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Legendary tennis player visits Asheville for women’s tennis competition
ASHEVILLE, N.C. (FOX Carolina) - A legendary tennis player was in Asheville today for one of the world’s largest annual international team competitions in women’s sports.
Billie Jean King was in Asheville for the U.S. Billie Jean King Cup competition between the USA and Ukraine women’s tennis teams at the Harrah Cherokee Center. She also met with Ukrainian players and shared her support for Ukraine. The competition was re-named after King in 2020.
King dominated the tennis scene from 1966-1975. She earned 39 Grand Slam titles and held the number 1 ranking in women’s tennis from 1966 - 1968, from 1971 - 1972, and 1974.
This year the U.S is donating 10% of its ticket sales to help with relief in support of Ukraine.
Copyright 2022 WHNS. All rights reserved. | https://www.foxcarolina.com/2022/04/15/legendary-tennis-player-visits-asheville-worlds-largest-tennis-competition-womens-sports/ |
A legendary figure in the Wheelchair tennis circles appears in popular tennis-themed anime “Baby Steps”! Eiichiro Maruo, the leading character, plays against top professional athlete Shingo Kunieda. When Eiichiro launches an offensive with his typical analytical power and accurate strokes, how will Kunieda react and display his world-level skills!? It will be a dream match made possible only in “Ani x Para.” As the heroine Natsu Takasaki looks on, the one-off game commences… Director Masayoshi Ozaki will take on the unprecedented task of depicting the world of Wheelchair tennis through anime. | https://www.nhk.or.jp/anime/anipara/detail03_real06.html |
The history of modern tennis dates back to the middle of the 19th century. Already in 1877, the first Wimbledon tournament took place, since 1900 it has played the Davis Cup team.
In the middle of the last century, tennis was divided into amateur and professional. It was with her that the countdown of modern tennis and its stars began.
The greatest players will be discussed below. And only a few managed to collect a full Grand Slam (to win all 4 championships during the season).
Rafael Nadal (born 1986). Nadal's sports career began in 2001. Since then, this Spaniard has been able to win the Career Golden Helmet. Nadal won all the Slam tournaments (majors) in different years, and also won the Olympics. And all this in singles. Only Nadal was able to win the so-called Red Helmet in 2010. This is the name of the unbeaten streak of three consecutive won tournaments of the Masters series and the French Open. The already legendary Spanish tennis player holds the record for the number of matches won in a row on one surface. From April 8, 2005 to May 20, 2007, Nadal scored 81 victories in a row on clay. It is noteworthy that that series also included two victories at Roland Garros. Nadal has already won 7 victories in this clay tournament, breaking Bjorn Borg's record. In 2008, the Spaniard in the Wimbledon final won against his principal rival Roger Federer 6: 4, 6: 4, 6: 7, 6: 7, 9: 7. That match lasted 4 hours 48 minutes, a record for the tournament. Thanks to the victory, Nadal was able to become the first tennis player after Borg, who won both Roland Garros and Wimbledon during the year. A year later, Federer will repeat this achievement, and a year later - again Nadal. In 2010, he managed another achievement. Nadal was able to win three Grand Slam tournaments in a row during the year, which was only possible for Rod Laver in 1969. There are 11 Grand Slam victories in the tennis player's collection of awards. Nadal at the age of 19 was able to become the second racket of the world, repeating the achievement of Boris Becker. In 2008, he became the world's best tennis player. Even an asteroid is named after Nadal.
Bjorn Borg (born 1956). The active career of the Swedish athlete lasted from 1973 to 1993. During this time, Björg won 11 Grand Slam titles. However, out of four majors, only two obeyed him - Roland Garros and Wimbledon. In Australia, Borg performed only once in general, reaching the third round in 1974. In the US Open, the Swede played regularly, but was able to reach the final four times. There he was stopped twice by local players, Jimmy Connors and John McEnroe. But Borg shone at Roland Garros, where he won 6 times, and at Wimbledon (5 wins). Borg remains the only player in history who was able to win three times in Paris and London. In total, Borg won 77 tournaments in singles, and for 109 weeks he held the title of the first racket of the world.
Margaret Smith-Court (born 1942). The great Australian tennis player was able to win as many as 24 Grand Slam titles, but only 11 of them were in the Open Era. But it was Smith Court who became the first woman in 1970 to win the Grand Slam. The Australian became the only athlete to win the Grand Slam in two categories at once. In addition to singles, it was also mixed doubles. During her rich career, Court has played 85 times in the major finals in various categories, a record shared by Martina Navratilova. Court has been able to win more than half of the Grand Slam tournaments in which she competed in singles (24 out of 47). In total, Margaret has 92 singles titles. Also, the tennis player is the owner of another achievement - she won each major in each category at least twice. At the end of her glorious career, Smith Court became a minister of the Pentecostal Church.
Rod Laver (born 1938). Although he was overtaken by Roy Emerson in the number of won Grand Slam tournaments (12 to 11), it was Laver who is better known. After all, this is the only man who was able to collect the Grand Slam after the beginning of the Open Era. In addition, Laver won 4 major tournaments of the season back in 1962, although he was still an amateur at that time. Already at 21, the promising Australian made it to the Wimbledon final, where he lost. Then there were 16 more finals and 11 victories in them. Laver successfully represented his country in the Davis Cup. From 1959 to 1973, thanks to him, 5 victories were won in this prestigious team competition. The year 1969 was special in Laver's career, when he managed to win the Grand Slam. Then he shone on the courts, winning 17 tournaments out of 32 in which he took part. Laver won 106 of 122 matches then. The Australian's active career ended only in 1977. In total, he managed to win 184 tournaments, however, only 47 fell on the professional era. Laver was distinguished by universalism, he was perfectly prepared, both physically and tactically. He was one of the first tennis players to actively use top-spin in their arsenal. Today Rod Laver is officially recognized as a legend in Australian sports and an asteroid is also named after him.
Pete Sampras (born 1971). The legendary American turned professional at 17. A unique case, this great tennis player won 14 Grand Slam tournaments, but Roland Garros never submitted to him. In France, Sampras made it to the semifinals only once, where he lost in three sets to the future champion, Evgeny Kafelnikov. But at Wimbledon, Sampras managed to become a real legend. The tennis player managed to surpass the Borg indicators and win in London as much as 7 times. From 1993 to 2000, only once, in 1996, Sampras ceded his throne to the King of Wimbledon. It is noteworthy that in 2001 Sampras in the fourth round lost to a new rising star, 19-year-old Roger Federer with a score of 6: 7, 7: 6, 4: 6, 7: 6, 5: 7. Thus, the old king allegedly transferred the keys to the tournament to the new one. Throughout his career, Sampras was number one in the ranking for 286 weeks, this record will be broken only in 2012 by the same Federer. In singles, the American won 64 tournaments. Sampras had his own special style. He was characterized by a powerful confident serve and an aggressive approach to the net. The tennis player played excellently since the summer, he was distinguished by his signature smash. But this style, great for fast grass, was not good for slow soil. This led to the failure of Sampras at Roland Garros.
Serena Williams (born 1981). The active tennis player's career is still ongoing, so she can still replenish her impressive collection of her trophies. When the star Venus Williams emerged on the courts in 2000-2001, many experts noted that her younger sister would have an even more glorious career. Already in 2002-2003, Serena assembled a non-classical Grand Slam. She was able to win all 4 tournaments in singles in a row, but not within one year. In total, Serena's collection currently has 15 Grand Slam titles, with 13 more, along with her sister, she won in doubles. Of her 19 Major Finals, Serena has won 15, while losing twice to her sister Venus. Truth and 6 victories over it and won. It is Serena who is the only tennis player who was able to win the Golden Helmet in both singles and doubles. Neither the legendary Steffi Graf, nor any of the men succeeded in this. Serena is distinguished by powerful aggressive tennis. She literally sweeps her rivals off the court. She does not hesitate to throw a scandal in order to have a psychological impact on the judges and the opponent.
Roger Federer (born 1981). This tennis player is the most titled in modern history. The Swiss is the only one who managed to win two Grand Slam tournaments five times in a row. Wimbledon in 2003-2007 and US Open 2004-2008 submitted to him. In total, Federer has 17 victories at the majors in his piggy bank. Winning at Roland Garros in 2009 made the Swiss athlete only sixth in history to win all four Grand Slam tournaments. Federer was the first after Agassi to do it on different surfaces. The Swiss has another record - he played in 24 Grand Slam tournaments. 10 of them entered the continuous streak, of which Roger won 8. In 2012, Roger became only the third tennis player in history to play 8 times in the Wimbledon final, he became also the third in history to win this championship 7 times. Federer was also one of the oldest Grand Slam winners, winning the championship at the age of almost 31. In 2012, the Swiss played his 1,000 career matches, winning his 2,000 set. For most of Federer's career, there was no strong tennis player to challenge him. Nadal is 5 years younger than him. Federer played 8 major finals with the Spaniard, winning only twice at Wimbledon. Four times in the finals Andy Roddick surrendered, three times - Andy Murray. Federer holds the records of staying in the first line of the rating - in 2004-1007 he occupied this place for 161 weeks without a break, in total Federer has been in this status for more than 235 weeks. In the near future, only Nadal will be able to surpass the legendary Swiss. Federer is distinguished by smart tennis, he has no weak points. Roger can do everything that his victories on surfaces of any type indicate.
Chris Evert (born 1954). If for men Nadal can be called the real ground king, then for women Chris Evert can be considered such. Of her 18 Grand Slam victories, she won 10 on clay, with seven at Roland Garros. The remaining three came from the US Championship, which had such coverage in those years. The first and last victory at the majors was in Paris. The clay courts have also given Evert the longest winning streak in Grand Slam tournaments. For four years in a row, the American won the US Open. But the tennis player was still quite versatile. During her career, she managed to win at all majors, five victories were won on the grass. The American won three times at home on hard. Evert became famous for her two-handed backhand. The fact is that, speaking among juniors, Chris was still quite small and weak, which was reflected in the use of such a technique. The graceful tennis player was loved by the press and the public. For his calmness and restraint, Evert was even nicknamed the Snow Maiden. In the late 1970s, the athlete got herself a worthy rival - Martina Navratilova. Their confrontation became epic in women's tennis. In total, Chris Evert won 157 singles titles. Moreover, she never lost in the first rounds of the Grand Slam tournaments. The personal life of the athlete was not so successful; even the legendary tennis player Jimmy Connors is listed among her many novels.
Martina Navratilova (born 1956). While Evert's main victories were at Roland Garros, Navratilova conquered Wimbledon. It was there that her first and last victory at the Grand Slam tournaments took place. Of its 18 majors, exactly half were in London. At the same time, Navratilova won 6 victories in a row there from 1982 to 1987. She managed to win three more times in Australia when there was turf. The athlete did not submit to the Calendar Helmet, but she has another record on her account - six victories at the Majors in a row. The period between Wimbledon 1983 and the US Championship 1984 was unique. Navratilova lost 14 more Grand Slam finals. Martina's career was marked by a huge rivalry with Chris Evert. In total, they played 80 matches among themselves, of 10 in the major finals. Seven of them stayed with Martina. In total, during her career, Navratilova won 167 victories in singles, this is an absolute record for both men and women. For 331 weeks she was the first racket in the world. And Navratilova shone in doubles. She won 177 titles there, 41 of them in Grand Slam tournaments. The last major victory came to Navratilova at the age of 50! In the USSR, the successes of this tennis player were silent for a long time, although in the 1980s she had no equal. The fact is that at the age of 18, the Czech athlete emigrated to the United States. Martina also became one of the first athletes to openly admit her homosexuality.
Steffi Graf (born 1969). In 1988, the German tennis player did the impossible - she won the Grand Slam. In addition, that year she also won Olympic gold. Steffi Graf became a worthy successor to Martina Navratilova. Having lost to her in the major finals twice, the German won 4 wins. In 1995-1996, the German woman also won all the majors in which she participated. Then she missed the Australian Open of her own accord. In 1988-1990, Graf won 8 of the 9 Grand Slam tournaments played, losing to Arante Sanchez. In 1988, at the peak of her form, the German won the fastest victory in history in the major finals. With a score of 6: 0, 6: 0, the Soviet athlete Natalya Zvereva was defeated in just 34 minutes. In total, the German scored 107 victories in singles, of which 22 in Grand Slam tournaments (9 lost finals). She was number one for 377 weeks. The German is a versatile player who did not care what surface to play on. He is the only tennis player who has won each Grand Slam tournament at least 4 times. The Graf has the most victories at Wimbledon - 7, and the first and last Major was at Roland Garros. The rival of the German woman could be Monica Seles, but in 1993, a crazy fan, Gunther Parhe, stabbed her with a knife. Finally, Monica never recovered from that blow, and the German woman did not have worthy opponents. The Earl's reputation throughout her career was spotless, she did not scandal, did not start whirlwind romances. In 1991, unexpectedly for everyone, a German woman married the legendary tennis player Andre Agassi, the couple has two children. | https://zw.south-india-tourism.com/2573-the-most-famous-tennis-players.html |
Dennis Shapovalov of Toronto, Ontario has been named the Canadian Press Male Athlete of the Year. Even though Shapovalov had a losing record playing tennis in 2017 (12-13) and was disqualified for smashing an umpire with the tennis ball, which forced Canada to withdraw from the Davis Cup, the magnitude of Shapovalov’s victories made Canadian sports headlines and allowed him to win the Lionel Conacher Award.
Shapovalov had two unbelievable tournaments this summer which captivated the Canadian sports fans’ attention, and gave Canadian tennis fans someone to cheer for with Milos Raonic battling injuries. At the Rogers Cup in Montreal, Shapovalov former U.S. Open champion Juan Martin Del Potro of Argentina in the second round and then stunned the legendary Rafael Nadal of Spain in the round of 16.
Shapovalov then advanced to the round of 16 of the U.S. Open at Flushing Meadows, New York. Shapovalov’s most sensational win in New York City was his straight set second round win over former Australian Open finalist Jo-Wilfried Tsonga of France on Arthur Ashe stadium in prime time.
One person who should have been considered for the award but was overlooked was cross country skier Alex Harvey of Saint-Ferreol-les-Neiges, Quebec. Harvey had a great year skiing, which was highlighted by a gold medal in the men’s 50km freestyle at the 2017 World Cross Country Skiing Championships in Lahti, Finland. | https://canadiansportscene.com/shapovalov-named-cp-male-athlete-year/ |
Coco Gauff is enjoying a brilliant career as a professional tennis player. If there is anybody she should thank for this, it is her parents Candi and Corey Gauff. Her mother, who now works as an educator, was a track and field athlete at Florida State University while her father who worked as a health care executive played college basketball at Georgia State University.
The Delray Beach, Florida natives with NCAA Division I collegiate backgrounds in basketball and track and field encouraged their daughter to play sports and she ended up choosing tennis. She was inspired after watching the legendary Serena Williams on television win the 2009 Australian Open. Coco has since become the youngest player ranked in the top 100 by the Women’s Tennis Association (WTA). Her accomplishments on the court can be credited to the genetics she inherited from her parents. Below is more on them.
Meet Coco Gauff’s Mother Candi Gauff (nee Odom)
- Full Name: Candi Odom Gauff
- Date of Birth: November 30, 1970
- Age: 52 years
- Place of Birth: Delray Beach, Florida
- Ethnicity: African-American
- Nationality: American
- Zodiac Sign: Sagittarius
- Education: Atlantic high school and Florida State University
- Profession: Former track and field athlete and educator
- Height: 5 feet 9 inches
- Weight: 55kg
- Marital Status: Married
- Children: Coco, Codey, and Cameron Guaff
- Instagram: candigauff
Candi Gauff is the mother of American tennis player Coco Gauff, who won the Linz Open in 2019 at the age of 15 years, making history as the youngest singles title-holder since Maria Sharapova in 2004.
Candi met her husband and the father of her children in Delray Beach, Florida. The pair exchanged marriage vows in Palm Beach, Florida on January 13, 2001. They are the proud parents of three beautiful children; Coco, Codey, and Cameron.
Candi was a Star High School and College Track and Field Athlete
Candi Gauff, formerly known as Candi Dionne Odom, was born and raised in Delray Beach, Florida on November 30, 1970. She was birthed into the union of Yvonne Odom and Eddie Odom. Though she was birthed into a humble family, her parents were hardworking folks who made sure to provide for their daughter’s needs.
Regarding her educational background, Candi Gauff attended Atlantic high school and graduated with good grades. She was the Florida State Champion in hurdler and heptathlon. She won the Sun-Sentinel Track Athlete of the Year award for two consecutive years at Atlantic High School. Besides participating in track and field in high school, she also participated in gymnastics which she referred to as her first love.
After her high school education, she enrolled at Florida State University where she joined the school’s track and field team. She was the school’s star track champion in the late 1980s and early 1990s. She held the state best in the 110 hurdles at 13.90 seconds. Moreover, she was a member of the Eaglette dance troupe for two years, and also participated in football and basketball games.
Candi is a former educator who has given up her professional job to support, train and tutor her daughter. She is currently using her experience as an educator to homeschool her daughter.
Read Also: Is Peng Shuai Still Playing Tennis and Who is Her Husband?
Coco Gauff’s Father Corey Gauff Played Collegiate Basketball
- Full Name: Corey Gauff
- Place of Birth: Delray Beach, Florida, U.S.A
- Ethnicity: African-American
- Nationality: American
- Education: Georgia State University
- Profession: Coach
- Marital Status: Married
- Children: Coco, Codey, and Cameron Gauff
- Instagram: coreygauff
Corey Gauff grew up in Delray Beach, Florida, the U.S.A. where he got married and raised his three children alongside his wife, Candi. Coco Gauff has got the athlete’s bloodline running in her veins. Besides her mother who played track and field while in college, her father was a former basketball player who played collegiate basketball for Georgia State University.
Like most fathers who want their children to follow in their footsteps, Corey wanted his children to play basketball on a professional level but Coco was not great at shooting and she found it hard to play in a team. In an interview with The New York Times, Corey stated:
“I think it helps parents when they have played as high as college or even pro, You better understand the process, and so you don’t get too jittery about it. You don’t feel like you’re running out of time, so you are not rushed. You kind of meet your kid where they are at.”
However, his career as a basketball player was only for a short period as he later became a healthcare executive. A dedicated father, Corey Gauff decided to quit his long-time job as a healthcare executive to become a sports coach for his daughter Coco and prepare her for a legendary tennis career.
Inspired by Richard Williams, the father of legendary tennis players, Venus and Serena Williams, Corey followed Richard’s blueprint to train Coco and improve her tennis skills. With no prior experience in the game, he took lessons from a man called Old Whiskey.
Like most relationships, the father-daughter duo also had a rough patch. During an interview with South Florida sun Sentinel, Coco revealed what her relationship with her father was like while growing up. “When I turned, I would say, 12 or 13, we used to argue, because he used to be annoying because he would bring tennis home, and he’s always around me. So now we talked, and we understand each other now more.”
Since the father-daughter duo sorted out their issues, they have been taking the tennis scene by storm. Corey’s advice to his daughter before she won the 2019 Linz Open Title in Austria, remains one of their greatest moments yet.
Corey and his wife Candi have not relented in their support for their daughter. They are always on the sidelines, cheering on their daughter during her games. They have a dream for Coco and they believe she is on her way to achieving that dream. In an interview, Coco said her dream is to be “the greatest” — an idea from her dad. She further stated that her dad told her she could do this when she was eight but she never believed it. Up to this date, Corey remains Coco’s primary tennis coach. | https://rimpost.com/who-are-coco-gauffs-parents-candi-and-corey-gauff |
Althea Gibson was one of the greatest female athletes of the twentieth century. This FAMU alumna died Sunday morning at the age of 76.
Gibson paved the way for African-American tennis players such as Arthur Ashe, Zina Garrison, Malivai Washington, and the Williams sisters.
A quote from Venus Williams following her 1997 debut at the U.S. Open is the epitome of Gibson’s importance to the sport of tennis. “For players like myself and a lot of other African-American players on the tour, Althea Gibson paved the way for us.”
The impact Gibson had on the sport of tennis is immeasurable. She was to tennis what Jackie Robinson was to baseball or what Willie O’Ree was to hockey.
She dominated the sport in the late 50s becoming the first African-American, male or female, to win Wimbledon, the United States Championship and the French Championship.
Gibson was such a force on the courts that she was named the Associated Press Female Athlete of the Year in 1957 and 1958. She had to retire from tennis soon after her 1958 U.S. Championship title because only amateurs were allowed to compete at major championships and she was unable to gain money from playing tennis.
When I was growing up and learning to play tennis from my father, who was at FAMU during the time Gibson was, the first person he told me about in terms of the history of the sport were not legends such as Bill Tilden, Don Budge or Rod Laver, but Gibson. My father continually talked about the graceful power Gibson showed on and off the tennis court.
Gibson was once quoted as saying “Tennis is a game for ladies and gentlemen, and I conduct myself in that manner.”
Yes, you did Althea; the world thanks you for doing so.
Will Brown, 18, is a sophomore broadcast journalism student from Rockledge, Fl. He can be reached at [email protected]. | http://www.thefamuanonline.com/2003/09/30/farewell-to-a-champion/ |
Big news in the sports world these days.
Last Friday, the colorful character they called the nicest guy in tennis, Bud Collins, died. Bud helped me in my broadcast career, as he did countless others. You will search far and wide to find anybody who had a bad word to say about the constantly upbeat Bud….or to find anybody who can remember Bud ever having a malicious word to say about anybody else.
RIP Mr. Fancy Pants
The glorious career of 40-year-old superstar quarterback Peyton Manning has come to an end, the fairy tale ending complete, Peyton going out with a Super Bowl triumph recently his. He cried at his retirement words today, clearly defined by the game he has honored and played so well all these long twenty years. You set the bar, Peyton. We will not quickly forget you.
And today, in a highly unusual and I feel truly honorable move, legendary tennis champion Maria Sharapova announced that she will soon be suspended from her sport for taking performance enhancing drugs. When was the last time an athlete took the humble stance and admitted to doping? It’s always: “Not me. Must be a faulty test. Never in my life.”
But Maria stood tall today. She owned up to a big mistake. She apologized to her fans, to the sport itself. She did make a mistake but she gained a degree of admiration from me today by owning it. | http://diananyad.com/big-news-in-the-sports-world/ |
“I’m thrilled with this unexpected gift. I felt very bad when I missed the qualifying mark very narrowly in Delhi earlier this year. However, by God’s grace, I would be running in London now. It is a big boost to my career,” said the 21-year-old athlete from Bhubaneshwar.
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Kamlesh-Rawankar take day’s honours
The Corps of Engineers Sailing Club (CESC) sailor, in the process, sailed ahead of the pack in the first windward itself in the fifth race. They beat the second-placed Patel Kamlesh Kumar and U.B. Rawankar. However, the Army Yachting Node pair dominated the day’s proceedings with a confident show.
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IND Vs SRI: Rain forces early tea at Galle
Galle: India were 56 for two in their second innings, leading Sri Lanka by 365 runs before early tea was taken due to rain on day three of the first Test here on Friday. Rain lashed the Galle International Stadium right after Cheteshwar Pujara (15) was caught at leg gully off Kumara Lahiru. Abhinav Mukund was batting on 27 on the other end.
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Sri Lanka fold up for 291 against India in first Test
Galle: Ravindra Jadeja picked up three wickets as India bundled out Sri Lanka for 291 shortly after lunch on the third day of the first Test in Galle on Friday. Sri Lanka are down to 10 men after losing Asela Gunaratne who broke his thumb while fielding on the first day of the game. India, who made 600 in their first innings, took a 309-run l
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St Paul’s, Rosary clinch tennis titles
Hyderabad: St Paul’s High School `A’ and Rosary Convent High School clinched the boys and girls team championship titles in the Stag Telangana State ranking table tennis tournament at Stag Table Tennis Academy in Malakpet on Thursday. Results: Inter-school championship Girls (1st round): Don Bosco bt HPS 2-0. Pre-quarterfinals: DRSIS
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SATS chairman asks varsities to lay synthetic athletic tracks
Hyderabad: Taking cue from the from 57th Senior National Athletic Championship which was held on the synthetic track at Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, the Sports Authority of Telangana State (SATS) chairman has asked all the 13 universities in the State to lay such tracks at their grounds. “It will benefit the athletes to improve their
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Sri Lanka 38/1 at tea, trail India by 562 runs
Galle: Sri Lanka were 38 for one in their first innings, trailing India by 562 runs at tea on day two of the first Test here on Thursday. Brief scores: India 600 all out in 133.1 overs (Dhawan 190, Pujara 153, Pandya 50, Rahane 57; Pradeep 6/131). Sri Lanka 38/1 in seven overs (Tharanga batting 24, Umesh 1/19). | https://telanganatoday.com/sport/page/430 |
Novak Djokovic has written his name into tennis history, beating the Italian Matteo Berrettini to win a sixth Wimbledon, and in doing so catching up with both Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal in the men's all-time grand slam list.
Sunday's was the 20th grand slam title of the Serbian tennis player's career, and comes after he won the Australian Open and French Open earlier this year.
He is younger than 39-year-old Federer and 35-year-old Nadal and has now spent more than six years in total ranked number 1 in the world, longer than his rivals.
A victory at the U.S. Open would mean he would complete the calendar-year grand slam. He would be the first man to do so since Rod Laver in 1969.
The new milestone in Djokovic's career is bound to heat the debate among tennis fans over which male tennis player is the Greatest Of All Time (GOAT).
Italy's Matteo Berrettini faced Serbia's Novak Djokovic on Sunday Wimbledon's final. /Glyn Kirk/AFP
The legendary names of Björn Borg, Pete Sampras and John McEnroe always make it to the list.
And it is difficult to compare eras, where players may have had different opportunities, and opponents.
But if statistics can't lie, then the GOAT title can only go to one of the three men - Federer, Nadal and Djokovic - who between them have dominated the sport for much of this century.
And given his current run of form, it would be hard for people to argue against Djokovic going on to finish with more than his current 20 grand slam titles. | https://newseu.cgtn.com/news/2021-07-12/Is-Novak-Djokovic-now-the-greatest-tennis-player-of-all-time--11OGjbnNgrK/index.html |
Sports legend and social pioneer Billie Jean King will be the keynote speaker at the Phoenix Women's Sports Association's (PWSA) Fourth Annual Girls and Women in Sports Awards Dinner on May 19, 2007 at the Arizona Biltmore Resort.
As one of the 20th century’s most respected women, Billie Jean King has long been a champion for social change and equality. She created new inroads for women in and out of sports during her legendary career and she continues to make her mark today.
King, one of the most illustrious and celebrated tennis players in history, is recognized for spearheading the women's movement in tennis and for her life-long struggle for equality in sports and in life. King empowered women and educated men when she defeated Bobby Riggs in one of the greatest moments in sports history – the Battle of the Sexes in 1973.
In 1990, Life magazine named her one of the "100 Most Important Americans of the 20th Century." In 1994, she ranked No. 5 on Sports Illustrated’s “Top 40 Athletes” list for significantly altering or elevating sports the last four decades.
King, who resides in New York and Chicago, has been heralded as an ardent defender of equal rights for all humankind. She founded the Women's Tennis Association and the Women’s Sports Foundation in 1974 to advance the lives of girls and women through sports and physical activity. In 1998, King became the first athlete to receive the prestigious Elizabeth Blackwell Award, which is given by Hobart and William Smith College to a woman whose life exemplifies outstanding service to humanity. In February 1999 King won the Arthur Ashe Award for Courage for her fight to bring equality to women's sports. Off the court, King remains active in a number of important causes. She serves as a director on several boards including the Women’s Sports Foundation and the Elton John AIDS Foundation.
Although her place in tennis has certainly been secured as one of the all-time greats, King remains active in the sport she loves. She co-founded World TeamTennis in 1974 and remains active in both the WTT Professional League and WTT Recreational League. King, who has coached Olympic and Fed Cup teams, led the U.S. squad to four Olympic medals and the 1976, 1996, 1999 and 2000 Fed Cup titles. In 2003 she received two of the tennis world’s highest honors. King was awarded the prestigious Philippe Chatrier Award, the International Tennis Federation’s highest honor, recognizing individuals for contributions to tennis and was one of six inaugural inductees into the Court of Champions at the USTA National Tennis Center.
King’s biggest honor in tennis came on August 28, 2006, when the National Tennis Center, home of the US Open, was renamed the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center, in honor of King’s contributions to tennis, sports and society both on and off the court. Less than two months later, on October 17, 2006, King was honored once again when the National Sports Museum and the Women’s Sports Foundation announced that the Billie Jean King International Women’s Sports Center, the nation’s first permanent, comprehensive museum dedicated to women’s sports, will be housed at the National Sports Museum when it opens in New York City in 2008.
On the court, King left a lasting and indelible mark. She won 39 Grand Slams, including a record 20 Wimbledon titles with six of them in singles (1966-67- 68-72-73-75), won the U.S. Open four times (1967-71- 72-74), the French Open in 1972 and the Australian Open in 1968. She was ranked No. 1 in the world five times between 1966 and 1972 and was in the Top 10 a total of 17 years (beginning in 1960.)
King is the only woman to win U.S. Open singles titles on all four surfaces on which it has been played (grass, clay, carpet, hard.) She’s also one of only eight women to hold singles titles in each of the Grand Slam events.
King has had a long and impressive career of firsts. In 1970, King was one of nine players who broke away from the tennis establishment and accepted $1 contracts from tennis promoter Gladys Heldman in Houston. The revolt lead to the formation of the Virginia Slims Tour and Women’s Tennis Association. In 1971, she was the first woman athlete to win more than $100,000 in any sport. In 1974 she became the first woman to coach a professional team with men when she served as player/coach for the Philadelphia Freedoms of World TeamTennis.
She is a member of the International Tennis Hall of Fame and the National Women's Hall of Fame. She is the founder of the Women's Tennis Association and the Women's Sports Foundation.
About the PWSA Awards Celebration The only awards celebration of its kind in Arizona, the PWSA Awards Dinner recognizes outstanding female athletes and coaches at the high school, community college and university levels, as well as the community and corporate leaders who support them and outstanding journalists who cover girls’ and women’s sports.
For tickets and more information on the dinner, visit phoenixwomenssports.org. | http://www.phoenix.usta.com/News/414649/ |
After several weeks and articles on political issues, primarily related to the Prespa Agreement and the procedures regarding it, in particular the adoption of constitutional changes in our country and the ratification of the agreement in Greece, it is time to take a little break and turn, for example, to sports themes (again).
In one of the previous articles (Football and Democracy) I tried to compare sports and politics, discussing how the more democratic distribution of funds in the English Premier League leads to greater competitiveness, which in turn increases the interest of viewers (or in the comparison – the voters for the elections), resulting in better quality and inevitably (closing the circle) – success (among other things, with more funds for distribution among the clubs…and in the case of elections, this would correspond with better candidates and then solutions for citizens’ better standard of living).
This time, I wanted to discuss, or rather, ask myself and your readers about the sporting phenomenon “the best of all time (or the world)” (in any sport) and why such individuals (or teams) appear more in some countries, not in others? Unfortunately we as a country are most often in these others, so that is why I am asking this question!
The immediate occasion is certainly the victory of Serbian tennis player Novak Djokovic the day before yesterday at the Australian Open in Melbourne, which for him was seventh in this Grand Slam tournament (one of the four most prestigious in tennis, along with London Wimbledon, Paris Roland-Garros and the New York US Open), setting the record for the tournament (until now he shared it with Roger Federer and Roy Emerson with 6 titles). He reached his 15th grand slam title and reopened the debate on the “Greatest of All Time” (GOAT), which just a year ago he seemed to be closing in when Federer won his 20th title (Novak was then at 12). Of course, there are many aspects that have to be considered when talking about choosing the best ever, but in tennis, it most often binds to prestigious Grand Slams. But even here it is not so simple. While the total number is the first and clear criterion (and Djokovic, 6 years younger than Federer, if in good health, will have time to reach those 20 titles, and maybe the record of all time, of the girl Margaret Court, who has 24), we can talk about other aspects. For example, have they won all 4 Grand Slams in their career? Only eight tennis players have done it in male competition: Federer, Nadal and Djokovic as current, including Fred Perry, Don Budge, Rod Laver, Roy Emerson and Andre Agassi. The legendary players like Sampras, Borg, Connors, Lendl or McCann did not do that. And of these eight, only two did it in the same calendar year (Budge and Laver). Djokovic is just the third behind them, who at the same time had the titles of all 4 Grand Slams. In the analysis of the choice of the best, some import artistic elements (style of play, uniqueness of moves, etc.), popularity among the audience, or behavior outside the field (if an example for others).
This debate may be eternal, i.e. depending on the achievements throughout the career, there may never be a consensus (full agreement) on who is the best of all time, inter alia, because of our personal opinions and affiliations towards one or another tennis player (or athlete in general…in football, for example, the debates are over Pele or Maradona, or in the last decade over Messi or Ronaldo).
But there is something else I was thinking of in this occasion – that is, how has a country like Serbia produced such a top and world-class athlete? Our neighbors might look great to us (with their little under 8 million inhabitants, not counting Kosovo, they are 4 times bigger than us), but in the world it is a small country. And it is not just Djokovic…two of their tennis players (Ana Ivanovic and Jelena Jankovic) were the first on the world WTA rankings, and it is not just tennis – they have world champions in other sports – rowing, wrestling, even athletics. And in collective sports – even more: water polo players have been “ruling” for over a decade, and the female volleyball players have also been champions since last month. In 2005, basketball players became world champions in the midst of the basketball cradle – the United States, through their sixth “Dream Team”, and in 2015, their juniors (up to 20 years old) became world champions in football.
We do not have to stick to the example of Serbia only. Croats are twice less in population than Serbs (and twice bigger than us), and are multiple winners in all major handball matches. Their basketball players reached the final of the Barcelona 1992 Olympics (immediately after the declaration of independence), and football players reached the final last summer. Their captain Luka Modric won the “best of the world” award for 2018. Even smaller (and according to inhabitants same us as) Kosovo, in the character of Majlinda Kelmendi, has the Olympic champion in Rio de Janeiro.
In this context, I am especially impressed with the story of Slovenia, which is just like us regarding both the area of the country and the population. A few years ago I had the opportunity to attend the celebration of the 20th anniversary of their independence at one of the hotels in Skopje. In the brief presentation, the then Ambassador Alain Bergant made interesting parallels – political with the sporting successes. So, every significant event in the country (admission to the United Nations, NATO, then the EU, etc.) was compared with similar sporting success – above all in the Olympics (winter) and championships in winter disciplines (ski jumps, skiing, but also other). Since then Slovenia has made significant progress in collective sports, so in the most popular (at least for us) sports, such as football, basketball and handball, their teams have reached the most important manifestations – the world championships.
The question is, how come almost all of our neighbors and former fellow citizens from the time of Yugoslavia (which by the way was a sports super power itself) are more successful than us in sports? Our most important achievements as a country are in collective sports, 4th in basketball (Lithuania, 2011) and 5th place in handball (Serbia, 2012), both at European championships (not at world championships, where we reach the handball only, but with the placements from the 9th place down.) Of course, in club plan, these are the championship titles in handball at the European level, Kometal Gjorce Petrov in women’s and Vardar in men’s competition, associated with dedication and mid-term period of several years funding of the clubs by Trifun Kostovski and Sergej Samsonenko, respectively.
The size (population) of the country probably matters, but it is obviously not crucial. Slovenia is the same as us, and Croatia and Serbia are twice or three times more numerous, but they are all small in the world, however competitive on the global stage and get the most important trophies.
Some say that it is up to the system, that is, care for sports from the earliest age and enabling conditions for school sports, and then actively involving all interested young people in clubs with due attention to their growth and development. Furthermore, targeted and continuous funding of clubs in certain sports for the sake of stability in providing enough and new (generations) top athletes. In that sense, money is obviously becoming an important factor (and our two club stars confirm this), but if we recall the time in Yugoslavia – it was not a factor, let alone important.
Others will say – it is up to the mentality! Some have a winning spirit, and some (referring to us) – have not any. And maybe it is like that – for example, when Porta Macedonia was built, there were statements in the sense “Which successes/triumphs are we going to celebrate?” But the basketball players and the handball players passed under it, welcomed by an audience of 100,000, thirsty for such successes (although both returned without medals). This returns us to the dilemma of the article – can we make it as a country?
Let me finish where I started from, with Djokovic. One anecdote says it is ascertained that the secret to his success is: 1% luck, 9% talent, and 90% hard work J. It might be so! | http://en.inbox7.mk/?p=2887 |
Novak Djokovic can become only the second man in history to have twice held all four Grand Slam titles at the same time with victory at the French Open.
Novak Djokovic set a new landmark of 311 weeks as world number one on Monday, one week longer than Roger Federer whose tally of a record 20 Grand Slam titles is now firmly in the Serb’s sights. “Big day today”, tennis superstar wrote on Twitter.
Patrik Schick moved top of the Euro 2020 goalscoring charts with his third of the tournament as the Czech Republic held Croatia 1-1 in Glasgow to edge towards the last 16.
Legendary Indian athlete Milkha Singh, 91, passed away in a local hospital here at 11:30 pm on Friday, said a statement from the Post Graduate Institute (PGI) of Medical Education & Research. | https://www.gulftoday.ae/sport/2021/06/07/djokovic-survives-nadal-cruises-at-french-open |
The BBC debuted a new podcast, “Untold Legends: Ora,” Monday and it features Atlanta Dream co-owner/WNBA All-Star and champion Renee Montgomery sharing the story of Ora Washington, whose legendary basketball and tennis careers have been kept in the shadows due to her race and gender.
Through what the BCC referred to as “extensive research,” Montgomery will be able to provide special insight into Washington’s story — how her 201 trophies in basketball and tennis combined have gone unheralded until now and what it was really like to be a Black female athlete in the 1920s and 30s.
Washington competed in Black women’s tennis — the sport was segregated back then — and played for the Philadelphia Tribunes and Germantown Hornets on the basketball court. She was a hoops star and was elite when it came to tennis as well, winning seven-straight championships form 1929 to 1935 and going undefeated over a span of 12 years.
Without Washington, Althea Gibson may have never broken the color barrier in women’s tennis in the 1950s and Venus and Serena Williams may not have become the icons they became around the time of the new millennium.
In the seven-part weekly series, Montgomery will compare Washington’s experiences to her experiences as a Black female athlete in the 20-teens to see what is different and what has stayed the same.
Check out this important look at one of the greatest female athletes in American history. The first episode, “An empty chair,” is available now on BBC Sounds, as is the trailer for the series. | https://nbanewshubb.com/dream-owner-renee-montgomery-talks-ora-washington-in-new-podcast/ |
Question: In which country would you find the Cresta Run?
Question: Who was the iconic, former champion alpine ski racer from Austria who overwhelmingly dominated downhill racing from 1975 to 1978 and who was the gold medalist at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck?
Question: What is the name of the sport where, normally, one person races downhill on a sled feet-first lying on their back?
Question: Who became the first British athlete to win back to back gold medals at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang (South Korea) following success in Sochi (Russia) in 2014?
Question: which amongst the winter sports is where a person rides a small sled down a frozen track while lying face-down and facing forwards?
Question: Name the British alpine ski racer who produced the best result ever by a British ski racer on the Alpine Skiing World Cup circuit when he came second in a downhill race and within 0.11 seconds of winning at Val Gardena in 1981? | https://www.bestpubquiz.co.uk/sport/winter-sports/ |
Roger Federer: "With Djokovic we played fantastic matches"
by | VIEW 587
Novak Djokovic certainly had one of the best seasons of his career. The Serbian champion won the first three majors of the year and then came close to the Grand Slam at the US Open, where he only lost in the final to Daniil Medvedev.
After the disappointment in New York, Djokovic returned to the field in Paris-Bercy and won his 37th Masters 1000, surpassing Rafael Nadal in this special ranking. In Paris, Djokovic also set yet another incredible record and ended the year at the top of the world rankings for the seventh time.
The Belgrade player shared the lead with Pete Sampras, who acknowledged his greatness in a recent interview. "I have been the best for many years, but he has done more than me. He has been more continuous, he has won more tournaments, more Grand Slam.
I don't think in the future anyone will be able to finish seven seasons in a row as the best in the world. Plus he did it at a time when he dominated Federer and Nadal and contained the next generation. I was very impressed with his transformation from a talented young athlete, mentally a bit fragile, to what he is today.
For me he is the best ever." Djokovic, on the other hand, was unable to catch Roger Federer for the number of titles won at the ATP Finals (Federer 6 - Djokovic 5, ed). He was stopped by Alexander Zverev, who then won the Tournament of Masters for the second time. It was the Swiss who talked about Djokovic to the microphones of Sky Sport Italia.
Roger said: "Novak has had an incredible career, he is doing very well in Turin and together we have played fantastic matches. He has been on the crest of the wave for more than ten years. He knows what he wants and he knows how to win.
Is tennis changing? I think a lot of guys are going very strong with forehand and backhand. If in the past he was weaker on one of the two shots, now he hits very hard with both. I think you need to find the right balance, but many players have found an excellent level of tennis.
And more baseline tennis, I think this will be the future of the game."
Peng Shuai: "I'm fine, but I ask you..."
In the last few hours, a new video of Chinese tennis player Peng Shuai has appeared. The former number one in the world has been missing for weeks and, while many in Europe are moving to ask for clarity on the matter, new pics arrives in China that testifies that Peng has no problem, at least, apparently.
Through her Twitter profile, a Chinese journalist, close enough to the local government, published a video of Peng engaged in a local event with children. According to this reporter, this video is from the last hours and to testify it he published shortly after a video of the woman having lunch in a restaurant with her agent.
A situation yet to be deciphered with the WTA asking for further evidence and official testimony from the tennis player. Peng Shuai talked by videoconference with the president of the International Olympic Committee Bach, reassuring him, apparently, about her condition.
She said: "I'm fine and I'm safe, I want respect for my privacy." She said it after days of concern over her disappearance following reports of abuse by former Beijing deputy prime minister, Zang Ghaoli.
This was reported by a note from the IOC The Peng Shuai's issue is making and continues to be discussed throughout the world. The former number one in the world of women's doubles has been missing for a few weeks and the world of sport has mobilized for the athlete to be found.
In the last few hours, some photos and videos of the tennis player struggling in a Chinese event had been released on social networks, but there was still no official statement by the tennis player and the WTA had still said it was perplexed about the story, not judging the shots arrived on the tennis player to be sufficient Chinese, winner of Roland Garros and Wimbledon in doubles tournaments.
IOC President Thomas Bach and two members of the Olympic organization held a video call with Peng. A picture of Peng was posted of her at her home surrounded by stuffed animals but the woman appeared apparently serene. Peng Shuai thanked for all this attention and confirmed that he is fine.
Several important personalities of tennis and sport had moved for the woman and legends such as Novak Djokovic, Roger Federer and Serena Williams had discussed and had made statements in aid of the expert oriental athlete.
Emma Terho, one of the members present at the call, explained: "We are all relieved to see that she was fine, it was our biggest concern. We confirmed our support and told him we will keep in touch with you in the next few days, Peng appreciated."
The Olympic Committee then said the woman asked for some privacy. However, that of the IOC was also a diplomatic choice: in fact, Beijing will host the 2022 Winter Olympics and a situation like this could undoubtedly undermine the tranquility of the event. | https://www.sportworldnews.org/tennis/news/7380/roger-federer-with-djokovic-we-played-fantastic-matches-/ |
We recognise that retaining and attracting talent is key to ensure future growth and essential for delivering on our long-term strategic ambitions. In our daily operations, we continuously work to provide an engaging and safe work environment where equal opportunities are available for all.
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Demographics
The Wilhelmsen group consists of a diverse portfolio of maritime related companies operating on six continents. We have the world’s largest maritime network with 262 offices in 69 countries on call 24/7, and deliver products and services to more than 50% of the merchant fleet. We enable sustainable global trade.
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Culture
We strive to create a culture where our employees around the world deliver the right results in the right way. The governing elements are the foundation for our culture. Employee performance is measured through performance appraisals and annual activity plans, and employee engagement is measured and addressed in the employee engagement survey.
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Learning and development
Learning and innovation is one of our core values, and we believe that a learning organisation with motivated employees contributes to efficient operations and has a positive impact on long-term sustainable growth. | https://www.wilhelmsen.com/investors/reports-and-presentations/sustainability-report2017/employees/ |
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
http://hdl.handle.net/11328/2392
|Title:||Employer brand building from the inside-out: how employer values contribute to employee engagement|
|Authors:||Ferreira, Pedro|
|Keywords:||Employer Branding|
Employee Engagement
Employer Values
Employer Brand Attributes
|Issue Date:||Sep-2018|
|Publisher:||EuroMed Press|
|Citation:||Ferreira, P. (2018). Employer brand building from the inside-out: How employer values contribute to employee engagement. In D. Vrontis, Y. Weber, & E. Tsoukatos (eds.), 11th Annual Conference of the EuroMed Academy of Business. Research Advancements in National and Global Business Theory and Practice (pp. 482-497). Valleta: EuroMed Press. ISSN 2547-8516|
|Abstract:||Employer Branding is a concept that is gaining importance within the Human Resources field mainly due to its potential for retaining and attracting talent to boost organisations capabilities and competitiveness. According to the brand management literature, building a brand must start from within, and the employer brand should also function as a reference for a company’s current employees. Thus, taking this assumption into account, the main goal of this paper is to understand how employer branding contributes towards employee engagement. In order to address this research problem the authors based the research on a leading manufacturing company in cosmetics, personal care, beauty, homecare and healthcare products and a major supplier of tinplate and plastic packaging, that is going through a process of employer brand building. Field research developed in two steps. First, the HR department and some members of the Board defined the main attributes of the brand as an employer. Second, a survey was administered to senior managers to assess the level of engagement and how they perceive the employer brand attributes. Data dimensionality was reduced using factor analysis and regression analysis tested the relation of employer brand attributes and employee engagement. Factor analysis revealed three main groups of employer brand attributes: Innovation & Growth, Work Environment and Socially Responsible Practices. Employee engagement is mainly explained by Innovation & Growth attributes. The least relevant group of attributes is Socially Responsible Practices. These results contribute to better understand the relation between employer brand and employee outcomes and the importance of defining and managing employer brand attributes to foster employee engagement.|
|URI:||http://hdl.handle.net/11328/2392|
|ISBN:||978-9963-711-67-3|
|ISSN:||2547-8516|
|Appears in Collections:||REMIT - Comunicações a Congressos Internacionais / Papers in International Meetings|
Files in This Item:
|File||Description||Size||Format|
|Employer brand building from the inside-out.pdf||495.28 kB||Adobe PDF||View/Open|
Items in DSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated. | http://repositorio.uportu.pt:8080/handle/11328/2392 |
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We recognize that our commitment to diversity, equity, and inclusion needs to be consistent and ongoing. We will continue to look inwards to identify our own shortcomings. We recognize that we may not always get it right; knowing this, we embrace the ongoing work of course correcting and moving forward. We must do everything in our power to both learn and unlearn.
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Accommodations
TVO is committed to providing accommodation to candidates throughout the recruitment process and to employees living with different abilities. Please let us know if you require an accommodation at any stage of the recruitment process. | https://www.tvo.org/about/work-at-tvo |
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If you work in human resources management, you probably are always looking for new ways to build a better talent management strategy. Attracting and retaining top talent in your business can be quite difficult. Employees change jobs many times in their careers these days – so it may be hard for you to keep your most talented employees. This can lead to high employee turnover, and low development of employee skills.
In this article, we’ll explore the 6 steps you need to take at your business to boost employee engagement with a powerful talent management strategy. Here’s what you need to know!
Start By Identifying Your Organizational Goals
First things first – you’ll need to define what, exactly, your goals are as an organization. What are you trying to do when recruiting new talent? | https://elearningfeeds.com/6-steps-to-building-a-rock-solid-talent-management-strategy/ |
Our client, a world leading digital network business headquartered in Dublin with regional offices across the globe are currently seeking to hire a senior Human Resources Manager to support the execution of the business strategy through the design and delivery of compelling human capital initiatives. This is a unique opportunity in a dynamic, high growth and fast paced environment.
The Role
Partnering with the founder and CEO, the senior leadership team and key stakeholders in the throughout the organisation, this role will ensure the people agenda is successfully achieved to drive business outcomes. As the Senior Manager, you will have responsibility for;
- Managing the HR function and overseeing all aspects of the HR life-cycle including; talent acquisition, talent development, employee relations, employee engagement, succession planning and internal people communications.
- Proactively supporting leaders in organisation as a credible business advisor on key people and organisational issues.
- Aligning the people strategy and initiatives with the group strategy and enabling the delivery of business objectives.
- Fostering a compelling employment value proposition as the organisation grows to attract and retain talent.
- Acting as a culture champion and supporting the business to achieve its vision and delivering end to end HR services throughout the organisation.
The Person
The ideal candidate will have 8-10 years' HR experience managing a strategic people function within a dynamic organisation globally and will have a strong track record of attracting, retaining and supporting high-performance teams. Excellent communication skills are important as you will need to develop strong working relationships with many stakeholders both internally and externally.
You must showcase your influencing skills and possess a consultative approach to delivering HR services. A candidate who is humble, self-starting, positive with high energy and ambition will be suitable for this culture and environment. You must also hold a relevant Master's Degree.
To learn more, apply online or contact Arlene Moran on +353 1 632 1854 for a confidential discussion. | https://www.hrmrecruit.com/job/senior-hr-manager/ |
Numerous employee engagement surveys have corroborated the premise that positive interactions in the workplace cultivate a sense of purpose, bolster employee morale, and improve work satisfaction. The opposite can be said about negative interactions, which generate confusion, anxiety, unhappiness, and uncertainty, which adversely impact work efficiency and company productivity. The ability to create positive interactions is a future leadership skill that managers (and organizations) need to develop now.
Martin Seligman (2011), one of the founding fathers of positive psychology, notes that happiness cannot be achieved without social relationships. So, if organizations want to ensure their employees are happy, they need socially engaged leaders. However, being socially engaged, undoubtedly a critical future leadership skill, is not necessarily an innate characteristic of a leader. It is a leadership style that must be learned and developed.
Implementing an open-door policy, conducting regular staff meetings, holding one-on-one meetings with employees, and scheduling quarterly progress reviews are all effective ways for managers to engage with their team members in a way that fosters “positive interactions”. Furthermore, these are fairly low-cost measures for organizations to implement. However, they do require an investment of managers’ time, which already overstretched managers—more often than not on the go—will tell you they don’t have any to give.
The result is a growing gap between organizations’ employee well-being objectives aimed at caring for their most valuable assets, and their managers—who are on the frontline and most frequently charged with the responsibility for employee well-being.
There are three main misconceptions—corporate culture myths—at play here. In fact, these three myths come together in most organizations to create the perfect storm for employee recognition efforts.
First up is the claim that bad managers drive away employees. This is an idea widely promulgated by management consultancy Gallup, which sums it up with the blanket statement “people leave bosses rather than companies.” Not to say that there isn’t some truth to this statement (because there is) but there is a growing consensus that this is only a piece of the puzzle. Managers matter, but not nearly as much as leadership and development opportunities.
Second, managers don’t give more feedback because they don’t have the time. Wrong. A survey of more than 2,000 U.S. adults found that 69% of the managers admitted that they were often uncomfortable communicating with employees. Over a third of managers surveyed said that they were uncomfortable giving direct feedback about their employees’ job performance if they thought the employees would take it badly. The bottom line: managers make time for what they feel comfortable doing or what they believe they’re good at, and employee interactions make them uncomfortable. The bottom line: a necessary characteristic of a leader in organizations committed to employee engagement is strong intrapersonal skills.
Third, feedback and employee engagement is time-consuming. This falls on everyone in a company: from top to bottom and bottom to top. It is a complaint heard from both employees and managers. Recognizing your team members’ contributions to a project or letting them know how they can contribute more do not have to be time-consuming processes. But they do require the right technological solution to help streamline the process and make it easier for managers to recognize employees.
How can leadership teams help time-strapped managers overcome today’s leadership challenges and create more opportunities for positive interactions with employees? Hint: technology leadership is the future leadership skill your organization needs.
Whatever a manager’s leadership style is, whether strategic, or democratic, or transformational, it should provide employees with ongoing direction, support the company’s culture and values, and foster positive interactions that drive engagement and motivation.
Because socially engaged leadership is not an innate skill, most managers have to develop it, and organizations’ leadership teams need to make sure managers have the training, tools, and opportunity to do just that.
Connecting with employees in more traditional ways, such as one-on-one meetings and face-to-face interactions, is increasingly challenging, which is why today’s most effective leaders are using technology to keep in touch with their teams and motivate them. Technology opens the lines of communication and ensures accessibility even when leaders aren’t physically available to meet and interact with their teams.
Technology provides opportunities for companies to transform their traditional workplace culture into modern think tanks for sharing thoughts, ideas and strategies. In many ways, social media has enabled people to collaborate more effectively across various boundaries, and organizations have taken notice. While many businesses today leverage social media to message customers and prospects, an increasing number of leaders are now seeing the value of using this technology in a similar way to reinforce the social connections between their employees.
Using technology platforms enables leaders to create collaborative environments while yielding real-time analytics that can be used to make informed business decisions, create new strategies and increase interactions among employees, departments, and divisions. Successful leaders realize that they don’t have to be everywhere in order to interact with employees, and by creating an organizational community for open, transparent and inter-department collaboration, they can propel their business to new levels of effectiveness.
Engaged employees are inspired employees, and employees that fall into this category will be far more productive and involved than their peers. In a survey conducted by Harvard Business Review and the Economist Intelligence Unit, less than half of respondents said they agree or strongly agree that their leaders were inspiring or were unlocking motivation in employees. That same study also found that fewer felt that their leaders fostered engagement within their organization. Employees are looking to their managers and leadership teams to create and encourage a culture of engagement, and leaders with a leadership style that is socially engaged can bring out the best in their employees.
By focusing on encouraging peers and interdepartmental interactions, leaders can empower their people to think more creatively, speak more freely, and contribute more ideas to the company. When leaders keep the conversation open and ongoing, they can inspire their employees to participate in areas that may be outside of the scope of their work. Through technology platforms, employees can feel empowered to become the best version of themselves and become an even more significant contributor to their company through peer interactions.
With studies showing that employees want to be challenged and appreciated, this is a way to make them feel valued and that employee growth is a top priority. While managers may not always have the time for face-to-face interactions, they can still stay connected with employees through technology platforms to give and receive peer evaluations, give recognition for a job well done, and provide work performance insight that displays the involvement of management on the projects that employees are working on every day.
Organizations that embrace data, analytics, and AI technology to help their managers to inspire their employees can tap into powerful resources that boost engagement levels and productivity. By collecting insights and analyzing data, they can make better decisions about their most valuable assets: their employees.
Through technology, managers can put into practice this crucial future leadership skill, and organizations can ensure those managers have the tools to build a unique corporate culture that celebrates personal interactions. By fostering a socially engaged corporate culture, organizations will see a greater return on employee recognition initiatives.
Demystify the resources, especially time, socially engaged leaders and organizations need to close the gap by focusing on finding the right technological platform for your workplace well-being efforts. | https://www.starmeup.com/blog/en/hr-best-practices/future-of-leadership/ |
26 Dec. 2011 | Comments (0)
The world has changed. The workplace has changed. Should we look at employee engagement differently?
I think so. In recent years, massive layoffs and restructuring, mergers and acquisitions, government bailouts and regulations, geo-political turmoil, and natural disasters have taken their toll on employee psyches. Particularly acute in the developed markets of the West, financial pressures at home and increased workloads in the office can impact employees -- the lucky ones who remain employed -- in terms of focus, productivity, teamwork, and innovation.
Those remaining employees at companies in “survival mode” face additional pressures: constant change, 24/7 accessibility, heightened production goals, a frenetic pace and shortened innovation cycles impact people and organizations, causing burnout and decimating engagement levels.
VUCA -- Volatile, Uncertain, Complex, and Ambiguous -- it’s an accurate description of the work setting, and often the world, in the “new normal” in this Great Recession. What does employee engagement mean in such an environment? What is the state of engagement? What questions correlate with engagement now? What drives employee engagement? What can business leaders and human capital professionals do about raising levels of employee engagement? What’s the business impact if they are successful? What’s the business impact if they are not?
Human Capital Professionals get it. Do leaders get it?
I think so. Our most recent The Conference Board CEO Challenge™ (2011) found that the people-related issues of talent and engagement are very much on the minds of the CEOs who responded to the annual survey.
Reflecting their views during the fall of 2010 when the survey was fielded, CEOs identified talent as the second most important challenge, after business growth, that they will face in 2011; CEOs in Asia ranked talent as their number one challenge. All CEOs listed attracting, developing, and retaining talent; improving the quality of leaders; and raising engagement as strategies to address this talent challenge. Asian and U.S. CEOs listed engagement among their top five strategies.
Knowing engagement needs to be addressed is not enough. CEOs and leaders need a roadmap. We’ve chosen to serve our members by creating one.
Why measure Employee Engagement?
Understanding engagement at your company allows you to answer these questions: Do you know if your employees are engaged at a level that can drive the business performance needed to survive in this new world? Do you know if the critical talent you need to achieve the strategic goals are engaged? Do you know if your emerging leaders are engaged and intend to stay?
To stay competitive, companies need employees who are passionate about, and committed to, the work they do. A growing body of research supports what many human capital professionals have long maintained: employee engagement is closely tied to the bottom line. Research, ours and that of others, shows the high correlations between employee engagement and productivity and performance -- financial, sales, and employee performance -- as well as customer loyalty and employee retention, especially top talent and future leaders.
What do you think? What are you doing differently (if anything) in this VUCA world? | https://www.conference-board.org/blog/postdetail.cfm?post=30 |
By encouraging a culture of ‘intrapreneurialism,’ big organisations could help their employees adopt entrepreneurial behaviours that foster innovation and growth, and ultimately boost the economy, according to CIPD research.
The term, ‘intrapreneur’, was coined in the 1980s to describe those employees who work in larger organisations where they develop new ideas in an entrepreneur-like fashion, only they don’t run their own business.
According to research by the CIPD, more than one third (37%) of employees would welcome the opportunity to take on an ‘intrapreneurial’ role with their organisation, but only 12% of organisations actually facilitate this sort of work. Given the contribution of entrepreneurs and smaller organisations to the economy, the CIPD believes that all organisations should adopt an entrepreneurial approach to business.
Top five secrets to success, according to Claire McCartney of the CIPD:
While the entrepreneurial edge may wane as start-ups grow, this doesn’t have to be the case. “The companies we’ve spoken to have proven that even the larges organisations can retain an innovative edge if they pay close attention to attracting, retaining, engaging, and developing the right talent to live and breathe the values of the founders,” McCartney said. | https://www.hcamag.com/hr-news/foster-a-culture-of-intrapreneurialism-177483.aspx |
Top executives from Equifax, Experian and TransUnion all appeared on Capitol Hill on Tuesday for a hearing orchestrated by the U.S. House Financial Services Committee, which is seeking revamps to how credit reporting is completed.
And one of the companies offered six recommendations to assuage concerns about what some lawmakers are considering to be outdated practices and protocols.
According to a committee memorandum for Tuesday’s event, lawmakers explained why they summoned Equifax chief executive officer Mark Begor, Experian chief executive officer Craig Boundy and TransUnion president and chief executive officer James Peck.
“Our nation’s credit reporting system has an impact on almost every American. Credit scores and credit reports are increasingly relied upon by creditors, employers, insurers and even law enforcement. Yet it has been more than 15 years since Congress enacted comprehensive reform of the consumer reporting system, and there are numerous shortcomings with the current system that need to be addressed,” lawmakers said.
“In 2017, Equifax experienced a cybersecurity breach so massive that it affected approximately 148 million consumers, which, in addition to releasing the personally identifiable information of approximately half of all Americans, also highlighted deficiencies in the credit reporting system. Furthermore, many have experienced financial and other forms of distress due to incomplete or erroneous information on their consumer credit reports,” lawmakers continued.
“While a few provisions intended to improve the consumer reporting system were enacted into law last year, some have argued for comprehensive reforms to make the system more consumer oriented. Other jurisdictions, like California and the European Union, have taken steps to empower consumers to have more control over their data,” lawmakers went on to say.
Opening statements from Begor, Boundy and Peck all emphasized how each company strives to be as accurate as possible when it comes to its primary function — credit reporting. They each discussed improvements made to combat cyberthreats and more.
Begor began his testimony during the hearing by acknowledging and apologizing for the breach.
While I was not a part of the Equifax team when the cybersecurity incident occurred in 2017, I certainly recognize the disruption and impact that the cyberattack caused for consumers and our customers — and I deeply regret what happened. I also understand that our regulators and lawmakers undoubtedly felt, and continue to feel, a strong duty to ensure that the financial ecosystem is functioning in a way that benefits consumers, safeguards their personal data and is fueled by accurate and complete information,” Begor said.
“At Equifax, we too share that sense of obligation. Credit reporting agencies like Equifax are trusted to protect the personal data we hold, to provide accurate information to financial institutions making important risk decisions and to facilitate greater access to credit for consumers. I am committed to making improvements to our processes so that consumers have a seamless and positive experience when they are facing some of life’s pivotal moments — such as applying for a mortgage, financing an education or buying a car,” he continued.
Boundy stated that Experian agrees with the committee looking to help underserved consumers, keeping data safe, enhancing report accuracy and expand financial inclusion.
“Credit bureaus accurately compile individuals’ payment histories from creditors so lenders can use this data to make better lending risk decisions,” Boundy said. “Good lending decisions for credit cards, autos and mortgages mean fewer defaults. Fewer defaults mean lower cost of credit for consumers and greater availability of consumer credit across the economy.
“Credit bureaus helps stabilize the safety and soundness of the nation’s consumer lending sector,” he continued.
And to keep that stability intact, Peck spelled out six improvement recommendations for lawmakers to consider. They included:
1. More timely updates of critical credit events
2. Establish new standards for reporting student loan data
3. Increase the number of Americans able to access credit
4. Help improve scores and access to credit innovations
5. Protect Social Security Numbers
6. Enhance financial education
“The credit reporting agencies play a pivotal role in the efficient and stable functioning of the nation’s credit system. We essentially act as curators, collecting and assembling information about consumers from lenders, creditors, and others. We share that information with third parties in accordance with specific legal and regulatory requirements, including requirements that dictate who is permitted to obtain consumer credit information, under what circumstances, and for what purpose,” Peck said.
“No other economy in the world offers consumers the quick and straightforward access to credit that we do in the United States. This capability provides opportunities to people and gives our economy a valuable global edge,” he went on to say. | https://www.autoremarketing.com/subprime/3-bureaus-respond-lawmakers-seek-credit-reporting-improvements |
The Credit Bureau Cambodia (CBC) has announced commitment of US$1 million in support of the National Financial Inclusion Strategy (NFIS) to promote and strengthen financial inclusion over the next five years in Cambodia.
In a statement issued on Friday, the five-year strategic plan with commitment of US$1 million is to closely work with the local community to support the National Financial Inclusion Strategy 2019-2025 cantered on initiatives around Responsible Lending, Gender-inclusive Access to Finance and Financial Education.
The CBC will support the initiatives of the National Bank of Cambodia (NBC) and join hands with financial sector ecosystem players in the country to further strengthen progress on financial inclusion, the CBC said, added that strengthening reporting and supporting responsible lending through expansion of coverage of reporting financial institutions will be a key focus area under the plan.
Additionally, enabling women’s access to finance, promoting financial literacy on credit reporting, digital finance education and consumer protection will be priority areas.
According to the CBC, about 59 percent of Cambodians do not have access to formal financial services whereas 29 percent of adult Cambodians are completely excluded from access to formal as well as informal finance.
Priority activities in NFIS 2019-2025 include promotion of innovative credit products, consumer empowerment and protection, financial sector transparency, among others aiming to reduce financial exclusion of women by half from 27 percent to 13 percent and increase usage of formal financial services from 59 percent to 70 percent by 2025.
The financial inclusion is a strong enabler of addressing country’s economic growth and reducing inequality, said H.E. Dr. Chea Serey, Chairwoman of CBC, continuing that as a key financial infrastructure in the country, CBC’s support shall bring synergy in NBC’s initiatives in driving financial inclusion in the country.
“CBC’s support areas shall help further improve inclusive and efficient credit markets, minimise transaction costs and reduce consumer vulnerabilities.” she said.
CBC manages the most comprehensive credit reporting system in the country covering credit histories of more than 7 million borrowers from more than 170 member financial institutions under the Prakas on Credit Reporting from the NBC which enables lenders to quickly check credit histories of borrowers without which the whole decision process becomes very lengthy and tedious.
By filling this information gap and significantly reducing transaction costs, CBC has been serving the country as one of the most important enablers of financial inclusion. | https://cambodiachronicle.com/cbc-announces-us1-million-to-promote-financial-inclusion-in-cambodia/ |
The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission has granted authorisation for five years to the Australian Retail Credit Association Ltd (ARCA) in relation to principles for exchanging comprehensive consumer credit data between signatory credit reporting bodies and lenders.
ARCA represents lenders and credit reporting bodies in Australia and has developed the principles in a process involving its members and industry since July 2013. This follows reforms to the Privacy Act which expand the type of consumer credit information that can now be shared.
The ACCC received a large number of submissions from industry in response to the application and its draft determination, with general support for the principles.
“Access to more consumer credit information will allow lenders to make better credit decisions, with resulting benefits for consumers in the form of greater financial inclusion for consumers and assisting to reduce consumer over-indebtedness,” ACCC Deputy Chair Delia Rickard said.
“This will lead to increased competition between credit reporting bodies and between lenders, and assist lenders to comply with their responsible lending obligations at less cost.”
The ACCC has considered a concern raised that some provisions are unduly prescriptive and will impose costs on smaller credit providers who wish to have an agreement with more than one credit reporting body. Also consumer advocacy bodies want to include provisions about recording repayments under financial hardship arrangements.
“The ACCC accepts that there are some potential public detriments arising from the costs imposed by the provisions. However, these costs appear to be relatively small and offset by the cost savings and other benefits of these provisions,” Ms Rickard said.
“Each credit provider will make a commercial decision whether or not to provide data and consume data from multiple credit reporting bodies.”
“ARCA is working to resolve the issues around reporting of financial hardship arrangements, and will need to involve industry and relevant regulators. The ACCC will be keen to see this matter resolved in assessing any application for re-authorisation.”
Authorisation provides statutory protection from court action for conduct that might otherwise raise concerns under the competition provisions of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010. Broadly, the ACCC may grant an authorisation when it is satisfied that the public benefit from the conduct outweighs any public detriment.
More information about the application for authorisation is available at Australian Retail Credit Association Ltd Authorisation A91482
Use this form to make a general enquiry. | https://www.accc.gov.au/media-release/accc-authorises-system-to-facilitate-credit-reporting |
ANZ, Commonwealth Bank and Westpac will soon be signing the “Principles of Reciprocity and Data Exchange” (PRDE) agreement, which the Australian Retail Credit Association (ARCA) said has been designed in consultation with industry to facilitate the sharing of credit data among signatories by setting up a reciprocal data exchange.
The six principles, which were approved by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), require that signatories:
- commit to the binding and enforceable system and structures developed by the industry that encourage the safe and secure exchange of credit information in the PRDE;
- ensure that the partial and comprehensive credit information is only exchanged between signatories to the PRDE;
- ensure that data meets a certain standard before it is exchanged, by requiring that shared data adheres to the Australian Credit Reporting Data Standard;
- agree to adopt transition rules within the specified timeline which will support early adoption of partial and comprehensive information exchange;
- be subject to monitoring, reporting and compliance requirements, for the purpose of encouraging participation in the exchange of credit information and data integrity; and
- accept the terms whereby the PRDE can be amended, as well as accept that a broad review of the PRDE is to be completed three years after it commences.
Speaking with Mortgage Business, ARCA chairman Mike Laing said that the remaining three of the big four banks are preparing to input their data into the PRDE by 30 September 2018, which was the government-imposed deadline for the major banks to provide 50 per cent of their CCR data to credit reporting bodies.
The National Consumer Credit Protection Amendment (Mandatory Comprehensive Credit Reporting) Bill 2018 is yet to receive Royal Assent, but the ARCA chairman said that many non-majors and fintechs have already jumped on board the CCR train, including Citibank, HSBC, Teachers Mutual Bank, RateSetter and MoneyPlace, among others.
While ME’s chief risk officer, Carlo Cataldo, recently commented that some of the big banks have been “reluctant to participate given the competitive advantages access to data provides”, Mr Laing said that the timing of ANZ, CBA and Westpac’s transition is not so much a sign of reluctance as it is a matter of prioritisation, given the many regulatory changes they are required to adapt to against the backdrop of an ongoing banking royal commission.
He added that, in fact, the banks are committed to the regime regardless of whether the bill passes Parliament this week.
“Within the major banks, they have numerous projects that they’re trying to get done and CCR is a significant project. There’s a lot of IT spend and process change, so making it mandatory really pushes it close to the top of the pile,” Mr Laing said.
“The majors were always going to do it; it’s just taken longer than it has taken others. That doesn’t reflect any lack of intention to do it; it’s just about prioritisation.”
The ARCA chairman further expressed his belief that the banks will exceed the 50 per cent obligation by the end of September, and will be ahead of schedule with submitting 100 per cent of their CCR data by the same date next year.
“[It will be] more than 50 per cent because most of them are putting all their credit card portfolios in first, and there’s a lot more credit cards than there are other products,” Mr Laing said.
“So, at the end of this month, 95 per cent of all accounts [will probably] be live in the system and being exchanged for credit reports.”
CCR a “fairer” system
According to the ARCA chairman, CCR is a “fairer” and mutually beneficial system for all parties.
Consumers, for example, will be able to prove positive financial behaviour, ultimately allowing for improved access to credit products and potentially better deals.
“Historically, the [credit reporting] system only had negative data in it… Credit reports were only about black marks about you. Now there’s going to be a lot of positive data in there,” Mr Laing said.
“People who have a good payment history will be able to prove to their lender or the [party with whom] they might be applying for a loan that they’ve got a very good payment history, [which] means they will get treated better and have a better chance at getting a loan.
“For most people, the credit report will actually be something that they can hold as their credit health report.”
He added that international studies have demonstrated the benefits of systems that take into account positive customer data, such as better access to loan products for consumers and easier risk assessment processes for lenders.
“For a lot of people, lenders don’t lend to them because they just can’t verify their actual payment history and they can’t verify what their total amount of debt is. Once lenders are able to verify that, studies overseas have demonstrated that a higher proportion of applications were actually being signed off,” the ARCA chairman said.
"[This is] notwithstanding the royal commission and other things that are forcing the lenders to perhaps put a bit of a dampener on the approval rates and taking them longer to approve [applications] because they’re having to check more.”
Mr Laing said that the aim is to have 24 months of a customer’s payment history available for signatories to exchange and evaluate.
Further, while mortgage data is not expected to be provided in the initial phase of the CCR coming into effect, the ARCA chairman said that mortgage brokers will still benefit from the data.
“Getting access to a credit report helps them understand the likelihood that a customer could get a loan from different lenders. They will better understand over time what types of lenders, as they already do now, would [approve applications from] a customer of [a certain] profile, who is the best potential lender or panel of lenders to recommend,” Mr Laing said.
“It makes their job easier because they would have access to independent verifiable resource.”
Super-backed bank ME recently expressed its intention to participate in the CCR regime “as soon as possible” as it tests its “data-sharing capability”.
In line with Mr Laing’s comments, ME’s Mr Cataldo said that CCR will make responsible lending obligations easier to comply with, increase competition between lenders and allow lenders to take more informed risks.
“CCR helps all banks, including ME, provide better service to market segments, which were previously unavailable through limited access to data. For example, ME will be able to lend with greater certainty, reducing the costs of bad loans over the long term as well as enable better compliance with responsible lending obligations,” the chief risk officer said. | https://www.mortgagebusiness.com.au/lender/12660-lenders-committed-to-ccr-regardless-of-legislation-approval |
The financial marketplace is supported by the financial sector infrastructure, which enables efficient payments and transactions. Key elements within the financial sector infrastructure include:
- Payment systems that can strengthen the financial sector by reducing the time, risk and cost of transferring funds. Modern systems can facilitate digital payments, including mobile money, which enable more people to pay bills and transfer money electronically.
- Credit reporting bureaus and rating agencies which efficiently provide objective information on the creditworthiness of bonds, stocks and borrowers (individuals or businesses), thereby reducing the time and cost associated with due diligence and determining whether to extend the financing.
- Collateral registries which provide a means for finance providers to record a security interest in collateral pledged by a borrower. A number of countries have recently implemented “movable property” registries which allow banks to take collateral other than land and buildings (immovable property), and thus opens up the range of borrowers able to provide security and thus access lending to include those who do not own land or buildings. | http://www.marketlinks.org/finance-wiki/24-financial-infrastructure |
The National Community Reinvestment Coalition (NCRC) and six financial technology firms today asked the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) to provide guidance on how it will apply disparate impact rules to any systems that use artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), algorithms, or alternative data to make lending decisions.
A June 29, 2021, joint letter from NCRC, Affirm (NASDAQ: AFRM), Lending Club (NYSE: LC), Oportun (NASDAQ: OPRT), PayPal Holdings Inc (NASDAQ: PYPL), Square (NYSE: SQ) and Varo Bank, asked the CFPB to update its guidance on disparate impact to reinforce the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA) and Regulation B, which protects applicants from discrimination in any aspect of a credit transaction.
The companies are part of NCRC’s Innovation Council for Financial Inclusion.
The letter asked the CFPB to provide additional guidance on how it will protect consumers from unfair practices that could arise due to the use of artificial intelligence and predictive modeling in financial services.
Unlike traditional lending decisions based on standardized credit score reports, algorithmic lending makes use of alternative data and thus can score many of the millions of consumers who don’t have traditional credit scores. Some lenders already use sophisticated algorithms with hundreds or even thousands of variables to make consumer loans.
The letter asked the CFPB to:
- State that the disparate impact framework applies to models that use artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), algorithms and alternative data.
- Update its regulations to state that a business practice must meet a “substantial, legitimate, and non-discriminatory interest” that could not be achieved through another model that has a less discriminatory effect.
- Clarify when a disparity in loan decisions rises to the level of potentially constituting grounds for a claim of discrimination.
- Create clear guidelines for when and how lenders should seek to find alternative models or data.
- Explain the extent to which lenders can collect demographic data for their own fair lending compliance reviews.
The letter is notable because it came jointly from a group of financial tech companies that have pioneered digital financial services, and from NCRC, a national network of fair lending, fair housing and consumer rights advocates.
“The CFPB can protect consumers from digital discrimination by speaking directly to the public on how it will enforce fair lending practices in an increasingly digital-first marketplace,” said Jesse Van Tol, CEO of NCRC. “We cannot stand by and allow algorithms to resurrect old biases in new packages, or introduce new forms of discrimination hidden in proprietary code. Now that use of AI and ML systems is becoming more commonplace, it is critical that the bureau updates its regulations to hold lenders accountable to building underwriting systems that prioritize the rights of consumers, and particularly for historically disadvantaged and underserved groups. We cannot allow complexity to be either an opportunity or an excuse for digital discrimination.”
“Varo firmly supports the existing disparate impact regulations, which act as a basic and essential safeguard against racial bias in financial services,” said Colin Walsh, CEO of Varo Bank, NA. “We know that a history of racism in financial services contributed to much of the economic inequality we see today. As tech, data, and AI plays an ever larger role in delivering quality financial services, this regulation is critical to ensuring these tools don’t lead to unintended outcomes. Instead of weakening these rules, this is the moment to reaffirm our shared commitment to a financial system that is designed to promote inclusion and opportunity for all Americans.”
“Oportun is grateful for this opportunity to partner with NCRC and our Innovation Council peers to advance our shared goals of financial inclusion for U.S. consumers,” said Ezra Garrett, Senior Vice President, Oportun. “Responsible innovations in technology, data, and our digital platform have enabled Oportun to provide hard working people with responsible, affordable, and credit-building alternatives to payday and auto-title loans for over 15 years. We are pleased to be joining with like-minded advocacy groups and businesses who are similarly committed to ensuring financial technology is employed safely and securely and used to promote economic equity and opportunity.”
“Strong regulatory protections against discrimination in lending are critical for a just society, and for technology innovation to succeed,” said Armen Meyer, Head of Public Policy, LendingClub. “For years, we have stood up to argue that disparate impact anti-discrimination regulations are critical for both society and industry. With NCRC’s leadership, fintech has united in support of strengthening these regulations that address the risk of digital redlining. If federal regulators provide these clarifications to the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and other anti-discrimination laws, lenders can have confidence to invest in technology innovation that can lower prices and expand inclusion while preventing digital discrimination. Our hope is that other sectors of the economy will come to look at these lending regulations as a model for how to address algorithmic bias, even outside of financial services.”
“At Square, our work is guided by our purpose of economic empowerment, which includes limiting barriers to the financial system,” said Courtney Robinson, Head of Financial Inclusion and Public Policy Development at Square, Inc. “We’re glad to join our colleagues in advocacy and technology in this dialogue with regulators.”
“Affirm’s mission is to deliver honest financial products that improve lives, and we have a long history of supporting policies and initiatives to address Disparate Impact,” said Scott B. Astrada, Director of Government Relations, Public Policy & Social Impact at Affirm. “These policy positions align technology, financial inclusion, and consumer protection to responsibly expand access to credit, especially for low- and moderate-income communities.”
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About NCRC
The National Community Reinvestment Coalition and its grassroots member organizations create opportunities for people to build wealth. We work with community leaders, policymakers and financial institutions to champion fairness in banking, housing and business. NCRC was formed in 1990 by national, regional and local organizations to increase the flow of private capital into traditionally underserved communities. NCRC has grown into an association of more than 600 community-based organizations in 42 states that promote access to basic banking services, affordable housing, entrepreneurship, job creation and vibrant communities for America’s working families. More: www.ncrc.org
About Affirm
Affirm’s mission is to deliver honest financial products that improve lives. By building a new kind of payment network — one based on trust, transparency and putting people first — we empower millions of consumers to spend and save responsibly, and give thousands of businesses the tools to fuel growth. Unlike credit cards and other pay-over-time options, we show consumers exactly what they will pay up front, never increase that amount, and never charge any late or hidden fees. Follow Affirm on social media: LinkedIn | Instagram | Facebook | Twitter | TikTok.
About Lending Club
LendingClub Corporation (NYSE: LC) is the parent company of LendingClub Bank, National Association, Member FDIC. It is the leading digital marketplace bank in the U.S. Members can gain access to a broad range of financial products and services through a technology-driven platform, designed to help them pay less when borrowing and earn more when saving. Since 2007, more than 3 million members have joined the Club to help reach their financial goals. For more information about LendingClub, visit https://www.lendingclub.com.
About Oportun
Oportun (Nasdaq: OPRT) is a financial services company that leverages its digital platform to provide responsible consumer credit to hardworking people. Using A.I.-driven models that are built on 15 years of proprietary customer insights and billions of unique data points, Oportun has extended more than 4 million loans and over $10 billion in affordable credit, providing its customers with alternatives to payday and auto title loans. In recognition of its responsibly designed products which help consumers build their credit history, Oportun has been certified as a Community Development Financial Institution (CDFI) since 2009.
About Square, Inc.
Square, Inc. (NYSE: SQ) builds tools to empower businesses and individuals to participate in the economy. Sellers use Square to reach buyers online and in person, manage their business, and access financing. Individuals use Cash App to spend, send, store, and invest money. And TIDAL is a global music and entertainment platform that expands Square’s purpose of economic empowerment to artists. Square, Inc. has offices in the United States, Canada, Japan, Australia, Ireland, Spain, Norway, and the UK.
About Varo Bank
Varo Bank is on a mission to make financial inclusion and opportunity a reality for all – by empowering people with the products and support they need to create healthy financial habits and be in control of their finances. Varo Bank offers customers premium bank accounts that have no minimum balance requirement or monthly account fee, high-interest savings accounts, and tech-first features to help people save and manage their money effortlessly. Varo Bank is the first consumer fintech to be granted a national bank charter by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and was named one of Fast Company’s Most Innovative Companies for 2021. For more information, visit www.varomoney.com, like Varo Bank on Facebook, and follow us on Instagram and Twitter @varobank. Member FDIC.
Media Contacts: | https://ncrc.org/ncrc-fintechs-call-on-cfpb-to-clarify-applying-fair-lending-rules-to-artificial-intelligence/ |
The explosion in financial innovation is prompting a diverse set of worries from lawmakers, from potentially adverse impacts on lower-income and minority consumers to the increasing reliance on artificial intelligence to decide where investors should park their money, according to government researchers.
The Congressional Research Service, which provides policy and legal analysis, issued a report cataloging the effects of financial technology in the securities and banking industries, describing the issues at the forefront.
One such concern is the use of so-called alternative data by lenders when reviewing credit applications, an approach new enough that there is not much legislation that addresses the practice directly, according to the report issued April 28.
Alternative data refers to lenders using measures not typically found in a consumer’s credit report to decide whether the applicant is creditworthy. Examples include how frequently rent or utility payments are made on time, a person’s job or educational level, or even applicants’ mobile device location information and their social media use.
While advocates tout it as a way to expand credit availability to consumers who may be denied using traditional measures, some critics fear alternative data could result in violations of fair lending laws such as the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and the Fair Housing Act.
“The abundance of alternative data about prospective borrowers now available to lenders — either publicly accessible or accessed with the borrower’s permission — means lenders can incorporate additional information beyond traditional data provided in credit reports and credit scores into assessments of whether a particular borrower is a credit risk,” the researchers say in the report.
House Financial Services chairwoman Maxine Waters, D-Calif., and several Democratic colleagues in January asked the Government Accountability Office to look into the benefits and drawbacks of alternative data in mortgage lending.
“While some alternative data, such as rental payment history, may provide an objective measure of creditworthiness, others might enable discrimination on the basis of a protected class, or infringe upon consumer privacy,” they wrote in their Jan. 16 letter to GAO. “For example, scoring algorithms that utilize alternative data drawn from a consumer’s social media profile could allow CRAs (consumer reporting agencies) and lenders to evaluate creditworthiness based on personal characteristics such as the consumer’s race, gender and religion.”
The CRS report notes that although fintech lending remains a small part of the consumer market, it has been growing rapidly. Fintech firms provided a total of $17.7 billion in personal loans in 2017, more than seven times the $2.5 billion they lent in 2013.
Another issue facing Congress is the increased use of electronic payment methods over cash. Proponents of reducing cash use argue that it will lower the costs associated with producing, transporting and protecting bank notes, the report says. Conversely, phasing out cash could further marginalize people with limited access to the financial system.
While consumers today tend to prefer using debit cards and credit cards, “cash maintains an important role in retail payments and person-to-person transfers, especially for smaller transactions and lower-income households,” the report says.
Although the amount of currency in circulation has increased over the past 20 years, cash ceased being the top payment method in the U.S. several years ago. Debit cards were used in 28% of U.S. transactions in 2018 to cash’s 26%, according to the Federal Reserve.
Some businesses have even begun to reject cash payments, and opponents of allowing cashless retailers say they discriminate against lower-income individuals, often members of minority groups who don’t have access to credit and debit cards.
Jurisdictions such as New Jersey, New York City, Philadelphia and San Francisco have enacted laws that largely prohibit cashless stores.
Several bills have been introduced in Congress that would make it unlawful for physical retail establishments to refuse to accept cash as payment. Although the bills remain in limbo, the prospect of a cashless society will continue to grow as fintech advances.
Financial technology is also changing the so-called financial market plumbing, the behind-the-scenes systems invisible to consumers that can still affect their financial outlook.
Technology run amok contributed to a rapid drop in the Dow Jones Industrial Average of about 1,000 points in May of 2010, an incident subsequently named the Flash Crash.
A large trader used an automated program that flooded the market with sell orders over 20 minutes, helping to push the Dow down, according to a report from the Commodity Futures Trading Commission and the Securities and Exchange Commission. “The automated execution of a large sell order can trigger extreme price movements, especially if the automated execution algorithm does not take prices into account,” that report concluded after the agencies studied the problem for several months.
Despite a decade passing since the incident, however, there’s been little regulation of the underlying technology. Financial markets have installed so-called circuit breakers that shut down stock markets to interrupt such crashes, but critics liken that to treating the symptoms rather than developing a cure.
High-frequency trading, where supercomputers make trades in fractions of a second based on their programming, is responsible for as much as 60% of all trading in U.S. domestic equity markets.
Legislation to tax this trading has been introduced, and was part of the Democratic agenda in the 2016 elections, but has not passed.
The National Institute of Standards and Technology has floated the idea of more regulation, such as standards for development, testing and monitoring of the artificial intelligence that’s entrusted to make trading decisions. If Congress wants such standards, it could direct the agencies to develop them, CRS said.
Artificial intelligence is also on the rise as a more effective method to help investors make decisions. Programs known as robo-advisers are designed to take the emotion and human foibles out of investing.
Regulators worry, however, that such software could result in a large number of investors making the same investments at the same time, called herding. The CRS researchers found that it’s hard for regulators, and even for the companies running the software, to know why the robo-advisers make the recommendations they do. This raises the question of who is responsible to the client — the software designer or the investment manager using it — a question that’s yet to be answered by Congress or financial agencies, the report notes. | https://www.seattletimes.com/business/technology/from-robo-advisers-to-cashless-society-fintech-vexes-congress/ |
USA: CRIF at the presentation of the latest Credit Bureau Knowledge Guide issued by the IFC
On February 21, Enrico Lodi, General Manager of Credit Bureau Services at CRIF, was invited to the World Bank InfoShop in Washington DC (USA) to participate in the presentation of the latest issue of the Credit Bureau Knowledge Guide, published by the IFC (International Finance Corporation).
This event brought together global experts and market leaders on credit reporting systems to discuss industry insights, including the latest developments in credit reporting services - the first universal set of standards for the industry and credit reporting for micro, small, and medium enterprises – focusing on the important role played by the collection and sharing of credit information in expanding access to credit and in the pursuit of a responsible lending approach.
CRIF contributed to the debate, bringing its international experience and best practices in the development of credit information systems, and explaining the extent of impacts on the local economy and credit industry. Enrico Lodi pointed out the relevance of the contents of the latest edition of the IFC Credit Reporting Knowledge Guide, “It brings together and sets out the state-of-the-art in public credit registries and private credit bureaus in emerging markets, highlighting the amazing progress achieved during last decade thanks to the outstanding job of the IFC Access to Finance Advisory”, he continued “However persisting difficulties in the establishment or consolidation of public credit registries and private credit bureaus in some emerging countries may require additional effort and actions”.
Enrico Lodi was also invited to join FinNet 2013, the flagship annual knowledge-sharing event of the IFC Access to Finance Advisory, focusing on bridging the knowledge gap around access to finance issues and sharing the lessons learned on creating more inclusive financial systems. He gave a speech on Credit Reporting and SMEs: Making the Data Work for Access to Finance. “Looking at Italian case studies, the more data are shared on SME financial performance, the greater the willingness of lenders to provide or to increase credit facilities to SMEs showing good creditworthiness. It must be said, that to achieve full financial inclusion of SMEs with no or a poor credit history, key stakeholders, in particular governments and data protection authorities, need to become more supportive and facilitate the inclusion of ‘non-financial’ data, such as bill payments, in the information pool managed by private credit bureaus”. | https://www.crif.hk/news-and-events/news/2013/february/usa-crif-at-the-presentation-of-the-latest-credit-bureau-knowledge-guide-issued-by-the-ifc/ |
EBA Proposes Policy Actions to Address Risks of Non-Bank Lending
The European Banking Authority (EBA) published a report that examines risks associated with the provision of non-bank lending and presents proposals that aim to address supervision, consumer protection, anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT), and macro- and micro-prudential risks.
This report, which is in response to a February 2021 Call for Advice from the European Commission, also outlines the most recent trends and market developments on non-bank lending and provides an overview of the presence of certain business models (Peer-to-Peer lending platforms and marketplaces, Buy-Now-Pay-Later, pawnshops, leasing, factoring, balance sheet lending, crowdlending) across different member states. The different formats in which crypto-asset lending and borrowing activities can happen, including in decentralized form, have been analyzed too. EBA proposed the following key policy actions to address the identified risks:
- Harmonize and strengthen the authorization and supervision requirements in the Consumer Credit Directive (CCD) and the the Mortgage Credit Directive (MCD)
- Revise the definitions dealing with the entities to be included in the scope of prudential consolidation, in particular for the ancillary services undertakings, as well as the definition of activities that are not considered outside the financial sector
- Consider the extension of consolidation rules (through adapting the existing CRR/CRD or new bespoke rules) to ensure that they adequately capture the specific nature and inherent risks of non-bank groups carrying out financial services, including lending
- Improve rules on reporting credit activity carried out by non-bank lenders
- Clarify the identification of the responsibilities of the home and host supervisory authorities regarding the provision of cross-border non-bank lending
- Strengthen the requirements for creditworthiness assessment and ensure that it is conducted also in the interest of consumers, particularly when innovative artificial intelligence tools are used
- Modify the definition of financial holding company, ancillary services undertaking, and financial institution to close existing loopholes with regard to prudential consolidation
- Retain the European Commission proposal amending the Consumer Credit Directive (CCD) to cover the entities outside its scope
- Enhance the disclosure requirements and ensure that they are fair, effective, and well-suited to new forms of lending and more innovative business models
- Cover all non-bank lenders in a more comprehensive way in the European Union-wide AML/CFT framework, to ensure greater harmonization and capture entities such as "obliged entities"
- Establish an oversight and monitoring system at the European Union level for regulated and unregulated non-bank lenders to help assess on a timely basis the build-up of systemic risks as well as to identify and address the most compelling risks at macro level
- Review the setup of a standardized reporting infrastructure at European Union level to enable an appropriate mapping and obtain one integrated overview of macro-prudential risks and vulnerabilities
- Consider the possibility of an introduction of activity-based macro-prudential measures to cover all credit providers, based on a minimum harmonization of the tools that are already widely applied across the European Union
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Keywords: Europe, EU, Banking, Lending, Credit Risk, Basel, P2P Lending, AML CFT, Crypto-Assets, CCD, Artificial Intelligence, Regtech, Fintech, Crowdfunding Service Providers, Platform Businesses, Macro-Prudential Policy, EBA, Headline
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FSB Reports Assess NBFI Sector and Progress on LIBOR Transition
The Financial Stability Board (FSB) published a report that assesses progress on the transition from the Interbank Offered Rates, or IBORs, to overnight risk-free rates as well as a report that assesses global trends in the non-bank financial intermediation (NBFI) sector. | https://www.moodysanalytics.com/regulatory-news/may-04-22-eba-proposes-policy-actions-to-address-risks-of-non-bank-lending |
Despite the undue negative focus that is sometime on the field, short term lenders have a definite role in the British economy. This has been particularly true the last five years or so since the global economic downturn took hold. When banks and traditional lenders closed their doors to everyone but those with perfect consumer credit scores, a sizeable portion of people in the United Kingdom had virtually no means of opening new lines of credit.
So they turned to alternative finance sources, namely, short term lenders. And these companies largely opened their arms to the masses. Rather than using peoples' poor credit scores - which in many cases were a direct result of the Global Recession - against them during the application process, these business reviewed other scores that were able to provide a more comprehensive financial composite of borrowers.
These models allowed lenders to establish creditworthiness in a way that was more fair to consumers. For example, one score, the Payment Reporting Builds Credit model, puts less of a focus on missed payments and more on the payments of utilities accounts that were made in a timely manner.
Despite all of the ways these businesses helped U.K. borrowers during the recession, there are still some detractors in relatively high positions. The latest move by British leaders to change the sector occurred when the Office of Fair Trading (OFT) recommended that companies in the industry be probed by the Competition Commission, an action that the OFT had been considering for some time.
Reviews to come
According to Scotsman, executives at the OFT cited "deep-rooted concerns" about the industry when they recommended the Competition Commission get involved in the situation. The main issue brought forth by the OFT was that the actions of some businesses within the industry led a number of consumers to become confused when comparing total expenses associated with some loans. The OFT will still have a role in the short term lending realm, so power hasn't totally shifted.
Reuters reported that some at the OFT state that companies within the sector are competing more on a speed basis than based on costs. Interestingly, part of the OFT's investigation also asserted that many of the borrowers have murky credit histories and therefore their options for opening new lines were limited, hence the decision to turn to short term companies.
Citizens Advice Scotland Policy Manager Keith Dryburgh told the news source that businesses in the industry promised last year that they would follow a new code of conduct, especially when concerning competition in the sector. Many leaders think that this has not come to fruition, something the commission will be checking up on.
"No other sector has faced such intense scrutiny in such a short space of time," a statement from the Consumer Finance Association read, as quoted by Reuters. What should lenders do?
The only thing lenders can do at this point is ensure they are complying with laws and following best practices when offering loans, training employees, communicating with customers and other factors central to business success. By doing everything they're supposed to do, this will give reviewers at the Competition Commission proof that the sector is legitimate and is actually an asset to the British economy.
In the meantime, while probes are going on, lenders should still plan on offering loans to their clients in a compliant manner. This move shouldn't scare good, legal companies into changing their strategies at all. This way, they can retain their loyal customers and make sure people in the U.K. still have access to funds no matter the state of the economy. | https://www.microbilt.com/news/article/uk-short-term-lenders-get-new-reviewers |
Acting President Yemi Osinbajo has signed into law two bills to drive access to more affordable credit for entrepreneurs in Nigerian. The laws are: the Secured Transactions in Movable Assets Act, 2017 (otherwise known as Collateral Registry Act) and the Credit Reporting Act, 2017.
The purpose of the Collateral Registry Act’ is to encourage Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Nigeria to register their movable assets and accounts receivable in the National Collateral Registry and be able to use them as collateral for accessing loans. The credit system has mostly demanded for landed properties as collateral.
The Credit Reporting Act provides for credit information sharing between Credit Bureaux and deposit lenders as well as other institutions that provide services on credit such as telecommunication companies and retailers.
A Credit Bureau will collect information relating to the credit ratings of individuals and make it available to financial institutions that need such information. The information will be used to rate an individual’s credit-worthiness and whether or not to grant loan applications.
The Collateral Registry Act, 2017, will enable lenders to utilise the Registry and thereby make credit available to MSMEs and individuals who can provide cars, equipment and other movables as collateral.
The Credit Reporting Act will make lenders decide on whether or not to extend credit to an individual, and reduces the cases of bad loans from information of credit rating.
The National Assembly had on Feb. 21 committed to passing the two bills as part of the 60-Day National Action Plan for Ease of Doing Business initiated by the Presidential Enabling Business Environment Council (PEBEC).
The Acts, thus replace the existing Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) guidelines regulating the operations of the National Collateral Registry and Credit Bureaux by formal legal frameworks. | http://enterprisetv.tv/2017/06/01/5325/ |
In accordance with the Central Credit Register Act (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, No. 77/16; "ZCKR"), the Bank of Slovenia established a centralised database of the indebtedness of private individuals and business entities (Central Credit Register; "CKR") in order to enable more efficient managing of credit risks and ensure more vigilant lending.
In this regard, an electronic system for exchange of information was set up and became operative on 3 January 2017. The already existing information system ("SISBON") for retail borrowing is now supplemented by the information system for the exchange of information on indebtedness of business entities ("SISBIZ"). Both information systems are managed by the Bank of Slovenia and accessible through its website under the subpage "Central Credit Register".
Data are reported by banks, savings banks and other lenders whose core activities are crediting, the provision of financial leasing, real estate leasing or factoring services. Furthermore, also payment service providers, the Bank Asset Management Company (i.e. the Slovenian bad bank), the Housing Fund of the Republic of Slovenia, the Eco Fund, and the Ministry of Finance’s Public Payments Administration are required to report data to the CKR. Additionally, other lenders providing consumer lending services are able to join.
The information collected within the CKR include basic data regarding borrowers and data on credit transactions, while in the case of business entities the Bank of Slovenia may also request additional information on forborne exposures, performing or non-performing exposures and their classification. Security of data is ensured by imposing mandatory technical and security requirements for all members, and by monitoring when, by whom, and for what purpose the data were accessed. The borrowers are also able to access their individual data in the system, further strengthening security and correctness of the information exchange mechanism.
Upgrading the current system will certainly help to provide lenders with a better oversight of borrowing by individuals and businesses, and thus strengthening macro-prudential supervision and financial stability in Slovenia. Moreover, as the establishment of CKR also represents part of actions in the European banking area, the CKR will help in the creation of a single database on bank loans in the euro area, known as the Analytical Credit Datasets (AnaCredit). | https://www.ceelegalmatters.com/slovenia/5837-slovenian-central-credit-register-new-approach-for-exchange-of-information |
Bukola Saraki, the Nigeria Senate President, has assured that the Senate is working to ensure the growth of digital financial technology (FinTech) in the country to deepen financial inclusion for all.
According to a statement signed by Sanni Onogu, Saraki’s chief press secretary, in Abuja, the president gave the assurance while speaking before the Africa Finance Forum at this year’s Spring Meeting of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) holding in Washington D.C.
He said the Senate is desirous to see Nigerian banks expand with capacities to create opportunities for financial services penetration as well as support for enterprises, adding that the Committee on Banking, Insurance, and other Financial Institutions is engaged in legislative interventions to ensure financial inclusion for all, “especially in the rural areas where a large percentage still remains unbanked by bridging services between the banking and telecommunications sectors.”
“The net impact of our legislative interventions; through the relevant Committee’s oversight and engagement will be to expand the ability of our banking sector to facilitate digital financing, expand the opportunity for financial services penetration and reach with the SMEs, and for enterprise support.
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“We believe that these will give a fillip to the development of innovation and private sector capacity across the country. You will agree with me that innovation is the engine that powers financial inclusion. We are therefore working assiduously to encourage innovation in the FinTech space in Nigeria, and we shall continue to do so,” he said.
The lawmaker noted that challenges militating against the growth of FinTech in Nigeria include (but not limited to) issues about consumer protection, intellectual property, concerns about money laundering and fraudulent activity.
“FinTech growth requires us to pay attention to all of these and to come up with regulatory frameworks that will safeguard our people.
“Therefore, as we seek to improve the business environment for SMEs and tech entrepreneurs in Nigeria, we are also committed to passing legislation that strikes a balance between facilitating the sector and maintaining a secure financial system.
“We are continuously working to reframe our payment systems, strengthen mechanisms for electronic commerce, reduce non-performing loans and strengthen the credit market for SMEs through a broad range of legislative interventions,” he said.
Read also: Nigeria’s central bank, NCC sign pact to push mobile money, financial inclusion
Saraki announced that the Senate has continued its legislative interventions by passing the Electronic Transactions Act; the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act (Repeal and Re-Enactment) Bill; the Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Commission Act.
He said while the Consumer Protection Commission Act creates a Consumer Protection Commission to safeguard consumers from fraud and price manipulation; the Consumer Credit Agency Act allows lenders to better assess the credit worthiness of loan applicants.
“The Credit Reporting Act, which has been signed into law, will enable the market to reduce credit delinquencies, serve as a behaviour change and institutional framework that brings sanity into the credit community which will inspire confidence in the Nigerian market by drawing in more participants.
“The Secure Transactions in Movable Assets is the signature bill in our support of SMEs,” Saraki stated. “It frees up capital and creates the opportunity for the funding of SME ventures as never seen before in Nigeria.”
“With this law, we have created a new stream of opportunity for SMEs to access capital by using movable goods including small machinery, cell phones and even household items as collateral. The implication of this is enormous in terms of dealing with capital formation and poverty eradication.
“Our work is not exhaustive and will continue to adapt to changes that innovation in technology brings.
“We are confident in the signals we are sending to the world, that Nigeria fully intends to key into the astronomical growth of the FinTech industry – and to harness its full potential for the benefit of the largest economy in Africa; and we welcome any partnerships that ensure that this happens.
He commended the Corporate Council on Africa for convening the event and its inspired focus on the FinTech environment on the African continent and emphasized that the Senate will continue to encourage innovation in the Financial Technology (FinTech) space in Nigeria. | https://www.businessamlive.com/nigeria-uninterruptible-power-supply-to-reach-4-7-per-cent-in-2024/ |
The Balinese culture is so different from any other culture. The Gamelan music, the beautiful dressed people, wood carvings, architecture, the umbrellas to the beautifully made offerings. Until today original native Balinese people have kept their ancient traditions and performances alive.
Everything you see the Balinese people do is connected with their beliefs in the gods and goddesses. Balinese Hinduism mixes aspects of Buddhism, Hinduism and Animism. They believe that good spirits live in the mountains and evil ones in the water. They feel that souls can be found in all things. Balinese life is organized to live in harmony with the good and the bad ones. There is a striving for balance at all times – between good and evil, seen and unseen, man and the gods, community and nature. Many dances and rituals are focused towards the pursuit of balance.
The Balinese seem to have a unique ability to live in both worlds, to enjoy outside influences while maintaining the connection to spirit, rituals and the integral thread of religion that is so deeply woven into their community.
Prayers and offerings to God are an integral part of daily living for the Balinese. Women making “Canang sari(s)”, small offering baskets three times a day to gain the favor of the gods. Offerings can range from a few grains of rice on a banana leaf to cooked meat with flowers and fruit inside neatly folded palm leaf boxes depending on personal wealth. Women often carry beautifully arranged stacked pyramid offerings on their heads to the shrine or temple. There are over 10,000 ones in Bali. Each of Bali’s temples is unique and usually they either face towards the mountains, the sea or sunrise.
The Balinese are quite open and generally welcome visitors. You can enter most temples freely. Wear a “sash” around the waist and preferably a sarong. When there is a ceremony Balinese believe the gods have descended to the temple for the duration. All prayer and dance are performed for the benefit of the gods. Priests (Pedanda) are well respected and the most important person at the ceremony. Women who are menstruating must wait outside.
Art is everywhere. Inseparable from the cultural and spiritual practice of the communities, it plays an intense role in daily life and can be seen everywhere from doors, stone statues and wood sculptures, to paintings, masks, textiles, jewellery and beautifully crafted offerings to the gods.
Balinese art performances are visual, entertaining and exciting. There are numerous dance troupes on the island and many different Balinese dance dramas, most of which have evolved from sacred rituals. These dances are part of the ancient tradition and the way habitants use to express themselves and stories through bodily gestures including gestures of fingers, hands, head and eyes. Most of the dances are connected to Hindu rituals, masks and makeup are dramatic, costumes are vivid.
There is a wide choice of accommodation in Bali ranging from ultra luxury resorts, small local hotels with beautiful pools, gorgeous tropical gardens, family temples and romantic rooms, bed & breakfast accommodations with Balinese artists to humble homestays and “losmen" (guest houses) where you lodge with a local family. Bali style accommodation usually offers a mixture of Western amenities, Balinese architecture, understated open-air design and harmonious aesthetics.
Spas and spa retreats provide with the atmosphere and the facilities in which to re-balance and release our pent-up stress, as well as the holistic concept of healing and nurturing both the inner and outer self. (Balians) Healing therapies, spiritual cleansing, massage and beauty rituals are all an integral part of everyday communal life. Taking time for themselves and paying respect to their bodies with natural ingredients and methods that recharges the soul, body and spirit.
Bali caters for every taste, from street-food served out of boxes balanced on bicycles and prepared at the roadside, to gourmet cuisine found in world-class restaurants. Food stalls and tiny street-side restaurants are known as “Warung” or “Rumah Makan” (“eating house”). The locals have found many diverse ways to serve warm and fresh food, something that you do not want to miss out.
Much of the Indonesian cuisine has been influenced by the early Chinese, Indian, Arabic and Dutch traders and settlers. Balinese cuisine using a variety of spices, blended with the fresh vegetables, meat and seafood. Steamed rice is almost always on the plate as a staple.
For first-time visitors, modern Bali - especially in established tourist spots such as Seminyak, Kuta and Ubud - can be disheartening. In recent years, the fantasy of spiritual enlightenment has been replaced by the reality, where throngs of travelers and locals are constantly dodging motorbikes. Streets are busy and traffic is wild, but one either get on that scooter and snake the way through traffic, or end up struggling to walk in a pile of snakes alongside traffic.
One can say Bali is the “island of gods”. Natural tropical landscapes, dreamy white beaches, beauty of its temples, friendly and tolerant inhabitants - all of the necessary ingredients for the Garden of Eden brought together. But this idyllic description may soon be a thing of past.
I slowly began to realize many western tourists were not interested in the real Bali. There are many who follows the cycle of: scooter, instagram breakfast, scooter, instagram fancy yoga, scooter, instagram overpriced healthy food, scooter, instagram sunset... without realizing their surroundings. The marketing from these people brings even more people who come here for only this feeling.
You can see the cumulated effects of mass tourism, consumption of resources and ecological collapse. A lost Paradise, if one compares it to what it used to be.
Bali really became a tourist destination from the 1970s, after cheaper flight deals and media exposure, the island exploded in popularity. Hundreds of accommodations, restaurants, bars and shops have been built. Tourism took off, with the scenery changing forever.
Today it is one of the world’s most popular tropical holiday spots. Bali’s economy is heavily dependent on tourism and Balinese people are increasingly obsessed with easy money.
With the large numbers of travelers arriving each year and the fast development on the island, Bali is facing a long list of environmental issues. As often said: Bali is paying the price for its own success. Driving straight into the wall?
While travelers to Bali create income and employment, they also produce massive amounts of trash and use up valuable amounts of water.
An average traveler produces 5 kg of rubbish a day. The island’s garbage dumps are reportedly overflowing. This makes solid waste management a pressing issue. Some 60% of Bali’s water catchment are drying up, threatening freshwater resources and there is already lack of access to drinkable water.
Garbage paradise: plastic pollution on Bali has soared in recent years and has become a major concern for visitors and residents. “Bali’s rubbish problem is at its worst during the annual monsoon season, when strong winds push marine flotsam on to the beach and swollen rivers wash rubbish from riverbanks to the coast.” Beaches have been swamped by unsightly mounds of rubbish, much of it plastic from Java. “Indonesia is the second-largest plastic polluter in the world after China, with 200,000 tonnes of plastic flowing into its oceans via rivers and streams each year.” On top of that, Indonesia is the world’s second-biggest marine polluter after China, discarding 3.22 million metric tons of waste annually. This accounts for 10% of the world’s marine pollution.
Garbage is aesthetically disturbing, but plastic waste issue is way more serious. Plastic can kill ocean mammals, turtles and other species that consume it. It can also poison food and water resources as harmful chemicals leach out of the plastic, so it poses threats to human health as well. Plastics leach cancerous toxins. After being consumed by marine species, they enter the food chain, eventually ending up on our plate.
The list of problems goes on. There are signs of environmental stress all over the island without no long term vision. Corruption, inflation, colossal traffic jams created by unchecked car growth, lack of roads, endless hotel developments.
In Bali no house is problem-free. It is just part of the lifestyle. Everyone has problems with water, electricity, bugs, frogs, garbage, you name it. Locals are living in smaller houses, due to limited land availability and raised land prices. People have been selling their lands for getting the easy way out of poverty, thinking that tourism and trading is the only job that they can do. They sold their rice fields and now buy rice from another island. Maintaining the traditions is becoming very expensive, because they must import goods for it.
Life as we know it will change, it is just a matter of time.
If you visit Bali and are conscious about the environmental problems this little island is facing, then you can easily do a thing or two.
With so much love for this unique island from all over the world, it comes as no surprise that there are Bali projects popping up everywhere. Some are focused on tackling the environmental problems while others are working at community level and aim at improving education possibilities, livelihoods and health care.
The main overarching principle when traveling, just as in everyday life, is respect. | https://dolessgetmoredone.com/dolessgetmoredone/little-pieces-of-paradise-in-bali |
Head of the Bali Regional National Crafts Council (Dekranasda) Putri Suastini Koster said she expects the implementation of the 8th Miss Global event in the province to promote Balinese customs and culture to the world.
“We ask the committee to coordinate with related agencies (in implementing the event). For instance, if the committee wants to present quality Balinese dance performances, they should coordinate with the Bali Provincial Culture Office,” she said in a statement issued here on Monday.
She met with national director, Miss Global Indonesia, Kishanty Hardaningtyas, on April 10, 2022.
Bali province has been chosen as the venue for the 8th Miss Global event, which will be attended by representatives of 85 countries.
The global beauty pageant is planned to be held at Bali Nusa Dua Convention Center (BNDCC), Badung district, Bali province, from May 31 to June 11, 2022.
Koster, who is also head of the Family Welfare Development (PKK) Encouragement Team, has lauded and voiced support for the event, which is expected to accelerate the economic recovery of the Balinese people.
“Through the event, we can show the world the condition of tourism in Bali province, which is gradually recovering,” she said.
In addition to traditional dance performances, the provincial government of Bali is also ready to support and coordinate to implement other supporting activities to make the prestigious event a success.
Bali Dekranasda head, who is also the wife of Bali Governor I Wayan Koster, will invite Miss Global participants to visit the Balinese Small and Medium Industry (IKM) Revival Exhibition to view the handicrafts of Balinese micro, small, and medium enterprise (MSMEs) actors.
“Thus, the implementation of Miss Global event in Bali province can have a positive impact, not only for the tourism sector, but also for local MSMEs,” she said. | https://www.indonesianewsgazette.com/hope-miss-global-event-will-promote-balinese-culture-dekranasda-head/ |
There may be many destinations with nature and sights more exquisite than Bali has to offer, but this little island of the ‘Lesser Sundas’ has things that cannot be found elsewhere, one of them being its distinctive and rich culture. In Bali, dances, music and other performances and artworks are part of the culture, tradition and belief. In the old days, dances and music were only performed at the temple during a sacred religious ceremony, as part of the ritual of worship, and it wasn’t called art but ngayah ring pura, or a path of devotion to deities and the spirit of the ancestors. Some performances were created to entertain the congregation and to spread moral messages.
Arja is one such ‘medium’ in which moral messages were spread to the audience. Arja is a complex Balinese art performance as it combines dance, music, singing and elaborate monolog. The dance, unlike other dances on the island that have a series of routines to be followed, is in sync with the song sung by the dancer or in harmony with the beat of the gamelan, the Balinese traditional orchestra. The songs, called kidung or tembang, are Balinese classics that use the ‘high’ Balinese or Old Javanese (Kawi) languages, are sung with a distinctive vocal form.
It is essential for the performers to be able to sing the tembang, to dance, to act, and to recite these elaborate monologs. According to some Arja performers, the most difficult skill to master is the actual singing of the tembang. Traditionally, the Arja coveys the love story of King Panji, and the performance may take up to four to five hours to complete. Nowadays, the choreography has been shortened so it may take only 2 hours to complete this compact and meaningful story. Other than this, other changes in the modern Arjainclude some modification in term of music, story and language.
Even though the Arja is not understood by non-Balinese language , the performance still attracts a lot of attention; the style of singing intrigues many, the music is catching the ears, and the dance entertains the eyes – it is a multisensory piece of art. The PrabaJnanaLango Group from BanjarBinoh in Denpasar, performed an innovative Arja, which follows the story of a prince whose loves to hunt wildlife. I Made Sandiawan, the group coordinator, shared that it took four months for the whole group to practice before performing on the 3rd of July 2016 in the Bali Arts Festival. Some modifications and modernization are seen here and there. The language spoken during the monolog and the dialogue was a mix of Balinese, Bahasa Indonesia (national language) and some English, enough to make the western audience smile! Even an electric guitar had a little feature in the traditional Geguntangan- bamboo ensemble orchestra, adding a contemporary touch. Even though the Arja took less than 2 hours to complete, it followed the traditional segmentation and it sent a strong message about the importance of protecting nature and the benefits of nature’s conservation for human life. | https://www.nowbali.co.id/arja-beauty-complexity/ |
This course will provide opportunities to develop intercultural communication skills including cultural awareness, cultural adaptation, cultural empathy and non-evaluative listening. In addition, students will have opportunities to develop skills in the domain of consciousness or transcultural communication. Some of these include: present moment awareness, tolerance for ambiguity and not knowing, tolerance for different perspectives, holding multiple perspectives, non-reactive stillness, and traditional meditation practice.
We will form a learning community with working guidelines. This group will operate within the larger Balinese community which will allow students 1) to become more at ease with intercultural and transcultural skills; 2) to deepen their sense of community and; 3) to learn how to balance their own needs with the needs of others. There will be numerous opportunities for students to interface with Balinese families, teachers and traditional healers.
Our home base will be in Tebesaya, a quiet, traditional, community close to Ubud. Accommodation will be in Balinese “home stays” permitting close contact with extended families including the full range of generations from babies to grandparents. In this setting, where the arts are a central part of their culture, participants can feel connected to how the Balinese approach daily life at work and relaxation, and in social, organizational, and ritual manners.
After we have settled in Tebesaya for a few days, we will travel to the Nirarta Center (www.awareness-bali.com), which is in the rice fields and green hills of rural east Bali. There we will take time for meditation and reflection, recognizing the rural roots of the Balinese way, and develop a deeper understanding of the Agama Hindu religion.
We will:
- Consider some of the key frames that shape Balinese holism, as we explore the emergence of polarities, their resolution, and integration
- Encounter the spirit of Balinese prayer and offerings, with an opportunity to create the latter
- Enjoy a visit to, and blessings from, a high priest in the village
- Attend several traditional music and dance performances
- Visit a Balinese master healer with an opportunity to observe and experience his work
Balinese psychiatrist, healer, and activist, Prof. Luh Ketut Suryani will offer her expertise in combining both traditional and contemporary approaches to what she calls bio-psycho-socio-cultural-spiritual well-being.
Western education and thinking tends to emphasize the rational mind. Categorization, analyzing and splitting, are prominent elements in the foreground of our awareness. In contrast, Balinese tradition, as with many Asian societies, tends to emphasize feeling, intuition, relationship, sensitivity to background context, complexity, balance, and a capacity to embrace change. In Bali the arts, healing, spirituality, and community are interwoven in daily life in a way that is unique in the modern world.
The Balinese perspective provides a compelling contrast to our own, and has profound implications for the maintenance of individual and collective well-being and the resolution of imbalances in our societies.
Our time in Bali will test and refine our assumptions, not just as an interesting cultural backdrop, but also as a profound difference through which we can probe deeper dimensions of well being and inter-being. We will examine the changing nature of Balinese society, getting a first-hand look at how transformational tourism has influenced traditional culture. What is gained from tourism – even so called transformational or spiritual tourism? What is lost? What traditions remain strong in Bali? Which have changed and which are under threat?
Travel Study Costs and Fees
Program Fee: $2,209*
If you are admitted to the course, you will receive an email asking you to accept or decline the spot. To accept your spot, you are required to fill out the commitment deposit form and submit a $500 non-refundable deposit within 48 hours. For more information about payment policies and procedures, view the Travel Study Payment Policy.
Included:
- Student housing accommodations
- Cultural activities and excursions arranged by the lead instructor
- In-country transportation
- Meals
Not Included:
- College tuition and fees**, see UVM Student Financial Services
- Airfare, estimated cost $2,185
- Cancel for any reason flight insurance (strongly encouraged)
- Baggage fees
- Vaccinations and any associated costs
- Passport fees
- Personal and entertainment expenses
- Optional excursions
- Anything not specified as included in the program
*Trip cost subject to change due to unanticipated changes.
**Travel Study courses are regarded as normal UVM courses and as such, normal tuition and fees apply.
Country Information
Visit the U.S. Department of State website for information regarding country health, safety risks, and laws for Indonesia. | https://learn.uvm.edu/study-abroad-unused/summer-unused/indonesia-consciousness-culture-and-community-in-bali/ |
As a community group, pleasure in the playing and performing of Balinese music is the cohering factor of our existence. We also have a high regard for the music and the skills required, and we see our performances as opportunities to raise the awareness of gamelan music in the Australian community.
Over the years we have found that we have needed to adapt our presentations to cater for our mainly western audiences, whose listening practices and expectations of music don't always correspond with the structures of gamelan music. This means sometimes running tunes together into medlies, sometimes shortening existing compositions, and at other times collaborating with dancers like Karensa Johnson, musicians like Francis Gilfedder, to produce narrative dance dramas in 1996, 1997, 2001 and 2003.
Despite these adaptions for particular audiences, we strongly feel the need to re-identify and strengthen the traditional sources of the music by cultural exchanges with Balinese musicians. This is not an aim for 'authenticity', which is a problematic concept when we consider that the particular genre of gamelan we play evolved in Bali in the 1930s in response to Western visitors; rather, it is an acknowledgment of the Balinese musical culture that we have transported to play in regional Australia. It is also in recognition of our need for the continued development of our skills, knowledge and repertoire in order to sustain the group. | http://ozpage.com/girijaya/philosophy.htm |
Bali's Silent Crisis: Desire, Tragedy, and Transition (Hardcover)
Bali and Balinese culture have become central to western imaginings of 'the east.' Along with its natural beauty and tropical sensuality, Bali's rich and complex culture has proved intensely alluring for western artists, scholars, and travelers. However, as this aesthetic imagining and desire for beauty have evolved into a mass tourism industry, the island people and their culture have experienced radical and rapid transformation. While many in the international community were stunned by the horror of the militant bombings in 2002 and 2005, these attacks were merely the apex of a profound and ongoing crisis which resonates through the period of Bali's modernization and engagement with the global economy of pleasure. Bali's Silent Crisis examines and elucidates the complex cultural and political environment of contemporary Bali. The book explains the conditions of crisis in Bali in terms of a powerful collision of cultural elements and trends, focusing specifically on the double matrix of 'desire' and 'violence' that has characterized Bali's recent past. Moving beyond a simple opposition between 'tradition' and 'the modern', this book reveals a society that is struggling to reconcile its own profound aesthetic and sense of historical identity with the intense agonisms that are generated through rapid social and cultural change. Through its thematic approach, Bali's Silent Crisis presents an image of community trauma, creative resilience and pluralization. The book records the challenges and horrors associated with transition, as well as the formidable beauty that remains intrinsic to the island's sense of cultural destiny.
Jeff Lewis is a professorial research fellow in the Global Cities Institute, School of Applied Communications at RMIT University. Belinda Lewis is a researcher in health promotion and international health in the Faculty of Medicine at Monash University. | https://ww.politics-prose.com/book/9780739128206 |
Bali is a province of Indonesia and the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands. Located between East Java and West of Lombok, the province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller neighboring islands, notably Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan, and Nusa Ceningan. The provincial capital, Denpasar, is the most populous city in the Lesser Sunda Islands and the second largest, after Makassar, in Eastern Indonesia. Bali is the only Hindu-majority province in Indonesia, with 83.5% of the population adhering to Balinese Hinduism.
Bali is Indonesia's main tourist destination, which has seen a significant rise in tourists since the 1980s. Tourism-related business makes up 80% of its economy. It is renowned for its highly developed arts, including traditional and modern dance, sculpture, painting, leather, metalworking, and music. The Bali Arts Festival is held every year in Denpasar, attended by local and international artists.
The government of Bali Province in collaboration with The Ministry of Tourism and Economy Creative the Republic of Indonesia has successfully run educational trips called “We Love Bali Program”. There were 17 programs with different tourism destinations in Bali, each lasted 3 days/2 nights, and was attended by 5.000 people. These programs started on 7 October and lasted until 8 December 2020. The participants were mostly local Balinese who were educated to travel by following the CHSE protocols.
CHSE Protocols in Tourism Objects, Hotels, Restaurants, and Transportation: | https://www.ifpsmworldsummit2022.com/about-bali |
Hailed as Bali’s most forward-thinking music and dance ensemble, Çudamani is known for their exceptional creativity and superb artistry. Comprised of Bali’s most respected musicians and dancers, the ensemble performs as a spiritual offering for temples and the village communities in their native Indonesia, maintaining the rich treasures of Balinese cultural heritage. Celebrating their 20th anniversary, the 24-member ensemble weaves intricate layers of sound, from deep great bronze gongs to the delicate sounds of the flute. With traditional Balinese dress, instruments and dance, their breathtaking, profoundly moving performances encompass both new and classical works.
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https://repository.uksw.edu//handle/123456789/4331
|Title:||Potensi Sosial Budaya Masyarakat Dusun Cetho Sebagai Embrio Ekowisata Rakyat di Kabupaten Karanganyar|
|Authors:||Wuryani, Emy|
Purwiyastuti, Wahyu
|Keywords:||the Cetho Hinduism people;the public ecotourism;empowering of the society potency|
|Issue Date:||Jun-2012|
|Publisher:||FKIP Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana Salatiga|
|Abstract:||Ecotourism is not the matter of ecology and economics, but also the evaluation and opinions from society. That means it suppose to be managed by them which is starting from the planning, implementation, and benefit of it. The popularity of Cetho village society who live around the Cetho Temple seem are unprofitable by the exotic of that temple. The exotic of the temple indeed has been a big attraction for the domestic and foreign tourists. As a matter offact that is interesting to be observed. Therefore, the problem is to be observed in this research is what are the potential resources of socio-culture in Cetho village, and how the Government and Tourism Organization Motivator have made the potential resources from this society. The result of this research that 1) Beganjuran Art (the Balinese instrument in procession the Balinese dance in the Hinduism ritual) in Cetho Temple, the story and legend of Cetho Hinduism was the ancestor of Balinese Hinduism People. 2) The ritual of voluntary collective work or mutual aid every Sunday morning is a solidarity among them. 3) Cetho people say, the contribution for them which is done by the Government not yet maximal. According to the Tourism Service of Karanganyar Regency, the contribution has been given only for facility and in helping to propagate the potency of society. If the tourism activity will be used of course that very depends to the budget plan from central government, such as through the tourism PNPM programme.|
|Description:||Satya Widya : Jurnal Penelitian Pengembangan Kependidikan. Vol.28, no.1, Juni 2012 : p.13-24|
|URI:||http://repository.uksw.edu/handle/123456789/4331|
|ISSN:||0854-5995|
|Appears in Collections:||Satya Widya 2012 Vol. 28 No. 1 Juni|
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|ART_Emy W, Wahyu P_Potensi Sosial Budaya_abstract.pdf||Abstract||674.86 kB||Adobe PDF||View/Open|
|ART_Emy W, Wahyu P_Potensi Sosial Budaya_full text.pdf||Full text||554.9 kB||Adobe PDF||View/Open|
Items in DSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated. | https://repository.uksw.edu/handle/123456789/4331 |
Purpose: This study aims to determine the strategies used in the authenticity of Tri Eka Buana Village, Bali, Indonesia, as a tourist attraction.
Research methods: This research is a research mixed method with analytical techniques using the Internal Factor Analysis (IFAS), External Factor Analysis (EFAS), Internal-External Matrix (IE), SWOT, and Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) Analysis.
Findings: Based on the results of the IFAS matrix analysis, the main strength is that it has beautiful natural and artificial potential such as Bukit Abah, Danu Seliwah Temple, Dukuh Sakti Waterfall, Umananing Malini dance and Balinese Arak that can attract tourists, while the main weakness is that access to tourist objects is inadequate, such as a narrow and irregular parking area. Based on the results of the EFAS matrix analysis, it is known that the main opportunity is the development of Tri Eka Buana Village by involving local communities so as to minimize unemployment, preserve cultural and natural traditions while the main threat faced is competition between other tourism objects that have developed. The results of the IE Matrix research place the village in theposition Growth (Cell I).
Implication: SWOT analysis resulted in 8 alternative strategies of authenticity from the 8 strategies, 3 priority strategies were obtained and have been calculated through the QSPM Matrix with a total TAS of 194.13, 193.57, and 186.46, namely optimizing the potential promotion of Tri Eka Buana Village Karangasem Bali through the media. social media such as Instagram, Facebook, and websites.
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About Bali IslandTravel
Bali which is referred also as The Island of Gods, The Paradise Island, or The Island of A Thousand Temples, is located between Java and Lombok. The larger Java is located to the west while Lombok is situated to the east of Bali. Geographically, Bali is the westernmost end of the Lesser Sunda Islands. Administratively, Bali is one of the 33 provinces of Indonesia with Denpasar at the southern part of the island as its capital.
Bali is home for small Hindu community. In 2010, 92.29% of the total population of 3.891,000 adheres to Balinese Hindu. The rest of the number adheres to Islam, Buddhism and Christianity. Bali is famous as the largest tourist destination in Indonesia and also well known all over the world. The popular image of the island is that it is rich with sophisticated arts like traditional and modern sculpture, leather, painting, dance, music, and metalworking.
History of Bali
The first inhabitants of Bali are Austronesian peoples who came in 2000 BC. They came from Taiwan through the South China Sea. Thus these peoples are closer to the peoples of the Philippines, Oceania and Indonesian Archipelago in terms of linguistic and culture. The historical artifacts dated from this time are stone tools found not too far from Cekik village at the western part of the island. There are nine Hindu sects in the ancient Bali with each has its own personal Godhead, namely Ganapatya, Resi, Brahma, Sora, Waisnawa, Siwa Sidharta, Bodha, Bhairawa and Pasupata.
Various inscriptions show that the name Bali Dwipa or Bali Island had appeared since the first ages of the first millennium. One of the inscriptions that mentioned the island is the Blanjong pillar which was created by Sri Kesari Warmadewa in 914. The inscription in the pillar mentioned the island as Walidwipa. Subak, the complex irrigation system for which Bali is well known, was developed during this time. Some of the cultural and religious traditions that can be seen until today have their roots from this period too although much older Indian influence is believed to had been present since 1 AD. In 1343, the big Hindu Majapahit Empire from East Java founded a colony in here. Bali became the final destination for the exodus of artists, priests, musicians and priests when the empire eventually declined in the 15th century.
Portuguese was the first European who made a contact with the island. In 1585, a Portuguese ship is believed to be foundered off the Bukit Peninsula. A few Portuguese were then left to serve Dewa Agung. Cornelis de Houtman, the Dutch explorer who had previously made a contact with Banten at the West Java, arrived in Bali in 1597. However, it is only since 1840s that the Dutch held political and economic control over Bali, especially on the northern part. That was the time when Balinese kingdoms fought against each other which was pitted further by the Dutch. The Dutch also exploited the Balinese kingdoms of the southern part since the late 1890s.
The year 1906 saw a massive unbalanced fight at Sanur region between the Dutch forces against thousands of Balinese royal family members and their followers. At that time, the Dutch launched naval and ground campaign to gain control over the southern part of the island. The Balinese responded with suicidal defensive resistance because they did not want to be humiliated for surrender. The same fight, which is known as puputan, also broke in 1908 at Klungkung region. After those unbalanced fights, the Dutch eventually able to take the administrative control over Bali, although culture and religion are generally still maintained at full level by the local powers. However, the Dutch control never succeeded in obtaining total control over the island like the control it had on Ambon and Java.
The popular image of Bali as “an enchanted land of aesthetes at peace with themselves and nature” was first created in the 1930s. The works of musicologist Colin McPhee, the artists Walter Spies and Miguel Covarrubias, and the anthropologists Gregory Bateson and Margaret Mead, collaborated to build the image which further developed the first western tourism on Bali.
Bali was occupied by the Imperial Japan during the World War II. It was during this time that Gusti Ngurah Rai formed the Freedom Army. However, the Japanese did not able to exert effective control over the administrative matters due to the harshness of the war time and the difficult institutional change from the Dutch rule. After Japan surrendered in August 1945, the Dutch came back to regain control over the entire Indonesia, including Bali. However, this movement met heavy resistance. In Bali, the resistance against the Dutch was launched using the weapons obtained from Japan. Colonel I Gusti Ngurah Rai, 29 years old at that time, led his army to Marga Rana in Tabanan, central Bali, to launch a suicidal assault, or puputan, against the heavily armored Dutch power. The battle was fought on 29 November 1946 with the Balinese army entirely eliminated and hence ended the military resistance against the Dutch.
In 1946, the Dutch included Bali as one of the 13 administrative districts of the State of East Indonesia. This state was founded by the Dutch to rival Republic of Indonesia which was proclaimed by Soekarno and Hatta in 17 August 1945. When the Republic of the United States of Indonesia was created in the Round Table Conference on 29 December 1949, Bali was included in the new state that was recognized by the Dutch.
The eruption of Mount Agung in 1963 killed thousands of people. Economic situation was at havoc and thus forced most of the survivors to transmigrate to other areas of the Republic Indonesia. During the 1950s and 1960s, Bali saw the conflict between the supporters of caste system and those that rejected the traditional values. The conflict was typical for that time in Indonesia and had been politicized by Indonesian Communist Party or PKI which rejected the caste system and the Indonesian Nationalist Party of PNI which supported the traditional system. The tension was culminated in Land Reform which was launched by PKI. However, when the coup, which was associated with PKI broke in Jakarta, was followed by the elimination of PKI and its supporters by General Soeharto, Bali was also affected. In Bali alone, at least 80,000 people died because of the anti-communist purge, which is equivalent to 5 percent of the total population of the island at that time. There is no Islamic force in the island so that PNI landlords were rather easy when taking the lead in the purge in Bali.
After General Soeharto took the presidency from President Soekarno in 1966, his New Order regime re-established the relations with the Western countries. The renewed relation resulted in the growth of tourism, with Bali promoted as the Paradise Island. Foreign exchanges and living standard in Bali were dramatically changed with the tourism boom. However, when a massive bombing by militant Islamists in 2002 destroyed the Kuta tourist area and killed 202 people, most of which are foreigners, economic boom ended abruptly. Another bomb attack in 2005 put the tourism industry at hardship. However, the tourist numbers per 2010 had returned to the level before the bomb attacks.
The Geography of Bali
Bali Island is located 3.2 km or 2 mi easy of Java, 8 degrees south of the equator. Java and Bali are separated by the narrow Bali Strait. Its length from east to west is about 153 km or 95 mi while from north to south it spans up to 112 km or 69 mi. The total measure of the land area is 5,632 km2.
The highest elevation at the central of the main land reaches up to around 3,000 meters above the sea level, the highest of which is Mount Agung which reaches 3,142 meters. This active volcano is also referred as the mother mountain. Form central region to the east runs the mountainous range with Mount Agung as the easternmost highest point. The volcanic nature of the main land, combined with the high mountains which encourage rainfalls, makes Bali extremely fertile for agricultural crop. The most fertile area is located in the center of the main land to the south. Meanwhile, the northern side of the mountains slopes steeply toward the sea. This area becomes the main producer area for coffee, vegetables, rice and cattle. The longest river of the island is Ayung River, which flows as long as approximately 75 km.
Most areas of the island are surrounded by coral reefs and the northern and the western beaches tend to have black sand while those of the southern tend to have white sand. There are not any major waterways in the mainland. However, sampan boats can navigate the Ho River. There are some beaches in the area between Klatingdukuh and Pasut and these beaches are being developed for tourism. However, the most significant tourist spot until today in the area is still the seaside temple Tanah Lot.
Denpasar, located near the southern coast, is the biggest city in the mainland with a total population of approximately 491,500 according to the estimate in 2002. Singaraja, the old colonial capital, home for 100,000 people and situated at the northern coast, is Bali’s second-largest city. Other major cities include Kuta and Ubud. There are three small islands at the southeast of the mainland. They are administratively parts of the Klungkung Regency. They are Nusa Penida, Nusa Ceningan and Nusa Lembongan. The three of them are separated from the main land by Badung Strait.
Lombok Strait at the east separates Bali and the rest of the Lesser Sunda Islands. This strait also marks the bio-geographical division between the fauna of Australasia and the fauna of Indo-Malayan eco-zone. The imaginary separating line is called the Wallace Line, which is named after the biologist Alfred Russell Wallace. Bali was connected to Sumatra, Java and the mainland of Asia during the Pleistocene Ice Age, during which period the levels dropped. Hence Bali at that time shared the same Asian fauna. However, the Lombok Strait at that time had been deep water so that the rest of the Lesser Sunda Islands kept isolated.
Bali Ecology
Located at the western side of the Wallace Line, Bali’s fauna has Asian in character and the influence of Australasia is too small to be perceived. Hence the fauna has less in common with Lombok’s fauna than Java’s fauna. However, there are some exceptions, like Yellow-crested cockatoo which is a member or Australian family of the primary species. There are about 280 bird species in Bali, one of which is the endemic, endangered Bali Starling. Other species include Yellow-vented Bulbul, Great Egret, White Heron, Black Racket-tailed Treepie, Barn Swallow, Black-naped Oriole, Crested Treeswift, Dollarbird, Crested Serpent-Eagle, Lesser Adjutant, Long-tailed Shrike, Java Sparrows, Red-rumped Swallow, Sacred Kingfisher, Pacific Swallow, Milky Stork and Sea Eagle.
Large mammals are known to be present at Bali until the early 20th century, including Leopard, the endemic Bali Tiger and the wild Banteng. Banteng still has its domestic form but Bali Tiger is totally extinct while the leopards can only be found in Java. A record shows that there was a Bali Tiger shot in 1937 but the subspecies is believed to survive at least until 1940s or 1950s. The causes of the extinction of the tiger are believed to be the conflict with humans, the small size of the island, habitat reduction and poaching. The tiger had never been displayed in zoos or filmed however some bones or skins remain can be found in museums around the world. Bali Tiger is known to be the rarest and smallest of the subspecies. Largest mammals that can be seen until today is the wild boar and the Javan Rusa deer while Indian Muntjac, a smaller species of deer, still can be seen too.
Fauna that is rather commonly seen is the squirrels. Asian Palm Civet is domesticated to produce Kopi Luwak. Bats are preserved, especially in Goa Lawah or the Temple of the Bats. In this temple, which becomes a famous tourist destination, the locals worship the bats. Bats can also be found in other cave temples like the temple at the Gangga Beach. There are two monkey species that are easily encountered. The first species is the Crab-eating Macaque. The locals called this species as “kera”. They are often found in temples and settlements and humans can feed them safely, especially in the three “monkey temples”, the most popular of which is located in Ubud. Some local people domesticated kera as their pets. The second species of monkey, the Silver Leaf Monkey, is more elusive and fare rarer. Locals called it “lutung”. They are encountered at Bali Barat National Park. Other mammals that are also rare include the Sunda Pangolin, Black Giant Squirrel and the Leopard Cat. Snake species includes Reticulated Python and King Cobra while the Water Monitor is believed to be able to move quickly and to grow to a bigger size.
There is rich marine life in the coral reefs around the shores, especially in the diving spots like Amed, Nusa Penida, Menjangan and Tulamben. Some of the recorded species are Giant Sunfish, Giant Moray Eel, Giant Manta Ray, Hawksbill Turtle, Hammerhead Shark, Bumphead Parrotfish, barracudas, Reef Shark and sea snakes. Dolphins are found in the northern coast, particularly near Lovina Beach and Singaraja.
Especially since the 20th century, humans introduced many new plants which make it rather difficult to distinguish the native plants from the newer plants. Larger native trees include bamboo, Jackfruit, coconuts, banyan trees and acacia. Flowers include frangipani, poinsettia, jasmine, hibiscus, bougainvillea, roses, water lily, lotus, orchids, hydrangeas and begonias. Higher grounds like Kintamani which receives more moisture host certain species like mushrooms, fern trees and pine trees. There are a lot of varieties of rice. Other agricultural plants include mangosteen, Kintamani orange, water spinach, coffee, corn and salak.
Environment in Bali
Lebih Beach sees the worst sea wave erosion. Up to 7 meters of the island is lost every year. Decades before, the beach is the pilgrimage destination for more than 10,000 people but now the destination had been moved to the Masceti Beach.
Bali Administrative Divisions
The Province of Bali is divided into 8 regencies or kabupaten and 1 city or kota. They are:
- Badung, capital Mangupura
- Bangli, capital Bangli
- Buleleng, capital Singaraja
- Denpasar (city)
- Gianyar, capital Gianyar
- Jembrana, capital Negara
- Karangasem, capital Amlapura
- Klungkung, capital Semarapura
- Tabanan, capital Tabanan
Economy of Bali
Bali economy three decades ago was based largely on agriculture both for the employment and the products. The single largest industry in the Bali has been tourism. Because of the highly developed tourism industry, the island is one of the wealthiest regions in Indonesia. Now, 80 percent of the economy here relies upon tourism. After the shocking bomb attacks on 2002 and 2005, tourism industry is recovering slowly.
Balinese Agriculture
Most of Balinese are still working in the agricultural field although the GDP’s largest output is produced by tourism. The most notable agricultural effort is the rice cultivation. Smaller crops that are also grown in the island include vegetables, fruits, Coffea aracbica and other subsistence and cash crops.
Kintamani, a region near Mount Batur, is the region where Arabica coffee is produced. Producers generally process Balinese coffee using the wet method which results in a soft, sweet coffee. Flavors that can be integrated are lemon and other citrus notes. The majority of the coffee farmers in the region are members of Subak Abian which is based on the Hindu Tri Hita Karana philosophy. The philosophy teaches that there are three causes for the happiness, namely the relation with God, other people and the environment. The system of the Subak is the best suited for the production of organic coffee and fair trade. The Arabica coffee produced in Kintamani region is the first product in Indonesia that receives a geographical indication.
Bali Tourism
Southern part of the main land is where the tourism industry focused. The main tourist sports are the Kuta Beach, Legian, and Seminyak, Sanur which once was the sole tourist hub, Ubud at the center of the island, Jimbaran, and newly developed Pecatu and Nusa Dua. The Australia government still rates Bali at 4 danger level on a 5 scale level while the American government had earlier lifted its travel warnings in 2008.
Tourism in Bali
The real estate industry related to tourism has been thriving at the main tourist hubs. Bali hotels are built in the famous locations like Kuta, Seminyak, Oberoi and Legian. 5-star Bali hotels were started to be developed in 2010 at the southern part, namely at the Bukit Peninsula. Bali villas, totally worth millions of dollars, have been built at the cliff sides at the south and hence promise panoramic ocean view. Many Jakarta companies and individuals as well as foreign investment are active in the industry to develop other areas. But land prices have remained stable although there had been economic crisis throughout the world.
Indonesian Rupiah had dropped down to 30% against the US dollar in the last half of 2008. This result in the bigger value for the foreign currencies and triggered the flood of tourist into Bali. In 2009, visitor arrivals were dropped to 8% with economic crisis as the main cause and not the travel warnings.
Terrorist bombings in 2002 and 2005 made the tourism industry in Bali drastically turned into ruin. However, the industry had been recovering since the last bombing and in 2010 the target of 2.0-2.3 million tourists had been surpassed with 2.57 million foreign tourists. Bali accommodation as well as other support facilities like Bali spa contributes positively to the recovery. The average occupancy of Bali accommodation in 2010 is 65%, which was a positive trend compared to the previous year’s 60.8%. However, during the peak seasons, tourists will be difficult enough to find accommodation since all the rooms are usually had been fully booked.
In 2010, Bali received Travel and Leisure award which was presented at World’s Best Award 2010 in New York on 21 July 2010. The World Best Hotel Spas in Asia 2010 award had been awarded to a Bali hotel too, namely the Hotel Four Seasons Resort Bali at Jimbaran. The designation #1 Spa in the world was received by the Ayana Resort after a reader poll from Conde Naste’s Travel Magazine. The award was won by Bali because of its various tourist attractions, attractive coastal and mountain surroundings, friendliness of the local people and excellent local and international restaurants.
Transportation Around Bali
There are two airports in the island, namely the Lt. Col. Wisnu Airfield in the north-west and the more famous Ngurah Rai International Airport near Jimbaran at the southernmost region.
There are three major two-lane arteries that cross the mountainous regions in the center on which the passes can reach up to 1.750m, namely at Penelokan. A coastal road surrounds the island. The Ngurah Rai bypass was developed as a four-line expressway. Part of this expressway encircles the main city Denpasar.
The government of Indonesia invited investors to develop Tanah Ampo Cruise Terminal at Karangasem. The project is worth a total of $30 million. Bali does not have any railway lines but the Indonesian Train Company and the Governor of Bali as well as 2 ministers had signed a MOU to develop a railway along the coast for a total distance of 565 kilometers. The plan is projected to be realized in 2015 onwards. In the mid 2011, a toll road that connects Serangan and Tanjung Benoa will be built by Jasamarga. The Tanjung Benoa port received an award as a Best Port Welcome 2010 from Dream World Cruise Destination, a London-based magazine, on 16 March 2011.
Bali Demographics
As of 2005, there total population of Bali is 3,151,000. Expatriates living in the island are estimated at 30,000.
Religion in Bali
Bali is the home for a small community of people who adhere to Hindu. There is about 93.18% of the total population that adheres to Balinese Hinduism. The religion is a combination of Hindu influences fro the Southeast Asia and South Asia mainland with the existing local beliefs. Islam is the minority religion with only 4.79% followers, while Christianity scores 1.38% and Buddhism 0.64%. Immigrants from other parts of Indonesia have not yet included in these figures.
In 16th century, after Islam took the control over Java, many Hindu people took refuge in Bali. The believers of Balinese Hinduism worship gods and demigods, the spirit of ancestors, indigenous agricultural deities, Buddhist heroes and sacred places. Religion in Bali is a composite complex system which has theology, mythology and philosophy as well as ancestor worshipping, magic and animism and pervades all aspects of life. Although less strict than in India, caste system is observed with discipline in Bali. There are an estimated 20,000 pura and shrines all over the island which made it also known as the Island of a Thousand Temples.
The roots of Balinese Hinduism are Indian Hinduism and Buddhism and it also adopts the local people’s indigenous traditions. Balinese Hinduism believes that gods and goddesses present in all things which makes every element in nature has its own power. Such power is believed to reflect the power of the goods. A dagger, woven cloth, rock or tree is believed to have their own power which can be directed for evil or good. The religion is interwoven deeply with ritual and art. All religious expressions are ritualized and shape the decorous and graceful behavior of the people.
There are also a small number of Chinese immigrants. The traditions of these immigrants meld with the local traditions. Therefore, Sino-Balinese harmonizes their original religion with the local traditions which makes it common to find a Sino-Balinese during an odalan in a local temple. Priests of Balinese Hindu are often invited also to perform necessary rites with a Chinese priest in a ceremony for the death of a Sino-Balinese. However, for administrative purpose, the Sino-Balinese has Buddhism as religion in their Identity Cards.
Language in Bali
The most widely spoken languages in Bali are Bali and Indonesian. Most of Bali people are bilingual or trilingual. Several indigenous Balinese languages are present but most Balinese use modern common Balinese to communicate. The caste system determines the usage of different Balinese language. The primary foreign language is English due to the thriving of tourism industry.
Balinese Culture
Bali is famous for its sophisticated art forms in sculpture, handcrafts, painting, woodcarving and performing arts. Gamelan, Balinese percussion orchestra music, is varied and highly developed. Stories from Hindu epic like Ramayana are often portrayed in performing arts with a lot of influences from Balinese traditions. Well known Balinese dance include legong, topeng, gong kebyar, pendet, baris, barong and kecak. There are innovative and diverse performing arts cultures in Bali. Due to tourism, there are traditional Balinese performance arts that are arranged as paid performance in temple festivals, public shows, or private ceremonies.
Balinese Hindu celebrates Nyepi, the Hindu New Year in the spring with a day of silence. Everyone stays at home and tourists are encouraged to stay in their hotels too during the day. However, colorful, large sculptures of ogoh-ogoh monsters were built and burned in the evening before the Nyepi day. This is a symbol to drive evil spirits away. The Balinese pawukon calendar system determines the other festivals throughout the year.
Balinese are fond of celebrations. There are celebrations for tooh filling or coming of age ritual, odalan or temple festival and cremation. The most important concept in Balinese ceremonies which is shared by most Balinese is desa kala patra. The concept refers to the appropriateness of ritual performances with the general and specific social context. Therefore, some of the ceremonial art forms like topeng or wayang kulit have high flexibility so that performers can adjust the event with the current situation.
Balinese celebrations are characterized by rame. Rame is an aesthetic concept which resulted from the loud and boisterous atmosphere of the celebrations. Often times, there are two or more gamelan ensembles will be performed within earshot. They often competes each other to attract more listeners. But the audience members usually also perform their own activities which may or may not have any relation with the ensembles. These activities add to the layers and liveliness of rame.
Balinese traditional compass is centered upon kaja and kelod, which equivalent with the north and south. The concept refers to the orientation toward the largest mountain, namely Mount Agung, as kaja and the seas kelod. However, the two elements also stand for the connotation of evil and good. Balinese Hindu believes that gods and their ancestors live on in the mountain while the demons and evil spirits live in the sea. Spatially, traditional Balinese buildings like residential homes and temples are oriented with the cleanest spaces face nearest to the mountain while the unclean spaces closest to the sea.
Most of the temples possess an outer yard and inner yard. The court yard is arranged to the furthest kaja. This is the space of the temple where the ritual that involved performance, dance and music takes place. The most sacred rituals exclusively performed for gods are held in the inner yard and known as wali while the performance for general public is held at the outer yard and known as bebali. Meanwhile, the performance that is performed as a form of entertainment are performed outside the temple walls and known as balih-balihan. In 1971, a committee of Balinese artists and officials standardized this three-tiered classification system. The purpose was to protect the sanctity of the most sacred and oldest rituals from becoming paid performance.
When tourism industry penetrated deeper into the life of the local Balinese, performances are changed. Tourism brought audience that is willing to pay to watch the traditional performances. This created an economic opportunity for many villages. There had been a controversy about this. However, some villages eventually develop new strategies for fulfilling the demands of the tourism. In some village, the sacred barong dance is performed with the mask that is specifically designed for entertainment purpose while the original, older barong mask is kept for the more sacred rituals. | https://www.superblogseo.web.id/2023/01/about-bali-island.html |
For Bali’s creative sector, the island’s silver, gold, and statues are strong contenders.
While the Balinese provincial government forges ahead in diversifying its economy, logistical challenges arising from the coronavirus pandemic have slowed down efforts.
The export of Balinese craft and agricultural products is temporarily constrained as air transportation services have been grounded amid the coronavirus pandemic.
Read also: Ministry of Tourism’s #BeliKreatifLokal Campaign to Support SMEs
Exports can only be conducted by sea and shipped via the Tanjung Priok Port in Jakarta.
“This will take several weeks, and the packaging might be expensive,” said Wayan.
Creating new rules
Bali tourism stakeholders are making use of the sector's closure by creating a standard operation procedure on health standards as a response to the coronavirus pandemic.
The SOP is expected to include regulations on physical distancing, use of masks, hand sanitizers, disinfectants, and signage.
Bali’s tourism sector will need to innovate if it strives to compete among the other global travel destinations in the new normal.
The Balinese provincial government has renamed its future new normal phase as the New Era of Bali.
(Writer: Bali Contributor, Imam Rosidin | Editor: David Oliver Purba)
Source: https://regional.kompas.com/read/2020/06/02/15270091/tak-ingin-terus-bergantung-pada-pariwisata-bali-genjot-industri-kreatif-danDapatkan update berita pilihan dan breaking news setiap hari dari Kompas.com. Mari bergabung di Grup Telegram "Kompas.com News Update", caranya klik link https://t.me/kompascomupdate, kemudian join. Anda harus install aplikasi Telegram terlebih dulu di ponsel. | https://go.kompas.com/read/2020/06/17/180700274/bali-strives-to-diversify-its-economy-and-rely-less-on-tourism?page=2 |
The brief for Villa Bianco was light and bright. The interior, minimal, the vibe, magical. Clean, sharp concrete edges are softened by traditional art and furnishings with historical Balinese ceremonial references.
Paying homage to the Balinese ‘poleng’, black and white checkered fabric pattern, seen everywhere on the island: wrapped around large tree trunks, draped over rocks, wrapped around statues and shrines, or used in ceremonies or as part of their dance costumes, is transported into a modern aesthetic. This fabric represents the constant philosophical importance of maintaining balance. It represents two polar opposites, that cannot be separated.
I was fascinated by the local traditional dances in Bali from the age of ten. The Barong, The Ramayana and The Kecak, were all big influences on me and can be seen in the artworks in Villa Bianco.
The lang-lang gazebo roof is hand-thatched by local artisans in the old, Ubudian style. Traditionally influenced with bamboo floor matting and scattered, checkered floor cushions.
A cool place to seek relief from the hot sun and sip a cold coconut on the floor, Balinese style. | https://kristina.net.au/design/villa-bianco/ |
Traditional culture is an intermingle of skills, arts, beliefs and customs of a group of people, which has been passing on from one generation to another. It has set attitudes, behavior and value that characterize one group of company, ethnic, region and nation. Indonesia’s ethnic diversity has given birth to many traditional cultures, and its people should utilize such diversity to discover the essentially rich national culture.Patrick Perez, director of Centre Culturel de Francaise, shared his opinion on how French people have successfully preserved their culture should be the paragon to Indonesians.
The followings are the excerpts of the interview:
Q: Do you think French people have successfully conserved the national culture from one generation to another?
A: Despite today’s modernization, French’s traditional culture has been cultivated through the role of education. It has been years that arts and other classical literature classes like drama and dance have significantly contributed to the today’s generation maintaining the value of national culture. Children at school’s age needs to take painting, drawing, music, dancing, literature, cultural study and drama, where they need to take each class for an hour per week. These classes help students appreciate and discover the national culture since early age. Discovering the culture is as much important as learning Math and Science. The implementation of art classes help cultivate generations, particularly the youngsters, not only to appreciate the traditional arts but to discover also the new ones, enriching the national culture . Also in the music, you will find many youngsters listen to classical music despite the fact that outgrowing modern music has blended into today’s modern society.
Q:Do you think such education curriculum can be implemented in Indonesia?
A: Why not. I notice that Indonesian people like the arts of dancing and painting. I found that there are many talented artists here. Implementing more art and traditional cultural classes in formal schools, as well as non-formal courses can be an effective way to discover the Indonesian culture. The government needs to promote the arts, so the nation can invent more artists, particularly in the art theater.
Q: In the art theater?
A: Yes. Indonesia used to produce excellent theatrical movies before 1990, but the quality has been decreasing ever since. You see, that there are many talented actors and actresses out there, but they need to be drilled. They got the skill, but they don’t know where to go. The same thing with the traditional dancer. Indonesian Balinese and Javanese dancers are not only talented, but also lovely. Both Javanese and Balinese dances, as well as other ethnic dances need to be passed onto the next generation. Don’t let such beautiful traditional arts be wiped out from the beautiful archipelago. In French, people like to dance, and the high-spirited youngsters have combined both modern and classical dances. Indonesia should do that as well.
Q: So, do you think that Indonesian young generations have ignored their traditional culture?
A: They don’t ignore it, but many have become ignorant because they think that Indonesian traditional is an old-fashion culture, whilst the modern arts have nourished on many Indonesian youngsters. They should be able to filter the external culture flowing to Indonesia, yet still maintain the traditional culture.
(profile)
Born on September 24, 1965 in Cambrai, France, Patrick Perez earned his Bachelor’s Degree in Economics from Cambrai University and Master’s Degree in Finance from Valenciennes University, in France. He was the director of Centre Culturel Francais (CCF) in Karawachi, Pakistan from 1998-2003. After, he was with the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs in charge with CCF from 2003 to 2006. And since October 2006 onward, he has been the director of CCF in Jakarta. | https://thewriterpreneur.com/patrick-perez-arts-and-traditional-culture-should-be-cultivated-2/ |
Perched among stunning terraced rice fields, Ubud is considered the cultural heart of Bali and one of the top tourist attractions in Indonesia.
There are dance and music performances every day throughout the city as well as numerous art galleries and craft shops to explore.
Although Ubud has long been valued as a great place to learn about Balinese culture, tourism in Ubud boomed exponentially in the last decades. Fortunately, it only takes a short walk or bicycle ride to escape from the crowds and commercialism. | https://www.asiatravelgate.com/ubud-bali-indonesia/ |
Research Candidates' Projects
Read about some of the topics our Research candidates are currently exploring.
AMAL AL ALAWI
The Potentials, Challenges and Strategies for Developing Oman as an Event Tourism Destination
Although the importance and role of event tourism for destination competitiveness is well documented in the tourism literature, there has been relatively little published research into events and destination marketing. Furthermore, little attention has been paid to the intersection of event tourism and destination marketing. Additionally, the Middle East region has been neglected within the event tourism field. Due to the uniqueness of Middle East, this study will both expand and enrich the literature. Hence, the aim of this research is to explore the role of event tourism in the promotion of tourism destinations with special reference to Oman. Using a mixed-methods research design, the research findings are expected to fill the gap in events and tourism destinations and contribute a residents’ perspective in the existing event studies. The findings will also yield practical implications for tourism destinations managers and marketers to enable them to understand how to use events effectively as a marketing tool to strengthen the overall competitiveness of their respected destinations.
Contact Amal Al Alawi: [email protected]
Supervisors: A/P Charles Arcodia & Dr Anna Kralj
CARLOS EUGENIO ZARDINI FILHO
Implementation of Para-Elite Sports Policies
The research focuses on the Paralympic movement, specifically about national policies of para-elite sports. The main objective of the study is to investigate NGBs and their processes of policy implementation regarding para-elite sports, offering a method of implementation analysis. As its main contribution, the research will provide an analysis of practical issues that affect the implementation of policies for para-elite athletes.
Contact Carlos Eugenio Zardini Filho: [email protected]
Supervisors: Prof Graham Cuskelly & Prof Simone Fullagar
DAN (DANNIE) HUANG
A Dedicaton-Constraint Based Model of Innovation Resistance in the Context of Peer to Peer (P2P) Accommodation
With respect to studies on innovation adoption-related behaviour, much emphasis has been on the positive outcomes of the adoption process, while limited studies have sought understandings of consumers who do not adopt or adopt behind the mass majority (dubbed as ‘laggards’). This phenomenon is termed as ‘pro-innovation bias’. Therefore, this thesis aims to overcome this bias by providing a more comprehensive understanding of innovation resistance in the context of Airbnb based on theories of innovation adoption, innovation resistance and dual-process.
Contact Dan (Dannie) Huang: [email protected]
Supervisors: A/P Alexandra Coghlan & Dr Xin (Cathy) Jin
DAVID FECHNER
Charity Sponsorship in the Mass Participation Sport Event Context
Event sponsors need to promote their brand in an authentic manner because charity sport event (CSE) participants may be skeptical of the sponsor if they believe the organisation is supporting the event solely for commercial purposes. Semi-structured interviews (N=17) were conducted with event participants to explore how this key stakeholder perceives the contribution of the sponsor in the event experience. Five themes were uncovered:raising CSE awareness, cultivating a fundraising network, engaging authentically, celebrating constituents, and providing operational support.Building on the findings of this research, CSE managers and sponsors should work to share the story behind their partnership while integrating event participants in the development of the sponsorship program.
Contact David Fechner: [email protected]
Supervisors: A/P Kevin Filo, Dr Sacha Reid & Dr Robyn Cameron
JINYAN CHEN (EMILY)
Tracking Social Media Weibo to Understand Chinese Tourists' Travel Patterns in Australia
Social media posts can be harnessed to analyse where people travel and potentially what activities they perform within destinations. Research to exploit this large volume of publicly available data is gaining momentum, and potentially more important than ever, especially as global tourist mobility has come under increased scrutiny due to the current Covid-19 pandemic. My research uses Chinese social media Weibo to model the travel flow of Chinese visitors in Australia and assess the travel patterns with sentiment analysis.
Contact Jinyan Chen (Emily): [email protected]
Supervisors: Prof Susanne Becken & Prof Bela Stantic
HONGBING (THOMAS) ZHU
Experience Value Creation in Heritage Destinations
This study aims to investigate the dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of tourist experience value at heritage destination from a co-creation perspective. A sequential mixed method consisting of qualitative and quantitative phases is adopted. This research finds that: 1) the co-created experience value scale is multi-dimensional with 7 dimensions; 2) tourists co-create experience value with the heritage destination; and 3) tourist experience value positively affects tourist well-being and destination identity. This study reveals the importance of tourists’ role in the value co-creation process during the consumption experience.
Contact Hongbing (Thomas) Zhu: [email protected]
Supervisors: Dr Xin (Cathy) Jin, A/P Alexandra Coghlan & Prof Noel Scott
INGO JANOWSKI
Cross-Cultural Consumer Perceptions and Behavioural Intentions towards Adventure Tourism
Adventure tourism is increasingly popular not only with traditional Western markets, but also with emerging non-Western markets. Besides a lack of conformity and consumer-centricity in existing adventure tourism research, there is a strong Western bias which limits universal validity and application. This study explores and conceptualises youth consumer perceptions and behavioural intentions towards adventure tourism from a cross-cultural perspective. In the context of six commercial adventure tourism activities, Chinese youth consumers’ perceptions and intentions are compared to the Australian and German youth market. Findings will advance theory and ready the industry to successfully cater for existing and emerging high-value markets.
Contact Ingo Janowski: [email protected]
Supervisors: Dr Sarah Gardiner & Dr Anna Kwek
JOHANNA LOEHR
Understanding the Tourism Adaptation System and its Capacity to Adapt to Climate Change Risks
Climate change adaptation is increasingly important for destinations around the world. This is the case in particular for the tourism sector on Small Island Developing States (SIDS) due to the economic importance of tourism and the islands’ high vulnerability to climate change impacts. Currently, there is a lack of understanding how the tourism sector is adapting and how its adaptation actions and development activities impact surrounding communities and environments. However, this knowledge is crucial in order to avoid diverting risks from one component of the system to another and to creating new risks. This study proposes that when tourism is integrated with the local community, any climate change responses are more likely to be effective if a joint approach is taken which considers the wider system. In order to investigate this proposition, this study applies social-ecological systems thinking to find out how the tourism sector of South Pacific SIDS can adapt to climate change risks while contributing to sustainability of the system.
Contact Johanna Loehr: [email protected]
Supervisors: Prof Susanne Becken, Prof Brendan Mackey & Dr Johanna Nalau
KAKDA KHUN
The impacts of coastal tourism development on local community: what makes public participation in the governance of tourism work?
It is tragic to witness local communities becoming victims of the so-called “development” on their own land. This research focuses on the lack of public participation in the governance of tourism development process in the coastal region of Cambodia. Three inquiries are examined: (1) the generic sustainability of tourism development, (2) the current state of public participation in the process of tourism development, and (3) the degree of public participation from different levels of government. The study uses multiple case-study designs with qualitative method guided by constructivism paradigm to explore inductively into phenomena under study.
Contact Kakda Khun: [email protected]
Supervisors: Prof Susanne Becken & Dr Robert Hales
KANCHANA WICKRAMASINGHE
Assessing Real Economic Impact of Tourism
This research aims to establish the total economic contribution of tourism in emerging economies, using an economy-wide modally technique – Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) modelling. Interestingly, the CGE models can capture the direct, indirect and induced economic effects of a change in tourist expenditure. Tourism Satellite Account's (TSA) are developed, to be used as a database for CGE modelling along with the Input-Output tables. The model will be used in simulating the impacts of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and impacts of exogenous shocks (such as terrorism events) on tourism.
Contact Kanchana Wickramasinghe: [email protected]
Supervisors: Dr Athula Naranpanawa & Dr Shyama Ratnasiri
MD RUHUL AMIN MOLLAH
Sport Tourism Development: Functional level collaboration between National Tourism Organizations (NTOs) and National Sport Organizations (NSOs)
Sport tourism is a lucrative commercial segment of tourism industry and targeted by many destinations. The functional collaboration between sport and tourism organizations facilitates the successful hosting of sporting events, strengthens the process of sport tourism, and escalates sport tourism development. Using qualitative research design, I am investigating how functional collaboration between national tourism organizations (NTOs) and national sport organizations (NSOs) including football, cricket, hockey and Boli-Khela (wrestling) could develop sport tourism in the context of Bangladesh. This study will provide a framework on how sport and tourism agencies work collaboratively for the national as well as individual organizational interests.
Contact Md Ruhul Amin Mollah: [email protected]
Supervisors: Prof Graham Cuskelly & Dr Brad Hill
MICHAEL ASWIN WINARDI
Emotional Intelligence (EI), Cultural Intelligence (CQ), and Conflict Management in the Hotel Industry
Emotions play an important role in conflicts and have implications on individuals such as in stress, frustration, burn out and can reflect negatively on the organization in terms of less productivity. Emotionally intelligent individuals can regulate emotions in interpersonal relationships in organizations. Individuals with higher levels of EI are more able to engage in collaborative conflict resolution. Conversely, individuals with lower level of EI ware more likely to engage in greater use of the conflict resolutions strategies of forcefulness and avoidance. Over a decade, studies in EI have shown that EI can be a positive predictor for employees’ emotional skill, job performance, and customer emotions. Furthermore, people who have cultural intelligence will adapt and understand to work with different culture and background. Host workers will have good interaction with expatriates and vice versa because both of them have cross-culture knowledge. If they do not have enough knowledge of cross-culture, conflicts will occur.
Contact Michael Aswin Winardi: [email protected]
Supervisors: A/P Catherine Prentice & Prof Scott Weaven
MONA JI HYUN YANG
Are Host-Children Exploited or not?: Exploring Tourism Impacts on the Quality of Life of Host-Children in Developing Countries Through a Cultural Lens
Host-children, who are engaging in the tourism industry, have been neglected in tourism academia, although host-children are exposed to physical and mental risks and their access to education is precarious. Given the vulnerability of host-children, tourism is often considered as exploiting host-children. Hence, this research aims at exploring the impacts of tourism on the quality of life of host-children in developing countries by listening to host-children’s own voices and understanding it from their cultural lens. To listen to the voices of host-children, data are obtained using visual methods from Cambodian children engaging in voluntourism and children on the street.
Contact Mona Ji Hyun Yang: [email protected]
Supervisors: Dr Catherine Khoo-Lattimore & Dr Elaine Yang
NINA DHIRASASNA
Renewable Energy Uptake in Tourist Accommodation
The adoption of renewable energy technology (RET) in the hotel sector is low, despite the technology's potential to reduce its carbon emissions. This research aims to enhance an understanding of the hotel energy system with a focus on drivers and barriers to RET adoption in the sector. A system dynamic simulation was applied to examine the dynamics and feedback mechanisms that influence system behaviour over time. The simulation was developed using the structural analysis method, causal loop diagramming with stakeholders in conjunction with theories of innovation diffusions. The results demonstrate that (1) Government policies including $3,000 renewable energy subsidy and small-scare renewable credit training scheme do not promote higher technology adoption because the net present value of renewable is already lower than those from the grid distribution; (2) technology performance is the leverage for RET adoption; and (3) the hotel sector can lead the transformation by adoption RET, rather than responding to a potential shift (which may be slow) in tourist perceptions.
Contact Nina Dhirasasna: [email protected]
Supervisors: Prof Susanne Becken & Dr Oz Sahin (Griffith Engineering)
PUTU DEVI ROSALINA
The Integrated Rural Tourism Towards Sustainable Development in Bali
Rural tourism has emerged as a result of increasing tourists’ demand to experience rural authenticity. It also becomes scholarly attention since it is believed to benefit local socio-economic regeneration and promote sustainability. However, rural areas are vulnerable to tourism exposure and there might be some obstacles in practice. This study aims at investigating how rural tourism should be implemented, with a case study in Bali, Indonesia. The study will explore the challenges, and analyse the strategies in order to develop tourism as well as maintaining rural sustainability. This will contribute to effectively prepare and establish rural destination management strategy.
Contact Putu Devi Rosalina: [email protected]
Supervisors: Dr Ying Wang & A/P Karine Dupre
RACHEL PERKINS
Business Clustering as a Destination Branding Tool for Regional Small Tourism Businesses
My research helps small tourism businesses in regional destinations work together for enhanced destination branding. Regional destinations often face challenges due to their locality and can struggle attracting sustained tourism into the future. Previous research advocates for the use of business clusters to overcome these issues and help regional destinations achieve collaborative branding, but prior to my research, it was not known how a cluster could be initiated in a region where one doesn’t already exist. My research presents a framework on cluster formation, ensuring all tourism businesses have a guideline on working together for sustained visitation into the future.
Contact Rachel Perkins: [email protected]
Supervisors: A/P Catheryn Khoo-Lattimore & Prof Charles Arcodia
RYAN YUNG
The Future is Now: Investigating Virtual Reality’s Effectiveness as a Tourism Marketing Tool through Presence and Emotion
The association between virtual reality and evoking more intense emotional responses has been a growing area of research in the field of cyberpsychology. This project bridges the inter-disciplinary gap by investigating the VR-emotion association in tourism marketing research where it remains in infancy. We do so through an experiment comparing VR, pictures, and videos of a cruise ship – differentiating the immersive media via the concept of presence, and investigating it’s influence on the resulting positive emotional response to the stimuli. Findings confirm the effectiveness of VR; theoretically highlighting the importance of engagement. The results provide important insights for the future of VR for tourism, particularly in a post-COVID world.
Contact Ryan Yung: [email protected]
Supervisors: A/P Catherine Khoo-Lattimore & Dr Leigh Ellen Potter
TRUC LE
Understanding and conceptualising authenticity in dining experiences using online reviews
The quest for authenticity and authentic experiences has been evidenced in modern society, either as a quest for product purchases, leisure experiences, or true self. In the dining context specifically, delivering authentic experiences in restaurants has moved beyond the core product itself (the food), and increasingly demands the producer-organisation to project its own true qualities to co-construct the experiences. This research project aims to establish the multi-dimensionality of authenticity, which encompasses Authenticity of the Other, Authenticity of the Producer, and Authenticity of the Self. A three-phase mixed-methods design was adopted utilising a dataset of 1,048,575 online reviews from Zomato Australia, which was subsequently sampled and analysed using an integrated learning approach. A multi-dimensional framework was proposed, tested and confirmed, supporting authenticity is a multi-dimensional concept. In addition to the theoretical advancement, the outcomes of this project contribute to the applications of advanced analytic techniques in tourism and hospitality, as well as offer useful insights for restaurateurs and managers in service-based organisations to identify and segment their consumers based on their assessments and expectations of authenticity, and to understand interactions of restaurant attributes in constructing authentic dining experiences.
Contact Truc Le: [email protected]
Supervisors: Prof Charles Arcodia, Dr Anna Kralj & Dr Margarida Abreu Novais
WEI YII (MARK) TEOH
Understanding Transformative Tourism Experiences in a Cross-Cultural Setting
Tourism experiences enable people to rejuvenate themselves when succumbing to the wear and tear of daily life. In some cases, tourism experiences are transformative, as it enables people to (re)consider what really matters in their lives. While research in this area has seen some momentous growth recently, future research is fragmented due to differences in conceptual or methodological underpinnings. My research aims to develop and test a holistic framework from a cross-cultural lens that forms a base for further research in this area. The findings will assist in theory development and inform experience providers on ways to facilitate transformative experiences.
Contact Wei Yii (Mark) Teoh: [email protected]
Supervisors: Dr Anna Kwek & Dr Ying Wang
YANG (SUBRINA) LIU
Stakeholder conflicts, salience and engagement in the planning and management of contested heritage- A case study of Dongguan Street in Dalian, China
The galloping urbanization in China, coupled with its special political and social environment, have made its contested heritage attract a dramatically increased interest. Due to the different views and visions on heritage, also the unequal rights and power in heritage development process, conflicts among various stakeholders arise, making heritage development a field of contestation. Stakeholder engagement is thus believed to be essential in heritage governance. In order to gain insights and guidelines to assist effective engagement of stakeholders to resolve heritage contestation, a case study of contested heritage in Dalian, China is selected. Dalian is a particular Chinese city, occupied successively by the British, Japanese and Russian Empires for half a century. However, with its rapid urbanization, the built heritage is being endangered, and the colonial legacy without designated status becomes contested. Dongguan Street, an abandoned relic neighborhood in Dalian that was scheduled for redevelopment, but is now decided for some level of preservation, offers an excellent example of contested urban heritage, and one moreover that implicates its possible role in the city’s rapidly developing tourism industry. Through the investigation of stakeholders’ conflicts and their interrelationships, this study is directed at developing a framework that interconnects multiple stakeholders in a mutually beneficial system. It will also provide decision makers the information they need to better govern contested heritage.
Contact Yang (Subrina) Liu: [email protected]
Supervisors: A/P Karine Dupre & Dr Xin Jin
YI YANG
From second home to tourism enclave community: A multiscale heterogeneous spatial analysis
Due to the globalization of mobility, peer to peer(P2P) sharing platforms make it possible for everyone to participate in the tourism accommodation supply chain. Many existing studies have investigated the socio-economic impact of P2P rental at regional and local scales. However, the impacts of these P2P accommodations are not limited to locals as they are embedded in broader transnational networks. The purpose of this project is to understand the process and characteristics of transnational rental networks. The enclave characteristics of these P2P rental will be identified, including tourism leakages, power structure (distribution of capabilities and patterns of interaction) and the social segregation of communities. | https://www.griffith.edu.au/institute-tourism/our-institute/research-candidates/research-candidates-projects |
This article is about the Indonesian island. For other uses, see Bali (disambiguation).
Bali — Province —
Flag
Seal
Motto: Bali Dwipa Jaya (Kawi)
(Glorious Bali Island)
Coordinates: 8°20′S 115°00′E / 8.333°S 115°ECoordinates: 8°20′S 115°00′E / 8.333°S 115°E Country Indonesia Capital Denpasar Government – Governor Made Mangku Pastika Area – Total 5,632.86 km2 (2,174.9 sq mi) Population (2010) – Total 3,891,428 – Density 690.8/km2 (1,789.3/sq mi) Demographics – Ethnic groups Balinese (89%), Javanese (7%), Baliaga (1%), Madurese (1%) – Religion Hindu (92.29%), Muslim (5.69%), Christian (1.38%), Buddhist (0.64%) – Languages Indonesian (official), Balinese Time zone CIT (UTC+08) Website baliprov.go.id
Bali is an Indonesian island located in the westernmost end of the Lesser Sunda Islands, lying between Java to the west and Lombok to the east. It is one of the country's 33 provinces with the provincial capital at Denpasar towards the south of the island (strictly speaking, the province covers a few small neighbouring islands as well as the isle of Bali).
With a population recorded as 3,891,000 in the 2010 census, the island is home to most of Indonesia's small Hindu minority. In the 2000 census about 92.29% of Bali's population adhered to Balinese Hinduism while most of the remainder follow Islam. It is also the largest tourist destination in the country and is renowned for its highly developed arts, including traditional and modern dance, sculpture, painting, leather, metalworking, and music. Bali, a tourist haven for decades, has seen a further surge in tourist numbers in recent years.
Contents
HistoryMain article: History of Bali
Bali was inhabited by about 2000 BC by Austronesian peoples who migrated originally from Taiwan through Maritime Southeast Asia. Culturally and linguistically, the Balinese are thus closely related to the peoples of the Indonesian archipelago, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Oceania. Stone tools dating from this time have been found near the village of Cekik in the island's west.
In ancient Bali, nine Hindu sects existed, namely Pasupata, Bhairawa, Siwa Shidanta, Waisnawa, Bodha, Brahma, Resi, Sora and Ganapatya. Each sect revered a specific deity as its personal Godhead.
Balinese culture was strongly influenced by Indian, Chinese, and particularly Hindu culture, beginning around the 1st century AD. The name Bali dwipa ("Bali island") has been discovered from various inscriptions, including the Blanjong pillar inscription written by Sri Kesari Warmadewa in 914 AD and mentioning "Walidwipa". It was during this time that the complex irrigation system subak was developed to grow rice. Some religious and cultural traditions still in existence today can be traced back to this period. The Hindu Majapahit Empire (1293–1520 AD) on eastern Java founded a Balinese colony in 1343. When the empire declined, there was an exodus of intellectuals, artists, priests, and musicians from Java to Bali in the 15th century.
The first European contact with Bali is thought to have been made in 1585 when a Portuguese ship foundered off the Bukit Peninsula and left a few Portuguese in the service of Dewa Agung. In 1597 the Dutch explorer Cornelis de Houtman arrived at Bali and, with the establishment of the Dutch East India Company in 1602, the stage was set for colonial control two and a half centuries later when Dutch control expanded across the Indonesian archipelago throughout the second half of the nineteenth century (see Dutch East Indies). Dutch political and economic control over Bali began in the 1840s on the island's north coast, when the Dutch pitted various distrustful Balinese realms against each other. In the late 1890s, struggles between Balinese kingdoms in the island's south were exploited by the Dutch to increase their control.
The Dutch mounted large naval and ground assaults at the Sanur region in 1906 and were met by the thousands of members of the royal family and their followers who fought against the superior Dutch force in a suicidal puputan defensive assault rather than face the humiliation of surrender. Despite Dutch demands for surrender, an estimated 1,000 Balinese marched to their death against the invaders. In the Dutch intervention in Bali (1908), a similar massacre occurred in the face of a Dutch assault in Klungkung. Afterwards the Dutch governors were able to exercise administrative control over the island, but local control over religion and culture generally remained intact. Dutch rule over Bali came later and was never as well established as in other parts of Indonesia such as Java and Maluku.
In the 1930s, anthropologists Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson, and artists Miguel Covarrubias and Walter Spies, and musicologist Colin McPhee created a western image of Bali as "an enchanted land of aesthetes at peace with themselves and nature", and western tourism first developed on the island.
Imperial Japan occupied Bali during World War II. Bali Island was not originally a target in their Netherlands East Indies Campaign, but as the airfields on Borneo were inoperative due to heavy rains the Imperial Japanese Army decided to occupy Bali, which did not suffer from comparable weather. The island had no regular Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL) troops. There was only a Native Auxiliary Corps Prajoda (Korps Prajoda) consisting of about 600 native soldiers and several Dutch KNIL officers under command of KNIL Lieutenant Colonel W.P. Roodenburg. On 19 February 1942 the Japanese forces landed near the town of Senoer. The island was quickly captured.
During the Japanese occupation a Balinese military officer, Gusti Ngurah Rai, formed a Balinese 'freedom army'. The lack of institutional changes from the time of Dutch rule however, and the harshness of war requisitions made Japanese rule little better than the Dutch one. Following Japan's Pacific surrender in August 1945, the Dutch promptly returned to Indonesia, including Bali, immediately to reinstate their pre-war colonial administration. This was resisted by the Balinese rebels now using Japanese weapons. On 20 November 1946, the Battle of Marga was fought in Tabanan in central Bali. Colonel I Gusti Ngurah Rai, by then 29 years old, finally rallied his forces in east Bali at Marga Rana, where they made a suicide attack on the heavily armed Dutch. The Balinese battalion was entirely wiped out, breaking the last thread of Balinese military resistance. In 1946 the Dutch constituted Bali as one of the 13 administrative districts of the newly proclaimed State of East Indonesia, a rival state to the Republic of Indonesia which was proclaimed and headed by Sukarno and Hatta. Bali was included in the "Republic of the United States of Indonesia" when the Netherlands recognised Indonesian independence on 29 December 1949.
The 1963 eruption of Mount Agung killed thousands, created economic havoc and forced many displaced Balinese to be transmigrated to other parts of Indonesia. Mirroring the widening of social divisions across Indonesia in the 1950s and early 1960s, Bali saw conflict between supporters of the traditional caste system, and those rejecting these traditional values. Politically, this was represented by opposing supporters of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) and the Indonesian Nationalist Party (PNI), with tensions and ill-feeling further increased by the PKI's land reform programs. An attempted coup in Jakarta was put down by forces led by General Suharto. The army became the dominant power as it instigated a violent anti-communist purge, in which the army blamed the PKI for the coup. Most estimates suggest that at least 500,000 people were killed across Indonesia, with an estimated 80,000 killed in Bali, equivalent to 5% of the island's population. With no Islamic forces involved as in Java and Sumatra, upper-caste PNI landlords led the extermination of PKI members.
As a result of the 1965/66 upheavals, Suharto was able to manoeuvre Sukarno out of the presidency, and his "New Order" government reestablished relations with western countries. The pre-War Bali as "paradise" was revived in a modern form, and the resulting large growth in tourism has led to a dramatic increase in Balinese standards of living and significant foreign exchange earned for the country. A bombing in 2002 by militant Islamists in the tourist area of Kuta killed 202 people, mostly foreigners. This attack, and another in 2005, severely affected tourism, bringing much economic hardship to the island, although tourist numbers have now returned to levels before the bombings.
GeographySee also: List of bodies of water in Bali and List of mountains in Bali
The island of Bali lies 3.2 km (2 mi) east of Java, and is approximately 8 degrees south of the equator. Bali and Java are separated by the Bali Strait. East to west, the island is approximately 153 km (95 mi) wide and spans approximately 112 km (69 mi) north to south; its land area is 5,632 km².
Bali's central mountains include several peaks over 3,000 metres in elevation. The highest is Mount Agung (3,142 m), known as the "mother mountain" which is an active volcano. Mountains range from centre to the eastern side, with Mount Agung the easternmost peak. Bali's volcanic nature has contributed to its exceptional fertility and its tall mountain ranges provide the high rainfall that supports the highly productive agriculture sector. South of the mountains is a broad, steadily descending area where most of Bali's large rice crop is grown. The northern side of the mountains slopes more steeply to the sea and is the main coffee producing area of the island, along with rice, vegetables and cattle. The longest river, Ayung River, flows approximately 75 km.
The island is surrounded by coral reefs. Beaches in the south tend to have white sand while those in the north and west have black sand. Bali has no major waterways, although the Ho River is navigable by small sampan boats. Black sand beaches between Pasut and Klatingdukuh are being developed for tourism, but apart from the seaside temple of Tanah Lot, they are not yet used for significant tourism.
The largest city is the provincial capital, Denpasar, near the southern coast. Its population is around 491,500(2002). Bali's second-largest city is the old colonial capital, Singaraja, which is located on the north coast and is home to around 100,000 people. Other important cities include the beach resort, Kuta, which is practically part of Denpasar's urban area; and Ubud, which is north of Denpasar, and is known as the island's cultural centre.
Three small islands lie to the immediate south east and all are administratively part of the Klungkung regency of Bali: Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan and Nusa Ceningan. These islands are separated from Bali by the Badung Strait.
To the east, the Lombok Strait separates Bali from Lombok and marks the biogeographical division between the fauna of the Indomalayan ecozone and the distinctly different fauna of Australasia. The transition is known as the Wallace Line, named after Alfred Russel Wallace, who first proposed a transition zone between these two major biomes. When sea levels dropped during the Pleistocene ice age, Bali was connected to Java and Sumatra and to the mainland of Asia and shared the Asian fauna, but the deep water of the Lombok Strait continued to keep Lombok and the Lesser Sunda archipelago isolated.
Ecology
Bali lies just to the west of the Wallace Line, and thus has a fauna which is Asian in character, with very little Australasian influence, and has more in common with Java than with Lombok. An exception is the Yellow-crested Cockatoo, a member of a primarily Australasian family. There are around 280 species of birds, including the critically endangered Bali Starling, which is endemic. Others Include Barn Swallow, Black-naped Oriole, Black Racket-tailed Treepie, Crested Serpent-eagle, Crested Treeswift, Dollarbird, Java Sparrow, Lesser Adjutant, Long-tailed Shrike, Milky Stork, Pacific Swallow, Red-rumped Swallow, Sacred Kingfisher, Sea Eagle, Woodswallow, Savanna Nightjar, Stork-billed Kingfisher, Yellow-vented Bulbul, White Heron, Great Egret.
Until the early 20th century, Bali was home to several large mammals: the wild Banteng, Leopard and an endemic subspecies of Tiger, the Bali Tiger. The Banteng still occurs in its domestic form, while leopards are found only in neighboring Java, and the Bali Tiger is extinct. The last definite record of a Tiger on Bali dates from 1937, when one was shot, though the subspecies may have survived until the 1940s or 1950s. The relatively small size of the island, conflict with humans, poaching and habitat reduction drove the Tiger to extinction. This was the smallest and rarest of all Tiger subspecies and was never caught on film or displayed in zoos, while few skins or bones remain in museums around the world. Today, the largest mammals are the Javan Rusa deer and the Wild Boar. A second, smaller species of deer, the Indian Muntjac, also occurs.
Squirrels are quite commonly encountered, less often the Asian Palm Civet, which is also kept in coffee farms to produce Kopi Luwak. Bats are well represented, perhaps the most famous place to encounter them remaining the Goa Lawah (Temple of the Bats) where they are worshipped by the locals and also constitute a tourist attraction. They also occur in other cave temples, for instance at Gangga Beach. Two species of monkey occur. The Crab-eating Macaque, known locally as “kera”, is quite common around human settlements and temples, where it becomes accustomed to being fed by humans, particularly in any of the three “monkey forest” temples, such as the popular one in the Ubud area. They are also quite often kept as pets by locals. The second monkey, endemic to Java and some surrounding islands, such as Bali which is far rarer and more elusive is the Javan Langur or the Black-leaf Monkey, locally known as "lutung". They occur in few places apart from the Bali Barat National Park. What is interesting about this species is that the young are born an orange colour, though by their first year they would have already changed to a more blackish colouration. In Java however, there is more of a tendency for this species to retain its juvenile orange colour into adulthood, and so you can see a miixture of black and orange monkeys together as a family. In Other, rarer mammals include the Leopard Cat, Sunda Pangolin and Black Giant Squirrel.
Snakes include the King Cobra and Reticulated Python. The Water Monitor can grow to an impressive size and move surprisingly quickly.
The rich coral reefs around the coast, particularly around popular diving spots such as Tulamben, Amed, Menjangan or neighboring Nusa Penida, host a wide range of marine life, for instance Hawksbill Turtle, Giant Sunfish, Giant Manta Ray, Giant Moray Eel, Bumphead Parrotfish, Hammerhead Shark, Reef Shark, barracuda, and sea snakes. Dolphins are commonly encountered on the north coast near Singaraja and Lovina.
Many plants have been introduced by humans within the last centuries, particularly since the 20th century, making it sometimes hard to distinguish what plants are really native. Among the larger trees the most common are: Banyan trees, Jackfruit, coconuts, bamboo species, acacia trees and also endless rows of coconuts and banana species. Numerous flowers can be seen: hibiscus, frangipani, bougainvillea, poinsettia, oleander, jasmine, water lily, lotus, roses, begonias, orchids and hydrangeas exist. On higher grounds that receive more moisture, for instance around Kintamani, certain species of fern trees, mushrooms and even pine trees thrive well. Rice comes in many varieties. Other plants with agricultural value include: salak, mangosteen, corn, Kintamani orange, coffee and water spinach.
A team of scientists has conducted survey from April 29, 2011 to May 11, 2011 at 33 sea site of Bali. They have discovered 952 species of reef fish which 8 of them were new discoveries at Pemuteran, Gilimanuk, Nusa Dua, Tulamben and Candidasa and 393 coral species, including two new ones at Padangbai and between Padangbai and Amed. The average coverage level of healthy coral was 36 percent (better than in Raja Ampat and Halmahera by 29 percent or in Fakfak and Kaimana by 25 percent) with the highest coverage was found in Gili Selang and Gili Mimpang in Candidasa, Karangasem regency.
Environment
Some of the worst erosion has occurred in Lebih Beach, where up to 7 meters of land is lost every year. Decades ago, this beach was used for holy pilgrimages with more than 10,000 people, but they have now moved to Masceti Beach.
From ranked third in previous review, in 2010 Bali got score 99.65 of Indonesia's environmental quality index and the highest of all the 33 provinces. The score measured 3 water quality parameters: the level of total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved oxygen (DO) and chemical oxygen demand (COD).
Due to over-exploitation by the tourist industry which converse massive land, 200 out of 400 rivers on the island have dried up and based on research, the southern part of bali would face a water shortage up to 2,500 liters of clean water per second by 2015. To ease the shortage, the central government plans to build a water catchment and processing facility at Petanu River in Gianyar. The 300 liters capacity of water per second will be channeled to Denpasar, Badung and Gianyar in 2013.
Administrative divisions
The province is divided into 8 regencies (kabupaten) and 1 city (kota). These are:
Name Capital Population
2000 Census
Population
2005 estimate
Population
2010 Census
Jembrana Regency Negara 231,806 247,102 261,618 Tabanan Regency Tabanan 376,030 398,389 420,370 Badung Regency Mangupura 345,863 388,548 543,681 Gianyar Regency Gianyar 393,155 421,067 470,380 Klungkung Regency Semarapura 155,262 163,291 170,559 Bangli Regency Bangli 193,776 208,508 215,404 Karangasem Regency Amlapura 360,486 376,711 396,892 Buleleng Regency Singaraja 558,181 599,866 624,079 Denpasar City Denpasar 532,440 574,610 788,445 Totals 3,146,999 3,378,092 3,891,428
Economy
Three decades ago, the Balinese economy was largely agriculture-based in terms of both output and employment. Tourism is now the largest single industry; and as a result, Bali is one of Indonesia’s wealthiest regions. About 80% of Bali's economy depends on tourism. By end of June 2011, non-performing loan of all banks in Bali were 2.23 percent average, relatively quite low compare to about 5 percent average of Indonesian banking industry non-performing loan. The economy, however, suffered significantly as a result of the terrorist bombings 2002 and 2005. The tourism industry is slowly recovering once again.
Agriculture
Although tourism produces the GDP's largest output, agriculture is still the island’s biggest employer; most notably rice cultivation. Crops grown in smaller amounts include fruit, vegetables, Coffea arabica and other cash and subsistence crops. Fishing also provides a significant number of jobs. Bali is also famous for its artisans who produce a vast array of handicrafts, including batik and ikat cloth and clothing, wooden carvings, stone carvings, painted art and silverware. Notably, individual villages typically adopt a single product, such as wind chimes or wooden furniture.
The Arabica coffee production region is the highland region of Kintamani near Mount Batur. Generally, Balinese coffee is processed using the wet method. This results in a sweet, soft coffee with good consistency. Typical flavors include lemon and other citrus notes. Many coffee farmers in Kintamani are members of a traditional farming system called Subak Abian, which is based on the Hindu philosophy of "Tri Hita Karana”. According to this philosophy, the three causes of happiness are good relations with God, other people and the environment. The Subak Abian system is ideally suited to the production of fair trade and organic coffee production. Arabica coffee from Kintamani is the first product in Indonesia to request a Geographical Indication.
Tourism
The tourism industry is primarily focused in the south, while significant in the other parts of the island as well. The main tourist locations are the town of Kuta (with its beach), and its outer suburbs of Legian and Seminyak (which were once independent townships), the east coast town of Sanur (once the only tourist hub), in the center of the island Ubud, to the south of the Ngurah Rai International Airport, Jimbaran, and the newer development of Nusa Dua and Pecatu.
The American government lifted its travel warnings in 2008. As of 2009, the Australian government still rates it at a 4 danger level (the same as several countries in central Africa) on a scale of 5.
An offshoot of tourism is the growing real estate industry. Bali real estate has been rapidly developing in the main tourist areas of Kuta, Legian, Seminyak and Oberoi. Most recently, high-end 5 star projects are under development on the Bukit peninsula, on the south side of the island. Million dollar villas are being developed along the cliff sides of south Bali, commanding panoramic ocean views. Foreign and domestic (many Jakarta individuals and companies are fairly active) investment into other areas of the island also continues to grow. Land prices, despite the worldwide economic crisis, have remained stable.
In the last half of 2008, Indonesia's currency had dropped approximately 30% against the US dollar, providing many overseas visitors value for their currencies. Visitor arrivals for 2009 were forecast to drop 8% (which would be higher than 2007 levels), due to the worldwide economic crisis which has also affected the global tourist industry, but not due to any travel warnings.
Bali's tourism economy survived the terrorist bombings of 2002 and 2005, and the tourism industry has in fact slowly recovered and surpassed its pre-terrorist bombing levels; the longterm trend has been a steady increase of visitor arrivals. At 2010, Bali received 2.57 million foreign tourists. It is surpassed the target of 2.0-2.3 million tourists. The average occupancy of starred hotels achieved 65 percent (last year 60.8 percent), so still capable for accommodates tourists for next some years without any addition of new rooms/hotels, although at the peak season some of them are fully booked.
Bali received the Best Island award from Travel and Leisure in 2010. The award was presented in the show "World's Best Awards 2010" in New York, on 21 July. Hotel Four Seasons Resort Bali at Jimbaran also received an award in the category of "World Best Hotel Spas in Asia 2010". The award was based on a survey of travel magazine Travel + Leisure readers between 15 December 2009 through 31 March 2010, and was judged on several criteria. Thermes Marins Bali, Ayana Resort and Spa, (formerly The Ritz-Carlton) got score 95.6 scored out of a maximum 100 of satisfaction index with spa facilities and services as #1 Spa in the world by Conde Naste's Traveller Magazine for 2010 by their readers poll. The island of Bali won because of its attractive surroundings (both mountain and coastal areas), diverse tourist attractions, excellent international and local restaurants, and the friendliness of the local people.
On August 2010, the film version of Eat, Pray, Love (EPL), which starred Julia Roberts, was released in theaters. The movie was based on Elizabeth Gilbert's best-selling memoir of the same name. It took place at Ubud and Padang-Padang Beach at Bali. The 2006 book, which spent 57 weeks at the No. 1 spot on the New York Times paperback nonfiction best-seller list, has already fueled a boom in EPL tourism in Ubud, the hill town and cultural and tourist center that was the focus of Gilbert's quest for balance through traditional spirituality and healing that leads to love. Newly launched packages by luxury resorts and spas like Ubud Hanging Gardens and the cliff-top Ayana promise to recreate Gilbert's four transformative months on Bali in a few passing days with yoga classes, drawn-out beach dinners, massage therapy. Other tours built around the book focus on curative group gatherings and self-discovery of the kind Gilbert had. EPL helped boost Bali’s tourist numbers, together with the stable security situation on the island. Bali had 2.5 million visitors in 2010, exceeding their target of 2.3 million. That figure was also an improvement from 2009’s 2.2 million and 2008’s 1.96 million visitors. The Tourism Office admitted that they had done nothing to maximize the opportunity to promote Bali and surrender to the filmmakers to promote.
Transportation
The Ngurah Rai International Airport is located near Jimbaran, on the isthmus at the southernmost part of the island. Lt.Col. Wisnu Airfield is found in north-west Bali.
A coastal road surrounds the island, and three major two-lane arteries cross the central mountains at passes reaching to 1,750m in height (at Penelokan). The Ngurah Rai Bypass is a four-lane expressway that partly encircles Denpasar and enables cars to travel quickly in the heavily populated south. Bali has no railway lines.
December 2010: Government of Indonesia has invited investors to build Tanah Ampo Cruise Terminal at Karangasem, Bali amounted $30 million. In July 17, 2011 the first cruise ship (Sun Princess) will anchor about 400 meters away from the wharf of Tanah Ampo harbor. The current pier is only 154 meters and will be a 300 to 350 meters to accommodate international cruise ships. The harbor would be safer than Benoa and has a scenic backdrop of a panoramic view of mountainous area with green rice fields.
A Memorandum of Understanding has been signed by 2 ministers, Bali's Governor and Indonesian Train Company to build 565 kilometers railway along the coast around the island. It will be operated from 2015 onwards.
Seven state-owned enterprises led by PT Jasa Marga with 60 percent of shares was named PT Jasa Marga Bali Tol will construct the 9.91 kilometers Serangan-Tanjung Benoa toll road. The construction is projected to cost Rp.2.3 trillion ($2.6 billion) and is expected to be finished by April 2013 before Apec Summit. The project will through 2 kilometers mangrove forest and through 2.3 kilometer beach, both in 5.4 hectares area. Elevated toll road will be built over the mangrove forest. On March 16, 2011 (Tanjung) Benoa port has received a "Best Port Welcome 2010" award from London's "Dream World Cruise Destination" magazine. Government plans to expand the role of Benoa port as export-import port to boost Bali's trade and industry sector.
To solve chronic traffic problems, the province will build a toll road connecting Serangan with Tohpati, a toll road connecting Kuta, Denpasar and Tohpati and a flyover connecting Kuta and Ngurah Rai Airport.
On May 2011, an integrated Areal Traffic Control System (ATCS) was implemented to reduce traffic jams at 4 crossing points, i.e.: Ngurah Rai statue, Dewa Ruci Kuta crossing, Jimbaran crossing and Sanur crossing. ATCS is an integrated system connecting all traffic lights, CCTVs and other traffic signals with a monitoring office at the police headquarters. It has successfully been implemented in other ASEAN countries and will be implemented at other crossings in Bali.
Demographics
The population of Bali was 3,891,428 (at the 2010 Census). There are an estimated 30,000 expatriates living in Bali.
Religion
Unlike most of Muslim-majority Indonesia, about 93.18% of Bali's population adheres to Balinese Hinduism Hindu Dharma, formed as a combination of existing local beliefs and Hindu influences from mainland Southeast Asia and South Asia. Minority religions include Islam (4.79%), Christianity (1.38%), and Buddhism (0.64%). These figures do not include immigrants from other parts of Indonesia.
When Islam surpassed Hinduism in Java (16th century), Bali became a refuge for many Hindus. Balinese Hinduism is an amalgam in which gods and demigods are worshipped together with Buddhist heroes, the spirits of ancestors, indigenous agricultural deities and sacred places. Religion as it is practiced in Bali is a composite belief system that embraces not only theology, philosophy, and mythology, but ancestor worship, animism and magic. It pervades nearly every aspect of traditional life. Caste is observed, though less strictly than in India. With an estimated 20,000 puras (temples) and shrines, Bali is known as the "Island of a Thousand Puras", or "Island of the Gods".
Balinese Hinduism has roots in Indian Hinduism and in Buddhism, and adopted the animistic traditions of the indigenous people. This influence strengthened the belief that the gods and goddesses are present in all things. Every element of nature, therefore, possesses its own power, which reflects the power of the gods. A rock, tree, dagger, or woven cloth is a potential home for spirits whose energy can be directed for good or evil. Balinese Hinduism is deeply interwoven with art and ritual. Ritualizing states of self-control are a notable feature of religious expression among the people, who for this reason have become famous for their graceful and decorous behavior.
Apart from the majority of Balinese Hindus, there also exist Chinese immigrants whose traditions have melded with that of the locals. As a result, these Sino-Balinese not only embrace their original religion, which is a mixture of Buddhism, Christianity, Taoism and Confucianism, but also find a way to harmonize it with the local traditions. Hence, it is not uncommon to find local Sino-Balinese during the local temple's odalan. Moreover, Balinese Hindu priests are invited to perform rites alongside a Chinese priest in the event of the death of a Sino-Balinese. Nevertheless, the Sino-Balinese claim to embrace Buddhism for administrative purposes, such as their Identity Cards.
Language
Balinese and Indonesian are the most widely spoken languages in Bali, and the vast majority of Balinese people are bilingual or trilingual. There are several indigenous Balinese languages, but most Balinese can also use the most widely spoken option: modern common Balinese. The usage of different Balinese languages was traditionally determined by the Balinese caste system and by clan membership, but this tradition is diminishing. Sanskrit is also commonly used by some Hindu priests in Bali, for Hinduism literature was mostly written in Sanskrit.
English is a common third language (and the primary foreign language) of many Balinese, owing to the requirements of the tourism industry. Other foreign languages, such as Chinese, Japanese, Korean, French, German or Hindi are often used in multilingual signs for foreign tourists.
CultureMain articles: Music of Bali and Balinese art
Bali is renowned for its diverse and sophisticated art forms, such as painting, sculpture, woodcarving, handcrafts, and performing arts. Balinese percussion orchestra music, known as gamelan, is highly developed and varied. Balinese performing arts often portray stories from Hindu epics such as the Ramayana but with heavy Balinese influence. Famous Balinese dances include pendet, legong, baris, topeng, barong, gong keybar, and kecak (the monkey dance). Bali boasts one of the most diverse and innovative performing arts cultures in the world, with paid performances at thousands of temple festivals, private ceremonies, or public shows.
The Hindu New Year, Nyepi, is celebrated in the spring by a day of silence. On this day everyone stays at home and tourists are encouraged to remain in their hotels. But the day before that large, colourful sculptures of ogoh-ogoh monsters are paraded and finally burned in the evening to drive away evil spirits. Other festivals throughout the year are specified by the Balinese pawukon calendrical system.
Celebrations are held for many occasions such as a tooth-filing (coming-of-age ritual), cremation or odalan (temple festival). One of the most important concepts that Balinese ceremonies have in common is that of désa kala patra, which refers to how ritual performances must be appropriate in both the specific and general social context. Many of the ceremonial art forms such as wayang kulit and topeng are highly improvisatory, providing flexibility for the performer to adapt the performance to the current situation. Many celebrations call for a loud, boisterous atmosphere with lots of activity and the resulting aesthetic, ramé, is distinctively Balinese. Oftentimes two or more gamelan ensembles will be performing well within earshot, and sometimes compete with each other in order to be heard. Likewise, the audience members talk amongst themselves, get up and walk around, or even cheer on the performance, which adds to the many layers of activity and the liveliness typical of ramé.
Kaja and kelod are the Balinese equivalents of North and South, which refer to ones orientation between the island’s largest mountain Gunung Agung (kaja), and the sea (kelod). In addition to spatial orientation, kaja and kelod have the connotation of good and evil; gods and ancestors are believed to live on the mountain whereas demons live in the sea. Buildings such as temples and residential homes are spatially oriented by having the most sacred spaces closest to the mountain and the unclean places nearest to the sea.
Most temples have an inner courtyard and an outer courtyard which are arranged with the inner courtyard furthest kaja. These spaces serve as performance venues since most Balinese rituals are accompanied by any combination of music, dance and drama. The performances that take place in the inner courtyard are classified as wali, the most sacred rituals which are offerings exclusively for the gods, while the outer courtyard is where bebali ceremonies are held, which are intended for gods and people. Lastly, performances meant solely for the entertainment of humans take place outside the walls of the temple and are called bali-balihan. This three-tiered system of classification was standardized in 1971 by a committee of Balinese officials and artists in order to better protect the sanctity of the oldest and most sacred Balinese rituals from being performed for a paying audience.
Tourism, Bali’s chief industry, has provided the island with a foreign audience that is eager to pay for entertainment, thus creating new performance opportunities and more demand for performers. The impact of tourism is controversial since before it became integrated into the economy, the Balinese performing arts did not exist as a capitalist venture, and were not performed for entertainment outside of their respective ritual context. Since the 1930s sacred rituals such as the barong dance have been performed both in their original contexts, as well as exclusively for paying tourists. This has led to new versions of many of these performances which have developed according to the preferences of foreign audiences; some villages have a barong mask specifically for non-ritual performances as well as an older mask which is only used for sacred performances.
Balinese society continues to revolve around each family's ancestral village, to which the cycle of life and religion is closely tied. Coercive aspects of traditional society, such as customary law sanctions imposed by traditional authorities such as village councils (including "kasepekang", or shunning) have risen in importance as a consequence of the democratization and decentralization of Indonesia since 1998.
Heritage sites
Taman Ayun Temple, the Pakerisan watershed and Batukaru will be proposed to UNESCO as World Heritage sites by Bali administration.
See also
Notes
- ^ Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 2004.
- ^ http://www.citypopulation.de/Indonesia-MU.html
- ^ Taylor (2003), pp. 5, 7; Hinzler (1995)
- ^ Hinzler (1995)
- ^ Taylor (2003), p. 12; Lonely Planet (1999), p. 15.
- ^ http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/04/28/the-birthplace-balinese-hinduism.html
- ^ Willard A. Hanna (2004). Bali Chronicles. Periplus, Singapore. ISBN 0-7946-0272-X p.32
- ^ a b c d Vickers (1995)
- ^ Haer, p.38
- ^ Friend, Theodore "Indonesian destinies" Harvard University Press, 2003 ISBN 0-674-01137-6, 9780674011373 Length 628 pages P111
- ^ L, Klemen (1999-2000). "The capture of Bali Island, February 1942". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942. http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/bali.html.
- ^ Haer, p.39-40
- ^ Friend (2003), p. 111; Ricklefs (1991), p. 289; Vickers (1995)
- ^ Ricklefs, p. 289.
- ^ IUCN, IUCN Red List of Threatened Species accessed 24 June 2010
- ^ http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/05/13/new-fish-coral-species-found.html
- ^ http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/05/16/coral-reefs’-health-‘improves’.html
- ^ http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/05/05/once-was-a-beach.html
- ^ http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/06/15/bali-named-ri’s-cleanest-province.html
- ^ "Bali must stop over- exploiting environment for tourism: Activists". September 2, 2011. http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/09/02/bali-must-stop-over-exploiting-environment-tourism-activists.html.
- ^ "Govt to build water catchment at Petanu River". September 17, 2011. http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/09/17/govt-build-water-catchment-petanu-river.html.
- ^ Desperately Seeking Survival. Time. 25 November 2002.
- ^ http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/07/25/only-223-percent-loans-bali-are-bad.html
- ^ On history of rice-growing related to museology and the rice terraces as part of Bali's cultural heritage see: Marc-Antonio Barblan, "D'Orient en Occident: histoire de la riziculture et muséologie" in ''ICOFOM Study Series, Vol.35 (2006), pp.114–131. LRZ-Muenchen.de and "Dans la lumière des terrasses: paysage culturel balinais, Subek Museumet patrimoine mondial (1er volet) "in Le Banian (Paris), juin 2009, pp.80–101, Pasarmalam.free.fr
- ^ "Diverse coffees of Indonesia". Specialty Coffee Association of Indonesia. Archived from the original on 2 August 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080802030333/http://www.sca-indo.org/diverse-coffees-indonesia/. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
- ^ "Book of Requirements for Kopi Kintamani Bali", page 12, July 2007
- ^ http://www.thebalitimes.com/2011/02/17/up-to-2-8m-foreign-tourists-this-year/
- ^ http://amarigepanache.com/2010/10/16/travel-all-we-want-for-christmas-a-spa-voucher/
- ^ http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/LH18Ae01.html
- ^ http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2011931,00.html
- ^ http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/01/05/%E2%80%98eat-pray-love%E2%80%99-helping-bali-tourism-official.html
- ^ http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/bali-hotels-spa-retreats-loving-eat-pray-love/390086
- ^ http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/business/infrastructure-projects-in-indonesia-thrown-open-for-bids/412805
- ^ http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/07/11/tanah-ampo-prepares-welcome-first-cruise-ship.html
- ^ http://goodnewsfromindonesia.org/2011/01/05/what-train-bali/
- ^ "New toll road to ease congestion, increase tourists". September 5, 2011. http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/09/05/new-toll-road-ease-congestion-increase-tourists.html.
- ^ "Tol di Atas Laut Mulai Dikonstruksi". http://www.indopos.co.id/index.php/arsip-berita-nasional/75-nasional-reviews/15994-tol-di-atas-laut-mulai-dikonstruksi.html. Retrieved October 4, 2011.
- ^ http://english.kompas.com/read/2011/03/21/15463549/.Best.Port.Welcome.Awarded.to.Balis.Benoa.Port
- ^ http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/06/20/government-mulls-plan-expand-benoa.html
- ^ http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/02/07/toll-road-cost-island-2-hectares-mangrove.html
- ^ http://www.mediaindonesia.com/read/2011/05/12/225490/290/101/Pemprov-Bali-Gunakan-Teknologi-Baru-Atasi-Kemacetan
- ^ http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/05/25/new-traffic-control-system-buses-hoped-ease-congestion.html
- ^ Ballots in paradise. Guardian.co.uk. 30 October 2008.
- ^ Everyday spirits. Theage.com.au. 3 May 2008.
- ^ Slattum, J. (2003) Balinese Masks: Spirits of an Ancient Drama. Indonesia, Asia Pacific, Japan, North America, Latin America and Europe Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd
- ^ Blogspot.com
- ^ Blogspot.com
- ^ Emigh, John (1996). Masked Performance: The Play of Self and Other in Ritual and Theatre. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 081221336X. The author is a Western theatre professor who has become a performer in Balinese topeng theater himself.
- ^ Herbst 1997, p. 1-2.
- ^ Foley and Sedana 2005, p. 208.
- ^ Gold 2005, p. 8.
- ^ Herbst 1997, p. 1-2.; Gold 2005, p. 19.
- ^ Gold 2005, p. 18-26.
- ^ Sanger 1988, p. 90-93.
- ^ a b Belford, Aubrey (12 October 2010). "Customary Law Revival Neglects Some Balinese". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/13/world/asia/13iht-bali.html. Retrieved 12 October 2010.
- ^ http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/05/20/govt-strives-make-three-sites-unesco-world-heritages.html
References
- Miguel Covarrubias, Island of Bali, 1946. ISBN 962-593-060-4
- Foley, Kathy; Sedana, I Nyoman; Sedana, I Nyoman (Autumn 2005). "Mask Dance from the Perspective of a Master Artist: I Ketut Kodi on "Topeng"". Asian Theatre Journal (University of Hawai'i Press) 22 (2): 199–213.. doi:10.1353/atj.2005.0031.
- Friend, T. (2003). Indonesian Destinies. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01137-6.
- Gold, Lisa (2005). Music in Bali: Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-514149-0.
- Greenway, Paul; Lyon, James. Wheeler, Tony (1999). Bali and Lombok. Melbourne: Lonely Planet. ISBN 0-86442-606-2.
- Herbst, Edward (1997). Voices in Bali: Energes and Perceptions in Vocal Music and Dance Theater. Hanover: University Press of New England. ISBN 0-8195-6316-1.
- Hinzler, Heidi (1995) Artifacts and Early Foreign Influences. From Oey, Eric (Editor) (1995). Bali. Singapore: Periplus Editions. pp. 24–25. ISBN 962-593-028-0.
- L, Klemen (1999-2000). "Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942". http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/index.html.
- Ricklefs, M. C. (1993). A History of Modern Indonesia Since C. 1300, Second Edition. MacMillan. ISBN 978-0333576892.
- Sanger, Annette (1988). "Blessing or Blight? The Effects of Touristic Dance-Drama on village Life in Singapadu, Bali". Come Mek Me Hol' Yu Han': the Impact of Tourism on Traditional Music (Berlin: Jamaica Memory Bank): 89–104..
- Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). Indonesia: Peoples and Histories. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10518-5.
- Vickers, Adrian (1995), From Oey, Eric (Editor) (1995). Bali. Singapore: Periplus Editions. pp. 26–35. ISBN 962-593-028-0.
- Pringle, Robert (2004). Bali: Indonesia's Hindu Realm; A short history of. Short History of Asia Series. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-863-3.
• Lewis, J. and Lewis, B. (2009)Bali's Silent Crisis: Desire, Tragedy and Transition, Rowman and Littlefield, Lanham, NJ.'
Further reading
- Copeland, Jonathan (2010). Secrets of Bali: Fresh Light on the Morning of the World. Orchid Press. ISBN 978-974-524-118-3.
- McPhee, Colin (2003). A House in Bali. Tuttle Publishing; New edition, 2000 (first published in 1946 by J. Day Co). ISBN 978-9625936291.
- Shavit, David (2006). Bali and the Tourist Industry: A History, 1906–1942. McFarland & Co Inc. ISBN 978-0786415724.
- Vickers, Adrian (1994). Travelling to Bali: Four Hundred Years of Journeys. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-9676530813.
- Whitten, Anthony J.; Roehayat Soeriaatmadja, Suraya A. A. (1997). The Ecology of Java and Bali. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd. ISBN 978-9625930725.
- Wijaya, Made (2003). Architecture of Bali: A Source Book of Traditional and Modern Forms. Thames & Hudson Ltd. ISBN 978-0500341926.
External links
Regencies and cities of BaliCapital: Denpasar
Regencies
Cities
Provinces of Indonesia SumatraAceh · Bangka–Belitung Islands · Bengkulu · Jambi · Lampung · North Sumatra · Riau · Riau Islands · South Sumatra · West Sumatra JavaBanten · Central Java · East Java · Jakarta · West Java · Yogyakarta Kalimantan Lesser SundaBali · East Nusa Tenggara · West Nusa Tenggara Sulawesi Maluku Western New GuineaPapua · West PapuaCategories:
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Village Tour Bongkasa Pertiwi in Abiansemal Badung Bali is one of the tourist attractions located in Bongkasa Pertiwi Village, Abiansemal Subdistrict, Badung Regency, Bali, Indonesia. Village Tour Bongkasa Pertiwi in Abiansemal Badung Bali is a bustling tourist spot with tourists on weekdays and holidays. This place is very beautiful and can give a different sensation to our daily activities.
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Tourism Village Bongkasa Pertiwi in Abiansemal Badung Bali is a tourism with the attraction of the social life of Balinese people who are still not interfered with foreign influences. Customary activities such as Odalan, green subak fields, community kinship systems, and the hospitality of the inhabitants will be an attraction for tourists.
Adat Bongkasa is a village located in Abiansemal Sub-district, Badung Regency, Bali Province. In addition to leaders in the traditional village of Bongkasa Adat also led by Bendesa who is currently held by Drs. I Nyoman Nada. The bongkasa village has also won an inter-village race to be the most potential village to be a tourist village and is expected to develop into a good tourism village by 2012.
In the area there is a dance studio called Sanggar Tari Bayangtri. In the studio it teaches some kind of dance that become a mainstay in the village, among others: Barong Dance, Banyan dance, Wayang kulit, and so on. Banyan dance is usually danced at night and at certain events. The dance is a dance of entertainment and sacred dance (containing magic), this dance aims to show the art of the village area that became his trademark. | https://www.asanabalitour.com/bongkasa-pertiwi-village/ |
The catalogue for the posthumous solo exhibition in Museum Puri Lukisan in Ubud, Bali, July 2008. This exhibition featured paintings from the estate of maestro Ida Bagus Made Poleng and celebrates the visual artistry of one of the foremost painters of Ubud. Fifty paintings from the estate of the artist were presented to the public for the first time. Ida Bagus Made was born in Tebasaya, Ubud, Bali in 1915. Ida Bagus Made came from a Brahman family of accomplished artists in Tampaksiring, Bali. His Father, Ida Bagus kembeng (1897–1952), was a well-known painter who won the prestigious Silver Medal in 1937 at the International Colonial Art Exposition in Paris. Ida Bagus Made first learned painting and carving from his father. He later studied painting under the guidance of Rudolf Bonnet. Bonnet once wrote that Ida Bagus Made was one of the most talented artist in Bali. He was in his teens when the modernization of Balinese art began in the late 1920s, and only 21 years old when he joined the prestigious Pitamaha Artist Guild, founded in 1936 to preserve Balinese art from the threat of tourism and commercialism. His father, Ida Bagus Kembeng had two wives: Jero Deblog and Ida Ayu Rai. Ida Bagus Made was a child from his second wife. From his marriage with Jero Deblog, Ida Bagus Kembeng had two sons: Ida Bagus Putu Wiri and Ida Bagus Made Belawa. With Ida Ayu Rai, Kembeng had a daughter, Ida Ayu Oka, and two sons: Ida Bagus Made Poleng and Ida Bagus Nyoman Raka. Ida Bagus Made was married to Gusti Niang and had one daughter, Ida Ayu Sadri. Since Ida Bagus Made did not have a son, he adopted Ida Bagus Pudja, a son of his half brother, Ida Bagus Belawa. He was known by the Balinese as a ritual specialist for carving sacred masks imbued with magical powers for the surrounding temples of Ubud. As a traditional painter of the Pitamaha generation, he became known worldwide for his artistic mastery. Ida Bagus Made was a prolific painter who had a profound distrust of art dealers and collectors.He scrutinized his admirers and only a handful of collectors passed his test. The late Indonesian President Sukarno was one of such collectors that Ida Bagus Made revered. His works are well sought after and are in the collection of many museums in the world. He died after an illness in 1999. In 2000, following the artist’s last wish, the widow of Ida Bagus Made loaned over 100 paintings from the artist’s private collection to the Puri Lukisan Museum for safekeeping. | https://dictionary.basabali.org/Book_The_Art_of_Devotion |
ASA Balinese Dance | New Schedule Update
What a way to end the week is by sharing about our ASA Balinese Dance. Balinese Dance is one of our After School Activities that held every Wednesday at Music Room. They started at 3.30-4.30 and they are open for Adult, HS, parents, faculty, staff and all community are INVITED! You will learn about Rejang Dance and other types of Balinese Dance and will perform at Saraswati day. it was amazing to see how excited our community in this class.
Balinese Dance is an ancient dance tradition that is part of the religious and artistic expression among the Balinese people. Balinese dancers express the stories of dance-drama through the bodily gestures including gestures of fingers, hands, head and eyes.
We also have some update at our schedule HERE
This is a sneak peek of this week ASAs
. | https://www.greenschoolbalieverywhere.greenschool.org/post/asa-balinese-dance-new-schedule-update |
Sustainable livelihoods and ecosystems are far-reaching and burning issues in the wake of high growth of population, low production and per ha yield of crops and depletion of biodiversity resources. Mountainous regions of the world are facing the menace of poverty, food insecurity and malnutrition. Further, tremendous growth in population and slow pace of development have together forced most of the population to live below poverty line. Traditionally depending upon cultivating subsistence crops for food requirement, the people living in mountainous region are unable to produce sufficient food grains to run their livelihood smoothly. The Himalayas is one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots and has an abundance of natural resources: land, water and forest – life sustaining factors. The geo-environmental conditions – climate and landscape further enhance the possibility of sustainable livelihoods through eco-tourism, harnessing water resources and utilizing forests and their products sustainably. Diversifying agricultural practices through cultivating cash and cereal crops and enhancing livelihood options through extensive use of timber and non-timber based forestry products can help to eradicate poverty and provide food security. This book consists of an introduction and nine chapters, covering geo-environmental setting, socio-economy and population profile, sustainable livelihoods: diversification and enhancement, livelihood analysis, development of tourism and hydroelectricity, case studies, mountain ecosystems, sustainable mountain development and also presents a conclusion. | https://rd.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-319-03533-8 |
The key objective was to support sustainable economic development of forest communities though climate adapting and carbon sequestrating interventions. Specific objectives included the engagement of local communities in climate resilient and carbon sequestrating ecosystem restoration practices, and the farming of non-timber forest products (NFTP). These have provided viable business opportunities through marketing and the application of appropriate value-adding processing technology through the formation of women group cooperatives.
Description
The project has promoted non-timber forest products, which contribute in building an ecosystem’s resilience against climate change in local communities. The project focused on the sound management of natural forest areas and developing agro-forestry in five community forestry user-groups in four districts. The project’s activities in the upland regions of Rasuwa and Makwanpur focused on the sound management of natural forest areas with the production of wintergreen among others. In Nawalparasi and Chitwan, the activities were more focused on developing agro-forestry with the cultivation of species like patchouli. The non-timber forest products are mostly processed into essential oils to be sold to the organic cosmetics industry. Since these products have a high value per volume, no sophisticated logistics were required to bring the products to the markets. Appropriate, low-cost production technology was transferred to communities and the producers were linked to a well-established market. All activities were accompanied by hands-on awareness programs on the impacts of climate change and the means of adaptation for local forest users, farmers, women’s groups and students.
The project has generated full-time employment opportunities for 10 individuals from local communities, while 205 individuals benefited from seasonal job opportunities generated by agro-forestry and forestry systems in the community forests. 65 women have been empowered via establishment of 6 women grower groups with democratic structures, to ensure women’s long-term involvement in income generating activities. Three distillation units were set up to distil aromatic oils (patchouli and wintergreen), enabling 105 households to generate an annual income of approximatively 3 million Nepalese Rupees (NPR), equivalent to approximatively 27,000 Euro per year in total or 260 Euro/HH per year on average. Awareness was raised, capacity enhanced and new skills acquired by 633 individuals who participated in the 23 trainings organized by the project. Furthermore, a wide environmental study programme was set up, reaching 6,000 students of the local schools.
Introduction of Improved Cooking Stoves (ICS) has been a positive intervention in the forest communities so that individual households can decrease pressure on forests for fuel and also decrease indoor pollution. This has an important impact on the widespread respiratory diseases found in the forest communities which still largely depend on firewood for cooking. ICS also help women to save time to do productive work by relieving them of time consuming aspect of firewood collection. The project has also opened doors to various forest-based alternative livelihood options such as briquette production, homestay programs promoting eco-tourism and possibilities of a jam industry. The project has focussed its efforts in different areas populated by ethnic communities like Tamang, Tharus, Chepangs and others who are marginalized from different social and developmental activities.
Relevance for Climate Change
Climate change may aggravate the impacts of poor land management, which has an intensifying impact on rural livelihoods. The project improved communities’ abilities to adapt against climate change by providing them with knowledge, skills and the means to adjust to emerging climate change realities. Tree planting supported the road infrastructure against erosion and landslides, while having a positive impact on watershed management with increased infiltration and improved groundwater availability. The change in land management practices towards climate resilient ecosystems can make farming practices better adapted to extreme weather events such as droughts and floods, especially by increasing the water absorption and retention properties of the soil.
The project intended to meet the capacity of the agro-forestry and restoration to both raise the carbon stock and produce livelihood benefits. Out of total 900,000 plant saplings that have been propagated, 200,000 saplings were various high value species. The remaining 700,000 saplings were Patchouli, produced out of rooted cuttings of mother plants and thereafter planted in 25 ha of once barren land inside the community forest. A total of 185,000 different high value multipurpose tree species which are acting as carbon sinks in 5 different community forests, in total 1 400 ha, in 4 districts, were planted. This has successfully restored 180 ha of the once degraded, barren and water logged areas of the communities’ forests. The installation of 200 ICS in the project sites has helped reducing the consumption of fuel wood by 70% thereby reducing the forest pressure and greenhouse gas emissions.
Although the project is focusing on adaptation via the aforementioned activities, it is estimated that the project has sequestered/reduced about 7,100 CO2e over the implementation period. After the implementation, the project’s average mitigation potential is estimated at 6,450 tCO2e/a. The project has also conducted an extensive inventory and GPS-registered all sample plots, setting the carbon credits baseline, which can be useful later on.
Innovation and Knowledge Transfer
The innovativeness of the project consisted of combining the development of local business opportunities through high-value products with capacity building and increased ecosystem resilience. Results show that a sustainable exploitation of tree and bush species will add economic value to these species, which in turn will motivate the local population to further protection and sound management. | http://www.ndf.fi/project/ncf-developing-low-cost-community-based-innovative-solutions-mitigate-and-adapt-climate |
The ‘empty forest syndrome’ - a loss of forest fauna has reached critical levels in many countries across the tropics and sub-tropics.
Population growth, poverty in rural areas and the absence of livelihood alternatives, increased urban consumption, forestry activities, and extractive industries in remote forests are all contributing to unsustainable levels of commercial and subsistence hunting.
The increasing scale and commercialization of bushmeat use is also posing a severe threat to the food security, customary practices, livelihoods, and cultural and spiritual identity of indigenous peoples and local communities.
The Joint Meeting of the CBD Liaison Group on Bushmeat and the CITES Central Africa Bushmeat Working Group met in June 2011, in Nairobi, Kenya
The meeting endorsed the recommendations of the first meeting of the Liaison Group on Bushmeat in Buenos Aires, Argentina (October 2009) and added key revisions and additions. The recoomendatiosn now fall under the following areas:
National level
1) Increasing capacity to fully evaluate the bushmeat issue and establish appropriate policies and management regimes
2) Engaging the private sector and extractive industries
3) Land and resource rights and traditional knowledge
4) Landscape-level management
5) Science, traditional and indigenous knowledge and monitoring
6) Substitution and other mitigative measures
7) Capacity-building, training, education and awareness-raising
8) Health and epidemiology
9) Climate change
10) Special management areas
11) Law enforcement
12) National strategies and action plans to address bushmeat
International level
1) National, regional and international strategies to address bushmeat
2) Participatory processes
3) Impacts of international trade in natural resources
4) International trade in bushmeat
5) International policy environment
6) Science
7) Incentives
8) Forest certification
The joint meeting recommended to the fifteenth meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA) of the Convention on Biological Diversity to forward these recommendations for adoption to the eleventh meeting of the Conference of the Parties. The outcomes of the meeting are also being discussed this week during the Sixty-first meeting of the CITES Standing Committee, and reporting to the Conference of the Parties to CITES at its 16th meeting.
The group specifically recommended a number of approaches for alternatives to unsustainable harvesting of bushmeat, including:
1) Sustainable wildlife management, community wildlife management, game ranching, and hunting tourism;
2) Domestication and raising of wild animals in small farms (mini-livestock);
3) Sustainable harvesting of non-timber forest products; and
4) Certification and eco-labelling of wildlife products.
The full report of the Joint Meeting of the CBD Liaison Group on Bushmeat and the CITES Central Africa Bushmeat Working Group is available on the CBD website. | http://www.wildmigration.org/news.php?select=35 |
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-Dejene, T.; Lemenih, M.; Bongers, F., Manage or convert Boswellia woodlands? Can frankincense production payoff? Journal of arid environments 2013, 89, 77-83.
-Delazar, A.; Khodaie, L.; Afshar, J.; Nahar, L.; Sarker, S., Isolation and free-radical-scavenging properties of cyanidin 3-O-glycosides from the fruits of Ribes biebersteinii Berl. Acta Pharmaceutica 2010, 60 (1), 1.
-Dogra, R.; Sharma, S.; Sharma, D., Heritability estimates, correlation and path coefficient analysis for fruit yield in walnut (Juglans regia L.). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2018, 7 (2), 3707-3714.
-Emad, M.; Gheybi, F.; Rasouli, S. M.; Khanjanzadeh, R.; Mohammadi Jozani, S., Medicinal plant of Ribes biberistentii. Poone publication, 2013. P 40. (In Persian)
-Fu, Y.; Chen, J.; Guo, H.; Chen, A.; Cui, J.; Hu, H., The role of non-timber forest products during agroecosystem shift in Xishuangbanna, southwestern China. Forest Policy and Economics 2009, 11 (1), 18-25.
-Ghanbari, S.; Vaezin, S. M. H.; Shamekhi, T.; Eastin, I. L., Market expansion's influence on the harvesting of non-wood forest products in the Arasbaran forests of Iran. The Forestry Chronicle 2014, 90 (5), 599-604.
-Ghanbari, S.; Heshmatolvaezin S. M.; Shamekhi, T., Identification and economic prioritization of non-wood forest products of Arasbaran forests based on traditional harvest statistics (Case Study: Ilganachay Watershed). Iranian Journal of Forest 2017, 9 (3), 411-425. (In Persian)
-Greene, S. M.; Hammett, A.; Kant, S., Non-timber forest products marketing systems and market players in Southwest Virginia: Crafts, medicinal and herbal, and specialty wood products. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 2000, 11 (3), 19-39.
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When you think of Costa Rica, images of lush forests, waterfalls, and diverse wildlife may come to mind. These hallmarks of natural beauty are spot on for the country, given that over half of Costa Rica’s national land area is forested and over a quarter is under some form of state-monitored environmental protection. Costa Rica’s investments in nature and environmental protection have paid off in several ways as the country is recognized internationally as an ecotourism destination and a conservation leader.
However, Costa Rica’s commitment to rehabilitating and conserving forest ecosystems goes well beyond conservation alone, and is fundamental to its development strategy across many sectors. In particular, protection of its rich natural resource endowment underpins the development of the country’s agricultural sector, which both depends on and, at times, adversely impacts, forests, land, water, biodiversity and other natural resources. Maintaining healthy forest ecosystems while promoting sustainable agricultural growth is also core to Costa Rica’s efforts to reduce poverty and improve livelihoods in rural areas where poverty rates can more than double the national average of 20 percent and people depend heavily on agriculture for income.
Successfully balancing forest conservation and other land uses to achieve Costa Rica’s conservation, economic growth, and poverty reduction goals requires collaboration and informed action across different groups of land users and stakeholders. To harmonize and jointly leverage the country’s agricultural and environmental agendas, the Government of Costa Rica formulated an “Agro-environmental Agenda” among its Ministry of Agriculture (MAG) and Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE). The Agenda has a wide range of objectives, ranging from improving the efficiency of food systems to meeting its global commitments related to climate change through Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions along key agriculture value chains.
Within this context, the World Bank through PROGREEN is providing support to help Costa Rica achieve multiple uses and benefits within a given landscape through an integrated landscape management approach. Activities within this program are helping to enhance the government’s capacity to design integrated landscape management policies and programs in rural areas in collaboration with MAG and MINAE. The program is focused on providing support in the following areas:
Advancing NAMAs and climate adaptation: PROGREEN is helping to identify options for establishing the business case to scale up the country’s NAMAs already in implementation for coffee and livestock and to design pilots for the NAMAs related to sugar cane, rice, and sugar cane, rice, and musaceas, a family of plants including banana and plantain. It will also contribute to a roadmap for the country’s first Agriculture Sector Adaptation Plan.
Spatial data and planning: By leveraging spatially-explicit data and territorial planning tools, PROGREEN will help identify how to monitor, in real time, environmental services delivered from integrated landscape management practices and tie this to a planned expansion of the country’s globally renowned payment for environmental services (PES) scheme.
Fiscal policy and financial program review: After assessing existing fiscal instruments and financial programs that influence the use of technologies and production systems in the agricultural sector, PROGREEN will identify options for better aligning fiscal policies and financial programs with the objectives of the low-carbon and climate resilience elements of the Agro-environmental Agenda.
The program is in part a pilot for testing different approaches to enhancing integrated landscape management with lessons learned extended to other countries in Central America. To facilitate such knowledge sharing among government agencies and stakeholders, PROGREEN will facilitate opportunities for sharing experiences with implementing these integrated landscape approaches within and beyond Costa Rica.
The activities outlined above are expected to help Costa Rica transition to more sustainable agriculture production systems that allow the country to meet its’ conservation and development goals in an integrated manner. It will also open the door a little wider for the country’s eco-tourism livelihood opportunities to move beyond forests and protected areas to include agricultural landscapes as well. | https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2022/03/21/how-costa-rica-is-investing-in-a-landscape-approach-to-build-a-sustainable-future |
This report was produced as part of the Market Development of Bamboo and Rattan Products with Potential (MDBRPP) Project to explore the market opportunities for bamboo and rattan products in Nepal.
In July 2012, the Canadian Federal Department of Environment awarded INBAR a new project working with communities in Ethiopia and Nepal to develop new technologies for storing, transporting, and filtering water resources. The project aims to scale up the use of local resources, such as bamboo, gravel and sand to alleviate the pressures caused by […]
The Malayalam translation of the INBAR publication: Transporting, Storing and Filtering Water Using Local Resources: A Design Manual.
This Working Paper explores how bamboos can help us a resource to mitigate and adapt to the effects of climate change by: absorbing and storing carbon; protecting forests and watersheds; insulating environments against extreme weather; providing low-cost, green housing and infrastructure; providing cleaner biofuels; providing renewable, sustainable resource for generating incomes; and increasing the range […]
With the financial assistance from the Common Fund for Commodities, through the execution of INBAR and the technical support of the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO), Nepal’s Department of Forest Research and Survey has been implementing the Market Development of Bamboo and Rattan Products with Potential (MDBRPP) Project since 2005, with the overall objective of […]
An INBAR report on mainstreaming pro-poor livelihood opportunities with bamboo featuring case studies across Asia and Africa and a variety of products.
In 2003, an action research-based development programme using local bamboos for benefitting poor rural communities in the Konkan Division in Maharashtra State, India, was set up by INBAR in partnership with CIBART. This publication describes how the initiatives at the Konkan Action Research Site (ARS) first seeded and then nurtured growth. It analyses how the […]
Over the past decade since INBAR became the International Commodity Body for Bamboo and Rattan of the Common Fund for Commodities (CFC), INBAR has pioneered the establishment of a number of CFC-funded value chain projects in bamboo and rattan in Asia and Africa that show real improvements in the incomes generated by the producers within […]
Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are important in many ways for food security, livelihoods, and health of small farmers and forest dwellers in the developing world. Often they are traded internationally and in some cases the majority of a given product crosses international borders.Given the importance of NTFPs for many vulnerable groups, and the knowledge gap […]
As the main output of a gender-specific field case study conducted in Yunan province, China, this paper provides a preliminary review and analysis of bamboo as both a forest resource and a livelihood means for rural people from the perspective of gender. | https://www.inbar.int/es/resources/page/38/ |
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Traditional use and management of NTFPs in Kangchenjunga Landscape: implications for conservation and livelihoods
Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine volume 12, Article number: 19 (2016)
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- The Erratum to this article has been published in Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2017 13:26
Abstract
Non-timber Forest Products (NTFPs), an important provisioning ecosystem services, are recognized for their contribution in rural livelihoods and forest conservation. Effective management through sustainable harvesting and market driven commercialization are two contrasting aspects that are bringing challenges in development of NTFPs sector. Identifying potential species having market value, conducting value chain analyses, and sustainable management of NTFPs need analysis of their use patterns by communities and trends at a regional scale. We analyzed use patterns, trends, and challenges in traditional use and management of NTFPs in the southern slope of Kangchenjunga Landscape, Eastern Himalaya and discussed potential implications for conservation and livelihoods. A total of 739 species of NTFPs used by the local people of Kangchenjunga Landscape were reported in the reviewed literature. Of these, the highest number of NTFPs was documented from India (377 species), followed by Nepal (363) and Bhutan (245). Though the reported species were used for 24 different purposes, medicinal and edible plants were the most frequently used NTFP categories in the landscape. Medicinal plants were used in 27 major ailment categories, with the highest number of species being used for gastro-intestinal disorders. Though the Kangchenjunga Landscape harbors many potential NTFPs, trade of NTFPs was found to be nominal indicating lack of commercialization due to limited market information. We found that the unsustainable harvesting and lack of marketing were the major constraints for sustainable management of NTFPs sector in the landscape despite of promising policy provisions. We suggest sustainable harvesting practices, value addition at local level, and marketing for promotion of NTFPs in the Kangchenjunga Landscape for income generation and livelihood improvement that subsequently contributes to conservation.
Background
Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are the most important provisioning services people obtain from forest ecosystems . The importance of NTFPs in rural livelihoods and forest conservation has been well recognized as they provide income generation opportunities to millions of people around the world [2–5], and they are also a major source of supplementary food, medicines, fibre, and construction materials [6, 7]. In developing countries, biological resources obtained from forests, mostly NTFPs, may contribute as much as 20–25 % of income to rural people . However, the economic potential of NTFPs is highly contextual and depends on a combined set of socio-cultural, ecological, geo-political, and economic conditions. Nevertheless, access to market/commercialization of NTFPs and sustainable harvesting are two important aspects that need attention for sustainable development of the NTFP sector (also see ).
The ecological diversity of the Himalaya makes the area a habitat of a vast range of NTFPs. In the Himalayan region, harvesting NTFPs is a tradition that also contributes significantly to the local economy. Some NTFPs play an important role in traditional health care systems, while others have important cultural values and are sources of food and housing material [9–11]. Among all categories of NTFPs, medicinal plants have received much focus while the contribution of other categories of NTFPs has been overlooked. For example, the contribution of wild edible plants towards food security and income generation has been undervalued in Nepal .
Common threats to NTFPs in the Himalayan region include unsustainable harvesting and habitat loss due to land use change, deforestation and over-grazing [13, 14]. Several other challenges have also been identified for sustainable management of NTFPs, such as policies that are ambiguous or poorly implemented due to the lack of resources, lack of comprehensive information on the ecology of the species and its socio-ecological impacts, and poor infrastructure for bioprospecting [15–17]. However, unsustainable harvesting is one of the major issues that affects ecological processes at many levels, from individual and population to community and ecosystem [2, 18]. Commercialization of NTFPs is another important aspect involving different processes such as production, collection, processing, storage, transport, marketing, and sale. Marshall et al. found that product marketing and sale were the most important of all factors that constrained overall success of NTFPs commercialization. However, Ghate et al. found a clear relationship between the degree of proximity to the market and NTFP dependence; remote places with low market access had high NTFPs dependency.
The demand for NTFPs is increasing not only in local markets, but also in international markets. Therefore, some important steps to facilitate integration of NTFPs into the development agenda that benefits local communities include identifying potential species having trade value and conducting research on their ecology and sustainable harvest levels; conducting analyses on value chain and use patterns; and analyzing trends and challenges in marketing and management . Here we focus on these aspects of NTFPs in the Kangchenjunga Landscape within the Eastern Himalaya and explore the implications for conservation and livelihoods.
Methods
Study area
The Kangchenjunga Landscape is a transboundary landscape shared by Bhutan, India, and Nepal. It is one of the richest landscapes in the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) in terms of cultural and biological diversity and forms part of the Himalaya Biodiversity Hotspot, one of 34 global Biodiversity Hotspots . It extends over 25,000 sq. km within 260 21′40.49″ to 2807′ 51.25″ North latitudes and 87030′30.67″ to 900 24′31.18″ East longitudes (Fig. 1). The altitude in the landscape ranges from 50 masl in the south to 8,586 masl, the height of Mount Kangchenjunga–the world’s third highest peak. Vegetation zones in the landscape is comprised of tropical, subtropical, temperate, subalpine, alpine, and nival.
The Kangchenjunga Landscape provides a range of ecosystem services that supports millions of people . However, like many other landscapes worldwide, biodiversity and ecosystems within the landscape face threats mainly from anthropogenic pressures and global climate change . As a result, the people living in the landscape are economically, physically, and socially vulnerable [25, 27].
Recognizing the global and regional significances and challenges that lie within this landscape, the Kangchenjunga Landscape Conservation and Development Initiative (KLCDI) has been initiated by the governments of Bhutan, India and Nepal to achieve biodiversity conservation and sustainable development by applying ecosystem approaches to transboundary landscape management . One of these priority areas is sustainable utilization of NTFPs in the Kangchenjunga Landscape. Several species of high value NTFPs that are also threatened are found in the landscape such as Chiraito (Swertia chirayita), Panch aunle (Dactylorhiza hatagirea), Kutki (Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora), Laghupatra (Podophyllum hexandrum) and Lauth salla (Taxus wallichiana).
Data collection and analysis
We reviewed scientific studies published in journals and books on traditional uses of NTFPs in the Kangchenjunga Landscape. Various online databases were used (ISI Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar) using specific search terms such as ‘non-timber forest products’, ‘medicinal plants’, ‘wild edible plants’, and ‘Kangchenjunga Landscape’, ‘Nepal’, ‘India’, ‘Sikkim’, ‘Darjeeling’, and ‘Bhutan’. We also explored hard copies of relevant publications. We reviewed a total of 47 publications and one database to enumerate the NTFPs in the Kangchenjunga Landscape. The precision of species identification in this review was dependent on the original source. However, we verified currently accepted name(s) in online nomenclature sources (http://www.theplantlist.org and http://www.tropicos.org). Vernacular names when available have also been provided. A master list was produced providing Linnaean taxonomy, vernacular name(s), mode(s) of use, and reference(s) for each species (Table 1). We also collected trade data and reviewed policy documents on NTFPs of Bhutan, India and Nepal.
We listed ailments as mentioned in the publications but we followed the method proposed by Cook to classify plants according to the different ailment categories they used to cure. However, in some cases Cook’s categories were not precise enough and plants were assigned to additional ailment categories. Chi-square (χ2) was used to test the null hypothesis that there is no difference in use of NTFPs under various use categories among the three countries in the Kangchenjunga Landscape.
Results and discussion
Pattern of publications
Majority of publications on NTFP were from India (60 %), while 34 % were from Nepal and 6 % from Bhutan. This is quite obvious as Darjeeling and the state of Sikkim in India make up a large part of the KL (56.3 %). The presence of two state level universities and research institutes has made significant contribution to the research in KL India . Except for Bhutan, the species reported in this study were mostly documented through ethnobotanical studies conducted in different parts of the landscape. A few studies were focused on particular ethnic communities whereas most of the studies were on general ethnobotany of the region with mixed ethnic composition. Publication on NTFPs date back to 1988 in India while in Nepal and Bhutan it was started after 1996 (Fig. 2). However, majority of the publications (86 %) were published after 2000. All publications are qualitative in nature.
Frequency of NTFPs use
We reported on a total of 739 species of NTFPs used by the local people of Kangchenjunga Landscape. Of these, the highest number of NTFPs was documented from India (377 species), followed by Nepal (363) and Bhutan (245). These numbers, however, overlap in terms of distribution. The NTFPs used only in India were 185 species, while this number was 189 for Nepal and 166 for Bhutan.
Taxonomic diversity and growth habit
Angiosperms were predominant with 705 taxa belonging to 137 families followed by Gymnosperms (10), Pteridophytes (17), Fungi (3), Lichens (2), Bryophyte (1) and Algae (1). Families with the highest number of species used belong to Asteraceae (56 species), Fabaceae (41), Lamiaceae (27), Rubiaceae (24), Poaceae (23), Moraceae (16), Ranunculaceae (16), Rosaceae (15), Zingiberaceae (15), Polygonaceae (14), Ericaceae (13), Rutaceae (13), and Liliaceae (11). NTFPs were distributed into different life forms, with herbs having the most species followed by trees and shrubs (Fig. 3). Pattern of NTFPs used according to different life forms was similar in Bhutan, India and Nepal. Such herbaceous species were mostly medicinal and their extensive use could be because they were frequently found in the forest, and it is believed that the more abundant a plant is the more medicinal virtues it may possess .
Major use categories
People from Kangchenjunga Landscape used NTFPs for 24 different purposes (Table 2). A comparative analysis revealed that the highest number of use categories were reported from the Kangchenjunga Landscape region of India (20 categories) followed by Nepal (18) and Bhutan (14). Despite common occurrence of many species in India and Nepal, use pattern differed greatly in these two countries. Medicinal plants were among the main valuable NTFPs in the landscape. Of the total NTFPs, 334 species were used in traditional medicinal practice in India, whereas 297 species used in Nepal and 176 species used in Bhutan. A considerable number of species were also used as edibles as fruit, vegetables, and pickles in all three countries (Table 1 and Table 2). Fruit and shoots were the most frequently eaten parts.
The relatively higher number of diversity in wild edible NTFPs in Nepal could be because of higher diversity of ethnic groups living in the lowland Tarai to highland regions. There was a significant difference (χ2 = 35.06, df =64, α = 0.05 and 1-α = 83.67) in medicinal plants use pattern in major disease/ailment categories in India and Nepal. These results indicate differences between the traditions of NTFP use in different cultures of India and Nepal. Similar results were also obtained from East Timor . NTFPs use varies from site to site because of the heterogeneity of the community and different traditional practices by ethnic groups .
Among 739 species used by the local people, most species were used for a single (550 species) purpose, while fewer were used for two (147) or multiple (42) purposes. Local people were well aware of collecting seasons, mode of collection, and frequency of collection of specific parts of plant species. Medicinal plants such as Heracleum nepalense is plucked on the first Tuesday after the Teej festival. This practice is known as ‘Harlo’. The people believe that the medicinal plants plucked on that day are extremely effective and potent . Similar practice of harvesting season can be found among the Amchis of the Himalaya where they believe that for better medicinal efficacy, specific parts of specific medicinal plants should be collected during specific seasons .
Ailments treated and preparation methods
The use of medicinal plant in treatment of particular ailment and the preparation method were not specified from Bhutan. In India and Nepal, a total of 27 major ailments were reportedly treated with medicinal plants with most species being used to treat multiple ailments (Table 3). Gastro-intestinal disorders; fever; cold, cough and sore throat; musculoskeletal disorders; injuries; dermatological infections; respiratory system disorders; nutritional disorders; and poisoning effects were treated with the highest diversity of medicinal plant species (Table 1 and Table 3). The high diversity of species use in gastro-intestinal disorders could be because of poor sanitation and drinking water quality in the Kangchenjunga Landscape as in many developing contries [34, 35].
Mode of preparation included juice, paste, decoction, powder, infusion, and chewing raw plant parts (Fig. 4, Table 1). The majority of formulations were prepared as juice followed by paste and decoction. Proper selection of species, parts, as well as preparation and administration methods were very important in traditional health care systems.
Almost all plant parts were used to prepare different medicinal formulations: roots, rhizomes, tubers, bark, leaves, flowers, fruit, seeds, young shoots, whole plants, and gum and latex (Table 1). The most frequently used plant parts were underground parts, followed by leaves, fruit, bark, whole plants, seeds and flowers (Fig. 5). Use of multiple plant parts was often documented (Table 1). The preference for roots and rhizomes to prepare traditional remedies follows the scientific basis that roots generally contain high concentrations of bioactive compounds . Such a trend is also reported from other studies from the Himalaya [35, 37, 38].
NTFPs trade and livelihoods potential
The role of NTFPs is particularly important in the Himalayan region where a large proportion of the rural population depends on them as a source of medicine, food, fibre, dye and other useful materials [39–41]. In the Kangchenjunga Landscape, many of the NTFPs are used for subsistence, while others are the main or only source of income generation. However, the role of non-marketed NTFPs that were used for subsistence is largely ignorned when estimates are made of the economic importance of NTFPs to rural populations . Understanding the economic value of non-marketed NTFPs helps to determine the true income of the gatherers and also helps ascertain the true value of the standing forest, leading to more rational decisions about its alternative uses .
Domestic as well as cross-border trade of NTFPs, both legally and illegally, is a historical practice in this region . The traded NTFPs mostly include medicinal plants and to a lesser extent some wild edible plants and fibre yielding plants. The handmade paper from Argeli (Edgeworthia gardneri) is the only NTFPs that was sold after value addition in Nepal. Many of the species documented in this study possess high economic potential (Table 4) and could thus supplement family income while generating incentives for biodiversity conservation .
Commonly traded NTFPs from the Nepal part of the Kangchenjunga Landscape include medicinal plants such as Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Fritillaria cirrhosa, Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora, lichens, and Taxus wallichiana. Other important species under trade are Aconitum species, Valeriana jatamansi, Viscum album and Zanthoxylum species. Species such as Daphne bholua, Edgerworthia gardnerii, Rhododendron anthopogan, Rubia manjith, Swertia chirayita, Valeriana jatamansi, and Zanthoxylum species are traded in large volume following legal procedures. The collected plant materials are normally sold to middlepersons (local traders), with only a few collectors selling or exporting NTFPs directly in local and cross-border markets. The total amount of NTFPs traded from Nepal in the last five years was 2,029,960 kg and the amout of revenue generated was around US$ 76,066 (Fig. 6, Table 4). The lack of openly accessible information on traded species of NTFPs from Bhutan and India limited our ability to conduct a comparative analysis.
Despite the high potential for trade and livelihoods through NTFPs, local people in the Kangchenjunga Landscape are not able to adequately benefit from engaging in the NTFP sector. In most cases, collectors were not aware of the market price for their products and were compelled to sell based on the offers of the middlepersons . Thus, ensuring that market information is available to local people is one of the challenges in the NTFP sector in the landscape. Moreover, traders reported several other issues including multiple taxation system, hurdles during transportation, and duration of transport permit.
As reported by Sundriyal and Sundriyal from Sikkim within the Kangchenjunga Landscape, the sale of fruit provides minimum returns due to fairly low shelf life and market costs. Therefore, some value addition in the form of pickle, chutney, jam, jelly, etc. may increase fruit shelf-life and economic profit to local communities. This reflects a clear need to diversify the product base and to ensure that wild edible plants fetch higher prices . There is also need for value addition for other NTFPs. Therefore, value addition at the local level is an essential part of NTFP trade. Untapped but potential species of NTFPs such as wild edible fruit and vegetables could be promoted in local markets. These could also be promoted for visitors in hotels and restaurants.
Another major problem in commercialization of NTFPs is the low volume in which they are collected and produced, in contrast to the large quantities that are required for the markets. This problem could be addressed by establishing cooperatives, and using these cooperatives for collective marketing which will ensure optimum benefits to collectors .
Threats and conservation challenges
Unustainable harvesting of NTFPs, mostly medicinal and edible plants, is the major threat to conservation and management of NTFPs in the Kangchenjunga Landscape [47, 49]. Sustainable harvesting is essential for conservation of NTFPs, and in turn for ensuring the livelihoods of many rural peoples. Indeed, promotion of commercial extraction of NTFPs as a conservation strategy is based on the argument that forest conservation must be able to offer economic incentives to local peoples in order to counter the threat from destructive land uses such as logging and grazing. This strategy has gained wide acceptance as a conservation paradigm . As indicated by Ticktin , despite growing concern over the conservation of these species, as well as their potential to enhance forest conservation and livelihoods, information on the ecological implications of harvest is not available in the Kangchenjunga Landscape.
Illegal trade of NTFPs from the landscape often includes some of the CITES Appendix listed species such as Sunakhari (Orchids), Kutki (Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora), and Lauth salla (Taxus wallichiana). The trade also includes some plant species under legal protection of the Government of Nepal like Orchids, Champ (Michelia champaca), Jhyau (Lichens), Jatamansi (Nardostachys grandiflora), and Sughandhawal (Valeriana jatamansi) . These species are mostly traded to India via local collectors, whereas limited quantity of these items are exported to Tibet [50, 51]. Conserving such species is challenging, yet illegal trade has slightly decreased in the last decade due to effective conservation efforts of local organizations and increased cultivation practices in the landscape. Community forestry, which has restricted open access to NTFPs, and resource monitoring have also been effective in conserving NTFPs in recent years. In addition, availability of economically important NTFP species has currently declined due to deforestation and replacement with monoculture, use of pesticides and over harvesting . Traditional knowledge on the use of NTFPs such as medicinal plants is also gradually declining due to socio-economic transformation in the Kangchenjunga Landscape [49, 52, 53].
Monitoring is one of the key components to promote the NTFP sector. Follow-up of rules, regulations and strategies related to NTFPs is necessary for contributing to changes in policy that are able to mainstream sustainable management of NTFPs with livelihoods improvement. Limited progress has been achieved in the Kangchenjunga Landscape in controling over-harvesting, enforcing effective harvesting regimes, and maintaining conducive and adaptive adminstrative processess. Recently adopted economic tools such as certification of sustainable harvests should also be applied as a means of ensuring that NTFPs collected sustainably can be identified as such by the consumers [54, 55].
NTFPs reported from the Kangchenjunga Landscape also include many species under different threat categories as well as under priorities of the governments. For example, of the total 30 national priority herbs of Nepal, 26 are abundantly available in the Kangchenjunga Landscape, while all species prioritized for cultivation and research in Nepal are also reported from the Landscape . Among these, Nardostachys grandiflora, Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora, Rauvolfia serpentina and Taxus wallichiana are the most threatened species. Therefore, the economic, socio-cultural and conservation values of these NTFPs are extremely high.
NTFP policy frameworks
A comparision of NTFP policy frameworks in the Kangchenjunga Landscape shows that Bhutan, India and Nepal have supportive policies for the NTFP sector, thereby providing enabling environments and support for NTFP programs and marketing . As a result, many development agencies including national and international non-governmental organizations have placed emphasis on NTFPs in their programs. The collection, conservation and sustainable utilization of NTFPs in Bhutan is mostly guided by the National Strategy for the Development of Non-Wood Forest Products 2008–2018. Other sectoral policies are the Forest Act 1969, Plant Quarantine Act of Bhutan 1993, Forest and Nature Conservation Act of Bhutan 1995, Environmental Assessment Act 2000 and Biodiversity Act and Framework of Bhutan 2003, 2006 . The Indian National Forest Policy (1988) makes a special mention of NTFPs emphasizing on protection, improvement and their enhanced production for generation of employment and income . Likewise, in Nepal there are several sectoral as well as specific policy provisions for sustainable use and management of NTFPs [15, 55]. The most comprehensive policy is the Herbs and Non-Timber Forest Product Development Policy 2004 . The recent Nepal National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2014 and Forest Policy 2015 also emphasize sustainable use and management of NTFPs and critically provide special opportunity to support livelihoods of marginalized propoor and women through wise use of NTFP. Nevertheless, present policy formation, implementation and field reality reflects power structures and domination by certain stakeholders and interests .
Gender participation in policy formulation is also challenging. For example, 75 % of people collecting NTFPs in India were women and 100 % involved in NTFP processing were women, but their inclusion in Joint Forest Management committees was less than 10 % . Similarly, in Nepal, although women contribute a large share of the labor for forest and biodiversity conservation in community forests, they represent only 22 % in the executive bodies of Community Forest User Groups . Similar situation exists in Bhutan where the women’s involvement is generally low in the designing, planning, and implementation of forestry policies, and there is limited understanding of the roles, knowledge, aspirations and contributions made by women towards NTFP management .
Considerable efforts have been made to develop the NTFP sector, but the contribution of NTFPs in national economies remains insignificant. As pointed by Shackleton and Pandey , the reason behind this is that their economic value remains invisible to external observers as most NTFPs are used for household purposes; production and harvest of NTFPs is a seasonal event, with their use or trade involving only small quantities; much of the NTFP trade is via informal and closed markets which are hard to enumerate; production and markets is dispersed; and their use is highest in rural areas, which are often remote and marginalised in terms of human resources and development policies.
Gaps on knowledge based conservation and management of NTFPs
Like in other parts of the Himalayas, there is still a severe paucity of in-depth field based information on the abundance, reproductive biology and ecological impacts of harvesting of NTFPs in the Kangchenjunga Landscape. There is no standard method available to estimate the economic contribution of NTFPs and their products. Research on the inventory, life history of NTFPs, and impact of harvesting on the ecosystem is a prerequiste for their sustainable management, yet very few such activities have been documented from the landscape . Similarly, ecological impacts of NTFPs harvesting for domestic and commercial purposes must be estimated to ensure their sustainability and the implementation for effective conservation measures.
Market size, structure and value chain of NTFP species depend on the demand and supply characteristics of products and their beneficiaries in different areas. Understanding market information is important for value addition and in devising investment strategies for NTFPs based products, their diversification, and related enterprises. At present, the majority of NTFPs from the Kangchenjunga Landscape are traded in the raw forms, and NTFP harvesters lack necessary support for market-based strategies from both private, as well as government sectors.
Indigenous knowledge and management systems have been recognized for contributing to sustainable use of NTFPs, and consequently they have secured legal rights to manage forest resources . In the Kangchenjunga Landscape, indigenous knowledge on NTFP use is well documented, but indigenous management systems need to be assessed and used for sustainable management.
Conclusion
We documented NTFPs collected and used for various purposes by the local people of the Kangchenjunga Landscape. The diversity of NTFPs was highest in India, followed by Nepal and Bhutan. Though the landscape possesses many potential species for trade, their nominal contribution to local livelihoods was due to lack of value addition and commercialization. Unsustainable harvesting and lack of value addition and commercialization could be considered as major challenges for conservation and development of the NTFP sector in the landscape.
Tracing the trend of NTFP research and exploitation, it shows much focus on medicinal plants resulting in over-harvesting of some highly potential medicinal plants, with very negligible amount of other plant species reported for other purposes. At present, NTFPs are synonymous with medicinal and aromatic plants and vice versa. Only small amounts of other NTFPs are marketed. Therefore, research must also focus on other potential categories of NTFPs. NTFP collectors need to be educated about forest ecology and the adverse impacts of unsustainable harvesting for conservation and local livelihoods. Sustainable harvesting techniques should be provided through training and capacity building programs to local people. Biological studies of high value NTFPs must be carried out in order to ensure sustainability of these resources.
Phytochemical screening of medicinal plants and nutrient value analysis of wild edible plants would foster their commercialization. Traditional knowledge of medicinal plant use could be integrated with ‘modern’ health care systems . Highly potential NTFPs must be identified and grown for commercial cultivation and adopted in traditional agroforestry systems. This will reduce pressure on these species in their natural environments while providing economic benefits to poor farmers .
Conservation and development organizations, together with government agencies and private sectors, must provide technical and innovative inputs to add value to NTFP products. They must also facilitate community mobilization for assessment and identification of potential NTFPs. The latter role will be of significant importance considering the limited human and financial resources of government agencies in the Kangchenjunga Landscape. An integrated approach will promote sustainable use of NTFPs while contributing to income generation and livelihood improvement for local people. Transboundary landscape conservation programs will provide opportunities for transboundary cooperation through policy reforms, as well as providing opportunities to diversify livelihoods of forest dependent communities. However, marketing and commercialization of NTFPs can be successful only if the activity is transparent, equitable and sustainable, with important implications for poverty reduction and better resource management . Increasing access to NTFP-selling outlets could be achieved through information dissemination, empowerment of collectors and establishment of linkages between collectors and traders . The role of small and medium sized enterprises and cooperatives is extremely important to achieve sustainable management of NTFPs.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to recognize the support of the Austrian Development Agency (ADA) and the German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ) for their financial support through International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD).
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The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
YU, RCP, NC, and RPC designed the study. YU, RCP and NC carried out the literature search. YU, RCP, JG, NC and RPC analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.
An erratum to this article is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13002-017-0152-0.
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Uprety, Y., Poudel, R.C., Gurung, J. et al. Traditional use and management of NTFPs in Kangchenjunga Landscape: implications for conservation and livelihoods. J Ethnobiology Ethnomedicine 12, 19 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-016-0089-8
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- A transdisciplinary study conducted among the Higaonon tribe of Bukidnon shows that diversified livelihoods significantly contribute to preserving the ecological integrity of the forest they inhabit.
- It is essential to acknowledge the human influence and other anthropogenic aspects of the forests’ changing landscape to understand emerging environmental concerns better.
- A transdisciplinary approach to research offers a holistic perspective that addresses real issues from the ground.
Diversified livelihoods in forest communities, mainly those sourced from non-timber forest products (NTFP), largely contribute to the ethno-competitiveness of indigenous people who inhabit the forestlands and could avoid exploitation pressure on a single forest product. This is an outcome of a transdisciplinary study titled Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services, and Traditions (BEST) Forests. It aimed to evaluate the biodiversity, ecosystem services, and traditions from indigenous forest products among one of the Higaonon tribes in the province of Bukidnon.
The study also indicates that sustaining livelihood through NTFPs among the Agtulawon-Mintapod Higaonon Cumadon or AGMIHICU community does not harm their forests and is crucial in maintaining these forests’ integrity. The spatial analysis component of the BEST Forests study found that the area of the community with NTFPs is at par with high vegetation characteristics of tropical rainforests.
Forest conservation in the lens of sustainable livelihood: the case of Bukidnon’s Higaonons
There are about 110 indigenous peoples in the Philippines who mainly inhabit the forests and mountainous regions of the country, and among them are the Higaonons of Bukidnon. The primary economic activities of the people include farming, hunting and gathering, and abacá weaving.
In 2019, BEST Forests conducted ethnographic fieldwork with the AGMIHICU community. Focusing on two main products of the tribe, the honey from giant honeybees (Apis dorsata F.) and hinabol fiber from abacá (Musa textilis) plants, BEST Forests assessed how the two NTFPs contribute to both the livelihoods of indigenous peoples and the ecological integrity of a community forest landscape.
Hinabol weaving
Weaving is a traditional practice of Higaonons. Abacá is a crop planted by the community to preserve the rich biodiversity in the area by diverting the human pressure on resources that directly come from the forest and avoiding the area’s conversion to agricultural land. Abacá plantations are easily sustained because of the excellent soil quality of the rainforests.
One of the groups of hinabol weavers can be found in the AGMIHICU community – the Kalandang (or peace) Weavers. While the actual weaving is confined to women, the men also play a significant role as they are the ones who harvest the abacá fibers. The abacá harvesters, usually the husbands of the Kalandang Weavers, give their harvests to their wives for the weaving. However, there are times when diseases among the abacá plant are rampant, which leads to a shortage of abacá supply. Thus, the harvesters sometimes sell the raw material directly to the town market.
To avoid the intermediaries’ exploitation of the Kalandang Weavers and reduce the number of players in the value chain of the hinabol textile, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and community-based organizations (CBOs) like the NTFP-EP Philippines and Lindungawan assist the weavers in marketing their products. They also helped the Higaonon weavers develop a Good Hinabi Practice checklist (GHP), used for market-standard harvesting and weaving of abacá.
Wild honey hunting and processing
Honeybee hunting is a seasonal activity. Its processed product (wild honey) provides higher income to the Higaonon communities because of the lesser inputs required for the final product than Hinabol weaving. The hunting period starts in March or April, the season when the flowers in the community forests begin to bloom. The biodiversity of the rainforest contributes mainly to the honey production of wild honeybees. On the other hand, these honeybees are crucial for pollinating the rainforest’s flora.
Honey hunting is not for everyone as this activity is tedious and requires different skills such as trekking the deeper part of the forest, hunting wild honey bees and thus enduring the stings of the giant honey bees, and climbing tall trees. The Higaonon community’s wild honey gatherers are part of the group called Higaonon Amamag Malandang Olandok Gagaw (HAMOG). Aside from wild honey, the group has other Community Forestry Enterprise (CFE) products, such as cassava chips, that their appointed leaders and officials primarily manage. They also advocate for their indigenous community’s cultural preservation through different cultural learning programs for the youth. Just like the hinabol, the group sells its CFE products to the market through the help of NTFP-EP Philippines and Lindungawan.
It is advantageous for the two forest-based products to grow raw materials in the biodiverse rainforests. This conducive environment allows the abacá and the giant honeybees to thrive sustainably. Recognizing the role of biodiversity in the sustainable production of their two primary sources of livelihood, the Higaonons ensure the conservation of their forest, as documented by the transdisciplinary study. The research concludes that the new integrated knowledge using a transdisciplinary approach can serve as a basis for future management actions in community forests.
Transdisciplinary approach for better understanding of forest socio-ecological systems
With the magnitude of human influence on forest ecosystem integrity and biodiversity, it is essential to recognize the significance of an inclusive approach to forest research and management that addresses both the breadth and depth of understanding of the forests. In a way, nature and humans both impact each other, creating an innate connection and interdependent relationship. Social scientists even believe that humans, especially the indigenous peoples, are part of the natural environment, which falls under the biological sciences discipline. Ignoring the human influence and other anthropogenic aspects in studying the environment may lead to a lack of understanding of the root causes of emerging environmental issues, hence, failure to come up with ideal and integrative solutions that reconcile all possible concerns.
In a transdisciplinary study, all forms of knowledge creation and data acquisition are equally crucial in searching for empirical evidence that could provide inputs for a potentially empathic and inclusive solution to a problem. The transdisciplinary approach to research also carefully attempts to align scientific questions with the actual issues of the society, thus avoiding research that is detached from the real problems happening on the ground. | https://www.forestfoundation.ph/blog/transdisciplinary-forest-conservation/ |
Poverty, Vulnerability, Non-timber Forest Products and Rural Livelihood: An Indian Experience
Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International,
Page 1-10
DOI: 10.9734/jgeesi/2019/v21i230124
Poverty, vulnerability as well as rural livelihoods are all complex and dynamic themes making it difficult to achieve. Households may respond differently to risk depending on factors such as the household’s socio-economic class, its lifecycle stage, its exposure to risk, its asset base and the coping strategies at their disposal. Rural households invest in a diversity of livelihood strategies and assets in order to spread potential risk and provide a buffer against vulnerability. Whilst some see this diversity as an inevitable poverty trap, households diversify as a means of coping as well as in response to changing opportunities and constraints. This paper argues that in India better management of forests and forest products like Non-Timber Forest Products can protect the rural poor - especially the forest dwellers, from the poverty trap, climatic vulnerability and insecure livelihood. | https://journaljgeesi.com/index.php/JGEESI/issue/view/4562 |
Managing common-pool resources has always been a local challenge with global implications. Community-based forest (CBF) management is often cited as one of the answers to better manage forests while providing livelihood to local communities and global benefits in mitigating climate change. This study investigates the extent to which Community Forests (CF) scheme in Indonesia are managed to provide livelihood benefits for rural population while exercising sustainable forest management. First, we applied a quantitative approach to empirically compare forest cover changes within watershed protection forests with and without CF units and also against those within conservation forests. We measured forest cover changes between 2007 and 2016 in Lampung province in Indonesia where CF units were established earlier than other provinces. We used remote sensing data of annual tree cover loss and propensity score matching to reduce possible confounding effects. We found that CF concessions within watershed protection forests in Lampung province have managed to maintain forest cover loss in relatively low levels compared to those that are not managed by communities. This result shows that generating added economic benefits and improving local community’s access to forest resources do not necessarily lead to degradation of the forests. Second, we conducted a qualitative assessment through focus group discussions with farmers in two CF units with distinct biophysical characteristics to investigate the impact of different biophysical characteristics on the performance of each CF unit in achieving its goal of generating livelihood benefits with sustainable forest management. We found that the performances of each CF is fundamentally affected by its biophysical circumstances and economic benefits that community members can drive from non-timber forest products. Designation of community forestry areas should take into account biophysical characteristics of CF locations to support multiple land use scenarios that can provide ample livelihood benefits for local communities. Areas with a low percentage of tree cover, that support multiple livelihood scenarios, present the biggest opportunity to restore forests while providing livelihood benefits with the lowest risk profile for future forest degradation. This safeguard measure would improve the likelihood of community forests in achieving the dual mandates of improving livelihood of local communities while protecting and restoring remaining forests. | https://www.cifor.org/knowledge/publication/7697 |
Most forests in tropical Nepal are secondary, resulting largely from episodes of large-scale timber harvesting in the past along with accumulated small scale extraction of timber and non-timber forest products by local people over centuries. Currently in the forest depleted stage, remaining tropical secondary forests are still very important for fulfilling the subsistence and economic needs of local people, as well as for biodiversity conservation, groundwater recharge, and the protection of lowland agriculture from landslides and floods. Protection of degraded lands by community forest user groups in places has led to the successful development and management of some rehabilitated secondary forests. In government managed secondary forests with a production focus, people’s participation in management is now being considered. Institutional, socio economic, and ecological issues related to the sustainable management and use of secondary forests along with implications for action are outlined. | https://www.cifor.org/library/969/tropical-secondary-forests-in-nepal-and-their-importance-to-local-people/ |
What changed our livelihoods pattern?
Environmental history fades away by the time a nation establishes its post-industrial era! The livelihood opportunities of the students from Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR) are predominantly dependent on nature like agriculture, gathering forest produce, rearing cattle, etc. They are primarily engaged in seasonal work based in and around their communities. Whereas, Cornell students’ livelihood choices were both nature and technology-oriented like manual labour- carpentry, surfing; professional work in hi-tech companies; teaching in schools, food service industry; etc. These are regular jobs for which they have to commute between home and workplace. Education plays a significant role in getting into corporate sector for both developed nations (America) and developing nations (India).
With every step taken towards economic progress, we simultaneously move towards environmental degradation. One of the many viewpoints on development is that it is meant to transform villages to industrial towns and cities at the cost of nature. Over the past forty years, responses to challenges met with traditional development strategies have given way to “Sustainable Livelihood”. An NFLC student from the indigenous community favoured the boom of industrialisation that ensured regular jobs to many.
Food that we eat today largely comes from industrialised farms that rely heavily on technology like genetically modified seeds, fertilisers, fungicides, pesticides, etc. for guaranteed harvest. These farms are run by people who align themselves partially with capitalist ideology, who concentrate on making money than on quality of the produce. Farmers are not to be blamed! People expect “standardisation” even in fruits and vegetables like big red tomatoes, broccoli without worms, and big beetroots. Organic produce, unless certified, find it difficult to compete amongst inorganic produce that have longer shelf-life in the market. During a long walk or drive through the hills of Nilgiris, one can a find number of abandoned tents that were once used for floriculture. As government subsidies started to reduce, only large farmers who had the ability to invest more continued farming. A visit to one such large-scale floriculture farm, we learned that with the advent of intense farming practices- a global daisy mother plant whose lifespan was around 7 years, five years ago has drastically dropped to about 2 years today. As we entered each tent, there were pungent smells of chemicals that overpowered the natural fragrance of flowers.
Who has authority over our lives?
We experience authority in different ways like parental, moral (culture and tradition), legal, etc. NFLC students from the indigenous communities listed out few role-players who had/have authority over them—doctors, teachers, headmasters, hostel wardens, educational institutions which conduct public exams that decide students’ career path, government that issues identity cards like ration card, aadhar card, driver’s licence, etc. Whereas, authority meant more freedom for the Cornell students who listed out things like religious authorities, autonomy over mobility (infants and toddlers), during teenage it is the influence of peer pressure and social media. In later stages of life, it is more about stability over financial security (taxes), regular job(s), housing, survival, etc. Both groups mentioned that with family comes the self-authority.
The Week-6 of NFLC focused more on forest governance. The different role-players are the forest department, Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB), large private estate owners and local communities. Over centuries, people from Toda community were pastoral nomads. Indigenous people roamed these lands (now Forest Reserves) for religious purposes; grazing cattle; non-timber forest produce (NTFP) gathering; cultural and spiritual tours; etc. Later, when States were formed, their access has been restricted to certain natural resources, which are accessible only through agreements with these role-players. Forest Rights Act, 2006 is trying to undo the historical injustice faced by people from tribal communities, by giving them right to claim their ancestral domains legally, but reallocation of these lands from the Forest Reserves is not welcomed by the Forest Department.
A transect walk in one of the first villages Keystone had intervened – Semmanarai, was led by Leo and P Chandran. The walk gave us useful insights on sustainable livelihoods, namely millet cultivation; value addition to NTFP products; sustainable harvesting of honey from cliffs; etc. We learned that social trust and sense of responsibility are valuable assets to a community. The highlight of the trip was meeting Vasu, Kurumba clan leader who is also the Priest. He imparted his knowledge of honey hunting to his sons. Towards the end of the week, the students also visited Kodithenmund, a Toda village which has undertaken an eco-tourism Initiative. The initiative is a collaboration between the Tamil Nadu Forest Department, the local community and is supported by Nilgiri Natural History Society (NNHS), a sister organisation of Keystone.
The lectures backed by field-trips helped one to see through the complexities involved in governance. In reality, the government has recognised the importance of decision making abilities and needs of local communities through local Panchayats, while also allowing Private Stakeholders to influence certain decisions and activities. The role of government as a decision-maker seems slightly muddled amidst the intricate relations established in this decision making process! | https://keystone-foundation.org/nflc-2017-week-6-livelihoods-and-governance/ |
Public land management often neglects to consider intertwined ecological and human histories. Assessing both ecological data and Indigenous history, new research suggests that co-management offers a pathway towards better honoring traditional practices and increasing forest resiliency.
From a distance, it sounds like thunder. Explosive charges blast five hundred feet or more of bedrock from mountain peaks across Appalachia. New research highlights how mountaintop removal can harm Appalachia’s children, not just its landscape.
In the 21st century, urbanization has become one of the most dominant forms of land use in the world. As natural ecosystems are converted to city landscapes, how do urban forests play a role for both birds and humans?
Large-scale, uncontrollable wildfires are expected to break out more frequently and burn with a greater intensity due to climate change. Preventing and responding to these extreme events is an unavoidable challenge that will require using natural solutions, technology, and policy.
Globally, the conversion of forest land for agriculture and livestock rearing is among the key threats to tropical forests. Harvesting non-timber forest products can be a sustainable alternative source of livelihood for forest-dependent communities. A recent study from Brazil considers the potential of the açaí palm in enabling forest conservation and ending poverty.
The way leaves reflect and absorb light can drive the climate of the entire planet. Darker leaves absorb more light, trapping heat and subsequently warming surrounding ecosystems. A recent study shows that climate change may be changing leaf properties, making them darker.
Protecting livelihoods while simultaneously protecting forests can be a difficult task. However, recent research suggests that investing in innovating social programs is an effective way to improve livelihoods of forest-dependent communities, without putting pressure on the environment.
Scientists studied the effects of changing soil moisture on plants over the twenty-first century. They found that with the increase of droughts, plants are losing their power to take in carbon dioxide, even when dry years are followed by years of heavy rainfall.
Tropical forest conservation for climate change mitigation is commonly thought to automatically benefit biodiversity as well. New research finds that optimizing for forest carbon sequestration may not always promote biodiversity. However, by co-managing for both, it is possible to achieve large biodiversity gains with only small decreases in carbon storage.
Forest fragmentation breaks apart ecosystems and accelerates deforestation. The causes of deforestation differ around the globe, but scientists have identified similarities in their patterns. Doing so might mitigate further deforestation. | https://environment-review.yale.edu/tags/forests |
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Shively, G. (2013). Economic development, natural resource use and environmental reliance: evidence from global microeconomic data. CIDE Workshop on Environmental and Development Economics, Mexico City, October 4, 2013.
Obiri, D.B., Marfo, E., Nutakor, E., Cobbinah, J. and Treue, T. (2012). Tenure and Forest Reliance in Ghana. IUFRO-FORNESSA Congress, Nairobi, Kenya 25-29th June 2012 Nairobi, Kenya. Abstracts, pp104.
Almeyda Zambrano, A.M. (2012). ‘Deforestation and development in Amazonia: A tri-national frontier study’. Oral presentation at Sustainability Science Seminar, Kennedy School of Government. Harvard University, Cambridge, USA. March 21.
Duchelle, A.E., Almeyda Zambrano, A., Wunder, S., Börner, J., and Kainer, K.A. (2012). ‘Smallholder specialization strategies along the forest transition curve in southwestern Amazonia.’ Oral presentation at PEN session “Poverty-Environment Linkages in Tropical Forest Bioeconomies: Evidence from Global Data”. International Conference of Agricultural Economics (ICAE), Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil. August 23.
Rahman, S.A., Rahman, M.F., and Sunderland, T. (2011). ‘Increasing Tree Cover in Degrading Landscapes: ‘Integration’ and ‘Intensification’ of Smallholder Forest Culture in the Alutilla Valley, Matiranga, Bangladesh’. The 8th World Congress of the International Association for Landscape Ecology “Landscape Ecology for Sustainable Environment and Culture”, 18-23 August, Beijing, China. p. 440.
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Exploring the forest-poverty link: new research findings. University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. June 13-14, 2011.
Angelsen, A. (2011). ‘The economic contributions of forests to rural livelihoods: a global analysis’. Oral presentation at the PEN Science Workshop: ‘Exploring the forest-poverty link: new research findings’. University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. June 13-14.
Kar, S.P., Jacobson, M. and Sunderland, T. (2011). ‘Forest income and livelihoods of forest-adjacent people in Bangladesh’. Oral presentation at the PEN Science Workshop: ‘Exploring the forest-poverty link: new research findings’. University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. June 13-14.
Prado Córdova, J.P. (2011). ‘Rural income and forest dependence in highland Guatemala’. Oral presentation at the PEN Science Workshop: ‘Exploring the forest-poverty link: new research findings’. University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. June 13-14, 2011.
Chilongo, T. (2011) ‘Forest income and poverty dynamics in Malawi: Evidence from Chimaliro and Liwonde forest reserves’. Oral presentation at the PEN Science Workshop: ‘Exploring the forest-poverty link: new research findings’. University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. June 13-14, 2011.
Sunderland, T. (2011). ‘Gendered use of forest resources: a global analysis’. Oral presentation at the PEN Science Workshop: ‘Exploring the forest-poverty link: new research findings’. University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. June 13-14.
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Wunder, S. (2011). ‘Safety nets, gap filling and forests: a global-comparative perspective’. Oral presentation at the PEN Science Workshop: ‘Exploring the forest-poverty link: new research findings’. University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. June 13-14.
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Pouliot, M. (2011). ‘Are West Africa’s forests of any importance to people living around them?’ Oral presentation at the PEN Science Workshop: ‘Exploring the forest-poverty link: new research findings’. University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. June 13-14.
Jagger, P., Luckert, M., Lund, J., Obiri-Darko, B., Reyes-García, V. & Sunderlin, W. (2011). ‘How does tenure affect forest reliance and poverty reduction?’ Oral presentation at the PEN Science Workshop: ‘Exploring the forest-poverty link: new research findings’. University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. June 13-14.
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Almeyda Zambrano, A.M. (2011) ‘Deforestation and development in Amazonia: A tri-national frontier study’. Oral presentation by Duchelle, A.E. on behalf of Almeyda Zambrano at the PEN Science Workshop: ‘Exploring the forest-poverty link: new research findings’. University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. June 13-14.
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‘Counting on the environment: the contribution of forests to rural livelihoods’. The Royal Society, London, UK. June 15, 2011.
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“Assessing the role of tropical forests in poverty alleviation” at the XIII World Forestry Congress “Forests in development: a vital balance”. 18 – 23 October 2009, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Uberhuaga, P. (2009). Forest income and economic dependency on forest resources in the Bolivian lowlands. Poverty Environment Network Side Event: Assessing the role of tropical forests in poverty alleviation. XIII World Forestry Congress “Forests in development: a vital balance”. Buenos Aires, Argentina. 19 October.
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Pouliot, M. (2009). Environment-poverty linkages in West-Africa: Household dependence on renewable natural resources in Burkina Faso. Poverty Environment Network Side Event: Assessing the role of tropical forests in poverty alleviation. XIII World Forestry Congress “Forests in development: a vital balance”. Buenos Aires, Argentina. 19 October.
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Duchelle, A. and C.V. Gomes. (2008). “Competing land uses among forest extractivists in the Western Amazon: Brazil nut production, cattle ranching or both?” In panel: Experiments in Sustainability: Cultural, economic, and political dimensions in the Western Amazon. 55th Annual Meeting of the Southeastern Council of Latin American Studies (SECOLAS) (Tampa, Florida; oral presentation).
Jagger, P. (2008). Renegotiated Property Rights and Livelihood Outcomes after Uganda’s Forest Sector Reform. 12th Biennial Conference of the International Association for the Study of the Commons. Cheltenham, UK. July 14-18.
Jagger, P. (2008). What Should We Really be Asking? A Comparison of Methods for Understanding Rural Livelihoods. 12th Biennial Conference of the International Association for the Study of the Commons.Cheltenham, UK. July 14-18.
Jagger, P. (2008). Forest Sector Reform and Rural Livelihood Outcomes in Western Uganda. 12th Biennial Conference of the International Association for the Study of the Commons. Cheltenham, UK. July 14-18.
Uberhuaga, P. and Olsen, C.S. (2008). Can we trust the data?
Wyman, M. and Stein, T. (2008). Integrating Social and LULCC Data to Assess Community-Based Conservation: A Study of the Community Baboon Sanctuary, Belize. (Poster) Working Forests in the Tropics Conference: Partnering Research with Practice for Conservation and Development. October 2008, University of Florida.
Duchelle, A. and Gomes C.V. (2008). Competing land uses among forest extractivists in the Western Amazon: Brazil nut production, cattle ranching or both? (Oral presentation) In panel: Experiments in Sustainability: Cultural, economic, and political dimensions in the Western Amazon. 55th Annual Meeting of the South-eastern Council of Latin American Studies (SECOLAS) (Tampa, Florida USA).
Misbahuzzaman, K. (2008). Village Common Forests of Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh: a harbor of forest health and vitality in the degraded landscape. Asia and the Pacific Forest Health Workshop; Forest Health in a Changing World. 1-3 December 2008, Grand Seasons Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Forest resources are often well managed by local communities either through their own initiatives using traditional institutions or being organized with assistances from development actors such as non-governmental organization (NGOs) and governmental organizations (GOs). The study was aimed to assess forest management practices, and the contribution of forest resource for communities’ livelihoods of Arero forest of Oromia Regional State. Secondary and primary data was collected from household survey, forest management groups. The socio-economic importance of the forest resources was assessed by interviewing, 85 households randomly selected from three villages. A semi-structured questionnaire was used for the survey. To assess forest management practices, group discussion was used with selected key informants and local administrators. For socioeconomic survey households (HHs) were used. SPSS software was used for data analyses. Results showed that informal institutions of the Oromo ‘Gadaa’ systems and formal institutions like SOS Sahel Ethiopia were collaborated and played to manage the Arero forest in the region. Furthermore, the forest users’ (local communities) collect various forest based products such as honey, wild fruit and medicinal plants. The annual income derived from direct forest related activities constituted 16.5% of the total household income. This figure is not including the role that the forest plays in the form of forest grazing. The contribution from the forest ranks third in terms of relative importance in household income generation after livestock and wage labor. Forest management activities like fire protection, control expansion of settlement, controlled forest grazing and enrichment planting was practiced to improve forest conditions by traditional forest management communities in collaboration with other development institutions. The observation of the population of some dominant plant species experiences poor regeneration. This also implies that current management practices are not satisfactory to sustain the forest conditions. Unless improved management interventions are made, the sustainability of the contribution to livelihoods income from the forest will be in question in the future.
Key words: Arero, Borana, community, ‘Gadaa’ system institution, forest, livelihood, management.
INTRODUCTION
Tropical forests are habitat of numerous species of both plants and animals, which constitute biodiversity through a web of life. It supports various life forms including human beings who dwell in settlements in and around forests (FAO, 2016). According to Wakshum et al. (2018), report on the state of the world’s forests about 11.9% (closed forest plus woodlands) of Ethiopia’s land area is covered with forests. According to FRA (2015) report, between 1990 and 2000, 141,000 ha of the forest of Ethiopia were lost every year, which equals an average annual deforestation rate of 0.93%. On the other hand, between 2000 and 2005, the rate of deforestation increased by 10.4 to 1.03% per year (or around 2,114,000 ha) of forest cover loss in the 15 years between 1990 and 2005. Estimates by Narita et al. (2018) showed that the area of closed forest declined to about 3.0 to 4.0% of the country. A recent report (FAO, 2016) showed that 124,990 km2 (11.4%) of the total land area of Ethiopia (1,096,310 km2) was covered by forests.
Deforestation has important local, national, and global implications. At all levels, forests are not the only assemblage of biodiversity and ecosystems but also causes loss of ecosystem goods and services like soil erosion, land degradation, water and air pollution which in turn affect the livelihoods of rural people. This is even more important in developing countries like Ethiopia where the majority of the people are dependent on natural resources (Husmann, 2015). The local households generate income from different activities like agriculture, livestock, and forestry related activities. The forest resources have input to local household economy providing timber and Non-Timber Forest Product Resources (Tugume et al., 2015). The input from Non-Timber Forest Product Resources (NTFPs) highly depends on the quality of forest resources, market availability and access situation. The quantity and quality of forest resources, in turn, depend on sound forest management and conditions of managing institutions. These can be attained when forest resources are well managed by local communities in collaboration with government and/or other development institutions (Asare et al., 2013). As used to be thought in the past, keep local households out of forest management areas is not a sufficient condition to improve the status of forests (Lalisa et al., 2018). According to Pandey et al. (2016), the only direct sustainable incentive to forest management is to secure forest use rights and revenues, through managed utilization of forest resource. That means people will only manage forest if they own rights to the resource and gain more benefits by conserving the forest than removing it, and if that benefit is directly linked to the existence of the forest and /or improvement of forest conditions. The Borena lowland forests are within the Somali- Masai Regional Center of endemism (White, 1983). This forest is located in Borena zone, Southern Ethiopia near the town Meta Gafarsa capital of Arero district.
In Ethiopia where the livelihood of 83% of the population resides in rural area and dependent on natural resources particularly renewable natural resources, the pressure on forest resources are high. The depletion and deterioration of the forest resources in turn resulted in reduced agricultural productivity quality of life (Melaku, 2006). To improve the conservation of the remaining natural forests of Ethiopia, the remnant forest resources have been blocked into 58 National Forest Priority Areas (NFPA’s) covering, an area of 3.6 million ha (SFCDD, 1990). These areas comprise natural forests, plantations, and non-forested land. Arero forest is one of these delineated as priority forest area in Boreana zone. Accelerated human population growth in the tropics mostly coupled with poverty has enhanced the negative human impact on the forest resources. Among the tropical forests, dry forests have been preferred for human settlement than wetter forest zones, due to different biological and ecological reasons (Tugume et al., 2015). In Ethiopia where the livelihood of 83% of the population resides in the rural area and dependent on natural resources particularly renewable natural resources, the pressure on forest resources are high. The depletion and deterioration of the forest resources, in turn, resulted in reduced agricultural productivity quality of life (Sundstrom et al., 2014). As the result the forest area of the Arero forest was declined to 29,226.39 ha.
Like most forests of the country, the Arero forest is experiencing deforestation and degradation. Several studies covering wider disciplines have been conducted in the area to contribute to the improved understanding of the ecological and socio-economic conditions for better management of the forest. Studies such as plant diversity and Ethnobotany (Kujawska et al., 2017), vegetation change (Habtamu, 2018), invasive woody plant species (Garuma and Wendawek, 2016) and socio-economic importance of Boke salt house (Wakshum et al, 2018), and population status and socio-economic importance of gum and resin bearing species (Adefris et al, 2012). However, most of these studies were made in the lowlands (rangeland and woodland) of Borana zone and only a few studies are made in the Arero forest to capture the relation between livelihoods, traditional forest management practices of communities in collaboration with formal (governmental and non-governmental) institutions and forest conditions. Therefore, the study aims to assess (1) forest management practices of the Arero district, and (2) the contribution of forest resources for communities’ 1livelihood of Oromia Regional Arero forest. National State and respond answers for the following questions; (1) what are the contributions of the forest to the local livelihoods, (2) What are external inputs of institutions for forest management practices for communities’ participatory forest management?
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Description of the study area
This study area was carried out in Oromia Regional State, Borana zone, Arero district (Figure 1). Out of the 37 forests given priority in Oromiya 5 of them are found in Borana and Guji zones. They are Anferera-Wadera, Bore, Nagale Dawa, Galana- Abaya, and Arero-Yabalo. This study was carried out in Arero forest. The forest area is divided into three forest management units, namely Haro-Dimtiu Meta Gefersa, Guto and Guto Hirmaye forest blocks. The forest is located 670 km south of Addis Ababa on the left-hand side of the high way running to Moyale, 96 km from Yabelo town and 38 km from Wachile village. The boundary of the forest is approximately 7 km from the district town of Meta Gafarsa. The forest is located between 38°45’ and 39°02’ East and 4°40’ and 5°09’north and at an altitude ranging from 1, 606 m up to 1, 805 m above sea level. Arero forest has a total area of 29,226.39 ha.
Population
The population of Arero district was estimated to be 74,119 out which 11,859 or 16% are categorized as semi and sedentary farmers, while 62,260 (84%) are pastoralists and mixed farmers. There are about 12,595 households in the district of which 3,108 households are members of different forest user groups organized by
Climate
Since there was no meteorology station at Arero district, data from the nearest station (Mega station) was used for Arero. Hence, based on 20 (1984-2004) years meteorological data the mean monthly rainfall at the nearby station was 47.1 mm. The mean annual rainfall of the district was 532.2 mm. There is a slight variation in mean temperature throughout the year. The rainfall regime in Borana drylands is bimodal with two rainfall seasons (Figure 2). The main rainy season, known as the long rainy season is between March and May with the pick in April, and short rainy season is between September and November, with the pick in October. The mean monthly minimum and maximum temperature of Arero as taken from Mega station were 16.2 and 18.3°C, respectively. The mean annual temperature was 18.9°C.
Geology and soil
The dominant soil types found at Arero district were Chromic and Eutric Luvisol, Calcaric, and Eutric Fluvisol and Chromic, Eutric and Calcarius (OBPED, 2000). According to Gemedo et al (2005) cited in Adefris et al. (2012), bottomlands of the Borana rangeland are predominated by vertisols. The Arero forest was upland dry evergreen forest dominated by Juniperus procera but also consists of plant species such as Olea europea, Compretum molle, Terminalia brownie, Croton macrostachyus, Canthium schimpeanium, Carissa edulis, Ehretia cymosa, Acokanthera schimperi, Dodonea viscosa, Balanites eagyptica, Calpurina aurea, Acacia tortilis, and Acacia mellifera (Wakshum et al., 2018).
Sampling techniques
Socio-economic survey
Semi-structured questionnaires were developed for data collection based on the major contribution of forest resources to livelihoods of communities in the areas. Nearly 2.7% of the total households of forest user groups near or inside the forest as well as members of the households organized by SOS Sahel Ethiopia at Arero district were randomly selected. These HHs were selected based on their indigenous knowledge about the natural resources and use of the forest in the district. Sample households (HHs) were stratified into sex and age categories and selected using simple random sampling technique from total HHs.
That is these were represented by about eight-five households from forest management units and interviewed for the role of forest resources to livelihoods. These sample households were only taken because Boana communities are pastoralist and mobile for grazing their cattle in the forest anywhere from Boana zone. No one in Boana zone is non-user group of this forest. During the household interview all age, sex and education were taken into consideration.
Forest management practices
Forest management practices which have been carried out by the community in collaboration with various development actors were assessed. Using district experts, key informants were selected for identifying existing institutions and the commonly used forest improvement activities in the forest. Only key informants and district experts were used for the interview because during the reconnaissance survey the result of checklist showed the same ideas. Furthermore, key informants are reflecting traditional forest management ideas of the society. Each Arero forest management units have also the objectives and are applying the same management culture. Therefore, discussions were held with six key informants from local communities, other experts and administrators. Checklists for data collection of existing institutional set-up of forest management activities were categorized into formal and informal ones.
Data processing and analyses
The socio-economic data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (SPSS version v 16.0) computer software. The results have presented in percentages, graphs and mean values.
RESULTS
Socio-economic characteristics of the sampled households
Of the sampled households, majorities (76.47%) were male headed and (23.53%) were female-headed. The age of the respondents was mostly ranged between 15-64 years and accounted for 85.9% of the households, while only (14.1%) of the respondents' ranged above 64 years. The educational level of the majority of the respondents (69%) was unable to read and write, 4.7% were adult education, 10.6% were at 1 to 5 grade level, and 2.4% were at 9 to 12 grade levels and the remaining of the respondents (1.2%) were at the college level of education.
The role of forest resources to livelihoods
The livelihood activities in the study area include crop production, animal production, forest-related activities in terms of NTFPs, petty trade, and wage labor. Among the selected households animal production, wage labor hired in protecting the forest and other works in nearby town, and forest-related activities were ranked 1st (52.9%), 2nd (18.8%) and 3rd (16.5%) as the main source of livelihood activities. Petty trade and crop production were also ranked 4th (5.9%) each as livelihood activity (Figure 3).
Collection of honey
Honey is one of the major forest-related products used by the local communities. Summary of the amount of cash income generated by a household from the sale of this product is presented in (Table 1). As shown in this table, the total annual income generated per households is 43.35, 41.42, and 7.71 $ at Haro Dimtu Meta Gefersa (HDMG), Guto and Guto Hirmaye forest blocks respectively. However, respondents mentioned that the annual income that can be generated from honey could have been far more as the potential for production is very high in the area.
Collection of wild fruits and medicinal plants
Arero forest user extracts various types of wild fruits and medicinal plants for household consumption and health treatments respectively (Tables 2 and 3). About 137 kg of wild fruits and 35 kg medicinal plants are collected annually from the forest.
Forest grazing
Since Borana and Guji people are typically pastoralists, they are not used only the forest resources but animal feeds (pasture) and water without which they cannot survive. According to discussions held with key informants, water, animal feed and fuelwood were the main forest resources used in the areas. Meanwhile, they ranked water, animal feed and fuelwood one to three in order. The forests are usually dry season grazing reserve and are the only place to revert during drought periods, and thus are essential natural resources without which the pastoralist cannot survive. Borana and Guji people are mainly driving income from their livestock which has been grazing in the forest during dry seasons directly is the main annual household income of the area.
Under current state law, local communities do not have rights to extract major forest products, but they do have rights to access NTFPs such as pasture, wild honey, firewood, medicinal plants, wild fruits, roots, aromatic plants of cosmetic value and hay at the caution of the forest development. The households’ socio-economic of Arero district in terms of NTFPs were wild honey, wild fruits, and medicinal plants and were insignificant because the Boran society depends mainly on the forest largely for livestock grazing. Even if this income in terms of livestock production is not quantified directly, it has a great contribution in the local communities' livelihoods. Because as they graze in the forest in the dry season their income from livestock products and productivity increases.
Unless the Boran communities are assured of a source of water for their herds, they will not benefit from the collective pasture. To this extent, any part of the Borana land is generally inhabited by those clans and clan’s associates who have access to the wells within it. Forests are a very important resource for the Borena. However, the ‘Gadaa’ rulings prohibited forest destructions; for instance the cutting of Juniperus procera was remains outlawed. A forest is not necessarily distinguished from pasture by the Borana because the values of forests are used as dry season grazing reserves. Before urbanization came to expand in the area, local communities living adjacent to the forest exploited for dry season grazing.
Tourist attraction (ecotourism)
Southern Ethiopia Borena and Guji zones forests particularly Arero forest is known with the home of endemic birds. Furthermore, the different sites in Borana and Guji zones attract several tourists interested in watching birds like Ruspolis turaco, Salvadoris seed eater, and Bare eyed thrush, Borana cisticola, Banded perisoma, Tiny cisticola, Pygmy bats and several other bird species. The revenue obtained from the income supports the livelihood of rural poor through institutionalized cost sharing which strengthening the forest management groups while managing the forest area. The local communities were benefited from tourism by securing income from tour guide and the government incurred budgets for managing the forest indirectly to sustain the forest resources in the region.
Cultural values/sacred places
The spiritual significance of the forests as ceremonial sites is central to the cultural integrity of the Borana Oromo clans. According to oral tradition of elders, a ritual ceremony is only possible with the ritual plants found in the forests. Today, the remaining patches of the forests constitute an important part of traditional ritual practices, which is also playing key role in reducing the pressure on the forest.
Forest management institutions
The forests of the Borana lowlands have traditionally been considered by the Borana as an integral part of their pastoral land, with forest management being the responsibility of the ‘Borana’ ‘Gadaa’ system. However, they have currently gazetted reserves, registered as National or Regional Forest Priority Areas, and the Oromiya Forest and wildlife Enterprise is responsible for controlling, protecting and managing the forest resources on behalf of the Regional Government.
In the Borana traditions, all the resources in the forest like water, medicinal plants, pasture, wild fruits, and roots are used in common and managed by the traditional institutions. Borana pastoralists have their own cultural by-laws structured hierarchy. Borena traditional resource management (pasture, forest, water) institutions are:
(1) Family = ‘Abbaa Warraa’ =Control resources at the family level
(2) Neighbor = ‘Abbaa Ollaa’ = Manage resources at the neighbor level
(3) Elders controlling grazing = ‘Abbaa Dheedaa’ = Elders controlling resources like a pasture in overall Borena society
(4) Higher courts = ‘Raaba Gadaa’ = ‘Gadaa’ ruling assigned for resource governance and conflict resolution in Borena zone.
At the phase-out of this Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) or SOS Sahel Ethiopia, the management of this forest is questionable.
Traditional forest management practices
By-laws are revised and formulated every eight years during ‘Gadaa’ assembly. Through this hierarchy, different traditional forest management practices such as controlled grazing (browsing), fire protection and reducing expansion of settlements are practiced in this forest area. The forest areas in the Borana and Guji zones are governed traditionally by Communal resource management. Forest resources such as water and pasture are a communal property resource in Borana and Guji pastoral areas. Traditional institutions govern these resources and decide institutionally how best they could be utilized in equity.
For instance, epiphytes which are growing on J. procera and other old tree species is named by ‘Borana’ people as ‘Areeda jaarsaa’ mean that elders' hair and the old tree of this species is also believed to represent elder of the people. This is an indicator of Borana people conserves traditionally forest resources. Borena society value forest resources particularly some tree species for spiritual purposes. However, conflicts between Borana people and other ethnic groups, population growth, resettlement, forest grazing, bush encroachment, farmland expansion, demand for fuelwood, drought-weakened traditional institutions, policy enforcement, and urbanization are some of the causes for the deteriorating of the forest conditions in the area.
Modern forest management institutions organized by SOS Sahel Ethiopia
To strengthen these management institutions under sub section 6.3, other management institutions were built from the smallest units (‘Ollaa’ and ‘Maddaa’ levels) up to the district and Zonal Participatory Forest Management (PFM) working groups. Forest management institutions or Borana Collaborative Forest Management Project (BCFMP) supported by SOS Sahel Ethiopia in Borana forest priority areas are shown in Figure 4. It is within this context that SOS Sahel in Ethiopia set up the BCFMP in 2002 in Borena zone. The project’s principle aim is to establish management systems over which local people or institutions have control and by which natural resources can be used sustain ably by local communities.
Furthermore, increasing human population and urban settlement pressure has negatively impacted on forest resources mainly on J. procera products which are harvested for construction purposes because of its inherent property to resist termites. All these have necessitated the introduction and institutionalization of the forest management system. With better management, income could be generated from the products based on the protection and promotion of the Juniper where Juniper berries, leaves, and stems can be used for the production of different products for newly established enterprise in the Oromia Regional state.
Over the last decades, SOS Sahel Ethiopia has been working with the Borena and Guji to tackle poverty through sustainable natural resource management, and natural resources based enterprise development. Borena Collaborative Forest Development Forest Management Programe is one of such efforts that has succeeded in putting the community at the center of natural resources management particularly forests in the areas. This has become SOS Sahel Ethiopia with BCFMP/PFM as a catalytic; transform where the ‘Gadaa’ actively engaged. The three phases of developing a PFM plan, that is, the investigation, negotiation, and implementation phases exercised to protect the forest resources and the rangeland (Figures 4 and 5).
Roles of modern management institutions
1). ‘Ummata’ (Pastoral Community)
These are wider Borana and Guji people from which members of forest management groups at PA are selected.
2).’Jaarsa Madda Finna Baddaa’ (J.M.F.B.) =Managing at PA level
These are elders managing forest at PA levels like guarding, fire protection, controlled settlements, controlled grazing, control logging, and collection other live and dead trees. They were organized elders from wide pastoral communities. There are five PAs namely Haro Dimtu, Mata Gafarsa, Bokoda, Guto, and Hirmaye.
3). ’Jaarsa Ejja Finna Baddaa’ (J.F.E.B.) =Managing at the forest Block level
These elders are managing forest at forest block level; in this particular forest, there are three blocks namely Haro Dimtu Mata Gafersa, Guto and Guto Hirmaye. They were organized from elders at PA levels. Many Maddas (source of communities) have organized into J.F.E.B. They are also patrolling the delineated forest from destruction and smaller in number than management groups number 3.
4). ’Jaarsa Aanaa Finna Baddaa’ (J.A.F.B.) = Combination of government and elders at district
These elders are organized from J.F.E. B., experts, administrators, and polices at the district level. They are controlling forest through the enforcement of customs, rules, and laws of institutions and the state. They can apply sanction individuals violating rules at this level. The sanction is 5 animals per individual. If the individuals are beyond their control they report individuals to the highest court at zone level (G. J.F.B) for sanction.
5). ’Gadaa Jaarsa Finna Baddaa’=’Raaba Gadaa’ (G.J.F.B.) =Higher court of elders.
These elders are organized from J.A.F.B. at zone level and this institution is the final decision of sanction that violates the rules below institutions. Note that each member in the numbers 1 through 5 has decreased up as shown in (Figure 5) from the community to G.J.F.B. at the zone level.
The J. procera forest which suffered from series of forest fires and destruction during 1999/2000 was able to regenerate and maintain its ecological health once again through the participatory forest management process. Traditional resource governance system within the common property regime was implemented to build upon the customary institution and to enable the full participation of different community members in resource management. The customary institution mainly the Gadaa played a vital role in the negation of rights in resource governance and use. Through the forest management institutions, the integration between the different sectors offices and the customary institution (the Gadaa) was a break through to prove the key roles of communities in the management of forest resources. The multiple use of the forest was fully recognized by the community which resulted in improved ownership and sustainability of the interventions. BCFMP was successful in working very closely with the rural communities in all forest adjacent areas through the smallest units: the ‘Ollaa’ and ‘Maddaa’. Project staff camped at the different sites to discuss forest management issues with community members.
However, there remains a challenge that was not addressed and thus an issue of concern that emerges. This needs the joint efforts of all stakeholders that are working for sustainable management and utilization of natural resources; forest and rangeland. Accordingly, issues of concern are described as follows:
(i) Increasing of enclosures
Within the common property regime, there is an evolving trend of privatization. Extensive private ranches and privately established enclosures and farmlands constrain the mobility of the livestock and impact upon the livelihood of the pastoral communities.
(ii) Expansion of farmland
These days there has been increasing settlement of other groups which mainly depended on agriculture in the pastoral areas. This is putting pressure on pastoralist livelihoods and shrinking the rangeland. Most forest areas and rangelands have been altered to agricultural lands. Some parts of the rangelands in Borena have been completely changed to farmlands. The denial of access to dry season grazing reserves in the forest areas and lack of access to the deep wells in the forest also constrain the livelihood of the pastoral communities. This has hampered the pastoralists from livestock corridors to access resources. The farmlands which are randomly placed here and there constrain grazing patterns for the pastoral communities.
(iii) Conflicts within and between institutions
There are conflicts between institutions organized SOS Sahel Ethiopia; however, it is managed by ‘Gadaa’ systems every time. Some cause of the conflicts is on position leading each institution, hiring of guards for protection of the forest and other forest resource benefits either woody or Non-Timber forest Product Resources.
Modern forest management practices
There were also forest guarding, planting, and fire protection by a government organization in collaboration with a non-governmental organization. In Arero forest, planting was carried out where the forest is damaged by the fire. Enrichment planting of forest during damage of fire was funded by SOS Sahel Ethiopia to strengthen capacity of the governmental institution. Participatory planting by communities was high input for rehabilitation of damaged forest.
The forest management agreement was signed between the local institution, the ‘Gadaa’ and the Pastoralist Area Development Commission. The power to manage and govern resources was thus developed by the local communities. Expansion of farmlands within the pastoralist livestock-based economy and erosion of the pastoralist social and institutional systems has led to destruction of forest resources and subsequent loss of biodiversity potentials. Examples of community-based forest monitoring systems emerging from PFM experiences include:
(i) Monitoring of farmland in the forest;
(ii) Forest boundary monitoring;
(iii) Regular patrolling by the forest management group members; and,
(iv) Either written or verbal reporting
(v) Regeneration counting to develop data concerning seedling regeneration from year to year is also being carried out.
(vi) Regular district level PFM working group meetings to bring key government and community PFM actors together to discuss issues arising and resolve problems have also emerged as a useful monitoring and evaluation mechanism. According to the discussion held with key informants, this project has brought significant change than before on forest management and forest conditions in Arero forest.
DISCUSSIONS
Forest resources and livelihood strategy
Natural resources such as forests play a key role in the livelihoods of local people in developing countries. Forests and rural livelihoods are basically connected. Forest values include various products of wood, non-wood, and environmental services (Tsegaye et al., 2009). On average, the contribution of forest related activities to cash income in this study was 16.5% (Figure 4) and higher than percentages found in studies by Ambrose-Oji (2003) in Cameroon (6-15%) and Elizabeth et al. (2009) in Tanzania (12%). This finding is also almost similar with results of other study in Bangladesh Satchari National Park (Belal and Mukul, 2006) which had a significant component of their livelihood strategies, accounting for 19% of their total annual income.
Studies suggest that the poor are highly dependent upon forest income for their livelihoods but the total value of what they obtain from the forest is less than that which better-off households obtain (Yemiru et al., 2010; Watson, 2016; Langat et al., 2016). While in this case both groups are interested in maintaining the forest, this is not necessarily always the case. Even if in the Borana society particularly in this particular study area it is difficult categorize households in to classes within short period of time and limited budget and because they are mobile with their herds from place to place, it was recognized that different socio-economic groups have different views of the forest. The poor usually have to live hand to mouth through doing a variety of tasks (Wood, 2007). One reason they are poor may be because they do not have enough farmland or other assets. In some cases, they will see the forest as the source of that additional land, although wage labor opportunities for immediate cash are probably more attractive to them. Certainly they have no capital reserves to build up enterprises based on the production, harvesting and marketing of NTFPs once or twice a year. Middle income households expanding their economic basis with a growing family may also see forestland as a way to expand their farmland, given their labor resources and capital. On the other hand middle income and rich households may have enough agricultural production to support them and see forest maintenance as a way of diversifying their income-generating opportunities, and so reduce their risks (Wood, 2007).
Collections of wild frits and medicinal plants were indications of the contribution forest resources for a household annual subsistence income. But these forest resources were not taken to local markets. The findings of this study in terms of income generated from forests are far lower than most studies in Ethiopia. For instance, the study by Mohammed (2007) found an income of 96.33USD per household from various NTFPs in South Western Ethiopia, which is even greater than the total income generated by the entire households interviewed in this study. Similarly, the study by Arsema (2008) shows 47% of annual cash income contribution of bamboo as NTFPs in Shedem Peasant Association (PA) in Goba district, while Neima (2008) in the same region reports that various NTFPs extracted from vegetation of the region contribute on average 54% of household total annual income. In Bench Maji, 52% of annual cash income of households is obtained from NTFPs, while in Sheka it contributes to about 41% of household income (Mohammed, 2007). In Gore district 88% of households collect NTFPs, and generate 23% of their average annual income of 1,895 ETB (Berhanu, 2004). NTFPs also contribute a similar Figure of 27.4% to the average annual income of households around Menagesha Forest (Aramde, 2006). The mean annual income from beekeeping among households in Walmara district was between 47 and 347 USD or 11.6 and 81.9% of total household income depending on wealth status of the households (Debissa, 2006). Fuel wood, fodder, honey and construction material productions from Chilimo forests contribute significantly to the livelihoods of households in Dendi district, contributing an average to 39 % of the annual household income (Getachew et al., 2007). These studies all reported an income contribution from forest that is far higher than what the current study recorded. This probably shows many things: household asset base, market access, culture and resources endowment of the forests in terms of stock and quality of NTFPs. Indeed, the role of forests in general and their NTFPs in particular in household livelihoods needs to be explained and assessed context specific. Hence, the role of forest resources particularly forest grazing for communities leads them to manage forests traditionally and in collaboration with other governments and non- governmental organization institutionally. The ‘Gadaa’ leaders with traditional and state laws are decisive for sustainable management of the Arero forest.
Forest management practices
As the result of the above forest related activities to their livelihood strategies, the forest management groups in collaboration with other institutions have setup new forest management arrangement. These forest management institutions in Arero forest are part of the PFM approach largely promoted throughout Ethiopia. It is facilitated by SOS Sahel in collaboration with Oromia Regional State. Such a move is common in Southeast Asia as well as in most of the countries in Africa. Although PFM is found good from the forest, the role it played in Arero forest’s conservation and management is hard to comprehend since there is no original data at the start of the project. However, local people are of the opinion that the approach has contributed to improvement of the forests through reduced illegal forest product harvest and unregulated grazing. These achievements confer with many PFM reports from various countries such Damayanti et al. (2007) in India, Golam Rasu and Karki (2009) in south Asia, Dominik et al. (2008) East Africa, and Paul (2007) from Kenya.
The forest management by-law, Karra Mataa (control resources) was taken to be the working customary by-law to control and monitor people who abuse the resources. Violation of the by-laws is sanctioned by five animals or five years prison penalty per head. As the result the forest user groups in Arero forest were either traditionally organized or reorganized in collaboration with SOS Sahel Ethiopia to manage the forest in the area. Furthermore, forest resources were managed by forest users in the forest or in the surrounding to generate subsistence income sources. These results indicated that there were an interaction between forest resources management practices to improve conditions of forest thought their livelihood forced them to use the forest resources like animal feeds (pasture), water or fuel wood and others directly. Forest resources are also used as supplement the income obtained from major livelihood activities particularly livestock production (Mitiku and Ginjo, 2008).
CONCLUSIONS
Livestock production is the dominant occupation in Borena zone particularly in the study area, is influenced by the recurrent drought and the consequent fodder shortage thereby leading to food insecurity and famine. Hence, looking for other alternative strategies that diversify the pastoral and agro-pastoral livelihoods is very important. This study revealed the fact that exploitation of forest resources especially NTFPs integrating this sector with other land use options forms one of the sustainable livelihoods to the community while leading to environmentally friend to forest resource management while providing several socio-economic contributions.
Arero forest provides diverse forest products for local community. The most valued product is forest grazing but also honey production, medicinal and wild fruits. However, except through forest grazing, the overall contribution of the forests in terms of other NTFPs is very low compared to many reports from various parts of Ethiopia. Forest grazing the local communities most income of livelihoods in Arero because they depend largely on animal production without which they cannot survive. Water and fuel wood sources for their life and animals are also the main source of income as livelihood roles are derived from this forest. This does not mean that contribution of NTFPs like wild honey; wild fruit, medicinal plants, and others in relative terms are small.
Even in relative terms, the contribution of Arero forests to local livelihood is comparable with many reports from outside Ethiopia.
Community in the study area employ traditional institutions supported with modern new institutions called forest user groups whose formation is facilitated by NGOs to manage their forest resources in a participatory manner. Borena Gadaa is the most useful in both traditional and modern new institution with other external state laws to control natural resources especially forests in Borena zone. Borana society cannot separate grazing land from forest land. Hence, they are grazing their animals in the forest during drought period.
The impact of the management system has a contribution for improving forest resources for livelihoods role as well as conditions of the forest and also opinions of the local community's show a positive and progressive contribution. The result of the contribution of forest resources could have been better if wider time and sufficient budget allowed accomplishing during data collection. However, the structural analyses of the population of some dominant species experience poor regeneration. This also implies that current management practices are not satisfactory to sustain the forest conditions. Indeed, it deserves concerted effort by local traditional ‘Gadaa’ and SOS Sahel Ethiopia institutions to improve its conservation and sustainable use of forests. Unless improved management interventions are made the sustainability of contribution to livelihoods from the forest will be at stake in the future.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Since Arero forest is one of the 37 Regional Forest Priority Areas (NFPA’s) under Oromiya Regional Forest and Wildlife Enterprise now a day to be conserved. This forest under discussion might probably be the last few remaining forests in Ethiopia with distinct vegetation zones could be used to carry more scientific studies. It could also be considered as resources for livelihoods of communities, climate change mitigation and habitat for wildlife, especially endemic animals. However, from the foregoing discussion, it can be seen that the forest requires better management so that its resources could be effectively utilized on sustainable bases. Therefore, the following recommendations are made to meet these requirements:
(1) Creating awareness on the various uses of the forest resources so as to utilize and facilitate a market for various resources in the forest.
(2) Control bush encroachment on grazing land so that pressure of grazing in the forest can be reduced.
(3) Extension program including forest management (tree planting) should be extended so as to reduce pressure on forest resources and awareness creation for communities in utilization of the forest.
(4) Selective logging from the forest should be minimized and if possible stopped.
(5) Livestock husbandry (a common practice in the forest) should be reduced so that regeneration of the species in the forest can be improved.
(6) Improved management interventions for sustainability of forest resources will improve contribution of livelihoods in the future.
(7) Eventually, to conserve the forest resources and improve the socio-economic benefits, for instance, research on postfire succession of species, causes of natural damage of Juniperus procera in the forest, soil seed bank should be investigated to sustain the forest resources for ecosystem services as well. In general, the dynamics of forest conditions in Arero forest needs detail studies in the future.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
The authors have not declared any conflict of interests.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors express their sincere thanks to Volkswagen (VW) foundation through "The Role of Institutions for Forest Resources and Livelihood Management in East African Forest Landscapes (IFLEA)" project for financial and Oromiya Agricultural Research Institute (OARI) for logistics support of the study. Arero district Natural Resources Management Office is also appreciated for they facilitated and prepared respondents for interview. Lastly, the authors’ gratitude goes to Mr Seyifu Mamo Social Anthropologist MR. Halake Dida and Mr Seyoum Tolera for assistance offered during data collection.
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Copyright © 2019 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article. | https://academicjournals.org/journal/JAERD/article-full-text/00EA2D760174 |
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The governance of indigenous natural products in Namibia: Nature, diversity and dynamics
Ndeinoma, Albertina
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http://hdl.handle.net/11070/2502
Date:
2018
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https://www.wur.nl/en/Publication-details.htm?publicationId=publication-way-353433333533
Abstract:
Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) are harvested in many countries for subsistence purposes as well as for trade. These products provide a livelihood to households when used for subsistence or sale; they also generate significant revenue for companies and governments. Estimating the value and volume of NTFPs is difficult, both because most NTFPs are used for subsistence purposes and records are therefore lacking, and because products that are traded internationally fall under different product categorisation codes.
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Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor at Wageningen University
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UNOPS is an operational arm of the United Nations, supporting the successful implementation of its partners’ peace building, humanitarian and development projects around the world. Our mission is to help people build better lives and countries achieve sustainable development.
UNOPS areas of expertise cover infrastructure, procurement, project management, financial management and human resources.
Working with us
UNOPS offers short- and long-term work opportunities in diverse and challenging environments across the globe. We are looking for creative, results-focused professionals with skills in a range of disciplines.
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With over 4,000 UNOPS personnel and approximately 7,000 personnel recruited on behalf of UNOPS partners spread across 80 countries, our workforce represents a wide range of nationalities and cultures. We promote a balanced, diverse workforce — a strength that helps us better understand and address our partners’ needs, and continually strive to improve our gender balance through initiatives and policies that encourage recruitment of qualified female candidates.
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UNOPS values its people and recognizes the importance of balancing professional and personal demands.
The United Nations Environment Programme (UN Environment) is the leading global environmental authority that sets the global environmental agenda, promotes the coherent implementation of the environmental dimension of sustainable development within the United Nations system, and serves as an authoritative advocate for the global environment.
The incumbent will work under the overall guidance of National Project Director (NPD) and National Project Coordinator (NPC) and under the direct supervision of National Project Manager (NPM) from UNEP. The Expert will team together with other national thematic experts at Project Management Unit (PMU) to develop project deliverables as per the specific terms of reference.
The National Natural Resource Expert (NNRE) will specifically:
- Undertake a stocktaking exercise of Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) interventions implemented in South Asia, with particular reference to Nepal and analyze the cost of benefit ratios of these interventions to identify the most cost effective approaches for building capacity of national stakeholders.
- Train national stakeholders of Ministry of Forests & Environment (MoFE) and Ministry of Agriculture & Livestock Development (MoALD) on i) cost effective EbA for Nepal and ii) selecting EbA using the UNEP EbA decision support framework.
- Identify and develop Natural Resource management plan based on EbA principles for the project districts to build the resilience of the communities from climate change impacts. This includes addressing the issue of water shortage, land restoration, identification of climate resilient species, climate induced disasters etc.
- Identify, select and develop community livelihood improvement plans (CLIPS) in consultation with User Groups for Income Generating Activities (IGAs) from forests, rangelands and agro-ecosystems from the working sites. These IGAs will include I) fodder sampling harvesting and distribution ii) timur collection and processing iii) allo collection and processing IV) cardamom cultivation and processing v) bee keeping and honey processing VI) miscellaneous Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFP) harvesting and processing vii) eco-home stays and viii) ghee production. IGAs from agro-ecosystems include mushroom, turmeric and ginger cultivation and processing.
- Link the produce from activities implemented under CLIPs to the market through market system development involving private sectors, financial institutions, etc.
- Provide technical training to Divisional Forest Offices (DFOs), Soil and Watershed Management Offices (SWMOs), Agriculture Knowledge Center (AKCs) and Veterinary Hospital and Livestock Expert Centers (VHLECs) and Targeted User-groups on developing livelihood options from forests, rangelands and agro-ecosystems. Identify and provide trainings on capacity development for targeted User groups.
- Roll out and implement the EbA interventions and Livelihood Improvement Plans based on bullet 3 and 4 to develop alternative livelihood options for communities in the project sites. Identify IGAs for the most poor, vulnerable and socially excluded communities.
- Undertake any other responsibilities relevant for EbA as required by PMU.
Develops and implements sustainable business strategies, thinks long term and ex…
Education:
- PhD’s degree in Resource Economics, Socio-economics, Forestry, Natural Resource Management, Agriculture or related areas with 10 years of substantive work experience in conducting studies/research in the areas of natural resource sector, socio-economic development and livelihood/IGA strategy or other related fields is required.
- Master’s degree in the above subjects with 15 years of substantive work experience may be accepted in lieu of PhD’s degree.
Experience:
- Sound working knowledge of poverty environment nexus, socio-economic development, livelihood dimension and Gender and governance is preferred.
- Proven knowledge and experience of having developed tools, protocols, strategy and plans including the ability to network and travel to field sites is preferred.
- Strong analytical and probing skills is preferred.
- Fluency in English and Nepali is required. | https://www.joshswaterjobs.com/jobs/21852/ |
Contributions of Selected Non Timber Forest Products to Socio Economic Lives in Oban Hills Forest Reserve, Nigeria
Asian Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry,
Page 1-13
DOI: 10.9734/ajraf/2019/v4i130049
Abstract
The study appraised the socio-economic contributions of selected Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) to the people in Oban Hills Group Forest Reserve, Nigeria. The research was carried out from November, 2014 to January, 2015. Data were collected through the administration of structured questionnaires to randomly selected household heads in ten (10) communities from the east and west corridors of the Oban Hills Forest Reserve. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics such as tables, means, simple percentages and graphical illustrations. Inferential analysis was conducted using student’s t-test and correlation analysis. Results indicate that 68.90 percent of the respondents were male while 31.10 percent were female with 42.10% being farmers. Also 73.60 percent of the respondents were married and mostly in the age brackets of 31-40 years. Result on correlation revealed that there was significant relationship between occupation and household size (p ≤ 0.05), experience and occupation relate significantly with the income of the respondents at 0.01 and 0.05 level of significant respectively, while marital status relates negatively with household size and experience (p ≤ 0.01). The study revealed that Irvingia gabonensis (Bushmango), Gnetum africana (Afang), Archachatina spp (Snail), and Bushmeat were the major NTFPs harvested from the forest in the study area. On ranking the NTFPs, in relation to income generation and employment, results indicate that Bushmango was the major income generation source, with the highest employment openings in the study area. The people of Oban Hills Group Forest Reserve depend on NTFPs directly and indirectly for income generation and employment, There is need for sustainable harvesting of NTFPs in the study area to enhance their preservation and sustainability in the wild and also proper marketing channels of NTFPs to generate adequate income to improve the living standard of the people in the study area.
Keywords:
- Contributions
- NTFPs
- forest reserves
- reconnaissance
- socio-economic
- Gnetum africana
- Irvingia gabonensis
How to Cite
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Agartala: The forest-dwelling communities of 48 villages has recorded earnings of Rs 2.35 Cr in the first two quarters of the 2022-23 financial year through the local Biodiversity Management Committee (BMC) for the trading of non-timber forest produces (NTFP), official reports revealed on Monday.
The report underlined the local communities living around the forest earned Rs 7.47 Cr in 2019-20, Rs 2.09 Cr in 2020-21, and Rs 5.23 Cr in 2021-22 from the trading of forest produces at a commercial scale in the provision of access and benefit sharing of the biodiversity resources under Biological Diversity Act 2002.
The officials of the State Forest Department said besides raising forests and conservation of natural resources, the state governments have been mandated to mobilize the people residing around the designated forest land to protect the resources and in turn, they are eligible for getting economic benefits as per the Act and Tripura has been doing it successfully over a decade.
Apart from the minor collection of NTFPs for regular livelihood management, Tripura Biodiversity Board has so far facilitated the commercial sale of Broom-grass, Gandaki, and Bamboo sticks for umbrella and bag handles this year although there is plenty of naturally grown high-value forest produces available in the forests those include black pepper, boro-elachi, Bangphai, and at least five different types of bamboos.
“There are several community development projects besides MGNREGS, under different departments for the rural communities including the forest-dwellers to bring them into the sustainable livelihood frameworks aiming to reduce the pressure from the forest and turn away the tribals from traditional slash and burn method (Jhum) of agriculture, which started yielding benefits,” said a senior forest official here.
Before the Covid pandemic, forest-dwelling communities of as many as 157 villages earned benefits in 2019-20 while it was reduced in subsequent years to 90 and 110 villages respectively, the officials stated adding that efforts have been made to bring more villages into the access and benefit sharing framework of the forest resources.
Tripura has long been persuaded to monetize its natural resources and develop a nature-based economy for which the then Chief Minister had demanded a green bonus of Rs 2125 Cr from 14th finance commission along with a grant of Rs 1250 Cr for climate change mitigation, and adaptations.
Thereafter, aiming to increase carbon stock as per its commitment to India to the global community and to boost short-term-forestry-based livelihood, Tripura brought Rs 1000 Cr Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) aided second phase project for sustainable catchment forest management and to improve the quality of forest, officials added. | https://thenortheastaffairs.com/tripura-forest-dwellers-earned-rs-2-35-cr-by-trading-minor-forest-produces/ |
Forest has been defined as an area with a high density of trees. These plant communities cover large areas of the globe and function as carbon dioxide sinks, animal habitats, hydrologic flow modulators, and soil conservers, constituting one of the most important aspects of our biosphere .
Forests are the storehouse of natural resources, without which the very sustenance of the human population would be under threat. Yet forests have been the first to bear the brunt of civilization. The growing human population has consistently put pressure on forest cover. Out of the total geographic area of 328.73 million hectares of the country, the area under forest cover is reported to be 69.02 million hectares [22.9% of the total area). Of which, about 41% is estimated to have already been degraded. Many of the degraded forests are also the habitat of some of the poorest of the poor in the country. The proportion of this population living below poverty line is significantly higher than the national average [e.g. 69% in south Orissa and 44% in Chhattisgarh). These forest dwellers, living in the forest fringe areas, are heavily dependent on forests for their livelihood and thus are in conflict with the interests of forests conservation. Existing Policy FrameworkGovernment of India has set itself an ambitious target of achieving 33% forest and tree cover by the year 2012. This goal cannot be achieved without active cooperation and participation of forest-dependent communities. That community participation is important for sustainable forest development was recognized for the first time by the National Forest Policy, 1988, which called for Creating a massive people's movement with the involvement of women to minimize pressure on existing forests .
This shift in policy stance towards forest-dependent communities was institutionalized by the Joint Forest Management (JEM) Resolution of the Ministry of Environment & Forests in 1990. Further guidelines on JFM have been issued by the Ministry in the year 2000. This policy stance has been reiterated in the New Environment Policy of 2006. Status of JEM & concerns as a consequence of this emphasis placed by the Government on community participation, over 83000 Forest Protection Committees are currently operational in different parts of the country, managing over 17 million hectares of forest area. The chart below shows the state-wise status of JFM. The area under JFM is normalized with respect to state forest area. Data Source : www.indiastat.comlt can be seen that states are at varying levels of progress. Almost 70% of the states have less than 20% of their forest areas under JFM and almost half have under 10% coverage. The no. of Forest Protection Committees (Shown on the secondary Y Axis) also varies significantly state to state .
\Apart for the uneven pace of institutionalization, JFM has not been able to fully address the livelihood and poverty issues confronting the target communities. Many of these are perilously dependent on government funding and have failed to evoke the desired level of community participation. The legitimacy of JFMCs has also been a hindrance in many states and areas. JEMCS have lacked legal status, as they have come into being on the basis of executive orders and resolutions. There have also been instances of direct conflict with the Panchyati Raj Institutions. Policy Question the foregoing discussion brings out the importance and need for community participation in forests development and the associated concerns. The key question, therefore, is How community participation can be enhanced for sustainable forest development? Objectives The broad objectives that the above policy question would attempt to serve would be as under V Efficiency related1. To provide additional sources of income generation to forest dwellers to reduce their dependence on forests; and2. To strike a balance between the productive capacity of forests with local requirements for achieving sustainable forest management.
Equitable distribution of proceeds from timber harvesting and nontimber forest products. Engagement of all sections of forest dwellers in the joint forest management process without any discrimination. Possible Problem AreasCommunity participation may not have worked well in certain areas due to conflicts over forest resources, dispersed population structure, or the history of forest ownership patterns and use. As pointed out by Banarjee et al the problems often lie at the local level due to the unorganized nature and inadequate capacity of forest communities. There may be a lack of interest or incentives to take over stewardship of forest resources.
In addition, there may be conflicting interests among local social groups that make reaching a consensus difficult. Moreover, as forests have been traditionally managed by the state, joint forest management may be perceived by locals as another state intervention. There may be typical attitudinal bottlenecks that prevent people from identifying themselves with the state and state objectives. Social inequalities prevalent among forest communities could result in control and reaping of forest benefits by certain powerful factions and consequent alienation of the less privileged and downtrodden. Conflicts arising from differences in gender, social status, and political affiliation may also constrain broader participation. On the part of the forest department, there may be reluctance among the forest officials, particularly those at the cutting edge level, to adapt to changing circumstances. That their transformation from controllers to facilitators is far from complete is well acknowledged. | https://envrexperts.com/free-essays/essay-about-sommunity-participation-forest-management/ |
REDD, responsible logging could help preserve Congo forests, reduce poverty, says report
Payments for ecosystem services and sustainable forest management may be key components in maintaining Central Africa’s rainforests as healthy and productive ecosystems, finds a comprehensive assessment of the region’s forests.
The review, entitled State of the Forest 2008, was released Thursday at an event hosted by the State Department and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). More than 100 scientists, policy and technical experts contributed to the report, which includes an overview of the region’s forests and detailed profiles for each of the six Congo Basin Forest Partnership member countries: Gabon, Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon and the Central African Republic.
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State of the Forest 2008
The report notes that while forest cover is “relatively well preserved” across the basin, high population growth rates and increasing international demand for commodities (including timber, food, and biofuels) pose a significant threat in the future. The report says most deforestation in the Congo Basin is presently the result of poverty — subsistence agriculture and fuelwood collection — rather than logging, which the authors argue “has not generally led to significant loss of forest cover.”
“Firewood harvesting far exceeds timber extraction in terms of volume of wood harvested,” it states. “However, it rarely impacts rainforest except close to large urban centers.”
The report goes on to say that sustainable forest management and payments for ecosystem services schemes — like the proposed reducing greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) mechanism — could potentially boost development without undermining sustainability, although both require governance structures that are currently lacking in most Congo Basin countries. | https://news.mongabay.com/2010/01/congo-basin-rainforest-countries/ |
DUBAI, Feb 27 2007 (IPS) - Those who would counter charges that the United Arab Emirates (UAE) is ignoring tradition for modernity may point at an entire ‘cultural district’ off the coast of Abu Dhabi, celebrations for eighth biennial of the Sharjah Art Museum, Arab icons placed prominently all over, art galleries and festivals.
In a region that is witnessing rapid modernisation, aided by huge returns from high oil prices, the UAE is taking proactive steps to make its mark as the cultural hub of the Middle East.
Sharjah (one of the seven emirates in the country) has always been referred to as the cultural centre of the UAE, but now Abu Dhabi and Dubai are coming up fast behind.
Abu Dhabi recently announced that the biggest of the Guggenheim Museum chain would soon be located in its cultural district at Saadiyat Island and international auction house Christie’s will host its first international modern and contemporary art auction in Dubai.
At the signing of an agreement with the Guggenheim Foundation, Abu Dhabi Crown Prince Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahayan said the museum would help transform the emirates into a ‘‘world-class cultural destination.’’
Guggenheim Abu Dhabi – designed by the internationally-acclaimed architect Frank Gehry – will be the latest to be funded by the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation which has set up museums in New York, Venice, Bilbao, Berlin and Las Vegas.
The museum will form its own major collection of contemporary art and exhibit masterworks from the Foundation’s global collections and be built on the ‘Island of Happiness’. Other projects for the District include building a Louvre – a huge translucent dome filled with fountains to be designed by a Frenchman, Jean Nouvel, a performing arts centre and a maritime museum.
‘’We believe that the Middle East is one of the world’s most important emerging regions in terms of contemporary culture,” Guggenheim Foundation’s director Thomas Krens said at the signing ceremony.
Elsewhere in the region, Qatar has started building museums and preserving archaeological sites. The Supreme Council for Culture, Arts and Heritage is building four major museums while Doha Bank will part-finance a Museum of Islamic Arts project, which will house a selection of the finest treasures of Islamic art, a library, commercial facilities and national gallery archives.
Critics, however, say that Arab countries are aping Western traditions and that many urban Arabs are copying, buying, adopting or being stimulated by Western cultural traditions. They add that Middle Eastern landscapes exhibit several examples of heavy influence of Western traditions and that most major Arab cities are deep hybrids of Islamic, Arab, and Western legacies in the fields of culture and commerce.
‘‘What is in fact true is that most of the Arab nations, especially the UAE, are building for the future, while keeping one eye on past glory. It is a heady blend of tradition and modernity and that augurs well. The promotion of this blend is a very important step, not only for the UAE and other Arab countries but also for the whole world that is being threatened by cultural changes brought about by globalisation,’’ Ahmed Salah, an Egyptian art critic, told IPS.
‘‘In the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, these efforts assume importance because the population of nationals is comparatively lesser. The presence of a sizeable foreign manpower usually brings in its own culture and lifestyle. It is natural therefore that the focus is to accentuate Arab heritage in an attempt to preserve their national identity and stand out amid the inflow of foreign labour,’’ Ahmed added, citing examples such as the Heritage District in Abu Dhabi, Heritage Village in Dubai and the museums in Sharjah.
According to Mohammad Khalaf Al Mazrouei, director general of the Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture and Heritage, ‘‘Globalisation may be considered as a threat when it leads to homogeneity. The rich cultural legacy and inheritance of Abu Dhabi is the best guarantee to stick tightly to values. With pressing issues confronting the future of the people of the UAE, we cannot but embrace modernity while preserving traditions.’’
The emphasis on culture is also aimed at adding a local flavour to encourage tourism, a key sector in the economic diversification plan.
In Dubai, construction projects that promote a blend of modern and traditional styles get faster approval from the municipality. Dubai has also set up a Cultural Council that coordinates with culture experts, encourages them in activities that promote art, poetry and other traditions and initiates cultural exchange programmes with other countries.
‘‘This is a fruitful orientation. Throughout the world, there is a trend for the promotion of cultural tourism. Culture and heritage are positive assets to tourism, and tourism can contribute to raising awareness regarding the necessity of preserving and protecting cultural heritage. The policy followed has been successful in this so far. Tourism will not affect our values, culture and traditions,’’ Mazrouei told IPS.
Art critic Salah added: ‘‘Basically most tourists visit the Gulf countries because of the warm climate in winter and modern attractions like shopping malls, festivals and desert safaris. But they also visit heritage centres to get familiar with our history. By prominently showcasing our cultural traditions, it is possible that we would even have tourists coming to study our heritage.’’
Mazrouei argued that the more people feel that their culture is endangered the more they will do to revive it. ‘‘The solid foundations on which our citizens stand are rooted in centuries of cultural development. As for the Western influence, we will adapt what’s appropriate to our values and culture. There is no threat.’’
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Would you consider a $20.00 contribution today that will help to keep the IPS news wire active? Your contribution will make a huge difference. | http://www.ipsnews.net/2007/02/culture-uae-modernity-no-threat-to-arab-values-tradition/ |
The SEAMEO Regional Center for Archaeology and Fine Arts (SEAMEO-SPAFA) is an organization founded in 1978 in Bangkok, Thailand under the aegis of the Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization (SEAMEO) representing eleven Southeast Asian nations(*). Its mission is to help preserve the cultural heritage sites around Southeast Asia and the region’s traditional arts, and to promote awareness and appreciation of them in order to advance mutual knowledge, understanding and cooperation among SEAMEO Member Countries. To achieve these aims, SEAMEO-SPAFA pursues the following objectives.
1. Cultivate awareness and appreciation of cultural heritage through collaboration in information dissemination and other relevant programs of activities;
2. Promote and help enrich archaeological and cultural activities in the region;
3. Further professional competence in the fields of archaeology and fine arts through regional programs and activities and through sharing of resources and experiences; and
4. Advance mutual knowledge and understanding among the countries of Southeast Asia through regional programs in archaeology and fine arts.
Furthermore, SEAMEO-SPAFA aims to benefit as many SEAMEO member countries as possible and produce long-term impact on individuals or institutions by improving skills and self-reliance, complementing other development efforts related to culture and society and facilitating the transfer of knowledge, skills and technology suitable to the development of Southeast Asia. SEAMEO-SPAFA also has seven Associate Members including Australia, New Zealand and Canada in the Pacific rim and four European countries and receives support from donor countries (Japan, Canada, and Italy) as well as from international organizations such as UNESCO, ICCROM, and IDP Australia.
In 2008, the Center organized “LIVE ARTS BANGKOK” as a new performance festival for regenerating heritage art & spaces, dance, theatre and puppetry. The festival presented ten works by artists from nine countries, including Japan, at important architectural heritage sites around the city of Bangkok. (Curator: Tang FU KUEN).
- Organization
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Although its offices are in a Thai government building, SEAMEO-SPAFA, like other SEAMEO Centers, operates as an autonomous, international institution. The organizational structure of SEAMEO - SPAFA consists of a policy making body, called the Governing Board, and has three departments (specialist team of researchers, etc., a management and financial team and a library/documentation team) that provide a variety of services.
In response to requests from governments and organizations the Center offers consultation services in cultural resource management designed to suit requirements of governments and organizations. Services include (1) specially arranged cultural tours conducted by the region’s leading specialists and academics in archaeology, history, and culture, (2) funding for the Science Laboratory for Archaeology and Fine Arts and (3) full facility conference and lecture rooms, and accommodation available for guests and rental by the public.
- Programs and Activities
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The primary areas of SEAMEO – SPAFA’s programs are Archaeology, Visual Arts and Performing Arts and activities are carried out year-round with a focus on resource management specialized educational services to nurture personnel in the areas of research and management with training courses, seminars/workshop, dissemination of information, library/documentation services and personnel exchanges.
Of these, some of the major activities are performed by the Library and Documentation services, which include clearing house functions, documenting and publishing proceedings of SPAFA research, seminars and workshops and collects, processes, stores, retrieves and disseminates information on archaeology, prehistory, fine arts, performing arts, visual arts.
- Main programs in 2011
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In January 2011, The Asia-Pacific Forum: Youth Action on Climate Change; Exploration through Cultural Expression was held in Bangkok, gathering 150 participants from 17 countries to explore the possibilities of using artistic expression as an approach to providing solutions or issues relating to the environment and cultural heritage sites and assets. An Asia Youth in Action, The Warriors of the Earth (http://grou.ps/asiayouthinaction) was established as a network for continuing action in this area. The Japan Foundation is one of the organizations providing funding for this forum.
In May, there was a seminar in Thailand on rock art (art works made of rock) with training and workshops. In August, a seminar titled Heritage Conservation in Historic Towns and Urban Areas: The Role of the Private Sector in Southeast Asia and Europe was held.
*Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization member nations:
Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, East Timor and Vietnam.
http://www.seameo.org/index.html?option=com_content&task=view&id=25&Itemid=33>
Data:
SEAMEO-SPAFA
Address: | https://performingarts.jpf.go.jp/E/society/1109/1.html |
- Perspectives on Korean Music
Music is a mirror to understand the discourse of identity in Korean society. As in many Third World countries that have experienced rapid Westernization and urbanization, Western music has been the dominating power in Korean society since the beginning of the twentieth century. Yet, Koreans have attempted to find their national identity from traditional culture and music. Although most Koreans prefer Western classical music and Western-style popular music to traditional music, they believe that traditional music has played a key role as the carrier of the "five thousand years" of Korean identity and has to be developed in order to enhance the notion of Koreanness.
Traditional music has been the core of the Intangible Cultural Properties system in order to preserve and promote the valuable cultural heritage. At the same time, musicians have attempted to create a new music culture in order to appeal to the tastes of contemporary audiences. In this regard, preserving and creating are double sides of a coin for Korean musicians.
Keith Howard seriously explores the double sides of the coin in his comprehensive two-volume publication. The author is one of the first foreign ethnomusicologists [End Page 88] to conduct extensive field research in Korea. His publication, Bands, Songs, and Shamanistic Rituals: Folk Music in Korean Society (1989), based on his fieldwork on Jindo Island, at the southwestern tip of the Korean peninsula and a "Treasure Island," in its literal meaning, or as Howard puts it, "a virtual heritage museum" (p. 1: 101) of Korean folk music, is one of the most comprehensive musical ethnographies of Korean music. In his 1989 study, Howard explores the background and process of Korea's promotion of the Intangible Cultural Properties system and its application to Jindo cultural properties. His interest is not confined to Jindo islanders' music but has expanded to most traditional musical genres from court music to folk music and to newly composed music since the late 1980s. This two-volume study is the result of twenty-five years of research from an outsider's view.
Since the late 1960s Korean traditional music has been "recovered" by two oppositional powers. On one hand, the Korean government has promoted traditional music to gain popular recognition of the regime's legitimacy, exploiting the term "nationalism." The aim of such governmental manipulation is to legitimize and increase its authoritative power through the inspiration of people's historical consciousness. The most effective meaning of reviving cultural nationalism was to efface its emergent nature by invoking the past. This process of invoking the past becomes a matter of empowerment in creating national self. The government emphasized the importance of traditional culture and redefined the Confucian ethics that have governed Korean life and ideology for more than six hundred years (Lee 2004: 38–39). The government's exertion in establishing traditional culture resulted in the system of Intangible Cultural Properties, as explored by Howard in his first volume, Preserving Korean Music: Intangible Cultural Properties as Icons of Identity.
On the other hand, the minjung (people) movement, which "attempts to heal the nation's wounded history by reconstructing a popular culture common to all" (Choi 1995: 107), aims to revive the traditional culture. Those who oppose state authority have embraced especially folk culture, including folk songs, farmers' band music, masked dances, and shamanic arts, as a counter-hegemonic reaction to elite culture. The recognition of traditional music by the activist was not restricted to a momentary movement. It has resulted in the development of new Korean music as the key role in the discourse of the Korean identity, as examined in Howard's second volume, Creating Korean Music: Tradition, Innovation and the Discourse of Identity.
To preserve and to create Korean music are contradictory tasks for Korean musicians, although they are complementary in nature. Most Korean musicologists argue that traditional music should be preserved as its own to exhibit the splendid traditional culture. In fact, maintaining archetypes based on the notion of originality is the... | https://muse.jhu.edu/article/233529/pdf |
Today, Phnom Penh is a city in evolution with multiple faces, and which thrives to draw new chapters that can heal wounds, sustain collective memories of the past, revive cultural ...
By Anupama Sekhar
#ASEFCulture
In 2012, which marks the 15th anniversary of the Foundation, policy dialogue initiatives will focus on heritage, creative industries, cultural infrastructure and the role of culture in development.
The framework for the sustainable conservation and revitalisation of Gobindgarh Fort, one of the most striking historical edifices in Amritsar, Punjab is a good example of inclusive cultural heritage management ...
The Arts Council of Mongolia joins hands with Xanadu Mines to restore and maintain the Choijin Lama Temple Museum complex in Ulaanbaatar. This joint project lends an insight into the ...
By Claire Wilson
In Tasik Chini, an NGO is building capacity to empower local communities to document their traditional knowledge and actively participate in the management and restoration planning process of their immediate ...
Since George Town received the World Heritage title from UNESCO, jointly with Melaka as historic cities of the Straits of Malacca in 2008, it has experienced growing attention and underwent ...
By Leonardo Rey S. Carino
Philippine festivals are town fiestas celebrating moments in history that defined identity, polity and locality. Celebration of the arts and culture, albeit made central to these festivities, only comes as ...
By Ramona David
The exhibition "Shared Heritage: As We See It" showcases photographs and videos on the theme of cultural heritage by the participants of the 17th ASEF University programme.
Heritage dominated the agenda of the Fourth ASEM Culture Ministers’ Meeting in Poland in 2010 and will continue to shape the deliberations of the next Ministerial meeting, scheduled to be ...
By Bharti Lalwani
Bharti Lalwani has interviewed Lucien De Guise, Senior Curator at Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia (IAMM)
Senior Curator of the Asian Civilisations Museum Singapore, Ms. Heidi Tan, shares in the following interview her high points on the first international travelling exhibition on Sumatran culture "Sumatra: Isle ...
Poised to open in 2013, The National Art Gallery, Singapore (TNAGS) aims to provide a regional and cultural framework with a strong Southeast Asian focus. | https://culture360.asef.org/magazine/?f%5B0%5D=facet_countries%3A228&=&=&=&=&=&=&=&=&=&=&=&=&=&f%5B1%5D=facet_countries%3A188&f%5B2%5D=disciplines%3A757&f%5B3%5D=facet_countries%3A179&f%5B4%5D=facet_countries%3A215&theme=heritage&page=3 |
Open spaces were developed for public events such as the Singapore Night Festival, which attract both residents and tourists. Photo credit: Choo Yut Shing, CC by-NC-SA 2.0, https://flic.kr/p/oBisrW.
Rapid urban renewal in the 1980s improved the quality of life in Singapore, but formerly bustling districts lost some of their vibrancy. To inject life back into the Bras Basah.Bugis precinct in downtown Singapore, the Urban Redevelopment Authority embarked on a 20-year rejuvenation plan in 1989. The plan aimed to bring life back to the streets by encouraging walking and developing a heritage, arts, and learning enclave.
This case study was adapted from Urban Solutions of the Centre for Liveable Cities in Singapore.
Bras Basah and Bugis are adjacent neighborhoods in downtown Singapore. Since the mid-19th century, Bras Basah has hosted many religious and educational institutions. Up until the 1970s, students thronged to its bookshops and cinemas.
In contrast, Bugis was well known in the 1950s for its spirited nightlife. On Bugis Street, locals, tourists, sailors and, most famously, cross-dressers gathered to eat street food, watch people, or carouse till the wee hours.
But like other inner city areas, the streets of both districts were congested, and the people were living in overcrowded housing with poor sanitation. To address these issues, the government started in the 1960s to demolish ubiquitous but dilapidated shophouses. Residents were relocated to improved public housing—sometimes within the area—while the land was redeveloped as offices, hotels, and shopping malls.
Urban renewal efforts culminated in the 1980s. Most of the schools left, leaving empty structures behind, while Bugis Street was leveled to build the underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system, marking the end of the street’s rowdy revelries.
By the late 1980s, both districts had developed a new shine but were discernibly quieter and less vibrant.
To revive the area, the Urban Redevelopment Authority decided to develop it into a lively heritage, arts, and learning enclave. The districts were branded as a single precinct called Bras Basah.Bugis or BBB for short. A master plan was drawn up to guide its development.
A key strategy to enliven BBB was to get people to walk from place to place. Measures were explored to create a pedestrian-friendly precinct with welcoming, active, and vibrant streets. The vision was to link up BBB through a network of pedestrian malls, covered walkways, laneways between buildings, and even second-story links where street-level crossings were not possible, so that pedestrians could move around easily and comfortably.
The earliest effort to create a pedestrian mall was in 1989, when the land above the new Bugis MRT station was sold for commercial development. The Urban Redevelopment Authority guided the developer to retain the three old streets that intersected Bugis Street in its shopping mall to promote pedestrian traffic and recapture the human scale of the original shophouses. These indoor streets were successfully integrated with the rest of the mall and kept accessible.
Another significant initiative was the pedestrianization of Albert and Waterloo Streets. Home to prominent Chinese and Hindu temples, the two intersecting streets were often congested with cars and people, especially during religious festivals. In 1996, the converting of street sections into a 700-meter pedestrian mall began to provide a venue for festival markets and other street activities. This promoted a freer flow of people, adding color and bustle to the streets.
Beyond pedestrian infrastructure, urban planners know that paths lined with shops and cafes are more walkable than paths without them. URA guidelines therefore stipulate that “activity-generating” uses such as retail, dining and entertainment are to be provided at the ground level fronting pedestrian thoroughfares along BBB’s main roads.
Blue areas in the planning guidelines stipulate "activity-generating” uses along the streets of Bras Basah.Bugis (BBB) precinct to enhance the experience of visitors and passersby. Photo credit: URA online Maps service.
As part of its conservation program from the late 1980s, the Urban Redevelopment Authority decided to retain BBB’s eclectic mix of heritage shophouses, schools, and places of worship, alongside modern high-rise buildings and public housing. Many BBB buildings were conserved, thereby preserving the identity, beauty, and human scale of adjacent streets. Former schools were also reopened as museums or other public facilities, which expanded and enriched the public realm.
The former Tao Nan School building now houses the Peranakan Museum. Photo credit: Choo Yut Shing, CC by-NC-SA 2.0, flic.kr/p/oRUoLn.
At the same time, arts and educational institutions were grouped into clusters by reserving several plots of land for them. As the student population grew, they injected more life and energy into the area. Planners and architects have also developed good public places at institutions like LASALLE College of the Arts, School of the Arts, and Singapore Management University.
BBB institutions organize a rich calendar of events, including the Singapore Writers Festival and Singapore Biennale, which draws people into their semi-public areas. In the case of BBB’s eclectic and massively popular signature event, the Singapore Night Festival, activities can also spill into public spaces.
The Wheel House performance during the Singapore Night Festival. Photo credit: National Heritage Board.
Planners also took care to retain BBB’s public housing areas in the master plan. This local community contributes to the precinct’s authenticity and vibrancy, especially after hours. Three blocks of old public flats were also refurbished as a hostel for Singapore Management University's students. This created a youthful resident population, making for a livelier BBB at night.
Today, BBB is a unique mash-up of old and new. Hipster cafes sit next to traditional coffee shops, or “kopitiams”; conserved shophouses are juxtaposed with high-rises. You are as likely to see arty young types as older Singaporeans who chitchat at kopitiams or read the papers at the National Library.
The Waterloo Street Food Centre is a traditional coffee shop, or kopitiam. Photo credit: Toh Ee Ming.
The Urban Redevelopment Authority continues to work with various partners to reclaim road space for people and events, especially those with potential to draw vibrant crowds. In 2013, a portion of Queen Street was narrowed by removing curbside parking to create expanded sidewalks with attractive seating and paving to encourage people to hang out. The wider sidewalks are also more conducive for arts and cultural events in the area.
To encourage stakeholders to make BBB even livelier, the National Heritage Board led a series of visioning workshops in 2014 with 50 commercial and nonprofit organizations in BBB. They discussed future plans, such as allowing more regular activities that spill out onto the streets and public domains, such as busking. One suggestion to close off certain streets for the 2015 Night Festival was done to great success. This has since prompted the Urban Redevelopment Authority to consider closing parts of Armenian Street to encourage a vibrant street life.
Centre for Liveable Cities. 2017. Bras Basah.Bugis: Breathing Life Back into BBB. Urban Solutions, Issue 11: Public Spaces. May 2017. The Centre for Liveable Cities, Singapore.
CLC’s mission is to distil, create and share knowledge on liveable and sustainable cities. CLC’s work spans four main areas—Research, Capability Development, Knowledge Platforms, and Advisory. Through these activities, CLC hopes to provide urban leaders and practitioners with the knowledge and support needed to make our cities better. Visit the CLC website. | https://development.asia/case-study/enhancing-urban-spaces-pedestrian-friendly-mixed-use-development |
Islamabad enjoys the central location in the country and hence is a hub for many cultural and traditional activities. These would range from national and international conferences to cultural festivals and fairs. Being a home to many civilizations in the past, Pakistan has a very rich and diversified cultural heritage. All the provinces of Pakistan have their own unique cultures and traditions.
Since the past few years UNESCO has been working with the government of Pakistan to build the institutional capacity for safeguarding the intangible cultural legacy of Pakistan.If you want to know more about the cultural heritage of Pakistan don’t forget to visit these places in the city.
The Lok Virsa Museum & Heritage Library is situated near Shakarparian, Islamabad. This place takes you through a journey of past traditions and cultures. The museum will show you the whole story of the subcontinents. It offers a great display of art in the form of jewelry, block printing, embroidered clothes, woodwork and metalwork of all types. It is surrounded by handicraft shops selling local embroidered stuffs. In the picture below you can see some of the traditional dresses worn by men and women.
Pakistan Monument Museum provides an insight into country’s history and the struggle through which the people of Pakistan went through during the sub continent era. It pays a tribute to those who sacrificed their lives for a separate homeland. The artwork here is spectacular; it’s like a complete picture of the era of independence struggle. Here is a look of the inside of this museum.
Pakistan National Council Of Arts regularly teaches and organizes various cultural programs for the tourists all year round. National Puppet Theater was established in 1975. It was a great step taken by Pakistan National Council of the Arts, Ministry of Culture & Pakistan in order to revive the most popular folk art. Two groups were sent to China for Rod puppet training in 1975 & 1979 & a third was sent to Poland in 1987.Since then its quest to promote the art of puppetry at home and in remote/ far flung areas of Pakistan is in progress. This team of NPT also holds shows every year to highlight important international events like Earthquake Victims Day, Kashmir Solidarity Day, Pakistan Day Celebrations, Independence Day Celebrations, World Tourism Day, and Universal Children Day & Quaid-e-Azam Day Celebrations. National puppet theater has numerous puppets, which are hand made by the apprentices.
Islamabad museum provides an extensive historic sequence of the land where Pakistan is positioned right now. 20 million years old fossil remains, 2 million years old man-made rock tools, 7000 years old original human settlements, that lead to the entire world famous Indus Civilization, Gandhara Grave Tradition as well as Gandhara art, original Islamic settlements, Sultanate and Mughal period, their own fine art and craft can be seen here. | https://www.munplanet.com/articles/munplanet-city-mavericks/reliving-the-indus-civilization-in-islamabad |
Minister of Culture Inaugurates The First Arajos And Traditional Puppets Forum In The Cultural Park
Abdel Dayem: Heritage Arts is a mark of identity and a source of contemporary inspiration.
Minister of Culture Dr. Inas Abdel Dayem affirmed that heritage arts is a title of identity and a source of contemporary inspirations.
It is worthy of note that the first Arajose and Traditional Puppets Forum is held by the Ministry of Culture - the Supreme Council for Culture headed by Dr. Hisham Azmi, and the National Center for Child Culture, headed by the writer Mohamed Nassef . This forum was inaugurated on the occasion of the first year of the inclusion of Arajose art in the list of UNESCO World intangible cultural heritage and within the celebrations of childhood At Children Cultural Park in Sayeda Zeinab District.
During the celebration, The Minister of Culture Gave its directions to establish a permanent school and workshop for the art of Aragouz and Puppets theater , to provide all support for the activities presented to the visitors of the park, plus, she honored 9 Aragouz players for their efforts in preserving this art including:- The name of Mahmoud Ibrahim Shkoku -received by director Nasser Abdul Ltwab, the name of Saber l- Masry - received by his son Karim, the name of Hamdi Qalioubi - received by his sons Hossam and Yara, Salah Al-Masri, Sayed Al-Suwaisi, Amr Al-Gizawi, Adel Madi - received by Saber Rabie, the youngest Aragouz player Karim Salah Al-Masri and director Nasser Abdel Tawab .
The opening ceremonies included organizing a symposium about the art of Arajose, moderated by Dr. Ahmed Marsy- professor of popular literature, in addition to presenting Alarajoz show directed by Ahmed Ismail. | http://moc.gov.eg/en/media-center/news/minister-of-culture-inaugurates-the-first-arajos-and-traditional-puppets-forum-in-the-cultural-park/ |
Aspiration (5) of Agenda 2063 envisions an Africa with a strong cultural identity, common heritage, shared values and ethics. This calls for an “African Cultural Renaissance” which is pre-eminent and that inculcates the spirit of Pan-Africanism; tapping Africa’s rich heritage and culture to ensure that the creative arts are major contributors to Africa’s growth and transformation; and restoring and preserving Africa’s cultural heritage, including its languages. It designates culture as a contributing factor in bringing together what politics has separated as well as to the hastening and consolidation of the restructuring and development process in the economic field. Much as the African Union is one and seeks integration and a common cultural identity, yet it consists of fifty five (55) sovereign Member States with varied expressions of culture and national identities; this cultural diversity is part of the richness of the African culture, where it promotes mutual respect and collaboration, encouraged by Africa’s common geography and shared history of colonial struggle amongst other.
It is in this context that the African Union adopted the Charter for African Cultural Renaissance of 2006 and the AU Plan of Action on Cultural and Creative Industries, which advocate for the development of creativity and cultural expressions to ensure that identity, positive values and traditions are transmitted from generation to generation. The Pan-African Cultural Congress was established as a platform for Pan-African Cultural Institutions and Civil Society Organizations working on the arts, culture and heritage field to provide their contribution to the policy making process of the African Union. The Congress provides opportunity to share the progress made in implementation of the continental and global instruments to harness Africa’s cultural diversity towards the cultural renaissance, deepened African cultural identity, socio-economic development and shared prosperity called for by the AU Agenda 2063.
African Culture can be introduced to the world without colouring their perceptions with conflicts old and new; research indicates that peoples’ attitudes towards others cultures are more positive when similarities are stressed rather than differences. Arts and Culture have always been a bridge between education and entertainment. From the earliest time, theatre, music, folklores and films have been used to spread news, share history, or educate people about events outside of their communities. Cultural Diplomacy engage people, focusing their attention and actively involving them in an experience. Active involvement means that their emotions, not just intellectual or cognitive skills, are affected. It is this ability to touch emotions that allows arts and culture to influence attitudes in ways that traditional instructions cannot. | https://www.aapipeace.org/cultural-diplomacy/ |
March 7, 2013 – Thirteen years ago, in 2003, the UNESCO adopted the international convention for safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage, which was ratified by Hungary in 2006. The goal of the convention is to protect and preserve oral traditions and expressions, performing arts, social practices, rituals, festive events and traditional craftsmanship.
In 2009, the traditional “Busó festivities” of the town of Mohács were the first Hungarian custom inscribed on the representative list of intangible cultural heritage. This was followed in 2011 by the táncház method, which was inscribed on the register of best safeguarding practices, as a Hungarian model for the transmission of intangible cultural heritage. In 2012, the representative list was expanded to include the traditional Matyó embroidery, and Hungarian and Austrian falconry was jointly added to the 11 countries on the list practicing falconry.
Hungary / 3,000 HUF / .925 silver / 30mm / 12.5g / Design: Andras Szilos / Mintage: 4,000.
At the beginning of the 1970s a revival of the Hungarian folklore movement spread to all branches of traditional arts, but among these the most unique and original phenomenon was the “táncház” movement, which rapidly spread beyond Hungary’s borders and became international. The secret to the success of this movement is the high degree of development of Hungarian folk music and dance, its vibrant condition, scientific study and the organization of special education based on the above, in addition to the functional, integrated approach to applying these traditions. This method provides modern people with access to intangible cultural heritage, in the form of music, dance, poetry, and folk traditions and handicrafts, as a complex, recreational, community-based, educational event. It draws directly on the living traditions of local communities and on archive sources, whilst at the same time continuously cooperating with researchers studying such.
The Magyar Nemzeti Bank is issuing a series of silver collector coins to highlight the importance of preserving intangible cultural heritage. The first coin in this series was the commemorative coin for the “Busó festivities” in Mohács which was issued in 2011. The series continues in 2013 with a silver coin presenting the Hungarian táncház method. The front of the coin bears the motif of an embroidered tulip, while the back shows a pair of dancing young people and children dressed in traditional Hungarian folk costumes.
For more information on this coin visit the website of the Hungarian Mint.
To get an impression of what it looks like when people dance táncház you should watch some YouTube videos like this …
… or this.
If you are interested in táncház visit also the websites of the Dance House Guild Budapest …
and of the Táncháztalálkozó or The National Táncház Festival & Fair in Hungary. | https://coinsweekly.com/hungary-issues-coins-on-unesco-protected-tanchaz-dance-method/ |
Job Description:
Job Description
Description
The Project Manager for Structural Fabricated Products is responsible for planning and overseeing the production of Structural Projects to ensure they are successfully completed on schedule and within budget requirements. The Project Manager will plan and designate project resources with Operations and Engineering, prepare timelines, oversee budgets, monitor fabrication progress, and keep stakeholders informed throughout the project life cycle. This role will be key for timely resolution of changes in the project scope ensuring a positive impact for WireCo. The Project Manager will lead by example utilizing all aspects of the WireCo Business System.
Duties & Responsibilities
Execute fabrication schedules for on time deliveries of projects and continually develop new fabrication project timelines as quotes and orders are communicated.
Assist Operations to direct facilities and resources to ensure that finished products and deliverables consistently meet the WireCo standards, Contract requirements, and within or below budget.
Responsible for measuring and communicating the efficient project schedules, guidelines, and standards by which the group's efficiency and effectiveness are evaluated; identifies and implements opportunities for improvement.
Stay knowledgeable of the customer's goals and objectives for changes to the scope of work on projects, contracts with key subcontractors, and adherence to contractual / customer requirements. This role will be key to identifying changes affecting cost to both WireCo and the Customer ensuring timely resolution and margin attainment for the project.
Manage Risk and Production to resolve contractual issues and remedies for disputes.
Project a positive image of the organization to employees, customers, industry, and community.
Improve operational management systems, processes and best practices in order to align with the WireCo Business System (WBS).
Performs all other related duties as assigned.
Keys to success will be your knowledge of fabrication, ability to monitor our deliverables for adherence to client criteria as well as help execution of all business, technical, fiscal, and administrative functions.
Travel Requirements: 15% of Travel Required
Supervisory Responsibility
None
Qualifications
Required Qualifications
5+ years of experience in manufacturing or distribution environment with theoretical and practical project management knowledge.
Demonstrated experience in strategic objective planning and goal setting, and budgeting / P&L
Ability to communicate objectives to others, motivate and organize multiple efforts to accomplish goals.
Superior communication (verbal and written), presentation, and interpersonal skills.
Possess a high degree of ethics.
Strong analytical, decision-making, and problem-solving skills.
Proficient in Microsoft Office Suite or related software.
Must be able to sit at a desk and work on a computer for prolonged periods.
Must be able to quickly traverse manufacturing and distribution areas and have frequent exposure to associated environmental conditions such as dust, grease, heat, cold, loud noise, fumes and odors.
Preferred Qualifications
Bachelor's Degree in Engineering, Operations, Industrial or Business Management, or a related field with progressively increasing levels of management & responsibility, preferably in the wire/steel industry.
Experience as a project manager
Knowledge of techniques and tools in the Fabrication of Structural elements
Experience in strategic planning, risk management and/or change management
Experience working with ERP systems and project management software tools
Experience in Contract implementation and review.
Additional Information
Equal Opportunity Employer/Veterans/Disability
Eligibility
Must be legally authorized to work in the United States without restriction.
Must be willing to submit to a background investigation, including verification of past employment, criminal history and educational background.
Must be willing and able to pass a post-offer drug screen and physical (if required)
Must be 18 years of age or older.
Job Description
Keywords: WireCo WorldGroup, Columbia , Project Manager - Structural Fabricated Products, Executive , Kirksville, Missouri
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here to apply! | https://www.columbiamorecruiter.com/executive-jobs/2448257101/project-manager-structural-fabricated-products |
Bassi is hiring a Division Manager for their “New Build Construction” division to join the team in Ottawa, Ontario. The Division Manager plans, oversees, and manages the end-to-end delivery of a designated program of projects with various risk profiles, and ensures delivery within scope, budget and requirements. At this level, projects have durations of 2-5 years and budgets in the range of $15-150 million.
Reporting to the President, this position will be responsible for overseeing multiple projects lead by a team of Project Managers, Coordinators, Administrators, Superintendents and other support staff. The Division Manager will be responsible for overall delivery of the project objectives and will oversee quality throughout its life cycle, including pre-construction activities. The Division Manager will apply defined project management processes while managing cross-functional teams of internal and external experts to meet the project timelines, milestones and budgets.
As a member of the senior management team at Bassi, the Division Manager will also be involved in strategic discussions and execution planning related to the overall business.
KEY DUTIES & RESPONSIBILITIES
Provides strong leadership, guidance, coaching and support to the project management team in the continuous review, identification, development and implementation of processes to optimize program/project delivery.
Collaborates with Finance team to ensure ongoing profitability.
Oversees the development and implementation of project plans, budgets, and overall execution of project delivery and close-out requirements.
Continuously engages clients in discussions to understand and anticipate needs, identify and recommend additional services
Accountable for resolving escalated issues from project management team members, managing client expectations, and ensuring client satisfaction
Provides leadership to implement a project safety and quality culture with the support of Bassi processes and governance, developing project safety and quality objectives, tracking and reporting on performance, and acting to ensure safe and high-quality project delivery.
Develops and implements an execution strategy for the projects that heightens performance against business objectives and ensures execution success
Consistently demonstrates the ability to proactively identify potential project problems or opportunities, analyzes the issues using all appropriate resources, develops alternatives, and arrives at the most optimum approach to mitigate problems or exploit opportunities.
Identifies program risks and develops and implements mitigation and contingency plans. | https://emplois.wowjobs.ca/posting/xoVYWaWsvDcWfpSpApPtnI3mHkjFk6UbDwzVfeiDdJh7TicYHnHrig |
This position will support multiple projects for Warren manufacturing such as new product introductions, tech transfers or CMO projects. The role will report to the Senior Manager of CAR-T Project management. The project manager will develop project plans and project strategy, develop and manage timelines, identify and respond to critical path barriers, maintain a risk registry and associated contingency plans, and prepare executive progress reports. The project manager is required to work in a cross functional and dynamic setting where project assumptions and scenarios may change and therefore requires an individual who can quickly adapt to the changes and manage communications at different levels in the organization.
Responsibilities include, but are not limited to, the following:
• Manage multiple, low to medium complexity cross-functional process improvement and/or Technical Commercialization projects.
• Effectively manage team meetings, including the scheduling of meetings, the preparation of agendas, the development of meeting minutes, and the follow up on action items.
• With input from the team and team leader, lead the development of integrated timelines, ensuring that alignment with Global Project timelines.
• Serve as a member of sub-teams, tracking timelines elements to ensure that functional deliverables are completed on time and according to relevant quality standards
• Ensure adherence to applicable project budgets and propose capital appropriation requests where applicable
• Proactively identify program risks and work with the team and team leader to develop contingency plans
• In conjunction with the team and team leader, develop critical path analyses to understand risks and opportunities within project timelines
• Responsible for the preparation of routine status reports and communicate project progress to stakeholders
• Working with the team and team leader, contribute to the development of annual team goals and objectives, as well as team presentations for governance teams
• Ensure that team recommendations related to project direction, timelines and budget which need endorsement by governance teams are planned for review at appropriate milestones
• Promote a culture of collaboration, cooperation, execution excellence, effective communication, and cross-functional problem-solving to enable a high-performing team.
Qualifications
Skills/Knowledge Required:
• Bachelor’s degree with a minimum of 7 years of experience. PMP certification desirable.
• Must be competent in Project Management tools and methodologies
• Excellent organizational and time management skills
• Experience with regulated GMP environment for manufacturing (Biologics or Cell Therapy experience is a plus). | https://www.greenkeyllc.com/jobs/136122/pharmaceutical/project-manager-assistant%2C-document-management/warren-nj/ |
Role and Hours: This post is available as either a freelance contract or as a staff member role. Contract role for 9 months. Part time average of 22.5 hours or 3 days per week, equivalent to 117 days across whole contract.
Salary: £25,000 for 9 month contract.
The Lightbox is an independent charity-run public gallery and museum in Woking, Surrey. It is in the final stages of procuring a new CRM system and is looking for a contract Project Manager to oversee the data cleansing, implementation, go live and post live management of this project.
The core goals of this audience development project are: to have a centralised contact management system that allows the organisation to better understand and communicate more effectively with The Lightbox audience; to develop targeted and personalised marketing and fundraising that can be segmented according to preferences or giving history; to maximise on our income generating opportunities such as annual passes, events, venue hire, membership and fundraising.
To take ownership of the planning, management, quality control and delivery of the CRM audience development project.
Working closely with the Project Board and operational staff across all departments, the Project Manager will be required to deliver the core goals of the project as outlined in the overview above. Working with the 3rd party system provider, the role will involve critically appraising what data is uploaded to the new system in line with the long-term strategy of the organisation, overseeing the implementation process, organising training for all staff, overseeing the go-live process and post-live ensuring all processes are running smoothly.
The Project Manager will manage the cultural change necessary with the implementation of the new system and encourage staff to adopt a positive approach to the new processes. Regular project progress updates will be reported regularly to the Project Board along with any areas of risk. It will be essential to adhere to agreed timelines and budgets. As part of the project, the Manager will be expected to put in place clear data management guidelines for all staff and create a Data Management Policy to be approved by the Project Board.
To read the full job description please click here.
The closing date for this role is 5pm on the 31 May 2017. | https://www.thelightbox.org.uk/crm-project-manager |
Biotrial, a leading provider of high-quality pharmacology services, is currently recruiting a Clinical Study Project Managerto join its team in theU.S. headquarters in Newark, New Jersey. With over 25 years of experience in providing scientific and medical services in Early Clinical Development, Biotrial possesses one of the largest clinical capacities in Europe. The company’s 60,000 sq. ft., 110-bed, state-of-the art Clinical Pharmacology Unit is in the heart of University Heights Science Park, attached to Rutgers/NJMS and the University Hospital.
As a Clinical Study Project Manager,you willprovide customer-focused leadership and project oversight. In this position you will facilitate communication among team members, including study monitors, sponsor personnel and the Biotrial Project Team. You will have responsibility for proactively solving issues, and overseeing the successful implementation and monitoring of clinical studies to ensure that studies are conducted in accordance with ICH/GCP and applicable regulations. You will work in our state-of-the-art Clinical Pharmacology facility in Newark.
Responsibilities:
As a Clinical Study Project Manager, you will manage Clinical Research studies including but not limited to:
- Managing and coordinating the activities of clinical trials with the Biotrial Project Team.
- Serving as the main point of contact with sponsors regarding project timelines, updates, needs and emerging issues.
- Developing study timelines based on protocols.
- Ensuring project start-up activities by facilitating processes for preparation of regulatory documents, ensuring timely IRB approvals for clinical trials.
- Leading the internal project meetings including Kick-off meetings and Study Initiation meetings, etc. with sponsors/internal teams.
- Following screening and recruitment activities to ensure timely enrollment in the studies.
- Organizing Safety Review Meetings with the principal investigator / sub-investigator / medical and scientific affair team members.
- Monitoring project scope and ensuring deliverables are fulfilled within timelines and budget.
- Supporting the Biometrics team to ensure completion of Clinical Study Reports.
- Managing study contracts/budgets, including approval of vendor/site contracts, budgets and invoices. Collaborating with the Accounting Department to ensure billing agrees with pre-established milestones.
- Ensuring timely interaction with management, sponsors, and/or functional team members on matters concerning resource allocation, project milestones, regulatory issues, and other relevant issues.
- Organizing sponsors' visit of the Unit (Site qualification visits, Initiation Meetings, Monitoring visits and Close-out visits).
Requirements:
- Requires a Bachelor's degree (Masters a plus) in life sciences or related field.
- Minimum 3-5 years of experience in Phase 1 clinical research and knowledge of GCP and FDA regulatory requirements is required.
- Good understanding of the drug development process.
- Must have previous experience managing projects and in monitoring clinical studies.
- Excellent written and verbal communication skills, as well as interpersonal skills.
- Exceptional time management and conflict resolution skills required.
- Ability to interact with all levels of management, sponsor and study site personnel.
- Detail-oriented and possess good trouble-shooting skills with the ability to prioritize and execute tasks in a high-pressure environment.
- CCRC certification preferred.
- Proficient computer skills in Microsoft Office Suite.
- Occasional travel may be required for bid defense, initiation or kick-off meetings, or other study-related activities.
Biotrial is an equal opportunity employer. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, genetics, disability, age, veteran status, or any other characteristic protected by law.
Job Type: Full-time
Experience:
- Phase 1 Clinical Studies: 3 years (Preferred)
- GCP and FDA Regulations: 1 year (Preferred)
- Clinical Trials: 3 years (Required)
- Clinical Research: 3 years (Preferred)
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GS Engineering, a diverse, high tech company located in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula, seeks a Project Manager to join their Electrical Engineering Team in Houghton, Michigan.
GS Engineering works with government and commercial clients to develop world-class electronics from avionics and vehicle data systems to consumer and OEM electrical systems and components. The Project Manager is responsible for ensuring successful execution of these types of contracts from both a technical and business perspective.
This position is responsible for the day-to-day planning and coordination of client and project support operations including team resource coordination. This role provides a critical function within the Electrical Engineering team, overseeing a wide range of fundamental design tasks from schematic conception through software/firmware development and hardware integration.
COMPENSATION/BENEFITS. Starting salary of $70,000 – $85,000 annually based on knowledge and experience in addition to a comprehensive benefit package including health, dental, vision, health savings account, 401K retirement plan, Employee Stock Ownership Program, cell phone allowance, tuition reimbursement, life and disability insurance, paid holidays and vacation days.
RESPONSIBILITIES.
- Organize, direct and coordinate planning and execution of all project activities.
- Client management including initiating and coordinating the project life cycle.
- Responsible for working within project budgets as defined by proposals and contracts.
- Track technical and financial project status and direct resources; assign tasks based on project work plans and client interactions.
- Compile documentation and presentation of project milestone status; coordinate deliverables.
- Supervise several employees; responsible for regular task and time card management, professional development, mentoring and performance reviews.
- Identify/present opportunities for growth in team capabilities based on knowledge of current industry.
- Maintain a professional team atmosphere that encourages organizational skills, attention to detail and clear, consistent communication.
MINIMUM AND PREFERRED QUALIFICATIONS.
- Bachelor’s degree in Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Electrical Engineering Technology or equivalent combination of experience, education and training that provides the required knowledge, skills and abilities to be successful in this position.
- Minimum of 5 years’ experience in electrical engineering across multiple product/system types required.
- Project Management experience involving government contracts, vehicular engineering, avionics and/or military products preferred.
- Effective written and verbal communication skills with ability to maintain discretion and confidentiality.
- To conform to U.S. Government regulations, candidates must be United States citizens or lawful permanent residents of the United States and be able to obtain a security clearance from the Department of Defense upon hire.
- Ability to travel overnight on occasion. | https://www.workliveup.com/?job_listing_region=houghton-keweenaw |
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Working at SperoteckOur company is structured so that anyone, no matter your role or level of experience, can execute on a good idea.Inspirational. Energizing. Gratifying. Fun. These are some of the words people commonly use to describe their careers at Speroteck. As a Speroteck employee, you’re encouraged to be creative. Think way outside the box. And work with some of the industry’s most innovative minds on high-impact projects. No matter what you do at Speroteck, you’ll play a part in shaping the future of eCommerce experiences. Interested?
Search Speroteck jobs:
BUSINESS ANALYSTShow Details
BUSINESS ANALYST
Job summaryThe Business Analyst meets with the client and analyzes the economic and business aspects of the company’s operations by reviewing and analyzing financial statements. After understanding the business operations from an economic, finance and accounting perspective, the Business Analyst, delves into the client’s project objective to determine what the client hopes to accomplish.
Essential functions and responsibilities
- Analyzing client’s business operations and project objectives
- Analyzing and coordinating development activities and operational resources for various large projects
- Analyzing model input and output data
- Translating business requirements into optional solution designs for selected platforms
- Identifying project issues and analyzing issues in order to recommend solutions
- Planning and developing test plans for various components
- Creating test scripts and scenarios to ensure that the applications work according to business requirements
- Coordinating problem and issue reviews with follow up on assigned actions
- Ensuring that the quality assurance processes and procedures are being implemented properly from a business point of view
- Documenting business processes and procedures for end users
- Evaluating business processes for efficiency, usability and replacement
- Recommending modifications to the project scope based on project status and business issues arising during the projects
- Developing reports for management about project status, issues and outcomes
Education, training, and experienceEducation: Minimum, U.S. Bachelor’s Degree or its foreign degree or work experience equivalent in economics, management, business administration or a related field
PROJECT MANAGERShow Details
PROJECT MANAGER
Job summarySPEROTECK is looking for an eCommerce Project Manager to join their award winning eCommerce team reporting into Head of eCommerce Projects. The purpose of the role is to manage multiple complex eCommerce projects from the scoping stage through to delivery. You will liaise closely with the client updating them on the progress of work while overseeing a team of on-site and offshore information architects, designers, developers and testers executing the work. Your dedication to ensuring work only of the highest standard is delivered on time and within budget is pivotal to both the success of the client and SPEROTECK.
Essential functions and responsibilities
- Manage multiple complex projects
- Work with team leads to scope complex projects and ensure buy in from them
- Liaise closely with the client, including taking briefs and providing status reports
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- Identify resources needed and works with all agency functions to assign individual responsibilities
- Works with production teams to create appropriate production schedules
- Routes work between all responsible people in all stages of development
- Reviews deliverables prepared by the team before presenting to client
- Ensures documents and major digital assets are complete, current and stored appropriately
- Resolves and/or escalates issues in a timely fashion
- Monitors scope creep and re-scopes if necessary
- Work closely with the in-house and offshore project teams ensuring work produced meets the client’s brief and is delivered on time
- Provide data and information required by the business by attending internal meetings and completing internal systems e.g. timesheets
- Review individual and team job reports on a weekly basis and proactively raise any issues, such as cost variations, with management
- Working with technical and QA resources, in Chicago and Ukraine, to schedule production releases and establish that business requirements are satisfactorily tested before deployment.
Education, training, and experienceEducation: Minimum bachelor’s degree in business, economics or computer science. Proven experience working as a Senior Project Manager at a senior level, ideally within a fast paced agency; Extensive experience working with offshore teams; Extensive experience working with project management software and tools.
SALES FORCE COMMERCE CLOUD (DEMANDWARE) DEVELOPERShow Details
SALES FORCE COMMERCE CLOUD (DEMANDWARE) DEVELOPER
Job summaryDemandware developer on e-commerce project (USA). We are looking for an experienced Demandware developer to work on e-commerce project.
Skills requirements:
- At least 2 years SFCC (Demandware) experience.
- Strong analytical skills.
- Ability to react to a given situation or circumstance very quickly.
- Advanced English is a must.
We offer:
- Interesting and challenging projects.
- Open management and a dynamic team.
- Support in Sales Force Certifications.
- Professional development opportunities.
- Competitive salary (fixed in $).
- English, French classes. | https://www.speroteck.com/careers/ |
Job Overview:
The Livelihoods and Security" id="link" class="link">Food Security Coordinator will help implement LFS programmes in the Central/East Region, under the country office’s LFS Core Competency. The LFS coordinator will work under the direct supervision of the Central and East Area program Manager and the close technical guidance of the LFS Specialist (based in Kabul).
Livelihoods and food security programmes support NRC’s broader strategy to promote durable solutions to displacement –beyond short-term Emergency assistance – and to prevent further displacement. These programmes seek to enable vulnerable displaced people (returnees from Iran or Pakistan, as well as people internally displaced by conflict) to have access to income generation activities through agricultural, Livestock, start-up and job placement initiatives, so they can support their families.
The LFS coordinator will be responsible for leading the implementation and reporting of all LFS projects in the Central/East Region (primarily Kabul, Parwan, Kapisa, Panjshir, Logar, Khost, Paktia, Jalalabad, Kunar and Laghman provinces). This will include managing the LFS team, managing budgets, ensuring that project activities and M&E Data Collection are being implemented on schedule; and regularly discussing ideas for project improvement or challenges with the Central Area Program Manager and LFS Specialist.
The LFS coordinator will be expected to spend at least 50% of his / her time in the field, support the field teams in the overall management of agricultural private sector livelihood projects, including climate resilience and drought response activities.
The project manager is expected to focus more on integrated projects with other sectors (core competency) within the NRC.
He / she will be responsible for leading the implementation of the portfolio of Livelihood and Food security for the central and east region.
For more details please do click here: Job Description and NRC Grade Structure
Generic responsibilities:Supervise and manage the work of the LFS officer and LFS team as a whole. Build a strong and productive LFS team spirit – promoting values of responsibility, respect, trust, inclusiveness, solidarity, and collaboration with other NRC departments. Foster a strong sense of collaboration between the LFS team and other departments within the central Area Office. Working with the APM, LFS Specialist and LFS Advisor, build the capacity of the central LFS team – as per each staff members’ needs –through on-the-job training, formal trainings, exposure visits to other area offices, etc. Proactively share ideas for improvement and necessary changes in LFS activities with the central and east Area Program Manager and LFS Specialist. Immediately flag any challenges or delays to the central and east area program Manager and LFS Specialist. Contribute to the development of Country, Area and LFS Core Competency strategies. Coordinate and manage LFS project implementation (activities, budget and project documentation) in line with proposals, strategies and donor requirements. Promote the rights of IDPs/returnees in line with the advocacy strategy. Adhere to NRC policies, guidance and procedures.
Specific responsibilities:Lead the implementation of all LFS projects in the central and east region, including:
Managing budgets and tracking expenditures on a monthly basis. Reporting project progress on a monthly basis and providing inputs for donor reports as required. Overseeing the beneficiary selection process, according to guidelines set by the LFS Specialist, and ensuring that the selection process is done with the highest level of transparency, fairness and rigor. Ensuring that project activities are being implemented on schedule, and with a high level of quality. Ensuring that Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) data collection is carried out on schedule, with a high level of quality, using the appropriate data collection tools. Be an active member of the LFS community in the central Region, including through building good working relationships with relevant government line department (Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock (MAIL), Ministry of Economy), and participating and actively contributing to regional Food Security and Agriculture (FSAC) meetings, Agriculture and livelihoods working groups, cash voucher working group etc. Engage and build good relationships with private sector stakeholders relevant to LFS projects – such as the Kabul Chamber of Commerce, local trader’s associations, large businesses etc. Ensure the inclusion of cash-based interventions and marked based programming in country and area-based strategies and their implementation across and within NRC’s core competencies. Supporting NRC’s Agriculture based -food production development emergency project in the target areas of the CEAO. Support NRC’s climate resilience and Drought response, and the component of the project which includes ( livestock support through provision of Animal Feed, animal vaccination, rehabilitation of irrigation system, Kariz and canals, support to forestry and agriculture management system, Income generation activities and trade-faire support to the beneficiaries( Khost and Jalalabad). Support NRC’s private sector livelihood initiatives including start-up supports and apprenticeship programs. | https://unchannel.org/jobs/livelihoods-and-food-security-coordinator-3-in-kabul-afghanistan |
The instructional materials for Ready Grade 3 meet the expectation for alignment to the CCSS. In Gateway 1, the instructional materials meet the expectations for focus by assessing grade-level content and spending at least 65% of class time on the major clusters of the grade, and they are coherent and consistent with the Standards. In Gateway 2, the instructional materials reflect the balances in the Standards and help students meet the Standards’ rigorous expectations, and they connect the Standards for Mathematical Content and the Standards for Mathematical Practice.
The instructional materials for Ready Grade 3 meet the expectation for focusing on the major work of the grade and having a sequence of topics that is consistent with the logical structure of mathematics. The materials do not assess topics before the grade level indicated, spend at least 65% of class time on the major clusters of the grade, and are coherent and consistent with the Standards.
The instructional materials for Ready Grade 3 meet the expectations for not assessing topics before the grade level in which the topic should be introduced. Overall, the materials assess grade-level content and, if applicable, content from earlier grades.
The instructional materials reviewed for Ready Grade 3 meet the expectations for assessing grade-level content.
The program provides Interim Assessments available in the student edition and online for each unit. There is a separate Ready Assessments book containing three assessments. There are also two versions (Form A and Form B) of the Mid-Unit and Unit assessments for each of the units. The Mid-Unit and Unit Assessments contain grade-level content questions.
Overall, unit assessment items are aligned to Grade 3 standards.
The instructional materials for Ready Grade 3 meet the expectation for students and teachers using the materials as designed devoting the majority of class time to the major work of the grade. Overall, the instructional materials spend at least 65% of class time on the major clusters of the grade.
The instructional materials reviewed for Ready Grade 3 meet the expectations for spending the majority of the time on the major clusters of the grade. This includes all the clusters in 3.OA and 3.NF along with 3.MD.A and 3.MD.C. To determine focus on major work, three perspectives were evaluated: the number of units devoted to major work, the number of lessons devoted to major work, and the number of instructional days devoted to major work. Of the three perspectives, the number of instructional days is most representative and was used to determine the score for this indicator.
Grade 3 instruction is divided into six units. Units 1 and 3 address 3.OA. Unit 4 addresses 3.NF. More than half of Unit 5 addresses 3.MD.A and 3.MD.C. Therefore, 3.5 out of 6 units, approximately 58 percent, focus on major work of the grade.
Grade 3 instruction is divided into 33 lessons. Twenty-four out of 33 lessons, or approximately 73 percent, focus on major work of the grade.
Grade 3 instruction consists of 167 instructional days. Approximately 126 out of 167, approximately 75 percent, of the instructional days focus on major work of the grade.
The instructional materials for Ready Grade 3 meet the expectation for being coherent and consistent with the Standards. Overall, the instructional materials have supporting content that enhances focus and coherence, are consistent with the progressions in the Standards, and foster coherence through connections at a single grade, where appropriate and required by the Standards.
The instructional materials reviewed for Grade 3 meet expectations for supporting content enhancing focus and coherence simultaneously by engaging students in the major work of the grade.
Unit 5 Lesson 26 Representing data sets (3.MD.3) is connected to label fractions/mixed numbers on the number line (3.NF.2).
Unit 5 Lessons 24 and 25 Representing scaled picture and bar graphs (3.MD.3) is connected to solve problems using addition, subtraction, and multiplication (3.OA.A).
Unit 6 Lesson 33 Partitioning shapes into equal parts (3.G.2) is connected to understanding of fractions as numbers (3.NF.1).
In Unit 6 Math in Action Working with shapes and their attributes (3.G.A) is connected to determining area measurement (3.MD.C).
Unit 5 Lesson 26 Measure Length and Plot Data on Line Plots (3.MD.4) is connected to understanding fractions on the number line and representing fractions on a number line (3.NF.2).
Unit 2 Lesson 10 Using Place Value to Multiply (3.NBT.A) is connected to the properties of multiplication (3.OA.B).
The instructional materials reviewed for Ready Grade 3 meet the expectations for the amount of content designated for one grade-level being viable for one school year in order to foster coherence between grades. The suggested pacing includes 137 days of lessons, 15 days of Math in Action, and another 15 days for assessment making 167 days of materials. According to the Teacher Guide, pages A42-A43, each lesson is expected to last between 30-45 minutes.
The instructional materials reviewed for Ready Grade 3 meet the expectation for being consistent with the progressions in the standards. Content from prior grades is identified or connected to grade-level work, and students are given extensive work with grade-level problems.
Overall, materials develop according to the grade-by-grade progressions in the Standards. Typically, material related to prior and future grades is clearly identified or related to grade-level work.
The materials relate grade-level concepts to prior knowledge from earlier grades. Each Lesson Overview provides a Learning Progression. The Learning Progression explains connections between prior grades and the lesson. For example, in Unit 4 Lesson 14 the progression states, “In Grade 2 students used fraction language to describe dividing shapes into equal parts. They divided squares, circles, and rectangles into equal parts and named the parts as halves, thirds and fourths. Through their work with models, students began to understand the concept of dividing a whole into equal parts.” Additionally, each unit begins with a progression overview document. This document connects grade level concepts to specific standards from prior grades, and this document also connects grade-level concepts to future standards. Student prior knowledge is activated and connected to new skills and concepts on the first day of each lesson in Use What You Know. For example, in Unit 3 Lesson 11 students use their prior work with multiplication and division to begin exploring multiplication and division word problems.
The instructional materials provide given extensive work with grade-level problems. Lessons provide grade-level problems for students. Students spend three or five days in a lesson working with grade-level standards. During modeled and guided instruction, students explore ways to solve problems using multiple representations and prompts to reason and explain their thinking. The guided practice allows students to solve problems and discuss their solution methods. The independent practice provides students the opportunity to work with problems in a variety of formats to integrate and extend concepts and skills. The Practice and Problem Solving Guide provides additional practice problems for each of the lessons, and the back of the Practice and Problem Solving Guide provides problems for additional skills practice. Each lesson also has math center activities which provide additional practice with grade-level problems.
The instructional materials reviewed for Ready Grade 3 meet the expectations for fostering coherence through connections at a single grade, where appropriate and required by the Standards. Overall, the materials include learning objectives that are visibly shaped by CCSSM cluster headings and problems and activities that connect two or more clusters in a domain or two or more domains, when these connections are natural and important.
Unit 1 Lesson 4 Understand the Meaning of Division is shaped by 3.OA.A, represent and solve problems involving multiplication and division.
Unit 5 Lesson 21 Solve Problems About Time is shaped by 3.MD.A, solve problems involving measurement and estimation of intervals of time, liquid volumes, and masses of objects.
Unit 4 Lesson 16 Understand Equivalent Fractions is shaped by 3.NF.A, develop understanding of fractions as numbers.
In Unit 5 Lesson 22 working with liquid volume (3.MD.A) is connected to solving problems involving the four operations (3.OA.D). In Unit 3 Lesson 12 understanding the properties of multiplication and the relationship to division (3.OA.B) connects to solving multi-step problems using the four operations (3.OA.D).
The instructional materials for Ready Grade 3 meet the expectation for aligning with the CCSS expectations for rigor and mathematical practices. The instructional materials attend to each of the three aspects of rigor individually, and they also attend to the balance among the three aspects. The instructional materials emphasize mathematical reasoning, identify the Mathematical Practices (MPs), and attend to the full meaning of each practice standard.
The instructional materials for Ready Grade 3 meet the expectation for reflecting the balances in the Standards and helping students meet the Standards’ rigorous expectations, by helping students develop conceptual understanding, procedural skill and fluency, and application. The instructional materials develop conceptual understanding of key mathematical concepts, give attention throughout the year to procedural skill and fluency, spend sufficient time working with engaging applications, and do not always treat the three aspects of rigor together or separately.
The instructional materials reviewed for Ready Grade 3 meet the expectation for developing conceptual understanding of key mathematical concepts, especially where called for in specific content standards or cluster headings. Students use pictures, manipulatives, and models to demonstrate conceptual understanding.
Unit 1 Lesson 2 provides guidance to teachers on how to discuss the Commutative Property of Multiplication with students (3.OA.5).
Unit 4 Lesson 14 provides guidance to teachers on how to have students fold paper to show equal parts (3.NF.1).
Unit 5 Lesson 28 provides guidance to teachers on how to explore square numbers with students (3.MD.7).
Cluster 3.NF.A focuses on understanding fractions as numbers and fraction equivalence.
In Unit 4 Lesson 15 Understand Fractions on a Number Line (3.NF.2) students divide number lines into whole numbers and then whole numbers into fractional parts.
In Unit 4 Lesson 18 Understand Comparing Fractions (3.NF.3) students use shapes to model fractions and compare them.
Standards 3.OA.1 and 3.OA.2 focus on understanding the meaning of multiplication and division.
In Unit 1 Lesson 1 Understand the Meaning of Multiplication (3.OA.1) students use counters to build groups and solve for multiplication. Students draw arrays to show equal groups.
In Unit 1 Lesson 4 Understand the Meaning of Division (3.OA.2) students use counters to divide into equal shares. Students draw pictures to show items being divided into equal shares.
The instructional materials reviewed for Ready Grade 3 meet the expectation for giving attention throughout the year to individual standards that set an expectation of procedural skill and fluency. The materials provide opportunities to attend to procedural skill and fluency throughout the course, including fluency in solving single-digit products and quotients (3.OA.7) and adding and subtracting within 1,000 (3.NBT.2).
Unit 1 Lesson 6 addresses multiplication and division facts (3.OA.7).
Unit 2 Lesson 9 specifically addresses adding and subtracting within 1000 (3.NBT.2).
In Unit 2 Tic-Tac-Times-Ten students multiply a 1-digit number by a multiple of 10 (3.OA.7).
In Unit 4 Lesson 17 students identify equivalent fractions (3.NF.3).
iReady Door 24 Plus is a free iPad app for fact fluency practice and is only available on the Apple platform. The game does include the fluencies for Grade 3.
The instructional materials reviewed for Ready Grade 3 meet the expectations for balancing the three aspects of rigor. Overall, the three aspects of rigor are not always treated together and are not always treated separately within the materials.
For example, in Unit 6 Lesson 31 Understand Properties of Shapes students explore how sides and angles inform them about the properties of a shape. In Guided Practice students look at various polygons and group them into categories, for example, rectangles and triangles. They identify characteristics that help define the shapes within each category, i.e. rectangles have square corners; triangles have three sides. Students then choose their own categories and group shapes as those that represent the category and those that do not. They describe the differences between the two and identify and explain if there is one shape that fits into two categories. In the Lesson 31 Quiz students fluently use classifying shapes to determine if shapes meet or don’t meet stated criteria, analyze using a Venn diagram with attributes of shapes to determine if a shape is placed correctly, and write an explanation to a student to support their analysis.
The instructional materials for Ready Grade 3 meet the expectation for meaningfully connecting the Standards for Mathematical Content and the Standards for Mathematical Practice. Overall, the materials identify and attend to the full meaning of the MPs, emphasize mathematical reasoning by prompting students to construct viable arguments and analyze the arguments of others, assist teachers in engaging students in constructing viable arguments and analyzing the arguments of others, and attend to the specialized language of mathematics.
The instructional materials reviewed for Ready Grade 3 meet the expectations for identifying the Mathematical Practices (MPs) and using them to enrich the mathematics content within and throughout the grade.
The instructional materials reviewed for Ready Grade 3 meet the expectation for carefully attending to the full meaning of each practice standard. Overall, the materials attend to aspects of the mathematical practices (MPs) during different lessons throughout the grade, so when taken as a whole, the instructional materials attend to the full meaning of each MP.
MP1: In Unit 5 Lesson 23 students use estimation to help determine if their answer makes sense; they persevere in solving the problem by revisiting their process, if the initial solution does not make sense.
MP2: In Unit 1 Lesson 2 students explain why an expression matches a situation. In the Unit 2 Math in Action students explain how the context relates to the numbers and operations in a problem.
MP4: In Unit 4 Lesson 16 students model with mathematics as they use “fraction models and number lines to reason about how the parts of a fraction relate to the whole and to other fractions.” By using the different models, students get to interpret their previous work in different ways and validate that the interpretations agree.
MP5: In Unit 5 Lesson 26 students choose from inch-rulers or yardsticks as they measure earthworms in some problems and the length of their stride in other problems.
The instructional materials reviewed for Ready Grade 3 meet the expectation for prompting students to construct viable arguments and analyze the arguments of others. Overall, the materials offer students multiple opportunities to construct viable arguments and/or analyze the arguments of others throughout the materials.
Unit 1 Lesson 2 Question 9 students explain what is the same and what is different about the two multiplication equations they wrote.
The instructional materials reviewed for Ready Grade 3 meet the expectation for assisting teachers to engage students in constructing viable arguments and analyzing the arguments of others concerning key grade level mathematics detailed in the content standards. The materials provide teachers with SMP TIPs to help facilitate students to construct arguments and/or analyze the arguments of others.
The instructional materials reviewed for Ready Grade 3 meet the expectations for explicitly attending to the specialized language of mathematics. Overall, the materials for both students and teachers have multiple ways for students to engage with the vocabulary of Mathematics.
The instructional materials for Ready Grade 3 meet the expectations for being well designed and taking into account effective lesson structure and pacing. The instructional materials distinguish between problems and exercises, have exercises that are given in intentional sequences, have a variety in what students are asked to produce, and include manipulatives that are faithful representations of the mathematical objects they represent.
The instructional materials reviewed for Ready Grade 3 meet expectations for distinguishing between problems and exercises. Each problem or exercise has a purpose.
The instructional materials provide problems and exercises in both the Ready Instruction book and the Practice and Problem Solving Book. For example, in Unit 1 Lesson 1 Understand the Meaning of Multiplication students use pictures to think about equal groups and how these can help solve multiplication problems. As the lesson develops, students use rectangular models to represent multiplication, completing exercises to Explain, Create and Analyze. During Independent Practice students write a multiplication equation for an array explaining what each factor and the product mean, and then create equal groups to model their equation.
The instructional materials reviewed for Ready Grade 3 meet the expectations that the design of assignments is not haphazard and that the exercises are given in intentional sequences.
Problem sets and daily practice exercises relate to the mathematical concept developed in each lesson. The sequence of topics in each unit is intentionally planned to move from working with concrete and pictorial representations to more abstract work with numbers and computation. Each unit has a progressions chart showing what students have learned in previous grades connected to what they will learn in Grade 3 and how this will relate to what they will learn in future grades. Each lesson has a Learning Progression section in the lesson overview of the Teacher Resource Book which states what was learned in the previous grade, what students are learning in Grade 3 and how it relates the current lesson, and what will happen in the next grades.
Concepts are explored and developed in daily lessons and reinforced through partner work and independent practice. Lessons are designed using a scaffolded approach. Students are guided by the teacher in the beginning of instruction, move toward work with partners or in small groups, and finally work independently. For example, in Unit 4 lessons are sequenced, as denoted by their titles, to build an understanding of fractions: Lesson 14, Understand What a Fraction Is; Lesson 15, Understand Fractions on a Number Line; Lesson 16, Understand Equivalent Fractions; Lesson 17, Find Equivalent Fractions; Lesson 18, Understand Comparing Fractions; and Lesson 19, Use Symbols to Compare Fractions.
The instructional materials reviewed for Ready Grade 3 meets expectations that there is a variety in what students are asked to produce.
Lessons are designed with a consistent routine that includes whole group, partner, and independent work. The Picture It, Model It, Connect It, and Try It portions of each lesson require students to represent the problem in a drawing and make connections between the drawing and the equations. The Pair/Share portion of each lesson asks students to discuss their approaches to solving problems with another student, promoting students to justify their work and reason through the work of others. Question types vary and include multiple choice, true/false, draw a model, short answer, solve, explain, find the mistake, and multi-step performance tasks. Students are asked to produce various answers for the mathematical content that is the focus of each lesson. For example, in Lesson 24 students complete short-answer questions based on a scaled picture graph, discuss the meaning of fractional pictures in a picture graph, answer true-false and multiple choice items, and show their work on more open-ended questions.
The instructional materials reviewed for Ready Grade 3 meet expectations for providing manipulatives that are faithful representations of the mathematical objects they represent and when appropriate are connected to written methods.
In the Hands-On Activities found within each lesson students use a variety of manipulatives including number cubes, unit cubes, fact triangles, hundreds charts, base-ten blocks, clocks, stopwatches, volume containers, and pattern blocks. Students are frequently asked to look at a manipulative model and create a math equation from the representation. For example, in Lesson 18 students use fraction strips and circles to construct and compare fractions.
Throughout the materials, various manipulatives are introduced and used in lessons. Their use is appropriate for the mathematics content represented. For example, in Lesson 10 students use base-ten blocks to model and solve multiplication problems. Then students discuss and make sense of the models, connecting them to the written expression and product.
The visual design of the instructional materials reviewed for Ready Grade 3 is not distracting or chaotic, and supports students in engaging thoughtfully with the subject.
The students have adequate space to work within the Student Instruction Book and Practice and Problem Solving Book. Each lesson for the teacher and student has a consistent layout throughout the series. The pictures match the concepts addressed. For example, in the Lesson 10 Interactive Tutorial Multiply Multiples of 10 engages students through an animated fish store. The students are presented with buying different types of fish priced in denominations that are multiples of 10. Students find the total price for fish priced at $10 and $20 each, fish tanks priced at $50 each, and coral priced at $30 each. The tutorial provides a balance of animation, color, and space for work to work in a meaningful and thoughtful way with the content.
The instructional materials for Ready Grade 3 meet the expectations for supporting teacher learning and understanding of the Standards. The instructional materials support: planning and providing learning experiences with quality questions; contain ample and useful notations and suggestions on how to present the content; and contain explanations of the grade-level mathematics in the context of the overall mathematics curriculum.
The instructional materials reviewed for Ready Grade 3 meet expectations that they contain a teacher's edition with ample and useful annotations and suggestions on how to present the content in the student edition and in the ancillary materials. Where applicable, materials include teacher guidance for the use of embedded technology to support and enhance student learning.
The instructional materials reviewed for Ready Grade 3 meet expectations for containing a teacher’s edition in print and online that contains full, adult-level explanations and examples of the more advanced mathematics concepts in the lessons so that teachers can improve their knowledge of the subject, as necessary.
Throughout Ready Grade 3 there is guidance for teachers that identifies and connects the underlying mathematics of a lesson. These are written in adult language.
The instructional materials reviewed for Ready Grade 3 meet expectations for containing a print teacher’s edition (in print and in the on-line Teacher Toolbox) that explains the role of the specific grade-level mathematics in the context of the overall mathematics curriculum.
Each unit begins with a Lessons Progressions Chart. This chart begins by listing lessons that students are building upon. These lessons can come from previous grades and from Grade 3. For example, Unit 3 Lesson 11 builds upon Grade 2 Lesson 2 and Grade 3 Lessons 4 and 5. The chart also lists lessons that students are preparing for. For example, Unit 5 Lesson 22 is preparing students for Grade 4 Lesson 25.
Each Lesson Overview includes a Learning Progression section. This section begins with an explanation of how the lesson builds on prior knowledge from Grade 2. The Learning Progression explains the lesson's overall connection to Grade 3 and the mathematical content of the lesson. This section also explains connections to Grade 4 and, if appropriate, to other future grades.
The instructional materials reviewed for Ready Grade 3 provide a list of lessons in both the printed and digital versions of the Teacher Resource Book that cross-reference lessons and standards and provide an estimated instructional time for each unit, chapter, and lesson.
The Ready Grade 3 instructional materials contain strategies for informing parents or caregivers about the mathematics program and suggestions for how they can help support student progress and achievement.
The Ready Grade 3 instructional materials contain explanations of the instructional approaches of the program and identification of research-based strategies.
The instructional materials for Ready Grade 3 partially meet the expectations for offering teachers resources and tools to collect ongoing data about student progress on the Standards. The instructional materials provide opportunities for identifying and addressing common student errors and misconceptions, ongoing review and practice with feedback, and having assessments with standards clearly denoted. The instructional materials do not consistently provide strategies for gathering information about students’ prior knowledge or include aligned rubrics and scoring guidelines that provide sufficient guidance to teachers.
The instructional materials reviewed for Ready Grade 3 partially meet expectations for supporting teachers with strategies for gathering information about students’ prior knowledge within and across grade levels.
The instructional materials reviewed for Ready Grade 3 meet expectations for providing strategies for teachers to identify and address common student errors and misconceptions.
The instructional materials reviewed for Ready Grade 3 meet the expectation for providing opportunities for ongoing review and practice, with feedback, for students in learning both concepts and skills.
The instructional materials reviewed for Ready Grade 3 meet the expectation for offering ongoing formative and summative assessments that clearly denote which standards are being emphasized.
The instructional materials reviewed for Ready Grade 3 partially meet expectations for the inclusion of rubrics and scoring guidelines that provide sufficient guidance to teachers for interpreting student performance and suggestions for follow-up.
The instructional materials reviewed for Ready Grade 3 encourage students to monitor their own progress.
The instructional materials for Ready Grade 3 meet the expectations for supporting teachers in differentiating instruction for diverse learners within and across grades. The instructional materials provide a balanced portrayal of various demographic and personal characteristics. The instructional materials also consistently provide: strategies to help teachers sequence or scaffold lessons; strategies for meeting the needs of a range of learners; tasks with multiple entry-points; support, accommodations, and modifications for English Language Learners and other special populations; and opportunities for advanced students to investigate mathematics content at greater depth.
The instructional materials reviewed for Ready Grade 3 meet expectations for providing strategies to help teachers sequence or scaffold lessons so that the content is accessible to all learners.
Each lesson follows a gradual release model in which scaffolded support is withdrawn as students gain mastery. Each lesson consists of four components: Introduction, Modeled and Guided Instruction, Guided Practice, and Independent Practice.
The marginal notes in the Teacher Resource book often suggest ways to support students as a whole and subgroups of students who might need extra support. Notes include sections on vocabulary, concept extensions, visual models, hands-on activities, and real-world connections.
The instruction materials reviewed for Ready Grade 3 meet expectations for providing teachers with strategies for meeting the needs of a range of learners.
Each lesson includes a section called Small Group Differentiation that consists of three subsections: Reteach, Teacher-led Activities, and Student-Led Activities. Specific lessons from earlier in the material, as well as the previous grade-level material in the series, are identified and can be used to review or fill in gaps in student knowledge. Student–led Math Center activities in three different levels are referenced for additional instruction, if needed.
The marginal notes in the Teacher Resource Book suggest ways to support students as a whole and provide specific strategies for subgroups of students who might need extra support. This includes sections on vocabulary, concept extensions, visual models, hands-on activities, and challenge activities.
The instructional materials reviewed for Ready Grade 3 meet expectations for embedding tasks with multiple entry-points that can be solved using a variety of solution strategies or representations.
In Unit 3 Lesson 12 students are guided through a 2-step word problem using a drawing, diagram, and equation.
In Unit 1 Lesson 6 Hands-On Activities students use a hundreds chart to color the multiples of nine and explore patterns.
In Unit 2 Math in Action Visual Model students use a bar model to solve a word problem.
The instructional materials reviewed for Ready Grade 3 meet expectations for suggesting support, accommodations, and modifications for English Language Learners and other special populations that will support their regular and active participation in learning mathematics.
A Differentiated Instruction page is included in some lessons of the Teacher Resource Book. For example, Unit 4 Lesson 18 Understanding Comparing Fractions includes an Intervention Activity, On-Level Activity, and a Challenge Activity.
The instructional materials reviewed for Ready Grade 3 meet expectations for providing opportunities for advanced students to investigate mathematics content at greater depth.
Each lesson of the Teacher Resource Book provides a Challenge Activity that provides students who have mastered the concepts and skills of the lesson with a more sophisticated problem. For example, in Unit 3 Lesson 13 Hands-On Activity students solve two-step word problems with play money by working backward from $200 to find out how much is left after purchasing two paint brushes for $14. The Challenge Activity allows students to use any tool or strategy to find the cost of each soft drink purchased if Cassie had $30 upon arriving at the movies, purchased a $9 ticket, a $7 popcorn, two soft drinks, and had $4 leftover. One of the possible solutions is listed for the teacher.
The Math In Action section for each unit of the Teacher Resource Book has a Differentiated Instruction page that includes a Challenge Activity. For example, in Unit 1 Math in Action: Use Multiplication and Division Differentiated Instruction Challenge Activity Space Creatures students are planning a play and must have space creatures march out of a spaceship in equal groups or rows. Students describe a way to have a total of between 20 and 30 creatures march out in the specified way. The Challenge Activity provides an extension that requires students to have the space creatures perform a routine in which the creatures march in equal formations as close to but no more than ten in each group. They write equations to show the number of space creatures in the routine did not change from their original exit from the spacecraft.
A Differentiated Instruction page that provides Challenge activities is included in some lessons of the Teacher Resource Book. For example, Unit 4 Lesson 14 Understand What a Fraction Is includes a Challenge Activity to find fractions at home.
The instructional materials reviewed for Ready Grade 3 meet the expectation for providing a balanced portrayal of various demographic and personal characteristics.
The instructional materials reviewed for Ready Grade 3 provide opportunities for teachers to use a variety of grouping strategies.
The instructional materials reviewed for Ready Grade 3 provide limited support for teachers to draw upon home language and culture to facilitate learning.
The instructional materials for Ready Grade 3 integrate technology in ways that engage students in the Mathematical Practices. The digital materials are web-based and compatible with multiple internet browsers, but they do not include opportunities to assess student mathematical understandings and knowledge of procedural skills. The digital materials do not include opportunities for teachers to personalize learning for all students, and the materials offer some opportunities for customized, local use. The instructional materials do not include opportunities for teachers and/or students to collaborate with each other.
The Ready Grade 3 instructional materials include Interactive Tutorials that are animated interactive lessons assigned to students in their personalized online instruction plan. These tutorials include integrative technology such as interactive tools and virtual manipulatives/objects to engage students in the Mathematical Practices as they model the mathematical content of the lesson.
The Ready Grade 3 digital materials are web-based and compatible with multiple internet browsers. The Teacher Resource Book, Teacher Toolbox, and Student Books are platform neutral and can be accessed on tablets and mobile devices. The i-Ready Door 24 Plus is used for fact fluency, and practice is only available for iPads.
The instructional materials for Ready Grade 3 do not include opportunities to assess students’ mathematical understanding and knowledge of procedural skills using technology.
The Ready Grade 3 digital instructional materials cannot be customized for individual learners or users. An additional purchase of i-Ready (available for additional purchase and used by most Ready users) does provide adaptive diagnostic and growth measures to support personalized instruction.
There are limited opportunities for the teacher to customize lessons for local use. Ready Teacher Resources include Reteach Ready Instruction Prerequisite Lessons, Tools for Instruction, and Math Center Activities. Prerequisite Lessons and Tools for Instruction are teacher-led activities for use with small groups requiring additional instruction and/or review of prerequisite concepts. Math Center Activities are student-led activities.
The Ready Grade 3 instructional materials do not provide opportunities for teachers to collaborate with other teachers or students to collaborate with other students. | https://www.edreports.org/reports/detail/ready-2017-3 |
Students with intellectual disabilities represent a diverse group of learners. Like many students, they display unique challenges, skills, preferences, and experiences. Here, you will find information and resources for professionals whose students access the curriculum through the Aligned Standards of Learning (ASOL). The resources listed represent current research in education and strategies for promoting meaningful instruction and post school outcomes for learners with intellectual disabilities.
What does the term intellectual disability mean?
http://www.doe.virginia.gov/special_ed/disabilities/intellectual_disability/index.shtml
Where can I find resources to understand intellectual disabilities better?
Visit www.ttaconline. Click on yor region or click on the top button, “disability,” the left panel, “intellectual disabilities” and the top button, “resources:” and visit the Kellar Lending library and use the online catalog to search according to your need.
What are the Aligned Standards of Learning?
http://www.doe.virginia.gov/testing/alternative_assessments/vaap_va_alt_assessment_prog/implementation_manual.pdf A host of resources are available to support instruction in the ASOL. Visit www.ttaconline, and, you will find answers to these questions:
Where can I find curriculum frameworks for the ASOL?
http://ttaconline.org/understanding-the-asol
Where can I find ASOL/VAAP instructional resources?
http://ttaconline.org/curriculum-based-assessment
Where can I find ASOL sample activities? (not yet available, coming soon!)
Early Literacy Skill Builders (ELSB) www.attainmentcompany.com/elsb:
This literacy instruction program is designed to enhance reading development by addressing the five essential components of reading identified by the National Reading Panel (2000). ESLB offers students the opportunity to make progress in literacy at their own pace, while also learning literature and concepts aligned to their current grade level.
MEville to WEville www.ablenetinc.com/Curriculum/MEville-to-WEville-Literacy
This literacy instruction program is designed specifically for students with significant cognitive disabilities, and provides literacy learning opportunities through units focused on self, family and school. Each unit contains an instructional manual, an action dictionary, lessons and extension activities for reading, writing and creating books, activity reproducibles, and data collection tools.
Start to Finish Books www.donjohnston.com/products/start_to_finish/library/index.html
Start-to-Finish is a collection of books supported with audio, computer and print media for reading, language arts, social studies and science instruction. Developed with students with significant cognitive disabilities in mind, books have been developed with a focus of improving content comprehension. T-TAC lending libraries house 17 Start to Finish Literacy Titles.
PCI www.proedinc.com/Products/CategoryCenter/READ!PCI/PCI-Reading-Program-Family-of-Products.aspx
The PCI Reading Program is a research-based curriculum designed to help nonreaders become successful readers using the whole word method. Created specifically for students with developmental disabilities, autism, and significant learning disabilities, the three-level program ensures success through a series of highly controlled mastery-based activities.
ALL Reading Curriculum www.mayer-johnson.com/all-reading-curriculum/
The Accessible Literacy Learning ALL Reading Program is an evidence-based reading instruction program that has been proven highly effective in teaching students with disabilities to read. ALL eliminates the need for oral responses, helping even non-verbal students learn to read.
University of North Carolina at Charlotte: click here
E-Books: click here
Tar Heel Reader: click here
A collection of free, easy-to-read, and accessible books on a wide range of topics. Each book can be speech enabled and accessed using multiple interfaces (i.e. switches, alternative keyboards, touch screens, and dedicated AAC devices). The books may be downloaded as slide shows in PowerPoint, Impress, or Flash format.
Picture Me Reading:click here
Published program based on teaching site words by stimulus fading teaching strategy
Basic Picture Math: Visual Activities for Basic Math Concepts: click here
This series was developed to help beginning and struggling readers improve their basic math skills. Each level contains reproducible activity sheets designed to be as simple and visual as possible to ensure students' success. Practice for real-world situations is also included.
Equals Math: click here
These manipulatives are for use with Equals, a Pre K-12 curriculum for educators who work with students in special education or in alternative education program.
Stages Math: click here
Software that helps students with intellectual disabilities recognize and use numbers fluently, identify numbers' relative values. count, compare, and sequence numbers, locate numbers on a number line, identify parts of a whole and recall basic math facts quickly.
PCI Word Problems for Non-Readers: click here
PCI helps students with limited or no reading skills solve basic addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division problems based on life in the real world. The activity sheets are illustrated to allow visual learners to understand how math works in everyday life.
Teaching to the Standards Science: click here
A year-long standards based curriculum: Students participate in a hands-on experiment during each lesson. Response pages help them engage in the inquiry process. Their own student book, ScienceWork, provides extension activities that connect the science concepts to the world around them. Teachers follow scripted lessons that provide clear direction for individual student accommodations. A set of experiment materials included in the Classroom Kit makes it easy to prepare for class. An electronic Image Library can be used to create communication overlays and additional homework assignments
Yes, thanks to the generosity of Fairfax County Public Schools, these crosswalks have been created to assist special education personnel in ASOL instruction:
Visit VCU's Autism Center
Visit the Kellar Lending library and use the online catalog to search according to your need.
Karen Berlin, M.Ed., BCBA, | https://ttac.gmu.edu/focus-area/intellectual-disabilities |
To better assist or foster student learning, educators should understand the processes of learning, including what enhances and impedes learning. The following resources provide information and examples about the processes of learning and the factors that affect it.
= video resource
Principles of Learning
Students learn constructively (Part 1 - 8:13), (Part 2 - 6:19), (Part 3 - 6:00) - Excellent video series on how students best learn and what we as instructors can do to promote that learning
Long-term retrieval of knowledge is often difficult - For example, this link takes you to a research article that found that students forgot most of the knowledge taught in a course within two years.
Below are four research-based principles of learning effectively described at the U.S. Department of Education's Doing What Works resource. Along with a description of the principle, you can find examples of its use in the classroom, video interviews of researchers discussing the principle, and suggestions for its application.
Space learning over time - "A key aspect of effective teaching and learning is helping students to retain information over the course of the school year and beyond. Research has shown that exposing students to key concepts and facts on at least two occasions, separated by several weeks to several months, greatly reduces the rate at which information is forgotten. This is accomplished by spacing the introduction of material over time and by reviewing material with short quizzes, review games, targeted homework assignments, and exams."
Examples with practice - "Students learn more when worked examples, or solved problems, are alternated with problems to be solved... Students benefit from this approach, learn effective problem-solving strategies, transfer these strategies more easily, and, ultimately, solve problems more quickly. "But don't be fooled by the word "problem" above. This principle of learning does not just apply to math courses. The learning of any skill or concept can be enhanced by interweaving the successful modeling of the skill or thinking about the concept with opportunities for the students to practice with them. In other words, research finds that instead of modeling something and then giving students a lot of practice with it, you should provide some modeling or examples of successful work, then some practice, then some more examples, and so on."
Connect abstract AND concrete representations of concepts - "Teaching a new concept in purely abstract terms can make it difficult for students to fully understand what is being taught. On the other hand, teaching a new concept in exclusively concrete terms can limit a student's ability to recognize key concepts or understand how to apply the concepts when faced with a new problem. Connecting abstract and concrete representations, and clearly highlighting the similarities and differences, can help students master the content being taught and develop better problem-solving strategies.
Higher-order questions - "Across subject areas, when teachers ask higher-order questions and provide opportunities for students to develop deep explanations, learning is enhanced."
25 principles of learning - A good list of research-based principles describing how and when people learning most effectively.
"How experts differ from novices" - A chapter from the book How people learn: Brain, mind, experience and school (available online) - it is useful to understand how our students, mostly novices, learn and think differently than experts.
Cognitive load theory - This page provides a good, brief overview of how people learn information and ideas, with a focus on cognitive load. Cognitive load theory says that "working memory, however, is extremely limited in both capacity and duration. These limitations will, under some conditions, impede learning." Look through this page to find out why that is so important for student learning and what can be done about it.
Bloom's Taxonomy (and more recent revision) - Benjamin Bloom and colleagues created a hierarchical classification of educational goals and objectives in three domains: cognitive, affective, and psychomotor. The cognitive objectives have received the most attention and are what most people are referring to when mentioning Bloom's Taxonomy. The cognitive objectives still serve as a valuable framework when considering the levels of understanding educators at all levels wish their students to achieve. A slight revision to Bloom's cognitive objectives was suggested in 2001, as described at the link above.
The Taxonomy extended across four dimensions of knowledge (factual, conceptual, procedural, metacognitive)
Useful examples of how to translate Bloom's levels into questions or problems to be solved
Obstacles to Learning
Students come with misconceptions - This series of classic videos (freely available online) illustrates how students do not come to us as blank slates. Students bring all sorts of preconceived notions and misconceptions that can be quite a challenge to overcome.
A Private Universe (20 min.)
Minds of Our Own (3 1-hour videos)
"Why people fail to recognize their own incompetence" - Interesting review of research that finds that our weaker students are "doubly cursed": They not only are less competent to begin with, but they are also less able to recognize when they are doing poorly.
"How the mind learns during sleep" - This blog entry reviews recent research showing that the brain enhances learning during sleep, so that missing sufficient can inhibit meaningful learning and make studying less useful.
The Einstellung effect - "A pervasive source of cognitive bias" - Students will often attach themselves to one idea or option or perspective and then fail to consider any others. "The result is that alternatives to the first idea are ignored. This mechanism for biasing attention ensures a speedy response in familiar situations, but it can lead to errors when the first thought that comes to mind is not appropriate. We propose that this mechanism is the source of many cognitive biases, from phenomena in problem solving and reasoning to perceptual errors and failures in memory.
Stereotype threat - This phenomenon is actually more an obstacle to performance. Stereotype threat is experienced by a person when he fears that he will confirm a negative stereotype about his group through his performance. For example, women who are equally good as men at math will tend to perform worse than men on a math test if they are told that the test is diagnostic of their math ability. The women fear that they will confirm the stereotype that women are not as good at math as men. You can find more examples and a lot of good information about the phenomenon at the above link.
Multitasking - Students think they can do it. Research says they can't.
"Cell phones in the classroom: What's your policy?" - an essay by Sydney Fulbright
Modes of Learning
Learning styles or preferences - Although research finds that there are differences in how people learn and how they prefer to learn, research finds that we are far more similar than different in those processes. Furthermore, although a lot of attention has been given to different learning styles or preferences in students, research has yet to find substantial evidence that identifying and then teaching to different styles or preferences provides any significant benefit to students. For example, see the following reviews of learning styles approaches:
"Learning styles: Concepts and evidence"
"Different strokes for different folks? A critique of learning styles"
Strategies for Learning
What works? 10 strategies for studying and learning - A very thorough review of research on common techniques such as highlighting text, rereading material, and testing oneself. The research was published in the journal Psychological Science in the Public Interest (2013).
How to get the most out of studying - a video series from Stephen Chew - good videos you could provide or assign to your students
In-class note-taking skills - good list of advice for students
"Tips for developing students' note-taking skills" - an essay by Maryellen Weimer
Teaching critical reading - from the Graduate Student Instructor Teaching and Resource Center at Berkeley
Motivation to Learn
Self-determination theory - A well-researched theory, self-determination theory has been effectively studied in and applied to educational settings in efforts to increase the intrinsic motivation of students.
Promoting positive student motivation - Good overview of theory and research on student motivation with some suggestions - IDEA Paper 41 - from The IDEA Center
Have a link to good resources on student learning? Please e-mail the Center. | http://northcentralcollege.edu/academics/academic-affairs/center-teaching-and-learning/learning-resources |
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