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© 2020 Billsschedulechallenge. All rights reserved. | https://billsschedulechallenge.com/author/rive831/ |
The Unipol Tower is the central architectural landmark of the new complex of buildings in Bologna's Via Larga. The landscape project goes beyond pure aesthetic merit, and by making itself accessible and comfortable for all users of this well-structured space, it is a clear representation of the green identity of the various firms who have their offices here. The tower is surrounded by numerous green zones, areas which differ widely in size, design and type of vegetation.
The common thread throughout is a respect for the building's general shape and feel: blocks of vegetation combine to create multiple plays on height, while the layout is a colourful geometric pattern which can best be appreciated from the upper storeys of the tower. The landscape architecture, fairly complex in its overall design and space management, finds expression in certain key features such as the sloping piazza, the sunken walkway, the roof garden and the western entrance of the building.
To the east of the tower, the triangular piazza - paved in Pietra Forte Fiorentina - is given powerful rhythm by the geometry of the paving slabs, and the design of the adjacent sloping plane which fronts the Tower itself takes its inspiration from the same geometric motif. The sloping plane is defined by two main elements: lawn on the upper part and English ivy on the lower section. The slope gives an alternative view of the tower, and provides a space for relaxation and contemplation. On the eastern side of the piazza a series of hornbeam trees creates a screen between the busy road and the green space, providing a touch of tranquility.
Another distinctive design feature is the sunken area which follows the perimeter of the Tower; this houses an extended walkway paved with slabs of Pietra Forte Fiorentina alternating with strips of grass. Alongside the walkway, numerous plant species combine to create a dynamic and colourful accompaniment to the visitor for the entire length of the path. Variety is provided by sections of lawn, evergreen ground cover, herbaceous plants and hedges both evergreen and deciduous.
The choice of plant species, moreover, aims to create an effect which changes with the seasons, making this seasonality an inherent quality of the design. This is why Frassinagodiciotto has opted for evergreen as well as deciduous plants. The garden area which covers the roof of the gym building is in turn covered by the so-called "Sail" structure, whose characteristic shape defines the space. The area is split into two sections: the first is a hanging garden belonging to the Unipol offices; while the second contains a sundeck for the use of the Prime gym.
In the Tower area wide expanses of evergreen ground cover alternate with herbaceous plants up to 60 cm tall and formal evergreen hedges. In the roof garden of the exclusive Prime gym, large green formal hedges and areas of evergreen shrubs and trees outline the paths and perimeter of the sundeck, screening it from the outside world and ensuring privacy for users. Wooden decking covers practically the entire floor, interspersed with occasional gravel sections which blend with the greenery to create a harmonious and welcoming environment.
A second entrance gives access to the building on the western side of the tower. The landscaping of this elongated green belt takes its inspiration from the irregular arrangement of windows which is the distinguishing feature of this facade of the building. Corten steel planters in various sizes converge, creating a sensation of movement. A mix of species gives variation in height, with tall liquidambar trees reaching to the sky.
Meticulous in its detail and designed with the utmost attention to sustainability and energy efficiency, the project has been awarded the prestigious LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmetal Design) certification, an important further recognition of the building's excellent environmental and energy-saving design. The Tower has been awarded the GOLD rating in the US-developed LEED certification system, which promotes excellence in design and construction. The green landscaping project is no exception to the project's overall direction, indeed it follows the same criteria, essential for success in obtaining the certification.
Materials
Pavements: FSC Wood, Colombino Stone; Lighting: LED lights, Davide Groppi; Irrigation system: Automated: sprinkler and drip system. | https://www.architonic.com/en/project/frassinagodiciotto-unipol-tower/5103328 |
Why are these two values the same?
Why do we change tan 30 = 1/sqrt3 to sqrt3/3 ?
Why can't I leave tan 30 as 1/sqrt3
This is for a right angled triangle with a hypotenuse of 2.
Thanks (in advance) for the help.
9 Answers
- billrussell42Lv 75 months agoBest answer
It's just a convention, to not leave a radical in the denominator.
1/√3 is correct, as is √3/3
as to why they are the same, the problem you posted explains that very well.
- billrussell42Lv 75 months agoReport
you can leave a radical in the denominator, it's just a convention not to.
as I said, 1/√3 is a correct answer.
- Anonymous5 months ago
because you are multiplying both the numerator and the denominator by the same numerical value
- Φ² = Φ+1Lv 75 months ago
This has a name: "Rationalizing the Denominator" and you can find plenty of sites offering methods and reasons.
As to why 1/√3 is the same as √3/3, it is because the right triangle with sides 1, √3, and 2 is proportional / similar to the right triangle with sides √3, 3, and 2√3.
Long story short, a result is not considered "simplified" with an irrational denominator, but the values are the same.
- ComoLv 75 months ago
It is standard practice to have the square root sign on the top line.
- What do you think of the answers? You can sign in to give your opinion on the answer.
- llafferLv 75 months ago
When you simplify irrational numbers we always want the denominator to be a rational number, moving the irrational portion to the numerator.
1/√3
If we multiply both halves by √3 we don't change the value of the expression, but move the irrational component to the numerator:
√3 / √9 = √3 / 3
- Anonymous5 months ago
It's to make things more difficult for students who are struggling with math.
- D gLv 75 months ago
It is to simplify math later..
when you have a squareroot .. in the bottom of a fraction .. its just general rule to multiply by itself or itself which is 1 and gives you a more easy value to work with with an integer on the bottom..
- DixonLv 75 months ago
As billrussel42 says, it is just convention to "simplify" by putting radials (roots) in the numerator. I'm not sure of the exact reasoning behind this but it does mean that you don't get caught out when collecting terms and comparing expressions, eg
1/√3 + 5 + 2√3
= 5 + √3/3 + 2√3
[thinking of √3/3 as (1/3)√3]
= 5 + (7/3)√3
and we should all get the same answer apart from maybe the order of the terms.
- AmyLv 75 months ago
> Why are the values the same
The image you uploaded tries to answer that.
√3/√3 = 1
We can multiply any number by 1 without changing its value. Therefore we can multiply by √3/√3.
To multiply fractions, you multiply the numerators and multiply the denominators.
> Why do we change it?
This is just an agreed-upon convention in how we write numbers. Like writing the terms of a polynomial with the highest exponent first.
Mathematically, it is equally correct to write 1/√3 or √3/3 or √(1/3), just as it is equally correct to write x + x^3 instead of x^3 + x.
Assuming that you're planning to do anything with the result of your calculation, or even just use it in some more calculations, it's often easier to deal with a fraction that has a rational denominator. √3 is approximately 1.732. How easily can you measure something to a length of 1/1.732 meters? How about 1.732/3 meters?
Just use 57.735cm in both cases! | https://sg.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20190625104715AAsAHik |
Summary This is a Simple Clinometer that I designed in SW2003 for a 9th grade Math Project in school. Also known as an inclinometer, it is an instrument used to measure elevation or height of an object. I designed this because we are learning about Trigonometric Functions in Right Triangles, and for our project we have to use the formulas we have learned with a clinometer to find the height of an unknown object. Scale up 17x before printing. From Wikipedia: A forester using a clinometer makes use of basic trigonometry. First the observer measures a straight-line distance D from some observation point O to the object. Then, using the clinometer, the observer measures the angle a between O and the top of the object. Then the observer does the same for the angle b between O and the bottom of the object. Multiplying D by the tangent of a gives the height of the object above the observer, and by the tangent of b the depth of the object below the observer. Adding the two of course gives the total height (H) of the object. Overview and Background Lesson Plan and Activity Choose a tall object outside. Standing several meters from the base of the object, measure the distance to the base. Use the clinometer to find the angle you are standing at, and use the appropriate formulas to calculate the height of the object. Repeat 3 additional times from different distances, average results. Materials Needed -Fishing Line -3D printer] -Filament Print out http://www.timvandevall.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Printable-Protractor-01.png at 70% size on a standar inkjet printer. Cut in half and glue onto print. | https://pinshape.com/items/28855-3d-printed-clinometer-math-academy-project |
Show that the sum of the vectors discussed in Example 3.2 gives the result shown in Figure 3.24.
Example 3.2: A woman sailing a boat at night is following directions to a dock. The instructions read to first sail 27.5 m in a direction $66.0^\circ$ north of east from her current location, and then travel 30.0 m in a direction $112^\circ$ north of east (or $22.0^\circ$ west of north). Find the location of the dock.
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This is College Physics Answers with Shaun Dychko. In example three dot two, a graphical method was used to find the resultant. The resultant is here and in this problem our job is to use analytical methods to confirm that the answer that was found using graphical methods, is correct. So we're going to find the components of the resultant vector by adding the corresponding components of the vectors that are being added together. So we have vector A of length 27.5 meters at an angle of 66 degrees north of east. Then we have vector B afterwards is at an angle of 68 degrees north of west. I prefer to use this angle in here 'cause I like to work with acute angles. You could also work with 112 degrees too but I'm just more used to using angles that are less than 90. Okay. So we have the x component of the resultant -- I put a prime here just because that's what's in the figure, don't really need the prime, but it's there so let's use it -- that equals the x component of the A vector plus the x component of the B vector. So for the A vector we have these two legs on the triangle, this vertical leg and this horizontal leg. The horizontal leg is the x component and it's the adjacent leg of this right triangle. So we'll find it by multiplying the length of the hypotenuse by cosine of this angle, 66 degrees. Then from that we'll subtract 30 meters times cos 68 and the reason we're subtracting is because for this vector B, its x component is going in the negative direction. It's going this way. Then its vertical component is going upwards but we'll use that in the second line here. So we have a minus there because the x component of the B vector is going to the left. It's 30 times cos 68 and we're using the cosine trigonometric function because this is the adjacent leg of this right triangle and we're multiplying it by the hypotenuse. Okay. That works out to negative 0.05294 meters for the x component of the resultant. For its y component, we have the sum of the y components of the A and B vector. So for the A vector the y component is 27 and a half meters times sine of 60 because this is the opposite leg of that triangle. That's why we're using sine. Then for the B vector, the y component is 30 meters times sine 68 and that give 52.938 meters. Then the length of the resultant then is going to be the square root of the sum of the squares of its components and so we're squaring this number, and then adding it to the square of this number, and taking the square root of that sum. This gives us 52.9 meters. Then for the angle, we take the inverse tangent of the y component of the resultant, divided by the x component of the resultant, and I put vertical bars here to mean absolute value 'cause we're just concerned with the magnitude of the numbers. We don't need to put any negatives in here because we'll figure out the direction by looking at the picture. So our picture is that the resultant is -- has a tiny bit of component to the left and a large component upwards. Maybe I'll draw it like this. Well, this is fine. Yeah. So we have the y component of the resultant and the resultant will be like this. So this y component if we think of it as being here, and the x component as being down here we can draw it either side, then if we take the inverse tangent of the opposite over the adjacent, what we're finding is this angle that's in here. So whatever answer we get for our inverse tangent, it's going to be this angle and that'll be such and such degrees north of west. So this angle is to the north compared to west. So that's the inverse tangent of 52.938 meters over 0.05294 meters, giving us 89.9. So our final answer for the resultant vector is 52.9 meters at an angle of 89.9 degrees north of west and with analytical methods, we have confirmed that this drawing is correct. Now, they've drawn, they've written a 90.1 degrees here, and the reason they have 90.1 is 'cause they've chosen to use, to write their angle with respect to the positive x axis. We have instead made our angle with respect to the negative x axis and it's 89 89.9 degrees from the other direction and it's an equally correct answer. You'll find that 89.9 plus 90.1 makes 180 which is a way to confirm that these numbers are correct because a straight line angle have to add up to 180.
Comments
Submitted by featherbrain on Sat, 09/12/2020 - 04:59
If we were given this problem without the figure, how would we discern if the angle was 89.9 or 90.1? If I free-hand drew the graph, the angle would be so close to 90 I wouldn't know whether it was 0.1 to the west of 90 or 0.1 to the east of 90.
Submitted by ShaunDychko on Mon, 09/14/2020 - 10:43
With a free hand drawn figure it wouldn't be possible to have enough precision to claim 89.9 vs 90.1. I totally agree with your critique. The only reason we can claim precision to the tenths place is because we've done calculations, rather than drawn freehand. I've written 89.9 in the solution only because I chose to measure the angle clockwise starting from the negative x-axis, which is co-terminal with 90.1 degrees counterclockwise from the positive x-axis. Co-terminal is to say that the angle specifies exactly the same position, just with a different number/reference point.
In reply to If we were given this… by featherbrain
Submitted by featherbrain on Mon, 09/14/2020 - 11:22
Thank you for your reply! I see now that using our values we can figure it out. With the x-value of our resultant being slightly negative, we know that it will be to the west of the north-/south-axis. | https://collegephysicsanswers.com/openstax-solutions/show-sum-vectors-discussed-example-32-gives-result-shown-figure-324-example-32 |
Instrument transformers are basically the transformers like normal purpose transformers, instrument transformers have also to carry electrical loads. So, like other general purpose transformers instrument transformer (current transformers and potential transformers) must have a certain load carrying capacity. But this load is not similar to that of a normal transformer. Hence, to distinguish the load of an instrument transformer from that of general purpose transformers we use the word burden instead of load. Like load we express burden also in VA.
In normal power transformer the volt ampere rating is specified depending on the allowable temperature rise. But in current transformer or voltage transformer the burden is the VA rating above. Which the errors of the instrument transformer raise above the tolerable specified error limit.
For example suppose a current transformer has accuracy class 0.1 and burden of the instrument transformer is 15KV. That means when we connect any burden to the secondary of the instrument transformer above 15KV may cause error beyond the limits of errors specified for 0.1 accuracy class. So, to keep the error within tolerance limit we need to operate the instrument transformer below 15VA.
The total burden of an instrument transformer may be due to connected voltmeter, watt meters, power factor meters, frequency meters, energy meters and other type of relays and wiring systems.
Instrument Burden
The metering system consists of ammeters, voltmeters, watt meters, power factor maters, energy meters etc. Each of these instruments has its own VA consumption rating. For example, a standard ammeter has the VA rating of 3VA. Likewise a standard voltmeter normally has high VA as its consumption rating. Again watt meters, power factor meters and energy meters have VA rating of high VA each.
Relay Burden
We normally express the burden of different relays in VA. But for selecting appropriate current transformers for differential and distance protections, we need to know the ohmic values of these relays. Again the relays are generally of 5A or 1A ratings. So, if we divide the VA rating of a relay with the square of its current rating we get the ohmic burden of the relay circuit. For example, suppose a 1A relay has VA rating of 6VA. Then the ohmic burden of these relay will be 6/12 or 6 ohms.
Burden of Control Cable
The data sheet gives the value of the resistance per unit length of each conductor in a control cable. So we have to work out the VA rating of the control cable. We do that by multiplying the resistance of the entire used conductors with square of the secondary ampere rating of the instrument transformer. | https://www.aboutcircuit.com/instrument-transformer-burden/ |
Enter the area in square meters below to get the value converted to square centimeters.
Converting a square meter area measurement to a square centimeter measurement involves multiplying the area by the conversion ratio to find the result. One square meter is equal to 10,000 square centimeters, so to convert simply multiply by 10,000.
For example, here's how to convert 5 square meters to square centimeters using the formula above.
Square meters and square centimeters are both units used to measure area. Learn more about area and find more area measurement conversion calculators. Square meters are a metric measurement and can be abbreviated as sq m, for example 1 sq m. Square centimeters are a metric measurement and can be abbreviated as sq cm, for example 1 sq cm. Learn more about the metric system, including the common unit prefixes and how to convert between metric units. | https://www.inchcalculator.com/convert/square-meter-to-square-centimeter/ |
Understand the concept of a ratio and use ratio language to describe a ratio relationship between two quantities.
6.RP.A.2
39 questions2 skills
Understand the concept of a unit rate a/b associated with a ratio a:b with b ≠ 0, and use rate language in the context of a ratio relationship.
6.RP.A.3
397 questions25 skills
Use ratio and rate reasoning to solve real-world and mathematical problems, e.g., by reasoning about tables of equivalent ratios, tape diagrams, double number line diagrams, or equations.
Equivalent ratio word problems
Rate problems
Convert decimals to percents
Convert percents to decimals
Percent word problems
Equivalent ratios
Comparing rates
Ratio tables
Create double number lines
Intro to percents
Ratios with tape diagrams
Equivalent representations of percent problems
Part-part-whole ratios
Relate double number lines and ratio tables
Equivalent ratios with equal groups
Ratios on coordinate plane
Relate fractions, decimals, and percents
Ratios and units of measurement
Percents from fraction models
Convert percents to fractions
Understand equivalent ratios in the real world
Equivalent ratios in the real world
Proportion word problems
Finding percents
Ratios with double number lines
6.RP.A.3a
64 questions4 skills
Make tables of equivalent ratios relating quantities with whole-number measurements, find missing values in the tables, and plot the pairs of values on the coordinate plane. Use tables to compare ratios.
6.RP.A.3b
72 questions4 skills
Solve unit rate problems including those involving unit pricing and constant speed.
6.RP.A.3c
160 questions9 skills
Find a percent of a quantity as a rate per 100 (e.g., 30% of a quantity means 30/100 times the quantity); solve problems involving finding the whole, given a part and the percent.
6.RP.A.3d
15 questions1 skill
Use ratio reasoning to convert measurement units; manipulate and transform units appropriately when multiplying or dividing quantities. | https://www.khanacademy.org/commoncore/grade-6-RP |
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Except when half of the multiplicand is readily computed, we recommend that the first procedure be followed because adjusting the decimal point first gives the magnitude of the product, i. e., hundreds or thousands.
Half of 20 is 10.
Half of 50 is 25.
Half of 64 is half of 60 plus half of 4 or 34.
Half of 72 is half of 60 plus half of 12 or 36.
Half of 96 is half of 80 plus half of 16 or 48.
Half of 36ishalf of20 plus half of16 which is 18. This becomes 180 when a zero is affixed at the end.
c) And half of 50 is “25”.
Here all digits are odd except the last digit.
After adding a zero at the end, the number becomes 37 thousand, 5 hundred and 80. We can think of it as 36,000 + 1,400 + 180 as in the previous example to get a quick 18,000 + 700 + 90 answer. Here we will try to divide it by 2 using the one-line method used in MSC 6.
a) 3 divided 2 is 1 with a remainder of 1 which will become the first digit of the next dividend.
d) The last two digits of the dividend then becomes180 which when divided by 2 is “ninety”.
a) Add two zeroes at the end of 462 so it will become 46,200.
b) Half of that is Twenty three thousand one hundred.
This entry was posted in MATH-Inic and tagged Multiplying by 5, Multiplying by 50 on October 1, 2014 by Jose Adonis Duma. | https://articles.msc.edu.ph/2014/10/msc-10-multiplying-by-5-50-5-etc/ |
Use a conversion table to determine the amount you have to multiply or divide the unit by when converting between units of measurement. Divide when moving up to a greater unit and multiply when moving down to a lesser one.
www.reference.com/article/use-hardness-conversion-tables-b03306823c1b9fa3
Use hardness conversion tables to translate the value of a material's durability on a particular hardness scale into the related value on another scale. The process involves locating the starting value for a material and checking across the row for its corresponding val...
www.reference.com/article/read-natural-gas-conversion-table-8832026477fe798d
To read a natural gas conversion table, a knowledge of natural gas unit definitions is required. Natural gas conversion tables are tools that enable the quick conversion of natural gas units such as cubic feet and British thermal units between each other.
www.reference.com/article/use-currency-conversion-table-47fcc115edb2323c
Using a currency conversion table usually involves selecting a currency to convert from and, locating the currency code for the currency to be converted to in the table, and then multiplying the conversion factor by the original currency value, states the Internal Reven...
www.reference.com/article/read-shoe-size-conversion-table-59fcfb10b6335068
To read a shoe size conversion table like the one offered on the Zappos web site, start with the row that correlates with your gender, age group and known shoe size, and then read across the row to find the size conversion. For example, if the shoe size in question is a...
www.reference.com/article/can-torque-conversion-tables-4d6f129adf30c8f2
Find a torque conversion table on cncexpo.com under the Shop Aides section of the website. The table provides the multiplication factor to convert from one unit to another. There is also a torque conversion calculator available.
www.reference.com/article/read-torque-conversion-table-f2671c243d0d2ed9
To read a torque conversion table, match the appropriate categories with their corresponding sections, such as the relationship between Newton meters and inch pounds. In addition to reading manual charts and matching the values yourself, there are some websites, such as... | https://www.reference.com/web?q=tons+to+cords+conversion+table&qo=relatedSearchBing&o=600605&l=dir |
The USF LISTSERV is industry standard list management software that allows you to maintain email lists used for your department, college, project, or any other activity requiring email communication. You can add and remove subscribers, and maintain the list and settings to best meet your needs.
How do I use it?
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To maintain the lists through the web browser, you will need a Listserv account. This is a separate account from your NetID credentials. You should use your primary USF email address here. Note: the address used for this account will also be the address listed as an owner on your list to be able to maintain it.
- Go to http://listserv.usf.edu
- Click Log In on the right under Options
- Click the get a new LISTSERV password link.
- Enter your USF email address, a password, and click Register Password” (password is separate from your NetID)
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To subscribe to any open list, open your Email then start a new message.
Send the email to [email protected]. In the body of the message, type: sub %listname%, replacing %listname% with the list you are subscribing to. For example, sub usftalk. If the list is not currently set to allow self-subscribing, you will receive a denial message, and should reach out to the list owner.
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Member management
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Email Method
1. Start a new blank email in Outlook
2. Click the Format Text tab and then select Plain Text
3. In the To… field type: [email protected]
4. In the body of the email paste the following:
To Add Subscribers:
QUIET ADD LISTNAME dd=ddname import
//ddname dd *
Paste the list of email addresses here
/*
To Delete Subscribers:
QUIET DELETE LISTNAME dd=ddname import
//ddname dd *
Paste the list of email addresses here
/*
5. Delete Paste the list of email addresses here and put each subscriber's email address (name optional) on its own line between //ddname dd * and /*. Format Example: [email protected] (Joe Test)
6. Send the email without a subject line. In a few minutes you should get a confirmation email in reply
Web Interface Method
1. Go to http://listserv.usf.edu
2. Click Log In on the right-side
3. Enter your USF Email address and Listserv password (if you need to create a Listserv password, click get a new LISTSERV password and follow the instructions)
4. Once logged in click on List Management from the top banner and select List Dashboard
5. Enter your list’s name and click Search in Show Lists field
Your list will display below the search area
6. Click on View under Subscribers column
7a. Individual Subscriber
You can add individual subscribers using the Subscriber Reports page - this is the page you should be on if following the steps above.
Enter an email address next to the Add Subscriber field
Click the Add Subscriber button.
You can also add subscribers by going to List Management > Subscriber Management from the top banner.
7b. Bulk Operations
Click on List Management > Subscriber Management from the top banner. Make sure it says your list in the Subscriber Management (LISTNAME) at the top.
Click on the Bulk Operations tab for the available options and read each carefully before selecting.
Formatting your Subscribers List for Bulk upload:
1. Open Notepad on a Windows computer. (Open the Start menu and type Notepad). On a Mac, open TextEdit (Open Finder and go to Applications)
2. Enter each subscriber line by line (one subscriber per line) in the document.
A name is optional, but email address is required. Example:
[email protected] = John Doe
[email protected] = Firstname1 Lastname1
[email protected]
3. Save the document as a Text (.txt) document.
4. Go to the Bulk Operations tab mentioned in step 7b above and click the Choose File button.
5. Navigate to where you saved your Text (.txt) document, select it, and click Open.
6. Click the Import button on the Bulk Operations tab.
If adding subscribers was successful, a status message will display at the top of the page similar to this:
ADD: no error, 10 recipients added, no entry changed, no duplicates, none forwarded.
If there’s an error, the status message will display it:
Invalid address: example@
ADD: one error, no recipient added, no entry changed, no duplicate, none forwarded.
If you receive an error you do not understand, please take a screenshot and send it, along with a brief step-by-step description of what you were trying to accomplish to either [email protected].
How do I request a list?
Lists can be requested by staff and faculty to represent an official project, organization, department, or other USF affiliated activity. Students can request a list by requesting a staff or faculty member submit the request on their behalf. Please email [email protected] and include the information below.
- List Name (must not exceed 40 characters - e.g. USF Talk)
- List Email Address (will end in @listserv.usf.edu)
- List owners (full name and USF email address)
- Should sending be restricted or open? | https://usfjira.atlassian.net/wiki/spaces/UHID/pages/10952059311/Listserv+Basics+for+Admins |
Thanks for posting this feedback! We're always looking for ways to improve and your feedback will be used in future improvements!
I send over 500 emails to the subscribers of our electronic version of our magazine. Of those 500+ subscribers, the data feedback indicates that only 45%-50% open the email and of that only 50% - 65% click on the link to download the issue. This is somewhat surprising since these are NOT free subscriptions. These are paid subscriptions to a professional membership trade magazine.
Either people have taken to paying for something they do not want or the accuracy of opening rates and click throughs seriously lacking.
You must be a registered user to add a comment. If you've already registered, sign in. Otherwise, register and sign in.
Find out about the life-cycle of a product idea when it is posted on our Feedback board. | https://community.constantcontact.com/t5/Managing-Contacts/Hi-Our-open-rates-are-being-negatively-impacted-by-the-data/idc-p/229829/highlight/true |
This weekend I had a problem that i will not forget easily. I was preparing my weekly newsletter and whent to check the spam score, using the spam detector that Mailrelay offers… but the score was greater than 3. And what was worse, the error the system indicated was related to Google.
At that moment I was in panic. Any error in which the word “Google” appears is something that scares you. But don’t worry, because there is a solution. And that’s what I want to talk about in this article. The problem is that in recent days, Google increased the security for their antispam filter, which can be a problem for many people who send e-mail marketing.
The first thing to do is to analyze the spam score of your newsletter. For this, after we finish editing the newsletter, we will click on the menu Newsletters> Newsletters, click “Report Spam”.
I used an old newsletter I sent before the changes we see. As you can see, it has a score of 2.90. It is always important that this score is showing as 0.
As we can see, the report indicates two errors. One is due to the exclamation symbols on the subject line. If you had any doubt on this point, know that yes: Google considers as spam subjects that are very emphatic. Thus, it is better not to use these symbols and ensure that your subscribers who use Gmail will get the campaigns without any problem.
And the mistake that scared me: URI_GOOGLE_PROXY which increased the score to 2.60
If you look at the end of the message in red, where Mailrelay shows you the score, there is a link to view the rules and access the description of each error.
The error about the exclamation symbol was clear … but this other one is more difficult.
If the link doesn’t appear, you can access it here:
Blog Mailrelay : Review your newsletter’s spam report while creating it
But what happens when the error we are searching for is not on the list …. I initially was a bit nervous and in these situations I can’t think clearly. Then, I tried to calm down, and opened my browser. The internet always has solutions for everything, you only need to know how to search for the correct answers.
In this case my search was simple: spam uri google proxy .
Great. the filter considered me as a spammer in every way … What a fantastic news. This error, could be translated into the language of mere mortals who started in email marketing as a problem that would prevent the subscribers who use Gmail from receiving the newsletter.
Terrible…. But I would not accept it. So I kept searching. There had to be a way to show Google that I was not a spammer and that my subscribers wanted to read my newsletters, as they signed up willingly on my list.
And I found it!
http://www.futurequest.net/docs/SA/
A complete list of many of those weird codes we see in the spam score.
In short, Google included me in its blacklist due to Pishing, which is the same as Identity theft! Well … well …
(not from JOSE: Don’t worry, This doesn’t mean that you have stolen the identity of any company or person, or that someone have stolen yours. This is due to the use of tracking links with domains shared by several groups of accounts, and the solution, set up a custom domain, which you can do easily).
Important warning, Google’s complaint is against the tracking domain, not against the sender domain, once corrected everything will be ok.
But it is important that you make this setting:]
I tried to send an informational newsletter, without images, which now I believe, would pass through Google servers with the new security policy.
However, there was a message in red with a warning to my gmail subscribers. Thus, the quick solution was not an effective alternative, as always happens in these situations.
They would only have to click on the IGNORE option. I TRUST IN THIS MESSAGE. But many users will be afraid and won’t read it. Once marked as a reliable link the email would be activated and Google would understand that it is a legitimate message and the users really want to receive the newsletter.
But my God, I thought to myself when facing this problem: “What a mess.” Yes, very complicated. In some cases, the subscribers don’t know you well enough, therefore they could mark the first option, deleting the email, ignore it completely or maybe … better find a solution.
It was Jose who advised me to take a look at the post about customizing the domain. Because the domain you get when you create an account is shared with other users, thus, if another user is sending spam, even if indirectly, my account will not be compromised and it will be possible to avoid unnecessary problems.
The article to which I refer is this:
E alem disso existem outros artigos, mas se tiver dúvidas, basta entrar em contato conosco que ajudaremos em tudo o que for possível.
And moreover there are other posts, but if you have questions, simply contact us and we will help in whatever way we can.
And with this information, I started to set my custom domain to check if it would solve the problem, so that i could send my email marketing campaigns.
CREATING A SUB-DOMAIN
I had just purchased an email plan, since my blog is hosted on Blogger, but I needed to create a subdomain to follow the instructions of the posts I have just mentioned.
So I purchased a hosting plan. Who knows? The migration option will always be there. Once you have your domain + hosting, enter your cpanel. The interface may vary from a hosting company to another, but the steps are similar.
I created my subdomain as “Newsletter”
IMPORTANT: if you work with Mailrelay V2, you will not be able to use subdomains with an SSL certificate, as this could lead to security warning errors. If you use V3 (accounts created after March 2019), you can set up a subdomain with an SSL certificate.
Now let’s configure the DNS.
TYPE: CNAME
NAME: newsletter (it will be the address of the subdomain)
TTL: 300
CNAME: mailer.ip-zone.com
For the CNAME I followed the Mailrelay article. And we will use mailer.ip-zone.com instead of using myaccount.ip-zone.com
When we set it up on the Mailrelay panel we will see why.
Another problem I found was that when creating subdomains, the records were created automatically. This complicated the task of creating a CNAME because I was receiving a “name duplication error”.
I managed to solve this problem by removing the record that was exactly the same as the new CNAME record that I wanted to insert in my DNS. With this little trick, the system accepted the new CNAME record.
CUSTOMIZING YOUR DOMAIN IN MAILRELAY
Once this is done, I added my custom domain in Mailrelay.
Path: Settings -> CUSTOM DOMAIN
Enter the domain you created (in my case: newsletter.elperrodepapel.com) and click on Verify. Here you will understand why I used Mailer, because this is the name that Mailrelay gives us to configure the DNS.
As we added this setting before, just click check.
That is it! The custom domain is active. And besides, you can delete it at any time if you need to modify it in the future.
It was not so hard, was it? Perhaps the trickiest part was setting up the DNS, as in some situations you may need to delete other records.
We can check the spam score
DNS settings can take a while to update, we have to have a little patience, okay? But if you followed the steps slowly and carefully, it will work.
Now let’s see if it is working effectively and the spam score is showing 0.
Click on Newsletters> Newsletters And click on spam report.
Perfect! It is showing zero.
You can analyze other newsletters and other notifications may appear, but not the Proxy Google.
Let’s check to make sure that the URL is correct. To do this, click on Edit in any of the newsletters, slightly below click on the “Send test newsletter”.
Enter the email address in the box and click Send. The newsletter will be sent in a short time.
No warning this time! Good . Let’s check the address to see if our custom subdomain is displayed.
If you have a Gmail account, click on the inverted triangle, a pop-up with various options will open:. Choose Show original and you will see the HTML version of the email.
Now press the keys (Ctrl) + F, to open the search form of your browser. Enter the subdomain name that you created (in my case newsletter) and press ENTER.
And that’s all! The custom subdomain is correct, it has been set up properly!
It is important to use a custom domain to improve the online reputation and avoid unnecessary problems, and you will not be affected by the bad practices of third parties.
If you read this whole post (congratulations! Because it’s very long …) what are you waiting for? Add this setting today.
Did you understand the explanation? I hope so. If you need help, just contact us. | https://blog.mailrelay.com/en/2016/01/28/how-to-avoid-being-considered-a-spammer-by-customizing-your-domain |
In last week’s blog post, I wrote about building trustworthy customer relationships in emails that you send to your list of subscribers. If you haven’t had a chance to read that post yet, you can do so HERE.
Today, I want to expand on the topic in the second post of this three-part series, and give you some ideas on content for email newsletters.
When I ask my mentoring clients why they aren’t emailing their subscribers on a weekly basis, a reason I hear often is “I don’t know what to write about”. So if you find yourself holding back from sending emails regularly for the same reason, this post will give you some inspiration and ideas.
If you subscribe to my emails (if you don’t but would like to, please download my free eBook using the form on the right hand side of this page) you will know that I send email newsletters each week that include various elements.
This was an idea that I picked up from other marketers, and since I started sending emails in this format, I have received tons of feedback from people who love reading my emails, and get great value from the content – and every time I send an email, I make a sale.
So if you’re feeling stuck in your business, or worrying that sending emails every week will upset your subscribers, could you actually be limiting your own success?
Content to include in your email newsletters;
I’m not saying you absolutely have to follow the exact same newsletter model as I do, but this is the model that is working for me and many other marketers, so I’d definitely recommend you consider modelling your email newsletters on this format;
Short snippet of news of what we’ve been doing this week: your subscribers will enjoy getting to know the person behind the business, so give something of yourself to help nurture the relationship.
In this section, I usually talk about what’s been happening for us/me, both business and personal. I might include a photo of an event I’ve attended or with someone I’ve met this week. It might be a bit of news about a holiday, or the type of work we’ve done.
Blog post: this blog post was sent to my subscribers as the leading article in my newsletter dated 15th August 2013. In the email, I share a one or two paragraph teaser, inviting readers to click on the link to read the full post.
This is a great way to get into the habit of writing weekly blog posts… if you don’t write a blog, your newsletter will have to go out without a leading article! Deadlines rock!
Value adding tip: in my newsletter, this is a tip that readers can apply to their social marketing, explained usually in one paragraph. You’ve got a stack of knowledge inside of you that you can share with your tribe too.
You might want to repeat the key message from a previous blog post, so that people who didn’t click through to read the blog at the time can still benefit from your expertise.
Where you can find me: in this section I share details of where I’m speaking, or if I’m attending an event, where I’ll be. Revealing details of where you will be is a great way of encouraging your subscribers to take the opportunity to meet you in person.
If you attend local networking events, letting your subscribers know that you’re attending xx meeting on xx date, could attract new visitors – earning you brownie points with your networking group too! Win/win!
Spotlight On: sharing a story from a client that you’ve helped is a nice way to give your client a bit of extra exposure… and it also “seeds” how you help people, by making the solutions you offer easy for others to relate their own “pain” to.
Your subscribers likely know what you do, but often, it is difficult to relate it back to what you could do for them. So by sharing case studies in your “Spotlight On” section, they may be able to identify with the story you share, triggering their need to work with you.
Offer/Promotion: this is the last section in my newsletter, and each week I write a paragraph promoting a different way I can work with you.
The main focus of the newsletter is to add value, but I wouldn’t be serving my subscribers well if I didn’t make any offer of how they can continue working with me. By packaging up a service, it makes it easier for them to decide if it is the right offer for them.
Either;
- They’ll recognise the package is exactly what they need, and make the decision to buy. Or,
- It’s not exactly what they need, but now feel more comfortable about making an approach to discuss how I can serve their exact needs
- A packaged product is easier to remember, so when they hear of someone looking for what you do, they’re quite likely to mention seeing your offer
- Or it isn’t right for them at all, and they’ll ignore it.
But 3 out of those 4 options present sales opportunities for you. If you don’t include an offer in your email newsletters, you’re losing those 3 opportunities!
The final blog in this series next week will reveal how you can package your services to make it easier for people to buy from you, and attract more sales opportunities. | https://veronicapullen.co.uk/2013/08/6-kinds-of-content-for-email-newsletters/ |
How do I customize the Opt-In Email sent to my new Mailing List subscribers?
1. Login to your Bravenet account
2. Click on the web tools tab
3. Click on "mailing list"
4. Click on the link "Email Notifications"
5. Click on the tab "Opt-In"
6. Enter the Subject and Message of the email your new subscribers will receive when they sign up for your mailing list
7. Click the button "Save" | https://wiki.bravenet.com/index.php?title=How_do_I_customize_the_Opt-In_Email_sent_to_my_new_Mailing_List_subscribers%3F&oldid=3629 |
Terms and Conditions
www.varunmayya.com aims to provide meaningful insights into the Business and Start-up ecosystem in India through a subscription based newsletter to its subscribers. The subscriber shall receive the newsletter over their registered email on payment of the subscription amount. The subscription of the newsletter is not mandatory and is at the discretion of the user.
- Newsletters per month
The subscriber will receive at least 2 newsletters per month. The maximum newsletters in a calendar month will not exceed
- Limited Liability
We reserve the sole right to unsubscribe users / visitors from or newsletter service, without notice. We will do so with any subscriber we deem registered with fake data.
- Double opt-in
We require all subscribers to confirm their email address upon registration. You will therefore receive a message with a link you'll have to click in order to confirm the email address and your will to subscribe. | https://www.varunmayya.com/terms-and-conditions/ |
by Melanie Jongsma, Managing Editor
LANSING, Ill. (December 21, 2019) – Some of you may have noticed that many of the stories we’ve published in the past week are not specifically about Lansing. That doesn’t mean nothing has been happening in Lansing. It just means that many of those Lansing stories are still in my inbox or in Draft form on our website, or that I haven’t followed up with the freelance journalists who are working on them.
Those in-progress Lansing stories include articles about:
- A local author’s book about the First PCA cemetery
- An upcoming play written by a TF South alum that will open at the Royal George Theater in Chicago
- What the 2020 Census means particularly for Hispanics in Lansing
- Things we learned from our first full season of entertainment at Fox Pointe
- The updated streets assessment being done in Lansing
- A digital pop-up library at Troost
- New businesses moving into old buildings on Ridge Road
- Why some residents in Lansing get charged $2.00 per year by the Lincoln Lansing Drainage District
I am the bottleneck on most of these stories, and I apologize for that.
Subscribe and help
I’ve devoted a lot of my time recently to recruiting new subscribers as a first step toward sustainability. Here’s my thinking:
- The Lansing Journal needs a sizable subscriber list in order to qualify for consideration from an organization whose mission is to help local news organizations become financially sustainable. I spoke with them a few days ago and learned we are too small for them to help. (I know; it’s ironic.)
- If we can reach 5,000 subscribers, I will approach them again and ask for the business development help I know we need.
- If they can help with business development, I can hire local help to reduce the bottleneck and get more Lansing stories in front of Lansing Journal readers.
So Step 1 is getting more subscribers.
I can’t do that on my own.
Talking points for Journal ambassadors
Will you join me in encouraging your networks to subscribe to The Lansing Journal?
I don’t think it’s enough for you to simply share this post on Facebook or forward it to your address book. I think people are more likely to respond if they hear from you why subscribing is important. If you need some talking points, consider these:
- Every community deserves a good newspaper. Your subscription will help small-town Lansing’s newspaper become sustainable.
- When you subscribe, you’ll receive one unobtrusive email every morning. The email will include 2–5 headlines of stories that were published during the previous 24 hours. Just click on the ones that interest you. If nothing interests you that day, just delete the email and move on.
- Your digital subscription is completely free.
- Even if you prefer the printed newspaper that comes out once a month, the Daily News email is an enhancement you should consider. Why?
- News happens every day—the articles that appear in the email are more timely than what ends up in the print edition.
- Email subscribers are the first to receive the news. They get it before it goes to Facebook.
- Print space is limited, so there are usually more photos in the online version of a story.
- Our online stories often include video—of Santa’s arrival, of the school play, of Our Lady of Guadalupe celebrations, of the Veterans Day ceremony. It’s hard to reproduce those videos in print.
- Online stories and photos are shareable—just forward the link to your family or post it on your Facebook page.
- Receiving the Daily News from The Lansing Journal is a great way to stay informed about upcoming events, important issues, and available resources in our community.
- We also publish articles from the broader community—Thornton Township, Bloom Township, neighboring communities, Chicago, and Illinois. Most of those articles do not make it to the print edition.
Here’s an easy link to our simple Subscribe form that you can send to people:
Reaching 5,000
I’ll be honest, reaching 5,000 new subscribers will take a lot of work. From all of us.
But I’m motivated because it’s the first step on the path to a better, more robust newspaper that serves readers in a way that builds community.
So let’s get started. Let’s grow this newspaper together. | https://thelansingjournal.com/2019/12/21/lansing-stories-we-havent-published-yet/ |
“poll” for updates.
The widget only shows an input field for the email address and a ‘Subscribe’ button.
Then a short procedure is started to confirm the subscription:
-
No validation is performed on the entered email address.
-
After clicking on ‘Subscribe’, the user is presented a virtual page in which she is
asked to re-enter the email address and click again on a ‘Subscribe’ button.
This is a simple measure against robots placing subscription requests.
-
Again, no validation is performed on the entered email address except it is matched with
the one previously entered. In case of a match, an email message is sent to the user
containing a link with a unique code, on which the user has to click to confirm her
request. The user is informed by this in a new virtual page.
-
After the user clicks on the link in the email, the email address is considered
subscribed and it will receive weekly messages containing a digest of new posts from the
previous week, with direct links to the respective pages. In each message there is also
a link to allow the user to unsubscribe.
Unsubscribing follows a similar pattern in which the user will first receive an email to
confirm the request, with a link containing a unique code.
To keep it simple, no check is performed as to whether a user is already registered or
not. Any request can be performed in any phase of the process.
Weekly emails are sent using wp_mail(), on a configurable weekday at a configurable time.
Even when no posts have been added, the user will still receive and email to inform her of
that.
The emails will all contain the heading image of the theme at the top.
Until support is provided for selecting subscriptions, all subscribers will be subscribed
for the weekly digest and the newsletter.
Warning!
Only tested with the permalink format set as
“/index.php/%year%/%monthnum%/%day%/%postname%/” on a Windows server. Don’t know if it
works with other formats, although the implementation is quite generic.
Options page
The plugin registers an option page that enables admins to:
- configure the weekday and time-of-day when the digests are sent
- (re)send the digest(s) to subscribers or to given email addresses
- send a newsletter to subscribers or to given email addresses
Wishlist
Some features to be added in some future version:
- Daily and maybe monthly digest.
- Timed removal of unconfirmed requests.
- Configurable messages and format(s) of digest(s)
- Support for selecting subscription options (digest, newsletter)
Installation
- Download the zip file, and use WordPress’ plugin installation page in the dashboard
- Activate the plugin through the ‘Plugins’ menu in WordPress
- Place the shortcode(s) you need in your post
Reviews
There are no reviews for this plugin.
Contributors & Developers
“Keep in Touch” is open source software. The following people have contributed to this plugin.Contributors
Translate “Keep in Touch” into your language.
Interested in development?
Browse the code, check out the SVN repository, or subscribe to the development log by RSS.
Changelog
1.3
- Removed my own e-mail address from the plugin; was left in there after debugging.
1.2
- Added option to control whether a message is sent when there are no new articles ; also the message is now configurable
- A bit of reorganization in handling of virtual page url; some experimenting with google recaptcha
- Changed weekly digest query
- Changed class Virtual_Page to accept a list of posts
- Added people, author, member taxonomies and list pages
- Fix class name for shortcodes
- Finalized settings page for people list management
- Moved settings menu entry ; send updates only on new article
- Some fixes for the settings page
- Added options reader class and made schedules recurrent
- Fixed initial database creation issue and registration without name issue
- Added people, author, member taxonomies and list pages
1.1
- Sanitized text inputs
- Added e-mail notifications to site administrators on subscription failures and successes
- Changed terminology in the Italian translation
- Added configurable successful subscription message (more to come hopefully)
- Added the option to request the name of the subscribers
- Reorganized code to make it more coherent
1.0.7
- Updated the version number
1.0.6
- Added option to set path to header image
1.0.5
- Fixed hardcoded path to admin_url. Thanks to msorin for reporting it. | https://ary.wordpress.org/plugins/keep-in-touch/ |
The anchor works as a link within a single page. You do not see a different page (web) through the link, but you will be taken to another place on the page you are currently viewing. Anchor formation (tabs) is divided into two parts:
- You first create a bookmark, so a place that appears when you click the link.
2. Then you set a link that moves you to the tab (anchor).
The anchor is set by Webnode using HTML code. You can insert the HTML code on Webnode pages using this manual.
#Step n.1 Creating an anchor
Add a bookmark to the desired location on your site. Each tab needs to be named exactly – names can not be repeated within one site. You can use this HTML code to create anchor:
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1
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<div id="XXXXXXX"></div>
Instead of XXXXXXX enter the name of the anchor eg. anchor1
#Step n.2 Set a link
By clicking on the link, you will be redirected to the anchor – the link is usually set to normal text, but it can be, for example, also set to an image or button, etc. Use the following code to insert a regular text link:
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1
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<a href="#XXXXXXX">Click on this text</a>
Instead of #XXXXXXX enter the anchor name from point 1
Example:
The “Click on this text” below is the anchor that is set at the beginning of this article. At the beginning of this article is an embedded HTML code in the form of:
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1
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<div id="XXXXXXX"></div>
The text you click on is embedded with HTML code that is in the form of:
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1
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<a href="#kotva1">Click on this text</a>
You can try it out and click the “Click on this text” below.
TIP:
You can also set the anchor in the Webnode as scroll to top button, for example: “To the top”.
1. Firstly insert to your website the code from point 1. Enter the code where you want to redirect the visitor.
2. Then on the webinsert button that you can name eg: Top
3. Finally set a link to button in form of
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1
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http://www.mywebsite.com/#anchor-name
BEST TIP: Insert scroll to top button using pre-prepared code 🙂 Just copy and paste it. Read more here: How to add a Scroll to Top button to website in Webnode?
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How to create your own map? (pins on the map)?
Do you want to add a map with your own points in Webnode? Create free own map with Google My Maps. In How To Set Up Google Map Properly in Webnode? I showed you how to insert a map from a classic Google My Maps service. In this tutorial, I will show you... | https://www.wpromotions.eu/en/how-to-create-anchor-links-in-webnode-clickscroll/ |
Status icons on the email history tab: what they look like and what they mean.
When viewing the email history tab of a subscriber's profile, you'll notice a colored icon next to each email they've been sent:
This icon indicates the status of that email, for that subscriber. You can hover over the icon for additional details:
Let's go over what each status means!
Sent
If an email has a status of 'Sent', it means we sent it, but the recipient's email provider hasn't sent us confirmation that they accepted it yet.
☝️ Please note this does not necessarily mean that the email was not delivered to the subscriber. In many cases, the recipient's host will send this confirmation after a delay. In some cases, we never receive it — and this is usually not a problem!
If you see this status on its own, it's not typically a reason to worry. Chances are, the email was ultimately delivered. But if you're seeing this status and hearing from your subscriber that they never received it (including in their spam folder), let us know and we can help dig deeper.
Delivered
The 'Delivered' status means that the recipient's email provider accepted the email. From there, ConvertKit no longer has control over it — it's now up to their email provider to place that email where they see fit, such as in the inbox or spam folder.
For tips on how to improve your inbox placement, the following guides & best practices come straight from our deliverability team and are a great place to start:
Opened
This status means the email was delivered, and we detected that the subscriber opened it.
Email opens are tracked by the standard method of including an invisible 1px-by-1px tracking image that loads when the email itself is opened.
NOTE: In some cases, a subscriber's email provider may have images disabled by default, which can interfere with this tracking. If the subscriber proceeds to click a link inside the email we'll still detect that email as having been opened even if the image didn't load.
Clicked
This status means the email was delivered, and we detected that the subscriber clicked a link inside of it. Clicks will also trigger the email to be detected as opened in situations where our opens tracking image wasn't able to load.
☝️ A note on automated opens & clicks:
Some subscribers may have strict security settings on their domain where a spam filter automatically opens emails and click the links in them to be sure they're safe, before placing the message in the user's inbox. This is more common with organizational and business email addresses, and it can cause false positives when it comes to open and click tracking. If you suspect this may be the case for some of your subscribers, we have more information and some steps you can take to help mitigate it here.
Bounced
If an email is marked as bounced, it means our mailing servers tried several times to send the email to the subscriber's inbox without success.
There are two types of bounces: hard bounces are permanent issues (like the email address not existing), and soft bounces which are temporary issues (like the subscriber's inbox being full).
You can tell the difference because hard bounces will cause the subscriber to get the 'Bounced' status on your list, whereas if a soft bounce occurs, the subscriber will remain 'Confirmed' on your list and the bounce will just be indicated for the individual email itself (via the status icon shown above).
In some cases, you might see a slightly different ‘Bounced’ icon that has a green circle in it:
This icon indicates that at least one link in the email was clicked (by the automated click system of the recipient’s email provider, for example) before the email was bounced.
In more technical terms, the bounce that happened here is called an 'asynchronous bounce.' But regardless of whether the ‘Bounced’ icon has a green circle in it, our mailing servers were ultimately unable to send the email to the recipient and you should treat the situation as such.
For more information about bounced emails and/or subscribers, check out our dedicated guide here.
Failed
This status means there were several attempts to deliver an email, but something went wrong and delivery failed. If you see this status for an email, please reach out to our team and we can help help dig deeper into what might have caused the failure. | https://intercom.help/convertkit/en/articles/2502589-subscriber-email-icons |
If you're one of Time Warner Cable's 16 million subscribers, your personal information may have been compromised. The FBI alerted the cable-Internet-phone provider of a possible breach that you need to know about.
Frighteningly, Time Warner Cable doesn't yet know how your information was stolen. But it is informing at least 320,000 customers that their information may have been stolen.
The stolen information includes your email and your email password. It's not clear how the cybercriminals accessed your email accounts, but it may have involved a phishing scam.
In phishing scams, hackers lure you into their scam with emails that look like they're from respectable companies, such as Time Warner Cable. Note: Do you know how to spot a phishing scam? Click here to find out.
When you open the phishing email, you'll be asked to click on a link in it. That link will take you to the cybercriminals' phony website.
There, they'll ask you to input your personal information, like your email address and password. They may also infect your computer with malware, possibly to hold your personal information, like banking credentials, until you pay a ransom.
Time Warner Cable says there is no indication that its computer systems were breached. However, it's possible other companies it partners with may have suffered a breach.
Keep reading Happening Now for any new developments. In the meantime, Time Warner Cable is sending out letters to its customers. | https://www.komando.com/happening-now/342418/top-story-data-breach-at-time-warner-cable-up-to-320000-users-affected |
NHRS Email Updates provide subscribers with the latest news and information concerning the retirement system. Subscribers receive updates only on topics they are interested in. Simply fill in the fields below and choose which type(s) of email you would like to subscribe to.
You will receive a confirmation email with a link that you will need to click on to activate your subscription. You can update your profile information and email preferences at any time. You can also unsubscribe by clicking on the link at the bottom of every email you receive.
Active members are encouraged to sign up with a personal email address to ensure the most accurate email is on file should you switch employers or retire. | https://www.nhrs.org/sign-up |
This seminar is open to all U3A Port Phillip members and subscribers and to the general public.
As there are limited numbers, please book in below.
This is an online live seminar, presented as a webinar on Zoom.
If you have not yet used Zoom, you will need to download Zoom onto your device in advance- click here for instructions.
To watch the seminar, return here for the link to join the webinar from 2:20pm for a prompt 2:30pm start.
Enrolments / Bookings
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If you are not a U3APP member and are booking for an event that is open to non-members, then please register below.
Members please login using the Membership Login in the sidebar to the right of the page. Login with your email address and password. If you haven't used the system before, your password is also set to your email address. If you've changed it but forgotten what you changed it to, send an email to [email protected] and we will reset your password for you. | https://www.u3app.org.au/events/saturday-seminar-french-impressionism-part-2-featuring-more-paintings/?doing_wp_cron=1642415149.2166368961334228515625 |
It has recently come to our attention that some of our subscribers have been sending replies to the email subscription version of the blog that you usually goes out very early on Friday mornings. Please note that these emails come from our subscription service, not from us, and your replies disappear into the Cloud somewhere.
Since WE DEFINITELY WANT TO ENCOURAGE COMMENTS, we want you all to know how to do it.
Method 2: click on the post heading “lummi island wine tasting & date” at the top of the email page to open the post in a browser window. At the top of that page click on CONTACT US and enter your comments on the form that opens.
We are now on the road for the next three weeks. As has been the case with this post (why our email subscribers didn’t receive this at dawn on Friday), internet access is intermittent and uncertain.
The key takeaway here is that wine shop will be open Fridays only between Oct 19 and Nov 6, and closed Saturdays during the same period, Oct 19, 26, and Nov 2. We regret any inconvenience, but know you will be comforted by the continuing Luxury of Bread Fridays during our absence. And we will keep you posted on our adventures as circumstances allow…!
In a recent article statistical poll researcher Nate Silver talks about some of the more geeky aspects of polling and the meaning of poll results. As you will all recall from your basic statistics courses, the best understanding of statistical predictions is that, given everything we know about the relationships among the co-variability of a large set of measures, any given election result, however improbable, WILL happen sometimes. Yes, think 2016, roll your eyes, raise your fist to an uncaring Heaven, and have another glass of wine.
The coming midterm elections bring with them lots of predictions, and for every prediction, there will be endless punditry about why the numbers most pleasing to them are the most credible. Also, because the midterms are all local or regional races, the populations are more diverse and harder to predict, although common trends cross many regional boundaries and can be predicted with a bit more confidence. One possible takeaway, according to Silver, is that there is a statistical linkage between the outcome of the Senate races and the House races. That means roughly that it is quite likely that Blue will take the House and Red the Senate, somewhat likely that Red will take both, somewhat less likely but possible that Blue will take both, and quite unlikely that Blue will take the Senate but not the House.
The thing about all of these numbers is that they are probabilities, not predictions, and Anything could happen. The job of voters and campaigns is to do everything they can to improve the probabilities for their side. There will be Spin and Lies and Muck and Theater all aimed at Fooling as many of the People as possible. The best we can hope for is that everyone sorts fact from fiction and actually casts a vote.
Blend of Chardonnay, Sauv Blanc, Viognier, and Muscat Canelli. Nose of citrus orchard in bloom. Tastes sweet without being cloying, showing fig, apricot, exotic spice and melon flavors. Ends clean and pure.
Bright ruby color; spicy aromas of fresh cherries and a balanced acidity that makes it fresh and juicy in the mouth, where fine tannins provide a long and pleasant finish.
Displays aromas of cedar, an earthy minerality, black cherry, and lavender leading to a savory, deep, well-balanced red with succulent fruit and a lengthy, seamless finish.
A gorgeous, expressive, tasty Valpolicella; floral notes give lift to the expressive, beautifully centered palate and a long, polished finish.
Bordeaux blend; aromas of red fruit and exotic spices; On the palate, it shows black cherry, red cranberry and garrigue, fine elegant tannins and a long finish. | http://www.artisanwineclub.com/2018/10/19/lummi-island-wine-tasting-oct-19-18/ |
Reactivating inactive supporters
In the various e-campaigning reviews (e-campaigning data analysis and qualitative review), I have (over the last two years) defined a 'status-spectrum' of supporters (subscribers and participants) to identify were they are on the spectrum from new to active and inactive including what 'inactive' state they are in.
In this analysis, it consistently (100% of the time so far) comes up that lapsed/inactive supporters consist of 70-90% of all campaigning supporters, but also that most of them lapse within days/weeks of 'joining'.
In fact, from a measurement point of view, most lapse within minutes of 'joining' although this is an unrealistic view because it is likely people are still 'warm' to re-engaging for a few days after joining.
Step 1: Defining and identifying 'inactive'
I use a spectrum for identifying the
- different 'segments' of new/active/lapsed supporters,
- the 'size' of the problem (the number/ proportion of supporters in each segment) and
- to help decide where to intervene first.
Usually, the biggest segment is 'inactive subscribers' (joined over 15 days ago, emailed 3 or more times, never clicked, never participated).
Definitions
- subscriber = someone emailings are sent to
- participant = someone who has completed a campaigning action. For the purposes below only, a 'subscriber' is someone who has not completed a campaigning action, otherwise they become a 'participant'.
Segments
Legend:
j=joined; e=emailed; c=clicked; p=participated; d=days ago; x = times
- New subscriber: j < 15d; p = 0
- Warm subscriber: j > 15d, e < 3x; p = 0
- Inactive subscriber: j > 15d, e 3x +, c = 0, p = 0
- Sceptic subscriber: j > 15d, e 3x +, c > 0, p = 0
- New participant: j < 15d; p > 0
- Warm participant: j > 15d; e < 3x, p > 0
- Lapsed participant: j > 15d; e > 3x, c = 0 or c > 120d; p > 0; p > 120d
- Sceptic participant: j > 15d; e > 3x, c < 120d; p > 0; p > 120d
- Occasional participant: j > 15d; e > 3x, p > 1; p > 60d and < 120d
- Regular participant: j > 15d; e > 3x, p > 2; p < 60d
You can adjust the above criteria for your own uses and capabilities, but ultimately most supporters' last activity is their first activity, so it is critical to act quickly.
Step 2: Reactivation / removal
I also usually suggest a 3-step re-activation / removal process which differs for each segment, for example:
- An email explicitly acknowledging they have been inactive/have lapsed, what active people have helped achieve in the past and what they can do to get active.
- For anyone who didn't respond to (1), an email acknowledging they are inactive, the lack of response to email (1) and asking them to tell you (via a non-anonymous survey) what YOU can do to get them back involved
- For anyone who did not respond to (2), an email acknowledging they are inactive and emails (1) and (2) saying that they will be automatically removed from the email list (e.g. within 30 days) unless they click a special link to indicate they wish to remain on the list
It could be a four step process but a 2-step process seems too abrupt since people don't ready every email and may often be too busy one week or on vacation - so while cleaning is good, 'sterilising' the list is bad!
What you will likely find from the survey in (2) is that people want to do more than you are asking and they are not convinced that an easy action will have much impact. But you aren't giving them a more compelling (for them) way to be involved!
Step 3: Prevention
Once you have re-activated or removed inactive supporters, you never want to be in a position again to accumulate 70-90% of your supporter base as inactive. To prevent this you need to:
- Have a welcome route for new supporters (and improve it over time based on monitoring).
- Run the reactivation plan regularly - ideally every week based on the segment definitions.
- Ensure every step of the engagement process is best practice - and continually test and improve it.
- Monitor your results and use feedback from the monitoring, testing and supporter feedback to fine-tune the experience (including how compelling the campaigning is!).
Having a majority of supporters is not only a wasted opportunity, it is a waste of time and money to attract new supporters and it has the potential to undermine the perception of your organisation and campaigning in the very people (and their friends) who are most likely to be supporters.
More Reading
The issue of re-activating lapsed subscribers / supporters isn't new nor is it unique to digital communications. Here are what others have also said.
- 7 Types of Email Addresses to Delete From Your List NOW! (Jan 2012, Hubspot)
- 4 Tips to Keep Your Email List Squeaky Clean (Oct 2011, Hubspot)
- How to Reactivate Inactive Subscribers (Nov 2009, MailChimp)
Email me if you have others to add. | http://fairsay.com/blog/2012/reactivating-inactive-supporters |
After you have successfully uploaded subscribers, you will now need to map all columns. This ensures you have the data in the right place for further personalization of email campaigns.
To map columns of imported data:
- Look at the information in each column.
- Choose the appropriate field name and type.
- The default field types are Email, First Name, Last Name and SMS.
If any columns are not needed for the import, click on the delete unnamed columns link, which is located on the top right above the table, to remove the columns
It might occur that some lines contain errors. You can fix every single syntax error by clicking on the pencil which appears in the highlighted fields.
When you are done customizing and editing your list, you will need to click the checkbox to certify your subscriber list. This means you agree that these are subscribers, which have given you their personal permission to send them email campaigns.
After that, you just need to click on the button Import Subscribers and all of the email IDs will be added to your list.
When the upload is done you will automatically be redirected to the list with your uploaded subscribers. | https://support.sendserver.net/mapping-list-columns |
Design Elements to Experiment With
This list explores ten of the many design elements available to fine art photographers. Before reading it, you should be comfortable with the basics of photography – techniques are discussed, but this article is really about planting the seeds to grow and nurture your own personal photographic style.
Photography is entirely a visual, spatial medium. Your attention to controlling design elements will separate your work of art from a simple snapshot and will dictate how your theme is interpreted by your audience.
Don't be afraid to experiment with design elements, take risks, and fully develop a design style of your own. Great art almost always requires an investment of effort and a leap of faith from its audience. Sometimes, an artist's most difficult and visually challenging photographs are among their very best work.
Here's a list of important design elements to begin experimenting with. Keep your mind open to many others – the possibilities for visual design in photography are truly infinite!
Lines that don't end or begin within the photograph seem to carry on forever. They hint that the world outside the photograph is much bigger and more complex than the world within it, and they cue the viewer's imagination to begin to explore.
Try it for yourself – photograph a small geometric scene, enclosing it completely within the frame and completing every line within the photo. Now move closer, photographing the same scene with its limits beginning to breach the frame of the photograph. The first photo will seem enclosed and complete and will tell the whole story. The second will stimulate the viewer to imagine where the lines from the edge of your composition lead. The photo will become merely a starting point on a longer journey.
Infinite lines don't have to end at the frame. They can fade into fog or smoke, they can dissolve into patterns, or they can pass behind another element. If you can imagine a line continuing, the line must be infinite.
Infinite lines don't suit some compositions, especially those whose goal is to keep the viewer in the present moment. Because infinite lines place demands on a viewer's imagination, they can lead to more difficult works that speak to a more experienced viewer. However, explore them occasionally – infinite lines can add a dimension of fantasy and exploration to your art, attracting and holding a viewer's attention.
The frame is one of the most important design elements to become familiar with, simply because it is the only design element that will appear in every photograph you'll ever make. The edge of your photograph forms a bridge between fantasy and reality, a meeting place for your art and your viewer's imagination. Inside the frame is the message as you composed it. Outside, the message is interpreted, and your viewer's own thoughts begin to take precedence.
The structure in your composition will largely dictate the balance between the two. Long, leading lines or repeated shapes will tend to remove your viewer from the work and create a frame that seems like a window. A photograph with truncated lines and stagnant shapes will act more like a table or a canvas, keeping the viewer's attention on site and in the present moment.
How other design elements interact with the frame will change the photograph too. Elements in the corners will seem more energetic and less settled. The frame can be another repeated shape, echoing vertical or horizontal lines from elsewhere in your composition. More importantly, the frame can form relief, shapes formed of blank space left between it and your composition.
Whatever your style of photography, always try to use the frame as an important aspect of your composition. This simple, humble, invisible design element can change a snapshot into a work of art!
Blending similar colours in a photograph can unify the composition, creating an attraction and a similarity between unlike elements. Colour can make a slightly awkward composition easier to accept, giving you the freedom to experiment with unusual geometry while still communicating with your viewer.
Similar colours can be different shades of the same colour, or just colours of a similar "temperature", like mixes of blue and green, or yellow and red. Light that has a colour cast, as daylight does in the shade or at sunset, will create blends of similar colours. Don't always correct for coloured light! Similar colours can be found in white light too – look for patterns in coloured rocks, earthy blends on a forest floor, or chipped paint on an aging wall.
Because similar colours will unify a composition, the composition will usually seem more passive and timeless. This can suit many photographs. If it doesn't, you may have to make your composition more dynamic, challenging the viewer with unusual geometry and difficult patterns. Colour has weight too, allowing you to balance heavy elements with open space.
Don't reach for a coloured filter or adjust your white balance every time you're shooting in off-white light. Embracing the native colour of a scene can give you new freedom to experiment with compositions or a new way to tie eclectic elements together.
Photography is unique in its ability to capture and display motion. Photographers can choose to freeze a moving subject, blur it, or even show the subject clearly while blurring the background. If used effectively, motion can add an extra dimension to your photography, communicating a sense of time and space to your viewer.
Freezing motion with a fast shutter speed will show a detailed subject, and will reinforce the idea that your photograph is truly capturing a thin sliver of time. This will suit full and dynamic photographs, especially when the motion bleeds out of the image frame.
Blurring motion with a slow shutter speed will erase texture and show your subject as a simple wash of colour and tone. This effect is more like an impressionist painting, where the artist creates a timeless "glance" of a scene, omitting details and inviting the audience to fill in blanks with their imagination. A constantly moving subject will create new shapes as it "streaks" through your frame – make sure your composition takes advantage of this. A randomly moving subject will create a simple wash of smooth pattern – most interesting when combined with static elements.
Take advantage of movement, and try to see it as a creative tool instead of a hurdle. With practice, you'll use motion to create photos with entirely new depth, bringing a dimension of life and luster to the once flat medium of photography!
For a photograph to truly engage its viewer, it must have enough complexity and detail to effectively dialog beyond a simple first impression. As your viewer continues to look at a piece, they should continue to find new elements that support the overall visual design and repeated patterns of the whole.
However, richness and complexity can easily become overwhelming clutter. Too dense a design can turn a photograph into a shapeless mass that intimidates a potential viewer, losing the initial impact that should win your work an audience in the first place.
So how can you possibly balance complexity with simplicity?
Try including a lot of detail in the highlights and shadows of your image. The patterns and shapes there can repeat and expand on the details in the rest of the image, but will tend to remove themselves from the initial impression of the photograph. The work will look full and real, and will relay its message without unnecessary clutter. Up close, the work will continue to engage, allowing the viewer to appreciate its many subtle textures.
In your efforts to create an image with rich highlight and shadow detail, don't go overboard. Making too much of an effort to hold details (especially by using photography software) can leave you with a low contrast image. The idea is to maintain the photo's impact while hanging on to as many of those details as you can. Shadow and highlight details should be just that – details – and should stay hidden until someone goes looking for them.
Reiterating a shape through the frame creates a feeling of continuity and expands the "scope" of a photograph. The shape in question doesn't have to be created using the same object – arranging dissimilar objects to form the same shapes can be a fascinating way of tying an eclectic scene together.
When first trying this type of composition, keep the repeated shape fairly simple. A complex shape will get lost as it changes subtly between contexts. Try repeating shapes with the same object at first, then move on to creating the same shape from many bases.
Very skilled artists (especially painters) can repeat shapes in ways you might not expect, echoing the outlines of animals in landscapes, or forming relief that compliments the body of the image. Photography can be more restrictive, but still approach it in the same way. Use the repeated shape as a kind of visual metaphor, showing your theme out of context and in a fresh, interesting way.
Repeating shapes is not a technique to use in every photograph. Photographs that need to portray a silent, present-moment feeling should avoid the complexity that repeating shapes inevitably creates. Asian inspired photographs that use empty space to balance objects might steer clear of clutter or a geometric theme at all. Keep the technique in the back of your mind, and use it whenever you think it might add to a photograph.
The empty space between design elements, or between a design element and the frame, is called "relief". Relief can take on as many shapes as the design elements themselves. Relief shapes are often recognized unconsciously, reinforcing your theme on a new level or adding an entirely new idea to your work.
Most photographs include relief shapes, usually by accident. Simply controlling these shapes will win you extra power with your design. Shift the camera, and watch the interaction of your elements and your frame. Try to mimic the shapes in the elements themselves, or try to add a shape that expands or compliments your theme. Sometimes a photograph can get by on relief alone – jumbled, confusing objects can come together to form a clean, harmonious image.
The most common place to form relief is in the corners of your photograph. Cutting off a corner with a simple, unrepeated straight line is a classic example of relief gone wrong. If possible, try to arrange a scene so that the corner forms a more complex shape. Failing that, try to repeat the line forming the triangle – this creates a series of polygons instead of a single cut off triangle.
Control over relief is finicky and doesn't come easy. Try working with close up objects when practicing relief for the first time – this will let you exercise full control over your position and the shapes between the objects in your frame.
If your composition uses design elements that stand out, the viewer's attention will tend to gravitate to them first. If there's only one, the viewer's eye may start there, moving on to another part of the photo later. If there are more than one, the viewer's attention will drift between them, effectively creating lines between them.
These connecting lines work together to form shapes. Two heavy design elements will almost always form a straight line. Three will usually form a triangle – though three elements (or four, or more) nearly in a line can be interpreted as points on a curve.
Be careful with the shapes you choose to form, and where you choose to form them. Straight lines and triangles are very direct and strong, and make a solid, unbending impression. Curves can be leading and pleasing. More complex shapes, like rectangles or pentagons, tend to seem weaker and imply movement. Shapes in the corners will have more energy than ones in the rest of the photo.
The degree to which the shapes contribute to your theme will depend on how much they contrast with the rest of your composition. Work with similar objects that stand out to varying degrees, and try to work the produced shape into your surrounding ideas. Shapes between objects are a highly personal design element, so don't be surprised if people interpret these shapes differently than yourself!
Patterns that change and decay can add immense interest to a photograph, graduating the frame and adding a symbolic sense of time lapsed. The effect is almost the opposite of a fixed pattern that applies a sense of rigidity and formality to a photo.
A pattern that changes and evolves within the frame can tell a metaphorical story, infusing the work with a feeling of age and mortality. Visually, a decaying pattern can slowly guide the eye through the frame like a series of curves, allowing the viewer to see the whole photograph without getting "stuck" on any single design element. Changing shapes can be interpreted as a symbol of age and wisdom.
Natural aging creates a wealth of decaying patterns for the photographer's viewing delight. Look for patterns in natural or urban areas that have changed with age. I have used thinning carpets of fallen leaves, progressively eroded sandstone blocks, or flaked layers of paint to create changing patterns in my photographs. The patterns can be massive or tiny, so keep your eyes open at every scale. Decaying patterns sometimes work best when all size cues are removed from the photograph.
By showing the progression of a pattern in a scene, you can add a strong sense of time, continuity, and evolution to your work. Look for patterns all around you and try it for yourself – with practice, you'll acquire a new way of guiding your viewer's eyes and imaginations.
One of the most ignored design elements in Western culture is the design element that isn't – empty space. Leaving a large portion of your frame vacant can speak volumes more than filling it up. There is no true substitute for the impeccable silence of a simply balanced open canvas.
Of course, you'd be challenging even the most forward-thinking art critic if you presented a series of totally blank photographs. The idea is to balance objects with space instead of other objects – to use space as a metaphorical and contextual object in its own right. The composition may look contrived and unbalanced at first glance, but the challenge of the work can actually help attract viewers.
Study traditional Eastern Asian art for ideas on how to present empty space in your photos. Blankness and solid colour predominate in much Asian work, often creating a flair of calm, concentration, and tempered imagination. The empty space often diffuses and mirrors the rest of the composition, and by its nature bleeds the photograph from the page into the real world.
Once your viewer gets comfortable with the ides of emptiness being something, they can begin to enjoy the simplicity of the approach amongst other, louder artwork. Instead of using bright, contrasty images with manic complexity to find a viewer's attention, try offering a place of quiet, a moment of harmony, and a starting point for thought. | https://markraymondmason.com/tipsTopTen2.php |
Project 2: Reading Pictures
Deconstruction, a concept by the French philosopher Jacques Derrida, controversial in his time, but of great importance in postmodernist thinking. Derrida used almost 40 publications to clarify and share his ideas. Break down a concept (text) into the elements from which it is constructed and define the meaning of each element by its relation to the elements to define what it is not. Find the inter-elemental contradictions, flowing therefor into meaninglessness and find the new and underlying meaning.
Deconstruction takes place; it is an event that does not await the deliberation, consciousness, or organization of a subject, or even
of modernity. It deconstructs itself. It can be deconstructed. (Derrida, 1985)
Derrida tries to clarify, destruction is not a method or critique. It simply is. If something is deconstructable, it already was. He continues to clarify using the translation dilemma to his Japanese friend:
To be very schematic I would say that the difficulty of defining an therefore also of translating the word “deconstruction” stems from the fact that all the predicates, all the defining concepts, all the lexical significations, and even the syntactic articulations, which seem at one moment to lend themselves to this definition or to that translation, are also deconstructed or deconstructible, directly or otherwise, etc. And that goes for the word deconstruction, as for every word.(Derrida, 1985)
Touching here the essence of his thinking, that meaning of a word can only be described by other words that have their own meaning; hence the flaw is intrinsic in any language.
Tools for deconstruction – Semiotics
Indeed, Derrida’s deconstruction seems less connected to photography as being no more than another language than the thoughts of Barthes that specifically address the l results of photography, specifically being a method of communication.
If the effect of a photograph is a Sign, being the overall presence/effect, it is the result of the Signifier, being the image itself in his physical appearance and the Signified, our perception on that what is signified.
Denotation and connotation seem to lay in line with this thought, where the denotation is what we actually and objectively see and connotate what we mentally or better subjectively do with what we see, how it forms a perceived meaning, our interpretation.
What I feel about these photographs derives from an average affect, almost from a certain training. (Barthes, 2010)
This is what Barthes tries to explain on his term “Studium” as the generic base of the image, the average effect, does it get close to SIGN? Beyond that, he defines a “punctum”. It is the element that rises from the scene without any scrutiny by the viewer.
“A photograph’s punctum is that accident which pricks me (but also bruises me, is poignant to me)” (Barthes, 2010), elements in the image that disturb the stadium. If I interpret it correctly, it can be anything, either a contradiction to the stadium or sharp articulation. The stadium defines the cultural position of the image; the punctum awakes the viewer.
It seems overdone to make a summary of the framework for interpretations by Terry Barrett. Still, it provides me with this overview to be with me in my digital environment on all devices and as permanent reference and reminder:
In the Weight of photography(Swinnen and Luc Deneulin, 2010), Terry Barrett sums up some further principles for interpreting photographs:
I have put the principles into a set, but it is a loose set. The set is intentionally eclectic, but I think non-contradictory, although some of the principles are drawn from theories that resist one another. (Swinnen and Luc Deneulin, 2010).
The summery of Barrett in the appendix:
- All images require interpretation
- photographs carry more credibility than other kinds of images and especially require interpretation
- To interpret an image is to respond to it in language
- Photographs and photographers alter what they picture
- Photographs should be seen as opinions
- Feelings are guides to interpretations
- Photographs are made from light reflecting off of people, places, and objects in the world
- photographs are factual and fictional; factual and metaphorical
- photography is a subtractive medium and painting is additive
- The subject matter of a photograph is always cut from a larger context
- Photographs are instantaneous
- Photographs have unique properties of selectivity, instantaneity, and credibility
- Subject matter + medium + form + context = meaning
- Language accompanying a photograph can over-determine the photograph’s meaning
- Photographs mean through use
- Judgments of an image can preclude alternate interpretations of that image
- The critical activities of describing, interpreting, judging. and theorizing about photographs are interrelated and interdependent
- Images attract multiple interpretations, and it is not the goal of interpretation to arrive at single, grand, unified, composite interpretations
- All images are in part about the cultures in which they emerged
- All images are in part about other images
- Interpretations imply world-views
- There is a range of interpretations any image will allow
- Meanings of images are not limited to what their makers meant them to mean
- Interpretations are not so much right as they are more or less reasonable, convincing, informative, and enlightening
- Some interpretations are better than others, and some are simply wrong
- A good interpretation tells more about the image than it tells about the interpreter
- The objects of interpretations are images, not image-makers
- Good interpretations have coherence, correspondence, and completeness
- Interpretation is an endeavour that should be both individual and communal
- The admissibility of an interpretation is determined by a community of interpreters, and the community is self. correcting
- Good interpretations invite us to see for ourselves and continue on our own
In his book Criticising Photographs (Barrett, 2006), Terry Barret continues and defines some interesting strategies as a starting point for interpretation:
- A COMPARATIVE INTERPRETATION
- AN ARCHETYPAL INTERPRETATION
- A FEMINIST INTERPRETATION
- PSYCHOANALYTIC INTERPRETATION
- FORMALIST INTERPRETATION
- SEMIOTIC INTERPRETATION (Barthes)
- MARXIST INTERPRETATION
- INTERPRETATION BASED ON STYLISTIC INFLUENCES
- BIOGRAPHICAL INTERPRETATION
- INTENTIONALIST INTERPRETATION
- INTERPRETATION BASED ON TECHNIQUE
At some point, it seems he tries to be as complete as possible or at least might fear he forgets an option. I’m not sure this numeration is limited, to begin with. It would be possible to add any background as a beginning for an interpretation. Nevertheless, it concentrates the matter to the most obvious ones. It provides a handhold in defining from what angle an interpretation can start.
Interpretation comes after the description of the photograph and relates closely to the deconstruction and semiotic functions to be defined. Describing what do I see:
Descriptions are answers to the questions: “What is here? What am I looking at? What do I know with certainty about this image?” The answers are identifications of both the obvious and the not so obvious. (Barrett, 2006)
But there is more. To describe the object, information can include: “statements about the subject matter, medium, and form, and then more generally about the photographer who made it, the times during which it was made, and the social milieu from which it emerges” (Barrett, 2006).
Barret lines it up in a form, a framework almost for criticising and interpretation a photograph:
DESCRIBING SUBJECT MATTER
Descriptive statements about subject matter identify and typify persons, objects, places, or events in a photograph. When describing the subject matter, critics name what they see and also characterize it.
The subject matter is different from the subject. Subject, however, is synonymous with theme or meaning and is more of an interpretive than descriptive endeavour.
DESCRIBING FORM
Form refers to how the subject matter is presented. Descriptive statements about a photograph’s form concern how it is composed, arranged and constructed visually. They are called “formal elements”.
From the older artforms of painting and drawing, photography has inherited these formal elements: dot, line, shape, light and value, colour, texture, mass, space, and volume. Other formal elements identified for photographs include black and white tonal range; subject contrast; film contrast; negative contrast; paper contrast: film format; the point of view, which includes the distance from which the photograph was made and the lens that was used; angle and lens; frame and edge; depth of field; sharpness of grain; and degree of focus. But again, it is a list of optional elements but not limited to those. He continues mentioning “principles of design” with scale, rhythm, balance, directional forces, emphasis and subordination.
DESCRIBING MEDIUM
The term medium refers to what an art object is made of. Identifying or describing medium is important because medium significantly inflects meaning or expresses the medium itself. Its physical presence.
DESCRIBING STYLE
The style indicates a resemblance among diverse art objects from an artist, movement, time period, or geographic location and is recognized by characteristic handling of subject matter and formal elements. Neo-expressionism is a commonly recognized recent style of painting, and pictorialism, “directorial” photography and the “snapshot aesthetic” are examples of styles of photography.
COMPARING AND CONTRASTING
A common method of critically analyzing a photographer’s work is to compare and contrast it to other work by the same photographer, to other photographers’ works, or to works by other artists.
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION
critics often go to external sources to gather descriptive information that increases understanding of that photograph. This information comes from a variety of sources, including press releases, interviews with the artist, the exhibition catalogue, and knowledge of photography history.
DESCRIPTION AND INTERPRETATION
It is probably as impossible to describe without interpreting as it is to interpret without describing. A critic can begin to mentally list descriptive elements in a photograph, but at the same time, he or she has to constantly see those elements in terms of the whole photograph if those elements are to make any sense. The relationship between describing and interpreting is circular, moving from whole to part and from part to whole.
DESCRIPTION AND EVALUATION
In published criticism, descriptions are rarely value-free. Critics colour their descriptions according to whether they are positive or negative about the work, and they use descriptors that are simultaneously descriptive and evaluative to influence the reader’s view of the artwork.
A summary is provided and very helpful in this part of the course if only to keep some structure:
PRINCIPLES FOR DESCRIBING PHOTOGRAPHS
- Description is criticism.
- Descriptions are factual.
- Description can be a data-gathering process or a data-reporting process.
- When gathering descriptive data, everything matters.
- Facts about artist, title, medium, size, date, and place or type of presentation are meaningful descriptive data.
- Formal analysis is a combination of description and interpretation.
- Description, interpretation, and evaluation are interdependent activities.
- Reported descriptions should be based on relevancy to interpretive, evaluative, and theoretical ideas.
- Description is especially dependent on interpretation.
- Interpretations and descriptions are meaningfully circular.
- Descriptions should offer information drawn from within and outside of a photograph.
- Descriptions can be (productively or nonproductive!/) infinite: Relevancy is the determining factor.
Bibiliography
Barrett, T. (2006). Criticizing photographs : an introduction to understanding images. Boston: Mcgraw-Hill.
Barthes, R. (2010). Camera lucida : reflections on photography. New York: Hill And Wang, A Division Of Farrar, Straus And Giroux.
Darrida, J. (2010). Derrida’s experience in school (interview). [online] YouTube. Available at: https://youtu.be/RKXT1Ts1fyU [Accessed 23 Nov. 2020].
Derrida, J. (1985). “Letter to a Japanese Friend.” [online] Parousia Press, pp.1–5. Available at: https://grattoncourses.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/letter_to_a_japanese.pdf.
Derrida, J. and Caputo, J.D. (2008). Deconstruction in a nutshell : a conversation with Jacques Derrida. New York: Fordham Univ. Press.
Derrida, J. and Chakravorty, G. (1997). Of grammatology. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, , C.
Swinnen, J.M. and Luc Deneulin (2010). The weight of photography. Brussels: Academic And Scientific Publishers.
Turner, C. (2016). Jacques Derrida: Deconstruction. [online] Critical Legal Thinking. Available at: https://criticallegalthinking.com/2016/05/27/jacques-derrida-deconstruction/ [Accessed 25 Nov. 2020].
Zhai, J. (2018). Jacques Derrida and Deconstruction – Not Even Past. [online] Not Even Past. Available at: https://notevenpast.org/jacques-derrida-and-deconstruction/ This is an example of deconstruction provided by Niall Lucy in A Derrida Dictionary and it makes a good starting point for us to discuss deconstruction. | https://ph4can.bertvandenberg.nl/project-2-reading-pictures/ |
Composition (by Phil Lindley)
Arranging elements can be done by actually moving the objects or subjects (a good example for this case is portrait or still life) or by selecting the correct lens to incorporate the elements, for example when using a wide angle lens for landscapes.
Rule of Thirds
If we divide the frame equally with 2 vertical and 2 horizontal lines, the rule of thirds says that you should position the most important elements in your scene along these lines, or at the points where they intersect.
Doing so will add balance and interest to your photograph. Some cameras even offer an option to superimpose a rule of thirds grid over the LCD screen, making it even easier to use.
Balancing Elements
This is also true of odd numbers of elements in the image, e.g. 1, 3 or 5 elements seem to be more visually pleasing.
Leading Lines
When we look at a photo our eye is naturally drawn along lines. By thinking about how you place these leading lines in your composition, you can affect the way we view the image, pulling us into the picture, towards the subject, or on a journey “through” the scene.
Remember they don’t have to be straight lines, they can be curved, zig zag, diagonal etc.. Each can be used to enhance the images composition.
Symmetry and Patterns
We are surrounded by symmetry and patterns, both natural and man-made. They can make for very eye-catching compositions, particularly in situations where they are not expected. Another great way to use them is to break the symmetry or pattern in some way, introducing tension and a focal point to the scene.
Viewpoint
Before photographing your subject, take time to think about where you will shoot it from. Our viewpoint has a massive impact on the composition of our photograph and, as a result, it can greatly affect the message that the image conveys.
Rather than just shooting from eye level, consider photographing from high above, down at ground level, from the side, from the back, from a long way away or from very close up.
Background
How many times have you taken what you thought would be a great shot, only to find that the final image lacks impact because the subject blends into a busy background?
Our eyes are excellent at distinguishing between different elements in a scene, whereas a camera has a tendency to flatten the foreground and background, and this can often ruin an otherwise great photograph. Thankfully this problem is usually easy to overcome at the time of shooting – look around for a plain and unobtrusive background and compose your shot so that it doesn’t distract or detract from the subject.
Depth
Photography is a two-dimensional medium, we have to choose our composition carefully to convey the sense of depth that was present in the actual scene. You can create depth in a photograph by including objects in the foreground, middle ground and background.
Another useful composition technique is overlapping, where you deliberately partially obscure one object with another. The human eye naturally recognises these layers and mentally separates them out, creating an image with more depth.
Framing
The world is full of objects which make perfect natural frames. These can be natural, such as trees, branches etc. or can be man made like archways, bridges or fences. They can even be human such as hands around a face.
By placing these around the edge of the composition you help to isolate the main subject from its environment. The result is a more focused image which draws your eye naturally to the main point of interest.
Cropping
Often a photo will lack impact because the main subject is so small it becomes lost among the clutter of its surroundings. By cropping tight around the subject you eliminate the background “noise”, ensuring the subject gets the viewer’s undivided attention. This could be done in camera or via post processing.
Experimentation
Use In-Camera experimentation to be creative with composition, different angles crops etc.. Digital is “free”; take as many images as you want.
Use Post-Production experimentation in creative ways, using the power of your software. Check out different processing skills on the Internet and YouTube, etc..
Keep an eye on the edges of your frame to make sure the person/animal you’re photographing hasn’t had any of their body parts chopped off by it. Unintentional limb chopping can pull attention away from what the viewer should really be looking at.
Of course, there are times when this rule can be ignored but, for the most part, pay attention to it.
Simplify
Having too much going on in your frame can mean the person who’s looking at it just keeps searching for a point of focus and soon gets bored when they can’t find one. This doesn’t mean you can’t have secondary points of focus, it just means you should make every effort to make sure they don’t steal all the limelight. So shallow depth of fields or single subjects in the frame or even macro shots can all come under this guideline.
Space to Move
With moving objects and panning shots, a composition looks stronger visually when the object has space to move in to, whether this is human, bikes, cars, athletes or nature shots of birds, horses etc.
Sometimes tilting the image slightly often makes the composition stronger.
Composing with Light
For a photographer the essential element is not the camera, nor the film, nor the digital processing software,. Although all these are very important, it is light that is preeminent because without light there would be no photograph. Light is photography and photography is light!
Composing with Colour
Colour is all around us and yet when we photograph in colour we rarely consider colour as an element of composition.
Composing with Monochrome
I’m using the word monochrome in this example as being black and white.
Black and white is colour with only one variable: lightness. As black and white has no hue and no saturation one might expect it to be easier to shoot in Black & White. However, this is not always the case as it takes practice to see in this way; tricking our vision so as not see colour but to see in shades of grey. | http://dunchurchps.com/dps-wp/composition/ |
Picture: A Trip Beyond Imagination
Released in summer 2020, Lost Lives//Split Personalities heralded the triumphant return of internationally renowned contemporary artist, Stuart McAlpine Miller, who produced the collection after an eighteen month period of research and creative development undertaken at The Gart, his artistic retreat in the Scottish Highlands.
Music, for Stuart McAlpine Miller, is second only to art as a mode of artistic expression. A talented musician himself, it is no surprise that he has been deeply inspired by many of the great performers, from the 1970s to present day. Lost Lives is a series of original works that strives to honour the subjects in Stuart’s paintings, by recognising the role they have played in shaping the artist that he is today. Speaking of David Bowie, Stuart says: “His music reminds me of why I’m doing what I am today.”
Music took on a new meaning for Stuart when he adopted the piano as his instrument of choice. Stuart says: “Music has for me, like many others, greatly influenced my own approach to my art, and the potential it creates within. The emotion that music can reveal allows the listener to transport themselves to a time, a place and a feeling. Art can do the same. We just have to open our minds.”
It is often the musician’s storytelling, the journey conjured through creating a compelling narrative, that appeals to Stuart. We see a similar trait within his art; multifaceted and rich with detail and meaning, it creates intrigue for the viewer. These paintings invite the onlooker to return multiple times to view the pieces, discovering something new with each glance, much like seeing a favourite band time and again in concert – you won’t see exactly the same performance twice. Commenting: “Talent like this needs to be celebrated…over and over again.” Perhaps this was exactly Stuart’s intention, a prompt to his audience to unravel the multiple layers of each person depicted in Lost Lives.
The mixed media Split Personality originals are a creative progression from the origins of the Lost Lives paintings. Here the intention is to unmask the multiple personas behind the performer. In honouring these musical icons, Stuart intends to reveal that the spotlight often belied a darkness in the otherwise seemingly glittering lifestyles of these stars.
Stuart digitally remasters scans of the original paintings; through changing colours, adding symbolic references and removing elements, an entirely new image evolves. This new original piece becomes the printed base layer, over which Stuart hand-finishes a subsequent kaleidoscopic layer to complete the piece.
This series clearly retains Stuart’s signature style of a pure colourists touch, imbued symbolism and working within layers to build depth and intensity, and yet it is simultaneously a departure from preview collections. This work conveys a new level of complexity that is nonetheless relatable, and instantly wowing.
Having taken eighteen months in research and creative development, Split Personalities is the perfect successor to the much sought-after Lost Lives collection, and will potentially herald a new phase in the already illustrious career of Stuart McAlpine Miller. | http://www.styleofthecitymag.co.uk/stuart-mcalpine-miller-love-lives-split-personalities/ |
Photography Classes Online – Icon Photography School › Forums › Photography Lessons › Lesson 10 › Lesson 10 › Re: Re: Lesson 10
Great photograph.
For this assignment you’ve chosen to capture a wide landscape image. The photograph is simple in its composition, yet busy enough to give your audience primary and secondary elements to engage with when viewing the image.
It’s a darker image that uses darker tones of gray and green as the main color palette. The composition uses informal balance with the horizon line close to the bottom wall of the photograph and the clouds (which are the more interesting of the two layers) take the majority of the composition.
The only two areas I would like to you experiment with are:
Try incorporating depth into your photographs by changing your perspective even slightly. But getting closer to the ground you can add a strong foreground element (even if it’s just grass)
For example:
http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3192/3006380746_8c16d4dba5.jpg
You don’t need to be too dramatic about your foreground, but even bringing it a bit closer can really help your composition.
My second recommendation isn’t a critique of your photograph but more of a technical recommendation. I don’t think there was anything you could have done to avoid the issue.
You have a very small blown out area in your sky. We’ve written a blog post about this issue that you should read about here:
http://photographyicon.com/blog/2008/11/26/digital-cameras-latitude-dynamic-range/
Other than that, beautiful work! | https://photographyicon.com/forums/reply/re-lesson-10-6/ |
high-resolution images total (8 different Cherry Trees Digital Backgrounds, each in a .jpg file format and 2 different Falling Petals Overlays, both in a .png file format).
A Digital Background is simply a digital image (.jpg) that can be used to enhance a portrait or create a certain scene or work of fine art that you are envisioning. It is a medium for you to insert elements you have taken in your own photos such as people, animals or objects. Most often a Digital Background is a photo of a scenic landscape, historic landmark or fantasy fairytale world.
One of the benefits of digital editing of images in Photoshop, is the ability to use these Digital Backgrounds/Scenery – putting a subject into/onto a scene completely different from the one you used when you took your image.
1. Load the images you want to work with on to your computer. You will need the Digital Background/Scenery that you want to use as well as a photo containing people, animals or objects that you would like to composite onto the Digital Background.
2. Open Photoshop. Select “File” from the menu and choose “Open.” In the dialog that now appears, locate the Digital Background image that you loaded in step one and open it.
3. Select “File” from the menu again and choose “Open” once more. The dialogue appears and this time locate the photograph(s) containing the elements that you want to add to the Digital Background image. For the purpose of this instruction list, an “element” is an object, person or animal in the photograph that you want to extract for use on the Digital Background.
4. To apply your elements to the Digital Background, drag, place, cut out or select all/copy/paste the elements (as a new layer) on top of the Digital Background you want to have them on.
5. In the Layers Palette, you can then change the pasted elements opacity amount, fill amount and blending mode to taste. The blending mode is the pull-down menu at the top of your Layers Palette (by default, it will read “Normal”). You may wish to blend in “Screen” mode prior to performing a free transform, simply to be able to see what you’re doing while you work.
6. To use Photoshop’s free transform tool, press CTRL + T (COMMAND + T for Mac users), then pull the small boxes found in each corner of your pasted elements with your mouse until your elements are where you want them to be within the Digital Background. You can also utilize free transform to move the elements around on your image, enlarge them, or shrink them. Hold down the “Shift” key when doing this to keep the elements to scale if you want them that way.
7. Position the elements on the Digital Background where you want them to go, including flipping them or rotating them. Add a Layer Mask, then using a soft black brush, paint away the elements to reveal objects underneath.
8. Once finished adding your elements to the Digital Background/Scenery, flatten your image. THEN you can treat/edit your photo with actions/presets or by hand so everything blends together as one overall, seamless piece and to give the image a finished look. | https://capturedbycarriephotography.bigcartel.com/product/cherry-trees-digital-backgrounds |
each of them.
State the specific conflicts you see in each work.
Describe the characters, forces, and/or entities that are at
odds.
Explain why you think the conflicts are significant and what
meanings/understandings they provide to the texts.
Paraphrase, quote, and/or summarize content from the works
to support your observations. Don’t forget to add in-text citations for the
works you draw from.
Explain how each conflict has meaning beyond the work in
which it appears. Why is it important to be able to recognize conflict in a
literary text and extend that understanding of conflict to the world at large?
From the stories you are reading, how much do similar
elements of symbolism, metaphor, allusion, and/or allegory apply and add depth
to an idea raised in the literature?
Need 500 words No copying Please read the direction
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What are some examples from the "Motorcycle Diaries" of symbolism- something verbal or nonverbal that arbitrarily and by convention stand for something else?
1 Answer | Add Yours
Motorcycle Diaries relates the real-life situations that Ernesto Guevera de la Serna finds himself in on his journey of discovery with his friend Alberto Granado which starts out as an adventure, typical of many upper middle class young people, before the reality of responsibility and adult life set in.
There are several symbolic components that add to the depth of meaning in Motorcycle Diaries. A well-recognized symbol of discovery is the young men going off to find themselves by embarking on a marginally structured journey. This journey stands for everyone's right to self-realization. The fact that the motorbike is old, battles to even start and breaks down along the way represents all the stops and starts of life and the endless opportunities that present themselves. The "road trip" could have taken so many different "turns!"
The most pressing symbol is the river that separates the "clean" from the "unclean" effectively. The audience is immediately affected by the enormity of the divide - the river - and the metaphorical divide between the classes, regardless of who is watching this, is unmistakable. This symbolism reaches everyone. It is not necessary to understand Guevera's politics, revolution, medicine, geography or any deeper meaning. The reality, on the world stage, cannot escape the audience. This has less to do with lepers and more to do with how most people ignore what is going on around them as they lead their comfortable lives. | http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-some-example-from-motorcycle-diaries-443010 |
Dominik Sokolowski was born in Poland in 1976. He came to Canada as a young man and graduated from the University of Quebec (Arts and Design program) in 1999. Since that time, Sokolowski has called Quebec his home having a number of solo exhibitions across both Canada and France.
Dominik Sokolowski approaches his art with great energy and perseverance. Through his extraordinary use of colour and material, Sokolowski has formed a distinctive style, in which his work blurs the line between painting and sculpture with an incredible sense of immediacy and ingenuity.
Sokolowski experiments with a playful set of media integrating all sorts of found objects within intricate layers of modular shapes. The overall effect is a shifting, three-dimensional mass projecting off the canvas with an extraordinary sense of depth and dynamism. Sokolowski's distinctive palette of bright red, orange and blue's contrast against the bold neutral base of black, white and grey, enhancing the sculptural quality of the work. Together, these elements overlap, underlay, and weave together an intricate network that constitutes the "architecture" of Sokolowski.
While Sokolowski often repeats motifs within a series, the symbolism of each painting is always unique. By juxtaposing bits and pieces of found objects within the shifting environment of the painting, they find new meaning. A building block holds a didactic meaning: as a building unit in the construction of Sokolowski's "architecture"; a symbol of play from childhood; or simply as an aesthetic element that is not intended to hold meaning. These once sentimental objects no longer exist in a specific memory or moment of time; rather, they belong to Sokolowski's universe, where time stops and starts, and new meanings are created with every viewer. | https://artshift.co/artwork/525/ |
with the viewer a little longer than just being registered as surrealist compositions.
Torbjørn Rødland is known for his portraits, still lives and landscape, in which simultaneously inhabits and disrupts the realm of the everyday. As a creator of photographic imagery, and not a creator of image as an object, his images touch the viewer, depending on who is looking and which photograph is being looked at. If he knew what the photograph was about then he proclaims he possibly would not be so keen on showing it, or even making it. He is interested in things that have more layers, that he feels can go in a different direction.
The editing of images is still happening when they appear within the gallery space and each image will be seen differently, depending on what is hung next to it. This is his first UK exhibition and what we see as the final selection might continue to another space, or another venue and will then take on a different narrative. There is a certain constructivism going through the editing of the show and the placement of objects in his imagery, with a curiosity of the banal and their double meaning and underlying lyricism. His staged scenarios ‘keep you in the process of looking’, where we are drawn to the nature of the image, the photographic image and where there is room for the unexpected to appear but never with a total randomness.
The exhibition title, The Touch That Made You, refers to humans as ‘a result of how we are seen, held or touched’. During the interview Rødland also states there is a doubleness to it, where a touch can be important to you even if you want it or not. For his current exhibition at the Serpentine Sackler Gallery he wants me, as the viewer, to look and find something meaningful; I do and then I can’t look away.
What kind of references or influences do you take from other mediums? Is there any particular book, or other artists that you are inspired by?
There’s a wide range of different artists, or imaginary that I have been looking at through the years. Some artists are inspiring because they are pushing whatever they are doing, or pushing the medium, or their art form. I don’t really take or steal visuals from other artists. I constantly find materials or things or set ups of objects, typically from photographs without an author. It used to be more from gift books and calendars, now it is more screen based; some random images shared on Instagram, or that type of popular imagery. Also, I am not only inspired by photography, but also fantasy art or comics, illustration, that type of thing. Whether it’s an object, a situation or an image that catches my attention, I try to figure out my interest in whatever I’m looking at. Through depicting these objects, places, people or making my own versions of older images, I make my original fascination as pointed as I can.
Torbjørn Rødland, Bathroom Tiles, 2011-13
Relating to the motives in your images, you have the ability of elevating the banality of everyday objects. Are you concerned with exploring the formal and aesthetic interest in these motives more than the metaphorical point of view?
I am very open to symbols and metaphors. It is nice if the photograph can work on different levels. I am interested in the here-and-now; the tactility of a wordless encounter, when surfaces and substances come together, but it is important for me not to create something random. I am not interested in randomness, I am interested in constellations with a link to the human psyche. Hopefully because of this, the images will stay with the viewer a little longer than just being registered as surrealist compositions. Lately, there has been a lot of focus on photography-as-object. It has been very difficult to create and show interesting photographic images in the art world, but I see myself as an image-maker more than an explorer of a process or a medium.
You are very much in charge of constructing the images on every level..
Well, I mean, there is certainly some juxtapositions that happen, there is always space for chance. But like I said, I don’t want them to come across as random, because randomness is part of this fragmentation that has been expressed a lot in the online postmodern culture, which I am not interested in pushing any further. I try to collect and bring loose threads together in a new unity, rather than celebrating the fragmentation of it all.
What makes you place those different objects together? Is this something you have thought about for a while and then you end up constructing the image? Or do you play around with the objects to see how they then fit together in front of the lens?
It is a combination of both. I can look at objects for years and not know how to deal with or photograph them. Other times it is very instant. For example, the piece in the show called Avocado, I just saw this object, a ceramic avocado in a hardware store, I guess it is used for guacamole. I went directly home, set up my camera and photographed it straight after buying it. Other times I can be traveling with an object for a long time before making a photograph of it.
Torbjørn Rødland, Avocado, 2013
If I knew 100% what the photograph was about, then I would not
possibly be so keen on showing it, or even making it.
Then the objects just come naturally together for you?
Yeah, I will make different combinations. I am never sure what is going to work the best, it’s the same process with casting. I can cast someone very fast and know immediately what the image could look like, other times I can look at a person for a very long time before knowing which role he or she should play.
There is a certain tension between the characters and the objects in your images, how different do you then work with a person than with an object?
There is a similar process. I am looking for an in-between state between subject and object. I think the objects are treated a little bit like persons, and the people a little bit more like objects. But of course there is more peace around a pure object session as I have time to just move things around and really spend time with them; to move a tooth for example a few cm to the left. When I work with people, I expose more film and make the choices later on. That just comes from working with a moving world compared to a non moving world.
You are combining things that don’t necessarily make sense together, but you create a function that makes sense. There is a very strong narrative in each individual image, is it important that your narrative comes across? Or do you want the audience to create their own?
I like to look at tarot cards as a nice model for images. Each card has their own symbolic meaning but the meaning is very open, depending on who is reading and who the reading is for, and also which cards are placed left and right. It has this openness to each individual’s issues, history, and, in my case, also popular photography memories. If I knew 100% what the photograph was about, then I would not possibly be so keen on showing it, or even making it. I am interested in things that have more layers, that can go in different direction, both ways. Therefore, different people can have different readings of the finished image.
You certainly keep the curiosity with you after the finalisation of the images, if it is for a wall in an exhibition space or for an edit in a book.
Exactly. If someone looks at my image and asks me what it is supposed to mean, then I reply ‘Yes, what is this supposed to mean?’. I created the images because I am interested in their stories. I hope everyone can figure something out and find meaning in some of the photographs.
Do you ever re-visit some of your objects?
I have never re-visited objects that I have photographed. I am trying to do the ultimate version of the motif, to the point where I lose interest in the object. But I can re-visit certain pieces of clothing for instance, because they are not as loaded; sometimes I like to repeat wardrobe details. This also becomes a way for the show to come together, that there is a repetition of certain visual elements, a striped shirt or something.
Torbjørn Rødland, Stokings, jeans and carpeted stairs, 2013-17
The body of work we see in the show is from the last two decades. Did you know that this had to belong together one day as a series of images next to each other in an exhibition?
This exhibition was the result of a collaboration with the curator Amira Gad so it isn’t a show I put together; most of my shows I am more in control of the whole selection. For this exhibition we surely had a wider material to choose from, and I was also open to see the institution take active part in the selection. Hanging is also a back and forth process, where I try to find meaningful juxtapositions between images. Here we brought in more photographs than what the space allows, so we had to take some out.
The gallery show in Copenhagen right now focuses on two distinct series that are brought together, so that’s easier to relate to. The Touch That Made You has so many different images from different time periods, so it’s harder to unpack in a short period of time. These shows feel very different. I like having different shows up at the same time.
So you are also part of the editing process for the show?
Yes, everything is editing in a way – what objects and people to work with, which juxtapositions and moments to put on film, and then what is the best image from the session. And now it’s about editing the show, where something should be placed, and what should go next to it.
Do you see this body of work in the show as a finished series of images now that they’ve been on display? Or is this a continuation of what is to come?
The way the final selection was made to fit this space is a finished product, but the work will continue and will be seen in other exhibitions or other venues. It will then be a different show with different narratives. I may have to remove more work for the next version and focus it in another way. It is not a fixed unit that can be toured. A different space will give the work new life.
Could you please explain the title, The Touch That Made You?
A touch can be life changing, either you wanted it or not. This ambiguity is also in the show, some depicted situations are potentially violent, but they could also be harmonious. There has been a lot of focus on photography as language, as a process and as codes. But photography is also very close to perception, you can argue that it evades language. My images also address your paranoid body. You cannot depend on your analytical mind alone. I make work that you have to feel your way through. | http://www.photoint.net/detail_news_116886.html |
My practice based doctoral research is focused on the legacy of Joseph Beuys and his ideas on materials and social sculpture. This has led to an exploration of both the physical and metaphorical dimension of everyday materials and objects and their ability to catalyse meaning through association and suggestion. Analogous to an alchemist, my practice experiments with the transmutation of common elements and everyday objects. It exploits the sediments of history and narrative embedded in materials to form layers of meaning in my work. This ‘back story’, inherent or invested, becomes important in the works interpretation and understanding and can be contained in the material, its history, or an action undertaken in producing the work.
Over the last six years I have worked extensively in glass in all its forms, exploring its physical qualities and inherent dualities; hard and fragile, solid and transparent. I am interested in the liminal region between sculpture and glassmaking, challenging the boundaries of how the material can be used. Glassmaking for me is a process of experimentation. I often add natural elements or man-made substances to the process leading to unpredictable and unexpected outcomes. In my fine art practice I use the medium of glass as a vehicle to transport multi-layered messages and meaning moving away from the traditional and decorative possibilities of glass and defying its material boundaries. The resulting works are predominantly achromatic. | http://www.anarosahopkins.com/statement.html |
Some degree of self-awareness is a good thing in photography. By this, I mean an awareness of who you are as a photographer, what it is you want to photograph, and why you pursue photography. Taking some time to reflect on these points is a good thing, and revisiting them from time to time can help keep you focused and grounded as you pursue this discipline.
Unfortunately, photography is an area that seems to lend itself to overthinking. Perhaps this extends from the technical nature of the subject, which certainly encourages research and study when one is looking to improve their technique. Or it may be the manner in which photography fits into the larger world of fine art, where the traditions of art history and art philosophy provide a deep pool of study upon which to draw.
Whatever the cause, it seems to me that overthinking can be a dangerous and destructive tendency if not kept in check.
Overthinking can take many forms. It can be an obsessive compulsion to learn and follow “rules” of composition, camera operation, printing, and the like. It can be slavishly following and imitating the work of others, be they old masters or contemporary social media stars. It can be adopting inflexible philosophical or procedural approaches, such as rigidly using specific alternative processes or producing only photographs that have methaphorical or other kinds of secondary meanings.
The end result when photographers succumb to overthinking – and I believe I have seen more than a few photographers affected by this – is that their work becomes stilted and straight-jacketed. It’s not enough to produce a good image anymore, rather, all images must adhere to whatever mental agenda they carry around in their minds as a result of their overthinking. Their work begins to suffer because of artificial obstacles they create for themselves – this image can’t be good because it is composed incorrectly, that image can’t be good because it’s not enough like the work of an admired photographer, another image can’t be good because it fails to carry a metaphorical message, and so forth. In the end, the photographs they produce indeed may meet all the compositional rules, or have all the elements of a sought-after style, or may communicate a metaphorical meaning, but they often lose the dynamism and vitality of simple and strong visual communication, which is hard enough to achieve as it is.
The simpler – and I daresay better – approach is to practice photography with a degree of spontaneity and open-mindedness. There comes a point where it can be beneficial to throw caution to the wind, engage the process with feeling more than intellect, and proceed by doing rather than rationalizing. It avoids the perils of overthinking, and is a lot more fun, too.
Here is a classic image of a road fading away to a point in the distance. I say classic because it’s well-worn subject matter. This particular road is one near Thompson Springs, Utah, but this kind of composition is an oft-repeated motif in the repertoire of many landscape photographers.
What is it about a road fading into the distance that’s so appealing? I suspect there’s a strong aspect of concept and metaphor. Roads are a simulacrum for journeys made, both physical and spiritual. Depending on your philosophical bent, you can see it as moving forward into the future or looking backward into the past. The open road can stand for many things, to be filled in by the mind of the viewer.
In contemporary photography, I think there’s a real emphasis on making photographs as concept or metaphor, at least in fine art circles. Under this approach, the value of a fine art photograph is not the photograph itself, but rather a concept or metaphor that the photograph embodies. The goal is not to make the viewer react to the photograph itself so much as to an idea that the photograph represents. The photograph is not of a thing, but rather is conceptual or metaphorical for something else. This is why (at least in my opinion) so much contemporary fine art photography is not particularly beautiful to look at. Aesthetics takes a back seat to concept and metaphor in the hierarchy of artistic validation.
I’m not a particularly conceptual or metaphorical photographer. What drew my eye to this scene was the way the road cut created a perfect little division through the line of hills in the distance. To me, photography is an opportunity to play a visual game, arranging compositional elements until they fit together in a way that is just right, and the road cut in this image is the linchpin that holds the composition together. The image is about a particular place at a particular moment, and I think there’s real value to photographs that approach the discipline of fine art from this perspective. While concept and metaphor are not lost on me, and I enjoy a philosophical contemplation of these topics as much as the next person, they tend to be incidental byproducts of why I practice photography, not the principal focus of it.
As an independent photographer, I’m responsible for curating my own images. That is to say, of the many photographs I shoot, I’m responsible for selecting which ones to work on and, ultimately, which ones to send out into the world.
How do I make those choices? It’s one part subjectivity and one part objectivity.
On the subjective side, I edit myself pretty ruthlessly. In the field, I’m pretty selective about what I point my camera at. If something catches my eye, I’ll study it out for awhile, maybe move around a bit and study it from different angles. I don’t pull my camera out of my bag unless I think the composition is really interesting or compelling. And once I’m set up and viewing the subject through the viewfinder, I don’t hesitate to pull the plug and abandon the shot if things aren’t coming together like I thought they would.
The ruthless editing continues after I’ve downloaded the images to my computer. Naturally, I’m choosy about which ones to work on. But even after work has started, again, I don’t hesitate to pull the plug if the image isn’t coming together, even if I’ve spent a long time on it.
In short, I have a subjective opinion, personal to me, about what it takes for an image to be good. If the image isn’t living up to my own (hopefully) high standards, I toss it. As I believe a well-known photographer once said (I forget who), a photographer’s most important piece of equipment is a large trash can.
When I finish working on an image, however, I switch gears and try to apply an objective standard before I send it out into the world. The objective standard works differently, and is intended to go a bit easier on myself. Basically, I ask myself if I think the image meets a basic level of quality such that it is comparable to the work being done by other photographers whose work I admire. The question is not whether I like the image personally, but rather simply if it lives up to the quality standard being set by the photographers I look up to. It’s designed to have enough flexibility to recognize that not every image I produce will necessarily be the best image I’ve ever done (I think that standard is unrealistic and unattainable for anyone), but to allow images that meet a basic level of quality (again, hopefully pretty high) to make it out into the world.
That’s the bar I set for myself. By adhering to it, I honestly can say that I’m pretty happy with the work I produce and feel good about all the images I share.
Sometimes I feel like being a photographer is like leaving footprints in snow.
Most of my work ends up on my website or shared via social media. Sometimes it is exhibited in galleries, and occasionally it gets published.
Who are the people who see it? Are they young or old, men or women, inspired or dissatisfied? Did they see it because they came looking for art, or did they see it by random chance? Did they give it a quick glance and move on, or did they pause to let it sink in for a moment? Did they remember it later, or did the impression fade away like snow on warm day?
Mostly I photograph for myself and my own reasons, and I don’t generally let the opinions of others sway the how or why of my doing it. But I can’t help sometimes wondering about what kind of connection my work makes with others, if any – I think that’s only natural for anyone who chooses to put their work in front of an audience.
When I see footprints in snow, I sometimes wonder about the person who made them. I wonder if that person also wonders about who might see the tracks they’ve made. | https://mishagregorymacaw.com/2015/03/ |
Research paper on a historical or contemporary photographer and the significance of their work to photography as an art form. This is a simple three page essay written doubly spaced in a size 12 font. Also, include 5 images of the photographer’s work. A list of photographers is provided or you may select a photographer of your own personal interest. It’s so important to research someone whose work speaks to you. If you’re intrigued by the individual and the images they make, it won’t feel like work. You may not choose an artist that has already been thoroughly presented in class. Contact me if you have any questions regarding your choice. Be sure to include an bibliography documenting your sources
INFORMATION TO INCLUDE: Note – You are to write a narrative essay paper – please do not simply answer a bulleted point list of a-k as you will not receive credit. You must write a paragraph by paragraph research paper.
a. Photographer’s date and place of birth.b. Education and photographic training.c. How did the photographer make a living?d. Type of photographic equipment utilized? Camera model? Film? Digital?e. Subject matter in the photographs – include 5 imagesf. Creative and contemporary influences in the workg. Working method to make photographic imagesh. Select one photograph by the photographer and discuss why you think the image is a good photograph. Why did you select that particular image?i. Quotes by the photographer about their photographs.j. Quotes by others about the photographer’s work.k. Where is the photographer’s photographic work displayed and/or published?
**INCLUDE BIBLIOGRAPHY SITING YOUR SOURCES – FORMAT IS ENTIRELY UP TO YOU
Websites for finding artists/photographers:http://lenscratch.com/photographers/ (Links to an external site.) – Contemporary Photographers
https://www.photoeye.com/gallery/index.cfm (Links to an external site.) – Choose “Explore by Category/Genre” – Mix of both historical and contemporary photographers
https://masters-of-photography.com/ (Links to an external site.) – More historical/older work/photographers
*PLEASE REFER TO THE “LEARNING TO LOOK: A FORMAT FOR LOOKING AT AND TALKING ABOUT PHOTOGRAPHS” HANDOUT – This will serve as a guide to aid in your writing vocabulary. Be sure to cite your references and fully familiarize yourself with our plagiarism policy.
HANDOUT FOR ANALYTICAL REFERENCE:
LEARNING TO LOOK: A FORMAT FOR LOOKING AT AND TALKING ABOUT PHOTOGRAPHS (Adapted from the Center for Creative Photography)
How do we discuss photographs? The beginning is quite simple. Ask yourself, “What am I looking at?” Describe the photograph briefly in a sentence or two, including size, black-and-white or color, and subject. Looking carefully at the photograph, discuss the four categories described here. As objectively as you can, address the properties in the each category that seem important for the photograph.
VISUAL ELEMENTS WITHIN THE PHOTOGRAPH – WHAT YOU SEE
LIGHT AND SHADOW: Does the light seem to be natural or artificial? Harsh or soft? What direction is the lighting coming from? Describe the shadows. Are they subtle or do they create strong contrasts?
VALUE: Is there a range of tones from light to dark? Squint your eyes. Where is the darkest value? The lightest?
FOCUS: What parts of the image are clearly in focus? Are some parts out of focus? Note: The range between the nearest and farthest things that appear in focus define the photograph’s depth of field (shallow depth of field vs. deep depth of field).SPACE: Do overlapping objects create a sense of space? Is the space shallow, deep or both?SHAPE: Do you see geometric or organic shapes? Are there positive shapes, such as objects, or negative shapes that represent voids?LINE: Are there thick, thin, curvy, jagged or straight lines?COLOR: What colors are in the palette? Complimentary? Contrasting? Primary?TEXTURE: Do you see visual textures within the photograph? Is there an actual texture on the surface of the photograph?
DESIGN OF THE PHOTOGRAPH – HOW THINGS ARE ARRANGED
ANGLE: From what vantage point was the photograph taken (where the photographer is located in relation to the subject matter)?
FRAMING: Describe the edges of the view. What is included? What does the framing draw your attention to in the photograph? Can you imagine what might have been visible beyond the edges of the image?DOMINANCE: Close your eyes. When you open them and look at the photograph, what is the first thing you notice? Why is your attention drawn there? Are there other centers of interest? How are they created? How do the focal points help move your eye throughout the photograph?CONTRAST: Are there strong visual contrasts – lights and darks, textures, solids and voids, etc?REPETITION: Repetition of visual elements can create unity – a sense of order or wholeness that holds the work together visually. What elements are repeated? Do they contribute to a sense of unity?
VARIETY: Variety often creates interest. Can you see a variety of visual elements such as values, shapes, textures, etc?BALANCE: Is the visual weight on one side of the photograph the same as the other? How about top to bottom and diagonally?
HOW THE PHOTOGRAPH WAS MADE – METHOD / EQUIPMENT USED
You can discuss anything you know about the photographic techniques, camera, or film that is pertinent in the work.
WHAT THE PHOTOGRAPH COMMUNICATES – FEELINGS / MOOD
Based on what you have see, what do you think the work is about? What does it mean or communicate? How do you know? What words would you use to describe it?
Write a research paper on a historical or contemporary photographer and the significance of their work to photography as an art form. | https://hirequalitywriter.com/write-a-research-paper-on-a-historical-or-contemporary-photographer-and-the-significance-of-their-work-to-photography-as-an-art-form/ |
In our article on composition, we discussed the definition of the term in photography. We also outlined the main goal of composition and talked about why it is such an important part of any work of art. As we dive deeper, it is necessary to define two discrete types of composition with photographic context in mind. One such type is called “open composition”, while the other one, predictably, “closed composition”. These two types are further split into several smaller branches. Our readers have already mentioned some of them previously, such as symmetrical composition. These subtypes will be discussed in separate articles over the next few weeks. As before, an assignment for beginners is waiting for you to participate in at the end of the article.
Table of Contents
1) A Brief History Lesson
You may be surprised to hear about open and closed composition. Where did these definitions come from? Well, I am quite certain a lot of our readers realize or know that photography has always been very close to painting, and is so even today. In fact, at some point photographers were actually seen as rivals to painters. Only, their art and craft got away without the skill of wielding a brush normally associated with painting (which painters were quick to notice and criticize). Here is a very brief summary on how photography and painting are related.
To start at the beginning, the first to try photography were scientists – chemists or physicists. This is because, initially, the process itself was fascinating from a scientific point of view. For example, the first permanent photograph was made by the French inventor Joseph Nicéphore Niépce around year 1825-1827. We won’t go over too many details, suffice to say that artists quickly took over the technique. Want to guess who were most interested in the new technique among them? Yes – painters lead the way. Naturally, the two types of visual art are very similar in many respects. Artists looked for the same things in photography as they did in paintings – similar, interesting subjects, beautiful light. What they used to capture with a piece of canvas, a brush and some paint, they now “drew” using light, lenses and chemicals. Thus rules that apply to painting also largely apply to photography, and that includes composition. Makes sense, doesn’t it?
Now that we know where composition rules and guidelines come from in photography, we can discuss the two main types in a bit more detail. These classifications are most likely known to you on some level and are in fact very simple. Let’s start off with the closed composition.
2) What is a Closed Composition?
A closed composition photograph is the sort of image where all the elements are arranged neatly inside the frame. The elements of an image that uses closed composition do not draw the viewer’s eye away or make it jump from one object to another. In other words, it is the sort of composition where the main subject or object is clearly distinguishable from the rest of the frame and instantly draws your attention. Often, though not always, the main subject or object is located near the center of the image and not at the corners/borders.
All the other elements help direct viewer’s eye towards said subject or object and away from the edges of the photograph (or any other work of visual art, for that matter). Such a composition often results in a static, consistent, stable images that feel complete, finished and calm.
Closed composition is suitable for a number of photography genres. Still-life, portrait, landscape, even street photography can incorporate closed composition very successfully. Still-life, also widely known as naturmort (nature morte – meaning “nature dead” in French), is probably the most common genre of photography to often use closed composition, along with portrait photography.
Some genres incorporate one of the two types more often than the other. For example, landscapes tend to use open composition more often than a closed one. Certain composing techniques can help you achieve and enhance a static composition, such as framing inside your photograph:
Imagine this photograph was not taken through the naturally-formed red sandstone arch in Utah. Such a photograph would showcase the vast landscape and, as such, use an open composition. Shooting through the arch enclosed the main object of the photograph within a frame effectively turning an otherwise open composition into a closed one.
3) What is an Open Composition?
An open composition is, as you may have guessed, the exact opposite of a closed composition. Where closed composition is often about static subjects and sense of stability and consistency, an open composition is in one way or another dynamic. Now, that is not to say that if you have a portrait photograph where your subject is moving, it has to mean your image is based on open composition. Not at all. It’s not the actual movement that makes your photograph dynamic, it is the sense of movement achieved through different means. These means include leading lines, color, number and placement of subjects, etc. Your photograph may do without a single moving subject. As long as there are plenty of lines, shapes and elements that keep your viewer’s eye focusing from one element to another, the image can be considered dynamic.
In a photograph that uses open composition, elements of that image run off towards the edges and seemingly beyond. Just as importantly, it is the lack of framing and constraint that helps achieve an open composition. Such an image draws the viewer inside the picture and makes it easy to imagine what is happening outside of the physical edges of that particular photograph. Of course, in some situations even a framed image can use an open composition.
As with closed composition, basically all photography genres can use open composition successfully. A very good example of open composition is landscape photography. Even though landscapes are not always dynamic, it is the sheer sensation of space and depth that emphasizes an open composition. Also, wide angle of view helps draw the viewer into the scene effectively getting rid of borders and constrains of the format. Along with that, a wide-angle lens creates a stronger sense of perspective. On its own, a wide-angle lens does not create an open composition, but does add dynamics to a photograph.
4) In-Between the Two
At times, it can be very difficult to distinguish between the two types of composition. For example, you may come across a landscape photograph that has both strong perspective and no actual borders, opposite to the sample provided above where the landscape is framed within the photograph. All of these elements would lead you to believe the photograph uses an open composition. However, if the lines and shapes emphasized by the strong presence of perspective draw your eye towards one main element of focus and keep it there, such a characteristic would define a closed composition. So which one is it? In truth, both. It is very difficult to enclose a work of art in a set of rules and definitions. A photograph can have characteristics found in both types of composition. It all depends on the creativity, idea and skill of the photographer himself. Having said that, more often than not characteristics typical to one of the types are more prominent than those of another in a single photograph.
Take a look at this photograph:
At first glance, the main element of interest is clearly framed inside the photograph. The dark square archway acts as a sort of a frame that keeps the viewer’s away from the edges of the image. The composition also appears to be central and quite static. One would be completely forgiven for thinking this is a closed composition, period. However, if you look more closely, you will notice that there are several different objects rather than just the yard on the whole. The part of a motorcycle showing, the red car and part of the silver one on the right side, the balcony and windows – they all attract attention and no one of them seems to be noticeably more important than the rest. There seems to be no one main element of interest, but several different ones located at different areas of the photograph.
Such number of separate important objects makes the image somewhat dynamic, because they make you shift your gaze to different parts of the photograph several times before you take it all in. You then realize only a fragment of a scene is showing. Imagining the rest of the building with its white window frames and the hidden half of the bike or car is very easy and just sort of happens as you look at the photograph. The elements run off towards the edges of the square archway that acts as an inner frame and beyond it. So this photograph incorporates characteristics of both closed and open composition types.
5) Assignment for Beginners
This simple assignment is for beginner photographers who would like to actively learn along with other readers and participate in creation of these articles.
- Now that you know the basic theory behind open and closed composition, as well as saw some image samples to help you distinguish one from another, try to define which of the two main types are used in the following photographs. List your answers and why you think so in the comments section below. Do not worry if you think your answer is wrong! The whole point of this exercise is to learn, and the process of learning is inseparable from mistakes. | https://photographylife.com/open-and-closed-composition |
Michele Zaza’s work takes on a new character in this show as his photography enters into relationships with other media—sculpture, drawing, the space itself. Four principal “landscapes” are shown: photographs, repeated in series, are arranged vertically in groups of four, with each group occupying a wall of the room, Next to the photographed scenes, Zaza repeats the images in pencil drawings. Small geometric structures of painted wood hang above each group of photographs, forming a shape similar to the pointed roof of a house. In much current Italian art the theme of landscape is so obsessive that it is permissible to suspect that it reflects a secret disquietude, like that of someone trapped in a prison. Zaza seems to share this obsession, even if he assumes a critical stance towards it. I am personally suspicious of artistic activity that is born out of a dominant desire to take part in a polemic. Too often such work ends up taking on, even physically, the features of the adversary.
Cotton tufts, bread crumbs and crusts, abstract toys made from multicolored pieces of cardboard which are cut into geometrical forms, are infantile subjects for Zaza to explore. These shapes are cut up and arranged in groups, like a silent, miniature spatial theater. These elements seem suspended against the blue background of the photograph, creating a science-fiction atmosphere: the geometric cardboard shapes cast their shadows on the cotton tufts, which are transformed into clouds. Everything works to produce a magical effect on the person outside—outside both the photograph and the act of photographing. Zaza’s curse (which is also the curse of the photographed image) is to be always too close to the mechanism that artificially produces the illusion. Zaza’s fate is as sad as that of someone who has already seen the other side of the moon or who fabricates Christmas trees: busy making a mystery, Zaza is the only one who never experiences it.
To get even closer to the material of the image necessitates a move away from a metaphorical procedure. This is why the same characters, if we can call them that, in Zaza’s miniature spatial theaters also appear in the photographs and drawings. Zaza gives us both a critique of the image, and an expression of his nostalgia for it.
One can also speak about the opposition of “near” and “far” in a metaphorical analysis of the appearance of the image. From far away, each of the four vertical groupings of photographs forms a “building” which serializes, one floor above another, the same image of the spatial theater. “Landscape” thereby becomes the relationship among these four “buildings,” thus unifying them and placing them in a shared perspective. But close up, each element which comprises the “building” (each framed photograph) and each element of the immobilized image within the photograph, reveals its position within a material structure that can be dissected, and so becomes anti-symbolic. Equally, the little structures of painted wood that hang on the wall above these “buildings” (and outside the photographs) are at the extreme edge of the metaphor, like creatures flying in the cosmos of the walls, but upon close examination they, too, reveal their materiality. | https://www.artforum.com/print/reviews/198102/michele-zaza-66737 |
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Images of Prayer: An Art Siddur for Shabbat Morning is designed for adults who are looking for a spiritual connection to Jewish worship. Thirty original paintings, imbued with symbolism through subject, color, and composition, seek to reveal the hidden wisdom of essential elements of the liturgy common to all Jewish practice.
This reader-friendly companion to any siddur (prayer book) introduces the artwork within the framework of five sections or movements of the Saturday Morning Service. Accompanying each image is a meditative commentary that explains its meaning in reference to the blessing or prayer that it represents, along with historical and practical notes on the liturgy. Take another look at the language of prayer and discover the beauty and mystery of the Divine.
The following ISBNs are associated with this title:
ISBN - 10:1477173870
ISBN - 13:9781477173879
Look for similar items by category: | https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/images-of-prayer-an-art/9781477173879-item.html |
"In my works of landforms, water forms, and magic carpets, I combine elements of my imagination with organic imagery. Medical elements from my past experience creep into much of my work. I use flowing layers of pigment to create levels of movement, rhythm, and form that create depth and continue beyond the edge of the paper or canvas.
In my ‘Sere’ series of paintings, which look microscopically within the forms, I continue to express the twenty first century dilemma of overpopulation, erosion, and destruction of our environment. Deep within the image I am making a statement about rebirth and renewal."
Click on images to enlarge. | https://www.hamptoniiigallery.com/jeanet-dreskin-2021 |
Deep Stretching & Relaxation is a simple, yet very important activity you can do to improve your health and well-being, relax your body and calm your mind. The easy relaxation techniques we focus on in class will help to decrease the symptoms of stress, manage anxiety, and improve sleep. Progressive muscle relaxation, visualization, guided imagery and deep breathing are some of the relaxation strategies used to improve your over all health and well-being. Each week there is a different medi - tation focus. Max 30 participants. This class may be attended live or virtually. | https://bangor.maineadulted.org/course/deep-stretch-with-guided-meditation/ |
Post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD, is a form of anxiety disorder that occurs in people who went through a traumatic situation. The traumatic situation can be an accident, war, physical or mental abuse, and death of a loved one, etc. People suffering from PTSD often struggle with intense anxiety symptoms.
Many people with PTSD rely on drugs and alcohol to cope with the intense and frequent symptoms of anxiety. This method of coping won’t do any good but increase the severity of the symptoms. There are several healthy ways to cope with anxiety related to post-traumatic stress disorder. Here are some of the tips that will help to reduce anxiety associated with PTSD.
Take Deep Breaths
Many health experts suggest deep breathing as an effective coping mechanism for PTSD. Most of us do not breathe properly. Our belly should expand when we breathe in and the belly should fall out when we breathe out. Many people use their chests and shoulders to breathe and this will result in short and shallow breaths. This may not help in reducing anxiety. You should learn how to breathe using your diaphragm and reduce stress and anxiety associated with PTSD.
Mindfulness
Using mindfulness techniques to manage anxiety is very helpful. Recent studies by many mental health professionals have proven the benefits of mindfulness in managing stress and anxiety. It is about being aware of the current moment and letting go of all the negative thoughts in our minds. Mindfulness will improve your mental health and help your mind to manage anxiety associated with post-traumatic stress disorder.
Get Social Support
Many people do not want to involve others in their mental health problems. However, it is often found that seeking help from others is one of the key factors that help you to overcome the negative impact of the traumatic event. This will help in alleviating the anxiety and manage PTSD. Having someone to talk to about your problems is very helpful in managing your stress and anxiety.
Try Progressive Muscle Relaxation
Relaxing exercise is a great way to cope with stress and anxiety. Progressive muscle relaxation is a form of relaxation exercise that focuses on tensing and relaxing the different muscle groups in your body. Many studies have proven that this technique is a great way to improve your mood.
Self-Soothing
It is very important to learn different ways to cope with anxiety when you experience it. Anxiety associated with PTSD often occurs unexpectedly and you may not get social support at that moment. Therefore, you have to learn some coping strategies that will help to improve your mood. | https://minfulnessopedia.com/benefits-of-mindfulness/tips-for-reducing-anxiety-associated-with-ptsd/ |
One of the most debilitating complications of anxiety disorders is panic attacks. A panic attack is an episode of intense fear or discomfort that comes on suddenly and often without warning. It is often accompanied by physical symptoms such as heart palpitations, shortness of breath, chest pain, sweating, and dizziness.
A panic attack can last up to 20 minutes or longer, and can feel like you’re having a heart attack or about to die. It’s normal to be scared and overwhelmed when this happens. But there are steps you can take to help you calm down from a panic attack and get your anxiety under control.
1. Take deep breaths
When you’re having a panic attack, your breathing becomes shallow and rapid. This can make you feel out of control. The best thing to do when you start feeling the symptoms of a panic attack is to focus on your breathing. Take deep, slow breaths in through your nose and out through your mouth. This will help to slow down your heart rate and calm your nerves.
2. Visualize a safe place
Another helpful way to calm down after a panic attack is to visualize a safe place. This could be somewhere you’ve been before or somewhere you’ve always wanted to go. Visualize every detail of this place, including sound and smell. Really try to immerse yourself in this “safe place” to take your mind off of whatever is causing your panic attack.
3. Break the cycle of negative thoughts
Negative thinking is common during a panic attack. You may start thinking things like, “I’m going to have a heart attack,” “I’m going to lose control,” or, “I’m going crazy.” These thoughts can fuel your anxiety and make a panic attack even worse. Instead of succumbing to these negative thoughts, try to break the cycle by challenging them with positive statements of affirmation like, “I am in control,” “I am safe,” or, “I am okay.”
4. Moving around
Another way to combat the symptoms of a panic attack is to move around. Take a walk outside, go for a run, or do some other form of physical activity. This will help increase your heart rate and release some of the tension that is building up in your body. Moving your body can also act as a distraction from the negative that may be causing your panic attack.
5. Try relaxation techniques
There are various relaxation techniques that can be helpful when trying to calm down from a panic attack. Some of these include progressive muscle relaxation, yoga, and meditation. Relaxation techniques can help to slow down your breathing, lower your heart rate, and reduce the overall stress in your body.
6. Finding a distraction
Last but not least, finding a distraction can be a helpful way to calm down from a panic attack. This could involve watching a funny TV show, talking to a friend, or listening to calming music. Doing something that takes your mind off the panic-inducing situation can help reduce your anxiety and get you through the attack.
Final Thoughts
If you experience anxiety disorders, it’s important to know that you’re not alone. Panic attacks can be extremely scary, but the above techniques can help you calm down and regain control. If your panic attacks are becoming more frequent or severe, it’s advisable to speak to a doctor or mental health professional. They can help you develop a treatment plan to manage your anxiety and reduce the frequency of panic attacks. | https://advancedwellnessandpain.com/how-to-calm-down-after-a-panic-attack/ |
Most people experience stress and anxiety from time to time. Anxiety is a feeling of fear, worry, or unease. It can be a reaction to stress, or it can occur in people who are unable to identify significant stressors in their life. Anxiety disorders can affect a person’s ability to work, study and participate in other activities. Recovery is possible with appropriate treatment. Anxiety disorders can be distressing and debilitating. They may contribute to loss of educational and employment opportunities and difficulties in family and social relationships. Recovery is possible with appropriate treatment such as exposure therapy, attention training, and a range of anxiety management techniques that can help you manage your symptoms. You can learn the following strategies yourself or you can consult with a trained professional.
Cause of Anxiety
For most people, stress and anxiety come and go. They usually occur after particular life events, but then go away.
- Common causes
- Common stressors include:
- moving
- starting a new school or job
- having an illness or injury
- having a friend or family member who is ill or injured
- death of a family member or friend
- getting married
- having a baby
Drugs and medications
Drugs that contain stimulants may make the symptoms of stress and anxiety worse. Regular use of caffeine, illicit drugs such as cocaine, and even alcohol can also make symptoms worse. Prescription medications that can make symptoms worse include:
- thyroid medications
- asthma inhalers
- diet pills
Anxiety-related disorders
Stress and anxiety that occur frequently or seem out of proportion to the stressors may be signs of an anxiety disorder. An estimated 40 million Americans live with some type of anxiety disorder.
People with these disorders may feel anxious and stressed on a daily basis and for prolonged periods of time. These disorders include the following:
- Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a common anxiety disorder characterized by uncontrollable worrying. Sometimes people worry about bad things happening to them or their loved ones, and at other times they may not be able to identify any source of worry.
- Panic disorder is a condition that causes panic attacks, which are moments of extreme fear accompanied by a pounding heart, shortness of breath, and a fear of impending doom.
- Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a condition that causes flashbacks or anxiety as the result of a traumatic experience.
- Social phobia is a condition that causes intense feelings of anxiety in situations that involve interacting with others.
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a condition that causes repetitive thoughts and the compulsion to complete certain ritual actions.
Symptoms of Anxiety
While anxiety symptoms vary from person to person, in general the body reacts in a very specific way to anxiety. When you feel anxious, your body goes on high alert, looking for possible danger and activating your fight or flight responses. As a result, some common symptoms of anxiety include:
- nervousness, restlessness, or being tense
- feelings of danger, panic, or dread
- rapid heart rate
- rapid breathing, or hyperventilation
- increased or heavy sweating
- trembling or muscle twitching
- weakness and lethargy
- difficulty focusing or thinking clearly about anything other than the thing you’re worried about
- insomnia
- digestive or gastrointestinal problems, such as gas, constipation, or diarrhea
- a strong desire to avoid the things that trigger your anxiety
- obsessions about certain ideas, a sign of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
- performing certain behaviors over and over again
- anxiety surrounding a particular life event or experience that has occurred in the past, especially indicative of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Panic attacks
A panic attack is a sudden onset of fear or distress that peaks in minutes and involves experiencing at least four of the following symptoms:
- palpitations
- sweating
- shaking or trembling
- feeling shortness of breath or smothering
- sensation of choking
- chest pains or tightness
- nausea or gastrointestinal problems
- dizziness, light-headedness, or feeling faint
- feeling hot or cold
- numbness or tingling sensations (paresthesia)
- feeling detached from oneself or reality, known as depersonalization and derealization
- fear of “going crazy” or losing control
- fear of dying
There are some symptoms of anxiety that can happen in conditions other than anxiety disorders. This is usually the case with panic attacks. The symptoms of panic attacks are similar to those of heart disease, thyroid problems, breathing disorders, and other illnesses. As a result, people with panic disorder may make frequent trips to emergency rooms or doctor’s offices. They may believe they are experiencing life-threatening health conditions other than anxiety.
Managing Anxiety
Some of the management options for anxiety disorders include:
- learning about anxiety
- mindfulness
- relaxation techniques
- correct breathing techniques
- cognitive therapy
- behavior therapy
- counselling
- dietary adjustments
- exercise
- learning to be assertive
- building self-esteem
- structured problem solving
- medication
- support groups
Learning about anxiety
The old adage ‘knowledge is power’ applies here – learning all about anxiety is central to recovery. For example, education includes examining the physiology of the ‘flight-or-fight’ response, which is the body’s way to deal with impending danger. For people with anxiety disorders, this response is inappropriately triggered by situations that are generally harmless. Education is an important way to promote control over symptoms.
Mindfulness
When feeling anxious, a person can spend a significant amount of time caught up in anxiety-provoking thoughts. Mindfulness guides us to bring our attention back to the present moment and unhook from thoughts that may be unhelpful. Mindfulness is becoming more and more popular as people start to realize how beneficial it is for a number of issues. There are many resources available to support you to develop a mindfulness practice.
Relaxation techniques
A person who feels anxious most of the time has trouble relaxing, but knowing how to release muscle tension can be a helpful strategy. Relaxation techniques include:
- progressive muscle relaxation
- abdominal breathing
- isometric relaxation exercises.
Correct breathing techniques
The physical symptoms of anxiety may be triggered by hyperventilation, which raises oxygen levels and reduces the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood. Carbon dioxide assists in the regulation of the body’s reaction to anxiety and panic. It can be helpful for a person who suffers from anxiety to learn how to breathe from their diaphragm, rather than their chest, to safeguard against hyperventilation. The key is allowing your belly to expand as you breathe in.
You can make sure you are breathing correctly by placing one hand on your lower abdomen and the other on your chest. Correct breathing means your abdomen moves, rather than your chest. It also helps to slow your breathing while feeling anxious. Some people can find abdominal breathing challenging. There are many other breathing techniques that you can try. You can also try to hold your breath for a few seconds. This helps to boost carbon dioxide levels in the blood.
Cognitive therapy
Cognitive therapy focuses on changing patterns of thinking and beliefs that are associated with, and trigger, anxiety. For example, a person with a social phobia may make their anxiety worse by negative thoughts such as, ‘Everyone thinks I’m boring’. The basis of cognitive therapy is that beliefs trigger thoughts, which then trigger feelings and produce behaviors. For example, let’s say you believe (perhaps unconsciously) that you must be liked by everyone in order to feel worthwhile. If someone turns away from you in mid-conversation, you may think, ‘This person hates me’, which makes you feel anxious. Cognitive therapy strategies include rational ‘self-talk’, reality testing, attention training, cognitive challenging and cognitive restructuring. This includes monitoring your self-talk, challenging unhelpful fears and beliefs, and testing out the reality of negative thoughts.
Behavior therapy
A major component of behavior therapy is exposure. Exposure therapy involves deliberately confronting your fears in order to desensitise yourself. Exposure allows you to train yourself to redefine the danger or fear aspect of the situation or trigger. The steps of exposure therapy may include:
- Rank your fears in order, from most to least threatening.
- Choose to work first on one of your least threatening fears.
- Think about the feared situation. Imagine yourself experiencing the situation. Analyse your fears -– what are you afraid of?
- Work out a plan that includes a number of small steps – for example, gradually decrease the distance between yourself and the feared situation or object, or gradually increase the amount of time spent in the feared situation.
- Resist the urge to leave. Use relaxation, breathing techniques and coping statements to help manage your anxiety.
- Afterwards, appreciate that nothing bad happened.
- Repeat the exposure as often as you can to build confidence that you can cope.
- When you are ready, tackle another feared situation in the same step-by-step manner.
Dietary adjustments
The mineral magnesium helps muscle tissue to relax, and a magnesium deficiency can contribute to anxiety, depression and insomnia. Inadequate intake of vitamin B and calcium can also exacerbate anxiety symptoms. Make sure your daily diet includes foods such as wholegrain cereals, leafy green vegetables and low-fat dairy products.
Nicotine, caffeine and stimulant drugs (such as those that contain caffeine) trigger your adrenal glands to release adrenaline, which is one of the main stress chemicals. These are best avoided. Other foods to avoid include salt and artificial additives, such as preservatives. Choose fresh, unprocessed foods whenever possible.
Exercise
The physical symptoms of anxiety are caused by the ‘flight-or-fight’ response, which floods the body with adrenaline and other stress chemicals. Exercise burns up stress chemicals and promotes relaxation. Physical activity is another helpful way to manage anxiety. Aim to do some physical activity at least three to four times every week, and vary your activities to avoid boredom.
Learning to be assertive
Being assertive means communicating your needs, wants, feelings, beliefs and opinions to others in a direct and honest manner without intentionally hurting anyone’s feelings. A person with an anxiety disorder may have trouble being assertive because they are afraid of conflict or believe they have no right to speak up. However, relating passively to others lowers self-confidence and reinforces anxiety. Learning to behave assertively is central to developing a stronger self-esteem.
Building self-esteem
People with anxiety disorder often have low self-esteem. Feeling worthless can make the anxiety worse in many ways. It can trigger a passive style of interacting with others and foster a fear of being judged harshly. Low self-esteem may also be related to the impact of the anxiety disorder on your life. These problems may include:
- isolation
- feelings of shame and guilt
- depressed mood
- difficulties in functioning at school, work or in social situations.
The good news is you can take steps to learn about and improve your self-esteem. Community support organisations and counselling may help you to cope with these problems.
Structured problem solving
Some people with anxiety disorders are ‘worriers’, who fret about a problem rather than actively solve it. Learning how to break down a problem into its various components – and then decide on a course of action – is a valuable skill that can help manage generalized anxiety and depression. This is known as structured problem solving.
Medication
It is important that medications are seen as a short-term measure, rather than the solution to anxiety disorders.
Research studies have shown that psychological therapies, such as cognitive behavior therapy, are much more effective than medications in managing anxiety disorders in the long term. Your doctor may prescribe a brief course of tranquilizers or antidepressants to help you deal with your symptoms while other treatment options are given a chance to take effect.
Support groups & education
Support groups allow people with anxiety to meet in comfort and safety, and give and receive support. They also provide the opportunity to learn more about anxiety and to develop social networks. | https://www.healthampfitness.com/2020/05/lets-talk-on-anxiety-management.html |
Hypochondria, sometimes known as health anxiety, is a debilitating condition that can have a profound effect on your life. But there are ways to cope with this condition and beat it for good. In this article, we’ll look at some tips and strategies to help you manage your hypochondria and live a healthier, happier life.
What is Hypochondria?
A hypochondriac is someone who is excessively and unduly worried about their health. They tend to believe that they are suffering from a serious illness, even when there is no evidence to support this belief. Hypochondria can be extremely debilitating, leading to anxiety, depression, and social isolation.
There are a number of different treatments available for hypochondria, including cognitive-behavioral therapy and medication. With treatment, most people with hypochondria are able to improve their quality of life.
Symptoms
There are a number of different symptoms that can be associated with hypochondria, and it is important to be aware of them so that you can seek help if you think you may be suffering from this condition. Some of the most common symptoms include:
1. Constantly thinking about your health and worrying that you are ill, even when there is no evidence to suggest that this is the case;
2. Obsessively checking your body for signs of illness or disease;
3. Feeling anxious or depressed about your health;
4. Avoiding certain activities or situations because you are afraid they will make you sick;
5. Believing that minor bodily sensations are signs of serious illness.
If you are experiencing any of these symptoms, it is important to see a doctor or mental health professional so that they can assess whether or not you may be suffering from hypochondria.
Causes
There are many potential causes of hypochondria, as the condition can be triggered by a variety of psychological, physical, and social factors. Some people may develop hypochondria after experiencing a traumatic event or a major life stressor, such as the death of a loved one or the loss of a job. Others may have a family history of depression or anxiety, which may increase their risk of developing hypochondria.
Additionally, people who suffer from chronic pain or other medical conditions may be more likely to develop hypochondria due to the fear of worsening symptoms or health complications. Finally, social isolation and limited access to healthcare can also contribute to the development of this disorder.
Treatments
There are a number of different treatments that can be effective for it. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is one of the most common and research-supported treatments for this condition. CBT can help you to change the way you think about your health and your body, and to develop healthier coping mechanisms for dealing with stress and anxiety.
Medication can also be a helpful treatment for this disorder. Antidepressants, anti-anxiety medications, and beta-blockers are all commonly prescribed for people with this condition. These medications can help to reduce your overall anxiety and stress levels, making it easier for you to manage your symptoms.
In some cases, hypnosis may also be an effective treatment for hypochondria. This technique can help you to relax and to focus on more positive thoughts and beliefs about your health. It is important to work with a qualified therapist when undergoing hypnosis, as it is not right for everyone.
finally, there are a number of self-help strategies that can be helpful in managing it. Learning more about the condition and how it affects you personally can be very empowering. Keeping a journal of your symptoms and how they fluctuate over time can also be helpful in spotting patterns and triggers. Practicing relaxation techniques such as deep breathing or progressive muscle relaxation can also help to reduce your overall stress levels.
How to Prevent Hypochondria
To prevent hypochondria, it is important to be aware of the potential causes and triggers. Some common triggers include stress, anxiety, illness, or a family history of health problems. If you are prone to hypochondria, it is important to manage stress and anxiety levels. You can do this by exercising regularly, practicing relaxation techniques such as meditation or yoga, and getting regular checkups with your doctor.
If you start to experience symptoms of hypochondria, it is important to seek professional help. A therapist can help you understand and manage your symptoms.
Conclusion
Hypochondria can be difficult to overcome, but with the right mindset and treatment plan, it is possible. By understanding your triggers and using cognitive-behavioral therapy and relaxation techniques, you can begin to take control of your anxiety and make positive changes in your life. With time, patience, and self-care, you will find that hypochondria no longer has a hold on you. | https://safshop.net/hypochondria/ |
2 edition of Progressive relaxation and attention span of low attenders found in the catalog.
Progressive relaxation and attention span of low attenders
William Rocco Giacalone
Published
1978
.
Written in English
Edition Notes
|Statement||by William Rocco Giacalone|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||viii, 122 leaves :|
|Number of Pages||122|
|ID Numbers|
|Open Library||OL14538807M|
Progressive muscle relaxation is a non-pharmacological method of deep muscle relaxation, based on the premise that muscle tension is the body's psychological response to anxiety-provoking thoughts and that muscle relaxation blocks anxiety. The technique involves learning to monitor the tension in specific muscle groups by first tensing each muscle group. This tension is then released, as attention is directed towards the differences felt during tension and relaxation. "Progressive Relaxation w/Music - Release Stress" What you are experiencing is a "Progressive Relaxation" technique by Steven Graham, certified hypnotherapist at .
Relaxation by breathing retraining or progressive muscle relaxation activates the parasympathetic nervous system—sometimes known as the ‘rest and digest’ system. Within compassion-focused therapy (CFT) it is quite reasonably proposed that ‘the mind sits in the body’ giving coherent rationale for soothing techniques to be used in order. Jacobson's Progressive Relaxation Procedure (PMR) Edmund Jacobson created the progressive relaxation method. At the beginning of the 20th century, he conceived a method to relax, the goal was to achieve mental tranquility by progressively eliminating all muscular tensions through progressive relaxation.
J -- Many children with attention problems also have difficulties with reading. But which causes which: Does poor reading ability shorten a child's attention span Author: Mike Fillon. Effects of progressive relaxation on anxiety and quality of life in female students: A non-randomized controlled trial is one of the topics that have recently taken the attention of psychologists and human science and health researchers. An educational program was designed (including the simple relaxation, progressive muscular Cited by:
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Get this from a library. Progressive relaxation and attention span of low attenders. [William Rocco Giacalone]. Very technical book about the art of physical relaxation, the release of residual tensions from the neuromuscular system of the body, including the mind.
The author believed that the way to relax the mind was to relax 4/5. He has authored and coauthored numerous books, including The Dialectical Behavior Therapy Skills Workbook, The Relaxation and Stress Reduction Workbook, Self-Esteem, Thoughts and Feelings, When Anger Hurts, and ACT on Life Not on Anger.
McKay received his PhD in clinical psychology from the California School of Professional Psychology, and specializes in the cognitive behavioral /5(40).
On the Shelf Progressive relaxation and attention span of low attenders / William Rocco Giacalone. BF G52 The handbook of attention / edited by Jonathan M. Fawcett, Evan F. Progressive relaxation and attention span of low attenders / William Rocco Giacalone.
BF G52 The handbook of attention / edited by Jonathan M. Fawcett, Evan F. Risko, and Alan Kingstone. Progressive Relaxation and Breathing book. Read reviews from world’s largest community for readers. This audio program presents a complete introduction t 3/5(6).
Attention and time / Author: edited by Anna C. Nobre, Jennifer T. Coull. Publication info: between performance on observational and laboratory measures of attention in previously identified high- and low-risk grade one pupils / Elspeth Baugh.
-- Progressive relaxation and attention span of low attenders / William Rocco Giacalone. -- BF. So I'm reading books these days as a means of recreation but also as a way to exercise my mind and have a better attention span.
But for some reason, I just can't seem to be able to read a book for more than 10 minutes. 15 minutes if I really stretch it. Mental Health Book Chapter 10 study guide by nicole_strawn4 includes questions covering vocabulary, terms and more. progressive relaxation, time management, leisure skills -attention span: length of time that concentration is maintained.
Increasing your attention span can benefit you greatly, especially in the work place. Improving your overall attention span takes some dedication, but some fairly simple tricks can help.
Work on engaging in certain activities, such as meditation, that are shown to boost attention span. Take initiative to better manage your time%(78). Jacobson E. Progressive relaxation (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press Bermejo Caja CJ, Martín García Á, García Laborda A, Pérez Quintana M, Díaz Rodríguez L, Marqués Andrés S.
Effectiveness of relaxation on anxiety and quality of life in adult patients with generalised anxiety disorder: a systematic review protocol. JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Author: Arlin Cuncic. 3) Learning Disabilities: dyslexia, deficits in language development, hyper activity, thought process difficulty, low attention span, distractible, behavior problems in school, low self-esteem.
TR: Provide choice, challenge, & age appropriate activities which are structured for success. Physical Impairments. Musculoskeletal System. Introduction The effects of progressive relaxation training on the disruptive behavior of a boy with autism.
Since pioneered by Edmund Jacobson (), progressive relaxation procedures have benefited many individuals without gh not as widely researched, progressive relaxation also has been shown to benefit individuals with autism and other developmental disabilities Cited by: Her 6-year-old twins have difficulty paying attention in school and at home, but one of her 8-year-olds, who used to have a short attention span, is getting better as he matures.
Her strategy is Author: Leslie Harris O'hanlon. The present experiment examined relaxation using different experimental conditions to test whether the effects of individual elements of relaxation could be measured, whether specific effects were revealed, or whether relaxation resulted from a generalized “relaxation response.” Sixty-seven normal, male volunteers were exposed to a stress manipulation and then to one of two relaxation Cited by: Progressive Relaxation.
A deep relaxation excerise to reduce physiological tension, reduce pulse rate and blood pressure, as well as decreasing perspiration and respiration rates. Are you working with a late talking toddler with a short attention span.
Learn tips to help a young child pay attention to you so that he or she will begin to talk. Paying attention is one of the. Symptoms: low frustration, short attention span, social immaturity, unable to function independently, poor judgement.
Impairment to adaptive functioning, delays in. Progressive Muscle Relaxation - Duration: Relax For A While - Meditations & Sleep Stories 1, views. Progressive muscle relaxation can be used to lower stress, decrease pain, and manage anger.
This engaging story quiets the mind and relaxes the body so your child can let go of anger, relax, and fall asleep peacefully. This story is longer making it ideal for older children or those with a longer attention : Lori Lite. Effects of Progressive Relaxation and Classical Music on Measurements of Attention, Relaxation, and Stress Responses Article in Journal of Behavioral Medicine 23(2) May with Reads.
A world famous CBT relaxation technique narrated by Clare Reed, CBT therapist. This Progressive Relaxation technique is great as an antidote to. Jacobson’s relaxation technique is a type of therapy that focuses on tightening and relaxing specific muscle groups in sequence.
It’s also known as progressive relaxation : Rena Goldman. | https://lefynuqyzyrig.forabetterchicago.com/progressive-relaxation-and-attention-span-of-low-attenders-book-26273aw.php |
Do you ever have nightmares that keep you up at night? If so, you’re not alone. Nightmares are relatively common, and there are a number of techniques that can help you deal with them. In this blog post, we’ll explore some of the most effective techniques for dealing with recurrent nightmares. We’ll also discuss why it’s important to seek help if your nightmares are causing significant distress or disruption in your life. So if you’re struggling with recurrent nightmares, read on for some helpful tips!
Table of contents
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a form of psychotherapy that helps people change negative thinking and behavior patterns. CBT is based on the idea that our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors are all interconnected, and that changing one area can have a positive impact on the others.
CBT has been shown to be effective in treating a wide variety of mental health conditions, including depression, anxiety, eating disorders, substance abuse, and sleep problems. It can be used alone or in combination with other treatment methods.
If you are considering CBT for yourself or a loved one, it is important to find a therapist who is experienced and trained in this approach. Cognitive behavioral therapy is not a “one size fits all” treatment, so it is important to find a therapist who will tailor the therapy to meet your specific needs.
If you are looking for a cognitive behavioral therapist in your area, you can search the directory of the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies (ABCT).
Relaxation techniques
Relaxation techniques can be a great way to help you manage stress and anxiety. There are many different techniques that you can try, and it may take some trial and error to find the ones that work best for you. Some common relaxation techniques include deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, visualization, and meditation.
Deep breathing is one of the simplest and most effective ways to relax. When you take deep, slow breaths, it signals to your body that it is time to relax. Progressive muscle relaxation involves tensing and relaxing different muscle groups in your body, starting with your toes and working up to your head. Visualization involves picturing a peaceful scene in your mind, such as a beach or a meadow. Meditation is a more advanced relaxation technique, but it can be very effective in reducing stress and anxiety. There are many different ways to meditate, so it is important to find a method that works for you.
Exposure therapy
Exposure therapy is a type of psychological treatment that involves exposing the patient to the object or situation that they are afraid of. The goal is to help the patient overcome their fear and anxiety. This type of therapy can be used to treat a variety of different conditions, such as phobias, panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Exposure therapy can be done in a number of different ways. One common method is known as imaginal exposure. This involves the patient imagining the situation that they are afraid of. They will typically do this for a set period of time each day. Another method is known as in vivo exposure, which involves exposing the patient to the actual object or situation that they are afraid of. This can be done in a controlled environment, such as a therapist’s office, or in the real world.
Exposure therapy is usually done with the help of a trained therapist. It can be a difficult treatment to go through, but it has been shown to be effective for many people.
Psychodynamic psychotherapy
Psychodynamic psychotherapy is a therapeutic approach that emphasizes the role of unconscious processes in shaping behavior. The goal of psychodynamic therapy is to help people become aware of these unconscious processes and how they may be affecting their lives.
Psychodynamic therapy often focuses on early childhood experiences and relationships, as these are thought to be major influences on current behavior. However, recent life experiences and current relationships are also explored in therapy.
Psychodynamic therapy is usually a long-term process, as it can take time to explore the unconscious mind and understand its effects on behavior. However, some people may see improvement after just a few sessions.
Hypnosis
Hypnosis has been around for centuries and is still widely used today. Though its exact origins are unknown, it is thought to have started in ancient Greece and Rome. The word “hypnosis” comes from the Greek word “hypnos,” which means “sleep.” It wasn’t until the late 1700s that hypnosis was developed into a scientific technique.
Hypnosis is a trance-like state in which a person is highly suggestible and can be easily influenced by others. This state can be induced by another person, or it can be self-induced. People who are in a hypnosis state are usually unaware of what is going on around them and are more focused on the suggestions being given to them.
Hypnosis has many different applications, including:
– Pain relief: Hypnosis has been shown to be an effective treatment for pain relief. It is often used in combination with other pain management techniques, such as medication and physiotherapy.
– Anxiety and stress relief: Hypnosis can help people relax and reduce anxiety and stress.
– Quitting smoking: Hypnosis is a popular method for people who want to quit smoking.
– Improving sleep: Hypnosis can be used to treat insomnia and other sleep disorders.
– Boosting confidence and self-esteem: Hypnosis can help people improve their confidence and self-esteem.
Anti-depressants
Anti-depressants are a type of medication that is used to treat depression. They work by changing the levels of certain chemicals in the brain, which helps to improve mood and relieve symptoms of depression. There are many different types of anti-depressants available, and they can be taken in different ways, including oral tablets, capsules, liquids, and injections. Some of the most common side effects of anti-depressants include dry mouth, headache, nausea, and fatigue. However, these side effects usually go away after a few weeks of treatment.
Anticonvulsants
Anticonvulsants (also called anticonvulsant or anti-epileptic drugs) are a diverse group of medications used in the treatment of epilepsy. They act by suppressing the abnormal electrical activity in the brain that leads to seizures. While there are many different types of anticonvulsants, they all share a common goal: to prevent seizures from occurring.
There are many different types of anticonvulsants available, and each one works in a slightly different way. Some common examples include:
- phenytoin (Dilantin)
- carbamazepine (Tegretol)
- valproate (Depakote)
- lamotrigine (Lamictal)
The specific anticonvulsant that is right for you will be determined by your doctor based on a variety of factors, including the type of seizures you have, your age, and other medical conditions you may have.
While anticonvulsants are generally safe and effective, they can cause side effects in some people. These side effects can range from mild to severe, and may include:
- drowsiness
- headache
- nausea and vomiting
- weight gain
If you experience any of these side effects, be sure to talk to your doctor. In most cases, the benefits of anticonvulsants outweigh the risks, but it is important to be aware of the potential for side effects before starting any new medication.
Beta-blockers
Beta-blockers are drugs that are used to treat a variety of conditions, including heart disease, hypertension (high blood pressure), and anxiety. Beta-blockers work by blocking the effects of the hormone epinephrine (adrenaline). This action causes the heart to beat more slowly and with less force, which reduces blood pressure. Beta-blockers also widen blood vessels, which can also help to lower blood pressure. In addition to their effects on the heart and blood vessels, beta-blockers also have other effects in the body, including on the lungs, gut, and blood sugar levels.
Common side effects of beta-blockers include fatigue, cold hands and feet, dizziness, and impotence. Beta-blockers can also cause bronchospasm (narrowing of the airways) in people with asthma or other lung diseases.
Beta-blockers are generally safe and effective drugs. However, they can interact with other medications and cause serious side effects in some people.
Herbal teas
Herbal teas, also called tisanes, are brewed using only the leaves, flowers, or fruit of certain plants. Unlike true teas, which are made from the Camellia sinensis plant, herbal teas do not contain caffeine. Chamomile, hibiscus, and mint are some of the most popular herbs used to make herbal teas. While herbal teas are not as widely consumed as true teas, they have been gaining popularity in recent years due to their potential health benefits.
Herbal teas are rich in antioxidants and polyphenols, which are believed to promote good health. Chamomile tea, for example, has long been used as a natural remedy for insomnia and anxiety. Hibiscus tea is thought to lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels, while mint tea may help to relieve indigestion and stomach pain.
While herbal teas are generally considered safe, it is important to be aware that they can interact with certain medications. If you are taking any prescription drugs, it is best to check with your doctor before drinking herbal teas.
Herbal teas can be a delicious and healthy addition to your diet. Be sure to choose herbs that are fresh and of good quality to get the most benefit from them.
Homeopathic remedies
Homeopathic are diluted substances that are thought to cause the body to heal itself. Homeopathy is based on the principle of “like cures like.” That is, a substance that can cause symptoms of a disease in a healthy person can also be used to treat those same symptoms in someone who is sick.
Homeopathic remedies are prepared by repeatedly diluting a substance in water or alcohol. The more diluted the solution, the more potent the remedy is thought to be. Homeopathy is a holistic approach to medicine and treats the person as a whole, rather than just focusing on the symptoms of the disease.
Homeopathic remedies are available over the counter and are regulated by the FDA. However, homeopathy is not recognized by the medical community as a whole and there is no scientific evidence to support its efficacy.
Takeaway
While there is no one-size-fits-all answer to recurrent nightmares, there are a few techniques that have been shown to be effective for many people. Applying these techniques may help you get relief from your nightmares and improve your sleep quality overall. If you’re struggling with recurrent nightmares, don’t hesitate to reach out for help. There are professionals who can assist you in dealing with this issue and improving the quality of your life. | https://www.wysevibes.com/what-are-some-techniques-for-dealing-with-recurrent-nightmares/ |
The Vagus Nerve
The vagus nerve is a long nerve that runs from your brainstem all the way down to your abdomen. It is responsible for many different functions, including heart rate, digestion, and immunity. It is also one of the most important nerves in the body for maintaining mental health.
However, chronic stress can impact the vagus nerve in a negative way. This can lead to problems such as anxiety and depression. It can also make the body more susceptible to infections and diseases. Therefore, it is important to manage stress in order to maintain a healthy vagus nerve.
Can Stress and Anxiety Affect the Vagus Nerve?
Stress and anxiety can both trigger the vagus nerve. In fact, they are often linked because stress can lead to anxiety, and anxiety can worsen the effects of stress. When the vagus nerve is overstimulated, it can cause a number of symptoms. Health issues may include pain in the abdomen, vomiting, nausea, dizziness, or fainting.
How Do You Destress the Vagus Nerve?
There are a number of ways to destress the vagus nerve:
*Exercise: Exercise is a great way to reduce stress and improve your overall health. It can also help to reduce the sensitivity of the vagus nerve.
*Meditation: Meditation can help to focus and calm the mind, which can in turn help to reduce stress levels.
*Deep breathing: Taking deep breaths can help to slow down the heart rate and ease anxiety.8
Relaxation techniques: Relaxation techniques such as yoga, Tai Chi, and massage can all help to reduce stress and promote relaxation.
What Happens If the Vagus Nerve Is Damaged?
If the vagus nerve is damaged, it can lead to a number of problems such as:
*Difficulty swallowing
*Bloating
*Nausea
*Vomiting
*Constipation
*Early satiety
*Diarrhea
*Heartburn
Damage to the vagus nerve is usually caused by trauma, surgery, or disease. In some cases, it may be possible to repair the damage. However, in other cases, the damage may be permanent.
Why Is the Vagus Nerve Important in Stress Management?
If you are stressed it can lead to vagal nerve dysfunction. Dysfunction of the vagal nerve can also be a result of aging. If your vagus nerve has been negatively affected for an extended amount of time, you could develop health issues such as type 2 diabetes, depression, and anxiety.
So, to avoid negative mental of physical health issues, it’s important to keep your stress under control.
How Does Breathing Affect the Vagus Nerve?
Breathing deeply can help to calm the vagus nerve. This is because deep breathing helps to slow down the heart rate. When the heart rate is slowed, the body is able to relax and reduce stress levels.
Therefore, deep breathing can be a helpful tool in managing stress and maintaining a healthy vagus nerve.
How to Heal the Vagus Nerve
The good news is that there are things you can do to heal the vagus nerve and improve your overall health:
*Get tested for autoimmune conditions. Autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis can cause damage to the vagus nerve.11 If you have an autoimmune condition, it is important to get treated by a qualified physician so that you can heal the underlying condition and reduce the risk of further damage to the vagus nerve.
*Improve gut health. The gut-brain connection is well-established in research.1 This means that if your gut is not healthy, it can impact your mental health. To heal the gut, eat plenty of nutrient-dense foods like vegetables, fruits, quality protein, and healthy fats. You may also want to consider supplementing with probiotics or taking other measures to improve gut health.
*Manage stress. Chronic stress can worsen symptoms of a dysfunctional vagus nerve. To reduce stress, make lifestyle changes like getting regular exercise, practicing meditation or yoga, and getting enough sleep. You may also want to try relaxation techniques like deep breathing or progressive muscle relaxation. Reducing stress will help heal the vagus nerve and improve your overall health.
*Consider herbs and supplements. There are many different herbs and supplements that can help heal the vagus nerve. Some of these include ginger, turmeric, omega-3 fatty acids, B-complex vitamins, magnesium, and probiotics. Speak with a qualified healthcare professional before taking any herbs or supplements so that you can be sure they are safe for you.
*Try acupuncture. Acupuncture is an ancient Chinese healing practice that involves inserting thin needles into specific points on the body. Acupuncture has been shown to be effective for treating a number of conditions, including pain, anxiety, and migraines. It may also help heal the vagus nerve by reducing inflammation and stimulating blood flow.
*Stimulate the vagus nerve with electrical stimulation therapy (EST). EST involves using low-level electrical currents to stimulate specific points on the body. EST has been used for many years as a treatment for conditions like pain, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. More recent research suggests that EST may also help treat conditions like depression, migraines, and GERD by stimulating the vagus nerve. EST is generally considered safe when performed by a qualified healthcare professional.
The vagus nerve is an important part of maintaining good mental health. If you are experiencing symptoms of a dysfunctional vagus nerve, there are things you can do to heal it. | https://mindworkny.com/how-stress-affects-the-vagus-nerve/ |
Mental health symptoms resulting from or increased by concussion are a growing concern. In addition to physical symptoms such as dizziness and headache, concussions can result in cognitive, social, emotional, and behavioural symptoms, such as mood swings, anxiety, memory issues and depression.
The following strategies to manage mental health challenges during concussion recovery are listed in the Concussion Awareness Training Tool for Workers & Workplaces e-learning module:
- Physical activity, as tolerated;
- Deep breathing exercises;
- Identifying and reducing sources of stress;
- Meditation;
- Progressive Muscle Relaxation; and,
- Memory aids
Read more about each of these strategies in the CATT Managing Mental Health Symptoms document (PDF).
View more resources on mental health. | https://cattonline.azurewebsites.net/managing-concussion-mental-health-symptoms/ |
Nowadays many people suffer from the consequences of a fast-paced lifestyle.. When during day to day life there are many activities, responsibilities and stress, brain is on alert and hormones that are harmful in the long run.
The real danger never comes and yet the hormones are still there, causing anxiety and stress. This affects mood and physical health, but it is possible to resort to different relaxation techniques to combat anxiety.
- Related article: “The 7 most common yoga postures and what they are for”.
10 relaxation techniques to combat anxiety
The constant feeling of anxiety, stress and mental exhaustion is a serious warning from the body.. It is time to act when the body notices an excess of work or activities, and it is that health problems can appear that must be avoided.
Learning to relax is the most advisable alternative to any medication. It is best to learn any of the different relaxation techniques to combat anxiety, which allow self-regulation.
1. Breathing
A correct breathing has surprising effects on the organism.. Yes, we breathe all the time, but not always in a relaxing way. A proper breathing technique helps to lower stress levels.
To achieve this, sit with your back straight and your thighs at 90º. It is best to place one hand on the abdomen and one on the chest, so it is easier to concentrate on how the air enters these two areas.
In this way, inhale deeply through the nose and exhale through the mouth gently. You should perceive how the air enters more over the abdomen, that is the correct technique.
- You may want to read: “Types of breathing: ways of breathing in yoga and meditation
2. Visualization
Visualization is a simple but powerful relaxation technique.. It is best if it is accompanied by correct breathing. It is necessary to choose a relaxed place where there is not too much noise and whenever possible accompanied by soft instrumental music.
To begin, close your eyes, concentrate on the entry and exit of air, and then take your mind to a place that causes tranquility. It can be the sea, a garden full of flowers, etc., and we must try to recreate with the 5 senses each of the elements of the place.
3. Progressive muscular relaxation
Progressive muscular relaxation helps to become aware of the body.. This relaxation technique consists in relaxing each group of muscles. You can start with the toes and work your way up through each set of muscles.
It is versatile because it can be done while lying down or sitting. To do this, tense a muscle group for 5 seconds and relax it for 30 seconds before moving on to the next. It can be done with toes, feet, legs, arms, abdomen, neck, head, mouth, etc.
4. Autogenic relaxation
Autogenic relaxation brings together several relaxation techniques. Once breathing, visualization and muscle relaxation are mastered, they can be carried out naturally at the same time and in a single relaxation session for greater benefit.
Sit or lie down in a comfortable place away from intense noise. Begin by inhaling and exhaling, carry out a visualization of the place that relaxes while contracting and relaxing the muscles.
- Other users have read: “35 ‘body positive’ phrases to love yourself and your body”.
5. Meditation
Mastering a meditation technique is highly recommended.. It can take time, but it is a very effective way to combat anxiety. There is a very simple way to start meditation, the challenge is to keep the mind from wandering.
It is necessary to sit in a comfortable place, away from loud sounds and where there are no interruptions. Start by taking a proper breath and at the end of each breath repeat some short phrase such as “I feel calm” or “I relax”. During this process you should not think of anything but the air going in and out and the phrase you choose.
6. Mindfulness
Mindfulness is a philosophy of life about connecting with oneself.. Within this philosophy there are different techniques to achieve this connection. They must be practiced until they are mastered, and are undoubtedly an excellent relaxation technique to combat anxiety.
One of the techniques of mindfulness is to make a mental scan of the body. It consists of sitting or lying down comfortably and accompanying with relaxing music to go over each part of the body. This way you feel the physical and emotional processes that you are experiencing at that moment.
7. Massages
There are relaxing massages that are very pleasant and combat anxiety.. Resorting to a relaxing massage is an excellent idea, although it requires another person to perform it. It is best to go to a beauty center or spa where an expert will perform it.
The advantage of a relaxing massage is that it can focus on areas of the body that are injured due to stress, such as shoulders, neck and back. These massages are accompanied by relaxing music that allows an ideal environment to reduce anxiety.
- You might be interested in: “Types of yoga: the 18 variants you can practice and their benefits”.
8. Aromatherapy
Aromatherapy complements other relaxation techniques.. With essential oils from plants that are known to have relaxing properties, it relaxes the body and mind. This improves concentration and mood.
Essential oils can be added to a bath or use a diffuser to enjoy their aroma while doing a deep breathing exercise. Ylang-ylang, lavender, mandarin or sandalwood are some of the aromas that can be used in aromatherapy.
9. Yoga
Yoga is a physical and mental discipline that has very effective relaxation techniques.. Yoga cannot be reduced only to an exercise to relax, although its global practice helps to keep stress and anxiety under control.
Practicing yoga has physical, mental and spiritual benefits. Through the exercises, a state of full consciousness is achieved to eliminate stress from our system. It requires practice and perseverance, and represents a great relaxation technique to combat anxiety.
10. Hydrotherapy
Hydrotherapy is used for many purposes, and one of them is relaxation.. A hydrotherapy is commonly carried out in spas or spas. It is used to treat some diseases or for muscle rehabilitation, but there are hydrotherapy sessions focused on relaxation.
For example, mechanical pressure hydrotherapy is used to help relax muscles. A thermal hydrotherapy session with hot or warm, chlorinated water also has relaxing effects. In some places this hydrotherapy is accompanied by aromatherapy.
- You may be interested in: “Mantras: 11 powerful phrases to meditate and concentrate”. | http://www.modafinil911.com/10-relaxation-techniques-to-fight-anxiety/ |
Mindful Yoga is a systematic, step by step approach, which emphasises inner awareness through postures, breathwork, meditation and relaxation. Expanding the awareness opens up new aspects of our being, helping us to live to our full potential.
Yoga is not a quick fix nor purely physical. It is a system based on ancient proven scientific and universal knowledge. It is a system that supports our own efforts and takes into account your individual nature – students are encouraged to work within their own limitations, their individual comfort zone, and to develop at their own pace. Classes are suitable for everyone, regardless of age, health conditions or abilities.
Students are encouraged to observe body and mind – there is an emphasis on awareness, and being mindful of the co-ordination of movement and breath. Classes include asana (practice of postures), pranayama (breathing techniques), and yoga nidra (deep relaxation) and / or meditation. See below for more info.
These nurturing yogic practices have a profound effect on our physical, mental and emotion levels; during which we are allowed the space to create a sense of stillness in the mind, which allows us to re-connect with our own inner peaceful state.
All classes suitable for beginners. Please bring a mat and a blanket. Limited spaces available.
Asana (Yoga Postures)
Asana help to keep the body healthy by removing energy blockages and releasing physical tensions, and giving greater flexibility to the spine, muscles and joints. The function of internal organs is improved, as is the overall body function. Classical yoga asanas are included in a class, building up to them very gently. As the student’s experience and capacity deepens, more complex and challenging practices are gradually introduced. In a Yoga class, asanas are explored in a non-competitive atmosphere.
Pranayama (Breathing Techniques)
Breathing techniques are important not only for supplying the body with fresh oxygen and strengthening the lungs but also they have a direct affect on the brain and the emotions. They serve to balance the nervous system and put us in touch with the more subtle energies and aspects of our being and the environment around us. The aim of pranayama is to awaken, balance and expand the prana (vital energy) in the body. Also useful for inducing relaxation and calming the mind. Pranayama training traditionally begins with practices that increase breath awareness, and then 3-part yogic breath; before advancing to classical pranayama techniques, such as nadi shodana, kapalabhati, etc.
Yoga Nidra (Deep Relaxation)
Yoga Nidra is a simple guided relaxation and meditation technique experienced lying down, and is often the favourite practice of yoga students. It involves a systematic relaxation and purification at the physical, mental and emotional levels. Yoga Nidra can easily deepen into a blissful experience where the body sleeps but the awareness remains active as it descends through the layers of the mind. All classes will include this and/or meditation. Yoga Nidra has many associated health benefits. Relaxation techniques decrease heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate. Deep muscle relaxation relieves anxiety. It is a known scientific fact that thoughts, and stressful events create anxiety, causing tension to occur in the physical body. This can rapidly become a vicious cycle as tension in the body creates feelings of anxiety and psychological distress. The good news is that deep relaxation releases tension in the muscles, which in turn relieves anxiety. In fact it is scientifically proven that regular sessions of muscle relaxation is also extremely effective in the treatment of chronic pain, muscle tension and spasms, high blood pressure, digestive problems, and insomnia. Yoga Nidra is like any other practice, it needs to be practiced regularly to get the benefits, and the more we do it the shorter the time it takes to reach a state of real relaxation.
Meditation
Meditation techniques are taught systematically, and over a course of sessions may cover body stillness, breath awareness, inner observation and mantra (sound vibration). The first classical meditation technique to be taught is Antar Mouna. This is the practice of “inner silence” and the foundation of all meditation practice. It is where one becomes aware of the inner working of the mind and learns to both witness and accept thoughts, feeling and ultimately ourselves, as we are. Through this gradual process of becoming quiet, we allow a sense of inner peace to arise.
The regular practice of meditation will expand the awareness and bring the practitioner many benefits, including enhanced concentration, reduced stress and a sense of calm amidst the ups and downs of daily life. | https://riverholistic.ie/mindful-yoga-classes/ |
Stress is often described as a feel of being overwhelmed, tense and worried. Everyone will experience some form of stress whether it be a result of study, work, family pressure or financial strain. There are times when stress can be helpful to motivate us to complete a task or perform well. There are times, however, when the stress becomes too great and in turn this becomes detrimental to our health and well-being as it interferes with our ability to cope with normal life or we are in a stress state for too long.
Acute stress is brief and often related to the demands of a particular situation (exam due date), facing a particular challenge, or traumatic event. When symptoms last from three days to one week following exposure to traumatic event then then may go on to become acute stress disorder.
Signs and Symptoms of Stress
When placed in a stressful situation, our bodies release a number of hormones such as adrenalin and cortisol. These hormones are designed to help the body to react quickly and effectively to meet the stressful challenge. However, this results in physical changes to the body and on an ongoing basis this can have a negative impact. The physical response is commonly known as the “fight or flight” response and includes an increase in heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, metabolism and muscle tension.
Symptoms of stress include:
- Headaches and body pains
- Insomnia
- Upset stomach
- Anxiety
- Irritability
- Depression
- Fatigue
- Feeling moody and tearful
- Difficulty concentrating
Symptoms of Acute Stress Disorder:
In the case of acute stress disorder, there is usually a re-experiencing of the stressful and traumatic event and a strong anxiety response. A strong anger response is also a common sign and symptom of acute stress. Other symptoms of acute stress disorder include:
- Exposure to actual or threatened death or serious injury or sexual violation, either directly, witnessing, or hearing about an event occurring for a family member.
- Intrusion symptoms – intrusive memories
- Negative Mood – Inability to experience happiness
- Dissociative symptoms – An altered sense of self
- Avoidance symptoms – Effort to avoid reminders or triggers
- Arousal symptoms – Sleep disturbance, irritable behaviour, or hypervigilance.
Treatments and Outcomes
Learning how to recognise and handle stress is an important step in maintaining a healthy and well-balanced life. In the instance of exposure to a significant stress, then seeking assistance from a mental health professional is advisable. There are also many strategies that can be adopted to help recognise and handle stress on a daily basis.
Warning signs
The warning signs of an increased stress level are different for everyone, but common signs include:
- Tense jaw
- Grinding teeth
- Headaches
- Feeling irritable and short-tempered
Stress Triggers
If you are aware of what your triggers are then you are in a better position to either avoid them or manage them when encountered through calming exercises. Common triggers include
- Late night
- Competing or tight deadlines
- Certain people
- Hunger
Routines
Maintaining a predictable and manageable routine can be reassuring and provide the time and space for self-care activities.
- Exercise and relaxation
- Regular meals
- Preparation and planning of work and domestic duties.
Relaxation
Allocating time for relaxation will help you and your body to calm the nervous system, settle and readjust.
- Yoga, mindfulness, meditation and progressive muscle relaxation
- Hobbies
- Spending time with friends and loved ones
- Other pleasure activates such as reading, movies, or a good book.
Counselling
If high levels of stress continue for a long period of time and are starting to impact on your health and well-being, then it could be advisable to seek assistance from a mental health professional.
Authored By: Vision Psychology
To make an appointment try Online Booking. Alternatively, you can call Vision Psychology Brisbane on (07) 3088 5422.
Resources:
- Australian Psychological Society
- Lovallo, W. R., & Lovallo, W. R. (2005;2004;). Stress & health: Biological and psychological interactions (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications.
- American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5 Task Force, & American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. | https://www.visionpsychology.com/acute-stress-and-acute-stress-disorder/ |
As many as 28 percent of all cancer patients experience anxiety at some point in their cancer journey, according to a study in the European Journal of Cancer Supplements. Whether you’ve just been diagnosed, are undergoing treatment or are adjusting to living life after cancer, you may be experiencing anxiety.
While anxiety among cancer patients, families and survivors is common, some people experience a more frightening form of anxiety known as panic attacks. Panic attacks can profoundly lower your quality of life. There are several methods of dealing with panic attacks, and some might help prevent these debilitating episodes from occurring.
How Panic Attacks Are Different From Regular Anxiety
Almost everyone will experience anxiety at some point in his or her life. It’s normal to feel anxious while you’re dealing with cancer, but when anxiety becomes overwhelming, it’s known as a panic attack.
Panic attacks are intense, sudden episodes of overwhelming fear, as the Mayo Clinic describes. During a panic attack, you may feel like you’re being smothered, having a heart attack or even dying. Panic attacks can occur at any time, and, if you’ve had a panic attack, you may be worried about the possibility of having another, says the National Institute of Mental Health.
Usually, panic attacks happen suddenly, reaching their worst levels within 10 minutes, according to the American Cancer Society. There are several common symptoms of panic attacks, including:
- Chest pain or discomfort
- Racing or pounding heartbeat
- Shortness of breath
- Feeling like you’re being smothered
- Feeling lightheaded, dizzy or like you will faint
- Excessive sweating
- Shaking or shivering
- Stomach pain and nausea
- Feeling a numb or tingling sensation
- A feeling like you have to escape or get out
- A feeling of doom
Dealing With Panic Attacks
Even though panic attacks usually only last a few minutes, the fear of having another episode can linger well after it’s over. You could be worried about how to manage them and if you need to seek professional help.
Fortunately, there are many tips for dealing with panic attacks that could also help to prevent future episodes from occurring. The first step is being able to recognize the common symptoms of panic attacks and realizing that one is starting. Then, you can focus on simple breathing and other relaxation techniques to let you get control back.
Slow, deep breathing and focused, progressive relaxation of your muscles can both help you achieve a calmer state of mind. It’s also useful to exercise during an episode, and it doesn’t have to be anything too strenuous — simply taking a walk around your neighborhood can do wonders for your state of mind. Other exercise, like yoga, can be beneficial for promoting relaxation and calm.
To prevent future panic attacks, many people find success with cognitive behavioral therapy, which can help teach you to think differently and react in a new way to the feelings that you might experience. Along with this type of psychotherapy, certain medications can help prevent these episodes from occurring. Talk with your doctor about any medications you’re already taking, especially during the course of your cancer treatment, since some medications can interact with others.
Your life doesn’t have to be defined by cancer, and it doesn’t have to be defined by panic attacks. By educating yourself on the common symptoms, you’ve already taken the first step in dealing with panic attacks so that they don’t affect your life as severely. By working with your healthcare team, family and other caregivers, you can better manage your panic attacks and maybe even stop them from happening at all. | http://yourcenter.uvacancercenter.com/dealing-with-panic-attacks-during-cancer-treatment-when-anxiety-becomes-overwhelming/ |
COVID-19 Is Increasing Stress and Anxiety
As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, more and more of us are experiencing stress and anxiety. This can be due to fear of contracting the virus, the economic toll of the pandemic, uneasiness about the future, or the uncertainty surrounding the entire situation.
As explained by Harvard Health, experiencing stress and anxiety causes your autonomic nervous system to go into overdrive. This system is responsible for regulating numerous functions such as heart rate, breathing, urination, and sexual function, as well as your flight or fight response to threats. Frequent stress and anxiety can strain your autonomic nervous system, which is when you begin to experience physical symptoms.
Common Symptoms to Look For
Listed below are some common symptoms of stress and anxiety. For additional information on any of these symptoms, visit MayoClinic.org!
- Headaches
- Nausea
- Shortness of breath
- Shakiness or dizziness
- Stomach pain
- Muscle pain
- Fatigue
- Insomnia
- Restlessness
- Irritability
- Inability to focus
Recognizing these symptoms and not understanding where they are coming from or why they are happening can often create a vicious cycle. As stated by Dr. Arthur Barsky, professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, “Anxiety and stress themselves produce these physical symptoms, and on top of that your reaction to those symptoms can make them worse. The more you focus on them, the more alarmed you become, and the more intense your symptoms become. It can get really out of control and become so uncomfortable that you might not be able to do much more than sit and worry.”
Tips for Easing Symptoms of Stress and Anxiety
Here are some of the best tips from Harvard Health on how to not only recognize the symptoms above, but how to help manage them as well:
- Be Mindful: The most important step to take is being mindful of your body and how you are feeling. Take the time to slow down and assess your situation and any symptoms you might be feeling. Ask yourself has a stressful event occurred? Am I tensing my jaw and/or my muscles? What was I thinking about or doing when I began experiencing symptoms? These questions and assessments can help you determine if your symptoms were emotionally triggered by stress and anxiety.
- Distract Yourself: Instead of focusing on your symptoms, do something else to distract yourself. It could be getting up and doing laundry or other household chores, reading a book, making a healthy snack, going for a walk, etc. Everyone is different so take some time to figure out what activity best redirects your focus and helps you feel calm.
- Relax Your Body: If you are able to focus on relaxation techniques, consider trying yoga, deep breathing exercises or meditation to help calm your mind and body.
- Exercise: If you notice your mind wandering during relaxation techniques, try physical activity instead. Exercise is a great way to relieve stress and anxiety, and release endorphins.
- Know When to Get Help: If you are experiencing a physical symptom that does not resolve with any of the above techniques, contact your doctor to have it checked out. In addition, if you notice that your anxiety is affecting your desire to participate in certain activities or your ability to function in everyday life, it is time to seek help.
For more information, click here. | https://www.healthdesigns.net/how-to-recognize-and-manage-the-symptoms-of-stress-and-anxiety/ |
In this interactive workshop participants have an opportunity to explore their own identities, including unique individual characteristics, as well as their social identities, paying particular attention to how these identities shape their beliefs, values, expectations, and perceptions. The workshop introduces the concepts of social location, diversity, identity, intersectionality, and privilege using activities and discussion, and illuminates the importance of understanding one’s own identity, privilege, and social location as essential to challenging injustice.
Identifying and Challenging Microaggressions
This interactive workshop will introduce the concept of microaggressions and examine how they operate to reinforce systemic inequality, power, and privilege, while having lasting impacts on individuals. After identifying how microaggressions manifest in everyday situations, the workshop will provide participants the opportunity to put their knowledge into action by strategizing various ways to respond, challenge, or intervene when they witness or experience microaggressions in the future.
Beyond “PC”: Building Inclusive Language
This workshop examines the potential of words and language to harm individuals, reinforce exclusionary cultural norms, and re-inscribe structural barriers. Participants will learn how to use inclusive language and terminology that includes “people first” language, and consider the history and often unintentional bias built into offensive and hurtful language.
Masculinity 101
This workshop aims to give participants necessary background and tools to examine where their ideas of gender and masculinity come from, learn about different masculinities, and develop a critical understanding of their personal relationships with masculinity which shape the relationships individuals have with others and themselves.
Requesting a Workshop
If you are interested in a Social Justice Peer Educator workshop, please click here to request either one of the standard workshops or a custom workshop. Please give at least 3 weeks notice. | https://diversity.wsu.edu/diversity-education/social-justice-peer-educators/request-a-workshop/ |
Mexican Family Culture Nuclear Family The nuclear family is the traditional type of family structure. This family type consists of two parents and children.
Similarly, ethical value may be regarded as a subgroup of the more broad and vague philosophic value.
Similar concepts[ edit ] Ethical value is sometimes used synonymously with goodness. However, goodness has many other meanings and may be regarded as more ambiguous. Personal versus cultural perspectives[ edit ] Personal values exist in relation to cultural values, either in agreement with or divergence from prevailing norms.
A culture is a social system that shares a set of common values, in which such values permit social expectations and collective understandings of the good, beautiful and constructive. Without normative personal values, there would be no cultural reference against which to measure the virtue of individual values and so cultural identity would disintegrate.
Personal values[ edit ] Personal values provide The structure and values of society internal reference for what is good, beneficial, important, useful, beautiful, desirable and constructive. Values generate behaviour[ dubious — discuss ] and influence the choices made by an individual.
Values may help common human problems for survival by comparative rankings of value, the results of which provide answers to questions of why people do what they do and in what order they choose to do them. Recent research has thereby stressed the implicit nature of value communication.
Individual cultures emphasize values which their members broadly share. Values of a society can often be identified by examining the level of honor and respect received by various groups and ideas. In the United States of Americafor example, top-level professional athletes receive more respect measured in terms of monetary payment than university professors.
Another example is that certain voters taken from surveys [ citation needed ] in the United States would not willingly elect an atheist as president, suggesting that believing in a God is a generally shared value.
Values clarification differs from cognitive moral education: Value clarification consists of "helping people clarify what their lives are for and what is worth working for.
Norms provide rules for behavior in specific situations, while values identify what should be judged as good or evil. While norms are standards, patterns, rules and guides of expected behavior, values are abstract concepts of what is important and worthwhile.
Flying the national flag on a holiday is a norm, but it reflects the value of patriotism. Wearing dark clothing and appearing solemn are normative behaviors to manifest respect at a funeral.
Different cultures represent values differently and to different levels of emphasis. For example, imprisonment can result from conflict with social norms that the state has established as law.
In the third instance, the expertise of member-driven international organizations and civil society depends on the incorporation of flexibility in the rules, to preserve the expression of identity in a globalized world. Thus audiences in Europe may regard a movie as an artistic creation and grant it benefits from special treatment, while audiences in the United States may see it as mere entertainment, whatever its artistic merits.
EU policies based on the notion of "cultural exception" can become juxtaposed with the policy of "cultural specificity" on the liberal Anglo-Saxon side. Indeed, international law traditionally treats films as property and the content of television programs as a service.
Parents in different cultures have different values. Many such cultures begin teaching babies to use sharp tools, including knives, before their first birthdays. Luos of Kenya value education and pride which they call "nyadhi".
Some of these are summarized below. Inglehart—Welzel cultural map of the world Ronald Inglehart and Christian Welzel have made a two-dimensional cultural map showing the cultural values of the countries of the world along two dimensions: The traditional versus secular-rational values reflect the transition from a religious understanding of the world to a dominance of science and bureaucracy.
The second dimension named survival values versus self-expression values represents the transition from industrial society to post-industrial society. Gelfand There is a long tradition of distinguishing between tight and loose cultures.
Regality theory Studies in evolutionary psychology have led to similar findings.
The so-called regality theory finds that war and other perceived collective dangers have a profound influence on both the psychology of individuals and on the social structure and cultural values. A dangerous environment leads to a hierarchical, authoritarian, and warlike culture, while a safe and peaceful environment fosters an egalitarian and tolerant culture.
On the other hand, there are theories of the existence of absolute values, which can also be termed noumenal values and not to be confused with mathematical absolute value.
An absolute value can be described as philosophically absolute and independent of individual and cultural views, as well as independent of whether it is known or apprehended or not.
Ludwig Wittgenstein was pessimistic towards the idea that an elucidation would ever happen regarding the absolute values of actions or objects; "we can speak as much as we want about "life" and " its meaning ," and believe that what we say is important.
But these are no more than expressions and can never be facts, resulting from a tendency of the mind and not the heart or the will". An instrumental value is worth having as a means towards getting something else that is good e.- Prairie Avenue (at Flint), Port Coquitlam: 89 units of housing for women, women and children and for women-headed families.
Family structure has changed dramatically over the last 50 years. The "Leave it to Beaver" family is no longer the standard, and several variations on family have been created. Magpie said. Speaking on the city as structure, you say: "But the city itself does not function as a REGULATIVE SYSTEM coordinating the activities of .
The Society of St. Vincent de Paul is composed of women and men who seek their personal holiness through works of charity. In this essential way, the Society differs from charitable associations or agencies whose principal objective is not the spiritual advancement of their members but the doing of good for someone else.
A society is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social group sharing the same geographical or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.
Societies are characterized by patterns of relationships (social relations) between individuals who share a distinctive . Varieties of Agate. The color patterns in agates usually take the form of flat or concentric layers or bands.
Mossy or dendritic inclusions can sometimes create the impression of vegetation and landscapes. Varieties of this gemstone are described by their color patterns, inclusions, or source. | https://gewydalowa.schwenkreis.com/the-structure-and-values-of-society-10743dh.html |
Focusing on the question "What does it mean to be human?" this course explores the relationship between gender, theology, and personhood. Students engage this question in relationship to self, others, the world, and the Divine, with attention to Christian and other views. More specifically, the class considers the ways that the Christian tradition has named sin and grace, and the implications of this naming in view of various forms of embodiment: gender/sexuality, ability, and race/ethnicity. Core Theology.
WSGS 200/Engl 204 Gender and Social Justice
T/Th 10:50-12:05 (E. Speese)
This course will examine the interdisciplinary field of Women's and Gender Studies, paying particular attention to the construction of gender both in the past and in our contemporary moment. We will examine the ways social justice is intimately tied to discussions of gender, and our focus will be in tracing the historical and cultural narratives that eventually produced the concept of intersectionality. We will be particularly attuned to discussing the ways gender intersects with other identities, like race, class, sexuality, and ability. We will trace the development of Women's Studies by examining texts associated with the three waves of the women's movement as well as work from the 21st century. Ultimately, this course will study multiple viewpoints related to gender as well as its many intersections and ask students to thoughtfully engage these topics with both empathy and open-mindedness. This course will include works by Lucretia Mott, Sojourner Truth, Sarah Grimké, Margaret Sanger, Pauli Murray, Simone de Beauvoir, Fannie Lou Hamer, Gloria Steinem, Angela Davis, bell hooks, Kimberlé Crenshaw, Roxane Gay, Malala Yousafzai, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, and many others.
Total cap 30: 25 seats for Engl, 5 seats for WGS (Theme area: Social justice)
Engl 204 Monsters and the Children of the Night
MWF 1:00-1:50 (N. Aceto)
This course will examine some of the most (in)famous monsters of literary and film. What is it that makes a "monster"? What is it about these characters that strikes terror in the hearts of the audience? To answer these questions, the class will examine various literary texts and films to explore the ways in which monsters represent society's deepest fears and anxieties about race and gender roles. The texts studied will include nineteenth-century literary texts such as Frankenstein, Carmilla, Dracula, and The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, as well as films and stories of the twentieth-century which carry on this monstrous tradition, including Nosferatu (1922), "The Call of Cthulhu" (1928), King Kong (1933), and Aliens (1986).
The course will focus on the ways in which these monstrous characters, as well as their (often) female victims, challenge the bodily "norms" and traditional sexualities of modern Western society. These will be examined in three units: Monstrous Invasions, Monstrous Sexualities, and Monstrous Mothers/Monstrous Births. To more fully understand these themes, we will be discussing theories of imperialism, race, gender, sexuality, and embodiment to more deeply understand the texts and the cultural environment in which they were created. Additionally, the class will examine how the texts reflect the way Western civilization continues to use the language of monstrosity define those who live outside the norms of conventional society.
WSGS 210-01/SOCI 210 Sociology of Sex and Gender
T/Th 9:25-10:40 (S. Macmillen)
This course will explore the domain of sexual identity, the concomitant notion of the social construction of gender, and the concept of deviance. While our point of departure is distinctively sociological, we will attempt to examine the issues in a broader context. Consequently, we will be drawing from diverse fields such as philosophy, cultural studies, anthropology, psychology, literature, and popular culture. The readings will focus on power, addressing the conditions under which the gender system intersects with other factors to create various kinds of power and powerlessness. We will analyze contemporary films for what they can tell us about the popular conceptions of sex and gender identities, relations, and constructions. The readings will also address how people empower themselves, both personally and collectively. We will have numerous guest speakers, and although it will be a standard lecture course, active student participation will be highly encouraged.
WSGS 225-01/SOCI 225 Family Systems
MWF 12:00-12:50 (TBA/Ahmed)
A study of the family institution and its interaction with other community institutions.
WSGS 316W/Engl 316W Healthcare and Literature
MWF 12-12:50 and T/Th 9:25 (R. May)
This course explores representations of healthcare and medical knowledge in the West since about 1800 with an emphasis on the gendered construction of the medical practitioner and his engagement with the body. We will study the history of human dissection and learn how this vital medical privilege was not always valorized as a legitimate medical practice. We will also examine patient-provider communication dynamics and especially how gender and socioeconomic status can affect communication, how patients experience their illnesses, and how practitioners treat them. We will address physical and mental illness, stigma, burnout, resilience and empowerment. We will at all times consider what defines patient-centered care within quality of life vs. quantity of life debates.
Guest speakers in harm reduction will visit to discuss the opioid crisis in Pittsburgh; a DPT will visit to discuss PT and chronic pain, and you will have an opportunity to visit the campus cadaver lab.
WSGS 322/ENGL 322/WDLI 324/AFST 322 Global Literature Survey
T/Th 9:25- 10:40 (E. Mirmotahari)
This course will explore world literature as a set of active critical practices that call attention to the way we categorize literary texts and the assumptions that inform that categorization. This course will emphasize the idea of world literature and its development through the various scholarly debates and relationships that have shaped it. These include world literature's relationship to translation, "ethnic"/minority literatures, immigration, the "culture wars" (debates over canons), as well as colonialism and globalization.
The course readings for ENGL 322, and especially the primary readings, are largely selections by women writers. Most of the secondary texts are also by women writers-including Ngozi Adichie, Eva Hoffman, and Anita Desai, among others. The syllabus thus makes conspicuous the normative practice of selecting male writers for course syllabi. All the course objectives and learning blocs will be mediated through gender and gendering discourse.
Fulfills Core Curriculum Global Diversity and Social Justice Theme Area requirements.
WSGS 351/THEO 351 Sexuality and Christian Ethics
T/Th 9:25-10:40 (E. Cochran)
Sex, sexuality, and social structures (such as the family) in which sexual interchanges play a constitutive role pose moral questions that are central to human identity and that are distinct from questions raised by other human experiences. This course explores the moral questions of sexual ethics in conversation with the intellectual resources of the Christian tradition, with special attention paid to Catholic theology.
One central focus of the course is the notion of natural law, a philosophical and Christian conviction that the natural world reflects divine goodness and offers norms and guidelines for shaping human behavior. Most Catholic advocates of natural law believe that teachings specific to the Christian faith and the Christian Scriptures will coincide with certain universal moral norms and commitments that extend across cultures. Some critics of Catholic natural law theory argue that this theory purports to be universal and rooted in human nature but is in fact overly shaped by the particulars of a specific religious tradition. This course explores the interworkings of religious faith and human reason in forming human beings' personal and social values, in particular those values that undergird moral norms related to sexual practices.
As part of its broader consideration of natural law, this course is particularly attentive to ways in which certain conceptions and constructions of gender are at work in moral norms regarding sexual behavior. Much of Christian teaching on sex presumes a fixed understanding of "male" and "female" as static and binary categories with biological roots. This presumption is reinforced in Catholic understanding of the natural law, particularly in the idea of gender "complementarity" as developed in John Paul II and likewise at work in various moral arguments developed by mainline and evangelical Protestants in the United States. This course considers whether, as Martha Nussbaum puts it in Sex and Social Justice, moral norms associated with a biological view of two clearly differentiated genders are clearly the result of a shared human reason or the result of beliefs that are historically, culturally, and socially conditioned. This consideration will particularly emphasize the role of religious traditions in shaping these moral convictions. Questions about the relative roles of intuitive moral faculties, cultural and social influences, and religious influences in shaping gender norms prove important for critical reflection on a number of contemporary moral issues such as sexual violence and sex trafficking, the "hookup culture," pornography, and prostitution.
WSGS 353/PSYC 353 15421 Psych of Gender
(Staff) MW 3:00-4:15 (Time subject to change)
In Psychology of Gender, we elaborate critical theoretical perspectives on gender toward understanding how gendered conditions affect psychological life, forms of embodiment and sociocultural experiences. We read psychological, philosophical, and literary texts, as well as screening and interpreting film and video. OUr focus includes understanding gender in contexts of contemporary popular culture, including music, films, news reporting, television and web culture. Goals for the course include deeply engaged conversation about the rich complexities of our gendered world and increasingly nuanced development of our individual perspectives on what it means to be a gendered subjectivity.
WGS 421/MDIA 421 Sex, Myth, and the Media
T/Th 4:30-5:45 (M. Patterson)
This course will examine the role of mass media in reinforcing or challenging common cultural definitions of masculinity and femininity and power relationships between the sexes. In analyzing various mass media--including print, television, Internet publishing, electronic games, and film--we will apply gender theory and connect these artifacts to their historical moment. Students' own experiences, insights, questions, and ideas are a key part of this course. Throughout the term, we will consider not only what is in terms of gender roles, but also what might be.
WSGS 424/POSC 424 Women, Minorities and Politics
MWF 2:00-2:50 (K. Coopie)
What is true of every member of the society, individually, is true of them all collectively; since the rights of the whole can be no more than the sum of the rights of the individuals."
- Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 1789.
When we think of Civil Rights in the United States, most people automatically associate this term with the movement for equality by African-Americans in the mid-twentieth century. Yet there have been many other groups that have faced discrimination throughout our history - and many that still do not enjoy the same rights as others to this day.
In this course, we will examine the struggles of not only race, but also ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, amongst other disaffected groups. Our focus on certain groups is not meant to highlight or claim that their struggles are greater than others; rather, we are focusing on groups and movements that have engaged in visible political battles over the years.
WSGS 418W/Engl 428W Slave Narratives
MWF 11-11:50 (K. Glass)
Navigating sentimental, antislavery, and abolitionist discourses, slave narratives highlight the dignity of African Americans and foreground their enduring cultural traditions. Calling for abolition in their narratives, blacks also mobilized this form to document extreme hardships and craft triumphant tales of freedom.
Using frameworks of race, class, and gender, students in this course will examine iterations of the slave narrative from 1845-1868. In particular, we will historicize early black autobiographies and examine their formal and sociopolitical concerns. Readings will include critical essays and primary texts by Frederick Douglass, Ellen and William Craft, Harriet Jacobs, Solomon Northup, Elizabeth Keckley, and many others. In this course, students will acquire a nuanced understanding of African-American slave narratives and relevant black critical/theoretical traditions.
WSGS 434W/ENGL 434W-01 Feminist Theory
TR 4:30-5:45 (F. Barrett)
This course will introduce students to feminist methodologies, exploring how these methodologies might be useful to the analysis of literary texts and other forms of representation. We will consider developments in feminist theory from the 1960's through the contemporary moment, beginning with foundational texts from Second Wave US feminism and French feminist theory. While mapping the relationship between different currents in feminist thought, we will also consider the ways that feminist theory has been shaped by the methods of Marxism, Freud, post-structuralism, cultural criticism, and radical feminisms. We will study the ways that feminist theory has served as a foundation for queer and trans theory, and we will also consider how feminist theory has worked to shape post-colonial theory. Readings for the class will be drawn from the work of Simone DeBeauvoir, Luce Irigaray, Hélène Cixous, Monique Wittig, bell hooks, Adrienne Rich, Audre Lorde, Donna Haraway, Chandra Mohanty, Gloria Anzaldua, Lauren Berlant and Sara Ahmed among others. Class meetings will be spent discussing critical/theoretical essays and will require active intellectual engagement and exchange among all participants. Students will be given the opportunity to write a final paper that is informed by feminist theories within the context of their particular field of interest. | https://www.duq.edu/academics/schools/liberal-arts/academics/undergraduate-programs/womens-and-gender-studies/course-descriptions |
For example, someone growing up in a “tight” (Collective) culture, where rules are strongly enforced, does not support individualistic thought or behavior. However, persons who are raised in a “loose” (Individualistic) culture have more latitude in how they behave and what they believe.
What is an example of a cultural influence?
Attitude and Behaviours Influenced by Ones Culture:
Dress. Food habits. Religion and religious faiths that is beliefs. … Customs of marriages and religions and special social customs.
What is an example of cultural behavior?
Cultural behavior must involve the use of artifacts. The most famous example in the animal world is the termite stick. Some chimpanzees in Tanzania have learned to fish termites out of their nests using sticks. … Everything they see, touch, interact with and think about is cultural.
What are the most important aspects of your culture and how do they influence your behavior?
The major elements of culture are symbols, language, norms, values, and artifacts. Language makes effective social interaction possible and influences how people conceive of concepts and objects.
How does culture influence children’s behavior?
Cultural differences in interactions between adults and children also influence how a child behaves socially. For instance, in Chinese culture, where parents assume much responsibility and authority over children, parents interact with children in a more authoritative manner and demand obedience from their children.
How does culture influence a person?
Relationships: Culture influences how you enter into and maintain relationships. … Personality traits: Culture influences whether and how you value traits like humility, self-esteem, politeness, and assertiveness. Culture also influences how you perceive hardship and how you feel about relying on others.
How does culture influence behavior in the workplace?
Culture affects the workplace because it affects what we do and how we behave. As shown in (Figure), cultural variations influence our values, which in turn affect attitudes and, ultimately, behaviors. … This behavior, then, would serve to reinforce the culture and its value, and so on.
Why is culture and Behaviour important?
Understanding and influencing organisational systems and human behaviour is integral to developing a positive culture and healthy working environment. It has become increasingly important for all people professionals to have a good understanding of organisation culture and behaviour.
Which of the following are examples of learned cultural behaviors?
Whenever we brush our teeth, cross our legs, send our parents’ a birthday card, kiss someone, listen to music, or go out for recreation we are practicing learned behaviors which are a part of our culture.
How does culture influence ethical behavior?
Culture reflects the moral and ethical beliefs and standards that speak to how people should behave and interact with others. … They act as prescriptions for correct and moral behavior, lend meaning and coherence to life, and provide a means of achieving a sense of integrity, safety, and belonging.
What are the cultural behavior of people?
Cultural behavior is the ability of humans to align their behavior across groups in a dynamic way that emerges with shared experience.
How does culture influence a child’s language development?
According to Researcher Beth Maschinot, the language development of children is increased the more adults communicate with them, regardless of cultural experiences. Another similarity found in all children, in spite of their culture, is the ability to recognize speech sounds and to learn language in a sequence.
How does culture influence child rearing practices?
Cultural norms about parenting practices typically influence how children are raised. These norms affect what beliefs and values parents teach their children, what behaviors are considered appropriate, and the methods used to teach these values and behaviors.
How does culture affect a child’s physical development?
Physical Development
Cultural factors like dietary restrictions and lifestyle choices may improve or impede a child’s growth. Body image, childhood obesity, eating disorders, hunger, and malnutrition are challenges that different cultures deal with in different ways. | https://julianschaap.com/psychologist-work/how-does-culture-influence-behavior-examples.html |
Charles Darwin and other ancient evolutionists, in order to prove the concept of evolution demonstrated some events that tend to suggest the theory of evolution is true. Some of these events or evidences are:
- Comparative anatomy,
- Fossils records or Paleontology,
- Geographical distribution of organisms.
But these evidences are the earliest, some recent developments in science lead to verification of evolution. These recent developments include:
- Genetic mutation, and
- Molecular biology
What am trying to explain here is that genetic mutation is not just an evidence, it’s more than an evidence, it’s a kind of verification of evolution. In fact, genetic mutation is simply evolution at the cellular level.
Now to the right option…
- Option A is incorrect; record of fossils are a known evidence touted as one supporting the concept of evolution. The discovery of fossil remains of ancient creatures serves as evidence to ascertain evolution.
- Option B is also incorrect; Darwin compared the variations in the anatomy of pigeon skulls.
- Yes, mutation of genes is not in itself an evidence; although; contemporary advancement in research shows that mutation at the cellular level could be the cause of wider evolution. So, C is the closest answer. This is because mutation is often presented as the beginning of evolution rather than its evidence.
- Actually, D is incorrect; geographical variation in distribution of fitches was presented by Darwin as one of the compelling evidences of evolution.
QUICK ADVICE…
You may please note that:
- All the above options can serve as evidence backing the theory of evolution. | https://quiztablet.com/evidence-of-evolution-include-the-following-except/ |
About 70 percent of the genes of the stickleback fish are the same as humans. In the video, scholars further explore the stickleback fish and its history, from being removed from Loberg Lake to their change and comeback. Over time, these...
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The Big Bang Time Machine
Scholars take off on an interactive spaceship to explore a historical timeline of the big bang theory. They learn about the evolution of mammals and humans, the formation of stars and planets, and the chemical composition of the early...
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The Impossible Hugeness of Deep Time
Can we really grasp how old we are? Part of a larger series, the humorous video demonstration shows how humans fit into the history of Earth and just how long ago life formed. Viewers explore a timeline that identifies major markers in...
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Evolution – Diversity of Life
Scientists noticed animals with backbones share similar bone structure despite having different forms, such as fins, arms, and wings. Young scientists gain an appreciation for evolution by understanding the history of the theory. They...
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Evolution: It's a Thing
Evolution is a theory but thank goodness gravity is a law. What is the theory of evolution and what are the facts supporting this theory? Here's a short video that explains how fossils, homologous structures, biogeography, and direct...
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Evolution
Focusing on macroevolution and microevolution as well as stasis, an informative presentation includes fossil records, anatomical records, and molecular records. Additionally, it provides a list of the criticisms often used against...
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Evolution!
Almost 100 slides explore the history of life and how it has changed over time. Full of photos and graphics, the colorful text is highly informative. You could go through these slides, pick and choose which you might want to highlight,...
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Macroevolution - Speciation
The content of this PowerPoint on speciation is concise, yet comprehensive. It addresses a definition of species, geographic and reproductive isolation, and the rates and patterns of speciation. Images on each slide are relevant and of...
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AP: Chapter 24: The Origin of Species
AP biology buffs define vocabulary terms and answer critical-thinking questions about evolutionary trends. They compare macroevolution to microevolution, differentiate ploidy possibilities, explain isolation barriers, and more....
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Evolution of Populations
The change in genetic makeup of a species over time is explored in this PowerPoint. Facts around parent populations, the Hardy Weinberg principle, and selection under different circumstances contributing to an overall change in genetic...
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Worksheet and Reading Guide - Evolution & Our Heritage
From the City College of San Francisco Human Biology class comes this reading guide on evolution. Unfortunately, it designed for a specific textbook, and also refers to class discussions. The best way to use this resource would be to...
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Evolution and Our Heritage
High school biologists answer thirteen short-answer questions about basic evolutionary theory. Use this succinct worksheet as a review homework or quiz.
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The Big Bang Theory: An Evidence-Based Argument
What evidence supports the big bang theory? Individuals analyze scholarly resources about the the theory and develop arguments backed by evidence. They brainstorm, share ideas, watch a video, and read articles to complete a graphic...
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Evolution - The Nature of Change and Variation
The objective of this set of slides is to present four types of evidence for evolution: the fossil record, embryology, molecular biology, and comparative anatomy. Each facet of the argument is explored. This can be used in a high school...
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MACROEVOLUTION: Patterns, Trends, and Rates of Change
Learners, in groups, examine the fossils, work on various rearrangements, and attempt to show any patterns, trends, and rates of change over time.
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A Peek at the Past: Gradualism vs. Punctuated Equilibria
Students consider two sets of simulated fossils (caminalcules) that are provided as cutouts. They arrange them on two time scales. One set produces a visual example of gradualism, the other shows punctuated equilibria.
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Why Do We Need Vitamin C in Our Diet?
Students compare/contrast the DNA sequence data of the rat GULO gene to the inactive human GULO gene. They translate and align the sequences, and propose a scenario to explain the occurrence of an inactive DNA sequence to that of an...
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"Theory" Choices: What Happened To the Dinosaurs?: Evolution, Biology
Students read and discuss articles presenting two alternative "theories" about the extinction of dinosaurs. They are encouraged to use the criteria which scientists use to get the "best" solution. | https://lessonplanet.com/search?concept_ids%5B%5D=180976 |
Primate phylogenetic relationships and divergence dates inferred from complete mitochondrial genomes.
- Biology, Medicine
- Molecular phylogenetics and evolution
- 2014
The divergence date estimates of the Strepsirrhine/Haplorhine split support an origin of crown primates in the Late Cretaceous, at around 74Ma, which supports a short-fuse model of primate origins, whereby relatively little time passed between the origin of the order and the diversification of its major clades. Expand
Timing primate evolution: Lessons from the discordance between molecular and paleontological estimates
- Biology
- 2008
It is argued that discordance is a predictable phenomenon that provides valuable information about the tempo and mode of primate molecular and morphological evolution and how a better understanding of these factors can help to improve the understanding ofPrimate evolution. Expand
Dating primate divergences through an integrated analysis of palaeontological and molecular data.
- Biology, Medicine
- Systematic biology
- 2011
An integrated analysis of palaeontological and molecular data to give estimates of primate divergence times that utilize both sources of information and find that these age estimates are older than previously reported dates for all but one of these nodes. Expand
Primate Divergences through an Integrated Analysis of Palaeontological and Molecular Data
- 2010
—Estimation of divergence times is usually done using either the fossil record or sequence data from modern species. We provide an integrated analysis of palaeontological and molecular data to give… Expand
Contextualising primate origins – an ecomorphological framework
- Biology, Medicine
- Journal of anatomy
- 2016
Current perspectives on the origin and early evolution of primates are reviewed, paying particular attention to their phylogenetic and environmental contextualisation, before attempting an up‐to‐date ecomorphological synthesis of primate origins. Expand
Estimating primate divergence times by using conditioned birth-and-death processes.
- Biology, Medicine
- Theoretical population biology
- 2009
The pattern of diversification through the Cenozoic can be combined with a model for speciation to give a distribution for the age of the primates and it is concluded that it is not possible, with this model, to rule out a Cretaceous origin for the primates. Expand
Estimating the primate divergence time using conditioned birth-and-death processes
- 2009
The fossil record provides a lower bound on the primate divergence time of 54.8 million years ago, but does not provide an explicit estimate for the divergence time itself. We show how the pattern of… Expand
Macroevolutionary effects on primate trophic evolution and their implications for reconstructing primate origins.
- Medicine, Biology
- Journal of human evolution
- 2019
The present study tests two alternative hypotheses that are compatible with an insectivorous ancestor: that trophic evolution was biased, such that herbivory evolved repeatedly with few shifts back to insectivory, and that insectivoured lineages have diversified at a lower rate than herbivorous lineages owing to differential trophics effects on speciation and extinction probabilities. Expand
Using Phylogenomic Data to Explore the Effects of Relaxed Clocks and Calibration Strategies on Divergence Time Estimation: Primates as a Test Case
- Biology, Medicine
- Systematic biology
- 2018
It is shown that for eight core nodes in the phylogeny, uncertainty in time estimates is close to the theoretical limit imposed by fossil uncertainties, and these estimates are unlikely to be improved by collecting additional molecular sequence data. Expand
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- Biology, Medicine
- American journal of physical anthropology
- 2005
Overall, molecular phylogenies for mammals agree with some statistical analyses of the primate fossil record in indicating an early origin for primates around 85 Ma ago, and the divergence of haplorhines and strepsirrhines at ca. Expand
New Light on the Dates of Primate Origins and Divergence
- Computer Science
- 2007
The known fossil record for undoubted primates of modern aspect dates back to the beginning of the Eocene epoch, about 55 million years ago, and it is widely accepted among primate paleontologists that primates originated during the preceding Paleocene epoch. Expand
The fossil record of North American mammals: evidence for a Paleocene evolutionary radiation.
- Medicine, Biology
- Systematic biology
- 1999
Paleofaunal data confirm that there were fewer mammalian species during the latest Cretaceous than during any interval of the Cenozoic, and that a massive diversification took place during the early Paleocene, immediately after a mass extinction. Expand
Ancient single origin for Malagasy primates.
- Biology, Medicine
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
- 1996
It is concluded that primate origins were marked by rapid speciation and diversification sometime before the late Paleocene, and called for a revision of primate classifications in which the dwarf and mouse lemurs are placed within the Afro-Asian lorisiforms. Expand
Early origins of modern birds and mammals: molecules vs. morphology. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Primate-Origins%3A-Implications-of-a-Cretaceous-Martin-Soligo/02a81e46327a814e5ca493661c84c08ae4b86b55 |
Observations on the development of forelimb buds in Delma molleri support gradual limb reduction, as do observations on other limbless lizards, which provide a wealth of opportunities to address modes of limb reduction and loss in squamate reptiles.
Developmental genetic basis for the evolution of pelvic fin loss in the pufferfish Takifugu rubripes.
- BiologyDevelopmental biology
- 2005
The evolutionary history of the development of the pelvic fin/hindlimb
- BiologyJournal of anatomy
- 2013
The evolution of pelvic fins and hindlimbs is reviewed within the context of the changes in anatomical structure and the molecular mechanisms involved.
14 – Evolution by Loss
- Biology
- 2012
The anuran Bauplan: a review of the adaptive, developmental, and genetic underpinnings of frog and tadpole morphology
- BiologyBiological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
- 2007
It is hypothesised that the formation of caudal vertebrae is precluded due to a failure of sclerotomes to form cartilaginous condensations, perhaps resulting from altered expression of a suite of genes, and spatial and temporal shifts in Hox expression may underlie the expanded tarsal elements of the anuran hind limb.
A Molecular Footprint of Limb Loss: Sequence Variation of the Autopodial Identity Gene Hoxa-13
- BiologyJournal of Molecular Evolution
- 2008
A molecular footprint can be detected in Hoxa-13 that is associated with the lack of an autopodium; groups with classification ambiguity (lizards) are characterized by a history of repeated limb loss and possible limb re-evolution.
Review and experimental evaluation of the embryonic development and evolutionary history of flipper development and hyperphalangy in dolphins (Cetacea: Mammalia)
- BiologyGenesis
- 2018
Cetaceans are the only mammals to have evolved hyperphalangy, an increase in the number of phalanges beyond the mammalian plesiomorphic condition of three phalanges per digit. In this study,…
Genetic and developmental basis of evolutionary pelvic reduction in threespine sticklebacks
- Biology, MedicineNature
- 2004
Regulatory mutations in major developmental control genes may provide a mechanism for generating rapid skeletal changes in natural populations, while preserving the essential roles of these genes in other processes.
Accelerated Evolution of Limb-Related Gene Hoxd11 in the Common Ancestor of Cetaceans and Ruminants (Cetruminantia)
- BiologyG3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics
- 2019
Molecular evidence is given of Hoxd11 adaptive evolution in cetaceans and ruminants, which could be correlated with limb morphological adaptation.
Carpal Morphology and Function in the Earliest Cetaceans
- Environmental Science, GeographyJournal of Vertebrate Paleontology
- 2020
ABSTRACT During the land-to-water transition in the Eocene epoch, the cetacean skeleton underwent modifications to accommodate life in the seas. These changes are well-documented in the fossil…
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Developmental basis of limblessness and axial patterning in snakes
- BiologyNature
- 1999
It is shown that Hox gene expression domains are expanded along the body axis in python embryos, and that this can account for both the absence of forelimbs and the expansion of thoracic identity in the axial skeleton.
EVOLUTIONARY MECHANISMS OF LIMB LOSS IN TETRAPODS
- BiologyEvolution; international journal of organic evolution
- 1978
The pattern and rate of limb loss are investigated by reviewing data from paleontology and comparative morphology, and theories of the reexpression of limb structures lost in mammalian evolution are considered in the light of facts from paleozoology and genetics.
Fossils, genes and the evolution of animal limbs
- BiologyNature
- 1997
The origin and diversification of fins, wings and other structures, long a focus of palaeontology, can now be approached through developmental genetics.
Developmental mechanism involved in the embryonic reduction of limbs in reptiles.
- BiologyThe International journal of developmental biology
- 1990
Embryology, ultrastructural studies, chemical action on embryos and thymidine autoradiography of limb buds provide evidence that defects in the morphogenetic mechanisms involved in the development of limbs are responsible for the cessation of growth of the limb buds in serpentiform reptiles.
Morphogenesis of the rudimentary hind-limb of the glass snake (Ophisaurus apodus Pallas).
- Biology
- 1974
In the legless lizard, Ophisaurus apodus, the hind-limb primordium appears on the caudal extremity of the Wolffian ridge at an early stage in the development of the embryo and starts to regress at this point, due to the degeneration of the apical ridge.
Anatomy and relationships of Pachyrhachis problematicus, a primitive snake with hindlimbs
- Biology
- 1998
Pachyrhachis provides additional support for the hypothesis that snakes are most closely related to Cretaceous marine lizards (mosasauroids), and is shown to be the most primitive snake, and the sister–group to all other snakes.
Hox genes and the evolution of vertebrate axial morphology.
- BiologyDevelopment
- 1995
A comparative study of the developmental patterns of homeobox gene expression and developmental morphology between animals that have homologous regulatory genes but different morphologies, which contributes a mechanistic level to the assumed homology of these regions in vertebrates.
Whale Origins as a Poster Child for Macroevolution
- Environmental Science
- 2001
Although Darwin didn’t have the details right—bears did not evolve into whales—his basic point was correct: The authors can now show that whales are in fact hoofed mammals that took to sea.
On the development of Cetacean extremities: II. Morphogenesis and histogenesis of the flippers in the spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata).
- BiologyEuropean journal of morphology
- 1997
The aim of this study is to describe the course of the development of flippers in the spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata) and compare its features with other similar species from an evolutionary perspective.
Limb-somite relationship: origin of the limb musculature.
- BiologyJournal of embryology and experimental morphology
- 1977
The possible existence of juxtaposed and interdigitated myogenic and tendinogenic compartments is discussed in view of the dissimilarity between the results of the two kinds of heterospecific recombinations. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Limbs-in-whales-and-limblessness-in-other-of-and-Bejder-Hall/a725ad2b0064c48b79212021488c75b552e3f8e1 |
Ummm...this is a dangerous topic to take up, but it's my area of expertise, so what the hey. Most, if not all of the examples in the article can be explained from an evolutionary standpoint.
1) Beautiful autumn foliage is an adaptive response of plants to conserve energy during relatively low-production months. They actually resorb energy during fall, so the cost-benefit analysis works in their favor. This is one reason there is no seasonal loss of foliage in the tropics, which have a near-constant energy pool.
2) Molecular evidence places whales and dolphins in the same clade as cows (Artiodactyla). The presence of vestigal limbs is very strong evidence for this theory, as well.
3) There is a plausible pathway to the development of the eye, including numerous intermediate structures that were much simpler and less effective. Indeed, the vertebrate eye is quite flawed (blind spot, image inversion), as one of the tenets of evolution would predict (the idea that natural selection can function only on existing structures).
4) I would be willing to bet that there is an explanation for the evolution of blood clotting, but I need to do some book work first. Off the top of my head, I can't think of one, so in the interest of vigorous science, I concede that point for now.
5) The swarming of jellyfish is a response to an influx of planktonic life brought on by the full moon...the predators follow the prey.
6) The timing of cicada species has to do with the availability of reliable energy sources and reliable mates. The somewhat arbitrary time periods highlight the underlying randomness of mutations.
7) I'm not sure whether point seven is referring to the ability of birds and butterflies to navigate, or their migrative lifestyle, but there is an explanation for both. Migration is an adaptive trait to allow exploitation of otherwise inhospitable regions, and the navigative abilities evolved as a response. Humans and other mammals actually possess a rudimentary ability to detect the magnetic field...a holdover from our own migratory days.
8) The neck of giraffes is a textbook example of sexual selection.
9) The gaps in the fossil record can be explained by the sheer difficulty of creating fossils. Probability argues against having fossils of everything.
10) Feathers could have evolved from scales, and there is molecular evidence for this.
11) Point eleven simply makes no sense...I have never heard anything like this concept in my years of studying biology. I think it may just be poorly written, but I can't understand the point well enough to refute it.
I have sources (often many) for all of the above, but I have to rush to rehearsal now, so I'll add those later.--Thinker 16:47, 24 October 2008 (EDT)
- I think lists like this are simplistic, but here's some responses.
- "Beatiful autumn foliage is an adaptive response of plants to conserve energy during relatively low-production months" is story-telling. It doesn't explain how evolution could have come up with the idea. The rest of your point applies equally well to creation: God designed it to have a good cost-benefit ratio.
- Being in the same clade does not mean that there is an identifiable ancestor. Vestigial organs are due to a degradation, whereas microbes-to-man evolution requires innovation.
- The "plausible pathway" explanations are not plausible at all, taking great leaps in complexity (e.g. starting off with an extremely complex "light-sensitive spot". The vertebrate eye is not a flawed design at all. What's wrong with image inversion? That's a natural consequence of using a lens. As for the blind spot...
Ophthalmologist Peter Gurney gives a detailed response to the question ‘Is the inverted retina really “bad design”?’ He addresses the claim that the blind spot is bad design, by pointing out that the blind spot occupies only 0.25% of the visual field, and is far (15°) from the visual axis so that the visual acuity of the region is only about 15% of the foveola, the most sensitive area of the retina right on the visual axis. So the alleged defect is only theoretical, not practical. The blind spot is not considered handicap enough to stop a one-eyed person from driving a private motor vehicle.
- No comment.
- That makes sense. When you back that up with a source, I'll remove that one.
- The first part about energy and mates doesn't appear to explain it at all. The second part about mutations is story-telling.
- As for No. 1.
- Selection only selects from something that is already there. The question evolution has to answer is, how did it get there in the first place?
- That's an ad hoc rationalisation. It doesn't explain why the gaps are so systematic between different basic kinds of creatures.
- What molecular evidence? Molecularly, they are quite different.
- I agree that it makes no sense. I'll remove that one.
- Philip J. Rayment 00:51, 25 October 2008 (EDT)
- P.S. you had a typo in your first point. I wouldn't mention it except that I know you are fussy about such things!
Before responding, let me establish one thing that I should have said much earlier. My refutation of these points is not intended to prove evolution or disprove any "competing" theory. My goal is only to show that evolution can explain how these things came to be, and thus that they cannot be used as examples of failures in evolutionary theory.
Another related disclaimer: my claims are made from a background of evolutionary biology, so the reader should feel free to mentally insert "according to evolutionary theory" when appropriate.
I would first like to take these point by point as concisely as possible.
1) All origins theory is story-telling. The burden of proof is then upon the story teller to show that their explanation is plausible, and the different camps go about this in different ways. Evolutionary biologists do so by establishing a possible mechanism and doing controlled field studies to see if that mechanism actually works in the way we expect it to. If it does, then it's plausible enough to serve as an explanation, and more importantly, it can be used as a predictive tool. And that's all evolution really cares about...whether or not it happened is really irrelevant to our predictive capability. The fossil record (ie history) comes into play only when something is unexpected, because it shows us that our tool may be flawed and we need to fix it, or maybe get a new one (if you pardon the analogy).
2) Being in the same clade does imply a common ancestor in the same way that being in the same human family implies a relationship. To continue the analogy, assume for a minute that we have two siblings separated at birth. They think they are related, and a DNA test shows that they are, but they have no proof of a common parent without their actual living parents. However, the chance of common ancestry is high enough that there is no reason to reject the assumption (by the way, the analogy is flawed, but it captures the essence of scientific proof: assumptions based on plausible possibilities, based on past research and questioned more intensively when contrary evidence comes to light there is no such thing as certainty in science).
3) I will try to find a good copy of the proposed pathway for the development of the eye, but I know that there is no implausible leap in complexity over the hundred or so proposed structures in the lineage. But keep in mind, as I mentioned in 1, just because evolution can explain something a certain way doesn't mean it happened that way...biologists are constantly redoing our own version of history. Rather, I intend merely to show that these points are not evidence against biology. This one will have to wait until Monday, when the library is unlocked.
4) Is outside my area of expertise, and I will not mock those who know what they're talking about by bungling up an explanation here.
5) Sources for 5:a) Hickman et. al., Integrated Principles of Zoology, 13th ed. 2006. McGraw-Hill publishing, Boston, MA b) Solomon et al., Biology, 6th ed. 2005, Thomson-Brooks/Cole, Belmont, CA c) numerous lectures and individual observation...not a source per se, but they at least serve to tell that I'm not making it up.
The fact that those are all biology texts should give a critical thinker pause, but again remember that I merely want to refute these points as evidence against evolution, not prove evolution itself.
6) I actually recieved another explanation from another CP member that does a better job explaining it, so I'm going to use that one and throw out my own esoteric and very involved explanation. Many predators reproduce in regular intervals. 13 and 17 are prime numbers, and so are not divisible by any other number. This means that the predators are not able to sync their reproductive cycle with that of their prey. It's an adaptive function, but that explanation serves equally well for both evolution and ID. It does, however, show that evolution is able to explain that point.
7) Once again, I assert that all origins theories are story-telling and that that argument doesn't hold weight when applied across the board. The fact is that the explanation I provided is plausible and there is evidence to support that it happened (just to name one: Larkin et. al. "Evidence for widely dispersed birds migrating together at night", Journal of Integrative and Comparative Biology, 48:1)
8) The neck of the giraffe was already there as part of the basic chordate body plan (the origin of that plan is still hotly debated in comparative biology, and there are three or four very good theories that can explain the evidence). All traits exist in a normal distribution; that is, among the ancestral giraffe population, some individuals had longer necks. Male giraffes compete for mates, and those with longer necks are more effective competitors (they win more fights), thus sexual selection selected those individuals with longer necks, resulting in a textbook example of sexual directional selection (Kardong et al. Vertebrates, 4th ed. McGraw Hill publishing, Boston, MA, 2006). Evolution would be in trouble if giraffes didn't have the same number of neck bones as all other chordates...it couldn't explain that.
9) Let me change my tack, then, because my previous argument does seem rather ad hoc. Instead, I will refer to my analogy from 2: lack of an ancestor in the records does not imply that one didn't exist if such existence is highly likely. Moreover, one of the ways to test evolution is the prediction of intermediate forms, and these hypotheses are confirmed with the discovery of said intermediates. I will also say that the gaps in the record are constantly being filled in: a fossil called Diplognathus was recently discovered which confirmed a somewhat odd explanation for the derivation of ear bones (that's just one example). (Kardong et al. Vertebrates, 4th ed. McGraw Hill publishing, Boston, MA, 2006)
10) The molecular evidence of which I speak refers to the nuclear material found within the cells creating scales and feathers, and within the proteins which make up the scales and feathers themselves. For starters, they are molecularly identical, both being composed primarily of keratin. Furthermore, all versions of a different protein have very slight variations, both in terms of the protein themselves and in the DNA which codes for them. The sheer size of both molecules mean that the chance of a similar variation occuring by chance is negligible, so similarities in variation imply common ancestry (similar to the "twins separated at birth" analogy). The variations in keratin are very similar between birds and reptiles, implying a common descent (Glenn et. al. "Evolutionary relationships among copies of beta keratin genes from several avian and reptilian orders" Journal of Integrative and Comparative Biology, 48:4)
And I think that is more than enough talk on that for now...I need a break. All I will do is close with saying once again that I do not claim these are proofs of evolution or "disproofs" of other theories. I merely claim that the specific points in the article can be explained plausibly by evolutionary theory and thus can't be used as counterexamples. --Thinker 12:34, 25 October 2008 (EDT)
- Your comments above range from concepts like "there must be an evolutionary explanation" to "the burden of proof is on someone else."
- The point here is simple: one counterexample disproves the theory of evolution. Accept that logical truth, or go no further and admit that you will adhere to evolution no matter what logic dictates. | https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:Counterexamples_to_Evolution&direction=next&oldid=542825 |
The purpose of this project is to create a 3D animation that accurately reconstructs the anatomy and taphonomy of the Dikika foot that aims to contribute to the breadth of fossil reconstruction techniques in the field of biomedical visualization.
Reevaluating the functional implications of Australopithecus afarensis navicular morphology.
- GeographyJournal of human evolution
- 2016
Scapular anatomy of Paranthropus boisei from Ileret, Kenya.
- GeographyJournal of human evolution
- 2018
Age and Sex Differences in the Locomotor Skeleton of Australopithecus
- Biology, Geography
- 2013
The goal of this review is to assess whether the pattern of growth in the Australopithecus skeleton as can now be perceived provides insight into previously developed locomotor hypotheses derived from the adult skeleton.
Human-like hip joint loading in Australopithecus africanus and Paranthropus robustus.
- Biology, GeographyJournal of human evolution
- 2018
Earliest axial fossils from the genus Australopithecus.
- Biology, GeographyJournal of human evolution
- 2019
The upper limb of Paranthropus boisei from Ileret, Kenya.
- Biology, Environmental ScienceJournal of human evolution
- 2020
Ontogeny of the hominoid scapula: The influence of locomotion on morphology.
- Biology, PsychologyAmerican journal of physical anthropology
- 2013
The scapular morphology of five hominoid primates and one catarrhine outgroup was examined throughout ontogeny to evaluate if scAPular traits linked with arboreal activities are modified in response to ontogenetic behavioral shifts away from climbing.
The Shoulder Girdle of KSD-VP-1/1
- Biology
- 2016
A more detailed comparative description of the KSD-VP-1/1 scapula and clavicle is provided, which constitute the oldest substantial evidence of hominin shoulder girdle anatomy currently known.
The morphology and evolutionary history of the glenohumeral joint of hominoids: A review
- Geography, BiologyEcology and evolution
- 2019
Current understanding of glenohumeral joint functional morphology and its evolution throughout the Miocene and Pleistocene are reviewed, as well as highlighting the areas where a deeper study of this joint is still needed.
References
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The foot and other evidence from the lower limb provide clear evidence for bipedal locomotion, but the gorilla-like scapula and long and curved manual phalanges raise new questions about the importance of arboreal behaviour in the A. afarensis locomotor repertoire.
Evolutionary transformation of the hominin shoulder
- Geography, Biology
- 2007
The recently discovered Australopithecus afarensis juvenile scapula DIK‐1‐1 from Dikika, Ethiopia, which seems to most closely resemble those of gorillas, which one would have expected more similarity to chimpanzees among extant hominoids.
Pierolapithecus catalaunicus, a New Middle Miocene Great Ape from Spain
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The new skeleton reveals that early great apes retained primitive monkeylike characters associated with a derived body structure that permits upright postures of the trunk, and suggests that Pierolapithecus is probably close to the last common ancestor of great apes and humans.
Origine(s) de la bipédie chez les hominidés
- PsychologyInternational Journal of Primatology
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Origine is tangible evidence that paleoanthropological opinion on A. afarensis has ripened and now presents a majority opinion that australopithecines were committed, but rather inefficient, bipeds that also retained a substantial capacity to engage in ape-like climbing and suspension.
Scapula form and locomotion in chimpanzee evolution
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A comparative analysis of ontogenetic allometries of linear dimensions is utilized to determine shape differences in the scapulae of adult pygmy and common chimpanzees and to clarify size-related changes in shape resulting fromOntogenetic scaling, i.e., the differential extension of common patterns of growth allometry.
The feeding biomechanics and dietary ecology of Australopithecus africanus
- Environmental ScienceProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- 2009
It is suggested that the mastication of either small objects or large volumes of food is unlikely to fully explain the evolution of facial form in this species, and key aspects of australopith craniofacial morphology are more likely to be related to the ingestion and initial preparation of large, mechanically protected food objects like large nuts and seeds.
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An early Australopithecus afarensis postcranium from Woranso-Mille, Ethiopia
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A large-bodied specimen is described that is well within the range of living Homo and substantially antedates A.L. 288–1, establishing that bipedality in Australopithecus was highly evolved and that thoracic form differed substantially from that of either extant African ape.
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F fossil evidence shows that, by the appearance of A. afarensis, the hominid upper limb had been freed from locomotor constraints, which concomitantly confirms full adaptation to upright posture, and four hypotheses for the evolution of the univertebral pattern are postulated.
Australopithecus sediba: A New Species of Homo-Like Australopith from South Africa
- Environmental Science, GeographyScience
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Combined craniodental and postcranial evidence demonstrates that this new species of Australopithecus shares more derived features with early Homo than any other australopith species and thus might help reveal the ancestor of that genus. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Australopithecus-afarensis-Scapular-Ontogeny%2C-and-Green-Alemseged/a50c8af66891a6f8658c268c92aea2957c4e1aa6 |
This Evolution - The Nature of Change and Variation presentation also includes:
- Graphic & Image
- Join to access all included materials
The objective of this set of slides is to present four types of evidence for evolution: the fossil record, embryology, molecular biology, and comparative anatomy. Each facet of the argument is explored. This can be used in a high school biology course. | https://www.lessonplanet.com/teachers/evolution-the-nature-of-change-and-variation |
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|BIOL 301: Human Anatomy||Vivian Dayeh|
|BIOL 302: Functional Histology||
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Dale Martin (W)
|BIOL 303: Introductory Developmental Biology and Embryology||
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Bruce Reed (F)
Dragana Miskovic (S)
|BIOL 308: Principles of Molecular Biology||Dragana Miskovic (F), Bruce Wolff (S)|
|BIOL 309: Analytical Methods in Molecular Biology||
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Barb Moffatt (F),
Barb Katzenback (S)
|BIOL 310: Invertebrate Zoology||Marcel Pinheiro|
|BIOL 321: Plant Anatomy and Morphogenesis||Susan Lolle|
|BIOL 323: Plant Physiology||Simon Chuong|
|BIOL 325: Flowering Plants||Cheryl Duxbury|
|BIOL 331: Advanced Cell Biology||Moira Glerum|
|BIOL 335L: Molecular Biology Techniques||Laura Lemieux, Cheryl Duxbury|
|BIOL 341 Fundamentals of Immunology||Brian Dixon, Barb Katzenback|
|BIOL 342: Molecular Biotechnology 1||Christine Dupont|
|BIOL 345: Microorganisms in Foods||Barbara J. Butler|
|BIOL 346: Microbial Ecology and Diversity||Laura Hug (Barbara J. Butler, W20)|
|BIOL 348L: Laboratory Methods in Microbiology||Cheryl Duxbury, Kesen Ma|
|BIOL 349: Synthetic Biology Project Design||Trevor Charles|
|BIOL 350: Ecosystem Ecology||Roland Hall (Wendy Michaud, F19)|
|BIOL 351: Aquatic Ecology||Matthew Hrycyshyn, W20|
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||Bruce Greenberg|
|BIOL 355: Biology of Human Aging||Cheryl Duxbury|
|BIOL 359: Evolution 1: Mechanisms||Jonathan Witt (Matthew Hrycyshyn, F19)|
|BIOL 360: Evolution 2: Fossil Record||Barry Warner|
|BIOL 361: Biostatistics and Experimental Design||Roland Hall|
|BIOL 364: Mathematical Modelling in Biology||Kim Cuddington|
|BIOL 365: Methods in Bioinformatics||Brendan McConkey|
|BIOL 370: Comparative Animal Physiology: Environmental Aspects||Paul Craig|
|BIOL 371: Comparative Animal Physiology: Evolutionary Themes||Heidi Engelhardt|
|BIOL 373: Principles of Human Physiology 2||Heidi Engelhardt|
|BIOL 373L: Human Physiology 2 Laboratory||Bruce R. Wolff|
|BIOL 376: Cellular Neurophysiology||David Spafford|
|BIOL 377: Systems Neuroscience: From Neurons to Behaviour||David Spafford|
|BIOL 382: Computational Modeling of Cellular Systems||cross listed with AMATH382|
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Department of Biology
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Canada N2L 3G1
Phone: (519) 888-4567 ext. 32569
Fax: (519) 746-0614
The University of Waterloo acknowledges that much of our work takes place on the traditional territory of the Neutral, Anishinaabeg and Haudenosaunee peoples. Our main campus is situated on the Haldimand Tract, the land promised to the Six Nations that includes six miles on each side of the Grand River. Our active work toward reconciliation takes place across our campuses through research, learning, teaching, and community building, and is centralized within our Indigenous Initiatives Office. | https://uwaterloo.ca/biology/undergraduate-studies/biology-courses-and-instructors/300-level |
The history of zoology traces the study of the cell theory. The growing importance of natural theology, partly a response to the rise of mechanical philosophy, encouraged the growth of natural history (although it entrenched the argument from design).
Over the 18th and 19th centuries, zoology became an increasingly professional biogeography, ecology and ethology. Naturalists began to reject essentialism and consider the importance of extinction and the mutability of species. Cell theory provided a new perspective on the fundamental basis of life.
Post-Darwin
These developments, as well as the results from
|
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- Books on Zoology at Project Gutenberg
- Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology
External links
- ^ "zoology".
- ^ Mehmet Bayrakdar (1983). "Al-Jahiz and the rise of biological evolution". The Islamic Quarterly 21: 149–55. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
- ^ Paul S. Agutter & Denys N. Wheatley (2008). Thinking about Life: The History and Philosophy of Biology and Other Sciences. Springer. p. 43.
- ^ Saint Albertus Magnus (1999). On Animals: A Medieval Summa Zoologica. Johns Hopkins University Press.
- ^ Lois N. Magner (2002). A History of the Life Sciences, Revised and Expanded. CRC Press. pp. 133–144.
- ^ Jan Sapp (2003). "Chapter 7". Genesis: The Evolution of Biology. Oxford University Press.
- ^ William Coleman (1978). "Chapter 2". Biology in the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Jerry A. Coyne (2009). Why Evolution is True. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 17.
- ^ "Appendix: Frequently Asked Questions". Science and Creationism: a view from the National Academy of Sciences (php) (Second ed.). Washington, DC: The National Academy of Sciences. 1999. p. 28.
- ^ Henry Gray (1918). Anatomy of the Human Body. Lea & Febiger.
- ^ Jablonski D (1999). "The future of the fossil record". Science 284 (5423): 2114–16.
- ^ John H. Gillespie (1998). Population Genetics: A Concise Guide. Johns Hopkins Press.
- ^ Vassiliki Betty Smocovitis (1996). Unifying Biology: The Evolutionary Synthesis and Evolutionary Biology. Princeton University Press.
- ^ a b Woese C, Kandler O, Wheelis M (1990). "Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87 (12): 4576–9.
- ^ Heather Silyn-Roberts (2000). Writing for Science and Engineering: Papers, Presentation. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 198.
- ^ "Virus Taxonomy: 2011 Release (current)". , International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
- ^ John McNeill (4 November 1996). "Proceedings of a Mini-Symposium on Biological Nomenclature in the 21st Century".
- ^ Ahoren Oren (2004). "A proposal for further integration of the cyanobacteria under the Bacteriological Code". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54 (Pt 5): 1895–1902.
-
^ "Definition of ETHOLOGY". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
2 : the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour especially under natural conditions
- ^ Black, J (Jun 2002). "Darwin in the world of emotions" (Free full text). Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 95 (6): 311–3.
- ^ Wiley, R. H. (1981). "Social structure and individual ontogenies: problems of description, mechanism, and evolution". Perspectives in ethology 4: 105–133. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
References
- Animal science, the biology of domesticated animals
- Astrobiology
- List of zoologists
- Outline of zoology
- Timeline of zoology
- Zoological distribution
See also
- Evolutionary biology: Development of both animals and plants is considered in the articles on evolution, population genetics, heredity, variation, Mendelism, reproduction.
- Molecular Biology studies the common genetic and developmental mechanisms of animals and plants
- Palaeontology
- Systematics, cladistics, phylogenetics, phylogeography, biogeography and taxonomy classify and group species via common descent and regional associations.
Related fields:
- Zoography, also known as descriptive zoology, describes animals and their habitats
- Comparative anatomy studies the structure of animals.
- Animal physiology
- Behavioral ecology
- Ethology studies animal behavior.
- Invertebrate Zoology.
- Vertebrate zoology.
- Comparative Zoology.
- The various taxonomically oriented disciplines such as mammalogy, herpetology, ornithology and entomology identify and classify species and study the structures and mechanisms specific to those groups.
Gradually zoology expanded beyond Huxley's comparative anatomy to include the following sub-disciplines:
Although the study of animal life is ancient, its scientific incarnation is relatively modern. This mirrors the transition from Cuvier, comparative anatomical study has been associated with morphography shapins the modern areas of zoological investigation: anatomy, physiology, histology, embryology, teratology and ethology. Modern zoology first arose in German and British universities. In Britain, Thomas Henry Huxley was a prominent figure. His ideas were centered on the morphology of animals. Many consider him the greatest comparative anatomist of the latter half of the nineteenth century. Similar to Hunter, his courses were composed of lectures and laboratory practical classes in contrast to the previous format of lectures only.
Branches of zoology
Earth, focusing on topics like plate tectonics, climate change, dispersal and migration, and cladistics. The creation of this study is widely accredited to Alfred Russel Wallace, a British biologist who had some of his work jointly published with Charles Darwin.
Biogeography
Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behavior under natural conditions, as opposed to behaviourism, which focuses on behavioral response studies in a laboratory setting. Ethologists have been particularly concerned with the evolution of behavior and the understanding of behavior in terms of the theory of natural selection. In one sense, the first modern ethologist was Charles Darwin, whose book, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, influenced many future ethologists.
Ethology
A merging draft, BioCode, was published in 1997 in an attempt to standardize nomenclature in these areas, but has yet to be formally adopted. The BioCode draft has received little attention since 1997; its originally planned implementation date of January 1, 2000, has passed unnoticed. However, a 2004 paper concerning the cyanobacteria does advocate a future adoption of a BioCode and interim steps consisting of reducing the differences between the codes. The International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature (ICVCN) remains outside the BioCode.
The dominant classification system is called the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, and International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria for animals and bacteria, respectively. The classification of viruses, viroids, prions, and all other sub-viral agents that demonstrate biological characteristics is conducted by the International Code of Virus classification and nomenclature. However, several other viral classification systems do exist.
Further, each kingdom is broken down recursively until each species is separately classified. The order is:
Many scientists now consider the five-kingdom system outdated. Modern alternative classification systems generally start with the three-domain system: Archaea (originally Archaebacteria); Bacteria (originally Eubacteria); Eukaryota (including protists, fungi, plants, and animals) These domains reflect whether the cells have nuclei or not, as well as differences in the chemical composition of the cell exteriors.
biological type, such as genus or species. Biological classification is a form of scientific taxonomy. Modern biological classification has its root in the work of Carolus Linnaeus, who grouped species according to shared physical characteristics. These groupings have since been revised to improve consistency with the Darwinian principle of common descent. Molecular phylogenetics, which uses DNA sequences as data, has driven many recent revisions and is likely to continue to do so. Biological classification belongs to the science of zoological systematics.
Systematics
Evolutionary biology is partly based on paleontology, which uses the fossil record to answer questions about the mode and tempo of evolution, and partly on the developments in areas such as population genetics and evolutionary theory. In the 1980s, developmental biology re-entered evolutionary biology from its initial exclusion from the modern synthesis through the study of evolutionary developmental biology. Related fields often considered part of evolutionary biology are phylogenetics, systematics, and taxonomy.
Evolutionary research is concerned with the origin and descent of mammalogy, ornithology, herpetology, or entomology, but use those organisms as systems to answer general questions about evolution.
Evolutionary
Physiology studies the mechanical, physical, and biochemical processes of living organisms by attempting to understand how all of the structures function as a whole. The theme of "structure to function" is central to biology. Physiological studies have traditionally been divided into yeast cells can also apply to human cells. The field of animal physiology extends the tools and methods of human physiology to non-human species. Physiology studies how for example nervous, immune, endocrine, respiratory, and circulatory systems, function and interact.
Physiological
humans. Understanding the structure and function of cells is fundamental to all of the biological sciences. The similarities and differences between cell types are particularly relevant to molecular biology. | http://worldheritage.org/articles/eng/Zoology |
Ctenophores: an evolutionary-developmental perspective.
- Biology, Medicine
- Current opinion in genetics & development
- 2016
Data is reviewed to unveil some conserved aspects of molecular developmental mechanisms with other basal metazoan lineages and to enlighten the genomic and molecular bases of the evolution of ctenophore-specific traits, including their unique embryonic development, complex anatomy and high cell type diversity. Expand
Eoandromeda and the origin of Ctenophora
- Biology, Medicine
- Evolution & development
- 2011
The Ediacaran fossil Eoandromeda octobrachiata had a high conical body with eight arms in helicospiral arrangement along the flanks, and was interpreted as an early stem‐group ctenophore, characterized by the synapomorphies ctenes, comb rows, and octoradial symmetry but lacking crown‐group synapomorphicies. Expand
Tiny Sea Anemone from the Lower Cambrian of China
- Biology, Medicine
- PloS one
- 2010
The features found in the present fossils fall within the morphological spectrum of modern Hexacorallia excluding Ceriantharia, and thus Eolympia pediculata could be a stem member for this group. Expand
Chapter 19 – The Cambrian Period
- Geology
- 2012
Abstract: Appearance of metazoans with mineralized skeletons, “explosion” in biotic diversity and disparity, infaunalization of the substrate, occurrence of metazoan Konservat Fossil-Lagerstatten,… Expand
Three Cambrian fossils assembled into an extinct body plan of cnidarian affinity
- Medicine, Biology
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- 2017
It is demonstrated that X. sinica possessed a polypoid body, a blind gastric cavity partitioned by septum-like structures, a holdfast that contained an additional cavity functioning as a hydroskeleton, a basal pit used for anchorage, and a radial whorl of feather-like tentacles for ciliary suspension feeding. Expand
Cambrian petalonamid Stromatoveris phylogenetically links Ediacaran biota to later animals
- Biology
- 2018
It follows that petalonamids remained an important component of Cambrian marine ecosystems and that the metazoan radiation can be dated to a minimum age of between 558 and 571 myr. Expand
References
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The Phylum Vendobionta: a sister group of the Eumetazoa?
- Biology
- 1994
It is hypothesized that the Vendobionta are cnidarian-like organisms that lacked cnidae, and this analysis differs from existing interpretations of the Ediacaran fossils as ancestors of extant cNidarians in that it does not regard any of these forms as either polypoid or medusoid. Expand
The Late Precambrian fossil Kimberella is a mollusc-like bilaterian organism
- Biology
- Nature
- 1997
This work reconstructs Kimberella as a bilaterally symmetrical, benthic animal with a non-mineralized, univalved shell, resembling a mollusc in many respects, important evidence for the existence of large triploblastic metazoans in the Precambrian and indicates that the origin of the higher groups of protostomes lies well back in the precambrian. Expand
Vendobionta and Psammocorallia: lost constructions of Precambrian evolution
- Geology
- Journal of the Geological Society
- 1992
The non-availability of biomineralized skeletons and low levels of predation led Vendian evolution along strange avenues. The Ediacara-type Vendobionta appear to represent a kingdom, in which foliate… Expand
Reconsideration of the supposed naraoiid larva from the Early Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte, South China
- Biology
- 2003
The Chengjiang Lagerstatte in the Lower Cambrian of South China yields a small, larva-like arthropod, which was considered to be a protaspis of naraoiids by many authors. The discovery of a large… Expand
LONG EXPECTED SPONGES FROM THE NEOPROTEROZOIC EDIACARA FAUNA OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA
- Geology
- 1996
ABsTRAC--New fossils from the Neoproterozoic Ediacara fauna of South Australia are interpreted as the oldest known hexactinellid sponges. They occur within the Ediacara Member of the Rawnsley… Expand
Ediacara-type fossils in Cambrian sediments
- Geology
- Nature
- 1998
Fossil assemblages that preserve soft-bodied organisms are essential for our understanding of the composition and diversity of past life. The worldwide terminal Proterozoic Ediacara-type fossils… Expand
THE EDIACARA BIOTA: Neoproterozoic Origin of Animals and Their Ecosystems
- Biology
- 2005
Present evidence suggests that the Ediacara biota included a mixture of stem- and crown-group radial animals, stem-group bilaterian animals, “failed experiments” in animal evolution, and perhaps representatives of other eukaryotic kingdoms. Expand
Conulariid–like fossil from the Vendian of Russia: a metazoan clade across the Proterozoic/Palaeozoic boundary
- Geology
- 2002
A conulariid-like fossil is described for the first time from Upper Vendian (late Neoproterozoic) deposits. Vendoconu- laria triradiata gen. et sp. nov. is found with other fossils in poorly… Expand
Modular Construction of Early Ediacaran Complex Life Forms
- Geology, Medicine
- Science
- 2004
Newly discovered, exceptionally preserved, soft-bodied fossils near Spaniard's Bay in eastern Newfoundland exhibit features not previously described from Ediacaran (terminal Neoproterozoic) fossils.… Expand
A molecular phylogenetic framework for the phylum Ctenophora using 18S rRNA genes. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Lower-Cambrian-Vendobionts-from-China-and-Early-Shu-Morris/3fc25803565caed8b456d3a40ad8a26812efb56a |
Inference of phylogenetic relationships among the subfamilies of grasses (Poaceae: Poales) using meso-scale exemplar-based sampling of the plastid genome.
- Biology
- 2010
To clarify phylogenetic relationships among grass (Poaceae) subfamilies and to better resolve the placement of Poaceae in Poales, a survey of plastid genes and associated noncoding regions found general concordance in relationships and support levels among gene regions and data partitions across analyses.
The chloroplast genome of Anomochloa marantoidea (Anomochlooideae; Poaceae) comprises a mixture of grass-like and unique features.
- Biology, MedicineAmerican journal of botany
- 2010
Features in the complete plastome of Anomochloa marantoidea (Poaceae) were investigated, finding that the crown node of this species diverged before those of any other grass subfamily and is atypically short with no evidence of the ψrpl23 locus found in all other Poaceae.
Assembling the Tree of the Monocotyledons: Plastome Sequence Phylogeny and Evolution of Poales1
- Biology
- 2010
The results of an initial project by the Monocot AToL (Angiosperm Tree of Life) team on phylogeny and evolution in Poales are presented, using sequence data for 81 plastid genes from 83 species of angiosperms and recovered highly concordant relationships using maximum likelihood (ML) and maximum parsimony (MP).
Phylogenetic relationships in the grass family (Poaceae) based on the nuclear single copy locus topoisomerase 6 compared with chloroplast DNA
- Biology
- 2014
The comparatively conserved structure of the newly studied Topo6 region makes it a promising marker from the nuclear genome that could be successfully PCR-amplified to study higher-level phylogenetic relationships within grasses and perhaps between families within the order Poales.
A new subfamilial and tribal classification of Restionaceae (Poales)
- Biology
- 2009
Restionoideae Link, with the newly described Sporadanthoideae and Leptocarpoideae, represent major clades of Restionaceae distinguished by analyses of chloroplast DNA data. These subfamilies are…
A 250 plastome phylogeny of the grass family (Poaceae): topological support under different data partitions
- Biology, MedicinePeerJ
- 2018
resolution of these and other critical branch points in the phylogeny of Poaceae will help to better understand the selective forces that drove the radiation of the BOP and PACMAD clades comprising more than 99.9% of grass diversity.
Morphological evolution in the graminid clade: comparative floral anatomy of the grass relatives Flagellariaceae and Joinvilleaceae
- Biology
- 2012
This study highlights the presence of a pollen-tube transmitting tissue (PTTT) or solid style in the gynoecium of Flagellaria, as also in many Poaceae, but not in Joinvillea or Ecdeiocoleaceae.
A comparative study on 193 plastomes of Poaceae for validity and implications of individual barcode genes and concatenated protein coding sequences with selected plastomes of grasses from the desert of India
- Biology
- 2021
This study gives the utility of concatenated protein coding genes over traditional barcodes to resolve the phylogenetic relationship among different species of Poaceae.
Phylogenomics and Plastome Evolution of Tropical Forest Grasses (Leptaspis, Streptochaeta: Poaceae)
- Biology, MedicineFront. Plant Sci.
- 2016
Estimates for deep divergences among grasses were older than previous such estimates, likely influenced by more complete taxonomic and molecular sampling and the use of recently available or previously unused fossil calibration points.
Morphology and development of the gynoecium in Centrolepidaceae: The most remarkable range of variation in Poales.
- Biology, MedicineAmerican journal of botany
- 2009
Comparative data are presented on gynoecia of all three genera of Centrolepidaceae; these data strongly support the latter (euanthial) interpretation, and the combined phenomenon of carpel multiplication and decrease in stamen number is unexpected in a predominantly wind-pollinated lineage.
References
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Phylogeny of the Grasses (Poaceae) Revisited
- Biology
- 2007
Missing structural data were determined and analyzed as well as sequence data for ndhF and rhcL, the two most complete plastid sequence data sets, demonstrating that highly divergent outgroups may unpredictably alter ingroup relationships.
Phylogenetic relationships among Poaceae and related families as inferred from morphology, inversions in the plastid genome, and sequence data from the mitochondrial and plastid genomes.
- Biology, MedicineAmerican journal of botany
- 2003
Analysis of the morphological and molecular data places Poaceae in an unresolved relationship relative to several other taxa, including Joinvillea and Ecdeiocolea, while analysis of the molecular and combined data resolves Ec deiocolesa as sister of Poaceae, with joinvillea the sister of this group.
Evolution of reproductive structures in grasses (Poaceae) inferred by sister-group comparison with their putative closest living relatives, Ecdeiocoleaceae.
- Biology, MedicineAmerican journal of botany
- 2005
Comparisons of sister-group comparisons indicate that some characteristic grass features, notably the scutellum, do not occur in their putative closest relatives and that more data is needed on early-diverging grass genera to resolve issues.
GONDWANAN EVOLUTION OF THE GRASS ALLIANCE OF FAMILIES (POALES)
- Biology, MedicineEvolution; international journal of organic evolution
- 2002
Phylogenetic interrelationships among all 18 families of Poales were assessed by cladistic analysis of chloroplast DNA rbcL and atpB sequences from 65 species, showing well-supported main clades and sister group relationships that help in elucidating the evolution of grasses and the grass spikelet.
Phylogeny and subfamilial classification of the grasses (Poaceae)
- Biology
- 2001
A large collaborative effort has yiel(led a comprehensive study of the phylogeny and a new suhfanilial classification of the grass family (Poaceae/Graminieae) and 1 new subfamily (Danthonioideae) is proposed.
Chloroplast DNA inversions and the origin of the grass family (Poaceae).
- Biology, MedicineProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
- 1992
These inversions provide a nested set of phylogenetic characters, indicating a hierarchy of relationships in the grasses and allies, with Joinvilleaceae identified as the likely sister group to the Poaceae.
Phylogenetics and chromosomal evolution in the Poaceae (grasses)
- Biology
- 2004
Higher basic chromosome numbers are maintained in basal taxa of all grass subfamilies, whereas smaller numbers are found in terminal species, which refutes the 'secondary polyploidy hypothesis', but partially supports the 'reduction hypothesis' previously proposed for chromosomal evolution in the Poaceae.
An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV
- Biology
- 2003
A revised and updated classification for the families of the flowering plants is provided and the use of bracketing families that could be included optionally in broader circumscriptions with other related families are expanded.
Identifying the basal angiosperm node in chloroplast genome phylogenies: sampling one's way out of the Felsenstein zone.
- Biology, MedicineMolecular biology and evolution
- 2005
Whereas long sequences reduce variance in branch lengths and molecular dating estimates, the impact of improved taxon sampling on the rooting of the angiosperm phylogeny together with the results of parametric bootstrap analyses demonstrate how long-branch attraction might mislead genome-scale phylogenetic analyses. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Ecdeiocoleaceae-and-Joinvilleaceae%2C-sisters-of-from-Marchant-Briggs/60e1fda4a9e5af3872ff436a194f3f6d5f1f3b9e |
A branch of biology that deals with the descent by modification of plants and animals from earlier generations.
Evolutionary biology rests on two principles: variation and selection. Natural selection was proposed by Charles Darwin in his 1859 publication, The Origin of Species. It is a process that promotes or maintains adaptation by filtering out among the variations in progeny those most fit to survive, and thus gives creatures the appearance of purpose or design. What was missing for Darwin was a theory of inheritance that would explain the basis and preservation of variations on which natural selection could act. Simultaneous with Darwin s work, but unknown to him, the Augustinian monk Gregor Mendel developed just what was needed in his study of peas. In 1900, Mendels genetic theory of heredity was rediscovered by evolutionary biologists. After several decades of research by geneticists such as R. A. Fisher, J. B. S. Haldane, and Sewall Wright, and culminating in the work of Theodosius Dobzhansky in 1937, Mendelian genetics was fully integrated into Darwin s theory of natural selection in what is now called the modern or synthetic theory of evolution. In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the molecular structure of DNA, the hereditary material contained in the chromosomes of the nucleus of each cell. DNA in turn consists of two long chains of nucleotides coiled into a double helix. A gene is a sequence of nucleotides required for the production of a specific protein; the information needed is encoded in the specific sequence of these nucleotides. The DNA molecule is copied during routine cell division (mitosis) as well as during sexual reproduction (meiosis), thus preserving and transmitting hereditary information. Miscopying and other forms of genetic mutation constitute a major source of biological variation.
In recent decades, the modern synthesis has been extended to include paleontology, comparative anatomy, biogeography, embryology and molecular genetics. Research areas include the processes of speciation, gradual versus punctuated evolution, protein evolution, the neutrality theory of molecular evolution, the molecular evolutionary clock, multiple forms of selection at the level of gene, organism, kin, group, and species, and the possibility of additional sources of biological novelty besides mutation and selection. There are also a variety of scientific theories pushing the frontiers of evolutionary and molecular biology from the perspective of physics, including chaos, complexity, and self-organization, particularly through the work of Stuart Kauffman. Moreover, research on human evolution is focusing on what distinguishes our species from other early hominids, including such possibilities as bipedalism, brain size, language and tools, as well as on the biological basis of morality. | https://counterbalance.org/biogloss/evobio-body.html |
The brain is the body’s control centre. It’s made up of billions of nerve cells called neurons. The neurons are arranged in patterns that work together to control how we think, feel, act, see, taste, touch, and move. They also control our breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.
Information goes through many nerves that connect to certain parts of the brain: One main route from the brain to the rest of your body is the spinal cord.
Messages sent to your brain tells it about things like hot and cold, pressure, pain, and where your arms and legs are positioned.
Other nerves carry information from the eyes, ears, tongue, and muscles on the face to the brain. These are called cranial nerves.
The brain then sends messages to the muscles through a different set of nerves so you can do things like move, walk, talk, and swallow.
The brain is covered by three layers (membranes). These are called the dura, arachnoid, and pia mater (Figure 2).
The brain and spinal cord sits in a clear fluid that bathes the brain and circulates into the ventricles of the brain. This is called the cerebrospinal fluid or CSF (Figure 3).
These four major arteries branch and join to form a network that carries oxygen, nutrients, and blood to the brain (Figure 4).
The brain is divided into two halves (called cerebral hemispheres). While the two halves look nearly the same, they do different things.
For most people, the left half of the brain controls verbal functions like language, thought, and memory-involving words.
The right half controls non-verbal function like recognizing the differences in visual patterns and designs, reading maps, and enjoying music. The right half is also involved in expressing and understanding emotions.
Although each half of the brain does different things, the two parts actually work closely together to control the activity of the body. The left side of the brain controls movement and sensation in the right side of the body and the right side of the brain controls movement and sensation in the left side. This means that damage to the right side of the brain may cause movement problems or weakness left side of the body.
Controls the right side of the body. Controls the left side of the body.
Listening, reading, speaking, and writing. Judging the position of things in space and knowing body position in space.
Memory for spoken and written messages. Understanding and remembering things we do and see.
Analyzes information in detail. Putting bits of information together to make up an entire picture.
Receives sensation signals from the right side of the body and space. Receives sensation signals from the left side of the body and space.
The two halves of the brain are divided into four areas called lobes, the cerebellum, and the brain stem (Figure 5). Each area of the brain has a different function.
Damage to the left occipital lobe may cause problems seeing things on the right side of space.
Damage to the right occipital lobe may cause problems seeing things on the left side of space.
Damage to the left parietal lobe may lead to problems in reading and math. It can also cause a loss of sensation on the right side of the body. This means that the person would have changes in how he feels touch or pain, his vision, or temperature changes on his right side.
Damage to the right parietal lobe may lead to problems with spatial tasks, like making sense out of pictures, diagrams, and reading maps. Damage to the right lobe may cause changes in sensation on the left side.
Damage to either frontal lobe may lead to problems with emotional control, social skills, judgment, planning, and organization.
Damage to the left frontal lobe may cause problems with speech and moving the right arm or leg.
Damage to the right frontal lobe may cause problems moving the left arm or leg.
Damage to the left temporal lobe may cause problems in understanding and remembering language.
Damage to the right temporal lobe may cause problems in understanding and remembering non-verbal information such as pictures, diagrams, body language cues, and other visual messages.
The brain stem is the control centre for breathing and for the heartbeat. Damage to the brain stem can cause many physical and sensory problems. The brain stem gives commands to the muscles of the face, eyes, mouth, and throat.
Damage to the cerebellum may cause problems with co-ordination, balance, or muscle tone in different parts of the body. | https://edmontonfetalalcoholnetwork.org/2019/03/21/brain-101/ |
Triangles are fictional creatures featured in the novels Infected and Contagious authored by Scott Sigler. The Triangles are an organic being genetically engineered to complete a certain task. Their initial programming contains commands that cover the basics of growth and security. Upon maturity, an overriding directive takes over to complete a highly organized mission.
Origins
The Triangles are infectious alien parasites sent to Earth by the alien race, the Ki, to set up a beachhead and build teleportation gates for their invasion.
Developmental Stages
Introduction
The Triangles arrive at Earth in the form of microscopic seeds sent by the Orbital Craft introduced in Contagious, in the billions, and some eventually land on a human host. They must be consumed and digested by dust mites before they can begin their growth. From there they burrow into the host and read its DNA, so they can perfectly fit their new environment. The host will feel intense itching in the areas where the Triangles have burrowed at this time.
Incubation
The Triangles develop into their next stage, which resembles a quarter-sized white disk with a single tentacle, which wraps itself around the nearest bone. At this stage of growth, the host will develop rough orange scabs on the infected areas. It should be noted that the Triangles can be successfully and safely removed at this time.
Anchoring
The Triangles will then grow razor sharp claw-like hooks from their tentacles to anchor themselves to the bone. This is a defensive mechanism which prevents the host from removing the triangles, which at this time would only injure the host further. As they continue to absorb nutrients from the host, they begin to take shape and push upward. They will appear to the host as slightly raised blueish triangular lumps. They will also use chemical receptors to gauge which one is closest to the host's brain. This particular Triangle will form a neural connection with the host, and will begin to communicate with them (on a related note, the Triangles will emulate their host's personality as they grow stronger).
Sentience
Now that the Triangles have access to the host's brain, they will release chemicals into the host's bloodstream to make them more paranoid and conspiratorial, often causing the host to intensely fear police and military figures. Side effects of this stage may include increased aggression and/or a loss of the self-preservation instinct. At this point, the Triangles will use a limited form of telepathy to talk with nearby Triangles and decide on the most appropriate area in which to build the Ki teleportation gate.
Maturation
The Triangles' next developmental stage is the growth of the eyes and tentacles. Three eyes develop, one on each edge of the Triangle's body. A tentacle will grow from each point of the Triangle. Not long after the Triangles will be ready to hatch. In this process, the mental afflictions caused by the Triangles will usually leave the host with psychosis or too weak to continue living. In most cases, the Triangles inducing a complete shutdown of the host's brain, causing the host to die. The Triangles will then break free from their fleshy prison and consume the host.
They will then travel as quickly as possible to the pre-determined Gate construction site and begin the building. They will fiercely protect this construct and head the attack after the Ki have successfully made contact.
Role in Infected
In the novel Infected, the Triangles burrowed into Perry Dawsey. They attached to his body in seven different parts, including his testicles and slowly became more and more powerful by feeding off of Perry's nutrients. Eventually, the Triangles were able to communicate with Perry by injecting audio signals onto his vestibulocochlear nerve - literally producing voices in his head.
Locations and Names of Perry's Triangles
The seven Triangles each resided in a different location on Perry Dawsey's body. The following table outlines the locations of each of the seven invaders, along with the names given them in Michael Spence's "Infected from the Triangles' Point of View" (a three-part fanfic used to introduce GORE-Line calls during the novel's original podcast and later nominated for a 2007 Parsec): | http://siglerpedia.scottsigler.com/index.php/Triangles |
What is the deal with these weird looking figures? Why are they proportioned the way they are? Why the giant hands? And the oversized mouths? And what does it have to do with our brain? Lets investigate…
These figures are called the Sensory and Motor Homonculus Men. They are proportioned like this to illustrate how much of the sensory cortex and the motor cortex is devoted to sensing and moving the different areas of the body. So the hands and mouth are oversized because large areas of the brain are given over to operating the hands and mouth.
The Sensory Motor Cortex (below) is the part of your brain that deals with sensing (sensory) and moving (motor) your muscles.
Different areas of the sensory motor cortex are responsible for sensing and moving different parts of your body. The diagram below is called a sensory motor homunculus, it maps out which parts of the sensory motor cortex sense and move which body parts. The sensory homunculus (blue) receives information from the muscles regarding muscle tension/length, joint angles, load etc. The motor homunculus (red) sends motor commands back to the relevant muscles based on the aforementioned sensory information.
The commands from the motor cortex are a signal to the muscles to either increase the level of tension (contract), reduce the level of tension (relax) or maintain the level of tension. This back and forth of information, from the brain to the muscles, creates a sensory motor feedback loop. Sensory input arrives from the muscles into the sensory cortex > motor impluses exits the motor cortex and go back to the muscles > sensory input in > motor impulses out… and round and round it goes.
As you can see from the image above, your hands and face/mouth/tongue take up a huge part of both the sensory cortex and the motor cortex. Physically they may be small but neurologically they are massive. This makes sense when you begin to consider a) the many, many ways which we can use our hands and the very fine control we have over them and b) the fine control of the mouth, tongue and larynx that is required to speak.
Handwriting for example, requires a huge amount of brain processing power to be executed correctly. Perhaps that is why learning to write is such a laborious process. Writing, drawing, painting, playing an instrument, carving, pottery, sculpting all these activites require great skill and sensorimotor control of the hands. So to do any sort of fine work with the hands is to use and stimulate large portions of the sensory motor cortex of the brain. This suggests that the old saying “to be good with your hands” should maybe be understood as “to be good with your brain.” A point that is well illustrated in this interesting article that asks “Why does writing make us smarter?”
Interestingly the advent of computers, smartphones and touch screens has led to a sharp decline in real world hands-on skills being practiced. Now we seem to do everything virtually, on a computer screen. We have begun to use our hands mostly to tap keys and swipe screens, and in doing so we have reduced somewhat, the amount of stimulation that the sensory motor cortex receives. If we are not using our hands to their full potential, then maybe we are not using our brains to their full potential. I wonder what the long term implications of this will be on us and our society? As the old saying goes “Use it or lose it”. Only time will tell.
But for now let’s get back to the sensory motor cortex. As noted previously, another very large portion, approximately one third of the sensory motor cortex, is devoted to the sensing and controlling of the face, mouth, lips, tongue and larynx. Again this makes sense when we consider that as humans we speak. Speech requires a great deal of brain power to orchestrate. The lips, tongue and larnyx have to coordinate with our diaphragm in order to deliver intelligible speech or in a further refinement, to sing.
So with one third of the sensory motor cortex dedicated to the hands and another one third of the sensory motor cortex dedicated to the face/mouth/lips/tongue/larynx, there is only one third left. Just one single third of your sensory motor cortex devoted to the largest parts of the body! Your trunk, spine, hips, shoulders and limbs.
That is comparatively a very small section of the sensory motor cortex that is responsible for sensing and moving a very large area of the body. Is it any wonder then, that the areas of our bodies that have the least cortical (brain) representation are the same areas that are most susceptible to movement deficits and muscular pain? Back pain, hip pain, shoulder pain anyone?
The trunk, hips, shoulders, and neck are supported by a very small section of the cortex. This means less processing power for a large area of the body. This being the case it would make sense that we might have to spend a little more time maintaining our brains control over these parts of our body, making sure the modest amount of the sensory motor cortex that is apportioned to these areas is stimulated regularly.
Movement of all and any kind provides massive amounts of stimulation and sensory information to the brain. We traditionally think of information as purely intellectual, words, numbers, facts, data etc. But for your sensory motor cortex, MOVEMENT IS INFORMATION. And the more information your brain has about your body, the better you can sense and organise your movement.
So how can we help ourselves in this regard? A Somatic movement practice is a great place to start. Practicing somatic movements slowly and smoothly allows us to re-establish, maintain and refine our sensory awareness and our motor control. By relearning how to move our trunk and spine comfortably through their normal and natural ranges of motion. Then when basic control has been re-established, we can get on with enjoying our favourite acvtivities whatever they may be. (Running, walking, lifting, climbing, dancing, yoga, gardening, tennis, the options are endless).
You can start learning how to do all this right now by checking out the Learn Somatics YouTube Channel. If you’d like some help with a particular movement or muscular pain I offer online 1-1s via Zoom. No matter where you are in the world, it’s never been easier to Learn Somatics. So take advantage today.
P.S: While you’re here, let me ask you;
What is the one thing you’d like to address that would improve your quality of life?
Is it chronic muscle pain? Or poor sleep? Anxiety? Stress? Shallow breathing? Poor posture? Stiffness and tension?
All these issues can be improved when you Learn Somatics. Click here to fill in the Learn Somatics Pain Point Poll and tell me the one thing you’d like to improve most.
Help me help you!
As always thanks for reading. | https://learnsomatics.ie/how-your-brain-sees-your-body/ |
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) refers to all the neurons (and their supporting cells, or glia) of the body outside the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system [CNS]). The brain is the organ that decides how a person responds to what happens in the surrounding world. While this is an extremely important function, the brain relies upon the peripheral nervous system, and its information gathering capabilities, to receive information about the world and to send appropriate responses to various body parts, such as muscles and glands. The neurons of the peripheral nervous system do not make complex decisions about the information they carry. The appropriate decisions are made instead in the brain and spinal cord. However, without the peripheral nervous system's ability to bring in sensory information and send out motor information, it would be impossible for a person to walk, talk, ride a bike, or even watch television. Without the ability to take in information and send out responses, the brain would be useless.
Peripheral neurons are of two types, sensory and motor. Sensory (afferent) neurons bring information about the world within and around the body from sense organs to the brain and spinal cord, while motor (efferent) neurons carry messages from the brain and spinal cord out to the muscles and glands. For example, if a mosquito lands on a person's arm, sensory neurons in the skin send a message to the spinal cord and then the brain, where the message is understood, and a reaction formulated. The brain's response may be to use motor neurons to cause muscle contractions resulting in a slap on the skin where the mosquito landed.
The sensory division of the PNS carries all types of sensory information to the CNS, including that from the "special senses" of touch, smell, taste, hearing, and sight, as well pain, body position (proprioception), and a variety of visceral sensory information. The information from the viscera (internal organs) includes some of which the body is aware (bladder fullness and stomach aches, for example), as well as much of which the body is not aware, including blood pressure, concentration of substances in the blood, and many other bits of sensory information used to regulate the internal environment.
The central and peripheral nervous systems (left) and the autonomic nervous system (right).
The motor division of the PNS is subdivided into several branches. The somatic motor branch carries voluntary (willed) commands to the skeletal muscles, allowing a person to perform such action as swatting a mosquito or sticking out the tongue. The autonomic motor branch carries autonomic (automatic, or unwilled) commands to a variety of muscles and glands throughout the body, allowing the brain to control heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, sweat production, and hormone release, among other functions.
Much like a car, which has both a gas pedal and a brake to give the driver very precise speed control, the autonomic nervous system can be subdivided into two parts, the sympathetic and the parasympathetic. The sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system generally acts in opposition to the parasympathetic part. So while the sympathetic motor neurons speed up the heart, the parasympathetic motor neurons will slow it down, and while the sympathetic motor neurons slow down digestion, parasympathetic motor neurons speed digestion.
When a person is frightened, for example, sympathetic motor neurons trigger adrenaline release, increase the heartbeat and blood pressure, close off blood vessels to the gut and open them to the skeletal muscles, dilate the pupils, and open the airways. Combined, these are known as the "fight or flight" response, since they prepare the body for rapid action. Afterward, parasympathetic neurons reverse these actions, bringing the body back to a more peaceful resting state.
Some of the somatic sensory neurons are very long, stretching from the sensory receptors all over the body all the way into the spinal cord, or even directly into the brain. Likewise, a single somatic motor neuron spans the distance from the spinal cord or brain to whichever muscle it operates, even if that is the muscle controlling the big toe. Autonomic motor neurons are not as long, and usually two neurons are needed to stretch from the spinal cord to the muscle or gland being turned on or off.
Many of the connections among neurons in the peripheral nervous system are made in special structures called ganglia (singular, ganglion). Most ganglia are large collections of connecting neurons located in specific regions of the body, and are part of the autonomic nervous system. In some cases, the ganglia are located close to the spinal cord, and thus close to the target organ.
Greenfield, Susan A. The Human Mind Explained. New York: Holt and Company, 1996.
Martini, F. H., and E. F. Bartholomew. Structure and Function of the Human Body. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1999.
Scott, A. S., and E. Fong. Body Structures and Functions, 9th ed. New York: Delmar Publishing, 1998. | http://www.biologyreference.com/Oc-Ph/Peripheral-Nervous-System.html |
The brain, the largest and most complex part of the nervous system, contains nerve centers associated with sensory functions and is responsible for sensations and perceptions. It issues motor commands to skeletal muscles and carries on higher mental activities. It also functions to coordinate muscular movements, and it contains centers and nerve pathways necessary for the regulation of internal organs.
Twelve pairs of cranial nerves arise from the ventral surface of the brain and are designated by number and name. Although most of these nerves conduct both sensory and motor impulses, some contain only sensory fibers associated with special sense organs. Others are primarily composed of motor fibers and are involved with the activities of muscles and glands.
Essentials of Human Physiology
This ebook provides an introductory explanation of the workings of the human body, with an effort to draw connections between the body systems and explain their interdependencies. A framework for the book is homeostasis and how the body maintains balance within each system. This is intended as a first introduction to physiology for a college-level course. | https://www.guwsmedical.info/human-anatomy/the-brain-and-cranial-nerves.html |
to the attention of men.
OUR BODIES BUILT FROM CELLS LIKE A HOUSE OF BRICKS
It is now a little more than seventy years since the discovery was made that
the bodies of animals, including man, consist of countless billions of microscopic
animals called "cells". This epoch-making revelation startled the world when
it was announced in 1839 by its discoverer, Theodor Schwann, a young German
anatomist and physiologist, who at that time was assistant in the laboratory
of Johannes Mueller, professor of anatomy and physiology at the University of
Berlin. Previous to Schwann's discovery it had been known that plants were built
up of microscopic cells, but nobody had ever suspected that the human body was
constructed on the same amazing plan. To understand, in a general way of course,
how the human body is constructed, peel an orange, carefully pull it apart into
its constituent segments, with your fingers, take one of the smallest of these
segments and gently break it across as to expose the "meat" of the orange, and
then carefully examine the broken surface. The structure of the orange appears
as a granular texture. By gently working at this texture you can separate the
individual granules so as to remove a few of them from their countless neighbors.
The granules, as you can readily see with the unaided eye, are in reality spindle-shaped
or roundish bodies, like tiny bladders. Each one of these little bodies is a
"cell", and the structure they form - all packed in together tightly and snugly
- is a"tissue". The orange cell is one of the few forms of cell visible to the
naked eye. It is a little bladder, the wall of which consists of plant fibre,
and within the bladder is the sap - the protoplasm of the cell - that potent
stuff of which all living matter is composed.
I have said that up to Schwann's discovery it was known that plants, or vegetable
bodies, were built up of cells, but it was not suspected that all animal tissues
were of the same structure. Plant cells and animal cells have an infinite variety
of shapes and sizes, are put together in several different ways, and are almost
all individually in visible to the unaided eye. It is this difference in the
shape, size and the way the cells are packed together, that form the main differences
in the appearance of the different animal tissues - apart from the color and
odor of the tissues. The muscles consist of billions of elongated cells, as
if the cells of the orange were drawn out to invisibility and packed longitudinally
together. When a great muscle, like the biceps, for example, contracts, the
contraction is due to the fact that all the invisible muscle cells - called
fibres - contract simultaneously together. But in order to see these individual
fibres you must take some dead muscle - let us say a tiny bit of beefsteak -
soak it in potash solution, in order to dissolve the thready, fibrous "connective
tissue" that binds the fibres together, spread the bit of muscle out, and look
at it under a microscope, and then you will see the individual fibres - the
cells - as plainly, and even much more plainly, than you can see the individual
cells in the tissue of an orange.
In the human body the cells of some tissues, like the skin and hair, lie in
layers, cells of the topmost layers being flattened into scales; the cells of
others are long drawn out as in muscles, the cells of others, such as the liver,
the stomach and many other glands, are arranged so as to form tiny tubes, invisible
to the unaided eye; and the cells of other organs or parts, like the spleen,
are crowded together somewhat after the . fashion of the orange. Even the bones
consist of living cells, together with substances manufactured by the cells.
It is believed - and it is known for many of the cells - that all the cells
of the body are short-lived; that some of them are continually dissolving and
are carried away by the blood, but that they leave their descendants behind,
just like a community of men: so that while the individual cells may pass away,
the community of cells - the organ, or the tissue - continues to live. This
is perhaps generally true - with one great exception. That exception is the
nerve cell. The nerve cells do not die, and they do not reproduce themselves.
The nerve cells of a man in his old age are identical with the nerve cells of
infancy. From the time that nerve cells make their first appearance in the growing
organism long before birth and on until death, they retain their individuality.
They do not reproduce themselves and dissolve, as the other cells do.
In short, nerve cells are in many ways a remarkable exception to the common
laws of cell life; and nervous tissues - as we shall presently see - occupies
a singular and wonderful position among tissues in general, and is exempt in
many ways from the dangers and diseases that threaten all the other tissues
of the body. The nerve cells are the rulers of all the other cells of the body
- the masters; they bid all the other cells - they force the other cells to
do their particular work. They force the muscles to contract; they regulate
the flow of the blood in the arteries and veins; they stir up the gland cells
- such as those of stomach and liver - to secrete the products of these
organs; they control the nourishment of all the various parts of the body ;
and they alone protect the body from a thousand dangers which, without the ceaseless
watching and sleepless vigilance of the nerve cells (for these cells work during
sleeping and waking) would flow in upon the body and destroy its life. The body
may be likened to an ocean steamer of which the nerve cell is the owner, captain,
navigator, pilot and eternal look-out man all in one. All the other cells of
the body are the obedient crew and ship at one and the same time. I will return
to this subject a little later.
The same nerve cells with which a man is born last him throughout his life.
This is not true of the other cells of the body. And this fact has an important
bearing on the treatment of disease, and especially upon the osteopathic method
of treating disease. Other cells of the body may be injured or even destroyed,
and they are replaced by the generation of new cells of their kind. But if the
nerve cells are permanently injured or destroyed by the long use of drugs or
other destructive agents, they can never be replaced by new nerve cells and
must remain permanently injured as long as the individual lives. Thus, too,
it is readily seen that, as the nerve cells rule the body in all its functions,
the osteopath, who controls the nerve cells through their great clearing house,
the spinal cord, and indirectly, the brain, has his finger, so to speak, on
the switch-board of all these various functions which are directly under control
of the nerves themselves.
SCHWANN'S CELL DISCOVERY WAS A FORERUNNER OF OSTEOPATHY
Now while it is true that all animals and plants are built up of cells, we
find in Nature single cells that live alone - the unicellular, or one-celled
animals and plants. Countless billions of these single cells - each an animal
or plant in itself - can be found in the water of ponds and pools. Bacteria
- the so-called "germs", a few of which produce disease when they lodge in the
body and multiply there - are exceedingly minute single cells: as if an orange
cell were to be reduced to, say 1-50,000 or 1-25,000 of an inch, and were to
multiply itself all alone without association with its fellow cells. So, too,
we find innumerable single animal cells that live in water, or damp places,
all of which are visible only in the microscope. When you see under the microscope
the wonderful, the almost intelligent conduct and maneuvering of one of these
exceedingly small animal cells, you are deeply impressed with the littleness
and magnitude of Nature.
Remember, now, that these little single-celled animals were well known before
Schwann made his discovery that the human body was only a great co-ordinated
mass of tiny individual animals, packed together, put together, strung and woven
together in inconceivable complexity and unthinkable numbers, and you may have
some idea of how startled the world was when men were first informed of that
fact. It was really an almost incredible thing; and it is by no means a comfortable
thing; and to be told that one's brain consists of billions of individual microscopic
animals; all working together like a perfect trained army. Yet, such is the
fact; and when Schwann announced that fact in 1839 he was unconsciously laying
the foundations of the modern science and art of osteopathy.
SOME OF THE STRUCTURES AND PROPERTIES OF NERVE CELLS
If you take a little piece of the spinal cord, or spinal marrow, of an ox,
or any other animal (a fish does excellently) and let it soak over night in
weak alcohol or chloral hydrate, and then mash a tiny bit of it between two
pieces of thin glass and look at it in a microscope, you will see a sight that
should not only startle and amaze you, but should instruct you as well. You
will see nerve cells, pretty much as they exist in your own spinal cord - pretty
much as they exist in the living brain and spinal cord of a man. Wonderful things
they are. There is an irregularly-shaped central body of a dull grayish color,
like ground glass, from which stretch forth in many directions, long sinuous
arms, like the "feelers" of a cuttlefish. In the middle of the central body
is a round body that looks like an eye. It is not an eye. It is the vital organ
of the nerve cell, and if some carmine has been mixed with the bit of spinal
cord this round eye-like body in the center of the nerve cell will be stained
red. This is the nucleus of the cell (and all cells of every kind have a nucleus).
The nucleus is the vital part of the cell and upon its life the life of the
whole cell depends. All the "feelers" thrown out by the nerve cell are richly
branched, like the limbs of a tree, breaking up into minute twigs; all with
one exception. This exceptional "feeler" (and these processes from the nerve
cell are literally and truly "feelers") has few branches and, unlike the other
"feelers" (technically called dendrites from the Greek word for tree), it does
not terminate near the cell body but continues on for enormous distances. This
long feeler is called the "fibre" and in company with thousands of other fibres
from other nerve cells in the spinal cord, it runs out of the tube formed by
the vertebrae of the backbone, and forms its tiny part of what is called a nerve.
The nerve cells are in the spinal cord, and the fibres leave the cord (or the
brain, for the brain is built up in the same way of cells) and in the great
cables of fibres called nerves the fibres run to all parts of the body. The
fibres constitute the white matter of nervous tissue, so called because of a
fatty substance which surrounds and insulates the fibres, and is called the
"white substance of Schwann", Schwann having discovered it. This white sheath
is also called by other names, but the white color of nerve is due to the white
fatty sheath that surrounds each individual fibre.
A nerve fibre bound up with thousands of others in a nerve will run from the
cell in the cord without a break clear to the finger or toe tip, where it ends
in the skin. If you prick the skin of the finger the impulse is carried up the
fibre to the cell in the cord, and there the cell passes the impulse to another
nerve cell, and so on up to the gray matter (the cells) of the brain, where
the impulse is "felt" as sensation.
To convey some practical notion of the real size of the nerve cell together
with the length of some of the longest of the fibres, we may compare it with
a much larger object. There are nerve cells in the spinal cord about 1-100th
of an inch in diameter or less with minute fibres coming from them, so small
as to be visible only in the microscope. Many thousands of these fibres
are gathered together and bound tightly with connective tissue so as to form
the cable-like nerve trunks which pass out of the tube-like cavity of the backbone.
These cables of nerve fibres and their cable-like branches - the nerves - vary
in thickness from the diameter of a lead pencil down to a much smaller size,
and after they leave the backbone they break up into smaller branches which
supply the muscles and skin of the upper and lower parts of the body, giving
off smaller and smaller bundles of fibres as they recede from the spine, until
finally the nerve is broken up into branches no longer visible except in the
microscope. These invisible bundles of fibres ultimately branch until they separate
into the still smaller individual fibres which connect with almost all the cells
of the tissues and stimulate them into action. It is the little nerve fibres
that cause the muscle cell to contract, the gland cell to secrete, and so on.
Certain nerve cells in the spinal cord send their minute fibres all the way
without a break to the foot. Let us take one of these, say one whose fibre goes
to the tip of the great toe, supplying it with nerves of sensation. Let us imagine
that this nerve cell in the cord were the size of an ordinary water-bucket.
Its fibre then would be proportionately thicker and longer. It would be about
as thick as a broomstick and would be about two miles long! A man who would
be big enough to have nerve cells and nerve fibres of that size would measure
about two miles from the end of his backbone to the soles of his feet; and if
the rest of his body were in proportion he would be in all nearly four miles
high! Such a man could almost breathe ordinary men in and out of his nostrils
without inconvenience. Of these nerve cells each with its own fibre, it is estimated
that there are in the brain and spinal cord about two thousand millions.
The nerve cells and their intercommunications in the human organism make up
a system which probably possesses more apparatus and contains more mysteries
a hundred-fold than all the electric systems of our country.
The spinal nerves furnish the muscles and skin with the fibres that give motion
and sensation to these organs. In the skin the fibres break up into still smaller
fibrils, and end in strange looking bulbs, which furnish the skin with organs
of touch. Some of these nerve endings, as they are called, are sensitive to
cold only; others to heat only; others to touch only; and you can prove this
by lightly touching the skin here and there with a cold pencil point or blunt
pointed metallic rod, and noting the "cold spots" and so on. The skin is crowded
so thickly with these nerve endings that even if all the other tissues of a
man were wiped out - if he had nothing but his nervous system left - you could
still easily recognize his face from the nerve endings alone. Now as each sensitive
ending of a fibre has a corresponding fibre which runs to some muscle fibre,
the sensory and motor apparatuses of the body work in perfect harmony. If the
skin of the toe be pricked the impulse travels to the cord along a fibre of
sensation and is there transferred to motor cells which send impulses to the
muscles that move the leg, and the foot is instantly withdrawn. This is called
reflex action and when the physician taps below the knee of his patient to "test
his reflex" he is using this mechanism. If we could dissolve away all the tissues
of the body except the nervous system, there would be left a phantom of a man
whom we could easily recognize and identify from the nerve endings in the skin.
So that we thus see that the nervous system is ever on the watch at the farthest
outposts for danger to the body.
Through these millions of microscopic sense organs in the skin, that great
mass of nerve cells and fibres called the brain, is instantaneously warned of
all danger. The nerve fibres of the ear, of the nose, of the tongue and of the
skin generally, serve the double purpose of assisting the body to get its food,
to enjoy all pleasurable things whatsoever, to stimulate the body to move about
from place to place, or to move the muscles without change of location. But
these wonderful sense organs do more. They bring instant warning of danger.
They tell us when to fly from danger, when to avoid the sources of danger
in disagreeable odors, sights, sounds, or tastes, when to seek refuge from the
cold or heat, and in every movement of the body guide it and direct it aright.
The nerve endings in the skin sound the alarm from dangers without, and the
nerve endings in the internal organs and parts warn us of danger from within
by reporting to the brain every abnormal, or nearly every abnormal, condition
that invades us. Thus we see that the nervous system with its great shadowy,
veil-like mantle of nerve endings, acts like a protecting vapor to the body,
and, by means of the voluntary muscles, which are the mere slaves of the brain
and the spinal cord, commands the body to move towards and do things that give
pleasure and comfort, and to move away from and to avoid doing things that bring
discomfort or pain.
It is upon this master system of tissue, the nerves, and the demonstration of
their control by his skillful manipulations, that the osteopath founds his science
for the prevention and cure of disease.
ALL OTHER STRUCTURES VASSALS OF THE BRAIN AND NERVES
The brain and the nerves are the masters of the body. All the other organs
and parts are slaves. And to give pleasure and comfort to itself the brain compels
all the other organs and tissues to do its will. This will is, as a rule, directed
so that when the brain and nerves are best served, the rest of the body is best
served also. The best good of the brain and the nerves, therefore, is as a general
rule, the best good of the slave organs and tissues too. But this, unfortunately,
is not always the case. When the will and desires of the nervous system are
not in harmony with the general welfare of the body, the body suffers. As the
nerve tissue is the absolute master, the muscles must obey it, even when its
mandates are destructive or insane. Therefore the nervous system, to gratify
its own wants, will often destroy the useful slaves that minister to its needs.
Like the soldiers in the fatal charge at Balaclava, the muscles and the other
tissues obey without question.
Theirs not to make reply,
Theirs not to reason why,
Theirs - but to do and die.
So the nervous system, to gratify its capricious and destructive desires, often
compels the muscles to feed the body with poisonous drugs and stimulants and
to do other things that not only destroy the slaves, but in the end the master,
also, that is served and nourished by the slaves. The stomach, the liver, the
kidneys, the pancreas, the intestines, the lungs and the other glands, and above
all the voluntary muscles, are often ruined and wrecked by the intemperate or
abnormal desires of the nervous system. The brain, seated upon an imperial throne,
whose mandates are instantly and absolutely obeyed, is often an insane Nero
dealing death and ruin around him and ending as only such insane tyrants can
end, in death and destruction for himself.
There is, however, another view of the nervous system in which the blame cannot
be laid upon the nervous system itself. The nervous system, in spite of all
its superb machinery of self-protection and self-gratification, can be injured
in many ways, and not receive warning to avoid the danger.
The nervous system, for example, may be compelled to work overtime. It, too,
may be a slave in its turn; and in very fact the nervous system, with the remainder
of the body, is itself a slave to a power higher than itself. This power may
be single or two-fold. It may consist of defects or faults in the heritage of
the nervous system itself. Or it may consist in the defects and faults that
have been inherited by the other organs and tissues from parents. These would
be defects of inheritance. The defects may be due again to the circumstances
in which the individual human being, or other organism, is compelled to live.
These would be defects of environment. But a normal nervous system, surrounded
by defective organs is really a nervous system in an unhealthy environment.
So we see that, given a naturally sound nervous system, such a nervous system
may suffer from being lodged first in a body the organs of which are unhealthy
because of unhealthy parents, or because of disease due to malformations, mal-alignments
or mal-adjustments in the structure of the tissues that surround the nervous
system, or by poisons in the body, which, although they may not affect the nervous
system itself, do disable the slave tissues and make them incapable of obeying
the orders of the nerves, even when the orders are given with clear enunciation
and the best intent for the common good. Such a nervous system would be disabled,
more or less, by the defects of its organic environment; by the defects in the
tissues, the organs, and the fluids of the body in which the healthy normal
nervous system is lodged.
Secondly, the nervous system may be stopped or disabled by the poisons which
accumulate in the blood and other fluids of the body, and in the tissues, because
of overwork or of unhealthy surroundings in which the human being is compelled
to live - in spite of the warnings which the nerve endings in the skin and eyes,
ears and nose, and in all the other parts of the body, convey to the brain.
In this case the nervous system is once more a slave to its environment. In
either case - whether from poisons present in the body through inheritance of
defective organs from parents; or from disease; or from overwork, or other faults
in the organic environment ("lesions"), the nervous system is itself a slave,
and its commands to its own slaves - the other tissues - are not obeyed.
Now, while we hear a great deal about nervous diseases, the truth is that true
diseases of the nervous system are comparatively rare. What I mean is that there
are innumerable diseases - let us call it "bad health" using contradictory terms
of the layman, which have generally a sound sense bottom, by the way - there
are many diseases, or much "bad health" that manifest themselves in the nervous
system without being nervous diseases at all. The nervous system in such cases
is perfectly sound and well, but it seems to be sick and shattered because it
is surrounded by poisons in the fluids of the body and by organs which, because
of the poisons, are disabled as regards obeying the commands of the nervous
system when they are uttered. In these cases - which form perhaps 90 percent
of all diseases, or "bad health" - the apparent nervous disorder is not a true
nervous disorder, but only the frantic incessant activity of the brain and nerves
to force the other organs to do their duty when, alas, these other organs are
deaf to the command - disabled by defects of structure or by poisons which nullify
the nerve message.
It is truly wonderful how perfectly resistant to disease or disorder of any
kind the nervous system is! Ages of development and necessity have successively
selected for survival only the most strongly resistant nervous systems, so that
very few weak nervous systems remain. All our predecessors - or nearly all -
that had weak nervous systems were wiped out before they could get children.
Therefore, only the strongest - the most immune - nervous systems survive. This
is the "survival of the fittest" and the great law of natural selection is seen
best exemplified in the security, the strength, the immunity, the imperial power
and sanctity of brain and nerve in all the bewildering and manifold forms of
life. When a man, or other animal, is starved to death, the nervous system is
the very last to suffer from loss of weight. All the tissues, all the organs,
give up their substance first to the brain and nerves, and next to the muscles.
This, you see, is good policy on the part of Nature, for the reason that if
the nerves suffered and lost power, they could not stimulate the muscles to
move about, secure food, and bring it to the mouth. In starvation, the body
weight is reduced two-thirds before the nervous system loses a grain's weight
of substance. Very few germs attack nerve tissue. The nerves are attacked by
the poison of the tetanus germ, and by the germ of hydrophobia. But the number
of germs and germ poisons which attack nerve tissue is comparatively small.
So-called "disorders of the nerves" are really not nerve disorders at all, but
the efforts of the nervous system -the frantic commands and over-activity of
the nerves - to restore order to the disordered body in which they find themselves.
Unfortunately the rule of the old school medicine has been to treat the nerves
in these cases by the administration of drug "tonics" and other medicines. This
practice is now happily being abandoned by scientifically educated and intelligent
doctors of the old school, who have come to know that the only nerve tonics
which can help the nerves are good food and good blood. But the truth is that
"nervous symptoms" are in reality a proof not of the sickness of the nerves,
but of their health, in most cases! The nervous system is sound in all cases
save the few in which the nerve tissue itself is at fault. The osteopath here
is on the right track and always has been. And to the view of the osteopath
the other doctors are coming round, only they have neither the knowledge nor
the skill of the osteopath to get at the root of the business by handling the
nervous system in a way that will give to it the extra power it needs to force
the organs into normal response.
The cure for all toxins in the body lies in the fluids and tissues of the body
itself !
BODY'S CHEMICAL ACTION UNDER CONTROL OF THE NERVES
What, let us ask, is a "healthy" man? The answer is, a healthy man is an animal
the cells of whose organs and tissues have the power of full and instantaneous
response to the commands of the nervous system, when these commands are directed
for the good and the comfort, not only of the brain and nerves themselves, but
for the ease and comfort of the other tissues also. Recall, now, that the nervous
system consists of microscopic cells with long tiny microscopic fibres, that
often at long distances from the nerve cells themselves, connect up with all
the principal other cells of the body. When you are told that the minute invisible
fibres of the nerve cells in the brain and cord are connected with other nerve
cells in the body cavity called the sympathetic (or involuntary) nerves, and
that these involuntary cells have fibres that ramify infinitely to each individual
cell of all the organs - of the digestive, the genito-urinary, the respiratory
systems - and to each individual cell of the heart and the blood vessels (for
the heart and the blood vessels, too, are built up of cells); and that every
cell of every other important organ, such as the mysterious "ductless glands"
like the thyroid, the mysterious ovaries and testicles with their unknown secretions
that affect the health and well being of the entire body, the mysterious suprarenal
glands, and other organs of that peculiar kind - when you are told all this,
you will come to a slight realization of the tremendous sway which the nervous
system has over the infinitely intricate chemical life of the body. The cells
of the organs cannot act unless bidden by the nerve fibres. If the cells are
poisoned by toxins, whether from the body cells themselves or from invading
germs, the mandates that pour along the nerve fibres from the nerve cells, bidding
the organ cells to secrete, or bidding other cells do other things, are blocked
; and finding their mandates blocked, the nerve cells overexert themselves in
extraordinary commands to the cells of the other organs to do what the other
organs cannot do because of the poisons that bathe them all around.
Now how does the osteopath answer the question which the body of his patient
puts to him?
If the blocking of the commands of the nerve cells be due to some impingement
on the nerves by reason of a faulty articulation, or an over-tension or congestion
of the ligaments and muscles, or other maladjustment of the spine, or elsewhere,
he corrects the maladjustment, removes the block, and the nerve, which was healthy
enough all the while, can now convey its message to the organ cell - which was
also healthy all the while; and the "disorder" is cured.
If on the other hand the blocking be due, not to any such maladjustment - lesion
it is called by the osteopath - but is due to some defect in the organ cells
themselves by reason of inheritance; or is due to defects in the cells by reason
of poisons in the fluids which bathe them, the osteopath reinforces the power
of the nerves by vastly increasing the strength of the commands sent along the
fibres to the organ cells. To the impulses naturally flowing down the tiny nerve
fibres from the nerve cells in the spinal cord and the brain, his fingers, skillfully
touching the great look if its visible structure were disassociated from all
nerve trunks, add a thousandfold power so that to the master nerve cells' own
power of command is brought this tremendous aid from the outside environment
- an aid and ally which can come to the nerve by no other means except that
which the osteopathic physician uses, and which is one of the main foundation
stones of the science and art of osteopathy itself. That is what I meant
a while ago when I said that when Theodor Schwann discovered that the nervous
system consisted of individual cells with long drawn out fibres, he made it
possible for A. T. Still, M. D., in our time to lay the foundations of the modern
science of osteopathy; and by this time, I believe, the reader will have been
sufficiently enlightened to see the truth of that assertion.
The nerves, then, control the chemism of the body and its organs and this chemism
of chemical reaction, being controlled by the nerves, is hence also under the
control of the osteopath. Thus the osteopath plays upon the natural chemism
of the body, avoiding the use of nerve-destroying drugs. In former times the
old drug therapy sought mainly to find drugs which by acting on the various
nerve centers to increase or diminish their activity, would by that route control
the body's functions. But it was forgotten that this control was often secured
at the expense of destroying the natural automatic regulation of the body by
the nervous system. Health was not restored. The nerves were merely unduly excited
or depressed and the artificial effects of this treatment were mistaken for
actual cures.
So, too, it can readily be seen that this direct connection with all the organs
of the body by the nervous system is the very thing which makes it possible
for the vital processes of one person to pass under the direction, and to a
considerable extent the control of, the finger of another applied externally
to the body. The trained hands of the osteopathic physician, applied to the
spinal switchboard of the patient, bring health to bodily functions by normalizing
all tissues and especially the nerve centers and the organs they command. | http://www.mcmillinmedia.com/eamt/files/lane/lane_ch7.html |
People who cannot speak due to paralysis may soon be able to relearn the skill.
Recent research led by Northwestern University in Evanston, IL, finds that the brain generates speech sounds in a similar way to how it controls hand and arm movements.
The finding brings closer the day when people who are paralyzed — such as individuals with "locked-in syndrome" — will be able to speak through a "brain-machine interface" by just trying to say words.
A paper on the work now features in the Journal of Neuroscience.
The team foresees the technology using the brain's own encoding of the sounds together with the commands that control the muscles in the lips, tongue, palate, and voice box to produce them.
More 'intuitive' than Hawking's technology
Such a system, the authors explain, would be more "intuitive" than that used by renowned physicist Stephen Hawking, who died earlier this year at the age of 76.
Hawking had a rare disease called amyotrophic lateral sclerosis that left him paralyzed and unable to speak naturally for most of his life.
However, thanks to a computer interface that he could control by moving his cheek, he could write words and sentences that a speech synthesizer then read out.
Although the method does the job, it is slow and laborious. It is not articulating the speech that the brain encodes and sends to the muscles that make the sounds.
Instead, it requires that the person go through a process that is more akin to writing; they have to think, for instance, about the written form of the words and sentences they wish to articulate, not just their sounds.
'Phonemes and articulatory gestures'
The study pursues a model of speech production that is in two parts: formulation of phonemes, and "articulatory gestures."
The first is the hierarchical process of breaking down sentences, phrases, words, and syllables into individual sounds, or phonemes. The second is their production through control of muscles that articulate the vocal tract. Until this work, it was not known how the brain actually planned and represented these.
"We hypothesized," notes senior study author Dr. Marc W. Slutzky, an associate professor of neurology and of physiology, "speech motor areas of the brain would have a similar organization to arm motor areas of the brain."
He goes on to explain that they identified two brain areas that are involved in speech production, reporting, "The precentral cortex represented gestures to a greater extent than phonemes. The inferior frontal cortex, which is a higher-level speech area, represented both phonemes and gestures."
He and his colleagues made the discoveries while studying brain activity in people with electrodes implanted in their brains while they underwent surgery to remove tumors. The patients had to be conscious during the surgery because they had to read words out from a screen.
The authors explain:
"These findings suggest that speech production shares a similar critical organizational structure with movement of other body parts."
"This has important implications," they conclude, "both for our understanding of speech production and for the design of brain-machine interfaces to restore communication to people who cannot speak."
Based on their results, they now plan to build a brain-machine interface algorithm that, as well as decoding gestures, will also be able to form words by combining them. | https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323217.php |
Quantum teleportation is the ability to transmit from one location to another without travelling through the space in between. Matter itself doesn’t make this journey, only the information that describes it. This is transmitted to a new body that takes on the identity of the original.
But while science fiction fans have focused on body involved, quantum physicists are more interested in the information. For them, teleportation is the enabling technology behind a new generation of information processing technologies including a quantum internet that allows information to be transmitted with perfect security. | https://www.covertress.com/2014/02/quantum-internet-first-teleportation-to.html |
Balance and Chiropractic
There are many aspects of everyday life that we don’t really value until they’re missing; balance is definitely one of these. Since it is a vital part of normal daily activities such as: walking, bending over to put on or take off shoes, showering and washing hair, grocery shopping and getting out of a chair – any change can be both noticeable and annoying. Interestingly enough it’s also one of our most complicated involuntary functions. There are several systems, mechanisms and body parts involved in something that seems pretty straight-forward and simple. The truth is, it’s neither.
Proper Balance
The ability for the body to maintain a proper balance is dependent upon three primary factors. The first is the sensory system which must accurately receive information as to your body’s relative position to your environment. Are you standing, sitting or lying down? The sensory systems that affect balance include everything from vision and inner ear motion sensors to the sense of touch on your feet, ankles and other joints in your legs. The second factor to affect balance is your brain’s ability to process this information once it’s received. The third and final factor, your muscles and joints must coordinate their movements in order to maintain balance. Balance control is automatic, in that it doesn’t require our conscious attention to maintain; however, if something interferes with that state, we will have to exert quite a bit of effort to correct it.
A properly functioning nervous system is going to play a vital role in balance.
Standing and Walking
When standing still and walking, the concerted effort between the muscles and ligaments in the spine, legs and feet is significant. Many studies have been done to determine just how much proper balance will affect posture and gait.
Based on an inverted pendulum model, David Winter, PhD, assessed and determined that balance is a vital part of standing and walking. His study found that the entire spine, as well as most of the body’s neuro-sensory systems, are involved in balance while standing and walking. As a matter of fact, the only muscles that had a negligible effect are those found around the ankle.
When considering balance during walking it’s important to keep in mind what happens to the center of mass and the center of pressure during the process and how it applies to posture and gait. Based on the biomechanics of the human body there are three mechanisms that allow us to maintain balance while walking. First is the moving of the center of pressure in respect to standing upright which affects the center of mass. Second is accelerating the body around the center of mass. The application of an external force is the third.
In other words, maintaining our center of mass is the most vital part of balance and our body uses many different muscles, ligaments, senses and mechanisms to do so while standing and walking. Without these internal forces working together properly, we would struggle to stand upright and walk straight.
The primary systems most involved with walking are the vestibular and proprioceptive systems. The vestibular system tells the brain about balance and moving against gravity while the proprioceptive systems helps our bodies to coordinate the movement of our arms and legs in an efficient manner.
Potential Problems and Causes
Balance is typically found to be affected when someone experiences dizziness, to use this term loosely. Some people who report feeling dizzy have clarified that it feels like the room is spinning around them or that they are turning. Others have used the terms floating, light-headedness or giddiness. Regardless of the description, this may be the sign of a problem.
The most common cause of balance problems tends to be an inner ear issue. Anything from an ear infection to hearing loss may cause a loss of balance. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo or BPPV happens when tiny crystals within the ear get dislodged and begin to move around within the ear. This results in motion signals being sent to the brain when there really is no motion, thus causing that dizziness.
Other types of vertigo include central or neurological vertigo, post-traumatic vertigo and vascular vertigo to name a few. Central or neurological vertigo is a dizziness that is the result of a problem in the balance center of the brain rather than the ear. This type of dizziness is much less common than inner-ear related dizziness. Post-traumatic vertigo is the result of a head injury, concussion or whiplash. Vascular vertigo is a dizziness caused by problems with the blood supply to the inner ear or the balance center of the brain. In each of these cases, symptoms may include severe dizziness and difficulty maintaining balance when walking.
Additional balance problems may be the result of weakened muscles, joints or vision. As we get older, our body will naturally begin to wear down. Since so much of the body’s systems are involved in balance, it’s natural for it to be affected.
Finally, a typical but not commonly considered source of balance problems is prescription medications. Many prescription medications will list dizziness as a sideeffect but if it’s not discussed with the patient they may not realize it’s the cause.
These are just a few of the potential issues that may affect balance. There are many more including but not limited to: acoustic neuroma, arteriosclerosis, hyperventilation, labyrinthitis, ototoxicity, peripheral fistula, peripheral vestibular disorders and tinnitus.
Recommended Exercises
There are several exercises that can be done to help maintain or improve balance. For instance, standing on one leg for an extended period of time. The purpose of these exercises is to make all of those mechanisms in your body that maintain balance work together so, while making your body maintain balance is useful, the process of shifting your weight from one leg to the other then standing on that one leg for several minutes is going to be more beneficial.
If you’re looking for a regulated exercise program that will help with balance, consider Yoga, Tai Chi or Pilates. All of these disciplines requires moving the body into specific positions and then maintaining them. Vriksasana or Tree Pose, for example, is a Yoga pose that requires balancing on one leg.
Also note that the balance center of the brain plays a vital role, making brain exercises equally valuable. Any exercise that will integrate sensory input and strengthen motor skills while exercising balance and stability will be beneficial. Examples would be running, skipping, jumping, climbing, swinging and crawling. If an older child doesn’t want to get down on all fours and crawl around, then make it fun by creating an obstacle course: they climb over some barriers and crawl under others. Dr. Monika Buerger, an expert in neurosensory integration and contributing author in the Pediatric Chiropractic textbook, says th
at physical activity is a valuable source of brain exercise.
The Chiropractic Factor
To better understand how chiropractic care may influence your balance, consider just how many different bodily systems, mechanisms and muscles, joints, etc. are involved in maintaining it.
The central nervous system is made up of the brain, spinal cord and the nerves that go out to the muscles, organs and glands. A misalignment in the spine may cause nerve interference which in turn may affect the processing of messages from the brain to those muscles, organs and glands. As such, a properly aligned spine is vital to a properly functioning nervous system and, because the nervous system controls all bodily systems, it is also vital to balance.
Since the sacrum and ilium are the bones closest to our legs and hips, it’s logical that a misalignment here would affect our gait and, in turn, our balance; but any spinal misalignment has the potential to affect balance. Even misalignment of the atlas, which is the vertebra at the very top of the spine, could be an issue. As the balance center of the brain must send messages through the spinal cord to the rest of the body, this is also a logical conclusion.
A properly functioning nervous system is going to play a vital role in balance so be sure to discuss any concerns with your Family Wellness Chiropractor today. | https://www.livewellchiro.ca/blog |
The basic nervous system function includes—receiving sensory information (input), processing of the input and production of motor responses. The nervous system is formed of two parts that are integrally linked with each other. The brain and the nervous system have multiple functions that are extremely important for normal functioning of the body. The sensory information originating from stimulation of receptors by changes in the external and internal environment are carried to CNS through afferent nerves fibers. In the CNS, this information is processed through complex neuronal (synaptic) pathways.
As a result of above, commands are discharged through efferent nerve fibers to effectors organs (that is, muscles and glands) for production of motor responses or change in activity of the effectors organs. The central processing also causes stimulation of feelings (sensations) and storage of information as memory. The stored memory as the nervous system function in turn helps in dispensation of future input for other mental functions like emotion, power of thinking and judgment, intelligence, personality etc.
From our above discussion, it is apparent that the following nervous system functions are performing:—
Conscious sensation as a nervous system function
Nervous system is responsible for stimulation of conscious sensations by which we can feel the changes occurring within the body or around us. A conscious sensation such as, sight, hearing, smell, taste and feeling of touch, temperature, pressure, pain etc. are aroused when the afferent nerve impulses reach the highest centre of central nervous system or cerebral cortex of brain.
Mental functions as the nervous system function
Nervous system is responsible for higher mental functions like memory, intelligence, power of thinking, judgment, emotion, personality etc. These functions are specially developed in higher animals as well as humans having a highly developed brain.
Control of voluntary movements is the nervous system function
When a skeletal muscle is moved as contraction or relaxation according to our desire or will power, it is called voluntary movement. Such movements are governed by conscious sensation and initiated by cerebral cortex, and they help in locomotion, speech etc. is another nervous system function.
Control of reflex actions is a nervous system function
When a sensory input elicits a motor response without or prior to stimulation of conscious sensation, it is called reflex action. Nervous system regulates the activity of all the three types of muscles, those are skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles and glands through various reflexes. Reflex control of skeletal muscles helps to uphold body posture, breathing etc., whereas reflex responses of other muscles and glands maintain co-ordination between the activities of different systems so that the whole body may function as an incorporated unit.
Hormone secretion
Some parts of the nervous system i.e., brain secrete hormones called the ‘neuro-hormones’ is also another nervous system function. | https://biology.homeomagnet.com/nervous-system-function/ |
The lateral accessory lobes (LALs), paired structures that are homologous among all insect species, have been well studied for their role in pheromone tracking in silkmoths and phonotaxis in crickets, where their outputs have been shown to correlate with observed motor activity. Further studies have shown more generally that the LALs are crucial both for an insect's ability to steer correctly and for organising the outputs of the descending pathways towards the motor centres. In this context, we propose a framework by which the LALs may be generally involved in generating steering commands across a variety of insects and behaviours. Across different behaviours, we see that the LAL is involved in generating two kinds of steering: (1) search behaviours and (2) targeted steering driven by direct sensory information. Search behaviours are generated when the current behaviourally relevant cues are not available, and a well-described LAL subnetwork produces activity which increases sampling of the environment. We propose that, when behaviourally relevant cues are available, the LALs may integrate orientation information from several sensory modalities, thus leading to a collective output for steering driven by those cues. These steering commands are then sent to the motor centres, and an additional efference copy is sent back to the orientation-computing areas. In summary, we have taken known aspects of the neurophysiology and function of the insect LALs and generated a speculative framework that suggests how LALs might be involved in steering control for a variety of complex real-world behaviours in insects.
Keywords: Central complex; Insect navigation; Lateral accessory lobe; Motor control; Orientation.
© 2020. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32161054/ |
What are the functions of Pituitary Gland?
Part of the endocrine system of the body is, the pituitary gland. The endocrine system consists of glands, located in various parts of the body. The hormones, are the active chemical substances, produced by these glands.
The secretions of these glands is sent into the blood stream, to be distributed in the whole body. The endocrine system is involved in managing or regulating many things that happen in the body from time to time. The pituitary gland controls many function s of the body, and is a part of the body system. It is the most important part of the body regulating growth, production of mild, and controlling other endocrine glands.
The size and weight of this gland is that of a pea. It is protected by a bony structure and is joined to the under surface of the brain.
Pituitary is such a small gland, yet, it is divided into two parts. These parts are called lobes the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. Posterior lobe is the smaller of the two, in which more than 50,000 nerve fibres go, connecting it with various parts of the body.
The pituitary, acting on another gland the thyroid, controls the growth in children. The pituitary also controls the sexual development of an individual. It regulates the metabolism of the body, and thus transforms food into various forms of energy. It is involved with certain muscles, the kidney and other organs.
The growth of tumors on this gland can make it over active or underactive. One result of this activity can make the people grow to giants or develop poorly as dwarfs.
by Deena 7 years ago
Which gland is known as master gland?
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Do you think mental illness is linked to the endocrine system?
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There are two types of antipsychotics, the older variety called the 'typicals' and the new generation known as the 'atypicals.' Some of the newer generation medications include Geodon, Seroquel, Xyprexa and Risperdal. Anyone taking an atypical antipsychotic should be aware that the risk of...
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Hi Hubbers,I'd like some help with passing the Quality Assessment Process. Will you please give feedback on my article? What can I do to improve? Thanks!Here is my article: How To Increase Height With Pituitary Glands
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Why You’re Not Feeling Your Stretches Where You’re Supposed To
It’s very likely that you encounter this frustration from time to time – you go to stretch a muscle and you want to feel it in the target location – However, you end up feeling it somewhere else instead.
A good example is the lying hamstring stretch (below) where all too frequently the stretch is felt in the calves rather than the hamstrings:
This occurrence of not feeling the stretch in the target area (like the hamstrings in this instance) is extremely annoying and has likely got you very frustrated in the past.
To compound this, you’re likely doing the stretch with good intentions in the first place because you’ve been told to do so by your relevant health professional.
So why does this happen? – Why do you often not feel the stretch in the target area and instead feel it someplace else?
I could easily tell you (like most professionals do) that you’re doing the stretch wrong and that you need help to better execute your stretches in order to feel them properly. However, this is often not what happens.
The truth is – it’s not your fault! Improper execution is often NOT the real reason why you may feel tightness in one muscle when trying to target another – particularly when it’s in the same neurological chain.
You see your muscles are linked together in chains in order for you to execute coordinated movements effectively.
When a particular area of the chain is tight or weak, that area will be the biggest impediment to movement. Hence, you will end up feeling the stretch more in that location than any other area up chain.
How do you solve this issue and start stretching the area you’re targeting?
Well it starts with paying attention to the areas that need more attention… and these are often peripheral areas not central to the body.
You see, we all like to go after the bigger muscles or more central muscle groups and often forget about smaller muscles and those more peripherally that are intricately involved in many of our movements as well as our stretches.
Here are some common examples:
This prayer stretch (below) is great for the lats, but if you have really tight triceps, you will never feel the stretch in the lats.
Solution? Do an isolated triceps stretch (below) before doing the prayer stretch:
Here is another: the front lunge + tail lift stretch (below) is great for stretching the hip flexors. However, if your quads are too tight, you want be able to lunge far forward enough (or raise the back foot high enough) and feel the hip flexors being stretched (particularly the rectus femoris muscle at the hip).
Solution? Do an isolated quadriceps stretch before doing the front lunge + tail lift stretch:
All of these scenarios demonstrate that it is important to stretch the muscles peripherally before going after the ones further up in the chain and closer to the core of the body.
How do you know where to find and stretch the smaller muscles or the ones that are peripheral and tighter in the chain?
You could spend hours on Google searching for the answers yourself on this…. OR, you could enquire about our Free Ultimate Stretching Guide and program where we cover all the muscles of the body precisely .
The guide delivers you with a big arsenal of stretches to choose from along with the description of the target muscles in which you should be feeling them in.
If you can’t feel the stretch in the bigger target or more central muscles, you find the smaller or more peripheral muscles referenced and execute a more isolated stretch within the guide that targets the latter muscles.
Once you have loosened the tighter muscles restricting your bigger stretches and body parts, you will be able to start feeling the stretch more in the target areas closer to your body (or the areas you are actually trying to stretch in the first place).
If you would like more information on our program and a free copy of the Ultimate Stretching Guide, simply enter your details below and we will get in touch with you.
We will send some awesome stretches your way along with other breakthrough flexibility training resources!
Get your guide and valuable info today, so you can start to IMMEDIATELY feel your stretches and make them more effective.
Simply fill out your details below: | https://performancerevolution.com.au/why-youre-not-feeling-your-stretches-where-youre-supposed-to/ |
A few words of thanks would be greatly appreciated.
Dystonia
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Latest update on
June 10, 2013 at 06:30 AM
by
Jean-François Pillou
.
Definition
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Definition
Dystonia is a neurological disorder characterized by motor disorders of the muscle. It is characterized by involuntary muscle contractions resulting in prolonged and abnormal movements. This symptom does not appear at rest, but occurs during voluntary movements. The causes of this disease are essentially hereditary. There are several types of dystonia: dystonia may be primary, with a genetic or unknown origin, or secondary to another disease such as a stroke or a traumatic brain injury. Furthermore, dystonia is categorized according to the affected body parts. It is "focal" when it affects a single body part, "segmental" when it affects several parts and "widespread" when the whole body is affected.
Symptoms
Symptoms vary depending on the nature of the dystonia, and may include the following:
abnormal posturing and movement disorders;
cramps and involuntary muscle spasms;
difficulty finding a comfortable position for the arms and legs;
in general, symptoms improve with rest and worsen with stress.
a dystonic blepharospasm, which affects the upper eyelid making it close involuntarily;
cervical dystonia, with tight and painful neck muscles;
some dystonias may affect muscles that are used frequently such as those of the hand.
Diagnosis
Dystonia is diagnosed by a specific interview and clinical examination that includes a neurological aspect. A blood test or an MRI of the brain is needed to rule out other possible causes of dystonia such as a stroke. Finally, to precisely locate the muscles involved in dystonia, an electromyogram (EMG) is sometimes practiced. It records the electrical activity of muscles at rest or in motion, and thus detects any potential anomalies.
Treatment
Dystonia has no cure. The treatments that exist simply help to relieve symptoms. Various drug treatments are used and injections of botulinum toxin can help with symptoms in some cases. | https://health.ccm.net/faq/312-dystonia |
The respiratory system is the organ system that moves air into and out of the body; it consists of the lungs, trachea, airtransport pathway, and diaphragm. The lungs are organs of the body that allow gas exchange to take place between the air and blood. Associated with the lungs is a set of tubes, part of the air-transport pathway, that conducts air from outside the body to the lungs. The single, large-diameter trachea is supported by rings of cartilage that prevent its collapse. It branches into two major bronchi (singular, bronchus), which deliver air to smaller and smaller branches. Bronchi are also supported by cartilage. The smallest tubes, bronchioles, contain smooth muscle and are therefore capable of constricting. Finally, the bronchioles deliver air to clusters of tiny sacs, known as alveoli (singular, alveolus), where the exchange of gases between the air and the blood takes place.
The nose, mouth, and throat are also important parts of the air-transport pathway because they modify the humidity and temperature of the air and clean the air as it passes. The lining of the trachea contains cells with cilia, which beat in one direction to move mucus and foreign materials from the lungs. The foreign matter can then be expelled by swallowing or coughing. Figure 24.6 illustrates the various parts of the respiratory system.
FIGURE 24.6. Respiratory Anatomy
Although gas exchange takes place in the alveoli of the lungs, there are many other important parts of the respiratory system. The nasal cavity cleans, warms, and humidifies the air entering the lungs. The trachea is also important in cleaning the air going to the lungs.
Mechanics of Breathing
Breathing is the process of moving air in and out of the lungs. It is accomplished by the movement of several muscles. The diaphragm is a muscular organ that separates the chest cavity, which contains the lungs, from the abdominal cavity. In addition, intercostal muscles located between the ribs are involved in breathing. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts, causing it to move downward and the external intercostal muscles of the chest wall contract, causing the chest wall to move outward and upward. Both of these actions cause the volume of the chest cavity to increase. This results in a lower pressure in the chest cavity compared with the outside air pressure. Thus, air flows from the outside high-pressure area through the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles to the alveoli. During normal, relaxed breathing, exhalation is accomplished by the chest wall and diaphragm simply relaxing and returning to their normal positions. Muscular contraction is not involved (figure 24.7).
FIGURE 24.7. Breathing Movements
During (a) inhalation, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles between the ribs contract, causing the volume of the chest cavity to increase. During a normal (b) exhalation, these muscles relax, and the chest volume returns to normal.
When the body’s demand for oxygen increases during exercise, the breathing system responds by exchanging the gases in the lungs more rapidly. This can be accomplished both by increasing the breathing rate and by increasing the volume of air exchanged with each breath. An increase in volume exchanged per breath is accomplished in two ways. First, the muscles of inhalation can contract more forcefully, resulting in a greater change in the volume of the chest cavity. Second, the lungs can be emptied more completely by contracting the muscles of the abdomen, which forces the abdominal contents upward against the diaphragm and compresses the lungs. A set of internal intercostal muscles also helps compress the chest.
Breathing System Regulation
Several mechanisms can cause changes in the rate and depth of breathing, but the primary mechanism is tied to the amount of carbon dioxide present in the blood. Carbon dioxide, a waste product of aerobic cellular respiration, becomes toxic in high quantities because it combines with water to form carbonic acid:
As mentioned previously, if carbon dioxide cannot be eliminated, the pH of the blood is lowered. Eventually, this can cause death.
Exercising causes an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood, because the muscles are oxidizing glucose more rapidly. This lowers the blood’s pH. Certain brain cells and specialized cells in the aortic arch and carotid arteries are sensitive to changes in blood pH. When these cells sense a lower blood pH, they cause the brain to send nerve impulses more frequently to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. These muscles contract more rapidly and more forcefully, resulting in more rapid, deeper breathing. Because more air is being exchanged per minute, carbon dioxide is lost from the lungs more rapidly. When exercise stops, blood pH rises, and breathing eventually returns to normal (figure 24.8).
FIGURE 24.8. Control of Breathing Rate
The rate of breathing is controlled by cells in the brain, aorta, and carotid arteries that sense the pH of the blood. When the amount of CO2 increases, the pH drops (the blood becomes more acidic) and the brain sends more frequent messages to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, causing the breathing rate to increase. More rapid breathing increases the rate at which CO2 is lost from the blood; thus, the blood pH rises (it becomes less acidic) and the breathing rate decreases.
Lung Function
The lungs allow blood and air to come into close contact with each other. Air flows in and out of the lungs during breathing. The blood flows through capillaries in the lungs and is in close contact with the air in the alveoli of the lungs. For oxygen to enter or carbon dioxide to exit the body, the molecules must pass through a surface. The efficiency of exchange is limited by the surface area available. This problem is solved in the lungs by the large number of tiny sacs, the alveoli. Each alveolus is about 0.25 to 0.5 millimeters across. However, alveoli are so numerous that the total surface area of all these sacs is about 70 square meters—comparable to the floor space of many standard-sized classrooms. The walls of both the capillaries and the alveoli are very thin, and the close association of alveoli and capillaries in the lungs allows the easy diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide across these membranes (figure 24.9).
FIGURE 24.9. The Association of Capillaries with Alveoli
The exchange of gases takes place between the air-filled alveolus and the blood-filled capillary. The capillaries form a network around the saclike alveoli. The thin walls of the alveolus and capillary are in direct contact with one another; their combined thickness is usually less than 1 micrometer (a thousandth of a millimeter).
Another factor that increases the efficiency of gas exchange is that both the blood and the air are moving. Because blood is flowing through capillaries in the lungs, the capillaries continually receive new blood that is poor in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide. As blood passes by the alveoli, it is briefly exposed to the gases in the alveoli, where it gains oxygen and loses carbon dioxide. Thus, blood that leaves the lungs is high in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide. Although the movement of air in the lungs is not in one direction, as is the case with blood, the cycle of inhalation and exhalation allows air that is high in carbon dioxide and low in oxygen to exit the body and brings in new air that is rich in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide. This oxygen-rich, bright red blood is then sent to the left side of the heart and pumped throughout the body.
Any factor that interferes with the flow of blood or air or alters the effectiveness of gas exchange in the lungs reduces the efficiency of the organism. A poorly pumping heart sends less blood to the lungs, and the person experiences shortness of breath. Similarly, diseases such as asthma, which cause constriction of the bronchioles, reduce the flow of air into the lungs and inhibit gas exchange.
Any process that reduces the number of alveoli also reduces the efficiency of gas exchange in the lungs. For example, emphysema is a progressive disease in which some of the alveoli are lost. As the disease progresses, those afflicted have less and less respiratory surface area and experience greater and greater difficulty getting adequate oxygen, even though they may be breathing more rapidly. Often, emphysema is accompanied by an increase in the amount of connective tissue and the lungs do not stretch as easily, further reducing their ability to exchange gases.
24.4. CONCEPT REVIEW
7. Describe the muscles involved in breathing and explain how they cause air to flow into and out of the lungs.
8. How are CO2, blood pH, and breathing rate interrelated?
9. How do each of the following affect the efficiency of gas exchange in the lungs: poorly functioning heart, contracted bronchioles, reduced number of alveoli? | https://schoolbag.info/biology/concepts/167.html |
The nervous system is defined as...
A complex network of cells that carries information to and from all parts of the body
The branch of life sciences which involves the structure and function of the brain and nervous system, while also focusing on the relationship between learning and behavior, is called
neuroscience
The branchlike structures that RECEIVE messages from other neurons are called
dendrites
Which part of the neuron is responsible for maintaining the life of the cell?
soma - cell body
Which part of a neuron is attached to the soma and carries messages out to other cells?
axon
Which of the following best represents the order in which a neuron received and transmits information?
dendrites, cell body, axon, axon terminals
the term "fire" when referring to neural transmission indicates that a neuron
has received, in its dendrites, appropriate inputs from other neurons
What do we call the state of a neuron when it is NOT firing a neural impuse?
resting potential
A chemical found in the synaptic vesicles which, when released, has an effect on the next cell is called a
neurotransmitter
The two main divisions of the nervous system are the ______ and ______
peripheral nervous system; central nervous system
Which part of the nervous system takes the information received from the senses,makes sense out of it, makes decisions, and send commands out to the muscles and the rest of the body
brain
which of the following are the three basic types of neuron?
interneurons, sensory neurons, motor neurons
the division of the nervous system that allows the brain and the spinal cord to communicate with the sensory systems of the eyes, ears, skin, and mouth, and allows the brain and spinal cord to control the muscles and glands of the body, is called the _____
peripheral nervous system
Voluntary muscles are controlled by the _______ nervous system
somatic
The subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that is make up of all nerves carrying messages from the senses to the central nervous system and all nerves carrying messages from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles is call the _____
somatic nervous system
The subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that consists of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs and glands is called the ______ system
autonomic nervous
The branch of the autonomic nervous system that restores the body to normal functioning after arousal and is responsible for day-to-day functioning of the organs and glands is called the ________
parasympathetic nervous system
Endocrine glands
secrete hormones directly int the bloodstream
Which endocrine gland controls all of the other endocrine glands?
pituitary
Darnell is overweight. His physician has decided to perform diagnostic tests on Darnell's _____ to check for problems with his metabolism.
thyroid
Denise just received the results of a complete physial that found her body is not producing enough insulin. Which of the following endocrine glands is affecting her body's ability to produce insulin?
pancreas
In order to study parts of an animal's brain, researchers may sometimes deliberately damage a part of the brain. They accomplish this by placing into the brain a thin insulated wire through which they send an electrical current that destroys the brain cells at the the tip of the wire. This technique is called _____
lesioning
Rashad is in the hospital and is about to undergo a brain-imaging process that involves placing him inside a magnetic field so that a computer can create three-dimensional images of his brain. What procedure is he about to undergo?
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Which of the following is a machine designed to record the brain wave patterns produced by electrical activity of the brain's cortex, just below the scalp?
EEG
Which of the following is a brain imaging method in which radioactive sugar is injected into the subject and a computer complies a color-coded image of the activity of the brain
positron emission tomography (PET)
A researcher wants to obtain a "movie" of changes in the activity of the brain using images from different time periods. Which of these would be the best choice for the researcher?
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
The _____ is a structure in the brain stem responsible for life-sustaining functions such as breathing and heart rate.
medulla
A college student is having difficulty staying awake during the day and sleeping through the night. her difficulties are MOST likely due to problems in the ______
pons
What is the main function of the reticular formation
to control levels of alertness and arousal
The cerebellum
coordinates involuntary rapid fine-motor movement
Which of the following is a group of several brain structures located in the inner margin of the upper brain and is involved in learning, emotion, memory and motivation?
limbic system
Which part of the brain is very small but extremely powerful and controls the pituitary gland?
hypothalamus
What part of the brain acts as a relay station for incoming sensory information?
thalamus
Eating, drinking, sexual behavior, sleeping and temperature control are most strongly influenced by the _____.
hypthalamus
If you have a problem remembering tings that happened a year ago, doctors might check for damage to the area of the brain called the ____.
hippocampus
Which of the following brain structures is located near the hippocampus and is responsible for fear responses and memory of fear?
amygdala
The outermost part of the brain that is made up of tightly packed neurons and is only a tenth of an inch thick is called the _______
cortex
The thick band of neurons that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres is called the ______
corpus callosum
Which of the following is the section of the brain located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere and contains the visual centers of the brain?
occiptal lobe
Darla was in an automobile accident that resulted in an injury to her brain. Her sense of touch has been affected. Which part of the brain is the most likely siste of the damage?
parietal lobes
The part of the brain located just behind the temples, containing neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech, is called the ________
the temporal lobes
Joella was rollerblading when a cat jumped right in front of her, causing her to trip and fall. When she fell, she partially landed on the front side of her head near her forehead. Shortly afterward, Joella exhibited symptoms similar to that of Phineas Gage. Which area of the brain would have been most affected by this fall?
frontal lobe
Bill was admitted to the hospital last week after he fell. When Bill's son visited, he found his father was unable to get words out in a smooth, connected fashion. If Bill's difficulty speaking is due to brain damage, what is the likely location of the damage?
Broca's area
The area of the back of the left temporal lobe that is crucial in the ability to listen, process, and understand what others are saying is ______ area
Wernicke's
Researcher Roger Sperry won a Nobel prize for his research on epilepsy. Sperry cut through the ______, which oins the two hemispheres of the brain.
corpus callosum
If Darren's brain is like that of most people, then language will be handled by his _____
left hemisphere
Which is NOT a specific function of the right hemisphere of the brain?
analysis of detail
Which is NOT a specific function of the left hemisphere of the brain?
pattern recognitioin
Since Norma is a split-brain patient, we can infer that she likely has a history of _____
severe epilepsy
Which of the following is the upper part of the brain consisting of two cerebral hemispheres and the structures that connect them?
cerebrum
This set is often in folders with...
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People are indeed top-heavy, and balance, the ability to stand upright and move around without falling over, is not as simple as it feels.
It requires constant tiny adjustment of muscles as the weight shifts on the feet, much as a juggler maneuvers to balance a plate on a stick.
The adjustments become unconscious and are carried out automatically once a child learns to walk.
However, balance relies on processing a constant flow of information about the body’s position, sent to the brain from sensors all over the body.
Signals are then sent back to the body parts to make the needed changes. The coordinator is the cerebellum, at the base of the brain.
One key set of sensors is the eyes.
But even a blindfolded person can stand upright, because nerves in the skin muscles and joints, called proprioreceptors, inform the brain about the body’s position.
There are also important sensors in the inner ear.
In the vestibule, tiny stones or crystals, called otoliths, meaning “ear stones”, hang on stalks called hair cells.
When the head moves, the stones move, stimulating the hair cells, which send signals to the brain.
Other hair cells in the ear’s semicircular canals float in fluid and move when it moves. | https://zippyfacts.com/how-do-people-balance-and-stand-upright-if-the-stomach-weighs-more-than-the-feet/ |
Introduction of the human skeleton:
For the construction of a house in the first instance, framing work is essential. The skeleton is the framework of our body. The human skeleton is made up of a combination of 206 long, small, flat, and uneven bones. It gives the defined shape to the body and protects the internal organs, such as: heart, lungs, stomach, intestine, brain, etc. Without a strong bone structure, a fixed shape is not possible. All the bones and other associated parts together make up the skeleton which is made up of bone and cartilage. Bone joints are connected to different parts of the skeleton and help with movement. The bones remain attached to the voluntary muscles which help in the movement of different organs. The skeletal system is made up of bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, bony joints, and muscles.
Division of the human skelton
The human skeleton is divided into parts, like-
- Exoskeleton;
- Endoskeleton.
(1) Exoskeleton:
Parts of the skeleton exist outside the body for example it includes nails, hair, etc.
(2) Endoskeleton:
Human skeleton means endoskeleton which cannot be seen from the outside. The endoskeleton mainly made up of cartilages and bones.
Role of the skeleton in firmness and locomotion:
Functions of the human skeleton
The skeleton performs the following functions such as:
(a) Body structure and firmness– The skeleton forms the hard structure of the body and gives a defined shape to the body. It connects the lower organs with the higher organs.
(b) protection – The skull protects the brain, the spinal cord in the spine or spine, the lungs and the heart in the thorax. The muscles remain attached with the skeleton and the skeletal muscles involved in carrying the weight of the body.
(vs) Movement and locomotion: The hands, legs, shoulder or chest girdle, and pelvic or hip girdle facilitate movement. The muscular system has an important role in this act. Through the attachment of muscles to bones, we can move bones and we can move.
(re) Production of red blood cells– The bone marrow produces red blood cells.
(e) Storage of mineral salts – Bones store mineral salts (calcium, potassium, phosphorus). This is why the bones remain hard and strong.
Sabbir8986
Hello. I am a student at Khulna Public College. I love to write and imagine. I own this website though. | http://indycarrewards.com/2021/03/15/introduction-human-skeleton-system-curiosityn/ |
Spinal cord injuries can be devastating. Depending on where along the spine the injury happens, a person’s ability to move can be seriously affected — or even obliterated completely, resulting in paralysis. That’s because the spinal cord houses motor neurons, which carry signals from the brain to the body’s muscles. Doctors have long thought that reversing paralysis is impossible, but new research in the journal Nature shows that the body can relearn how to move.
In the new paper, a team of scientists led by Grégoire Courtine, Ph.D., of the Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute in Lausanne, Switzerland, shows that paraplegic patients can learn to move again. And it’s all thanks to the help of spinal cord implants that send out waves of electrical activity to the neighboring motor neurons. Research in this field is moving at an impressive pace, with more and more scientists showing that paralysis can be reversed.
The video above shows the remarkable progress of the three paralyzed men involved in the study as the neuroelectrical signals retrained their bodies.
The researchers took advantage of the fact that the brain communicates through electrical signals and that its neurons can even be reorganized by them, depending on which signals are most often used. This idea is known as brain “plasticity” — the notion that its cells are constantly making new connections and forming new pathways to accommodate new inputs. If the injured parts of the spinal cord could be “activated” using electricity in the same way they would if they were inducing a specific movement, the team thought, then maybe pairing those external signals with certain movements could help the brain reorganize so that it eventually could move without that external stimulation.
So, using a technique called epidural electric stimulation (EES), the team used an implanted pulse generator to shoot out carefully-timed jolts of electricity to the parts of the spinal cord known to be involved with certain movements.
“Within one week,” they write, “this spatiotemporal stimulation had reestablished adaptive control of paralysed muscles during overground walking.”
Clearly, the ability for the brain to communicate via the spinal cord’s neurons with the body’s muscles had improved. After a few months, the team writes, “the participants regained voluntary control over previously paralysed muscles without stimulation and could walk or cycle in ecological settings during spatiotemporal stimulation.”
University of Washington rehabilitation medicine expert Chet Moritz, Ph.D., who was not involved in the research, published a related news article in Nature Neuroscience alongside the new paper. “Rather than a complete disconnection between the brain and the spinal cord,” he wrote, “it now appears that many people can regain the ability to control their paralyzed limbs and even walk again through the innovative combination of spinal stimulation and rehabilitation practice.”
The fact that the patients’ ability to control movement continued even after treatment, he continued, “suggests that this stimulation combined with rehabilitation is actually helping to direct plasticity and healing of the nervous system around the injury.” In other words, Courtine and his team have accomplished, using a couple of well-timed jolts, what was long thought to be impossible. | https://www.inverse.com/article/50512-paralyzed-people-regain-ability-to-walk-after-stimulation |
India reported its first Covid-19 case on 30th Jan 2020 and the number of cases reported heavily escalated from March, 2020. This research paper analyses COVID -19 data initially at a global level and then drills down to the scenario obtained in India. Data is gathered from multiple data sources-several authentic government websites. The need of the hour is to accurately forecast when the numbers will reach at its peak and then diminish. It will be of huge help to public welfare professionals to plan the preventive measures to be taken keeping the economic balance of the country as well. Variables such as gender, geographical location, age etc. have been represented using Python and Data Visualization techniques. Time Series Forecasting techniques including Machine Learning models like Linear Regression, Support Vector Regression, Polynomial Regression and Deep Learning Forecasting Model like LSTM(Long short-term memory) are deployed to study the probable hike in cases and in the near future. A comparative analysis is also done to understand which model fits the best for our data. Data is considered till 30th July, 2020. The results show that a statistical model named sigmoid model is outperforming other models. Also the Sigmoid model is giving an estimate of the day on which we can expect the number of active cases to reach its peak and also when the curve will start to flatten. Strength of Sigmoid model lies in providing a count of date that no other model offers and thus it is the best model to predict Covid cases counts –this is unique feature of analysis in this paper. Certain feature engineering techniques have been used to transfer data into logarithmic scale as is affords better comparison removing any data extremities or outliers. Based on the predictions of the short-term interval, our model can be tuned to forecast long time intervals.
Introduction
The Covid-19 pandemic in the past four months has engulfed India with huge surge in the number of patients afflicted with the virus as also increase in the number of fatalities attributed to the disease.
Unfortunately India currently reports the highest number of cases in Asia. However the fatality rate is relative lower (2.8%) as compared to the world’s rate of 6.1% (Source-Economic Times) as of 3rd June 2020. On 12th January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the novel coronavirus was responsible for acute respiratory illness of a community of people in Wuhan, China. First confirmed case in India was reported on 30th, 2020 and the first confirmed death was reported on 12th March, 2020. Eventually all Indians were implored by the Government of India to maintain social distancing as a preventive measure. Nationwide Lockdown initiated a number of measures to contain the spread of COVID-19, prominent among them being-Only essential services were allowed to be open; Major cities and some states made wearing face-masks compulsory; Central armed forces came into action in a few areas;. Helpline numbers were set up to help patients or those showing signs of affliction. Various research agencies along with Government of India took the initiative to gather data on Covid-19 and a database was setup that included real time data of number of confirmed cases, deaths, recovery dates, break-up of cases basis age, gender, geographical location, as well as comparison of India’s position with respect to other countries. Further, data was also collected that included information on the number of diagnostic tests that were being conducted at a state and district level. The nation was divided into three zones namely a) Red zones (Hotspots) b) Orange zones (non-hotspots) and c) Green zone (districts without confirm cases for three consecutive weeks). The nation witnessed huge economic downfall in these months. Thousands of people lost jobs. Retail sector became the biggest casualty of lockdown. Also the tourism, hospitality and aviation sector faced massive losses owing to pandemic related regulations allowing near to zero inflows of tourists and visitors severely impacting top-lines of travel agents, hotel and aviation. Global supply chain has been immensely disturbed. Centre for Monitoring the Indian economy (CMIE) reported unemployment rate touching 30% in urban and 21% in rural areas bringing the total unemployment rate of the country to 23.8%.
Review of Related Literature
Ever since the emergence of COVID -19 and it’s consequent spread across continents engulfing both advanced and developing nations, there has been a lot of research papers publications on various aspects of COVID-19. Apart from researches being undertaken in the domain of vaccination, drug therapy and other clinical aspects, considerable research work is also being carried out with patients as the fulcrum-patients who have recovered; patients with co-morbidities and the incidence of virus etc. Thorough analysis is being performed on the people who recovered so as to shed some light on how to deal with the active cases. Data scientists all over the world are busy in making sense out of the available data and predict the near future. Finding trend pattern, feature selection, forecasting techniques are being applied in and out to come to a conclusion. Gupta, Pal and Kumar (2020) in their research paper ‘Trend analysis and forecasting of covid-19 break in India’ used exploratory data analysis to report the situation in the time period of January to March in India. They use time series forecasting methods to predict the future trends. A very famous machine learning model-Arima model prediction was used and inferred that a huge surge in the number of likely covid-19 positive cases was predicted in April and May. The average that was forecasted was a detection of approximately 7000 patients in a total span of 30 days in April. However in reality the figures were higher. Another research paper named SEIR and Regression Model based COVID-19 outbreak predictions in India’ by Pandey and Chowdhury (2020) from department of CSE and IT of Northcap University, India in collaboration with Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) India also covered data from January 30 to March 30, 2020. They used regression models for forecasting. According to them, expected cases may rise to about 5000 in a two week time period. This was far more accurate than the model predicted by Pal and Gupta however actual scenario showed a bigger upsurge. The findings of the paper may be relevant to several other sectors or other branches of healthcare as immunity power is strongly related to fighting with Covid-19. Healthcare experts also maintain that people with a less developed immunity system are more likely to be a victim of Covid-19. Dovey, Hurell, May (2005) in their Research Paper titled “Young adults’ (16-25 years) suggestions for providing developmentally appropriate diabetes services: A qualitative study. “ published in the journal of ‘Health Social Care in the community’ with focus on the opinion of young adults (16-25yrs) proffered suggestions for providing developmentally appropriate diabetic services and it is widely recognized that those suffering from diabetes are more prone to many other diseases owing to compromised immunity system. Hence it’s recommended that we gather information from healthcare workers on staying fit and healthy during this pandemic. Another very relevant paper named “Analysis of Spatial Spread Relationships of Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic in the World using Self Organizing Maps (2020)“ by Julio, Monica, Sanchez, Castillo in the journal of ‘Chaos, Solitons & Fractals’ uses clustering methods to analyze countries on the basis of most affected patients and how they are reacting to it. This paper shows the world scenario first and thereby drilling down to the country of Mexico. Speaking of a country like India, where 65.97% (Trading Economics) belong to rural population, accessibility and utilization of primary health care during the current pandemic situation is a big question. A similar study has been done in UK by Field, Briggs(2020) and we can find its related paper named “Socio-economic and locational determinants of accessibility and utilization of primary health-care” in the journal-‘Health Social Care in the community’. This inspires me to conduct a similar study in India. Another recently published paper by Singhal, Singh, Lall – “Modeling and prediction of COVID-19 pandemic using Gaussian mixture model, 2020” in the journal - ‘Chaos Solitons & Fractals’ captures the trend of cases and also a prediction using Fourier Decomposition Method. This paper also collects data till 30th July and predicts the expected number of cases and deaths in the upcoming days.
Analysis
Visualizations had always been easy to understand the raw data. Here we are going to compare the growth of Covid-19 confirmed, death and recovered cases of India to other major countries that have also been heavily infected. The visualizations are created in Python using the matplotlib, seaborn, plotly libraries and also datetime library for time series data analysis. Date of India and world is gathered from multiple data sheets from kaggle.
Active cases= confirmed cases-recovered cases-death cases
An increase in number of active cases signifies a considerable drop in the number of recovered and death case with respect to the number of confirmed cases. To further confirm this we can visualize the number of closed cases as well.
The above graph supports the fact that either more patients are getting recovered from the disease or more patients are dying due to Covid-19.
Here’s a bar graph to compare the active and closed cases of different countries as of 30th July 2020. India’s active cases remain at 3r position in the world it comes to the 3r position in the number of closed cases.
Weekly growth of cases worldwide starting from January 2020 cases considerable increase from week 9 that is March and experience sharp growth.
The visualization is done on a logarithmic scale. It is quite evident that the pandemic has spread in all the countries in same manner, however certain countries are practicing controlling procedures rigorously and it sevident from the graph. Most of the countries are following the same trajectories as US i.e uncontrolled exponential growth while a few countries like Iran, Spain, Italy, Chile have started showing a dip indicating signs of control over Covid-19.
Clustering –
Machine learning provides an excellent feature of clustering which will help us to categorize countries on the basis of severity of the pandemic. Severity can be measured on several features; here we are considering the mortality and recovery rate of countries. We are using k-means clustering and hierarchical clustering methods both of which suggests that suitable number of clusters will be 3.
Therefore considering k= 3, we get the following.
We can see countries belonging to cluster 1 are at a comparatively safer zone with low mortality rate and high recovery rate. Countries belonging to cluster 1 are India, Peru, Chile, Pakistan, Bangladesh, USA and Russia.
A gender distribution analysis reveals that males are more likely to be diagnosed with Covid-19
Indian Scenario
Drilling down to the present scenario of India-data available from various sources reveals that covid-19 reached India at a little later stage. The first case was diagnosed on 30th January and a few cases were reported on February, all of them being students returning from Wuhan,China to Kerala, India.
Age wise distribution of confirmed cases till 30th July 2020 -
Calculating the average mortality rate and recovery rate-
Growth factor (Graph in log scale) -
It is calculated by the number of cases confirmed yesterday divided by that of today. Using the shift function of python, we can find out a continuous trend of cases increasing with respect to the previous day. A growth factor of 1 indicates cases of yesterday and today was same while growth factor of 2 indicates doubling of new confirmed cases.
Treemap visualization of cases according to states. As of July 30th, 2020, Maharashtra, Delhi, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat where were at the top of the list.
Forecasting
Arima (Auto-regressive integrated moving average) is a popularly used time-series prediction model. It assumes that there is a linear relationship between the variables and time. This model is very dynamic and can be run again and again over a course of time period.
Prophet is another forecasting model given by Facebook, which is designed to manage business problems. It has two techniques of growth forecasting-here we are using the saturated growth model. Model is very flexible to handle periodic effects.
Linear regression model trains itself on some historic data of independent and dependent variable and predicts the future considering a linear relationship between both. Polynomial Regression uses a similar approach; only difference is the dependent variable is modeled as nth degree of the polynomial in x.
Support vector regression is a supervised machine learning model which draws a hyper plane between the data points and creates a boundary of possible data points (high and low) in future. Support Vector Regression traditionally has huge forecasting ability.
The below figure shows that polynomial regression is a good fit for our data. Also subsequently we have the ARIMA model and the Facebook Prophet model which also fits well to our dataset. However it doesn’t give us an estimate of the date when we can expect a downfall in the number of cases. We had also tried with linear regression and support vector machine regression which did not give accurate results in model fitting.
Forecasting using LTSM (Long Short-term Memory)
We can use LTSM to predict univariate time series problems. Usually the problems consist of a single series of observations.It is an artificical recurrent neural network architechture that takes historic data, trains the model and predicts the near future.
Classical methods like Arima Model, Facebook Prophet forecasting model and polynomial regression outperform machine learning methods for one step forecasting on our dataset. These machine learning and deep learning models do not deliver their promise of accurate time series forecasting and we have much more to
This bar chart gives us a comparative analysis of the fitness of each model. Lower the root mean square better is the model fit. The Arima Model and Facebook Prophet Forecasting Model are showing a good fit while Linear Regression and Support Vector Regression are the worst fit. This is supported by the graphical results of prediction shown above.
The Sigmoid Model has lowest Root mean square value, so it is the best fit.
Forecasting using sigmoid model –
The Machine Learning and deep learning models used above are traditionally used for time-series forecasting and give brilliant results elsewhere for example sales forecasting. However the case prediction of Covid-19 is different. We are currently at a growth phase when it comes to number of daily active cases; however considering the graphs of several other countries, in India also we are expecting a point from which the curve will fall. This kind of scenario can be best analyzed and supported by a Sigmoid model. Even China’s data also resembles sigmoidal shape.
Fitting sigmoid function in the data –
y= ———
a - sigmoidal shape progress of infection (better if small in our case)
b - The point where sigmoid star to flatten from steepening - midpoint of segment when rate of increment of cases will slow down.
c - The maximum value (maximum number of infected patients)
Results
Python calculation and overview of the data -
The model predicts maximum active cases at 300240.
The curve flattens by day 240 i.e. 19th September and after that the curve goes down and the number of active cases eventually will decrease.
Conclusion -
There are a lot of research works going on with respect to vaccines, economic dealings, precautions and reduction of Covid-19 cases. However currently we are at a mid-Covid situation. India along with many other countries are still witnessing upsurge in the number of cases at alarming rates on a daily basis. We have not yet reached the peak. Therefore cuff learning and downward growth are also yet to happen. Each day comes out with fresh information and large amount of data. Also there are many other predictive models using machine learning and deep learning that have been used to forecast. However the Sigmoid model only gives us an accurate representation of date when we can expect the peak. At the end of the day it is only the precautionary measures we as responsible citizens can take that will help to flatten the curve. We can all join hands together and maintain all rules and regulations strictly. Maintaining social distancing, taking the lockdown seriously is the only key. This study is based on real time data and will be useful for certain key stakeholders like government officials, healthcare workers in preparing a combat plan along with stringent measures. Also the study will help mathematicians and statisticians to predict outbreak numbers more accurately.
Data Availability
All the data is I used are available online. Also I have mentioned the details in the references.
Conflict of interest statement-
On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest. | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.20140004v2.full |
In this guide we will be discussing our final linear regression related topic, and that’s polynomial regression. Unlike simple and multivariable linear regression, polynomial regression fits a nonlinear relationship between independent and dependent variables. Because of this nonlinear relationship it’s classified as a special case of multivariable regression. Some common examples include population growth, half-life or decay rates, stock pricing, and even force fields (like gravity).
As you would expect the equation of a polynomial regression line is very similar to that of a multivariable regression line.
In the previous guide we discovered that exam two scores had the most significant impact on the model when predicting final exam scores. In this guide, we’re going to be looking at the relationship between exam two and homework scores.
To get started we’re going to import our libraries and data frame. As always we’re going to be using the basics: NumPy, Pandas, and Matplotlib. We’re also going to use the train and test split again as well as the linear regression function from Scikit-learn. The last piece we’ll need comes from the preprocessing package in Scikit-learn, PolynomialFeatures. Once we have everything successfully imported we’ll move forward with segmenting and assigning our featured and dependent variables. Then we’ll finish by converting our two variables into a matrix by utilizing NumPy’s newaxis function.
Now, if you remember back to simple and multiple variable regression we’re going to follow very similar steps. Just like before we’re going to start by creating and defining our training and testing variables. But before we actually train the model, we’re going to apply the PolynomialFeatures class and pass in a degree of one. Next we’re going to create two more variables: poly_1_homework_train and poly_1_homework_test. Both will be assigned to the fit_transform function in PolynomialFeatures which will convert the regression line from slope-intercept form into polynomial form.
If you open up the variable explorer pane and compare homework_train and poly_1_homework_train you’ll notice they are nearly identical and that is because we converted the line into a first degree polynomial. And if you remember back to your math class, any number raised to the power of one is itself. So for now, all our homework scores stayed the same. Now, I'm not one hundred percent sure but I believe the one is simply acting as a placeholder that will eventually be multiplied by the alpha value in our final regression equation.
From here we can go ahead and train the model, and we’re going to do that by fitting it the same way we did with both simple and multivariable regression. We’ll start by creating our regressor variable and equating that to LinearRegression. Next, we’ll use the fit function to train our model with poly_1_homework_train and we’ll still use exam_2_train as our training output. Now that we have the model trained we can test it by using our transformed homework array. Let’s create a prediction variable and then assign that to the predict function and we’ll pass in poly_1_homework_test. Before we graph the result let’s really quickly determine the r-squared value. As a reminder, the r-squared value is the proportion of the variance in the dependent variable that is predictable from the independent variable. So, just like before we’ll use the regressor.score function and we’ll pass in poly_1_homework_test followed by exam_2_test.
Now, when we graph this, notice how the regression line is still straight, which is exactly what we expected. But, we don’t have a very strong r-squared value. That’s because we’ve underfit the model.
To avoid underfitting we need to create a higher order equation which adds complexity to the model. To do that we’re going to use PolynomialFeatures again to transform homework_train and test into cubic polynomials. So, I’m going to create a few new variables by copying and pasting, then I’m going to replace every poly_1 with a poly_3. And most importantly inside PolynomialFeatures we’re going to pass in degree equals three instead of one.
Let’s run this, then open up the variable explorer pane and check the poly_3_homework_train variable. It looks like everything worked and our homework array was successfully transformed into a cubic polynomial.
Now, we’re going to add this to the graph we already have. And as you can see we have a much better fit. In fact, the r-squared value increased significantly. We’re going to follow this process one more time, but with a fifth degree polynomial. But before that I’d like to take the time to address a possible issue you may be facing when trying to graph your regression line.
Before we move on I’d like to take a minute to address a possible issue you may be facing while graphing your regression line. I am purposely graphing my regression line as a scatter plot because if you use plt.plot, or some alternative, you typically end up with a graph like this.
If you’re having this issue it’s more than likely due to your homework array. The array is plotted sequentially, meaning you’d need to sort your array before you graph it to get a single uniform line. While it make look a little cleaner, it’s not something I really recommend. Graphing is arguably the least important aspect of regression, and anytime you introduce code that isn’t necessary you run an increased risk of introducing a bug into your model.
Alright, now for the fifth degree polynomial. We’re going to follow the same steps that we walked through for the cubic polynomial: pass in degree equals three in PolynomialFeatures, then replace every poly_3 with poly_5.
We’re also going to add this as a scatter plot to our graph. What’s important to notice is that we’ve actually decreased the r-squared value. Until we get more training data we should probably keep the regression model as a cubic polynomial.
In theory we could keep increasing the degree of the polynomial to account for higher levels of variance in the data. But there comes a point when we begin to over-fit the model. The problem with overfitting is that it potentially gives significance to outliers which will eventually decrease the accuracy of prediction in your model. All in all polynomial regression is a great tool because it accounts for a wide range of curves, and provides us with the best approximation for relationships between dependent and featured variables.
FINAL CODE: | http://dailysmarty.com/posts/polynomial-regression |
Abstract. Precipitation is one of the main stages of the water cycle, and it is required for the organisms to survive on the planet. In contrast, air pollution is a phenomenon that has greatly affected the human life nowadays. Population growth, development of factories and increasing number of fossil fuel vehicles are the most influencing factors on air pollution. In addition to understand nature of precipitation and air pollution, finding relationship between these two phenomena is necessary to make appropriate policies for reducing air pollution. Furthermore, studying trends of precipitation and air pollution in the past, is helpful to forecast the times and places with less precipitation and more air pollution for a better urban management. In this study, we tried to extract any probable relationship between these two parameters by investigating their monthly measured amounts in 22 municipal districts of Tehran in three epochs of time (2009, 2013 and 2017). Carbon Monoxide (CO) was considered as the indicator of air pollution. Results of the study show that the parameters have a significant relationship with each other. By using Pearson Correlation Coefficient and One-Way Variance (ANOVA) test, relationship between the data for each month and for each district of Tehran were studied separately. As the time has passed and the air pollution has increased, the correlation between the parameters in districts has decreased. In addition, during the cold months of the year, the correlations decrease since the fact that precipitation is not the only influencing factor on the air pollution due to the rise of air “Inversion”. Finally, the polynomial regression model of carbon monoxide based on precipitation was extracted for each of the three years. The model suggests a degree three polynomial equation. The obtained coefficients from the regression model show that the relationship between parameters was stronger in the years with more rainfalls. This can be due to the more significant impact of other influencing factors on air pollution, such as population density, wind direction, vehicles and factories in the areas or conditions with a less rainfall. | https://www.proc-int-cartogr-assoc.net/2/23/2019/ |
One of the most common questions we have of our data is evaluating the value of something. How many items will we sell next month? How much does it cost to produce them? How much revenue will we make over the year?
You can often answer such questions with Machine Learning. As covered in our previous post on Supervised Machine Learning, if you have enough historical data on past outcomes, you can make such predictions on future outcomes.
One of the most common Supervised Learning approaches to predicting a value is Linear Regression. In Linear Regression, the goal is to evaluate a linear relationship between some set of inputs and the output value you are trying to predict. As part of our continuing ML 101 series, we’ll review the basic steps of Linear Regression, and show how you can use such an approach to predict any value in your own dataset.
The Model: Linear Regression
The fundamentals of Linear Regression are actually pretty straightforward.
The goal is to find a function that draws a linear relationship between a set of input features and the value we’d like to predict. This function can also be called a model.
For Linear Regression, we represent such a model with a function such as:
For simplicity throughout this post, we’ll focus on datasets with just one input feature. So in the function represented above, x is an input feature, ŷ is the predicted value for y, and θ0 and θ1 are parameters that we use to define the relationship between x and ŷ.
To further clarify, let’s look at an example of housing prices. Say we want to predict the price of a house, based on its size (in square feet). If we wanted to use a Linear Regression model to represent this relationship, we would denote the predicted house price as ŷ, and the house size as x, such that Price (predicted) = θ0 + θ1 * Size.
If we graph this out, the model will take the form of a line as noted in the figure above (and hence why this is called “Linear” Regression).
But how do we choose the parameters for θ0 and θ1 for our model, and fit an actual line to find the relationship between between x and ŷ?
Cost Functions: How to Evaluate the Accuracy of a Model
With Linear Regression, there are multiple models you can generate for the same set of data. You can designate many different values for θ0 and θ1 (as noted in the diagrams above), and generate different lines to model the relationship between the input x and prediction ŷ.
To choose the best model, you want to choose the parameters for θ0 and θ1 that can fit a line most closely following the relationship between actual examples of x and ŷ. But how do you measure the accuracy of such a line?
To measure the accuracy of a model, we use a Cost Function. A Cost Function for Linear Regression measures the error of your model. The error of the model is measured by taking the difference between your outputted prediction ŷ and comparing it to the actual value of y for each of your data examples.
Going back to our housing price example, say we have a set of houses with [size, price] such as [1000, $200,000], [3000, $700,000], etc. and a model where we predict price = 1000 + 200 * (size). In this case, for the first house we can predict a price = 1000 + 200 * 1000 = 201,000 → meaning our prediction is off by a value of 1000 (the actual recorded price for a house of size 1000 was $200,000).
If you sum the errors of all your pricing examples, you’ll get the total Cost of your model for housing prices.
Gradient Descent: How to Algorithmically Reduce Your Cost Function
Now that we know that you can use a Cost Function to evaluate the effectiveness of a model, we still need to find the model with the lowest Cost or Error Rate.
One way we could do this is just generate many different models, or different permutations of the parameters θ0 and θ1, and see which has the smallest error in the Cost Function. But done manually, this could take a really long time.
There is a quicker way to do this, which is to use an algorithm called Gradient Descent.
Gradient Descent works by essentially working through increments of different values of θ0 and θ1 by a factor of the Cost Function, until you reach convergence and any incremental change in θ0 and θ1 will no longer reduce the error of the model. The values for θ0 and θ1 at convergence will be your most optimal values for the Linear Regression Model.
The algorithm you’d use to find these step-wise increments involves a lot of calculus and partial differentials, but summarizing the end output, you can use the following formulas:
More simply, what this algorithm is saying is that if you start with some random values for the parameters θ0 and θ1, you can pick a new set of values for θ0 and θ1 based on the relative error or Cost produced by that version of the model. The algorithm will run through multiple iterations of these parameters in increments of the respective error rate, until the relative error rate is closest to 0.
Summary
Hopefully this helps better guide how you can use Linear Regression to predict a value.
Starting with an input variable x and respective output y, you can use a learning algorithm like Gradient Descent to find the parameters θ0 and θ1 that present the lowest error to modeling a linear relationship between the prediction ŷ = θ0 + θ1 * x.
It should be noted in this post we focused on Univariate Linear Regression, wherein there was only one input feature x1 into the model. More often, you will have many input features, and will need what is referred to as Multivariate Linear Regression. Other times the input features won’t exactly follow a linear relationship, and you’ll need to use polynomial adaptations to fit the Linear Regression appropriately.
These additional cases require a little more calculus and linear algebra to solve. But the concepts underlying their solutions are more or less the same as the basic Linear Regression models covered above – fitting a predictive model to explain the generally linear relationship between a set of input features and output value.
—
This blog post is based on concepts taught in Stanford’s Machine Learning course notes by Andrew Ng on Coursera. | https://blog.clearbrain.com/posts/how-to-predict-any-value-using-linear-regression |
- Algebra I Module 5: A Synthesis of Modeling with Equations and Functions In Module 5, students synthesize what they have learned during the year about functions to select the correct function type in...
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- Students revisit the fundamental theorem of algebra as they explore complex roots of polynomial functions. They use polynomial identities, the binomial theorem, and Pascal’s Triangle to find roots...
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- Exponential and Logarithmic Functions In this module, students synthesize and generalize what they have learned about a variety of function families. They extend the domain of exponential functions...
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- Algebra II Module 1: Polynomial, Rational, and Radical Relationships Students connect polynomial arithmetic to computations with whole numbers and integers. Students learn that the arithmetic of...
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- Algebra I Module 4: Polynomial and Quadratic Expressions, Equations, and Functions In earlier modules, students analyze the process of solving equations and developing fluency in writing,...
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- At the beginning of Topic B, students apply the properties of exponents to solve exponential equations numerically (F-BF.1a) as a way to motivate the need for logarithms, which are first introduced...
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- Student Outcomes Students learn to fit polynomial functions to data values.
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- Student Outcomes Students model a cross-section of a riverbed with a polynomial function and estimate fluid flow with their algebraic model.
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- This topic focuses on factoring polynomials and the advantages of factored form of a polynomial to both solve equations and sketch graphs of polynomial functions. Students solve problems involving...
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- Students apply their experiences from Topic A as they transform quadratic functions from standard form to vertex form, (x) = a(x - h)2 + k in Topic B. The strategy known as completing the square is...
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- Topic A focuses on the skills inherent in the modeling process: representing graphs, data sets, or verbal descriptions using explicit expressions (F-BF.A.1a) when presented in graphic form in Lesson...
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- Tables, graphs, and equations all represent models. We use terms such as “symbolic” or “analytic” to refer specifically to the equation form of a function model; “descriptive model” refers to a...
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- Student Outcomes Students write equations to model data from tables, which can be represented with linear, quadratic, or exponential functions, including several from Lessons 4 and 5. They recognize...
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- Student Outcomes Students use linear, quadratic, and exponential functions to model data from tables, and choose the regression most appropriate to a given context. They use the correlation...
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- Student Outcomes Students model functions described verbally in a given context using graphs, tables, or algebraic representations.
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- Student Outcomes Students interpret the function and its graph and use them to answer questions related to the model, including calculating the rate of change over an interval, and always using an...
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- Student Outcomes From a graphic representation, students recognize the function type, interpret key features of the graph, and create an equation or table to use as a model of the context for...
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- Student Outcomes Students make sense of a contextual situation that can be modeled with linear, quadratic, and exponential functions when presented as a word problem. They analyze a verbal...
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- Student Outcomes Students create a two-variable equation that models the graph from a context. Function types include linear, quadratic, exponential, square root, cube root, and absolute value. ...
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- Student Outcomes Students solve complex quadratic equations, including those with a leading coefficient other than 1, by completing the square. Some solutions may be irrational. Students draw... | https://www.engageny.org/ccss-library?sort=changed&order=desc&f%5B0%5D=field_core_tags%253Afield_ccls_math%253Aparents_all%3A11106&f%5B1%5D=field_subject%253Aparents_all%3A13601&f%5B2%5D=field_grade%253Aparents_all%3A13486&f%5B3%5D=field_core_tags%253Afield_ccls_math%253Aparents_all%3A10626&f%5B4%5D=field_core_tags%253Afield_ccls_math%253Aparents_all%3A10856 |
In economics, "rational expectations" are model-consistent expectations, in that agents inside the model are assumed to "know the model" and on average take the model's predictions as valid. Rational expectations ensure internal consistency in models involving uncertainty. To obtain consistency within a model, the predictions of future values of economically relevant variables from the model are assumed to be the same as that of the decision-makers in the model, given their information set, the nature of the random processes involved, and model structure. The rational expectations assumption is used especially in many contemporary macroeconomic models.
Since most macroeconomic models today study decisions under uncertainty and over many periods, the expectations of individuals, firms, and government institutions about future economic conditions are an essential part of the model. To assume rational expectations is to assume that agents' expectations may be wrong, but are correct on average over time. In other words, although the future is not fully predictable, agents' expectations are assumed not to be systematically biased and collectively use all relevant information in forming expectations of economic variables. This way of modeling expectations was originally proposed by John F. Muth (1961) and later became influential when it was used by Robert Lucas Jr. in macroeconomics.
Deirdre McCloskey emphasizes that "rational expectations" is an expression of intellectual modesty:
Muth's notion was that the professors [of economics], even if correct in their model of man, could do no better in predicting than could the hog farmer or steelmaker or insurance company. The notion is one of intellectual modesty. The common sense is "rationality": therefore Muth called the argument "rational expectations".
Hence, it is important to distinguish the rational-expectations assumption from assumptions of individual rationality and to note that the first does not imply the latter. Rational expectations is an assumption of aggregate consistency in dynamic models. In contrast, rational choice theory studies individual decision making and is used extensively in, among others, game theory and contract theory. In fact, Muth cited survey data exhibiting "considerable cross-sectional differences of opinion" and was quite explicit in stating that his rational-expectations hypothesis does not assert... that predictions of entrepreneurs are perfect or that their expectations are all the same. In Muth's version of rational expectations, each individual holds beliefs that are model inconsistent, although the distribution of these diverse beliefs is unbiased relative to the data generated by the actions resulting from these expectations.
Rational expectations theory defines this kind of expectations as being the best guess of the future (the optimal forecast) that uses all available information. Thus, it is assumed that outcomes that are being forecast do not differ systematically from the market equilibrium results. As a result, rational expectations do not differ systematically or predictably from equilibrium results. That is, it assumes that people do not make systematic errors when predicting the future, and deviations from perfect foresight are only random. In an economic model, this is typically modelled by assuming that the expected value of a variable is equal to the expected value predicted by the model.
For example, suppose that P is the equilibrium price in a simple market, determined by supply and demand. The theory of rational expectations says that the actual price will only deviate from the expectation if there is an 'information shock' caused by information unforeseeable at the time expectations were formed. In other words, ex ante the price is anticipated to equal its rational expectation:
where is the rational expectation and is the random error term, which has an expected value of zero, and is independent of .
If rational expectations are applied to the Phillips curve analysis, the distinction between long and short term will be completely negated, that is, there is no Phillips curve, and there is no substitute relationship between inflation rate and unemployment rate that can be utilized.
The mathematical derivation is as follows:
Rational expectation is consistent with objective mathematical expectation:
Mathematical derivation (1)
Assuming that the actual process is known, the rate of inflation depends on previous monetary changes and changes in short-term variables such as X (for example, oil prices):
(1)
(2)
(3) ,
(4)
(5)
Thus, even in the short run, there is no substitute relationship between inflation and unemployment. Random shocks, which are completely unpredictable, are the only reason why the unemployment rate deviates from the natural rate.
Mathematical derivation (2)
Even if the actual rate of inflation is dependent on current monetary changes, the public can make rational expectations as long as they know how monetary policy is being decided:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
The conclusion is essentially the same: random shocks that are completely unpredictable are the only thing that can cause the unemployment rate to deviate from the natural rate.
Rational expectations theories were developed in response to perceived flaws in theories based on adaptive expectations. Under adaptive expectations, expectations of the future value of an economic variable are based on past values. For example, people would be assumed to predict inflation by looking at inflation last year and in previous years. Under adaptive expectations, if the economy suffers from constantly rising inflation rates (perhaps due to government policies), people would be assumed to always underestimate inflation. Many economists have regarded this as unrealistic, believing that rational individuals would sooner or later realize the trend and take it into account in forming their expectations.
The rational expectations hypothesis has been used to support some strong conclusions about economic policymaking. An example is the policy ineffectiveness proposition developed by Thomas Sargent and Neil Wallace. If the Federal Reserve attempts to lower unemployment through expansionary monetary policy economic agents will anticipate the effects of the change of policy and raise their expectations of future inflation accordingly. This in turn will counteract the expansionary effect of the increased money supply. All that the government can do is raise the inflation rate, not employment. This is a distinctly New Classical outcome. During the 1970s rational expectations appeared to have made previous macroeconomic theory largely obsolete, which culminated with the Lucas critique. However, rational expectations theory has been widely adopted and is considered an innocuous assumption in macroeconomics.
If agents do not (or cannot) form rational expectations or if prices are not completely flexible, discretional and completely anticipated economic policy actions can trigger real changes.
Rational expectations are expected values in the mathematical sense. In order to be able to compute expected values, individuals must know the true economic model, its parameters, and the nature of the stochastic processes that govern its evolution. If these extreme assumptions are violated, individuals simply cannot form rational expectations.
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This section is written like a research paper or scientific journal that may use overly technical terms or may not be written like an encyclopedic article.(September 2020)
Suppose we have data on inflationary expectations, such as that from the Michigan survey. We can test whether these expectations are rational by regressing the actual realized inflation rate on the prior expectation of it, X, at some specified lead time k:
where a and b are parameters to be estimated and is the error term. We can test the rationality of expectations by testing the joint null hypothesis that
failure to reject this null hypothesis is evidence in favor of rational expectations. A stronger test can be conducted if the one above has failed to reject the null: the residuals of the above regression can themselves be regressed on other variables whose values are available to agents when they are forming the expectation. If any of these variables has a significant effect on the residuals, agents can be said to have failed to take them sufficiently into account when forming their expectations, leading to needlessly high variance of the forecasting residuals and thus more uncertainty than is necessary about their predictions, which hampers their effort to use the predictions in their economic choices for things such as money demand, consumption, fixed investment, etc.
In economics, adaptive expectations is a hypothesized process by which people form their expectations about what will happen in the future based on what has happened in the past. For example, if people want to create an expectation of the inflation rate in the future, they can refer to past inflation rates to infer some consistencies and could derive a more accurate expectation the more years they consider.
Econometrics is the application of statistical methods to economic data in order to give empirical content to economic relationships. More precisely, it is "the quantitative analysis of actual economic phenomena based on the concurrent development of theory and observation, related by appropriate methods of inference". An introductory economics textbook describes econometrics as allowing economists "to sift through mountains of data to extract simple relationships". Jan Tinbergen is one of the two founding fathers of econometrics. The other, Ragnar Frisch, also coined the term in the sense in which it is used today.
Macroeconomics is a branch of economics dealing with performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of an economy as a whole. For example, using interest rates, taxes, and government spending to regulate an economy’s growth and stability. This includes regional, national, and global economies. According to a 2018 assessment by economists Emi Nakamura and Jón Steinsson, economic "evidence regarding the consequences of different macroeconomic policies is still highly imperfect and open to serious criticism."
New Keynesian economics is a school of macroeconomics that strives to provide microeconomic foundations for Keynesian economics. It developed partly as a response to criticisms of Keynesian macroeconomics by adherents of new classical macroeconomics.
Noether's theorem or Noether's first theorem states that every differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system with conservative forces has a corresponding conservation law. The theorem was proven by mathematician Emmy Noether in 1915 and published in 1918. The action of a physical system is the integral over time of a Lagrangian function, from which the system's behavior can be determined by the principle of least action. This theorem only applies to continuous and smooth symmetries over physical space.
The Phillips curve is a single-equation economic model, named after William Phillips, hypothesizing an inverse relationship between rates of unemployment and corresponding rates of rises in wages that result within an economy. Stated simply, decreased unemployment, in an economy will correlate with higher rates of wage rises. Phillips did not himself state there was any relationship between employment and inflation; this notion was a trivial deduction from his statistical findings. Paul Samuelson and Robert Solow made the connection explicit and subsequently Milton Friedman and Edmund Phelps put the theoretical structure in place. In so doing, Friedman was to successfully predict the imminent collapse of Phillips' a-theoretic correlation.
In probability theory, Markov's inequality gives an upper bound for the probability that a non-negative function of a random variable is greater than or equal to some positive constant. It is named after the Russian mathematician Andrey Markov, although it appeared earlier in the work of Pafnuty Chebyshev, and many sources, especially in analysis, refer to it as Chebyshev's inequality or Bienaymé's inequality.
The path integral formulation is a description in quantum mechanics that generalizes the action principle of classical mechanics. It replaces the classical notion of a single, unique classical trajectory for a system with a sum, or functional integral, over an infinity of quantum-mechanically possible trajectories to compute a quantum amplitude.
(Interest rates to national income)
In monetary economics, the quantity theory of money is one of the directions of Western economic thought that emerged in the 16th-17th centuries. The QTM states that the general price level of goods and services is directly proportional to the amount of money in circulation, or money supply. For example, if the amount of money in an economy doubles, QTM predicts that price levels will also double. The theory was originally formulated by Polish mathematician Nicolaus Copernicus in 1517, and was influentially restated by philosophers John Locke, David Hume, Jean Bodin. The theory experienced a large surge in popularity with economists Anna Schwartz and Milton Friedman's book A Monetary History of the United States, published in 1963.
In the statistical analysis of time series, autoregressive–moving-average (ARMA) models provide a parsimonious description of a (weakly) stationary stochastic process in terms of two polynomials, one for the autoregression (AR) and the second for the moving average (MA). The general ARMA model was described in the 1951 thesis of Peter Whittle, Hypothesis testing in time series analysis, and it was popularized in the 1970 book by George E. P. Box and Gwilym Jenkins.
In finance, arbitrage pricing theory (APT) is a multi-factor model for asset pricing which relates various macro-economic (systematic) risk variables to the pricing of financial assets. Proposed by economist Stephen Ross in 1976, it is widely believed to be an improved alternative to its predecessor, the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). APT is founded upon the law of one price, which suggests that within an equilibrium market, rational investors will implement arbitrage such that the equilibrium price is eventually realised. As such, APT argues that when opportunities for arbitrage are exhausted in a given period, then the expected return of an asset is a linear function of various factors or theoretical market indices, where sensitivities of each factor is represented by a factor-specific beta coefficient or factor loading. Consequently, it provides traders with an indication of ‘true’ asset value and enables exploitation of market discrepancies via arbitrage. The linear factor model structure of the APT is used as the basis for evaluating asset allocation, the performance of managed funds as well as the calculation of cost of capital.
A Bellman equation, named after Richard E. Bellman, is a necessary condition for optimality associated with the mathematical optimization method known as dynamic programming. It writes the "value" of a decision problem at a certain point in time in terms of the payoff from some initial choices and the "value" of the remaining decision problem that results from those initial choices. This breaks a dynamic optimization problem into a sequence of simpler subproblems, as Bellman's “principle of optimality" prescribes.
John Fraser Muth was an American economist. He is "the father of the rational expectations revolution in economics", primarily due to his article "Rational Expectations and the Theory of Price Movements" from 1961.
Thomas John Sargent is an American economist and the W.R. Berkley Professor of Economics and Business at New York University. He specializes in the fields of macroeconomics, monetary economics, and time series econometrics. As of 2020, he ranks as the 29th most cited economist in the world. He was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics in 2011 together with Christopher A. Sims for their "empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy".
New classical macroeconomics, sometimes simply called new classical economics, is a school of thought in macroeconomics that builds its analysis entirely on a neoclassical framework. Specifically, it emphasizes the importance of rigorous foundations based on microeconomics, especially rational expectations.
Viscoplasticity is a theory in continuum mechanics that describes the rate-dependent inelastic behavior of solids. Rate-dependence in this context means that the deformation of the material depends on the rate at which loads are applied. The inelastic behavior that is the subject of viscoplasticity is plastic deformation which means that the material undergoes unrecoverable deformations when a load level is reached. Rate-dependent plasticity is important for transient plasticity calculations. The main difference between rate-independent plastic and viscoplastic material models is that the latter exhibit not only permanent deformations after the application of loads but continue to undergo a creep flow as a function of time under the influence of the applied load.
In statistics, polynomial regression is a form of regression analysis in which the relationship between the independent variable x and the dependent variable y is modelled as an nth degree polynomial in x. Polynomial regression fits a nonlinear relationship between the value of x and the corresponding conditional mean of y, denoted E(y |x). Although polynomial regression fits a nonlinear model to the data, as a statistical estimation problem it is linear, in the sense that the regression function E(y | x) is linear in the unknown parameters that are estimated from the data. For this reason, polynomial regression is considered to be a special case of multiple linear regression.
The random walk model of consumption was introduced by economist Robert Hall. This model uses the Euler numerical method to model consumption. He created his consumption theory in response to the Lucas critique. Using Euler equations to model the random walk of consumption has become the dominant approach to modeling consumption.
In decision theory, the von Neumann–Morgenstern (VNM) utility theorem shows that, under certain axioms of rational behavior, a decision-maker faced with risky (probabilistic) outcomes of different choices will behave as if he or she is maximizing the expected value of some function defined over the potential outcomes at some specified point in the future. This function is known as the von Neumann–Morgenstern utility function. The theorem is the basis for expected utility theory. | https://wikimili.com/en/Rational_expectations |
The data is log transformed and the observations are on a daily basis. I attached the graph of the "Bitcoin views on Wikipedia" and two test results for different lag-orders. Now what I want to do is to determine the relationship (if any). Normally I would use a polynomial regression, but this makes no sense when one of the variables is binary. I have read of something called logistic regression, but I can't seem to figure out how to do it with MatLab. If someone could give me some instructions and possibly some tips on interpreting the results I would really ... When and why do you use lognormal distribution or normal distribution for analyzing securities? Lognormal for stocks, normal for portfolio returns. On top of that, the MTB (Market to book ratio) has been transformed into logarithm form but not the Forex variables. My another question is if I need to translate all the continuous variables into logarithm form to best fit the logistic model as the coefficients of Forex variables are quite large? Thanks in advance. Kind regards, In my data set the dependant variable is a percentage with a range 0 to 100. It can be interpreted as the probability or proportion as well. Ex:- Number of correct answers provided by the ... In order to receive consistent, reliable results, the non-stationary data needs to be transformed into stationary data. In contrast to the non-stationary process that has a variable variance and a ... arima— ARIMA, ARMAX, and other dynamic regression models 3. arima D.y, ar(1/2) ma(1/3) is equivalent to. arima y, arima(2,1,3) The latter is easier to write for simple ARMAX and ARIMA models, but if gaps in the AR or MA lags are to be modeled, or if different operators are to be applied to independent variables, the The Essential Guide to Data Analytics with Stata. Learning and applying new statistical techniques can be daunting experience. This is especially true once one engages with “real life” data sets that do not allow for easy “click-and-go” analysis, but require a deeper level of understanding of programme coding, data manipulation, output interpretation, output formatting and selecting ... Diagnose the ACF and PACF of a Transformed Time-Series Object. The plot below helps us confirm that we have stationarity and helps us decide which model we will use. It is important to keep in mind that we have a difference parameter equal to one (i.e., d = 1) because of the previous transformation we carried out. plot_acf_pacf(tsDiff, 'First Difference Time Series Object') From the above ... We will transform time series variables using lags, first differences, logarithms, & growth rates . 14-9 Example: Quarterly rate of inflation at an annual rate (U.S.) CPI = Consumer Price Index (Bureau of Labor Statistics) CPI in the first quarter of 2004 (2004:I) = 186.57 CPI in the second quarter of 2004 (2004:II) = 188.60 Percentage change in CPI, 2004:I to 2004:II = 188.60 186.57 100 186 ... | http://binary-optiontrade.elaxnocbupo.tk/?binomo=4774 |
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