenticity of the teaching as I've had my own business.
I am a student myself so I understand the struggles of university and A level/ IB revision. I strive to make my teaching methods interesting and I am open to many different styles of teaching depending on the student. I am easy to talk to and a very patient teacher. London tutoring dependent on area and availability.
A graduate in Bachelors of Business Administration (HONS) from one of the top universities in Pakistan. Over the course, I have successfully managed to help my dissertation supervisor carry out a research in which we studied the conditions of asylum seekers in Pakistan.
- Which subject(s) do you teach? I teach Business Studies and Economics from GCSE to University level. I also teach Marketing at professional (CIM) level and university level. I teach specialist marketing subjects to postgraduate level, including communications, PR, marketing planning and consumer behaviour. - Tell me about your qualifications.
I am currently studying BSc Business Management with Marketing at the University of Birmingham business school. My lessons are aimed at those studying business at GCSE level up to A-level. I aim to provide lessons based on the subject specification at the students institution based on the exam board (AQA, Edexcel etc.
I am a young entrepreneur here to help and inspire individuals to achieve the best out of life. Whether that be financially or emotionally.
My teaching methods are interactive. I believe everything must first be understood, then applied on real life scenarios. I use visual and auditive toold for my tutoring because every person has a different style of learning.
My teaching method is based on real practice, the theory is difficult to comprehend when taught without context. Recap will always start a session, followed by points of weakness and then applied to real-world scenarios. Anyone studying below a BA level of Business Studies will be able to grow and develop through this style of teaching.
Judy is an established and respected vocal and singing coach who works mainly with aspiring and established singers, actors, and business clients. Additionally, coaching those looking to improve their English speaking, and to gain vocal confidence. - Which subject(s) do you teach? All aspects of vocal and performance projections, singing and speaking.
Based in England, with over 25 years of teaching experience in Colleges and Universities. Extensive online experience, including the Open University and other international providers, so expert in Blackboard and Moodle. Prior to becoming an academic I worked for 15 years in industry, some in sales, but mostly marketing, then general management.
I have taught Business and English for over 9 years. I use experiential learning to help bring the subject to life. Business and English can be overloaded with theory but I use practical and real life examples from my professional background to help students understand and apply key concepts.
my teaching method is bit different , i make interest in topic by giving practical examples rather then bookish knowledge. In management case studies matter a lot.rest kindly contact me on my gmail for any assignment work or projects .
I would like to pace the studies as per the understanding of the student and explain the topics using the methodology where the students get to do most of the problem solving and develop a better understanding of the subject.
I know the stress and worries that GCSE's and A-levels involve because not long ago I was doing them myself. Therefore I also know where exam boards try to trick students and where real world knowledge can bring a subject alight. Hopefully my method can help students not only beat the board, but also give them some real insight into where their subject can be applied.
My name is Faryal. I am specialized in Accounting, Finance and Business Administration. I offer to teach school level to degree level students of Accounting, Finance and Business Administration in Coventry. Also, all subjects to GCSC or lower level students. Furthermore, I also teach Urdu and Islamic studies.
My teaching method is very internet based and this is through the form of revision websites and videos. I will ask my student to watch and video and then we will discuss what the video was saying and I will explain it a bit more.
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Business Statistics, Second Edition, helps students gain the statistical tools and develop the understanding theyll need to make informed business decisions using data. The dynamic approach conquers the modern challenges of teaching business statistics by making it relevant, emphasizing analysis and understanding over simple computation, preparing students to be more analytical, make better business decisions, and effectively communicating results.
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This text features a wealth of real data applications, with coverage of current issues including ethics and data mining. It draws readers in using a conversational writing style and delivers content with a fresh, exciting approach that reflects the authors blend of teaching, consulting, and entrepreneurial experiences. Learning tools such as the Plan/Do/Report guided examples prepare students to tackle any business problem they will encounter as a future business leader.
This book follows the GAISE Guidelines, emphasizing real data and real-world interpretations of analyses. | https://learningcenter.montpellier-bs.com/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=5854 |
Labour economics as a discipline has changed dramatically in recent years. Gone are the days of a "job for life". These days, firms and employees are part of a less regulated, more fluid, and more international labour market. Knowledge, training, human resource development and human capital are all major factors on the contemporary scene.
conflict at work, including both strikes and, uniquely, individual disputes.
Other issues explored include the supply and demand of labour, wages, the current role of trade unions, bargaining and conflict, and working time. The book is written in a clear, accessible way with some mathematical exposition, reflecting the text’s grounding in current microeconomic theory. The book also contains case studies designed to illuminate theoretical concepts and exercises and discussion questions to test the students understanding of the various concepts outlined in the text.
Peter Sloane is Emeritus Professor of Economics at Swansea University, UK, where he was the Director of the Welsh Economy Labour Market Evaluation and Research Centre. He is also Adjunct Professor at the National Institute of Labour Studies, Flinders University, Australia. Inter alia he is author of Labour Economics, Employment Equity and Affirmative Action: An International Comparison and The Economics of Sport.
Paul L. Latreille is Professor of Management at the University of Sheffield, UK. He is an expert on workplace conflict and its resolution, including Employment Tribunals and mediation, vocational training, disability and inactivity.
Nigel O’Leary is a Reader at Swansea University and an Associate Professor at the National Institute of Labour Studies, Flinders University, Australia. He has published extensively in international journals in the areas of the economics of discrimination, educational economics, trade unions and labour market attachment.
"This new book covers a comprehensive, in depth and example rich analysis of the theoretical and empirical foundations of Labour Economics. It strikes a very good balance between 'classical' models and new research frontiers of the subject matter. Scholars and students interested in the changing shape of labour markets, especially in the UK context, will find this extremely valuable."
"This book offers a fresh, in-depth and extremely well-resourced coverage of labour economics concepts, with numerous applications relevant to the undergraduate and postgraduate student, as well as to researchers in the field. The comprehensive treatment of the relevant theory is supported by numerical analysis (algebra) inserts, while case studies are presented alongside an eclectic mix of relevant empirical articles. It is, thus, a must-have and must-read book for labour economists, in view of the high level of useful information presented within a modern and inspiring structure that delivers both quantitative and qualitative detail, as well as an interesting and useful balance between theory and its wide applications."
"A truly comprehensive and contemporary textbook on Labour Economics incorporating theory as well as relevant and interesting examples and case studies. Its particular strength is that it incorporates several models, based on a rich survey of research literature, to explain a concept. This will enable students to get a clear understanding about the complexity of the functioning of labour markets and related issues."
"Sloane, Latreille and O'Leary have produced an excellent book which takes readers to the frontier of contemporary labour economics research. The book blends the latest theoretical developments, including search theory and asymmetric information, with up-to-date empirical facts and current policy debates. I highly recommend Modern Labour Economics to advanced undergraduate and post-graduate students, and to all researchers grappling with contemporary labour market issues." | https://www.crcpress.com/Modern-Labour-Economics/Sloane-Latreille-OLeary/p/book/9780415469814 |
After a long and heated debate, a faculty steering committee has unveiled plans for changes to the existing curriculum at the College of William and Mary. We are excited to see the committee attempting to direct the College toward greater emphasis on the connections between theoretical learning and real-world application; however, we are a little confused as to the practicality of this plan.
The most obvious change is the elimination of General Education Requirements. As a liberal arts college, the need for students to become well versed in a diverse curriculum is imperative, but GERs have been reduced to little more than an item on a check list. Students register to take classes in which they have no interest, learn the minimum amount in order to survive the final, and then promptly forget everything they learned in class. The revised plan gives more flexibility to students to choose the classes they take and encourages students to draw correlations between the different fields they study. The plan divides the curriculum into three separate fields of knowledge: humanities and arts, social sciences, and natural sciences and math. Through this approach, students will be encouraged to take an interdisciplinary look at all of their classes and analyze how these different subject areas are related.
That said, we are not quite sure how some of the finer points of the plan will be implemented. The plan includes a course entitled “William and Mary in the World.” The class seeks to include real-world applications for learning, but what exactly do these applications include? A second part of the plan introduces the senior year portfolio, which would require students to synthesize and analyze the knowledge they have gained at the College. The portfolio would be presented publicly to emphasize the significance of developing strong oratory skills. Currently, these sections of the plan seem general and vague, and we wonder how they would work in the curriculum. We do not understand fully how the College plans to make them relevant for all students. For example, if students are studying for the MCAT or LSAT, do they need to complete a portfolio? Providing more connections between real-world applications and what we learn in class sounds positive, but how does the plan work when students all have specific and diverse real-world pursuits?
We believe the plan is a step in the right direction for the College. We cannot emphasize enough the significance of these changes to current students at the College. Even though we may have had to take countless GERs, the revisions to the curriculum affect the value of every student’s degree. We encourage students to be informed about the process and to ask questions. We also ask that the faculty steering committee take time to iron out the details of the plan and make all students aware of the changes. Planning and implementing this change should not be rushed in any way, but rather given the amount of attention that such far-reaching decisions deserve.
Editor’s Note: Jill Found recused herself from the staff editorial to remain unbiased in her reporting. | https://flathatnews.com/2012/08/30/the-end-of-gers/ |
21st Century education at Hebrew Primary School
As part of the new key teaching and learning initiatives in developing communication, collaboration, critical thinking and creativity, students and teachers at Hebrew Primary School held an end of term learning celebration to showcase the amazing work generated by students using digital technologies.
“Incorporating project-based learning approaches as well as more traditional topic teaching methods, students worked collaboratively and creatively,” the Ministry for Education said in a statement.
“Students personalised their own learning experiences to answer driving questions on real-world problems.”
“Learning experiences were active, personal, and relevant, and designed to empower learners to be creators whose work mattered in a real-world construct.”
“The teaching culture at Hebrew Primary School, inspired by a growth mind-set, supported teachers in redesigning the learning experience for all pupils.”
In groups, children chose how they wished to communicate the information they had collected to an audience. They were encouraged to use various platforms, as well as digital applications on iPads to create media clips that could be shared online by scanning a QR Code.
Parents were invited to a series of school open mornings, where they were encouraged to walk around classes, engage their children in learning conversations and interact with the displays by scanning these QR Codes found in all classrooms and corridors; accessing the various media clips the children had created.
Students, parents and teachers were able to join together to celebrate learning and reflect positively on pupils’ accomplishments.
This new direction in education was very well received by parents who were extremely impressed by their children’s achievement as well as gaining an understanding into the way education is evolving to enhance and develop essential 21st Century Skills. | https://www.chronicle.gi/21st-century-education-hebrew-primary-school/ |
May 18, 2018
i have gained alot out of the course, is there a statement of accomplishment for this course? thank you very much for the knowledge gained, i am looking forward to participate in other courses.
Apr 30, 2016
very interesting course, with good examples. Just the fact it is french with quizz in english makes it not that easy!!! Some of the module are just too theoretical. But nice, very good overall
von Adrian G•
Dec 12, 2016
It has a very interesting topic to know about, I only wish they could fix the subtitles to a more organic English
von Amin•
May 01, 2016
Great Course
von Alexis C•
Sep 18, 2017
Very good course content, varied and well developed.
von Pradip S•
May 05, 2017
great course
von Julia A L•
Jan 22, 2017
Through this course I was given a lot of information on water management policies throughout history. Sometimes the practical applications were difficult to visualize in a real-world context although there were many case studies shown (maybe because being from the U.S. we have a less politically complex system). A strong emphasis was placed on international laws that are relevant today. If I end up working within the water sector in the U.S. I expect that this knowledge will help me put my work into a broader perspective and help me find innovative solutions to problems. The translation of the script from French to English needs more work. Sometimes it took me longer to understand concepts due to poor translation or spelling errors.
von iveth k j•
Oct 07, 2016
This course introduced me to new valuable concepts, that I find useful in my daily work. I liked tha clarity of most of the teachers. The case studies served to understand better the concepts presented. However, I would have liked to learn more about the situation regarding water resource management in South America.
von Tapiwa M•
Oct 19, 2016
A highly empowering course in terms of Water management
von Spyros G•
Nov 13, 2016
This was an interesting introduction to water resource management. I found it very useful to learn about the institutional regime, when having to face a multisectoral problem and the methods to address it. I particularly enjoyed the fact that there were numerous case studies discussed such as the Nile basin or the Mekong basin. In order for you to improve the efficacy of this course i would suggest the following measures:
a) a synopsis of the main laws and directives regarding the protection and management of water resource in the last course.
b) Further analysis on how to deal with certain general problems such as the case when a country upstream pollutes the waters that head to the country downstream, that you mentioned in your last video. I would like to see more examples of management of such a conflict
Thank you
von Héctor C V•
Jan 23, 2018
Perfect
von Dante R•
Mar 21, 2017
Great introductory course. The content covers current topics such as the Water-Energy-Nexus.
von Jethro S•
Oct 31, 2017
An interesting course with some good introductory content. The mix of videos in French language with subtitles and handouts in English is a little awkward. As an English speaker I relied almost entirely on downloading and reading the transcripts, rather than watching the videos.
A few suggestions:
1) The wording of quiz questions should be reviewed as it was confusing/unclear (probably a translation issue) and made it very difficult to pass Module 2.
2) Recommend to also reduce the file size of some handouts (>20MB).
3) The course would benefit from some additional reading materials. Not too much, but a few more short, relevant articles or reports.
von J S K•
Oct 23, 2016
An interesting course. Videos were in French but read the script in English to understand
von ABHIJIT G•
Jul 09, 2017
A very useful course
von Daophet P•
May 06, 2018
good
von Mbaye S•
Sep 26, 2018
Un cours très riche en enseignements
von Daniel R•
May 24, 2019
This course helped me to consolidate my basic knowledge of water management and international relations, while introducing me to a range of new concepts, policies, and legislation specific to the subject matter. The tutors were engaging and it was nice to see a range of presenters and interviewees to aid the learning process. I also liked the well-structured approach of introducing concepts and frameworks then using real case studies to illustrate.
The only drawback for me was the multiple-choice assessments - sometimes with rather vague questions and answers - and the need to memorise legislation and dates.
Overall though, an excellent, nicely balanced course for anyone interested in water or international relations involving natural resources.
von Nigel W•
Jul 15, 2019
Great Overview of WRM! Just what I was looking for...loved the interviews and the different viewpoints on the effectiveness of different management systems. You should have a PodCast!
von Sahil G•
Oct 07, 2019
The course was very informative and helped me understand different aspects related to water, the classes were really helpful in explaining the trans boundary aspects of water.
von Cale L•
Sep 25, 2019
This course has a lot of extremely valuable information, the most I have seen in a Coursera course I have done. It walked me through a field I had very little knowledge on, had a lot of illustrative examples, and had excellent content. However, it is in French, and as an English speaker, I had some trouble with the translations. The translations were excellent quality, but for such a technical subject, very specific translation is needed, and sometimes this was slightly lacking with subtitution of very similar words, but enough to slightly change the meaning. Reading through the translations also, and adding in this factor meant that it was sometimes difficult to understand the context. The course is excellent, its just a little hard to follow for a non-French speaker at times
von Cécile C M G•
Dec 06, 2018
A bit boring in the point in the course but it s nice to see a diversity in the lecturers
von Eveline V•
Jan 24, 2016
Since I'm working on water modelling (computational fluid dynamics, programming shallow water simulations), I thought it would be fun to learn more about the political side. However, this course has very little in-depth information (pun not intended) and I would like to know more about the actual tools used to design water policies. Though the course is most likely too easy for most university students, it is also very abstract and I would have liked having to do a little more thinking on the real-world examples myself.
von Jeremy D V•
Aug 24, 2016
Very interesting course, providing a descent overview of the whole water management and policy question. A lot of interesting examples are provided to illustrate the different points and various experts are interviewed throughout the course. I still believe though that the general message remains very generic and would benefit from further technical details to go more in depth. Also, the English subtitles do not always exactly match the oral French version.
Finally, the marking only based on quizzes that can be retaken several times makes it very easy in my view. I believe that assignments that would require more involvement from the students (e.g. maybe group assignments with other students?) or applications of the course concepts to case studies would greatly enhance the quality of the course.
Still, it remains a very interesting and well dispensed course!
von Maurits B•
May 07, 2017
Good course, but the french language makes it more difficult to stay focussed
von Stephanie A•
Dec 22, 2016
The information presented was interesting, and the instructors were engaging. However, I had major issues with the translation. It was completely literal, and often translated in ways that did not make sense. If I did not have a working knowledge of academic French, I would have been lost. Also, many of the test questions were unclear and did not follow best practices in test taking.
von STEFFEN P•
Jan 12, 2017
Dommage pour le contenu du cours qui est bien présenté, mais le mélange français-anglais le rend difficile à appréhender correctement. Notamment, avec un très petit effort, les mini-quizes dans les videos pourraient être bilingues. Les questions sont assez courtes pour être présentées simultanément dans les 2 langues FR-ENG. De même, les sous-titrages devraient changer de langue (video FR - sous-titrage ENG c'est ok mais Video ENG - sous-titrage ENG est inutile ! p.e. 3.6, 3.7, 5.6 etc.). Et que dire des slides en majeur partie en anglais.
Bref c'est malheureusement un sentiment mitigé que j'ai à l'égard de ce cours (le 4ème MOOC que je suis). Je ne le conseillerai pas à des personnes non bilingues. Dommage. | https://de.coursera.org/learn/water-management/reviews?page=4 |
Emmi Pikler, pioneers in what Gerber called Educaring. The text emphasizes the value of play and exploration, as well as giving careful attention to those caregiving times, when relationships grow and an abundance of learning occurs.
Making the Most of Small Groups: Differentiation for All
Debbie Diller - 2007
Now Debbie turns her attention to the groups themselves and the teacher's role in small-group instruction. Making the Most of Small Groups grapples with difficult questions regarding small-group instruction in elementary classrooms such as:How do I find the time?How can I be more organized?How do I form groups?How can I differentiate to meet the needs of all of my students?Structured around the five essential reading elements—comprehension, fluency, phonemic awareness, phonics, and vocabulary—the book provides practical tips, sample lessons, lesson plans and templates, suggestions for related literacy work stations, and connections to whole-group instruction. In addition to ideas to use immediately in the classroom, Debbie provides an overview of relevant research and reflection questions for professional conversations.
Foundations of Earth Science
Frederick K. Lutgens - 1996
This highly visual, non- technical survey emphasizes broad, up-to-date coverage of basic topics and principles in geology, oceanography, meteorology, and astronomy. The text's flexible design lends itself to the diversity of Earth science courses in both content and approach. As in previous editions, the main focus is to foster student understanding of basic earth science principles.
Calculus: The Classic Edition
Earl W. Swokowski - 1991
Groundbreaking in every way when first published, this book is a simple, straightforward, direct calculus text. It's popularity is directly due to its broad use of applications, the easy-to-understand writing style, and the wealth of examples and exercises which reinforce conceptualization of the subject matter. The author wrote this text with three objectives in mind. The first was to make the book more student-oriented by expanding discussions and providing more examples and figures to help clarify concepts. To further aid students, guidelines for solving problems were added in many sections of the text. The second objective was to stress the usefulness of calculus by means of modern applications of derivatives and integrals. The third objective, to make the text as accurate and error-free as possible, was accomplished by a careful examination of the exposition, combined with a thorough checking of each example and exercise.
High Challenge, Low Threat: How the Best Leaders Find the Balance
Mary Myatt - 2016
It is the quality of these, whatever the size of the organisation, which make the difference between organisations which thrive, and those which stagnate.This is not to argue for soft, easy and comfortable options. Instead it considers how top leaders manage to walk the line between the impossible and the possible, between the undoable and the doable, and to create conditions for productive work which transcend the difficulties which come towards us every day. Instead of dodging them, they embrace them. And by navigating high challenge, low threat, they show how others how to do the same.
Yellow Brick Roads: Shared and Guided Paths to Independent Reading 4-12
Janet Allen - 2000
This book provides research, practical methods, detailed strategies, and resources for read-aloud, shared, guided, and independent reading. In addition, Janet outlines solutions for many of the literacy dilemmas that teachers face every day:understanding what gets in the way of reading;rethinking and reorganizing time and resources;providing support for content literacy;developing assessment practices that inform instruction;supporting reading as a path to writing instruction;establishing professional communities to support individual and school-wide needs-based research.The appendixes include graphic organizers to support strategy lessons, suggestions of titles for building classroom libraries, as well as web sites and professional resources that support the teaching of reading.Yellow Brick Roadswill give you rich ideas, detailed strategies, and literature support for implementing those strategies. At a time when many are looking for that elusive wizard to solve students' reading problems, this book helps you create your own paths to effective literacy environments.
Leading Well
Lucy Calkins - 2018
This book, like the work of the TCRWP itself, is deeply research-based and principled, while also absolutely practical and real-world tested.
Practice Makes Perfect Basic Spanish
Dorothy Richmond - 2008
Gain the language skills you want."Practice Makes Perfect: Basic Spanish" is a trusted companion to your Spanish-learning experience. In each bite-sized lesson, author Dorothy Richmond explains one--and only one--grammar concept and illustrates it with many clear examples. The accompanying fun and interesting exercises let you practice, practice, practice what you have learned. Although these lessons are purposely short so you can complete them in twenty minutes or less, you can go at a pace that works for you.This guide/workbook will help you master present tense verb conjugation the "ser" and "estar" verb forms adjectives possessive pronouns sentence structures the contractions "al" and "del" indefinite articles "tener" idioms and moreWhether you are learning on your own or taking a beginning Spanish class, "Practice Makes Perfect: Basic Spanish" will help you build your confidence."
Differentiated Classroom: Responding to the Need of All Learners
Carol Ann Tomlinson - 1998
She looks to the latest research on learning, education, and change for the theoretical basis of differentiated instruction and why it's so important to today's children. Yet she offers much more than theory, filling the pages with real-life examples of teachers and students using-and benefitting from-differentiated instruction.
Cryptography and Network Security
Behrouz A. Forouzan - 2007
In this new first edition, well-known author Behrouz Forouzan uses his accessible writing style and visual approach to simplify the difficult concepts of cryptography and network security. This edition also provides a website that includes Powerpoint files as well as instructor and students solutions manuals. Forouzan presents difficult security topics from the ground up. A gentle introduction to the fundamentals of number theory is provided in the opening chapters, paving the way for the student to move on to more complex security and cryptography topics. Difficult math concepts are organized in appendices at the end of each chapter so that students can first learn the principles, then apply the technical background. Hundreds of examples, as well as fully coded programs, round out a practical, hands-on approach which encourages students to test the material they are learning.
Leverage Leadership 2.0: A Practical Guide to Building Exceptional Schools
Paul Bambrick-Santoyo - 2018
As educational leaders around the world implement Leverage Leadership ideas, their collective stories have revealed a simple framework by which the seven levers may be implemented: See It, Name It, Do It. This book aligns classic Leverage Leadership principles with this proven framework to streamline implementation and help good leaders become great. Expert discussion and real-life success stories prove that effective leadership is not about innate charisma, charm, or personality--it's about how a leader uses their time.Aimed at all levels of school leadership, this book shows you what to do, and how and when to do it. The companion DVD includes 30 real-world videos that showcase effective leadership happening in our schools right now, and all templates, tools, and other professional development materials have been fully refreshed with a renewed focus on real-world implementation. Informational, inspirational, and highly motivational, this book explores both the separate components of success and what it looks like as a whole.Learn the core principles of effective leadership Understand what success looks like on the ground Practice the seven levers of leadership that allow transformational growth Adopt the tools and techniques that facilitate a schoolwide transformation Educational leaders from a diverse array of schools around the world have found unprecedented success using the key principles detailed in Leverage Leadership, and this book is inspired -- and informed -- by their stories. Leverage Leadership 2.0 is the practical resource school leaders need to start making real change happen today.
An Observation Survey of Early Literacy Achievement
Marie M. Clay - 1993
It has introduced thousands of teachers to ways of observing children's progress in the early years of learning about literacy. It has also helped them determine which children need supplementary teaching. Now the revised Second Edition updates this important sourcework with new data, ideas, and implementations from U.S. and U.K. classrooms.
Authentic Assessment for English Language Learners
J. Michael O'Malley - 1996
It will prepare them to implement authentic assessment in the ESL/bilingual classroom and to incorporate it into instructional planning.
Classroom Assessment: What Teachers Need to Know
W. James Popham - 1994
This well-written book is grounded in the reality of teaching today to show real-world teachers who want to use assessment in their classroom the latest tools necessary to teach more effectively. The fifth edition of Classroom Assessment addresses the range of assessments that teachers are likely to use in their classrooms. With expanded coverage of problems related to measurement of special education children, a new student website with online activities, and an improved instructor's manual, this book continues to be a cutting-edge and indispensable resource not only for instructors, but also for pre- and in-service teachers. New to This Edition: *Chapter 12 contains new material dealing with formative assessment as well as assessment FOR learning. *The text is committed to fostering readers' realizations regarding the critical link between testing and teaching. Instructional implications are constantly stressed in the text. early childhood assessment throughout the text. *The 5th edition contains a brand-new website providing readers with Extra Electronic Exercises for each chapter, so readers, if they wish, can solidify their understanding of what chapters address (go to www.ablongman.com/popham5e). *A newly revised Instructor's Resource Manual contains Instructor-to-Instructor suggestions as well as a test for each chapter. It also includes a mid-term and final exam and an effective inventory measuring students' confidence in assessment. Here's what your colleagues have to say about this book: Dr. Popham has done a tremendous job in researching and incorporating current trends throughout the entire text! Terry H. Stepka, Arkansas State University Overall, I am extremely satisfied with the text. It is well-written, and I love the author's sense of humor! Terry H. Stepka, Arkansas State University I LOVE the arrangement of the chapters and the high quality of the self-checks and discussion questions that are provided. Karen E. Eifler, University of Portland
5 lb. Book of GRE Practice Problems
Manhattan Prep - 2013
Book of GRE Practice Problems has been updated to offer more advanced online resources and hundreds of new questions. It contains over 1,800 practice problems covering every topic tested on the GRE, making it an essential resource for students at any level.Manhattan Prep’s 5 lb. Book of GRE Practice Problems is an essential resource for students of any level who are preparing for the GRE revised General Exam. Recently updated to more closely reflect the nuances of the GRE exam, this book offers more than 1,800 questions across 33 chapters and online to provide students with comprehensive practice. Developed by our expert instructors, the problems in this book are sensibly grouped into practice sets and mirror those found on the GRE in content, form, and style. Students can build fundamental skills in math and verbal through targeted practice while easy-to-follow explanations and step-by-step applications help cement their understanding of the concepts tested on the GRE. In addition, students can take their practice to the next level with online question banks that provide realistic, computer-based practice to better simulate the GRE test-taking experience. Purchase of this book includes access to an online video introduction, online banks of GRE practice problems, and the GRE Challenge Problem Archive. | https://findabooktoread.com/book/3534170655-teaching-and-learning-with-technology-by-judy-lever-duffy |
- Authors:
- Robert S. Anderson, University of Colorado, Boulder
- Suzanne P. Anderson, University of Colorado, Boulder
- Date Published: June 2010
- availability: Available
- format: Paperback
- isbn: 9780521519786
Paperback
-
This textbook provides a modern, quantitative and process-oriented approach to equip students with the tools to understand geomorphology. Insight into the interpretation of landscapes is developed from basic principles and simple models, and by stepping through the equations that capture the essence of the mechanics and chemistry of landscapes. Boxed worked examples and real-world applications bring the subject to life for students, allowing them to apply the theory to their own experience. The book covers cutting edge topics, including the revolutionary cosmogenic nuclide dating methods and modeling, highlights links to other Earth sciences through up-to-date summaries of current research, and illustrates the importance of geomorphology in understanding environmental changes. Setting up problems as a conservation of mass, ice, soil, or heat, this book arms students with tools to fully explore processes, understand landscapes, and to participate in this rapidly evolving field.Read more
- Presents a quantitative, process-oriented approach that starts from basic principles to build a fundamental understanding of geomorphology
- Encourages use of basic physics and chemistry and simple models to develop students' insight into the interpretation of landscapes
- Covers cutting edge topics in geomorphology, including the revolutionary development of cosmogenic nuclide dating methods and modelling
- Links geomorphology to other Earth sciences, including geophysics, atmospheric science, geochemistry and geochronology, to show students the links between disciplines
- Illustrates the great importance of geomorphology in the understanding of environmental change
- Pedagogical features include boxed work examples, real-world applications, end-of-chapter problems and appendices
Awards
- A Choice Outstanding Academic Title, 2011
Reviews & endorsements
'… this book is terrific! … a model of what a textbook should be, and the first place I'd send a student or colleague to get them excited about landscapes and how we study them.' Chris Paola, St Anthony Falls Laboratory, MinneapolisSee more reviews
'This much needed, skilfully crafted text will be welcomed by the geomorphology community. … the text can be used for an introductory course, or as part of a more advanced course. … The overall reaction of my students using a draft version has been very positive.' David Jon Furbish, Vanderbilt University
'A wonderful, wide ranging review of the modern science of geomorphology.' Niels Hovius, University of Cambridge
'The book is both authoritative and accessible, encouraging students (and instructors) to think creatively and precisely about how the landscape evolves. Unlike previous geomorphology texts, it provides a consistent approach for defining and solving models for the full range of features found on the surface of the Earth.' Peter R. Wilcock, Johns Hopkins University
'This is a well designed textbook that contains a healthy balance between qualitative and quantitative descriptions of geomorphic processes pitched at a level that suites 3rd/4th year undergraduate students. The prose is authoritative, up to date, and accessible, supported by well-presented and relevant diagrams and illustrations with useful inset boxes to expand upon specific key topics … [Geomorphology: The Mechanics and Chemistry of Landscapes] has the breadth and depth of content that puts it in a class of its own. I have little doubt that this will soon be the book of choice for geomorphology courses.' Andrew Carter, The Journal of Geological Magazine
'… an excellent book, especially with respect to incorporating the basic science and physics of the processes outlined in the main text as well as providing an accessible narrative explanation of the different environments covered. As such, I intend to strongly recommend … it to my first year Earth: Portrait of a Planet [students] … as one of three key texts for the module. I will emphasise this text for those students on the BSc Geography and BSc Environmental Sciences … programmes … as being useful throughout their undergraduate degree. In particular it will be a help for second year modules Global Environmental Change, Earth Systems Cycles and Research Strategies in Physical Environments, as well as providing preliminary reading for specialist modules in the third year.' Dr Simon Carr, Queen Mary, University of London
'Excellently illustrated and backed up with numerous references to the most modern works, this publication is composed, for each chapter, of boxes, summaries and exercises. They will allow the reader to continuously check their progress. This publication will contribute for many years to come, one of the important basic publications to be used for an advanced teaching of geomorphology and for the understanding of the reliefs of dry lands.' Géochronique
'The authors encourage us to study geomorphology by successfully demonstrating that it is the ability to formally express geomorphic processes that makes it true science … Anyone pursuing studies of surface processes should have Geomorphology on his or her shelf. For libraries in earth-science institutions it is a must.' Piotr Migoń, Geologos
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Product details
- Date Published: June 2010
- format: Paperback
- isbn: 9780521519786
- length: 651 pages
- dimensions: 277 x 219 x 30 mm
- weight: 1.79kg
- contains: 578 b/w illus. 10 tables 185 exercises
- availability: Available
Table of Contents
Preface
1. Introduction
2. Whole Earth morphology
3. Large scale morphology: the roles of geophysics
4. Tectonic geomorphology
5. Atmospheric processes and climate
6. Establishing timing in the landscape: dating methods
7. Weathering
8. Glaciers and glacial geology
9. Periglacial forms and processes
10. Hillslopes
11. Water in the landscape
12. Rivers
13. Bedrock channel incision
14. Sediment transport mechanics
15. Eolian processes and forms
16. Coastal geomorphology
17. Geomorphology of big floods
18. Whole landscapes
Appendix A. Physics
Appendix B. Mathematics
References
Index.
-
General Resources
Student Resources
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The H+T Index should be used to site affordable housing, because it can identify which high-opportunity areas also are truly affordable in terms of transportation costs.
The Center for Neighborhood Technology’s Housing + Transportation (H+T) Affordability Index provides an enhanced understanding of housing affordability by revealing the transportation costs of a given location and adding those costs to location-specific housing expenditures. In addition to helping house and apartment hunters make more informed decisions about where to live, this tool can help policymakers choose where to invest scant public dollars, particularly when siting affordable housing developments.
We agree with Philip Tegeler that using the index in the way he has described could hinder fair housing goals. However, we believe fair housing metrics and the index can be used in tandem to better disclose access to opportunity and true affordability. Recent analysis by CNT of the Illinois Housing Development Authority’s affordable housing sites in the Chicago area and analysis of data directly from the index offer real-world examples that bear out this thinking.
CNT’s commitment to creating sustainable, livable cities has always included making housing more affordable. The traditional measure of affordability — inside and outside of housing policy circles — begins and ends with the cost of housing. If a household spends 30 percent or less of its income on a house or apartment, it is considered affordable. Yet, the transportation costs associated with a house or apartment are rarely transparent to families or policymakers and can be significant, equaling or even exceeding outlays for shelter.
Nowhere in current information sources is this hidden cost of location disclosed — not in the U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development’s Fair Market Rent measure, not in rental or housing listings such as the Multiple Listing Service, and not in standard housing affordability indices published by HUD. Because relative transportation costs are in large measure a function of specific location, and transportation is overall the second largest household expenditure, this exclusion is a serious omission on both fair housing and consumer protection grounds.
CNT set out to fill this information gap in 2006 by quantifying transportation costs by location in the H+T Index. The index demonstrates how living in a compact, walkable, transit-connected neighborhood can lower a household’s expenses and its environmental impact. It also offers a more comprehensive definition of affordability: that combined housing and transportation costs should not exceed 45 percent of household income. Under the traditional affordability definition, 7 in 10 neighborhoods in U.S. metro areas are affordable. Under our new measure, only 4 in 10 neighborhoods are.
These costs and their underlying data have been constructed and disclosed for all 161,000 Census block groups in U.S. metropolitan regions, using 2000 Census data. The index will be updated this year using the new 2005–2009 American Community Survey five-year data and expanded to include areas within micropolitan regions.
CNT has continually tested and refined the index and believes it can be a useful tool for policymakers in deciding where to invest scarce resources, such as those dedicated to the creation of affordable housing. We believe that the transportation costs revealed by the index, used in coordination with traditional fair housing metrics described in Philip Tegeler’s article, can ensure that access to opportunity is truly affordable.
Scott Bernstein is founder and president of the Center for Neighborhood Technology. | https://shelterforce.org/2011/03/30/transportation_and_fair_housing_part_2_consider_transportation_cost_to_make/ |
Illich was one of the first to recognize technologically driven exclusion of alternatives to the automobile as a radical monopoly Newman et al, Location and equity of access Although a substantial portion of auto-ownership costs are fixed, most transportation costs vary with distance travelled. Notwithstanding differences across income groups, all will contain some households who must travel longer distances than others. Location is critical in determining this and, generally speaking, those living in outer and fringe urban zones will be spending more on transportation than those living closer to urban centres.
An Introduction to Sustainable Transportation: Policy, Planning and Implementation
For wealthier households, who choose more remote locations for the sake of environmental amenity, this may not be a problem. But for poorer households, who may be going into debt to make ends meet, it can seriously exacerbate the difficulties and stresses of more generalized financial hardship and the relative deprivations described above Newman et al, Speaking from an Australian point of view in the s, to emphasize the longstanding nature of the whole equity problem of automobile dependence, Morris , p39 states:. Transport assumes a larger share of total household spending in non-metropolitan centres and especially in the outer suburbs of large cities increased transport spending has significant effect on household finances, particularly in outer suburban areas where families tend to be on low to middle incomes and are already faced with heavy cumulative commitments, such as housing and hire purchase payments.
Analysis of fuel consumption patterns in Sydney, Melbourne and Perth strongly confirms these observations Newman et al, Per capita fuel use is significantly different between individual suburbs. The variables are:. The amenity- and transit- rich, high-value, culturally attractive and now high-income inner areas of Australian cities have a very low vulnerability to mortgage costs, fuel prices and inflation risks.
Wealthy people who have the greatest capacity to pay for accessibility and mobility now live in areas where transportation needs are at a minimum and are thus highly privileged. Lower- Figure 1. The only variant to this pattern is along the suburban rail lines, which have fingers into the far outer suburbs. Location near these lines lessens ones vulnerability.
An Introduction to Sustainable Transportation
Summary This discussion of equity in relation to auto dependence has highlighted three dimensions of transportation disadvantage and inequitable access in cities:. Lower-income households able to reach across the threshold of auto- ownership may experience greater strain and be forced to make greater sacrifices than those enjoying higher incomes. Those living closer to city centres and significant sub- centres around cities, especially those built around rail stations where access to a rich array of services is highest, are significantly better off in all income groups, whether they depend on automobiles or on centralized transit systems.
Such issues in the US often have an added racial dimension that urgently needs to be addressed. Some key questions arise from all this. How close to universal auto-ownership can we realistically go, given the more or less intractable individual human limitations of income, age, physical and mental ability and so on? Conversely, how large is the population of those unable to use automobiles likely to be in the future?
In the US and Australia during the early s, around half the population did not have motor vehicle licences Zuckerman, , so the idea of a unitary common good, often cited in the s and s about the benefits of new roads and more automobiles, hardly can be justified now or, indeed, then.
An Introduction to Sustainable Transportation : Preston L. Schiller :
It is perhaps finally worth drawing attention to the fact that many households do not have access to two or more automobiles. In urban Australia, for example, less than about half of the households enjoy the luxury of two or more autos. When one adds vulnerable individuals in one- auto households to the half million or so households who have no automobile, the problems of equitable access loom much larger.
Certainly, significant vulnerable populations the young, the old and disabled and, in some cases, significant proportions of the female population are often very disadvantaged in automobile-dependent cities.
These groups are frequently also poor and are likely to be permanently excluded from ready access to important activities or locations Newman et al, Importantly and, finally, even if it were possible to achieve universal auto- ownership, the other environmental, social and economic costs of auto dependence are so great that urban systems cannot sustain endlessly expanding private mobility. Everything then points to the fundamental need for a radical rethink of the urban transportation issue and its basic tenets a sustainability- driven approach. Conclusions This chapter has analysed several of the key issues and challenges for ST.
The sheer magnitude of travel and freight movement in everyday life, its impacts and benefits and the consequences of overdependence on automobility, with its accompanying inequities experienced under BAU transportation, mean that sustainable transportation has its work cut out for itself.
The next chapter is an exploration of the car culture, the system of beliefs and values that maintain hypermobility, automobile dependence and inequity. Questions for discussion Discuss the strengths and limitations of the definition of sustainable transportation. How might you change it? Is transportation planning and provision infrastructure, transit, etc. Cite examples. Identify and discuss some examples of automobile dependence and hypermobility in your community and daily life. Also, Morgan Spurlocks television series 30 Days dealt with this issue in the first episode of the first season, where he attempted to live on minimum wage for 30 days, using mass transit to get to several jobs from his out of the way apartment.
- espace - Curtin’s institutional repository.
- Der Sucher (German Edition).
- AGELESS GOLF TECHNIQUE;
- Online TDM Encyclopedia - Sustainable Transportation and TDM!
References and further reading Adams, J. Paper 8, www. Schiller, P. Whitelegg and G. Wohlwill and W. Introduction The previous chapter provided definitions of sustainable transportation ST and explored two of its major challenges: automobile dependence and equity, and inequity in transportation. This chapter explores how cities evolved from walking cities to automobile cities and how a car culture developed, along with greater dependence on automobiles.
The chapter investigates several facets of the car culture and contrasts two versions of everyday life: an automobile- dependent family and neighbourhood is compared with the life of a car-free family in a traffic-calmed neighbourhood. Walking cities, transit cities and automobile cities1 Walking cities Urban life extends back thousands of years and over this long period of time all cities were basically dependent upon walking for their circulation needs Kostof, Many walking cities were also walled cities and all growth had to be accommodated by increasing densities and intensifying the mixture of land uses.
In Europe, the walking city was dominant up until around , when walking or, at best, horse-drawn transport was the chief means of movement.
The cities therefore remained small and dense, with highly mixed land uses. The surrounding countryside was preserved for farming or natural open spaces such as wood lots and forests Newman and Kenworthy, Walking cities are conceptualized in Figure 2. The walking city was characterized by narrow, often winding streets and provided for an inherently egalitarian transport system.
Some people had horses and carriages; but the advantages afforded by this were more related to comfort. Chapter 2. No one in a walking city was locationally disadvantaged in a transport sense, which cannot be said for cities today, designed around the automobile. As described in Chapter 1, in automobile cities, many people who live in the outer suburbs and urban fringe in order to find cheap land discover that their access needs are difficult to meet by any mode apart from the car.
Such people live with enforced car ownership due to their location within the city and are especially disadvantaged with respect to walking Newman et al, The Chinese city is still today largely a walking and cycling environment; but this is changing very dramatically as millions of people avail themselves of cars, and the environment for pedestrians and cyclists is severely disrupted Kenworthy and Hu, ; Kenworthy and Townsend, Today there are many examples from around the world of walking cities that became overrun with cars during the s and s, but which, over a period of time, have gradually reclaimed their walking qualities e.
Freiburg and Munich in Germany and Copenhagen in Denmark. In , Copenhagen began to gradually remove a few per cent of central city parking spaces every year until they had transformed their city centre back into its traditional walking city form Gehl and Gemze, Transit cities The transit or public transport city emerged in the industrial world around with the advent of new transport technologies namely, the revolutionary steam train and electric tram. Preceding these modes were the horse-drawn tram operating on wooden tracks and the steam tram, pulled by chains, which were powered from a stationary steam engine.
These cities, therefore, still had quite high densities of land use and there was a well-defined edge to urban settlements nodes around rail stations and tight corridors around tramlines. A high-density, mixed-use urban form also meant that there were still a very large number of trips that could be conveniently accomplished on foot or bicycle, and the public environments of cities their streets, squares and other places were still very people oriented Newman and Kenworthy, Figure 2.
This type of city gained ascendancy in the industrial world, and during the period from about to it tended to be the dominant type of city form in industrialized countries. In other less developed parts of the world where new technologies did not take off in the way in which they did in the Western world, the walking city remained dominant. These cities have had a less well- defined period of public transport development, if any.
Certainly, most of them have not been shaped significantly by a period of extensive and enduring urban rail development trains or trams , although some, such as Bangkok, did have these modes Poboon, ; Barter, Rather, in recent years from about.
Berkeley Planning Journal
In the process, the rights of pedestrians and cyclists have been trampled on through the removal of footpaths for widened roads, the severance of neighbourhoods by freeway and toll road infrastructure, and the creation of a hostile, highly dangerous public realm dominated by traffic Kenworthy, The influence of transport technologies on the quality of public spaces in cities and the nature of social relations is clearly seen in the kinds of attractive and interactive public realms that have been created in many cities where transit systems have been given priority in city development.
For example, in Zurichs Bahnhofstrasse, and in many other cities, urban space is shared between trams and pedestrians and private space spills out into the public realm. Transit, by its nature, involves people mixing together in shared space and is an important factor in helping to shape social relations. Automobile cities Whatever ones particular outlook is on what the automobile has done for urban societies, it is universally agreed that it has brought enormous change.
The automobile facilitated the uninhibited outward expansion of the city because people and businesses were no longer constrained to the fixed-track public transport systems or walking-scale environments of earlier times. Development became footloose and could occur anywhere that a section of black top could be laid down. The automobiles much greater speed allowed the city to get much bigger again, and densities of development dropped dramatically. | https://inpeepepcefi.tk/an-introduction-to-sustainable-transportation-policy-planning-and.php |
Canada’s largest cities are lagging behind urban centres around the world when it comes to offering sustainable transportation, according to a new report released Sunday.
North American cities overall ranked lower on the Sustainable Cities Mobility Index, a new report that looked at 100 cities, published by Arcadis, a global design and consultancy firm, in partnership with the London-based Centre for Economic and Business Research.
Vancouver had the highest ranking among Canadian cities, coming in at No. 3 among North American urban centres for overall sustainability of its urban transit system, but dropped to No. 28 when compared with cities globally. Meanwhile, Montreal ranked No. 4 in North America and No. 36 in the world. Toronto performed the worst among the three Canadian cities studied, coming in at No. 9 in North America and No. 54 in the world.
The report looked at a wide range of factors to determine the sustainability of transport systems, including affordability of public transit, commute time, accessibility to multiple modes of transit, bicycle infrastructure, and pollution. Those factors were split into three main categories: people (social), planet (environmental) and profit (economic).
“The bottom-line conclusion that we came up with in terms of why North American cities landed where they did is that most of our cities are still very much car centric and focused on car transportation,” said Thomas Franz, president of Arcadis Canada.
“In Europe and other parts of the world, there’s less of a reliance on cars and they are probably a bit more embracing of public transportation, which pushes them to the top.”
While Franz points to many positive aspects of North American transit systems — for example, Vancouver’s bike infrastructure and general walkability or Toronto’s relatively new UP Express train connecting downtown to the airport — he says there are many aspects that still can be improved.
“We often have issues with congestion, air pollution, average commuting time and the number of bus and metro stops per square kilometre,” Franz said. “These are some of the things that drive the North American city’s (ranking) lower, as well as the fact that North American cities tend (to be less affordable.)”
The most sustainable transportation system in the world is in Hong Kong, the report found, thanks largely to its expansive metro system, as well as a high percentage of overall trips taken using public transport.
“The Asian city’s mobility system, underpinned by a well-organized, modern and efficiently funded metro system, manages to achieve many of the aims of an effective urban transport system, enabling comprehensive mobility around the city, creating economic opportunity and enriching the lives of citizens,” the report said.
European cities dominated the Top 10 rankings with seven cities, including Zurich, Paris and Prague. According to the report, in Europe “many cities have invested generously in transport infrastructure and have widely utilized public transport systems, helping to cut commuting times.”
Meanwhile, New York City ranked No. 1 among 23 North American cities, but came in at No. 23 globally. Coming in at No. 100 was Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
In order for North America to improve the sustainability of its transit system, Arcadis president of infrastructure Wassim Selman said cities need to become more bold in their approaches.
“A city is most sustainable when it is most attractive for people to live, work and invest,” Selman said in a statement. | https://calgaryherald.com/transportation/canadas-biggest-transportation-systems-lag-behind-european-centres-report/wcm/8904b6cd-00a4-4903-96ed-66f83bc908e6 |
Cities and regions have a major role to play in the race to decarbonise our economies.
International negotiations have for many years operated at the national level of politics, but it is well recognized that cities and sub-national entities can at times be more agile and better understand the needs of their territoires. Ever more people live in cities, and their environmental footprint continues to grow.
The Solar Impulse Foundation has sought to work more closely with cities to promote a more sustainable society and economy and capture that pioneering spirit of many cities to fight climate change.
At the Solar Impulse Foundation we engage directly with these entities to propose solutions based on their identified needs and to help quantify what impact these sorts of solutions could have on their territory. This is an area of work we are continuing to develop.
We have engaged with dozens of cities and organizations to this same end, and are working very closely with most of the Grand Est in north-east France, a region home to some 5 million inhabitants. More generally, we also receive generous support from the government of Scotland to perform this and other work.
An honest-broker, placed at the center of innovators issues and political will
To respond to this demand emerging from multiple cities, the Foundation brought together an Implementation Task Force that aims to bridge the gap between environmental targets and existing technologies that would help them to reach these targets.
By serving as an honest broker, without financial interest in the success of these solutions, the Task Force acts as an intermediary between the solution providers and public authorities.
Highlighting solutions for public and private entities
Practically, the Task Force engages with public and private entities so as to understand their needs when it comes to reducing their environmental footprint and identify which solutions can best address the issues raised.
The solutions will respond to major climate challenges such as decarbonizing the construction sector, building sustainable infrastructure, reducing energy consumption, promoting clean transportation, etc.
This audit phase allows us to bring to the attention of public authorities solutions within our portfolio, while also looking for new local technologies and services emerging from these regions; thus highlighting the potential for clean and sustainable development that resides within these innovation and experimentation clusters.
To further help these entities achieve their environmental targets, the Task Force is committed to providing technical and regulatory expertise to the maximum extent possible and to support, monitor and follow-up the development of projects.
These collaborations offer a real opportunity for the development of a program designed to identify needs, promote solutions and create synergies, all with the purpose of accelerating the transition to a sustainable economy. Here are the ongoing collaborations:
Région Grand Est
With the ambition to become “a positive energy and low-carbon region by 2050”, the Region Grand Est (France) joined forces with the Solar Impulse Foundation in November 2019. Focused on the following key topics: land use planning, environment, economic development and innovation, the Region will collaborate with the Foundation through a partnership that covers several strategic areas and based on common objectives such as:
Région Ile de France
In September 2020 the Région Ile de France continued to demonstrate its climate credentials by organizing a “COP Ile de France” - a climate conference that sought to borrow the ambition and expectations from the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (COP). At this event, the Région and the Solar Impulse Foundation agreed to work together to support companies and government bodies to enable the ecological transition and unlock ever more economic opportunities. This covers several strategic areas, including:
Please note that the Solar Impulse Foundation adheres to the Regional Charter of the Values of the French Republic and Secularism.
Scotland
Scotland’s partnership with the Solar Impulse Foundation was made official at COP24 in Katowice, Poland (2018). The First Minister of Scotland, Nicola Sturgeon, announced that her government will financially back the Foundation, coupled with an agreement to strengthen cooperation in the identification and promotion of solutions to fight climate change.
It is a moral obligation on all of us – governments, businesses and individuals – to do what we can to reduce and mitigate the effects of climate change. One of the ways we can do that is by identifying different ways of doing things, ways that do not impact negatively on our planet. Scotland has a proud history of innovation and we are well placed to use those skills to uncover alternatives to products and practices that currently harm our environment. As such, I’m very pleased that we are going to be able to work with the Solar Impulse Foundation in their future efforts.Nicola Sturgeon, Scotland Prime Minister.
Wallonia
Since April 2019, The Belgian region of Wallonia has partnered with the Solar Impulse Foundation to bring expertise to help us move more quickly toward identifying 1,000 solutions that meet with our criteria. This collaboration aims to bring Walloon cleantech solutions to the world as well as helping the region achieve its environmental targets.
The main aspects of this collaboration include:
City of Brussels
It is only by uniting our ideas and technologies that we will have an effective impact on the vital climate issue. In the City of Brussels and in the Brussels-Capital Region, there are a range of companies actively taking part in the fight against climatic imbalance, and these companies can share their knowledge with Solar Impulse and in return benefit from the Foundation’s solutions and network.Barbara Trachte, Secretary of State for Economic Transition and Scientific Research for the Brussels Region.
City of Brussels
The City of Brussels and the Solar Impulse Foundation have joined forces in February 2020 in order to accelerate the ecological transition. The Foundation’s main goal will be to support the City in the identification of innovative solutions to achieve its environmental targets. These solutions will respond to major climate challenges such as decarbonizing the construction sector, building sustainable infrastructure, reducing energy consumption, promoting clean transportation, etc.
This collaboration also includes:
Occitanie
To become the first Positive Energy Region in Europe, Occitanie has committed to dividing by two its energy consumption per capita and to multiplying by three its renewable energy production, both by 2050. These ambitious goals have raised, in the process, many challenges such as upgrading the energy efficiency of buildings, better structuring and optimising the production and distribution of renewable energy, and leveraging innovation. In order to help achieve these objectives, the Region signed an MoU with the Solar Impulse Foundation in 2017, with a focus on the following aspects:
Occitanie
Becoming the first Positive Energy Region in Europe should be more than just a slogan. It needs to become a reality in our daily lives, and it needs to be enriched by multiple and diverse initiatives. This ambition is driven by our responsibility to take concrete action to tackle climate change.Carole Delga, President of the Occitanie Region. | https://solarimpulse.com/advocacy/cities-and-regions |
The City of Ever-Evolving Global Logistics: A look at the state-of-the art intermodal logistics systems and how these shape the city around them. Visit the port’s sustainable freight programs, environmental development programs, clean air programs, and emission reduction programs, as well as the companies that support these global pathways.
A River and Reimagined Neighborhoods: A look at how the city is reestablishing a connection with the river as a means of rejuvenating the urban environment and how local culture and the arts are totally transforming underinvested communities for the better.
6:00 - 8:00 PM OPENING RECEPTION AND DISCUSSION: Imagine 2060: How Waterfronts Engender City Growth, Health and Overall Global Competitiveness
Reception Host: USC Marshall’s One-year, Mid-career MBA Program (IBEAR MBA)
Location: The Amy King Dundon-Berchtold University Club of USC
705 West 34th Street
University of Southern California
Los Angeles, CA 90089-1541
Master of ceremonies: Richard Drobnick / Director / USC Marshall School of Business IBEAR MBA
Opening Remarks: Stephen M. Kadenacy / President and Chief Operating Officer / AECOM
Discussion:
Nicholas Brooke / Chairman / Hong Kong Harbourfront Commission and Chairman / Professional Property Services Limited
Barbara Romero / Deputy Mayor of City Services / Los Angeles
Thursday, June 29th
8:30 - 9:00AM Registration and Breakfast
Location: California Science Center - Wallis Annenberg Building,
700 Exposition Park Dr, Los Angeles, California
9:00 - 9:20AM Welcome and Introduction
Stephen Engblom / Global Director, Cities / AECOM
Jonathan Karp / Executive Director/ Asia Society Southern California
Matt Petersen/ Chief Sustainability Officer / City of Los Angeles
9:20 – 10:05AM Opening Panel: Imagining Tomorrow's Waterfront Cities
Waterfront sites in many cities are facing numerous challenges, such as road access, remaining contamination, and industrial or crumbling infrastructure. At the same time, natural and creative spaces are in high demand by citizens looking to rest up during the precious little downtime in their busy lives. Renovation and creative use of waterfront sites have the potential to revitalize cities while providing health and economic benefits. How can we better improve accessibility while designing creative and engaging urban waterfronts? How can we better foster a sense of place within communities? How can we empower or inspire communities to ignite public imagination? How can collective place-making play an important role during such a process?
Patrick Condon / Chair of Urban Design Program / University of British Columbia
Kian Goh / Assistant Professor of Urban Planning / UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs
Jacinta McCann / Executive Vice President / AECOM
Ed Reyes / Former City Councilman / Los Angeles City Council
10:10 – 10:50AM Integrated Solutions for Healthy Urban Water and Air
Cities around the Pacific Rim are thriving on many different fronts, such as economy, culture, and scientific and technological innovations. At the same time, clean air and effective water systems are among the most challenging urban situations. It is a critical part of the daily existence of all people who work, live, and travel in cities. The shortage of water, alongside deteriorating water and air quality, has resulted in significant impacts on human health. At the same time, it reduces a city’s competitiveness in retaining talent and attracting investments. How can we improve urban water and air quality, and therefore urban health, to create healthy and competitive cities? What are individual companies and nonprofit organizations doing to make changes? What are some of the strategies being developed and what is possible in the future?
Richard Drobnick / Director / USC Marshall School of Business IBEAR MBA
Mark Gold / Associate Vice Chancellor for Environment & Sustainability / UCLA
Andy Lipkis / Founder, President / TreePeople
Sean Quinn / Sustainable Design Leader / HOK
Wade Rose / Vice President, External & Government Relations / Dignity Health
10:50-11:00AM Break
11:00 – 11:45AM Future of Mobility
Countries and individuals depend on transportation for economic development and access to various resources. For all of its benefits to the nation and individuals, however, transportation imposes large costs—lost time in traffic congestion, deaths and injuries from accidents, and the release of greenhouse gas emissions and other forms of pollution. The Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach are among the largest ports in the United States and are widely known for their air quality impacts. To reduce air pollution in and around the ports, the Port of LA is currently demonstrating a catenary system-overhead electric lines-that would enable trucks to operate in electric mode when in proximity to the port. Meanwhile, other measures like ElecTruck technology have also been implemented at the port. These technologies, together with rideshare technologies (i.e. Uber or Lyft), driverless cars, new transport concepts (i.e. hyperloop or Internet of Vehicles), are transforming our transportation landscape to one that is less congested, more efficient, less polluted, and has fewer accidents. Where is the urban mobility revolution headed? What are the benefits and challenges of the Internet of Vehicles? How can the public and private sector work together to promote a multi-modal, highly efficient, and low carbon mobility system? What impacts will this have on the mobility of our passenger and freight?
Andrew Bui / Project Manager / AECOM Ventures
Jennifer Cohen / Director of Government Affairs / Los Angeles Department of Transporation
Tian Feng / Chief Architect / BART
John F. Kwant / Vice President / City Solutions, Ford Smart Mobility, LLC
Stella Li / President / BYD Motors
Brian D. Taylor / Professor of Urban Planning, Director, Institute of Transportation Studies / UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs
11:45 – 12:05PM Lunch Presentation
Peter Calthorpe / Founder / Calthorpe Associates
12:05 – 12:50PM Lunch
12:50 – 1:30PM The Future of Urban Housing
Like Los Angeles, most major cities are experiencing severe housing shortages. With the World Health Organization predicting a global urban population of 6.4 billion by 2050, many cities’ architects and planners are looking at ways to turn neglected urban spaces, often on our waterfronts, into mixed-use neighborhoods. However, these neighborhoods often have extreme pressure to deliver maximum market rate housing. This panel will look at innovative programs around the world that have been designed to develop affordable housing, including workforce housing inclusion programs, micro-unit building designs, infill housing, land trusts, co-op housing, co-living spaces, and pod-share communities. It will also address the much maligned “social housing” or “low income” housing.
What are the pros and cons of these kinds of housing solutions? What will future urban housing look like? Are there any other creative and feasible solutions we can consider?
Paul Bunje / Chief Scientist / Domain Impact Strategy, XPRIZE
Patrick Condon / Chair of Urban Design Program / University of British Columbia
Steve Kellenberg / President / Kellenberg Studios
Michael Mehaffy / Director/ Future of Places Research Network
Deanna Weber / Principal / AECOM
1:35 – 2:15PM High Performance Water Systems for the Built Environment
Projections from the 2030 Water Resources Group suggest that the global gap between water demand and supply could be as large as 40% by 2030. While many cities are facing severe water shortage, they are also facing the challenges of urban flooding arising from extreme weather events. The need to confront both water shortages and urban flooding has created a huge headache for many city planners, but has also become an opportunity to introduce a series of new urban designs such as bioswales, green streets, and rain gardens. Meanwhile, through a combination of rainwater harvesting, aggressive conservation, and water recycling, buildings can also achieve self-sufficiency from the water “grid” and attain their Net Zero Water goal.
How can we foster an environment to realize the highest possible performance of our water systems? How can we make Net Zero Water buildings a tangible reality for most of today's buildings? How can we also empower homeowners and neighborhoods to come up with novel solutions?
Martin Adams / Chief Operating Officer / Los Angeles Department of Water and Power
Hilda Blanco / Interim Director / USC Center for Sustainable Cities
Omar Moghaddam / Senior Manager, Construction Project Management / AECOM
2:20 – 3:00PM Future of Working Waterfronts- Imagining New Economies
A city’s economy has historically been tied to its waterfronts, which play a key role in the global economy. As we enter the next economic revolution where robotics and automated logistics and manufacturing take hold, how well are our cities positioned to compete in the global market while creating new jobs and economic development?
How do cities create new jobs? What jobs will be normal in 20, 40 years? What impact will such major initiatives as re-shore manufacturing in America and an evolution from Made in China to Designed in China have on the global patterns of manufacturing, logistics, and waterfronts?
Stephen Cheung / President / World Trade Center Los Angeles
Craig Holland / Ports, Marine Market Sector Leader / AECOM
Jonathan Rosenthal / Chairman / TTSI
Gene Seroka / Executive Director / Port of Los Angeles
Shan Wenhui / Founder / UrbanDATA
3:00 – 3:10PM Break
3:10 – 3:50PM Next Generation Capital and Finance Partnerships
Cities and the public sector in general often lack access to the latest technology, capital, and expertise. The role of the private sector, from small family-owned firms to multinational corporations, is essential to improving water, electricity, offices, housing, and transit infrastructure. At the same time, private sector investments are sensitive to price and uncertainty factors in climate change, environmental degradation, and natural disasters.
How can the private sector best partner with the public sector to share ideas, expertise, technology, and funding in pursuit of tomorrow’s resilient, livable city? Can existing partnership models such as San Francisco’s “Eco Districts,” Siemens “NEWater” filtration system in Singapore, or Phillips “Mayors’ Lighting Partnership” be scaled globally or implemented locally?
David Abel / Chairman / VerdeXchange
Minh Le/ Former Deputy Director / Solar Energy Technologies Office, Department of Energy
Mark McComiskey / Head of Infrastructure, Senior Managing Director / AECOM Capital
Jonathan Woetzel / Director / McKinsey Global Institute
3:55 – 4:40PM Creating Unique Waterfront Cultures and Identities
Imagine the great cities of the world and you most likely conjure up an image of its waterfront. Rivers, bays, and lakes are the lifeblood of a city’s culture and identity. For waterfront cities, tourism and waterfront entertainment are also key drivers of their GDP.
This panel will look at a set of case studies from Panama City, Vancouver, Seattle, Hong Kong, and LA and explore how cities of the future will relate to and relay their water as a key part of their culture and identity. | https://asiasociety.org/pacific-cities/5th-annual-forum-agenda |
Leadership is a key function and process to unlock the effectiveness and enhancement of any organization’s development, including Religious-NGOs (RNGOs). This can be attained via three main characteristics, which are charismatic, transformational and servant leadership. Previous research has proved that these characteristics are relevant for NGOs, but little was found for RNGOs. RNGO is a form of NGO that is well-known for its active role in contributing to a harmonious and religious society. This paper focused on the concept of leadership in RNGOs and an introductory to the identity of Malaysian Islamic RNGOs that are diverse by ethnic identities. This study was qualitative in nature and depended heavily on existing literature and official reports. The study found that all three selected Islamic RNGOs that represent the Malay Muslims, Chinese Muslims and Indian Muslims adopt and practice charismatic, transformational and servant leadership in executing their organizations’ objectives,
1 Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Leadership & Management, University of Science Islam Malaysia, 71800, Nilai Negeri Sembilan, [email protected]
2 Associate Professor, Department of Siasah Syar`iyyah, Academy of Islamic Studies, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, [email protected]
3 Professor, Muhammadiyah Malang University, 65122 East Java, Indonesia,
which could possibly be a yardstick to effective RNGO leadership development in the future.
Keywords: leadership characters, religious-NGOs in Malaysia, charismatic, transformational, servant
INTRODUCTION
Leadership studies have witnessed a dramatic increase over the last decade.
They have resulted in a diversity of leadership developments and theories.
A very stunning finding in the scholarly research on leadership is that it has advanced from theoretical discussions on general leadership processes towards a phenomenal evolvement which leads to a key of investigation.4 In this context, it has expanded into two dimensional micro and macro processes in leadership.5 Micro leadership involves a way of understanding perceptions, emotions and cognition, whereas macro leadership focuses on the outcomes of social-relational context6 and dynamism of the follower-leader relationship.7 For both processes, as well as the huge roles played by leaders within the complexity of the organizational systems, leaders are defined as central in determining any type of organizations’ success and effectiveness, including the public and private sectors, as well as non-governmental organizations (NGOs).
Conceptually, the meaning of leadership, as found by Rost, was extended into 200 different definitions in various categories. Burns emphasized that the meaning of leadership is the most observed, yet the least understood phenomenon based on Rost’s findings.8 Looking at the broad definition of
4 Dinh, J. E., Lord, R. G., Gardner, W. L., Meuser, J. D., Liden, R. C., & Hu, J.,
‘Leadership Theory and Research in the New Millennium: Current Theoretical Trends and Changing Perspectives,’ The Leadership Quarterly, vol. 25/1 (2014):
36-62.
5 Dinh, J. E. & Lord, R. G., ‘Implications of Dispositional and Process Views of Traits for Individual Difference Research in Leadership,’ The Leadership Quarterly, vol. 23/4 (2012): 651-669.
6 Johnson, R.E., ‘Not all Leader-Member Exchanges are Created Equal: Importance of Leader Relational Identity,’ The Leadership Quarterly, vol. 21/5 (2010): 796- 808.
7 Dinh, J. E., Lord, R. G., Gardner, W. L., Meuser, J. D., Liden, R. C., & Hu, J.,
‘Leadership Theory and Research in the New Millennium: Current Theoretical Trends and Changing Perspectives,’ 36.
8 Burns, James, Leadership (New York: Harper & Row, 1978), 19.
leadership which encompasses goals, skills and the background of the leader himself, a direct definition can be seen from Jay Lorsch’s ‘as an individual who influences others to follow him or her’.9 However, many perceived that defining leadership should not exclude these three important elements – common and shared mission, winning the subordinates’ hearts and minds, and power or authority. A comprehensive definition of leadership was given by James Macgregor Burns. Burns defines leadership as a mobilization process undertaken by individuals who are using the power they draw from motives, values and access to resources in the context of competition and conflict during their pursuit of goals.10 Despite the definition of leadership is continuously and widely debated to suit different contexts, approaches and mechanisms, at the same time, failing to produce a good leader with leadership characteristics will lead to a dysfunction in achieving an organization’s goals.
Therefore, this article investigated leadership characteristics applied by Malaysian Religious-NGOs (RNGOs) which adopt Islam as the pillar or principle for their establishments. Besides, due to Malaysia’s uniqueness of multiracial identities consisting of Malays, Chinese and Indians, the exploration of how these identities have built their respective organizations and contributed to the relationships with people and other parties is best explained based on what leadership characters are involved. This article suggests three best characteristics; charismatic, transformational and servant leadership to be adopted in leading Islamic-RNGOs. These characters are well- embedded in the presence of the organizations as well as their leaders despite the challenges faced. These can probably be seen and analyzed from multiple dimensions of organizational presence, such as missions and visions, media reports, achievements, conducted programs, productions, and public feedback.
However, this writing is a recent effort to enhance and refresh the existing literature and theories of leadership for the benefit of the current discussions and evaluations, mainly toward Islamic RNGOs in Malaysia. It is hoped that it could overturn the ‘trust deficit’ that hampers the ‘government’ at the time being.
OVERVIEW OF THE DEFINITION OF NGO LEADERSHIP FROM WESTERN AND ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVES
The huge number of Islamic-based organizations, to an extent, can be narrowed down into racial-based identity. Meanwhile, leadership is the key
9 Jay Lorsch, ‘A Contingency Theory of Leadership,’ in Handbook of Leadership Theory and Practice, ed. Nitin Nohria & Rakesh Kurana (Boston, MA: Harvard Business Press, 2010), 414.
issue in determining the success of these organizations. Leadership is defined in both fictional and speculative, yet still within the range of academic studies and scholarly treaties. According to Roger Gill, there is still no definite end for leaders to define leadership in the popular spectrum.11 Nevertheless, criticisms on how leadership was defined should not be ignored. It could help in addressing the lack of consensus on what leadership is in the actual practice.
To some, this lack of consensus led to mixing up the definitions of leadership and management, whilst most agreed that they are separable issues as stated by the United Kingdom’s Investors-in-People Institution (IIP), which states that
“Leadership and management are almost impossible to define because they mean different things to every organization”.12
Departing from this understanding, more than 200 leadership definitions were discovered by Rost, which were later defined accordingly into relational, situated, patterned and formal/informal nature by Carter et.al. This is due to the understanding that leadership is a phenomenon and that contemporary definitions also have an advanced view of leadership when situated in a specific context.13 These four categories have well explained the nature of RNGO leadership practices as a form of NGO. Religious organizations can be considered quite fluid in their operational management as they are believed to have zero bureaucracies compared to government and business entities.14 As mentioned earlier, the definition of leadership consists of three elements - common and shared mission, wins the subordinates’ hearts and minds, and power or authority. Table 1 presents a compilation of definitions from the past centuries of leadership theories.
Table 1: Leadership Definitions Author (Year) Leadership Definition
Follet (1925) “It is possible to develop the conception of power-with, a jointly developed power, a coactive, not a coercive power . . . power is capacity... power-with is jointly developing power” (pp. 101, 109, 115).
11 Gill, Roger, Theory and Practice of Leadership (London: Sage Publications, 2013), 6-10.
12 Investors in People UK. Leadership and Management. (London: IIP, 2007). 18.
13 Carter, D. R., DeChurch, L. A., Braun, M. T. & Contractor, N. S., ‘Social Network Approaches to Leadership: An Integrative Conceptual Review,’ Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 100/3 (2015): 597.
14 White, S. C., Devine, J. & Jha, S., ‘The Life A Person Lives: Religion, Well-being and Development in India,’ Development in Practice, vol. 22/5-6 (2012): 651-662.
Author (Year) Leadership Definition
Pigors (1935) “Leadership is a process of mutual stimulation which, by the successful interplay of individual differences, controls human energy in the pursuit of a common cause” (p. 378).
Gibb (1954) “Leadership is probably best conceived as a group quality” (p. 884).
French & Raven
(1959) “Our theory of social influence and power is limited to influence on the person, P, produced by a social agent, O, where O can be either another person, a role, a norm, a group or a part of a group . . . The “influence” of O must be clearly distinguished from O’s “control” of P”
(p. 151).
Hollander &
Julian (1969) There is a “need to attend to leadership as a property of the system of a group; recognize the two-way influence characterizing leader-follower relations” (p. 387).
Dansereau et al.
(1975) “The vertical dyad is the appropriate unit of analysis for examining leadership processes” (p. 47).
Burns (1978) “Surely it is time that . . . the roles of leader and follower be united” (p. vi).
Fernandez (1991) “We argue that leadership, particularly that aspect of leadership which is reflected in respect, is inherent in the relations among individuals, not in the individuals themselves” (p. 37).
Hollander (1993) “Without followers there are plainly no leaders or leadership” (p. 29).
Klein & House
(1995) “Charisma resides not in a leader, nor in a follower, but in the relationship between a leader who has charismatic qualities and a follower who is open to charisma, within a charisma-conducive environment” (p.183).
Meindl (1995) “The romance of leadership notion emphasizes followers and their contexts for defining leadership itself and for understanding its significance” (p. 330).
Osborn et al.
(2002) “Leadership is socially constructed in and from a context where patterns over time must be considered and where history matters” (p. 798).
Author (Year) Leadership Definition
Hogg (2001) “Leaders may emerge, maintain their position, be effective, and so forth, as a result of basic social cognitive processes” (p. 186).
Pearce & Conger
(2003) “Leadership is broadly distributed among a set of individuals instead of centralized in hands of a single individual who acts in the role of superior” (p. 1).
Howell & Shamir
(2005) “Followers’ self-concepts play a crucial role in determining the type of relationship they develop with the leader” (p. 97).
Balkundi &
Kilduff (2006) “Our network approach locates leadership not in the attributes of individuals but in the relationships connecting individuals” (p. 942).
Uhl-Bien (2006) “I identify relational leadership as a social influence process through which emergent coordination . . . and change . . . are constructed and produced” (p. 655).
Hackman &
Wageman (2007) “One does not have to be in a leadership position to be in a position to provide leadership” (p. 46)
Drath et al. (2008) “Leadership has been enacted and exists wherever and whenever one finds a collective exhibiting direction, alignment, and commitment” (p. 642).
Friedrich et al.
(2009) “Multiple individuals within the team may serve as leaders in both formal and informal capacities” (p.
933).
DeRue (2011) “[Leadership is] a social interaction process where individuals engage in repeated leading-following interactions, and through these interactions, co- construct identities and relationships as leaders and followers” (p. 126).
Morgeson et al.
(2010) “Leadership is the vehicle through which [team needs]
are satisfied, regardless of the specific leadership source” (p. 5).
Yukl (2010) “Leadership is the process of influencing others to understand and agree about what needs to be done and how to do it, and the process of facilitating individual and collective efforts to accomplish shared objectives”
(p. 8).
Author (Year) Leadership Definition Eberly et al.
(2013) “We posit that what gives rise to the phenomenon of leadership is a series of often simultaneous event cycles between multiple loci of leadership” (p. 4).
Yammarino (2013) “Leadership is a multi-level... leader–follower interaction process that occurs in a particular situation (context) where a leader . . . and followers... share a purpose . . . and jointly accomplish things... willingly”
(p. 20).
Lord & Dinh
(2014) “Leadership is a social process that involves interactive exchange processes among two (or more) individuals”
(p. 161).
Source: Summarized by the authors
In giving a balanced overview of leadership definitions, an Islamic perspective should be taken into account. In Michael H. Hart’s book entitled
“The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History”, Prophet Muhammad [p.b.u.h] is listed as the first man of the world’s most influential persons throughout the human history. According to Hart as to why Prophet Muhammad [p.b.u.h] was listed as number one, he was the only man in history who was supremely successful on both religious and secular levels.15
Leadership in Islam refers to the practices, as well as sayings of Prophet Muhammad [p.b.u.h], which entails leadership as a guardianship. The definitions of leadership from an Islamic perspective are composed as in Table 2 below;
Table 2: Leadership Definitions from an Islamic Perspective Author (Year) Leadership Definition
Safi (1995) “the capacity to mobilize a group of people towards a set of articulated goals, and to ensure their continuous cooperation for the realization of these goals” (p.206) Mohd Yusof (1990) “Leadership is the influence exerted by an individual
in a situation directed towards achieving specific objective or objectives.” (p.204)
15 Michael, H. Hart, The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History (New York: Kensington Publishing Corporation, 1978), 8.
Author (Year) Leadership Definition Badawi and Beekun
(1999) “… leadership in Islam is not reserved for a small elite. Rather, depending upon the situation, every person is the ‘shepherd’ of a flock, and occupies a position of leadership” (p.5)
Andek Kelawa
(1999) “leadership in Arabic language covers a wide area and is not limited to state or racial (group) leadership, but extends to leadership in the fields of knowledge, worship as well as custody and guardianship of a trust.” (p.12)
Khan (2007) “Leadership in Islam is considered as a trust and a responsibility. A leader is required to meet his obligations to God, the Supreme Power as well as to discharge his duties towards his followers to the best of his abilities.” (p.2)
Omar, Mahyudin
(2012) Leadership is important in regulating for a better and more secure human life … process which mobilizes and individual or society to achieve the desired objectives. (p.1399)
Omar et.al (2019) “… is a responsibility and trust that leaders assume with their followers…considered as part of religious devotion.” (p.178)
Nabeel Al-Azami
(2019) Leadership is about; power and authority, justice, transformation of people and society, and involved multidimensional and multilayered personality.
(p.18-19) Source: Summarized by the authors
The notion of leadership’s definition in an organizational structure has dwelled into the public domain, private and NGOs. For example, in an NGO leadership development, a comprehensive means of assisting to develop leadership capabilities for NGOs is an urgent need which should consist the dimensions of NGO, effective NGO leaders, and be alert on the changes of external development.16 As Hailey and James further explained, as NGOs face particular management challenges distinct from those faced by governments
16 Hailey, J. & James, R., ‘Trees Die from the Top: International Perspectives on NGO Leadership Development,’ Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, vol. 15/4 (2004): 343-353.
or for-profit organizations, they have to ensure their readiness in facing future complexity, mainly in leadership processes and managerial problems.17 In discussing the importance of leadership in Islamic movements, including Islamic RNGOs, Yusuf al-Qaradawi and Sayyid Abul ‘ala Mawdudi have expressed their major concern on ‘leadership’ and prioritized it as an important element that must receive attention.18
LEADERSHIP CHARACTERS FOR RELIGIOUS-NGOS
Considering the global reports on leadership from Edelman Trust Barometer 2016 and 2017 and Outlook on the Global Agenda 2015, leadership development for NGOs is critical in time. It is a must to differentiate the roles of NGOs (including RNGOs), government and private sector as the former offers liquidity in leadership practices whilst both of the latter are strictly stringent in achieving vision and mission statements. Richard K. Ghere puts a comprehensive proposition on NGO leadership as distinguishable by its prevalent reliance on cognitive processes to transform altruistic aspirations into operational realities.19 Character in leadership is essential despite the nature of the organizational environment. It is believed that a leader with character can give an organization a significant competitive advantage.
Connaughton emphasizes that a lead character is an antidote to organizational fatigue, including in a care unit such as the hospital.20
This was supported by Hailey who identified four common themes that run through leadership theory and fit with religious NGOs; leadership is a process, leadership involves influence, leadership occurs in group context, and leadership involves the attainment of goals.21 Relating to that, Chin and Wendy found common characters shared by servant, charismatic and
17 Hailey, J. & James, R., ‘Trees Die from the Top: International Perspectives on NGO Leadership Development,’ 343.
18 Yusuf al-Qardhawi, Priorities of the Islamic Movement in the Coming Phase, trans. S.M Hasan Al-Banna (UK: Awakening Publications, 1992). 15; Hussain, Muzaffar, ‘The Islamic Polity of Abdul A’la al-Mawdudi,’ VFAST Transactions on Islamic Research, vol. 3/1 (2014): 13-21.
19 Ghere, R. K., ‘NGO Leadership and Human Rights,’ http://ecommons.udayton.
edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1045&context=pol_fac_pub, accessed on 21 September 2017.
20 Connaughton, M. J., & Hassinger, J. ‘Leadership character: antidote to organizational fatigue.’ Journal of Nursing Administration, vol. 37/10 (2007):
464-470.
21 Hailey, John. ‘NGO leadership development.’ Praxis paper 10 (2006).
transformational leadership in leading and managing organizations like NGOs, as well as RNGOs.22 Thus, this paper put these three leadership characters;
charismatic leadership, transformational leadership and servant leadership as a central discussion. In the authors’ view, these three are much appropriate to be practiced and applied together with religious beliefs and values as the organizational principles and objectives are in the context of RNGOs. The three characteristics of leadership are discussed below;
1. Charismatic Leadership
According to Politis, charismatic leadership provides room for vision and energy to be applied through knowledge-sharing within the organization.23 However, a cause is needed to let out the leaders’ charismatic attitude. The cause, according to Jayakody, is mainly visible during a crisis.24 Yet, Politis claimed that culture is embedded within a certain condition of the country, people and organizational structure, which should be taken into account as crisis that occurs are diverse in number.25 For example, in Taiwan, researchers found that charismatic leadership has a significant impact on employee outcomes.26 Therefore, charismatic leadership can be perceived in terms of vision, risk-taking, challenges and encouragements, as well as energy and determination.27 However, it is far from being termed as ‘motivational’
leadership.28
The term ‘charisma’ is mostly used in political discussions as a political leader who has substantial attributes can influence his or her followers to
22 Chin, D. T., & Wendy A. Smith, ‘An Inductive Model of Servant Leadership: The Considered Difference to Transformational and Charismatic Leadership,’ Working Paper 43/06, Department of Management, Monash University (2006), 1-19.
23 Politis, John D., ‘Transformational and Transactional Leadership Enabling (Disabling) Knowledge Acquisition of Self-Managed Teams: The Consequences for Performance,’ Leadership & Organization Development Journal, vol. 23/4 (2002): 186-197.
24 Jayakody, J. A. S. K., ‘Charismatic Leadership in Sri Lankan Business Organizations,’ Journal of Management Development, vol. 27/5 (2008): 480-498.
25 Dion, Michel, ‘Are Ethical Theories Relevant for Ethical Leadership?’ Leadership
& Organization Development Journal, vol. 33/1 (2012): 4-24.
26 Dion, Michel, ‘Are Ethical Theories Relevant for Ethical Leadership?’ 8.
27 Javidan, Mansour & David A. Waldman, ‘Exploring Charismatic Leadership in the Public Sector: Measurement and Consequences,’ Public Administration Review, vol. 63/2 (2003): 229-242.
28 Gill, Roger, Theory and Practice of Leadership, 50.
execute his or her orders. House and Baetz defined a charismatic leader as a person who ‘by the force of their abilities are capable of having profound and extraordinary effects on followers’.29 In contrast to the idea of charismatic leaders are politicians, Willner insisted that charismatic leadership is neither personality-based nor contextually-determined, but rather the phenomenon is largely relational and perceptual.30 He later stressed that “It is not what the leader is but what people see the leader as that counts in generating the charismatic leadership”.31
Building up from the given definitions and conceptual discussions, values in charismatic leadership are considered primary assessments. The values that entrench for charismatic leadership vary among different researchers.
For example, some researchers tend to focus on the content of the vision and consider communication style in delivering speeches as key factors. Inversely to others, innovative strategic vision, revealing true identity when attending members’ needs, displaying unconventional behavior, risk-taking and showing sensitivity to the environment are major values in charismatic leadership.32
Due to that, charismatic leadership and its values are widely perceived by different organizational settings from public to private sectors. Despite sharing a common goal in delivering services to the mass in the setting of NGOs and RNGOs, charismatic leadership is shown to have a significant impact on factors of sensitivity to the environment, strategic vision, articulation, concern on members’ needs and status quo consideration.33 These values are not alien to any religious teachings or principles, especially from the Islamic circle of leadership theory.
29 House, R. J. & Baetz, M.L., ‘Leadership: Some Empirical Generalizations and New Research Directions,’ in Research in Organizational Behavior, ed. Staw, B.M. (Greenwich: JAI Press, 1979), 399-401.
30 Conger, Jay A. & Rabindra N. Kanungo, ‘Toward A Behavioral Theory of Charismatic Leadership in Organizational Settings,’ Academy of Management Review, vol. 12/4 (1987): 637-647.
31 Willner, A. R., The Spellbinders: Charismatic Political Leadership (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1984), 14.
32 Yukl, Gary., ‘An Evaluation of Conceptual Weaknesses in Transformational and Charismatic Leadership Theories,’ The Leadership Quarterly, vol. 10/2 (1999):
285-305.
33 Zehir, Cemal, Büşra Müceldili, Erkut Altindağ, Yasin Şehitoğlu & Songül Zehir,
‘Charismatic Leadership and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Mediating Role of Ethical Climate,’ Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, vol. 42/8 (2014): 1365-1375.
From an Islamic point of view, there are two types of charismatic leaders; ethical charismatic leaders and unethical charismatic leaders.
Prophet Muhammad [pbuh] is the best role model for the former, who used power for the benefit of mankind, learnt from criticisms, produced future leaders after him and relied on an internal moral standard. All of these can be observed in the Qur’anic verses and the Prophet’s sayings which describe that his companions’ lives were much influenced by him. Dissimilar to the former, the latter refers to those who are motivated by self-interest, opposed any views and criticisms, as well as lacked moral code in their lives.34 In this sense, leaders of RNGOs should learn and be able to follow the footsteps of Prophet Muhammad [pbuh] in their leadership hierarchy, which applaud views, as well as criticisms and most importantly, to produce new leaders.
By having dynamism in RNGO’s operational system, a current leader should consider the following standards in organizing the next leader: organizational vision and mission are clearly articulated, organization’s philosophy that is based on volunteerism, promote volunteerism among the youths, observe the multitaskers’ outcomes and give rewards.35
2. Transformational Leadership
The four ‘I’s’ are always referred to in defining transformational leadership. They are idealized charisma, inspiration, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration, as emphasized by Bass (1995) and Avolio et al. (1991), the pioneer researchers in transformational leadership discussions.36 Apart from them, Pastor and Mayo insisted that transformational leaders can exert a strong influence on their followers by giving them a space of individualized consideration to discuss future possibilities that may lie within their self- sacrifice.37 Transformational leadership is believed to help in encouraging the followers’ performance beyond organizational expectations.38 Hence, the
34 Beekun, Rafik Issa & Jamal A. Badawi, Leadership: An Islamic Perspective (Beltsville, MD: Amana, 1999), 19.
35 Beekun, Rafik Issa & Jamal A. Badawi, Leadership: An Islamic Perspective, 69- 72.
36 Dion, Michel, ‘Are Ethical Theories Relevant for Ethical Leadership?’ 4-24.
37 Carlos Pastor, Juan & Margarita Mayo, ‘Transformational Leadership among Spanish upper Echelons: The Role of Managerial Values and Goal Orientation,’
Leadership & Organization Development Journal, vol. 29/4 (2008): 340-358.
38 Sarros, James C. & Joseph C. Santora, ‘The Transformational-Transactional Leadership Model in Practice,’ Leadership & Organization Development Journal, vol. 22/8 (2001): 383-394.
most central topic that surrounds transformational leadership is the ability to inspire and transform the followers towards a better ethical personality and self-development.
The important elements that would influence more in the transformational leadership are both personal and social identities, which later could affect the self-esteem and self-worth of individuals. In that sense, individual-focused and group-focused are the most affected groups as both being unique in terms of personality, vision, mission and objective. At the same time, they are easily influenced or imitated by others.39 Based on these empirical evidences, RNGOs are the platform that offer individuals or groups of people to enhance their ability to the next level by devoting themselves with arranged programs.
Engagement between leaders and subordinates, as well as the public, are expected to be working great daily where zero bureaucracy is expected in non- profit organizational settings like the RNGOs. For instance, one study revealed that NGOs with leaders who value similarities with peer organizations, grassroots approaches, diversity of strategies, dedication, professionalism and distributed organizational structures have significantly higher reputations for effectiveness.40 Therefore, the relationship between leaders and members within the organizations would indirectly enhance job performance.41
3. Servant Leadership
There are many interpretations of defining servant leadership. As the term
‘servant’ is assembling the association of leaders with religious teachings or principles as devoting himself to God, Han et al. stressed the possibility that
‘servant leadership’ could be interpreted very differently according to official religions of the country, such as Confucianism for China, Hinduism for India
39 Herman, H. M. & Warren CK Chiu, ‘Transformational Leadership and Job Performance: A Social Identity Perspective,’ Journal of Business Research, vol.
67/1 (2014): 2827-2835.
40 Mitchell, George E., ‘The Attributes of Effective NGOs and the Leadership Values Associated with A Reputation for Organizational Effectiveness,’ Nonprofit Management and Leadership, vol. 26/1 (2015): 39-57.
41 Loi, Raymond, Hang‐Yue Ngo, Lingqing Zhang & Victor P. Lau, ‘The Interaction between Leader-Member Exchange and Perceived Job Security in Predicting Employee Altruism and Work Performance,’ Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, vol. 84/4 (2011): 669-685.
and Islam for Muslim countries.42 They further identified that in China, for example, prioritizing the people’s interest, behaving ethically, practicing moral love, possessing conceptual skills, building relationships, having humility, being a dutiful person, devoting to Party policies and state laws, as well as listening to public’s problems are the dimensions of servant leadership. These dimensions are a combination of components from Confucianism, Daoism and Communist ideologies that bring forth the expression of servant leadership in China.43
In another literature of servant leadership, for example in the United States of America (USA), the Enron and World.com scandals in the corporate sector have opened a lot of eyes, where they are proofs that servant leadership receives wide attention in the North American context. Hence, a great discussion and interpretation on it have occurred extensively since then. Three dimensions are workable in applying servant leadership to North Americans, which are work situations, followers or staff and cultural judgments that are believed to be the parameters of servant leadership effectiveness.44
Servant leadership is a combination of two keywords: servant and leader.
Robert K. Greenleaf was the first who questioned the possibility of both qualities in one person. Referring to Hesse’s work, he said that ‘the great leader is seen as servant first.45 This statement was Hesse’s reflection when he was reporting on a figure named Leo in his Journey to the East. To him, Leo has shown a great personality as a servant, as well as the titular head of Order, a guiding spirit and a noble leader.46 Later, due to his reading on Journey to the East in the time of leadership crisis, Greenleaf became aware of the importance of having more servants emerging as leaders and following only servant-leaders.47
In general, scholars describe servant leadership as a behavior or leader characteristics that include humility, relational power, service- orientation, follower development, encouragement autonomy, altruistic calling, emotional healing, persuasive mapping, wisdom and organizational
42 Han, Yong, Nada K. Kakabadse & Andrew Kakabadse, ‘Servant Leadership in the People’s Republic of China: A Case Study of the Public Sector,’ Journal of Management Development, vol. 29/3 (2010): 265-281.
43 Dion, Michel, ‘Are Ethical Theories Relevant for Ethical Leadership?’ 4-24.
44 Hale, Jeff R. & Dail L. Fields, ‘Exploring Servant Leadership Across Cultures: A Study of Followers in Ghana and the USA,’ Leadership, vol. 3/4 (2007): 397-417.
45 Hesse, Hermann, The Journey to the East: A Novel (Farrar: Straus and Giroux, 2013).
46 Greenleaf, Robert K., Servant Leadership (New York: Paulist Press, 1977), 19.
47 Greenleaf, Robert K., Servant Leadership, 21.
stewardship.48 Another formulation that is available to explain the dimensions of servant leadership is the repetition and reflection of one’s understanding of the servant leadership concept that is associated with a specific culture and religion. In other words, all traits that resemble servant leadership are within the following three major descriptions; service, humility and vision.49 Additional to Greenleaf’s definition, Covey asserted that “the servant leadership concept is a principle, a natural law, and getting our social value systems and personal habits aligned with this ennobling principle is one of the great challenges of our lives”.50 Hence, servant leadership is recognized as a valid and modern theory for organizational leadership including RNGOs.51
While most references on servant leadership denote Greenleaf’s works, the works of Badawi and Beekun are in the same degree for the Islamic leadership framework. The idea of a leader as a servant in Islamic literature has been part of Islam since the beginning, which overturns Greenleaf’s finding. According to Beekun and Badawi, leaders are servants of their followers; therefore, leaders seek the welfare of their followers and guide them towards good and prevent evils. This is by the sayings of Prophet Muhammad [pbuh]:
مهعم لخدي لم لاإ ،حصنيو مله دهيج لا مث ،ينملسلما رمأ ليي يرمأ نم ام .ةنلجا
“A ruler who has been entrusted with the affairs of the Muslims, but makes no endeavor (for the material and moral upliftment) and is not sincerely concerned (for their welfare) will not enter paradise along with them.” 52
48 Barbuto Jr, John E. & Daniel W. Wheeler, ‘Scale Development and Construct Clarification of Servant Leadership,’ Group & Organization Management, vol.
31/3 (2006): 300-326.
49 Hale, Jeff R. & Dail L. Fields, ‘Exploring Servant Leadership Across Cultures: A Study of Followers in Ghana and the USA,’ 397-417.
50 Covey, Stephen R., ‘Servant-leadership from the Inside Out,’ in Insights on Leadership: Service, Stewardship, Spirit and Servant-leadership, ed. Spears, L. C (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998), xi-xviii.
51 Russell, Robert F., ‘The Role of Values in Servant Leadership,’ Leadership &
Organization Development Journal, vol. 22/2 (2001): 76-84.
52 Muslim, Abī al-Ḥusayn Muslim Ibn al-Ḥajjāj Ibn al-Qushayrī al-Naysabūrī, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, vol. 3, ed. Muḥammad Fu’ād ‘Abd al-Bāqī (Bayrūt: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth, n.d.), 1460, “Kitāb al-Imārah, Bāb Faḍīlah al-Imām al-‘Adl wa ‘Uqūbah al-Jā’ir wa al-Ḥath ‘ala al-Rafaqa bi al-Ra‘iyah wa al-Nahī ‘an Idkhāl al-Mashaqqah
‘Alayhim,” no. 22 (142).
In another Prophet Muhammad [pbuh] saying, he says:
عار سانلا لىع يذلا يرملأاف .ختيعر نع لوؤسم مكلكو عار مكلك لاأ ،مهنع لوؤسم وهو هتيب لهأ لىع عار لجرلاو ،هتيعر نع لوؤسم وهو لىع عار دبعلاو ،مهنع ةلوؤسم يهو هدلوو اهلعب تيب لىع ةيعار ةأرلماو .هتيعر نع لوؤسم مكلكو عار مكلكف لاأ ،هنع لوؤسم وهو هديس لام
“All of you are guardians and are responsible for your wards. The ruler is a guardian and the man is a guardian of his family; the lady is a guardian and is responsible for her husband’s house and his offspring, and so all of you are guardians and are responsible for your wards.” 53
Based on the two Prophet’s sayings above, it is explicitly clear that from an Islamic perspective, a leader is both a servant and guardian to his responsibilities that have been entrusted on his shoulder. Leadership in Islam is rooted in belief and willing submission to the Only Creator, which is Allah. Being a leader in Islam, one should encompass four domains that would ensure himself in the parameters of Allah’s will. The four are Iman, Islam, taqwa and Ihsan.54 Though in Islam there is no specific term referring to a leader as a servant or guardian, even so, different terms are available in al-Quran or hadith such as imamah, khalifah, imarah or ra’iyyah; hence, the principles of leadership that are offered in Islam which as shown by the Prophet Muhammad [pbuh]
should be a major concern among Muslim leaders in whatever organizational structures, including the Islamic RNGO type.55
RELIGIOUS-NGOS IN MALAYSIA
Religious-NGO is a formal organization that embeds identities and missions from the teachings of one or more religious or spiritual traditions.56 The
53 Muslim, Abī al-Ḥusayn Muslim Ibn al-Ḥajjāj Ibn al-Qushayrī al-Naysabūrī, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, vol. 3, 1458, “Kitāb al-Imārah, Bāb Faḍīlah al-Imām al-‘Adl wa
‘Uqūbah al-Jā’ir wa al-Ḥath ‘ala al-Rafaqa bi al-Ra‘iyah wa al-Nahī ‘an Idkhāl al-Mashaqqah ‘Alayhim,” no. 20 (1829).
54 Beekun, Rafik Issa & Jamal A. Badawi, Leadership: An Islamic Perspective, 19.
55 Omar, Mahyudin & N.H. Abu Samah, ‘The Basis of Leadership in Islam,’
Advances in Natural and Applied Science, vol. 6/8 (2012): 1399-1404.
56 Berger, Julia, ‘Religious Non-Governmental Organizations: An Exploratory Analysis,’ Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, vol. 14/1 (2003): 15-39.
characteristics of an RNGO, as detailed by Berger, has to operate on a nonprofit, independent and voluntary basis to promote and realize articulated ideas collectively about the public’s good either at the national or international level or in another word a ‘moral’ identity. It is interesting to note that there is a rising number of NGOs that have articulated themselves with the missions or teachings from ‘religious’ or ‘spiritual’ traditions or ‘faith-based’ understanding that is embedded in social activism or works. By having missions and objectives that are divinely guided and recognized by the sacred nature of human life, it would be an added value to the identity of an RNGO. As religious leaders can easily get close with the public, this may influence their grassroots to achieve a better life, as well as be committed individuals to their cause.57
Saliha Hasan insisted that the rhythm of Malaysian NGOs establishment in the 1970s was mainly concerned with the ranges of collaborative actions to confrontational results. This might change due to specific issues and moments of the people with the government for specific interests. Due to that, earlier organizations had been witnessed to have the intention of serving the circle of ethnic or religious communities which were often associated with mosques, churches, temples and other religious centers as their priorities.58 The scenario of separation also affected the establishment of RNGOs, including Islamic organizations where racial identity became the main concern.
As dated in March 2016, 1,215 organizations have entailed their identity to Islam, hence categorizing them as RNGOs. 67 of these organizations have inserted the word ‘daʿwah’ as their primary objective.59 Three of them are Chinese-Muslim organizations, 55 are Indian-Muslim organizations while the rest are Malay-Muslim organizations. Despite the unity agenda promoted in Islam, in practice however, Malaysian Islamic RNGOs are disunited racially due to undefined circumstances such as communalism, where it is so ingrained in Malaysian lives. Additionally, there are also language barriers that complicate racial-communications.60
57 Saliha Hassan. ‘Islamic Non-Governmental Organizations.’ in Social Movements in Malaysia, ed. Meredith L Weiss, (London: Routledge, 2012), 105-107.
58 Meredith L. Weiss, ed. Social Movement in Malaysia (London: Routledge, 2012), 1.
59 Mohd Faridh Hafez Mhd Omar & Sharifah Hayaati Syed Ismail, ‘Sumbangan Organisasi Cina-Muslim dalam Keharmonian Beragama di Malaysia: Tinjauan Terhadap Cabaran dan Peranan PERKIM dan MACMA,’ in Isu-Isu Semasa Dakwah dan Golongan Minoriti, ed. Raudah Haji Siren et al. (Kuala Lumpur:
Akademi Pengajian Islam, Universiti Malaya, 2016), 1-27.
60 Osman Chuah Abdullah, Preaching to the Non-Muslim Chinese in Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur: IIUM Press, 2009), 82-85.
Makmor Tumin gave an insightful explanation on the definition of NGOs in the current context of Malaysia. He said that ‘the term NGO is used widely and ready for all bodies in Malaysia except political parties, labor unions, freemasons, cooperatives, military organizations, government bodies, and private organizations including several other small bodies’.61 From this wide definition, he has set a degree of differences to all officially registered societies as NGOs. Those not mentioned above are mainly political parties, for-profit organizations and military purposes. Other categories of Malaysian NGOs have been enhanced by the great works of Tan Boon Kean and Bishan Singh into advocacy-oriented NGOs and government-organized NGOs (GONGOs).
To them, these two types of NGOs, though basing their objectives on welfare- oriented and issue-oriented NGOs, are not continuously aired up in the mainstream. They are believed to be seemingly apolitical welfare groups at one point and adopting a political stance at another critical time.62 Hence, it could be argued that these two types of NGOs are certainly within Makmor’s NGO definition, or could be eliminated for the reason of adopting political stance.
In respect of Malaysian NGOs development, the range of civil society’s motives such as agricultural extension activities, skills development and credit provision for the earlier groups, which are later followed by equal rights in education, language, culture for the Chinese, as well as religious groups that are mainly Islamic, are the flux that colors the landscape of Malaysian NGOs.
Yet, referring them to the category of RNGOs from a Malaysian perspective is a new study.
1. Malay Muslim NGOs
Before the independence of Malaysia, the Malays witnessed new forms of associations emerging around the turn of the century, mainly literary, social, religious, and political. Meredith had given a brief topography of these organizations which in the first place was led by Malayo-Muslims
61 Makmor Tumin, ‘NGO dalam Sistem Demokrasi Malaysia,’ Massa, 16 Mei 1998, 62-63.
62 Kean, Tan Boon & Bishan Singh, ‘The Role of NGOs in Development-Malaysian Case Study,’ in Uneasy Relations: The State and the NGOs in Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur: Gender and Development Programme, Asian and Pacific Development Center, 1994).
(Arabs, Muslim Indians and Peranakans) rather than Malays.63 An economic competition from the Chinese had led these Malayo-Muslims to be involved in administration like NGOs. For the Malays, they changed and were encouraged gradually as a result of awareness which appealed towards pursuing economic development and cultural survival as Roff described:
“Perhaps the most notable feature of the cultural welfare and progress associations was how, despite their almost invariably local origins and circumscribed membership and their lack of direct contact with each other, they all practically without exception recognized the larger Malay society of which they were a part and spoke in holistic (if not necessarily nationalistic) terms of the task of improving the educational and economic status of the Malays within the plural society.” 64
As a result of modern and educated Malays taking the lead in the main administrative sections in both government and private sectors, they have witnessed the emergence of ‘progress associations’ that encompass social, recreational or welfare orientation, political associations with a nationalist objective and economic associations as categorized by Meredith.65 Yet, all of them are not recognized specifically as (Islamic) RNGOs though by definition in Malaysia Federal Constitution, the Malays are those who profess Islam, speak Malay language, and practice Malay customs.
Saliha Hassan has opined the idea that NGOs are associated with Islamic principles and teachings as ‘Islamic and/or Islamic-oriented NGOs or IONGOs’.66 This NGO specifically, IONGO, is believed to appear enjoying substantial grassroots goodwill within the Malay Muslim community that makes up 45 percent of the Malaysian population, which has risen to 59.3 percent today. In that sense, despite dominant Malay political parties like United Malay National Organization (UMNO) and Parti Islam Se-Malaysia (PAS), Saliha has categorized IONGO into two dimensions, which are government-
63 Meredith L. Weiss, ‘Malaysian NGOs: History, Legal Framework and Characteristics,’ in Social Movements in Malaysia, ed. Meredith L. Weiss (London:
Routledge, 2012), 25.
64 Roff, William R., The Origins of Malay Nationalism (USA: Oxford University Press, 1994), 185.
65 Meredith L. Weiss, ‘Malaysian NGOs: History, Legal Framework and Characteristics,’ 25-28.
66 Saliha Hassan, ‘Islamic Non-Governmental Organizations,’ 97.
sponsored Islamic NGOs and the da’wah movement.67 Persatuan Kebajikan Islam Malaysia (PERKIM), Lembaga Kebajikan Perempuan Islam (LKPI), Yayasan Dakwah Islam Malaysia (YADIM), Pergerakan Puteri Islam (PPI) and Institut Wasatiyyah Malaysia (IWM) are examples of the former, whereas Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia (ABIM), Jemaah Islah Malaysia (JIM) and Pertubuhan Ikram Malaysia (IKRAM) are in the latter group.
The difference between the two can significantly be seen in enjoying the greater access to policy-making bodies, financial assistance and other facilities from the government like office, staffing and resources for the government- sponsored Islamic NGOs. In other words, these constrain them within the framework of what is politically correct for the ruling government compared to non-government-sponsored Islamic NGOs who have got more freedom in making decisions, fund-raising, volunteerism and organizational objectives - which is a matter in this article, not the former. Currently, there is a new type of organization acting as a think-tank to the government and operates seemingly like an RNGO. Let us take IKSIM and IWM for example. They receive funds from the ruling government to conduct and publicize research that favors government policies. Acknowledging the establishment of (Islamic) RNGOs in Malaysia is due to promoting goodwill and preventing evils at large generally, yet the specific vision, mission and objectives of each organization are diverging towards the different available target market.
ABIM and IKRAM are among the prominent and active RNGOs in the Malaysian context. Their presence in voicing out to seek equality treatment among Malaysians, to protect religious affairs, to defend the educational system, to promote goodwill and to prevent evils is well known and has received wide attention from both national and international levels. Both RNGOs work to reach the public, as well as maintain the relationship within the internal employees, which is based on organizational vision and mission statements. This paper sought to explain ABIM as a sole representative of the Malay-based Islamic RNGOs in the Malaysian context.
Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia (ABIM)
Established in August 6, 1971 and officially registered in the following year, the Muslim Youth Movement of Malaysia or Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia (ABIM) made it their objective to coordinate Muslim youth activism, with its outreach focusing primarily on educational activities in the early
67 Saliha Hassan, ‘Islamic Non-Governmental Organizations,’ 97.
years. Later, ABIM began developing several vehicles for both missionary and economic agenda as its primary activism, locally and internationally.
Recognized as a youth organization at the height of the global Islamic resurgence, ABIM was very much a product of its time. Against the backdrop of a staunchly secular government or in a modern term, a kleptocracy, ABIM sought to fill the gap by providing an avenue for the expression of Islamic ideals among Malaysia’s Muslim majority community. ABIM managed to enhance its religious legitimacy and gain international recognition by maintaining excellent relations with Islamic countries regardless of differences that exist in the Muslim world. As a pressure group in the domestic sphere, ABIM is actively working with all parties such as the government, NGOs and the public - Muslims and non-Muslims - to bring good and peace to all Malaysians.68
However, different views were seen by scholars in the process of ABIM’s establishment. For example, Mohd Fuad Mohd Salleh insisted that some Malay Muslim scholars, supported by teachers, university students and government staff, which all are inclined towards practicing Islamic teachings in daily life, were the cause of ABIM’s establishment in the early days.69 According to Shaharuddin Badaruddin, the British imperialism on Tanah Melayu that left them with dualistic thinking, has resulted in the secularism understanding on the separation of religion and government, and it was a key factor as to why ABIM came into existence and was easily supported and accepted by the Malays, especially those with a good educational background.70 With their clear vision and mission statements, as well as their tagline ‘agenda pembudayaan Islam’ (Islamic cultural agenda), ABIM was considered to be the most influential and significant national Muslim youth organization in the 1970s, as claimed by Osman Bakar.71 He wrote that ABIM had successfully embedded its organizational structure and members within the five key elements that shaped itself. These were inclusivity, pioneering, intellectually oriented, taking a middle position and a hybrid of Eastern and Western ideologies and worldview, which they brought into a local context. Hence, the presence of ABIM as an Islamic RNGO in the Malaysian context was really timely and
68 Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia, ‘Profil Sejarah ABIM,’ http://www.abim.org.my/
profil/sejarah-abim.html, accessed on 20th September 2017.
69 Mohd Fuad Mohd Salleh, Liku-liku Gerakan Islam di Malaysia: Satu Catatan Awal (Selangor: Imtiyaz Multimedia Publications, 2015), 61.
70 Shaharuddin Badaruddin, Masyarakat Madani dan Politik: ABIM dan Proses Demokrasi (Selangor: IDE Sdn. Bhd., 2016), 16.
71 Osman Bakar, ‘An Intercultural Dialogue from within Muslim Communities: A Global Overview,’ in Agree to Differ (UNESCO: Tudor Rose, 2015), 91-97.
it is believed that it could change the understanding and practices of Malay Muslims into following the Shariah law, in hope to have a better living.
Before 46 years of ABIM’s existence, there is some evidence suggesting that ABIM has strong leadership characters until today. Started recruiting members and leaders from its university student platform called Persatuan Kebangsaan Pelajar Islam Malaysia (PKPIM), it is proven that ABIM has the mechanism of organizational strength to be organized and is skillful in management.72 Referring to ABIM’s presidential line-up, eight people have been the president; with the latest being Muhammad Faisal Abdul Aziz (32 years old). However, ABIM’s leadership was truly felt during the time of Anwar Ibrahim, the second president from 1974 to 1982 due to his idealism, personal character, networking and enthusiasm. Despite receiving a very high reputation as an Islamic movement locally and internationally during Anwar’s time, his decision to join politics under the banner of UMNO has twisted ABIM’s direction then. Mohd Fuad emphasized that Anwar’s decision to join politics had indirectly sunk ABIM’s presence as jurubicara ummah or the voice of Muslims and slowed down its participation in the national arena due to the disbelief in Anwar’s decision.73 This bitter situation faced by ABIM has indirectly made ABIM more mature in making decisions on their leadership process.
Considering ABIM’s vision, “Membina dan memimpin tamadun dan khayra ummah”, its contribution in developing the national building process is significant. With a clear position to act as a non-partisan entity - neither to ruling nor opposition parties in the Malaysian democracy system, ABIM has marked its presence by voicing out the interests of many in economics, education system, environmental issues, religious affairs and unity. Therefore, it can be seen under the current presidency, ABIM actively participates in numerous platforms to help the government and its agencies by offering ideas, solutions and affirmative actions to solve and curb problems that exist today. For example, ABIM’s president is one of the committee members of Jawatankuasa Mempromosikan Persefahaman dan Keharmonian Antara Penganut Agama (JKMPKA) under the Prime Minister’s Office of Malaysia
72 Shaharuddin Badaruddin, Masyarakat Madani dan Politik: ABIM dan Proses Demokrasi, 17.
73 Mohd Fuad Mohd Salleh, Liku-liku Gerakan Islam di Malaysia: Satu Catatan Awal, 62.
for the next two years.74 This steering committee was developed to discuss and find ways to integrate Malaysian multiracial and multi-religious people to unite and at the same time respect the differences. Through this platform, ABIM is actively organizing community programs, inter-faith dialogues and forums to promote a better understanding among the religious adherents.
ABIM’s roles in Friendship Group Inter-faith Services (FGIS), an inter- religious platform consisting of six main religions in Malaysia - Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Sai Baba, Sikhism, is a proof that ABIM’s leadership is a step ahead within the circle of Malay-based Islamic RNGOs.
In 2015, ABIM’s leadership was recognized by the Ministry of Youth and Sports (KBS) as a youth NGO that has reached a high standard of organizational management and administration with a ‘five stars’ scale.75 This is a big achievement for ABIM as an Islamic RNGO compared to other competitors that have more capabilities to win. This recognition is undoubtedly a reflection of leadership characters that have enshrined from ABIM’s leaders, as well as how they lived with their vision and mission statements, which can be translated into charismatic, transformational and servant leadership as the main characteristics.
2. Chinese Muslim NGOs
According to Hicks, Chinese organizations have been developed in a wide range of locus since the time of colonial Malaya, such as clan organizations, commercial and industrial organizations, cultural bodies, political parties and privately funded organizations.76 Being actively involved in mining, plantation, agriculture, small-scale manufacturing, as well as retail and distribution sectors, is the key to shaping Malayan Chinese leadership that was led by successful merchant entrepreneurs. As time passed by, in order to sustain a leading group in the economic sector, these organizations were gradually turned into a political
74 N.a, ‘JKMPKA, mekanisme pertingkat kefahaman dan keharmonian’. Utusan Borneo Online, https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/2016/02/25/jkmpka- mekanisme-tingkat-persefahaman-dan-keharmonian, accessed on 28 September 2017
75 Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia Page. https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set
=a.1105872269425425.1073741909.126121114067217&type=3, accessed on 28 September 2017.
76 Hicks, George, ‘Chinese Organizations in Southeast Asia in the 1930s,’ in Social Movement in Malaysia, ed. Saliha Hassan & Meredith L. Weiss. (Singapore:
Select Books, 1996), 76-90.
setting in response to nationalist and revolutionary groups that occurred in China, such as the Communist and the Kuomintang party.77 However, these groups excluded the minority groups, especially Chinese-Muslims who were converting from their original religion into Islam.
Malaysian Chinese Muslims Association (MACMA)
Malaysian Chinese Muslim Association (MACMA) is the oldest organization that represents the Chinese-Muslim community in Malaysia. Before its awareness, it is important to have an official organization that understands well about the sociocultural background that is embodied in the Chinese Muslims in the Malaysian context. MACMA was officially registered on September 8th, 1994. There were huge efforts by several early Chinese Muslim professionals to register MACMA as an official NGO, especially in gaining strong support from the Minister in the Prime Minister Office, YB Dato’ Dr. Abdul Hamid Othman due to the increasing number of Chinese who reverted to Islam (or some called it converting) year by year. Therefore, the presence of MACMA helped promote Islamic teachings to new Chinese Muslims in the context of Chinese sociocultural understanding, as well as in the realm of the Syāriʿah circle directly. At the same time, they would be more sensitive towards the Chinese and the non-Chinese Muslims, and the Chinese communities indirectly.
With strong support by many, it became imperative for MACMA to extend their accessibilities not only to the central of Malaysia such as Kuala Lumpur and Selangor, but to expand their offices. Due to the enthusiasm that has embroiled within their volunteers, as well as their leadership today, MACMA has expanded into 19 branches that cover all 13 states of Malaysia in five districts. One branch in Batu Pahat, Johor is currently waiting for approval from the Registrar of Society (ROS).78 Statistically, the members of MACMA in 2014 had increased to 2,586, from 2,560 in 2013 and 2,432 in 2012.79 However, there are no updated data for 2015 onwards.
77 Meredith L. Weiss, ‘Malaysian NGOs: History, Legal Framework and Characteristics,’ 20.
78 Persatuan Cina Muslim Malaysia (MACMA), ‘MACMA Branches,’ http://macma.
my/main/index.php/macma-branches/, accessed on 27 September 2017.
79 Mohd Faridh Hafez Mhd Omar & Sharifah Hayaati Syed Ismail, ‘Sumbangan Organisasi Cina-Muslim dalam Keharmonian Beragama di Malaysia: Tinjauan Terhadap Cabaran dan Peranan PERKIM dan MACMA.’ There is no updated data on MACMA’s membership as shown in the website.
Leadership in MACMA is divided into two segments which are for national and state levels, as stated in MACMA’s new constitution. Every two years in their Annual General Meeting (AGM), the members have the right to vote for new leadership and those who got elected will be in position for the following two years. In 2015, Prof. Dr. Taufiq Yap Yun Hin became the third president of MACMA at the national level. The first president was Hj. Sulaiman Hon, followed by Datuk Dr. Mustapha Ma. The third president of MACMA, Prof.
Dr. Taufiq Yap Yun Hin, was a well-known chemist and recognized by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), an international chemist union. He then received an award as a Fellow of Academy of Science Malaysia. As stressed by one of the MACMA members, it is hoped that under the third president, MACMA will transform its presence into a global key player who has great mind settings that contribute to the development of Islam and be part of the world’s Muslim communities, not only as Chinese Muslims in the Malaysian context.80
Another contribution from Chinese Muslim leadership in Malaysia could be seen from how they develop their identities in the context of a multiracial environment. To date, four mosques had been built on Chinese architectural and identities; all popularly known as ‘Masjid Cina’ or Chinese Mosque.
The location of these mosques is in Rantau Panjang, Kelantan; Ipoh, Perak;
Seremban, Negeri Sembilan and Melaka. The initiative to build these Chinese Mosques in Malaysia was originally inspired by the Niujie Mosque in Beijing, aging more than 1,000 years. These mosques aim to act as a translocal agent to the community where religious and social activities intersect. However, in terms of the mosques’ management, it falls under the state law by which it has to follow all related enactments such as the language of sermon, appointment of an imam (prayer leader) and funds, that is directly under the order of Sultan.
Contextually, the notion that MACMA leadership has to actively participate in the Malaysian development is really in time. It can be seen clearly from the recognition that MACMA’s members receive every year. For example, one of the members and volunteers of MACMA had received the Anugerah Tokoh Maal Hijrah, a special award given to those actively contributing in the daʿwah field in promoting goodwill and preventing evils, as well as effortlessly calling people to Islam, including leadership skills that entail along the process, neither state nor national level. This year, 1439 Hijrah, four of MACMA members received numerous awards from the states of Kedah,
80 Xifu Naser, ‘Cina Muslim Perlu Bangkit,’ Sinar Harian Online, http://www.
sinarharian.com.my/politik/cina-muslim-perlu-bangkit-1.399109, accessed on 27 September 2017.
Kelantan and Pulau Pinang.81 In this sense, leadership characters in MACMA as one of the respected Islamic RNGOs are important to adopt and should be a central principle in delivering good services to the community. Charismatic, transformational and servant leadership are well embedded in the works of MACMA leaders, volunteers and members. These characters are aligned with the vision and mission statements of MACMA since its establishment and have reflected on the organizational effectiveness and achievements, not individuals.
3. Indian Muslim NGOs
The Indian community has established itself in an organization since the time of the colonized Malaysia. Caste, linguistic, economic, and educational divisions are the parameters that define their movement establishment, not the homogeneous view of cultural identity or sense of belonging.82 Yet, the western-educated and professional minority has maintained prominence as an elite within the community, mainly in the aspects of income and access to power. According to Meredith, the earliest organizations within the Indian community are religious, youth, social and guilds. In contrast, Rajoo then found that Indian organizations tend to stress on in-group identity and highlight differences across sub-communities. For example, the Indian Muslim community is well associated with the Malay Muslims rather than the Indian Hindus.83 Like Malay and Chinese communities, upon post-independence, the Indian community has also become a key member of the nation-building process through its involvement in the political-based organization. Yet, the Indian Muslim community was segregated from their agenda due to differences in religion and belief system. To date, there are 700,000 Indian Muslims scattered in different fields, such as businesses, restaurants, retails and religious affairs management.84
81 Persatuan Cina Muslim Malaysia (MACMA). http://macma.my/main/, accessed on 27 September 2017.
82 Meredith L. Weiss, ‘Malaysian NGOs: History, Legal Framework and Characteristics,’ 22.
83 Rajoo. R., ‘World view of the Indians with Regard to Their Social Identity and Belonging in Malaysia,’ in Malaysian Worldview, ed. Mohd Taib Osman (Singapore: ISEAS, 1985), 155.
84 Budiwanti, Erni, ‘Malaysian Indian Muslim’s Oscillating Identity: Swinging Between Home and Host Countries,’ in From Conflict to Peace Building and Democratization: Muslim Minorities in Southeast Asia (Thailand: API Regional Coordinating Institutions, 2012), 81-87.
Federation of Indian Muslim Malaysia Associations (PERMIM)
In the spirit of pooling different interests under one official umbrella instead of living in differences, as a minority Muslim in the Malaysian context, early generation of Indian Muslims took a very good initiative by establishing Persekutuan Pertubuhan India Muslim Malaysia or Federation of Malaysian Indian Muslim Associations (PERMIM). PERMIM was officially registered in 1973 and acted as a sole NGO that represents the interests and rights of Malaysian Indian Muslims. Before its establishment, 40 social and religious organizations had merged under PERMIM and fought for the interest of many.85
Referring to PERMIM’s mission statement, three points will lead this organization to move forward. One of them stated being a research facility by offering services to envisage, as well as organizing and implementing activities to promote religion, education, economy, social, and culture well to its members and public.86 Considering the mission and programs that are conducted by PERMIM along with its establishment, it can be said that PERMIM is a type of Islamic RNGO which is not only driven by ethnic interests per se, but religious motives and teachings implanted within the organization and its members.
The current PERMIM’s leadership is led by Hj. Dhajudeen B. Shahul Hameed, the President of PERMIM for 2016 until 2018. However, detailed information about him has not been made available in any channels, including PERMIM’s official website. Despite such limited knowledge and reports, the presence of PERMIM leadership is very much felt in the Indian Muslim development process in Malaysia. According to Budiwanti, building a mosque within their circle is a must and the first step to be taken is to unite all Indian Muslims under the spirit of Islam.87 Budiwanti further explained that six mosques have been identified that were built with Indian architecture; with the oldest one located in Melaka, Masjid Tengkera, and Masjid Kampung Klling, followed by Masjid Kapitan Keling in Penang and Masjid Sultan Kelana in Klang, Selangor. Surprisingly, in Kuching, Sarawak, there is one Indian Mosque that is believed to be built in 1837. In 2014, according to reports, the
85 PERMIM, ‘Heritage,’ http://www.permim.org/index.php/aboutus/heritage, accessed on 27 September 2017.
86 PERMIM, ‘Vision,’ http://www.permim.org/index.php/aboutus/vision, accessed on 27 September 2017.
87 Budiwanti, Erni, ‘Malaysian Indian Muslim’s Oscillating Identity: Swinging Between Home and Host Countries,’ 84. | https://azpdf.org/document/yng62p1p-leadership-characters-in-malaysian-religious-ngos-an-introductory.html |
ntroduction As in the first assignment, imagine that you are now a professional psychologist, working in the education (preschoolers) that you aspire to. You are charged with creating professional development….
Do you Know Leadership?
Resources
Read/review the following resources for this activity:
Textbook: Chapter 9, 11, 12
Minimum of 1 library resource for initial post
Introduction
The Charismatic leader and the transformational leader can have many similarities. A charismatic leader may be transformational. A charismatic leader may come to the fore during a crisis. An example is when 9/11 happened, leaders rose to the occasion. New York City’s Mayor Giulianni, who up to that point, was not always seen in a positive light, emerged as an insightful, smart, compassionate and powerful leader in the days, weeks, and months that followed. NYPD Commissioner Raymond Kelly led New York City in counterterrorism and the counterterrorism unit became a sought after model for law enforcement operations throughout the country and in many other countries.
Can just anyone emerge is a charismatic and transformational leader? We see people emerge as leaders all the time in response to crisis. Firefighters race into burning buildings. Someone will jump into a raging river to save a dog. The need and the goal are usually time-sensitive and inspire action from someone. Not everyone can respond. Being prepared to respond is one of the key elements. Training and practice lead to preparedness to respond to situations. Effective charismatic and transformational leaders have an ability to share a vision to a group of people using a strong presence and an ability to communicate that is above the norm.
Political leaders who lack an ability to communicate in a strong way, even though they may have great ideas, have a difficult time climbing to the top because they are not able to communicate in a strong and powerful way. Charismatic leaders have a strong bond with their followers. Martin Luther King, Jr., John F. Kennedy, and Mother Theresa are examples of leaders who were both charismatic and transformational. Those who have a natural charisma tend to have an activist mind-set and we find them involved in political and social causes. Transformational leaders usually follow a career-path that brings them to a point of leadership where their transformational abilities come to the fore. Examples of transformational leaders are Winston Churchill, Nelson Mandella, Sigmund Freud, Benjamin Franklin, Adolf Hitler, and Samuel Goldwyn.
Initial Post Instructions
Different types of power and influencing tactics were discussed in your reading. Think about the characteristics of a charismatic leader and of a transformational leader. What type of power is the charismatic leader and the transformational leader most likely to be associated with? Explain why.
Secondary Post Instructions
Read and respond to posts made by at least one peer. Respond in one of the following ways:
Ask a probing question.
Share an insight from having read your peer’s post.
Offer and support an opinion.
Validate an idea with your own experience.
Make a suggestion.
Writing Requirements
In addition to one initial post, respond to at least one peer.
Initial Post Length: minimum of 250 words
Secondary Post Length: minimum of 200 words per post
Use APA format for in-text citations and list of references. | https://qualityessays.net/do-you-know-leadership/ |
what impact does charismatic leadership
To what degree do you believe that employees and individuals desire or seek out charismatic leaders? After having read this week’s textbook section and journal article, what impact does charismatic leadership have in improving performance of individuals as well as the accomplishment of organisational goals?
Samnani, A. & Singh, P. (2013) ‘When leaders victimize: The role of charismatic leaders in facilitating group pressures’, Leadership Quarterly 24 (1), pp. 189-202. http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.liv.ac.uk/science/article/pii/S1048984312000951
Textbook
Northouse, P.G. (2010) Leadership: Theory and practice 5th ed. London: Sage.
(Please note that the references to these readings can be found in the Lecture Notes text under the headings of the topics to which they relate.)
Read the chapter titled ‘Transformational Leadership’.
• Charismatic leaders
This selection examines the characteristics that charismatic leaders possess and what impact this trait has on those around them. Charismatic leaders tend to seem more emotionally intelligent about situations and therefore able to tap into underlying needs and motivations of people.
• Transformational leadership
This selection investigates the transformative theoretical approach which is the process of influencing change in individuals, groups, and larger organizations. The theory contributes greatly to the understanding of the cognitive and affective processes involved with motivation.
• Evaluation of the transformational approach
This selection discusses the traits of the transformational approach theory. Although this approach may paint leaders in a heroic light, sceptics believe that the traits of these leaders cannot be taught. You will look at the benefits and drawbacks of this approach.
Read the chapter titled ‘Team Leadership’.
• The team leadership model
This selection investigates the idea of leadership shifting from the leader to the follower and the process for achieving goals. This idea of team leadership has gained momentum in recent years, but has come into question because many of the team leadership functions have remained unsupported by research findings.
• Leadership action and team effectiveness
This selection introduces the functions that are recommended for leaders to build team effectiveness. In this approach there are two main actions for leaders to undertake; task accomplishment and maintenance of the team.
Supplemental Resources
‘Charismatic Leadership’
http://changingminds.org/disciplines/leadership/styles/charismatic_leadership.htm
‘Leading Without Authority’
http://www.joe.org/joe/1996october/a3.php
‘Requirements of a Self-Managed Team Leader’
http://www.leader-values.com/article.php?aid=722
‘Team Effectiveness and Leadership Roles’
http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7245/1/MPRA_paper_7245.pdf
Are you interested in this answer? Please click on the order button now to have your task completed by professional writers. Your submission will be unique and customized, so that it is totally plagiarism-free. | https://legitwriting.com/what-impact-does-charismatic-leadership-2/ |
The delegation, mostly known as the laissez-faire meaning the non-interference in the affair of others, is the least productive of all the groups (Lewin, 271-299). Researchers have found that children who belong in this group are more demanding to the leader and demonstrate little cooperation, thus working dependently. The delegation leaders leave the decision-making up to the group members and offer little or no guidance at all. Though this style can work effectively in conditions where group members are highly qualified in an area of expertise, the roles of each member are badly off and lack motivation.
However, relative leaders used this style in order to set priorities and delegate certain tasks. It is a style that is used when leaders fully trust and have confidence in the people below them. Other leadership styles are bureaucratic leadership and charismatic leadership. The bureaucratic leadership is very structured and follows by the procedures that are already established. The decision-making process is slow-paced for they ensure adherence to the ladders of the company. Universities, hospitals, banks, and government usually entail for this type of leadership in order to guarantee quality, enhance security, and diminish corruption in their organizations.
Leaders hasting the pace of the process will just experience frustration and anxiety. The charismatic leadership, on the other hand, have leaders who infuse energy and fervor into their group members. Charismatic leaders have to be dedicated and committed to the organization for the long run. They may become a danger to the company or organization by choosing to resign to move ahead to higher opportunities, especially if the success of the division or project is assigned to the leader and not the team.
The company may take time and hard work to restore the employees’ confidence back with another type of leadership after committing themselves to a charismatic leader. Most leaders are required to have a degree of power which is determined by the goals that must be achieved within the organization. | https://freeessayhelp.com/essay-leadership-college-essay-1890280 |
2004, Vol.
1, No. 1
Book Review
Reviewed
by James
D. Hernando, Ph.D.,
professor of New Testament,
Assemblies of God Theological
Seminary.
Printer Friendly Version (PDF,Download
Help)
Usually, scholarly treatises on ancient Graeco-Roman
society are not regarded as relevant for the contemporary
church. Andrew Clarke’s work, I suggest, is
an exception. In his Introduction, Clarke
identifies a problem to which modern Christians can
surely relate. He writes, “The first Christians were struggling
to establish an identity within the complex and multicultural
world of the early Roman Empire.” The Graeco-Roman
world surrounded the church and exerted powerful
social, political and religious forces as they endeavored
to express their faith.
Today’s church finds itself in a similar predicament,
asking, “What is our identity in a complex multicultural
world, and how do we engage our surrounding cultural
context?” Clarke has chosen to answer the question
of identity as it relates to church leadership. How
did the Early Church compare with Graeco-Roman and
Jewish societies in their understanding and practice
of leadership? Clarke proceeds to ask about the extent
the Early Church was influenced by models of leadership
from the administrative structures of the Graeco-Roman
society and the Jewish synagogue. Finally, he examines
the New Testament (primarily the Pauline letters)
for evidence of that influence and any corrective
teaching that it may have provided.
The foundation of Clarke’s study is a historical
survey of the theory and praxis of leadership,
as it existed in the first century Graeco-Roman world
(chs. 1-6). His analysis includes the various contexts
of leadership: the Graeco-Roman city (ch. 2), the Roman
colony and city (ch. 3), voluntary associations
(collegia/clubs
and guilds –ch. 4) and the family (ch.
5). He then expands his study to include leadership
within Jewish synagogues (ch. 6).
Clarke’s book is a masterful portrait of Graeco-Roman
institutions of leadership. Particularly illuminating
is his discussion of honor, which was the driving and
overarching motivation in Graeco-Roman society, especially
among those seeking positions of political governance
(49). Honor defined one’s status in society.
Clarke shows how honor was pursued through the widespread
practice of patronage, where those who occupied a
superior status in society were obligated to become
benefactors to those beneath them on the social ladder.
These, in response, bestowed honor in various ways
to their benefactors. This reciprocal arrangement
is shown to exist within all classes and institutions
of Graeco-Roman society.
Interestingly, within the aristocracy, status was
largely determined by family background, education
and inherited (or accumulated) wealth. These
persons already possessed an elite status and were granted
honor accordingly. Why then the pursuit of patronage?
Clark paints a negative picture of Graeco-Roman
aristocracy as largely self-serving. Individuals who
already belonged to the privileged class pursued the enhancement
of honor, power and prestige. What is clear from Clarke’s
portrayal of this societal phenomenon is that
not only was the quest for honor ubiquitous, but the
lust for authority, power and influence universal and
insatiable.
In the chapter on leadership in the Jewish synagogues
Clarke shows that the organization and governance
of the synagogue incorporated current honorific titles
and functions (e.g., the “synagogue leader”)
which closely paralleled the collegia, or Graeco-Roman
voluntary associations. This serves to confirm the
long-standing conviction (since the seminal work of
Martin Hengel) that Judaism did not escape the influence
of Hellenism but made major cultural concessions to
it.
It is a little surprising that, given the cultural
and social matrix in which the Church was created,
church leadership reflected the roles of civil government
already in place. This is verified in the Church’s
choice of ekklesia, the word for the civic
popular assembly, rather than “synagogue” for
their term of self-identity. Consequently, it is
not surprising to see in the New Testament evidence
that early Christians looked for their leaders to
evince qualities and characteristics similar to those
that defined leaders in the civic ekklesia (153).
However, apart from these terminological parallels,
New Testament apostolic teaching is anything but
an endorsement of secular models of leadership. Clarke
does not go the route of Baur, von Harnack and others
who identify leadership in the church as a second
century development, an early “catholicization” which
departed from a “charismatic” leadership
without any authoritative roles (172). Instead,
using mainly the witness of the Pauline corpus, Clarke
acknowledges the leadership roles that were clearly
in place in the Early Church. He shows that at numerous
points the church followed Graeco-Roman social conventions
in choosing their leaders. For example, the choice
of civic leaders with wealth and influence as local
church benefactors seems to explain why Erastus,
the oikonomos (city
treasurer), is singled out for mention in Romans
16:23. Further adoption of the values of Graeco-Roman
society is reflected in the evidence of patronage
(176-78) and the esteem of wisdom and rhetorical
eloquence in their leaders (174, 179). More commonly,
the writings of Paul give evidence that such values
created problems for the fledgling church, which
Clarke illustrates mainly from the Corinthian correspondence
(180-208).
The significant contribution of this work is the author’s
analysis of Pauline ministry in the Church and the
way Paul viewed himself as a leader. He clearly demonstrates
that contrary to the authoritarian and manipulative
ways of his opponents, Paul used his platform as
an apostle to teach an ethos that challenged the fundamental
views of the Graeco-Roman world on leadership. Its
relevance is at once apparent to those seeking to
adopt a leadership model faithful to New Testament teaching
and the values of God’s kingdom. Paul’s
understanding of leadership was not elitist, contra
the personality cult prevalent in Corinth (1 Cor.
3:4-9). In fact, he reminds the Corinthians that
among them are not many who are wise, powerful and
of noble birth (1 Cor. 1:26). Leadership is a calling,
the prerogative of which belongs to God, not man.
Even Paul’s
apostleship is the stewardship and exercise of a
charismatic gift (12:18ff), a calling that lies in
stark contrast to an elitist cadre of Corinthian
leaders (4:8-13). At the center of the controversy
was the conception of authority, its origin and manner
of exercise. Paul’s
apostolic authority was self-acknowledged, but must
be viewed in the contexts of his self-understanding
as a spiritual father (219-223), a model of Christ
to be imitated (223-28), and an apostle whose
calling is from God (228-32). In other words,
Paul’s
apostolic authority is functionally derived from
his apostolic calling and carried out as a stewardship
of the grace of Christ.
Clarke concludes that, in principle and example, Paul
teaches a model of leadership that is neither hierarchical
nor authoritarian. This is seen in his avoidance
of classic Graeco-Roman terms such as arche (“rule/ruler”), time (“honor”)
and telos (“power” or “authority” of
a magistrate) in reference to ecclesiastical offices.
Instead, Paul overwhelmingly uses the most basic
word for servant (diakonos),
or the verb for service (diakoneo) to describe
the role and function of a leader. For Paul, a church
leader, like the Lord who calls him, must be a servant-leader
(233-52).
Although the central thesis is virtually unassailable,
a few minor criticisms are warranted. For example,
Clarke’s emphasis on Paul’s avoidance
of some Greek terms for leadership does not equate
with his conclusion that Paul “did not regard
himself as a leader” (250), unless one defines
leadership in the precise character that Paul is
correcting. His consistent rejection of hierarchical
structures, as portrayed in the Graeco-Roman world
and mirrored by aberrant models in the Church, are
warranted but avoids treatment of passages where
some sense of hierarchy is unavoidable (e.g., 1 Cor.
12:28; cf Eph. 4:11), or where Paul seems to be exercising
or expressing supreme and unilateral authority as
Christ’s apostle
(1 Cor. 5:3, 9-13; 14:37-38; 1 Thess. 2:13; cf. Gal.
6:17). Certainly, a careful exegesis of 2 Corinthians
calls into question his conclusion that “Paul’s
ministry is challenged not when his apostleship is
challenged, but when believers are being drawn away
from Christ and his grace” (246). It is precisely
because Paul identifies the gospel with the Christ
he preaches and imitates (1 Cor. 11:1) within his
apostolic calling (Gal. 1:6-8; 2 Cor. 11:1-4), that
he passionately defends his apostleship (See 2 Cor.
11:6-33). To reject Paul’s apostleship is to
reject the gospel he preaches and the via crucis (God’s
power perfected through human weakness) that his
life models.
The above criticism should not diminish the assessment
that Andrew Clarke has produced a valuable work
which amply underscores Paul’s emphasis that leaders
are called to serve the church. His survey of
leadership in the Graeco-Roman world, while presented
through careful and meticulous research of primary sources,
is a well-written and very readable work. His
citations of Greek and Latin texts usually are accompanied
by translations, or rendered intelligible by their immediate
contexts. Part 2, which treats leadership in
the Christian community, is fair, balanced and exegetically
informed.
Updated: | http://legacy.agts.edu/encounter/book_reviews/2004_summer/clarke.htm |
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Leadership of Dick Smith
Leadership has always been at the forefront of business studies; leaders are always (or should always be) concerned with how they can stimulate the best performance in the workforce in order to gain the best results and stability for their business. Among the various types of leadership, transformational leadership includes actions that are charismatic, visionary, and inspirational. These actions inspire followers to deliver not only their best,
Charismatic Leadership
By Ylva Sandberg and Christopher M. Moreman
The two authors commence their article by assessing the role of charisma in efficient management, given specifically by the ability of charismatic leaders to motivate and influence their peers and subordinates. The literary challenge of charisma is represented by the assessment of its nature and the division of tools and mechanisms by which charisma can be created. Still, it would most often
Had the failure of the Cuban invasion not occurred, Kennedy would not have been able to appear so ascendant, and the positive reaction to his handling of the Cuban Missile Crisis might not have been as great in magnitude. Truly however, it was his social programs such as the Peace Corps and his focus on establishing peace with the Soviet Union that truly showed him to be the charismatic
Leadership
The co-founder and former chief executive officer, president and chairman of Southwest Airlines, Herb Kelleher, has frequently been cited in the leadership literature as being an exemplar of charismatic leadership (Gibson & Blackwell, 1999). This paper provides an analysis of this leadership style drawing on charismatic leadership theory and some of the traits and behaviors of Kelleher that are characteristic of this type of leadership. A discussion concerning three
Dangers linger in any relationship where one party holds power and the other party gives it. Any student of leadership, must recognize that tripwire, and assiduously avoid it through correctly recognizing the dangers that abuse of power can bring.
Works Cited
Bass, B., Atwater, L., & Avolio, B. (2008). The Transformational and Transactional Leadership of Men and Women. Applied Psychology, 5-34.
Beverly Alimo-MetcalfAlban-Metcalfe, J., Bradley, M., Mariathasan, J., & Samele, C. (2008). | https://www.paperdue.com/essay/charismatic-leadership-143969 |
Governor Andrew M. Cuomo today announced a series of immediate actions by New York State to address contamination in the Village of Hoosick Falls’ water supply and at the Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Site. These announcements follow today’s meeting between the Governor and senior state and local officials.
“We are taking immediate and aggressive actions to protect the health of Hoosick Falls residents,” said Governor Cuomo. “These actions will ensure that the source and extent of PFOA contamination is identified, and all necessary steps are taken to swiftly address the chemical’s presence. My administration is investigating this situation fully, and we will do whatever is necessary to ensure safe, clean drinking water for local residents.”
These actions include to:
- Issue Emergency Regulation to Classify PFOA as Hazardous Substance: The state Department of Environmental Conservation today issued an emergency regulation to classify Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), the contaminant found in the Village’s water supply, as a hazardous substance. This provides DEC with the legal authority to pursue State Superfund designation and cleanup of the site using State Superfund resources.
- Classify Saint-Gobain Facility as a State Superfund Site to Unlock State Resources to Address Contamination: Further, the state announced it will classify the Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Corporation McCaffrey Street Plant and other possible sources of contamination that may be identified in Hoosick Falls as State Superfund sites to unlock state funding resources under the State Superfund Program to address the contamination in the community. DEC has already initiated its investigation and inspected the Saint-Gobain property. If in the course of its continuing investigation DEC finds any additional sources of PFOA contamination, they will also be listed. The Superfund Class 2 designation will allow the state to use State Superfund resources to investigate and clean up PFOA contamination much more quickly than waiting for a federal Superfund designation. In addition, the state will be able to seek cost recovery for the investigation and cleanup activities. DEC will collaborate closely with EPA in the investigation of PFOA in groundwater, soil and other media in Hoosick Falls to determine appropriate cleanup activities.
- Conduct Health Risk Analysis to Establish PFOA Drinking Water Guidance Level: To address the water supply contamination, the state Department of Health will conduct a risk analysis, examining the latest national research, to establish a drinking water guidance level for PFOA.
- Retest Private Wells in the Village of Hoosick Falls: In addition, the state Department of Health will retest 24 private wells in the vicinity of the Saint-Gobain facility.
- Immediately Install Filtration Systems at School and Other Community Gathering Places: Out of an abundance of caution, the state committed to installing water filtration systems at the local school, public health facilities and other community gathering places.
- Blood Testing of Community Members to Begin in Mid-February: Beginning in mid-February, DOH will begin blood testing for community members for those who wish to be tested.
- Establish State Hotline for Public to Stay Informed: Residents can contact 1-800-801-8092 for more information.
Further, once PFOA contamination is addressed, the state committed to work with the community and banks to safeguard property values.
Department of Environmental Conservation Acting Commissioner Basil Seggos said: “Under the direction of Governor Cuomo, New York State is working collaboratively with all levels of government from the EPA to the village and town, to address the contamination in Hoosick Falls. Classifying PFOA as a hazardous substance and making the Saint-Gobain site a State Superfund site will free up resources to investigate and clean up the contamination quickly. We will continue our open dialogue with local officials and the people of Hoosick Falls to ensure they are informed throughout our investigation and remediation.”
Department of Health Commissioner Dr. Howard Zucker said: “The actions taken today by Governor Cuomo, the Department of Environmental Conservation and the Department of Health will safeguard the residents of Hoosick Falls and help address their concerns. The Department of Health will continue to test private wells, and will soon begin a blood testing program to measure residents’ exposure to PFOA. Additionally, DOH will continue to examine the latest and best scientific research to establish a drinking water guidance level for PFOA.”
Senator Kathy Marchione said: “I want to personally thank Governor Cuomo for convening this afternoon's highly productive and positive meeting regarding Hoosick Falls. The announcement that the state recognizes the seriousness of this issue and is taking purposeful action that will help Hoosick Falls families is welcome news. Our discussion today focused on realistic solutions including the state’s regulation of PFOAs, testing of all local wells, blood testing and carbon filtration systems to help protect the health and well-being of families in Hoosick Falls. The positive steps agreed to today are welcome news for the community. I have been carefully monitoring this situation and will continue advocating for Hoosick Falls families as this process moves forward.”
Town of Hoosick Supervisor Mark Surdam said: “I am thankful for the Governor’s recognition of the problem our community is facing with its water supply, and for the actions the state taking today. I want to assure all of the residents in the Town of Hoosick that we are undergoing a tremendous effort to deal with these concerns.”
Village of Hoosick Falls Mayor David Borge said: “I am grateful for Governor Cuomo’s swift action to help our community quickly restore the use of our water supply – and am pleased by the level of coordination by state agencies responding to this issue. This is a major step forward for all residents of the greater Hoosick Falls community.”
Hoosick Falls Central School Superintendent Kenneth Facin said: “Today’s meeting with Governor Cuomo was productive and meaningful, and promises real results for our students and parents. We are appreciative to be a part of a singular, concerted effort to rectify the environmental issues surrounding our water supply. As a proactive measure to ensure the health and safety of our students, the state is assisting our school district with the installment of a carbon filtration system. We are grateful for the Governor’s leadership in galvanizing resources to assist our community.”
State’s Earlier Actions to Address PFOA Contamination
Today’s actions build upon DEC and DOH’s initiatives announced earlier this month to address the PFOA contamination to protect public health and the environment. The state urged EPA to take vigorous action on the federal level to regulate PFOA and to quickly add the Hoosick Falls site to the Superfund National Priorities List. The state, Saint-Gobain and the Village are collaboratively working on an agreement to install water treatment systems to remove hazardous chemicals from the Village’s water supply. In addition, DOH is undertaking a cancer registry study to investigate the incidence of cancer among Village residents and biomonitoring studies. Further DOH is offering PFOA biomonitoring to measure the level of PFOA in Village residents.
PFOA was detected in the Village’s public drinking water in 2014. Since then, DOH has worked closely with the Village to provide technical advice and assistance for water sampling and to evaluate water treatment options to eliminate health risks. Because the levels of PFOA in public water were higher than the EPA health advisory level, DOH determined that people should reduce their exposure by avoiding the use of tap water for drinking and cooking. In addition, DOH continues to monitor private wells and will have more results very soon.
Although the use of PFOA is being phased out, it is still used to make household and commercial products that resist heat, and repel oil, stains, grease, and water. This includes nonstick cookware, surface coatings for stain-resistant carpets and fabric, and paper and cardboard food packaging. Studies of people have associated exposure to PFOA with an increased risk for several health effects. This includes associations with effects on the liver, immune system, thyroid gland, cholesterol levels, blood pressure during pregnancy, and kidney and testicular cancer. | https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-announces-immediate-state-action-plan-address-contamination-hoosick-falls |
Dear Seed Suppliers, Distributors, and Sprouters:
This letter is intended to make you aware of the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) serious concern with the continuing outbreaks of foodborne illness associated with the consumption of raw and lightly cooked sprouts. Since 1996, there have been 30 reported outbreaks of foodborne illness for which contaminated sprouts were implicated as the cause. These outbreaks resulted in about 1,800 cases of illness caused by the bacterial pathogens Salmonella species and E. coli 0157.
Sprouts are often consumed raw (or lightly cooked in the case of bean sprouts) without processing to reduce pathogens that may be present. Therefore, the manner in which they are produced, packed, and distributed is crucial to minimizing microbial contamination, thereby reducing the risk of illness to consumers. In 1999, the FDA issued two guidance documents to industry concerning sprout safety. These documents were entitled "Reducing Microbial Food Safety Hazards for Sprouted Seeds," available at www.cfsan.fda.gov/-dms/sprougd1.html (Appendix A), and "Sampling and Microbial Testing of Spent Irrigation Water during Sprout Production," available at www.foodsafety.gov/-dms/sprougd2.html (Appendix B). These guidance documents recommend good practices that seed suppliers, distributors, and sprouters should undertaketo address common risk factors in their operations, and thereby minimize food safety hazards potentially associated with raw and lightly cooked sprouts.
We have worked in partnership with the sprout industry since the release of our sprout guidance documents in 1999 to promote adoption of our recommendations and to advance the scientific knowledge applicable to enhancing the safety of sprouts. We recognize and appreciate the efforts that academia and some industry members have taken to date towards the safety of sprouts, and we are confident that you will continue to work actively to pursue this goal. However, in light of continuing outbreaks, it is clear that more needs to be done.
In view of continuing outbreaks associated with sprouts, we are issuing this letter to strongly encourage firms in your industry throughout the supply chain - from seed production and distribution through sprouting - to review their current operations in light of theagency's previously issued guidance documents. We also encourage you to consider other available information regarding the reduction or elimination of pathogens on fresh produce, and to modify your operations accordingly to ensure that you are taking the appropriate measures to provide a safe product to the consumer. In 2004, FDA issued its "Produce Safety from Production to Consumption: 2004 Action Plan to Minimize Foodborne Illness Associated with the Consumption of Fresh Produce" (Produce Safety Action Plan, available at www.cfsan.fda.gov/-dms/prodpla2.html). There are four general objectives set out in the Produce Safety Action Plan: prevent contamination of fresh produce; minimize the public health impact when contamination occurs; improve communication between all parties; and facilitate research relevant to the contamination of fresh produce. For each objective, the plan identifies steps or actions by the industry as well as regulators that could contribute to the achievement of the objectives. We believe that many of the steps set out in the Produce Safety Action Plan are relevant to the goal of reducing foodborne illness caused by pathogens associated with sprouts.
As you are aware, seeds are considered the most likely source of contamination in most sprout-associated outbreaks. Therefore, it is important that sprout growers source their seeds from suppliers with an appropriate program to screen their seeds for potential contamination with pathogens.
FDA is aware that the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) recently issued a letter to the sprout industry in California (Appendix C). Sprout producers may find CDPH's letter useful. Additional information about the safer production of sprouted seed set out in an educational video produced by FDA and CDPH can be found at: www.cdph.ca.gov/pubsforms/Documents/fdbiRfrmO1.pdf.
FDA stands ready to continue to engage and assist in these endeavors. As you are aware, food prepared, packed, or held under insanitary conditions whereby it may be rendered injurious to health is adulterated under§402(a)(4) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act ((21 U.S.C. 342(a)(4)). FDA is investigating regulatory options and may consider enforcement actions against firms and farms that grow, condition, produce, or pack sprouted seeds and seed destined for sprouting under insanitary conditions.
Sincerely,
/s/
Stephen F. Sundlof D.V.M., Ph.D. | https://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/ProducePlantProducts/ucm078778.htm |
pesticides have been sprayed or stored.
Pesticides must be taken very seriously; they are toxic, and exposure can lead to a number of health effects ranging from respiratory issues to serious diseases. If your facility handles pesticides, it’s essential to post signage so workers understand the presence of these chemicals and the dangers that are associated with them.
Pesticide signs warn employees of storage areas, contamination, pesticide-free zones, and whether they need to don appropriate PPE such as respirators before proceeding. By using signs that are resistant to abrasions, chemicals, and water, you can ensure that workers receive the information they need for years to come. If pesticides are in your facility, take a look at Creative Safety Supply’s selection of pesticide signs below.
Free OSHA Safety Signs E-Book
Learn the required components of OSHA safety signs. | https://www.creativesafetysupply.com/signs/pesticide-signs/ |
All property owners and management today must have and use a reliable Employers Guide to Legionella Risk Assessment & Control. It is extremely important for them to have full knowledge and understanding of the serious health hazards posed by Legionella and other harmful bacteria. Early detection of the presence of such serious hazards in building water supplies is vital to the wellbeing of everyone who inhabits, works at or spends time inside structures affected by dangerous bacteria. In addition, the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH) offers extensive risk assessment, prevention and control guidelines relative to building contamination from Legionella and other health-endangering bacteria.1
The first known outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease occurred after attendees at an American Legion Convention in Philadelphia, PA, USA, were diagnosed with pneumonia in 1976. Samples of lung tissue from these patients revealed a mysterious type of bacteria. This bacterium was subsequently named Legionella pneumophila. Contamination occurred when patients inhaled the bacteria in water droplets or in water nuclei carried by moisture in the interior air supply of the hotel.
Common Legionnaires' Disease Symptoms and Diagnostic Procedures
Early symptoms of the disease include chills, persistent headaches, high fever and muscular discomfort. Patients may also experience difficulty in breathing and dry, raspy coughing. Other symptoms may be diarrhoea, nausea and increasing confusion or even delirium. Legionnaires’ disease has proven fatal to approximately 12% of known cases among otherwise healthy people, and to somewhat higher percentages of patients who have other serious or chronic illnesses or health conditions. The incubation period for this disease can range from two to ten days. Legionella bacterial infections can be successfully treated with antibiotics, and some patients develop only mild symptoms similar to those of common flu.
Legionnaires' disease can be diagnosed in bacteria from samples of sputum, bronchial tube washings and lung tissue. Patient urine and blood tests can also reveal the presence of Legionella infection. Pontiac fever and Lochgoilhead fever (named for an occurrence of the disease in Lochgoilhead, Scotland) are both mild forms of Legionella bacterial infection that can also be diagnosed by these testing methods.
Responsible Building Risk Assessment for Legionella Bacterial Infection
In addition to careful attention and adherence to a responsible Employers Guide to Legionella Risk Assessment & Control, the latest modern measures for identifying and evaluating contamination must be used. To insure accuracy in determining the sources and risk levels of Legionella contamination within your building’s interior environment, you may need to employ the expert services and advice of outside eco-conscious and green consultants.
Since hazardous Legionella bacteria can be found in natural bodies of water like rivers, streams, lakes and ponds, they can also be found within some building water storage tanks and distribution pipes. Because such dangerous bacteria can also be spread throughout building interior spaces by contaminated moisture in the air. When testing a building for Legionella contamination, it is essential to examine all areas of water storage and distribution throughout the entire facility. Testing should include all heat exchangers, pumps, baths and showers.
A careful and reliable examination for risk assessment of bacterial contamination in your building will include determining:
- The extent to which water is kept in storage or circulated in your building;
- Whether or not the water temperature throughout your building’s water supply system is maintained at temperatures between 20◦ and 45◦C, the common range allowing the development and growth of Legionella and other harmful bacteria;
- If there are existing conditions within your building water storage and circulation systems that encourage the formation and multiplying of harmful bacteria found in sludge, rust, scale and other organic substances;
- Whether or not water droplets travel through your building air circulation system and are dispersed into the structure’s general interior atmosphere;
- If there are employees who inhabit and work within your building now suffering from chronic illnesses or long-term health conditions that could be adversely affected by the possible release of bacterial contaminants into the building’s water or air circulation systems.
Guidelines for Prevention and Control of Legionnaires' Disease
After a thorough assessment of your building’s potential or present risk for contamination by Legionella and other harmful bacteria, the next step is to formulate and initiate strong measures for the prevention and control of these bacterial infections. As owner or manager of a building, it is your responsibility to hire or contract whatever skilled professionals and services are necessary to carefully initiate and control safety methods and procedures to best prevent bacterial contamination throughout the building. Whether you designate currently competent staff members to oversee and carry out this vital work or contract outside staffing, they must be well trained and experienced.
If thorough building interior examination and risk assessment reveal potential or real risks that you cannot eliminate, your staff or contracted professionals must take the appropriate actions to control and manage these risks. These necessary actions include:
- Design a printed schematic for performing hazard prevention and control;
- Identify the responsible individuals or team members of your building’s environmental hazards prevention and control plan along with their specific functions and duties;
- Define procedures for safe and responsible systems operations throughout your building facilities;
- Identify and explain all control methods, for example, cleaning and replacement of piping, water storage tanks and air circulation systems or units when needed;
- Treat water to eliminate Legionella and other harmful microorganisms and maintain the cleanliness of your building’s water;
- Use only the materials, piping structure, ducts, appliances and accessories that are officially approved for building use on the UK Water Supply System by the Water Regulations Advisory Scheme.
You must always maintain accurate records of your ongoing building water and air contamination prevention, control and management plans and operations. If you or the businesses housed within your real estate employ more than five employees, you must carefully record any problems cited. You are also obligated to correct these issues and to take all measures to ensure the health and safety of any staff members with serious illness or immune system deficiencies.
In compliance with the Notification of Cooling Towers and Evaporative Condensers Regulations 1992, as a building owner or operator you are required to inform the appropriate local officials in writing if your building makes use of an on-site evaporative condenser or cooling tower installation. Additionally, to comply with the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR), you are obligated to reveal all cases of employee Legionella infection if these individuals have at any time performed work on hot water systems or cooling tower structures that have been or are presumed to have been spreaders of Legionella bacteria. If your building contains spa pools, they must also be included in your water contamination prevention and control monitoring and reports.
There are many important aspects to carefully assessing, preventing, controlling and monitoring risk for contamination by Legionella bacteria in your building’s structures and spaces. Each separate aspect requires your diligent attention and action to ensure a healthy interior environment. | https://www.aquacert.co.uk/news/employers-guide-to-legionella-risk-assessment-and-control/ |
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has announced the addition of the Orange County North Basin Site to the National Priorities List (NPL), sometimes referred to as the Superfund List.
The site includes parts of Anaheim, Fullerton and Placentia, and is part of the larger Orange County Groundwater Basin (Basin) managed by the Orange County Water District (OCWD).
“OCWD commends the EPA for taking this critical step forward to ensure the continued safety and reliability of our local groundwater,” said OCWD President Vicente Sarmiento. “This action falls within EPA’s core function of enforcement and compliance with the nation’s environmental laws and it will work with companies responsible for the contamination to clean it up instead of passing these costs on to ratepayers. This is a significant milestone for the District, and we look forward to cooperating with cleanup efforts to ensure the safety of our water supplies for today, and for generations to come.”
The Orange County North Basin Site includes a five-mile long, two-mile wide groundwater plume containing contamination from legacy industrial chemicals which have caused the closure of four city drinking water wells. The EPA’s listing of the Site is critical to control the plume from impacting even more drinking water wells.
As manager of the Orange County Groundwater Basin, OCWD has performed extensive groundwater investigations at its own cost to assess the area and depth of the contaminant plume. OCWD has also pursued litigation to compel responsible parties to pay for OCWD’s costs to address contamination that escaped from the parties’ properties. In 2014, OCWD began a dialogue with EPA regarding contamination in the northern part of the basin and, in October 2016, OCWD and EPA entered into an administrative agreement under which the District committed to pay the cost of a remedial investigation and feasibility study (RI/FS) under EPA oversight to assess the extent of the groundwater contamination in the North Basin, and to come up with possible interim solutions to contain and remediate areas with higher levels of contamination. In August 2017, the state of California concurred with placing North Basin on the NPL and granted $1.7 million of Prop 1 money to assist with development of the remedial study.
“Since 1933, through sound planning and appropriate investment, the District has demonstrated our commitment to keep our water supply safe and reliable for the residents and businesses we serve and we will continue to do so,” added Sarmiento.
The Orange County North Basin Site is one of six sites that were added to the NPL. Visit OCWD’s website for more information about the RI/FS and overall efforts to address the North Basin contamination. | http://californiawaternewsdaily.com/industry/orange-county-north-basin-site-added-to-superfund-list-by-epa/ |
Site a source of contamination to village water supply.
HYANNIS — Village residents want regular communication and immediate action when it comes to cleanup of the contaminated Barnstable County Fire and Rescue Training Academy site.
That was the clear message delivered to county officials and environmental consultants at a public meeting focused on efforts to address environmental damage at the 6.2-acre site on South Flint Rock Road.
The meeting, which drew more than 100 people to Barnstable Town Hall on Thursday night, was spurred by a citizens petition filed earlier this year by GreenCape, a nonprofit environmental advocacy organization.
The Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, through the state’s contingency plan for cleaning contamination, allows for sites to be designated for a “public involvement plan” if community members petition for more input in the process.
“I think it was a great start,” Sue Phelan, director of GreenCape, said of the meeting. “There’s a lot more work to be done, and I’d like to know when the next meeting will be held. Perhaps they will include formation of a public involvement plan committee, because it sounds like they (the county) are open and willing to work with us.”
The academy has been identified as one of the sources of PFAS contamination affecting the Hyannis water supply in recent years, triggering health advisories for pregnant women, nursing mothers and infants twice since 2015. PFAS, or per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, are man-made chemicals considered to be contaminants of emerging concern. They are commonly found in firefighting foams, which were used at the academy until 2009.
“The people of Hyannis come first,” said Barnstable County Administrator John “Jack” Yunits Jr., underscoring the need to train the region’s first responders while solving environmental problems caused by foam products.
“They’re the real devil here,” Yunits said of manufacturers who allegedly engaged in a decades-long cover-up about the safety of foam products bought and used by fire departments that trained at the academy.
Barnstable County is involved in a lawsuit seeking damages from the manufacturers, and an update on the case could be available this month.
Yunits also praised the town of Barnstable for acting quickly and working with the county to install filters to ensure that water reaching homes and businesses in the village is safe and free of contaminants.
“We have made a huge financial commitment to make sure your water is safe,” he said.
Roger Thibault, of the environmental consulting firm Nover-Armstrong, which has been hired to manage cleanup operations, provided the audience with a detailed overview of PFAS and the history of contamination at the academy site. A colleague then explained the process triggered by the public involvement petition, including a 20-day comment period, starting Friday, for a draft public involvement plan that was distributed at the meeting. A final plan would then be developed within 30 days, and initiatives undertaken to ensure all applicable documents and updates are available to the public.
Deborah Krau, president of the Greater Hyannis Civic Association, was one of nearly a dozen people to offer public comment during the 90-minute meeting. She commended the county for recent remedial actions taken at the contaminated property, but expressed concern about a county bid proposal for a large maritime fire training prop, which stipulates it will be installed at the current site by October. She suggested that the bid proposal be amended to reflect a new academy location, if one is found.
“That prop is not destined for this site,” Yunits said. “If there is no new site (when the prop is delivered) it will be converted to a mobile prop.”
He also said it was “ludicrous” to think that once the water is turned off at the academy that it will ever be turned back on. The use of water during fire training exercises at the site will cease next month to avoid further movement of chemicals as the water passes through contaminated soil.
“Residents of Hyannis once again are paying the price for all the towns on the Cape,” said Maureen Grandmont, referring to regional use of the academy. “Honor the health of Hyannis residents who pay for water we don’t feel safe using.”
After the meeting, Phelan said in recent weeks she already has seen progress being made in regard to some of the public concerns.
County and Joint Base Cape Cod officials confirmed this week that talks are underway to relocate the academy to the Upper Cape base.
Last month, the Department of Environmental Protection proposed revisions to rules for cleanups of sites with groundwater affected by PFAS, as well as new drinking water standards that are much more stringent than current requirements. In both cases, the proposed revisions would reduce the acceptable level of PFAS from 70 parts per trillion to 20 parts per trillion.
The department has scheduled a public hearing on the proposed regulations for 12:30 to 2:30 p.m. May 28 at Barnstable Town Hall.
— Follow Geoff Spillane on Twitter: @GSpillaneCCT. | https://www.capecodtimes.com/news/20190502/hyannis-residents-demand-say-in-fire-academy-cleanup |
The Impact of Climate Change on Water Supply in the Sahel Region: The case of Burkina Faso
Over the last few decades, Burkina Faso, partly due to its geographical location, has experienced strong seasonal and annual climatic variations that place pressure on limited water resources. Climate variability is a major constraint on food security, health, environment, and poverty reduction due to a high dependence on the agricultural sector, which is 86% of the GDP. Available water resources are highly vulnerable to changes in rain, temperature and wind patterns. This has become a major challenge in the operations of the national utility, Office National de l’Eau et de l’Assainissement (ONEA), supplying drinking water for 43 urban centers in the country, including Burkina Faso’s capital, Ouagadougou which has an estimated population of over 20 million people (figures from www.wordometers.info). According to ONEA, an IWA member since 2015, the major climate related risks to water supply faced by the country are droughts, floods and erosion. These risks do not just affect the quality and quantity of the resources but also result in damage to infrastructure, rendering them temporarily inoperative, leading to an increased risk of contamination or untimely distribution of water. In 2016, floods affected about 9 regions with a total of 27,826 people. Drought has also affected a cumulative number of about 12.4 million people between 1969 and 2014. Erosion, which occurs during both flood and drought events, silts up rivers causing deterioration of water quality by not only increasing the turbidity of the water but also by run-off of pollutants even in underground aquifers. Considering the country’s climate profile, it is appropriate to ensure proper planning to better address the impacts of the changing climate to manage the operations of the water utility and ensure equal access to water supply for a fast growing population.
Despite the challenges brought about by flooding and drought, ONEA is committed to providing equitable access to adequate water supply and effectively managing the limited water resources in order to contribute to sustainable development through several programmes. Water Safety Plans (WSP), a comprehensive risk assessment and risk management approach that encompasses all steps in water supply from catchment to consumer, is one such programme recommended by the World Health Organization and (WHO) and the International Water Association (IWA), and adopted by ONEA to help ensure their water service provision. Most of the major river banks in the country have a high concentration of commercial activities such as farming and mining. Through the use of fertilizers and pesticides, water is easily contaminated causing negative effects for fish stocks, human and animal health. Implementing WSP ultimately ensures a supply of safety and acceptable drinking water supply.
Mr. Olivier Yameogo, Water Quality Manager with ONEA, believes WSP plays a key role in operational planning and investments. He added that, it is the most effective way for ONEA to ensure the safety of the water supply by applying an overall risk assessment and management strategy, covering all stages of the supply system from catchment to the consumer and believes its integration of health security into planning is essential. Water professionals need tools that allow them to manage and plan for climate risks. DHI, a member of IWA has, together with the association, developed a methodology with a package of technical applications to help basin stakeholders, such as water utilities, better integrate climate information and future changes into planning. IWA has used its position as a leading association for water professionals to disseminate the portal and its technical application to IWA members, such as ONEA.
The Flood and Drought Portal (http://www.flooddroughtmonitor.com/), developed under the Flood and Drought Management Tools (FDMT) project, provides ONEA with a way integrate information about floods, droughts and future scenarios into WSP. Olivier made the point that the project has been beneficial to ONEA to address the issue around access to climate data, where knowledge and collection has been insufficient at the national level. Through the portal, ONEA is able to get free, reliable and near real-time climate data (rainfall, temperature, evapotranspiration, etc.). This information is necessary for ONEA to evaluate the risks to their water supply system and to propose reliable control measures, steps which are taken during the development and implementation of their WSP. A WSP supporting application is also available in the Flood and Drought Portal, which provides ONEA with a means of developing and documenting their WSP. For ONEA, this is just the beginning of the best to come. They believe their capacity and that of other stakeholders should continue to build around the Flood and Drought Portal to allow for better planning of operations and future investments.
About the Flood and Drought Management Tools project
The Flood and Drought Management Tools (FDMT) project, a Global Environment Facility (GEF) International Waters (IW) funded project, implemented by the UN Environment, with the International Water Association (IWA) and DHI as the executing agencies. The project is developing online technical applications to support planning from the transboundary basin to water utility level by including better information on floods and droughts. The project is being implemented from 2014 – 2018, with 3 pilot basins (Volta, Lake Victoria and Chao Phraya) participating in development and testing of the methodology and technical applications.
For more information on the Flood and Drought Management Tools project, visit: http://fdmt.iwlearn.org.
About Olivier Wendlassida Yameogo
Olivier Wendlassida Yameogo currently holds the position of Head of Water Quality Service of the National Office for Water and Sanitation (ONEA). His main mission in the institution is to monitor the quality of the water produced and distributed and to monitor the performance of the production and purification works.
The short-term goal is to improve the quality of drinking water in Burkina Faso by implementing strategies such as water safety management plans and improving planning for climate effects (floods and droughts) to make meaningful access to drinking water a fundamental right recognised by the United Nations General Assembly since 2010. | https://iwa-network.org/the-impact-of-climate-change-on-water-supply-in-the-sahel-region/ |
The Maryland General Assembly is back in session — and we at the Center for Progressive Reform are tracking a number of bills that, if passed, will have a lasting impact on the people of Maryland and their environment. Several could also spur other states to improve their own environmental and public health protections.
We’re watching bills that would:
- Ensure clean drinking water
Everyone needs and deserves safe drinking water. Yet well owners in Maryland are largely left on their own to ensure their water is safe. Some 2 million Marylanders rely on well water as their primary water source, yet many well owners incorrectly believe their well water is safe to drink. Many don’t test their water annually or understand the importance of doing so.
The Maryland Private Well Safety Program would address these problems. This would help well owners cover the costs of testing and remediation when unsafe contamination levels are found. The bill would also require the state to create an online database of well water test results and better monitor and report on its groundwater resources, and it would require property owners to disclose test results to tenants and homebuyers.
- Provide greater accountability to ensure adequate enforcement of environmental protections
Our environmental laws are meaningless without adequate enforcement, transparency, and accountability measures to back them up. Yet, environmental enforcement and compliance levels in Maryland plunge to record lows year after year. Meanwhile, Maryland residents lack access to the courts in Clean Water Act enforcement cases and often face obstacles when requesting environmental records from the state.
A suite of bills (House Bills 183, 204, 295, and 82) aim to address these problems. They would provide equitable access to records, create an online database of state enforcement actions, allow Marylanders to participate in Clean Water Act enforcement cases, and establish a constitutional right to a healthy and healthful environment. If enacted, these bills will ensure that Maryland residents and advocates have access to the information they need to watchdog the state’s environmental efforts and the legal power to act on it while also recognizing our inalienable right to live in a safe and healthy environment.
- Protect against the threats of climate change
As a coastal state, Maryland is especially vulnerable to climate change. Yet, Maryland’s stormwater pollution and technical design standards are outdated and don’t reflect the projected increase in precipitation intensity due to climate change. House Bill 295 would ensure that state and local governments adapt building permits and Chesapeake Bay restoration efforts to protect our waterways and communities from flooding. Likewise, House Bill 512 would require “climate and coast smart” development for the private sector. Both bills would increase community safety and resilience, all while mitigating urban and coastal flooding impacts on natural resources and public infrastructure.
CPR is following these critical bills as they move through the state legislature this session, which concludes on April 12. For updates, check back here, subscribe to our newsletter, and follow us on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and LinkedIn. | https://progressivereform.org/cpr-blog/maryland-considers-bills-protect-public-environmental-health/ |
plaintiffs’ water supply and their exposure to toxic and hazardous substances," is all over the front pages. Which means it also spawned lawsuits.
The plaintiffs raised several claims across several cases, alleging (among other claims) inverse condemnation. In one series of cases, the defendants sought dismissal, arguing that the facts as alleged would not support takings liability. In the other, the court denied the defendants summary judgment. The court of appeals consolidated the appeals.
In both docket no. 340458 and docket no. 340890, all plaintiffs, collectively, alleged in their complaints that defendants specifically decided to send water they knew or had reason to know was unsafe through the pipelines and into plaintiffs’ homes and businesses. Plaintiffs detailed the specific actions and inactions of defendants which resulted in the contaminated water flowing into their homes as well as the information available to defendants regarding the safety of the water at various points. Plaintiffs referenced Article 10 § 2 of the Michigan Constitution’s requirement that "'[p]rivate property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation." They also asserted that the actions and inactions of the state constitutes a de facto taking of private property without just compensation because the actions of the state were unreasonable, unwarranted, and reckless. Plaintiffs claimed that the defendants took affirmative actions that directly targeted their properties and they sustained property damage, including irreparably damaged service line pipes, loss of use and enjoyment of their property, and substantial loss in the value of their properties.
Applying the Michigan takings test, the court concluded that "[t]he decision to have plaintiffs' water source be the contaminated Flint River was clearly an affirmative act by defendants specifically directed towards plaintiffs' properties." Slip op. at 11. This and the other facts alleged (the decision to not return to the Detroit water system even after it was suspected the Flint Rives was contaminated, and directing the contamination towards plaintiffs' homes and properties) was sufficient to properly plead a claim for inverse condemnation. | https://www.inversecondemnation.com/inversecondemnation/2019/01/mich-app-flint-water-plaintiffs-stated-an-inverse-condemnation-claim.html |
Updated to include comments from New Hanover County
The state is requiring Chemours to take more action to address GenX and PFAS contamination into the Cape Fear River from the Fayetteville Works facility, especially that affecting private well owners.
Sponsor Spotlight
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, or PFAS, which includes GenX, are widely used, man-made toxins often called “forever chemicals” that break down very slowly over time and build up in humans, animals and the environment, according to the EPA. Studies show that exposure to some of these chemicals may be linked to harmful health effects.
First, Chemours must assess the extent of contamination in communities downstream, to include well sampling and provision of replacement drinking water supplies, North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality officials said Wednesday.
Second, Chemours is required to review existing well sampling in communities surrounding the Fayetteville Works facility to determine additional eligibility for whole-house filtration and public water, in light of the revised Toxicity Assessment for GenX from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
“The contamination from Chemours extends down the Cape Fear River into multiple communities and Chemours’ actions to address that contamination must reach those communities as well,” said DEQ Secretary Elizabeth S. Biser in a statement. “DEQ will continue to take the necessary steps to provide relief to affected North Carolinians as the science and regulations require.”
Sponsor Spotlight
Copies of the notifications to Chemours are online.
DEQ officials said the department has determined that Chemours is responsible for contamination of groundwater monitoring wells and water supply wells in New Hanover County and possibly Pender, Columbus, and Brunswick counties.
“Chemours is required to expand the off-site assessment required under the 2019 Consent Order to determine the extent of the contamination. Chemours must also conduct sampling of private drinking water wells to identify residents who may be eligible for replacement drinking water supplies. Chemours must submit plans to DEQ for approval,” officials said.
Regarding the second action, officials said Chemours had been advised that the EPA will be releasing a federal drinking water health advisory level for GenX in the coming months. The 2019 Consent Order requires Chemours to provide replacement permanent drinking water to private wells with “detections of GenX compounds in exceedance of 140 ng/L (nanogram per liter), or any applicable health advisory, whichever is lower.”
In advance of a likely EPA health advisory level below 140 nanogram per liter, DEQ is requiring Chemours to review existing well sampling data to identify residents who would be entitled to public water or whole house filtration under a revised health advisory level. Chemours must revise the assessment of public water feasibility for all affected residents under a lower health advisory level.
DEQ is also requiring Chemours to create a plan to transition residents who have previously received reverse osmosis systems based on GenX results to either public water or whole-house filtrations systems as appropriate under a lower GenX health advisory level.
“I want to thank DEQ and Secretary Biser for taking these steps to require action from Chemours so they take responsibility for the PFAS contamination they have caused in our community,” said New Hanover County Board of Commissioners Chair Julia Olson-Boseman in a statement.
“It is important for our residents to be provided with the same protections as those who are close to the Chemours plant, and that means testing and monitoring the groundwater wells in our county and providing bottled water and then a permanent filtration or connection to a public water supply if elevated PFAS are detected,” she said. “New Hanover County has advocated to be included in the Consent Order, and today’s actions are a positive step towards that. We will continue to do all we can to support DEQ’s efforts and ensure our residents have access to safe drinking water.”
Lisa Randall, regional communications lead for Chemours, provided the following statement on behalf of the company:
“Chemours is a part of the solution to addressing PFAS contamination in North Carolina, and we will continue working with the North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (NCDEQ), as we have been for several years, to move forward with efforts to address PFAS found in the environment related to our Fayetteville Works manufacturing site. We have worked closely with NCDEQ on implementation of on-site and off-site programs, including a private well sampling program, as part of the consent order agreement between Chemours, Cape Fear River Watch and the state of North Carolina. | https://coastalreview.org/2021/11/state-to-force-chemours-to-test-downstream-wells-for-pfas/ |
Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) and Your Water
“A study by the U.S. Geological Survey published in 2002 brought attention to PPCPs in water. In a sampling of 139 susceptible streams in 30 states, detectable yet minute quantities of PPCPs were found in 80 percent of the streams. The most common pharmaceuticals detected were steroids and nonprescription drugs. Antibiotics, prescription medication, detergents, fire retardants, pesticides and natural and synthetic hormones were also found.
The potential human health risks associated with minute levels of PPCPs in water in general and drinking water in particular is still being determined. Until more is known, there is much the public health and environmental protection community can do to educate the public about taking proactive steps concerning the use and disposal of PPCPs.
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are a diverse group of chemicals including:
- all human and veterinary drugs
- dietary supplements
- topical agents such as cosmetics and sunscreens
- laundry and cleaning products
- fragrances and all the “inert” ingredients that are part of these products
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products are introduced to the environment as pollutants in a variety of ways, including:
- intentional disposal of unneeded PPCPs (flushing)
- bathing or swimming
- discharge from municipal sewage systems or private septic systems
- leaching from landfills
- excretion by humans and domestic animals
- runoff from confined animal feeding operations
- discharge of raw sewage from storm overflow events, cruise ships, and some rural homes directly into surface water
- accidental discharges to a groundwater recharge area
- loss from aquaculture
- spray-drift from antibiotics used on food crops.”
Other Resources
pharmaceuticals-PPCPs
ppt_ppcp_Presentation
Technical References
Handbook of Membrane Separations: Chemical, Pharmaceutical, Food, and Biotechnological Applications, Second Edition
Personal Care Products and Pharmaceuticals in Wastewater and the Environment
Your Drinking Water and Your Health
Your Drinking Water and Your Health by Brian Oram
Even though 60% of the human body is water, water is a resource that is often taken for granted. The primary concerns with water relate to having adequate quantity of the proper quality. In terms of hydration, drinking water is probably one of the best ways to keep your body healthy. Water is used in your body to help maintain your temperature and ensures the proper operation of your circulatory, digestive, and neurological systems. Water is one of the pathways that potential contaminants and disease causing agents can enter the body, so the quality is also important. Therefore, we need drinking water of adequate quantity of the proper quality.
When the body is not properly hydrated, our body’s response is to make us feel thirsty, but if you miss this clue watch out for dry mouth, swollen tongue, weakness, dizziness, confusion, palpitations, and fainting. If over hydrated, you can become water intoxicated or hyperhydration. If hyperhydration occurs, the kidneys can not process all the water and the system becomes overwhelmed. There are phone apps and other tools to help you to remember to drink enough water, but our general recommendation is if you feel thirsty it is time to get a drink and given a choice pick water.
Water comes in many forms, which can include premium bottled water, tap water, spring water, carbonated water, soda, coffee, tap water, nutrient infused water, juices, and purified water. Of all these, it is my professional opinion that we just need to drink water. The two most common sources of drinking water for a community is either public water or a private water source. A public water source is always regulated by both the federal and state governments and many may call this city water or tapwater, but well or spring water may be from a public or private source. If you get your water directly from a well or spring, this is a private source and this is not commonly regulated.
If you get your water from city water, the most common health concerns are related to the presence of chlorine-by-products or corrosive by-product in the United States, the public water supply systems are disinfected using various forms of chlorine and phosphate is added to attempt to control corrosion. The chlorine is used to disinfect the water, but it can react with naturally occurring organics to form trihalomethanes, i.e., a potential carcinogen; while phosphate will react with the metals in the water to form a scale or coating on the inside of the piping, see “Flint, Michigan”. If you are on well water, the most common problems are the presence of bacteria and elevated levels of salts in the water, like nitrate, chloride, and sulfate, or corrosive water. In some cases, the water may contain elevated levels of radionuclides and trace metals, like arsenic, iron, lead, and manganese. The quality of the drinking water depends on type of water, location, level of treatment, the condition of your plumbing, and your home or house. In some areas, the community is concerned about pipelines and natural gas development, but a hidden problem may be the existing quality of their drinking water.
For citizens, our general recommendations related to drinking water are:
1. City Water Customers- Review any annual “Consumer Confident Reports” produced by your water supplier and act accordingly.
2. Private Water Sources –Get your water tested, at least annually, and have the results review by an expert.
3. Look out for potential problems with your drinking water, based on what you can see, taste, smell, or otherwise detect with your senses or problems that may be caused by the water.
4. Download our free “Know Your H20 Phone App” or visit our website – all Free.
A few short phrases we should try to remember.
We ALL Live Downstream !
Groundwater and Surface water are Connected!
We are Part of the Water Cycle – Not just an Observer!
Websites of Interest
Consumer Confidence Reports
https://www.epa.gov/ccr/ccr-information-consumers
Neighborhood Hazardous Reports and Water Testing
http://www.knowyourh20.us
Starting Off the New Year Right – Drinking Water Water Resources Sustainability
Starting Off the New Year Right
by Brian Oram
Happy New Year, I would like to propose we make one additional commitment this year. This commitment is to care about the water we drink as we try to remember how we impact or influence the quality and quantity of the water resources. Although it is the beginning of a new year (wishing you GOOD Luck in 2017!), for the water cycle the new year started in October. This is the time of the year when the aquifer begins to recharge. Many people are unaware that the aquifer must recharge, it is not infinite. In Pennsylvania and the Northeastern United States, we are blessed with having abundant water resources, but something we should not take for granted. In 2016, we had an interesting election year that brought up many concerns. Also in the news, came a reminder of the limitedness of the water. A number of regions of Pennsylvania were put on a drought advisory and many small streams, springs, and even a few shallow wells dried up, i.e., no water. With 2016 in the rear-view mirror, I would like to suggest a few small steps to help move us forward in a positive direction. These steps are as follows:
- Learn about how and where you get your drinking water – Does your water come from a private source or city water supply source?
- If the water is from a private well- When did you have the water tested? For parts of Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey, it is not uncommon for about 40 to 50% of private wells to have a problem that may make the user or a guest sick.
- If you are on a city water source- Have you ever looked at the Annual Confidence Report about the quality of your drinking water? The most common problem with community water sources is elevated levels of trace metals like lead and chlorine by-products like trihalomethanes, i.e., suspected carcinogens. For information on water testing, please visit water-research.net.
- Are you using your water wisely? There are ways to use our drinking water resources more efficiently. A website titled, wateruseitwisely.com, offers over 100 tips on how to best use water. My favorite tip is “Turn off the water while you brush your teeth and save up to 4 gallons a minute. That’s up to 200 gallons a week for a family of four”. There are over 4 million households in Pennsylvania, this one lifestyle change could save 41.6 billion gallons of water. This is only one change!
- Our surface water and groundwater are connected, and “we all live downstream”. This phrase means that how we use the groundwater resources directly impacts the surface water resources and we all are interconnected. Therefore, when using cleaning products, chemicals, or managing a waste we all live downstream from someone else. For example, the biggest source of man influenced global oil pollution is not massive spills or leaks. Only 8% of man influenced oil pollution comes from pipelines and major releases. The biggest sources are the small leaks from our boats, cars, and other means of transportation and the improper disposal of waste oil by individuals.
- Know Your H20? – it is important to know how you can influence the quality of the water resources, but it is also important to know the historic hazards in your community that may be contributing to a problem. With this in mind, it is important to learn about the historic hazards in your community and surrounding your home. The Keystone Clean Water Team offers neighborhood or community hazard survey reports for communities within the Unities States. The 501 c3 offers a few free reports each month. To get more information about this program, please visit – knowyourh20.us.
The best way to start off the New Year is not with a significant lifestyle change, but baby steps. Make a few basic commitments and make small changes that will help you and your family save and conserve water, check the quality of your drinking water, learn about the hazards in your community, and perhaps implement 1 item each month that will save and conserve water. It is important to remember that the less water you use, the more money stays in your pocket.
A few short phrases we should try to remember.
We ALL Live Downstream !
Groundwater and Surface water are Connected!
We are Part of the Water Cycle – Not just an Observer!
You can help – Make A Donation !
Bacterial contamination in private water wells send thousands of people hurling to the ER
“It may not have been bad shrimp or dirty lettuce that kept you up all night. A recent study shows that in North Carolina, microbes in drinking water from private wells are responsible for estimated 29,200 emergency room visits for acute GI illnesses each year. That number accounts for nearly all visits of that type and cause.
This is a particularly serious problem in North Carolina, where more than a third of all residents — 3.3 million — rely on private wells for their drinking water. These wells, which can source their water from beneath the ground, a spring or a river, are largely unregulated.
(This is why contaminants from coal ash, such as arsenic, lead and chromium 6, which have even more harmful long-term health effects, are of such concern — and why widespread testing is necessary.)
An article in this month’s Environmental Health Perspectives — among its co-authors is Jacqueline MacDonald Gibson of UNC’s Gillings School of Global Public Health — concludes that people on private wells are more likely to get sick from their water than those on community systems, such as municipal utilities.
enviro-health-perspectives-drinking-water
From the Study
The presence of total coliforms in groundwater indicates that microorganisms from surface water have been able to reach the aquifer and a more rigorous monitoring should begin for other microorganisms (pathogenic) which might also reach the aquifer. When fecal indicators are detected, anything can happen, and will happen, with potential serious public health implications.”
To learn or read more – Go to Article
More importantly to Act Now and Get Your Water Tested.
Monitoring your homes health and the hazards in your community.
Governor Cuomo Announces Immediate State Action Plan to Address Contamination in Hoosick Falls – PFOA
Governor Andrew M. Cuomo today announced a series of immediate actions by New York State to address contamination in the Village of Hoosick Falls’ water supply and at the Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Site. These announcements follow today’s meeting between the Governor and senior state and local officials.
“We are taking immediate and aggressive actions to protect the health of Hoosick Falls residents,” said Governor Cuomo. “These actions will ensure that the source and extent of PFOA contamination is identified, and all necessary steps are taken to swiftly address the chemical’s presence. My administration is investigating this situation fully, and we will do whatever is necessary to ensure safe, clean drinking water for local residents.”
Emergency regulation issued to classify PFOA as a hazardous substance; Saint-Gobain facility to be classified as a State Superfund Site to unlock state resources and legal remedy to address contamination.
State will conduct Health Risk Analysis to establish PFOA drinking water guidance level; retest private wells in the village of Hoosick Falls; and immediately install filtration systems at school and other community gathering places
State hotline (1-800-801-8092) established to help public stay informed.
EPA – Drinking Water Health Advisory
NJ – Drinking Water Guidance on PFOA – DEP also has taken the first step toward developing a preliminary drinking-water guidance value (Pdf Format) for PFOA. Based on existing animal studies and estimates derived from a lifetime of exposure (70 years), DEP identified a guidance level of .04 parts per billion (ppb). Average blood levels in the United States are approximately 5 ppb.
The Details
These actions include to:
- Issue Emergency Regulation to Classify PFOA as Hazardous Substance: The state Department of Environmental Conservation today issued an emergency regulation to classify Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), the contaminant found in the Village’s water supply, as a hazardous substance. This provides DEC with the legal authority to pursue State Superfund designation and cleanup of the site using State Superfund resources.
- Classify Saint-Gobain Facility as a State Superfund Site to Unlock State Resources to Address Contamination: Further, the state announced it will classify the Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Corporation McCaffrey Street Plant and other possible sources of contamination that may be identified in Hoosick Falls as State Superfund sites to unlock state funding resources under the State Superfund Program to address the contamination in the community. DEC has already initiated its investigation and inspected the Saint-Gobain property. If in the course of its continuing investigation DEC finds any additional sources of PFOA contamination, they will also be listed. The Superfund Class 2 designation will allow the state to use State Superfund resources to investigate and clean up PFOA contamination much more quickly than waiting for a federal Superfund designation. In addition, the state will be able to seek cost recovery for the investigation and cleanup activities. DEC will collaborate closely with EPA in the investigation of PFOA in groundwater, soil and other media in Hoosick Falls to determine appropriate cleanup activities.
- Conduct Health Risk Analysis to Establish PFOA Drinking Water Guidance Level: To address the water supply contamination, the state Department of Health will conduct a risk analysis, examining the latest national research, to establish a drinking water guidance level for PFOA.
- Retest Private Wells in the Village of Hoosick Falls: In addition, the state Department of Health will retest 24 private wells in the vicinity of the Saint-Gobain facility.
- Immediately Install Filtration Systems at School and Other Community Gathering Places: Out of an abundance of caution, the state committed to installing water filtration systems at the local school, public health facilities and other community gathering places.
- Blood Testing of Community Members to Begin in Mid-February: Beginning in mid-February, DOH will begin blood testing for community members for those who wish to be tested.
- Establish State Hotline for Public to Stay Informed: Residents can contact 1-800-801-8092 for more information.
Further, once PFOA contamination is addressed, the state committed to work with the community and banks to safeguard property values.
Department of Environmental Conservation Acting Commissioner Basil Seggos said: “Under the direction of Governor Cuomo, New York State is working collaboratively with all levels of government from the EPA to the village and town, to address the contamination in Hoosick Falls. Classifying PFOA as a hazardous substance and making the Saint-Gobain site a State Superfund site will free up resources to investigate and clean up the contamination quickly. We will continue our open dialogue with local officials and the people of Hoosick Falls to ensure they are informed throughout our investigation and remediation.”
Department of Health Commissioner Dr. Howard Zucker said: “The actions taken today by Governor Cuomo, the Department of Environmental Conservation and the Department of Health will safeguard the residents of Hoosick Falls and help address their concerns. The Department of Health will continue to test private wells, and will soon begin a blood testing program to measure residents’ exposure to PFOA. Additionally, DOH will continue to examine the latest and best scientific research to establish a drinking water guidance level for PFOA.”
Senator Kathy Marchione said: “I want to personally thank Governor Cuomo for convening this afternoon’s highly productive and positive meeting regarding Hoosick Falls. The announcement that the state recognizes the seriousness of this issue and is taking purposeful action that will help Hoosick Falls families is welcome news. Our discussion today focused on realistic solutions including the state’s regulation of PFOAs, testing of all local wells, blood testing and carbon filtration systems to help protect the health and well-being of families in Hoosick Falls. The positive steps agreed to today are welcome news for the community. I have been carefully monitoring this situation and will continue advocating for Hoosick Falls families as this process moves forward.”
Town of Hoosick Supervisor Mark Surdam said: “I am thankful for the Governor’s recognition of the problem our community is facing with its water supply, and for the actions the state taking today. I want to assure all of the residents in the Town of Hoosick that we are undergoing a tremendous effort to deal with these concerns.”
Village of Hoosick Falls Mayor David Borge said: “I am grateful for Governor Cuomo’s swift action to help our community quickly restore the use of our water supply – and am pleased by the level of coordination by state agencies responding to this issue. This is a major step forward for all residents of the greater Hoosick Falls community.”
Hoosick Falls Central School Superintendent Kenneth Facin said: “Today’s meeting with Governor Cuomo was productive and meaningful, and promises real results for our students and parents. We are appreciative to be a part of a singular, concerted effort to rectify the environmental issues surrounding our water supply. As a proactive measure to ensure the health and safety of our students, the state is assisting our school district with the installment of a carbon filtration system. We are grateful for the Governor’s leadership in galvanizing resources to assist our community.”
State’s Earlier Actions to Address PFOA Contamination
Today’s actions build upon DEC and DOH’s initiatives announced earlier this month to address the PFOA contamination to protect public health and the environment. The state urged EPA to take vigorous action on the federal level to regulate PFOA and to quickly add the Hoosick Falls site to the Superfund National Priorities List. The state, Saint-Gobain and the Village are collaboratively working on an agreement to install water treatment systems to remove hazardous chemicals from the Village’s water supply. In addition, DOH is undertaking a cancer registry study to investigate the incidence of cancer among Village residents and biomonitoring studies. Further DOH is offering PFOA biomonitoring to measure the level of PFOA in Village residents.
PFOA was detected in the Village’s public drinking water in 2014. Since then, DOH has worked closely with the Village to provide technical advice and assistance for water sampling and to evaluate water treatment options to eliminate health risks. Because the levels of PFOA in public water were higher than the EPA health advisory level, DOH determined that people should reduce their exposure by avoiding the use of tap water for drinking and cooking. In addition, DOH continues to monitor private wells and will have more results very soon.
Although the use of PFOA is being phased out, it is still used to make household and commercial products that resist heat, and repel oil, stains, grease, and water. This includes nonstick cookware, surface coatings for stain-resistant carpets and fabric, and paper and cardboard food packaging. Studies of people have associated exposure to PFOA with an increased risk for several health effects. This includes associations with effects on the liver, immune system, thyroid gland, cholesterol levels, blood pressure during pregnancy, and kidney and testicular cancer.
Know Your Community Health Hazards ! Know Your H20?
Get Your Water Tested !
Obama Flint Michigan – Drinking Water Issues – Comments Water Quality Association
Dear Valued WQA Member,
Following President Barack Obama’s important visit to Flint, Michigan yesterday, the Water Quality Association applauds the President’s position on water filtration in Flint. As a result, WQA has responded by demonstrating how the drinking water treatment industry can help bring immediate solutions for the residents of Flint. Today, WQA President Don McGhee issued an Official Statement on President Obama’s Visit and sent an Official Letter to the White House offering to provide certified filters and related technologies, technical advice, as well as public education.
To learn more about President Obama’s statements regarding the drinking water crisis in Flint, Michigan, please visit the links below:
Click here to view President Obama’s speech to the Flint community.
Recommendations
- Get your water tested.
- Check if you see signs of corrosion or a lead issue.
- Barrier filter (Point of Use)
- Kids – blood lead levels tested
Good luck
Know Your H20?
http://www.knowyourh20.us
Glyphosate Herbicide in Drinking Water Roundup
“Glyphosate is an herbicide that is regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act. It is an ingredient in Roundup, a widely used herbicide, as well as more than 700 other products for sale in the United States. Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide used on many food and non-food crops as well as non-crop areas such as roadsides. When applied at lower rates, it serves as a plant growth regulator. The most common uses include control of broadleaf weeds and grasses hay/pasture, soybeans, field corn; ornamental, lawns, turf, forest plantings, greenhouses, and rights-of-way.
Some people who drink water containing glyphosate well in excess of the maximum contaminant level (MCL) for many years could experience problems with their kidneys or reproductive difficulties. This health effects language is not intended to catalog all possible health effects for glyphosate. Rather, it is intended to inform consumers of some of the possible health effects associated with glyphosate in drinking water when the rule was finalized. In 1974, Congress passed the Safe Drinking Water Act. This law requires EPA to determine the level of contaminants in drinking water at which no adverse health effects are likely to occur. These non-enforceable health goals, based solely on possible health risks and exposure over a lifetime with an adequate margin of safety, are called maximum contaminant level goals (MCLG). Contaminants are any physical, chemical, biological or radiological substances or matter in water.
The MCLG for glyphosate is 0.7 mg/L or 700 ppb. EPA has set this level of protection based on the best available science to prevent potential health problems. EPA has set an enforceable regulation for glyphosate, called a maximum contaminant level (MCL), at 0.7 mg/L or 700 ppb. MCLs are set as close to the health goals as possible, considering cost, benefits and the ability of public water systems to detect and remove contaminants using suitable treatment technologies. In this case, the MCL equals the MCLG, because analytical methods or treatment technology do not pose any limitation.
The Phase V Rule, the regulation for glyphosate, became effective in 1994. The Safe Drinking Water Act requires EPA to periodically review the national primary drinking water regulation for each contaminant and revise the regulation, if appropriate. EPA reviewed glyphosate as part of the Six Year Review and determined that the 0.7 mg/L or 700 ppb MCLG and 0.7 mg/L or 700 ppb MCL for glyphosate are still protective of human health.” (EPA 2015)
While the United States classified glyphosate as non-carcinogenic when it was last reviewed in 1993, the World Health Organization published a study in March 2015 that indicates glyphosate is a probable carcinogen. Since the new study was released, there have been many questions asked regarding the safety of glyphosate. According to The Ecologist (June 12, 2015), several countries have banned or restricted use of the weed killer, including France, Columbia, Sri Lanka and El Salvador. In addition, many garden centers across the globe are pulling products that contain glyphosate off their shelves as a precautionary measure to protect customers. However, Roundup remains a staple herbicide in the United States.
Testing for glyphosate previously may have been cost prohibitive for many homeowners. We have partnered with a national testing laboratory to provide a cost-effective alternative that also includes trace metals, volatile organics, and other organic chemicals. For more information, please visit our Testing Testing and Evalatuion Protal but National Testing Laboratories (NTL) now offers a lower-cost test for detecting glyphosate in drinking water. Typical analysis by EPA-approved methods can cost $200 to $400, but the new package offers a much lower price to both water treatment professionals and homeowners.
Northeast Pennsylvania Polycythemia Vera (PV) Investigation
Background
In 2004, using state cancer registry records, the Pennsylvania Department of Health (PADOH) found a PV cluster in northeast Pennsylvania. PV is part of a disease group called myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), which is a group of slow-growing blood cancers where the bone marrow makes too many red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets.
In 2006, ATSDR was asked to help study PV patterns in the area. From 2007-2008, ATSDR reviewed medical records, conducted genetic testing, and confirmed this PV cluster.
In 2009, Congress funded ATSDR to continue this investigation. ATSDR is overseeing 18 projects with PADOH, the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, and various universities and private organizations. These projects are based on recommendations from an expert panel. The panel identified four areas for investigation; epidemiology, genetics, toxicology, and environmental studies.
In 2014, the last of the contracts for the 18 different projects ended.
PV Research Projects Status Graphic March 2015 (The Graphic)
Status
The graphic, PV Research Projects Status Graphic March 2015 (The Graphic), this provides a summary of the status of each of the 18 projects as of March 2015. I’ve attached this graphic both as a “snapshot” in the body of this email, as well as a pdf attachment. Projects highlighted in “green” in the attached graphic have work complete and a final product available (if applicable). Projects highlighted in “yellow” have final products in progress and undergoing clearance. Projects highlighted in “red” have final products that are anticipated but not yet started. The shapes of the projects in the graphics give you an idea of the category of work of that project, as described in the key on the graphic.
As of March 23, 2015, work is complete and a final product is available (if applicable) for 12 projects. We are happy to announce that 1 new project (#12) moved from yellow to green since my January 2015 update:
#12: “Tri-County MPN Updated Surveillance Study“ conducted by the University of Pittsburgh is complete. The published manuscript and ATSDR/CDC summary factsheet are available on the ATSDR website at:
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/sites/polycythemia_vera/
The purpose of this study was to examine PV reporting to the Pennsylvania Cancer Registry (PCR) following the original ATSDR PV investigation; to determine whether other myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) were similarly underreported or falsely reported; and to determine whether a cancer cluster persisted in the follow-up period. The original ATSDR PV cancer cluster investigation was conducted in a tri county area in northeast Pennsylvania in 2006. This study was initiated to update and expand the original investigation. These researchers found that:
- * Most MPN cases had been reported to the PCR but only about half were true cases.
- * Using the seven true PV cases identified, these researchers did not find any statistically significant clusters in space or in space-time in this updated analysis.
- * Using the eleven true CML cases, these researchers did not find any statistically significant clusters in space or in space-time in this updated analysis.
- * Using nine true ET cases, these researchers found a statistically significant cluster at the zip-code level when evaluated in space, but not in space-time.
- * The estimated incidence rates for most MPNs are lower than the rates calculated from the original PCR database.
- * The estimated PV incidence rate was 2.5 (0.8-5.1) per 100,000, 64% lower than the original rate based on PCR reports after correcting for completeness and accuracy.
- * The estimated ET incidence rate was 2.3 (0.6-3.8) per 100,000, slightly higher than the original rate based on PCR reports after correcting for completeness and accuracy.
- * However, the wide range of values for estimated incidence rates reflects the variability associated with the findings based on the low response rate. The response rate for this study was 26%. This means that approximately ¼ of the identified cases agreed to participate in this study.
Further, #13 “Case Control Study” conducted by Drexel University (reported as already complete when Carol Ann Gross-Davis’ PhD dissertation was completed as of the October 2014 update) now has a publicly available journal article published related to this effort. This article is entitled “The Role of Genotypes That Modify the Toxicity of Chemical Mutagens in the Risk for Myeloproliferative Neoplasms” and is available online at:
http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/12/3/2465/html
This article describes Drexel’s population-based case-control study. Eligible participants were residents of Carbon, Luzerne, and Schuylkill counties born between 1921–1968 and residing in the area between 2000–2008. Drexel recruited 27 “cases” (i.e., participants diagnosed with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), including polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF))and 292 “controls” (i.e., participants not diagnosed with MPNs but similar in other characteristics such as age, residence history, etc) through random digit dialing. Blood samples from participants were analyzed, and odds ratios estimated for a select set of polymorphisms (i.e., variations in a particular DNA sequence). The researchers selected polymorphisms that are associated with “environmentally sensitive genes.” The aim of this effort was to try to identify potential classes of environmental exposures that could be linked to the development of genetic changes that could be related to MPNs.
For more information:
Visit ATSDR’s web page on PV: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/sites/polycythemia_vera/index.html
Call ATSDR’s toll-free PV information line: 866-448-0242 or email [email protected], which will connect you to Dr. Elizabeth Irvin-Barnwell, ATSDR Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences.
Contact Lora Siegmann Werner, ATSDR Region 3, by phone at 215-814-3141 or by email at [email protected].
Fibromyalgia and Drinking Water – Connection
Fibromyalgia is a complex disorder that is composed of a series of debilitating symptoms. It is estimated that 5.8 million Americans suffer from this disorder. These symptoms include muscle and join pain, release sleep, headaches, and periods of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). There have been studies that suggest that this disease may have trigger related to presence of fluoride in the water and the disease is associated with low levels of magnesium and zinc the body. Therefore, it may be necessary to ensure the body is properly hydrated and getting adequate macro and micro-nutrients. This is one reason we like or suggest drinking moderately hard alkaline water. Since the research is not clear, but it is clear that proper hydration helps to regulate stress, body temperature, aid in lubricating joints, and supports a healthy immune system, we recommend the following:
1. Drink water – We are not going to say 8 glasses per day, but if you fill thirsty or hungry – this may be a sign you need to drink more water. (8 glasses is a myth).
2. Try to pick a hydration source that does not provide a lot of sugar, salts, or calories – we should get our calories from our food. We can also get our water from our food – try an orange, apple, pear, etc.
3. If your urine is very dark, more water is needed. If the urine very clear, drink less.
4. Drinking coffee and teas are ok, but watch caffeine intake and avoid alcohol as a hydration method.
5. Get your drinking water tested.
6. Consider a Water Filter to Improve the general quality of the water.
Volunteer
We seek new people at all skill levels for a variety of programs. One thing that everyone can do is attend meetings to share ideas on improving the Keystone Clean Water Team (CCGG Program), enabling us to better understand and address the concerns of well owners. We look for people that can forward solid articles, help coordinate local education efforts, and more. Become part of the Keystone Clean Water Team!.
Everything we do began with an idea.
We realize your time is precious and the world is hectic. CCGG’s volunteers do only what they’re comfortable with. It can be a little or a lot. Get YOUR WATER Tested – Discounted Screening Tests ! Get educated on Drinking Water Quality in Pennsylvania.
For more information, please go to CCGG’s About Page or contact us.
Keystone Clean Water Team /Carbon County Groundwater Guardians is a 501(c)(3) IRS approved nonprofit, volunteer organization and your donation is tax deductible to the extent allowed by law. The IRS Officially Approved Name change to the Keystone Clean Water Team by the IRS. Unsolicited donations are appreciated (Helps us complete our mission).
Help the Organization and Get Your Water Tested or Order the Private Well Owner Guide (proceeds benefit This Organization). | http://carbonwaters.org/tag/drinking-water/ |
NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde has served a summons on Multiplex, Capita Property and Infrastructure Ltd and Currie and Brown UK Limited for losses and damages incurred due to a number of technical issues within the Queen Elizabeth University Hospital and the Royal Hospital for Children.
Given the public interest in the hospitals and legal proceedings, the summons is being published today (26 February 2020).
The summons sets out where the requirements of NHSGGC were not met in either design, commissioning or building stages in eleven specific areas.
The legal action is being taken following a review commissioned by NHSGGC to consider how these technical issues arose and any further actions required.
Specific issues have also been the subject of a further external review. An independent review by Health Protection Scotland (HPS) into the water supply confirmed contamination of the water system in 2018.
The independent review by HPS, which was commissioned by NHSGGC, was established to investigate a number of probable linked cases of infection associated with the water supply.
HPS agreed with the measures proposed by NHSGGC to address the water system issues – and these actions have been taken.
The report and the remedial work carried out by NHSGGC have been shared with families, the public and other stakeholders.
Jane Grant, Chief Executive, said: “We would assure patients and their families that patient safety is paramount and that patient care at the two hospitals is of a high standard.
“Our staff strive at all times to provide high quality care and I would like to thank them for their continued professionalism and dedication during this time.
“Whilst we are now taking legal action on a number of design and installation issues, it is important to stress that the hospitals continue to provide safe and effective care.
“A significant amount of work has already taken place including the remedial action on the water supply and the ventilation.
“We know that patients, families and staff have been caused concern as the issues have emerged and I am sorry for any distress caused.
“As the matters are now the subject of court proceedings, we are not in a position to comment further.”
ENDS
Summons
www.nhsggc.org.uk/media/258718/2020-01-22-qeuh-finalised-summons.pdf
Precis
www.nhsggc.org.uk/media/258719/note-re-proceedings-raised-against-mpx.pdf
Background
The current estimation of damages and losses is approximately £73m, which include the costs incurred to date and an estimate of future anticipated costs.
It should be noted that because this sum is an estimate it may be subject to change.
In total, the summons covers eleven technical issues. Action taken to address the issues is as follows:
Issue 1: Water System – Action Taken
When issues with the water system were identified in Wards 2A and 2B at the RHC in March 2018, steps were taken to investigate and put in place improvements and control measures including fitting point of use filters on water outlets.
When bacteria were subsequently identified in the drains of these wards in June 2018, drain cleaning was initiated in high risk areas.
In mid-September, we made the decision to transfer the patients to Ward 6A of the neighbouring QEUH. This allowed our technical staff to carry out more detailed examinations of the overall environment of the two wards.
We subsequently installed a continuous Chlorine Dioxide dosing plant in RHC (December 2018) and QEUH (March 2019) and installed further point of use filters in all clinical areas where the haemato-oncology patients are likely to attend. These solutions were endorsed by Health Protection Scotland and Health Facilities Scotland.
We continue to monitor water hygiene closely. The water is ‘potable’ meaning it conforms to drinking water standards.
Issue 2, 3 and 4: Ventilation – Action Taken
Work was carried out on the adult BMT unit in 2017 to improve the air quality and provide HEPA filtration to all patient bedrooms and ancillary areas. We continue to monitor the air quality in this unit.
Seven negative pressure rooms have been upgraded and this was complete by May 2019.
The ventilation system in Ward 2A and 2B of the RHC is currently being upgraded to provide optimal, state of the art facilities for all our young haemato-oncology patients. This work will conclude in summer 2020.
Issue 5: Plant and building service capacity
Further design investigation required.
Issue 6: Toughened glazing – Action Taken
A protective canopy is being installed, and is currently under construction, to mitigate the risk of the impact of fractured glass.
Issue 7: Doors – Action Taken
The door frames are not as required in the contract and replacement and repairs are having to be carried out more often than expected. However, it must be stressed that fire safety has not been compromised as this does not affect the integrity or functionality of the doors.
Issue 8: Heating system
The energy plant continues not to achieve the required efficiency.
Issue 9: Atrium roof – Action Taken
The section of the roof that was damaged has since been replaced.
Issue 10: Internal fabric moisture ingress – Action Taken
Previous media reports have covered the issues relating to the design and materials used in the construction of the en-suite bathrooms. A programme of repair or replacement is underway.
Issue 11: Pneumatic transport system – Action Taken
The hospitals continue to operate with alternative transportation and portering arrangements as a backup. | https://www.nhsggc.scot/hospitals-services/our-hospitals/royal-hospital-for-children/ward6a-and-4b/general-updates/ |
In order to help ensure the supply of safe, clean drinking water to its users, the City of Guelph has chosen to take a pro-active approach with respect to backflow prevention. This has resulted in the establishment of a Backflow Prevention Program designed to:
- enhance Backflow Prevention Regulations in the City’s Water By-law (1991)-13791
- identify any and all cross-connections where potential contamination of potable water may occur
- maintain a database of qualified backflow device testers
- maintain a database of water users who have backflow prevention devices.
Definitions
Backflow means the flowing back of or reversal of the normal direction of flow of water;
Backflow Prevention Device means a device that prevents backflow and includes a reduced pressure principle assembly, dual check valve, double check valve and the like;
Cross-connection means any actual or potential connection between a potable water supply or system and any source of pollution or contamination and includes any by-pass, jumper connection, removable section of pipe, swivel or changeover device and any other temporary connecting arrangement through which backflow may occur.
Background
Backflow prevention ensures that potable water is protected against the entry of contaminants, pollutants, infectious agents or other materials or substances. This is achieved through the installation of an appropriate backflow prevention device at the water connection where this potential exists. The main water supply must also be isolated by installing a backflow prevention device at or near the meter.
Backflow occurs as a result of either back siphonage, back pressure or both. Back siphonage is a reversal of normal water flow in a system caused by a negative pressure in the water line. Back siphonage is induced when there is a reduction in, or stoppage of, the main water supply pressure due to nearby fire fighting, repairs or breaks in watermains. Backflow can also occur when there is an increase in the downstream water pressure above that of the supplied water pressure (back pressure) or, when there is a direct cross-connection between the potable water supply and another process line which has the potential to transmit a contaminant into the potable supply.
While the possibility of such events occurring and contaminating potable water supplies may seem like an industrial or institutional problem, backflow can occur in any water supply line including individual residential units. The potential for contamination and fatal illness due to accidental poisoning does exist in every home. Therefore there is a need to raise awareness of this issue with all residential, as well as, all industrial, commercial and institutional water customers in Guelph.
Backflow permit requirements
Why?
To ensure installation complies with the Ontario Building Code and all other relevant codes and by-laws.
When do I need a permit?
- Installing a new or additional device,
- Replacing a device that is not identical to the one being replaced (different type, size, location or used for different purpose. If you are replacing a device that is identical, no permit is required).
How Do I get a permit?
- Visit Building Services at City Hall, 1 Carden Street, 3rd floor
- OR
Call to inquire 519-837-5615 extension 2642
-
OR
Apply online by first registering and completing a form found here. (You will receive a Username and PIN emailed to you when you submit the registration form. This will enable you to apply for permits and request inspections on-line.)
What information is required?
- Estimated cost of instalment,
- Name, address, telephone numbers of owner and contractor,
- Size, type and purpose of each device
When Do I Call For Inspection?
Call for an inspection after your permit has been issued and when work is completed at 519-837-5614. Any call before 3:00 p.m on any business day results in an inspection scheduled the next business day. | https://guelph.ca/living/environment/water/drinking-water/backflow-prevention/ |
The mission of TVG Environmental is to provide highly professional environmental services to its clients in all cases, whether the clients’ needs are routine or complex. TVG is committed to providing cost effective, timely and practical solutions.
Count on our three decades of field experience and extensive knowledge of environmental regulations to address a wide range of environmental concerns — soil, groundwater, building and airborne contamination issues and more. We’ll ensure appropriate corrective actions that comply with all regulatory standards. | https://tvgenvironmental.com/ |
In order to calculate Avon's Beta and its adjusted Beta stock returns and S&P 500 returns were used by taking monthly data from over the past five years (September 28, 2007 through September 28, 2012), and then daily data was used from over the past year (September 30, 2011 through September 28, 2012). Each of the Betas below are different because the returns and time periods over which these Betas were calculated are different. With different data the results will differ. However, all of Avon's estimated Betas above are between .79 and 1.42 which shows that there is a high probability that the actual Beta of Avon is within that set of numbers.
The Beta is 1.418179214 and the adjusted Beta is 1.278786143.
The Beta is 0.79577679 and the adjusted Beta is 0.863851193.
The standard deviation explains the difference in expected return of Avon's stock. Avon's arithmetic average is the sum its monthly returns over the past 5 years divided by the number of inputs. Where as, the geometric mean return does not require knowledge of the amount invested but instead is solely focused on returns.
Over the past year using daily data, Avon significantly under performed the S&P 500 market index with its average and geometric mean returns both indicating negative returns on the stock, while the market index made healthy daily gains. With the adjusted beta for the stock being .864 relative to the market, Avon should have had gains that would be just short of the market return because systematic risk was slightly lower than that of the market. Using monthly data over the past five years it can be seen that Avon again significantly under performed the market, having large negative returns while the market had a smaller negative return. Based on the adjusted beta for the stock at 1.278, we would have expected a larger negative return from the stock compared to the market index because of its higher systematic risk, but we would not expect the stock to lose half of its value, which it did over the five year period. Both monthly and daily alphas indicate that the stock has historically under performed the market and missed its required rate of return for its level of risk.Over and under performance is determined by the significance of alpha. And after the t Stat was compared to the P-value, for both monthly and daily data, it was determined that the t Stat is less than 2 and the p-value is less than .05 so there is no significant return for Avon. This means that we can assume alpha to be 0.
The risk-free rate is often attributed to government treasury bonds. This is because the US government is not thought of to have any risk because they will always pay their interest on the bonds. The Market risk premium is the amount that one is expected to receive in addition to the risk free rate as compensation for their riskier investment in the stock market rather than in the T-bill market.
The expected market risk premium historical has been 6%. Our calculations for Avon using monthly data is -1.92% and using daily data is -0.08%.
The risk-free rate for a one year investment is 0.18% and for a 10 year investment is 1.82%.
The required rate of return of Avon for a one-year investment is 0.11% and for a 10 year investment is -0.63%. | http://wiki-fall-2012-g29.wikidot.com/risk-analysis |
Our Company Mission is supported by the following management principles:
1. Deliver exceptional customer service
Putting the customer first for over 30 years has enabled us to develop deep and trusted relationships with our clients, business partners and vendors. We focus our efforts on what is most important to the success of our client’s projects and work with the sense of urgency and attention to detail necessary to generate the greatest value for our customers and the company.
2. Provide personal and professional growth for team members
We encourage innovation, creativity and personal growth and responsibility among all of our team members. The company strives to create a healthy, collaborative work environment where employees are accountable to themselves and the team and have a vested interest in the success of the company. By understanding and constructively dealing with the reality of successful projects, employees learn to provide concrete, tangible, simple results for complex water issues that create lasting value.
3. Be stewards of the environment
The nature of our work, the mission of our company and the industry we serve allow us to make a significant impact in protecting the present and future health of our shared water resources. In addition, we look for ways in our treatment solutions and business operations to minimize our environmental impact by putting into practice the philosophy of reduce, recycle and reuse. We also donate our time and expertise to support local and national environmental causes that are important to us. | https://www.lemnatechnologies.com/lemna-company-mission |
In this area, you can find general information about SUGEN.
The mission is to be a powerful, international voice that unites regional SAP User Groups in an open, honest dialogue between members and SAP that ultimately drives the market towards excellence, innovation and success.
The charter of SUGEN is to be the Global Network of SAP User Groups that will provide a collective view of strategic issues that need to be addressed by SAP.
The purpose of SUGEN is to create and sustain collaborative bodies that foster the sharing of information, expertise and experience users and SAP cannot find anywhere else. SUGEN will identify strategic priorities and act on programs to advance and apply technology for greatest gain of the SAP customer community. It is fostering international market views including customers’ short and long term demand drivers, major challenges and business imperatives. Furthermore, SUGEN is guiding and inspiring SAP in delivering worldwide aligned support for the mutual benefit of the user communities and SAP.
As the collective voice of SAP User Groups, SUGEN is the channel to provide SAP with a consolidated view on influence priorities. These can vary from case to case on SAP products, services or anything else from the SAP ecosystem. If applicable, charters are founded to build a task force working on a particular topic for a certain period of time. In these task forces, several members from local user groups and SAP employees engage.
In addition, SUGEN provides a method for communication among User Groups and SAP. New and urgent topics from both sides can be addressed in an open dialog. Thereby, it assures a proper documentation of the priorities.
Furthermore, the user groups who are members of SUGEN share best practices amongst each other and SAP. These best practices can focus on the organization of the groups and different programs that are executed. | http://afsug.com/ZA/Home/SUGEN/ |
This article is an excerpt from the Shortform book guide to "Turn the Ship Around" by L. David Marquet. Shortform has the world's best summaries and analyses of books you should be reading.
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Do your team members enjoy a sense of ownership in the work they do? How can leaders create this? What difference does it make?
Submarine captain L. David Marquet explains how organizations undermine ownership. He also provides insights into how leaders can create a sense of ownership by eliminating top-down monitoring of work.
Read more to learn how to create a sense of ownership and understand the difference it can make in your organization.
A Broken System
January 28, 1999, was 152 days until Santa Fe was to be deployed. While observing the torpedo exercise, the inspection team also reviewed Santa Fe’s administrative procedures and found that officers hadn’t responded to several messages and requests from higher authorities.
They had been tracking the messages and filing them in a three-ring binder. The officers reviewed the binder once a week to forward requests and keep track of the work, but sometimes they dropped the ball. Besides being ineffective, the system meant that the officers were taking responsibility for the work of others below them.
Marquet attended the officers’ next meeting, where they discussed how to turn the system around to ensure that department heads were responsible for the work of their departments.
Eliminate Top-Down Monitoring to Create a Sense of Ownership
To replace the old tracking system, they decided to use a model similar to the daily check-out system where department heads reported to the XO for a bottom-up dialogue. They put each department head in charge of keeping track of messages relevant to his department and getting the work done.
Eliminating top-down monitoring is a mechanism for decentralizing control. The system of pushing responsibility down worked, and while they still occasionally missed something they were supposed to report on, the system of pushing responsibility downward created a greater sense of ownership among department heads.
How Organizations Undermine a Sense of Ownership
In many organizations, supervisors are frustrated that employees don’t take ownership of their work, but company procedures work against a sense of ownership. Instead of talking about ownership, it’s important to establish procedures that give people responsibility and ownership.
The first thing to do is eliminate top-down systems for monitoring people’s work. You still need systems that track data and measure what’s important, but you don’t need senior managers determining what middle managers and others should be doing.
When organizations are process-focused, they can get into an unproductive cycle. First, following processes takes precedence over achieving the objective the process is supposed to ensure. Then the goal becomes avoiding process errors. When errors happen, companies add supervisors, whose presence does nothing to achieve the original objective. All they do is point to process errors after the fact.
In the book Out of Crisis, W. Edward Deming presented leadership principles for Total Quality Leadership. He explained there’s a difference between improving and monitoring: improving processes makes an organization more efficient, while monitoring processes makes it less efficient. Having leaders constantly checking up on people undermines their responsibility and initiative.
Giving team members a sense of ownership ultimately leads to more effectiveness as well as greater job satisfaction.
———End of Preview———
Like what you just read? Read the rest of the world's best book summary and analysis of L. David Marquet's "Turn the Ship Around" at Shortform.
Here's what you'll find in our full Turn the Ship Around summary: | https://www.shortform.com/blog/sense-of-ownership/ |
dxw, an independent agency that designs, builds and runs digital public services, has today confirmed that an Employee Ownership Trust (EOT) has acquired a majority of its shares for and on behalf of the staff.
dxw employs about 80 people across its Leeds and London offices together with a network of specialist contractors.
The company works with central Government departments, local authorities, housing associations, the healthcare sector and charities, with a mission to create public services that improve lives.
The decision to transition to employee ownership was made by founder Harry Metcalfe and dxw’s directors when they considered how best to protect the agency’s values and culture whilst continuing to grow.
It comes as an increasing number of dxw’s competitors are being bought up by larger companies or groups.
Metcalfe said: “We have a long-standing public service ethos, and establishing this ownership structure will allow dxw to retain its independence and integrity.
“Placing ownership in the hands of a diverse group of people with the right expertise and values-driven commitment will support the company’s future growth and enable it to make more impact for the people and organisations we’re here to help.
“Transferring ownership in this way also gives formal recognition to the collaborative environment dxw has created and the fact that our success is down to the team.”
The employee trust will be led by a board of trustees chaired by Metcalfe.
It will consist of two external trustees who will bring outside expertise and challenge, and two employee trustees representing the views of staff.
To provide continuity, the current leadership team will remain in place and form the new dxw Board.
The directors will work alongside the trust to guide the business strategy and growth. Through the Board of Trustees dxw’s employees will have greater involvement in shaping the future direction of the agency.
Dave Mann, managing director at dxw, said: “We feel this is a logical next step in our evolution and gives the people who work at dxw – our greatest asset – a real stake in the company.
“At a time when SMEs working in the public sector are facing increasing competition from larger and more established players, we think that collective ownership gives us the best possible platform to grow and thrive in the years ahead. | https://www.thebusinessdesk.com/yorkshire/news/2082128-employees-take-over-at-digital-agency |
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