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General Purpose:
This Office Manager position is responsible for the organization and coordination of office operations and resources, assists in the overall finance function, and responsible for data and statistical reporting to facilitate effectiveness and efficiency for the entire organization. This position will perform a wide range of functions to facilitate the efficient operation of the organization.
Inclusiveness Statement
As an organization dedicated to inclusiveness, BBBSC values and celebrates the diversity and individuality of every child, volunteer, employee, board member, family and community partner.
Essential Duties/Responsibilities:
Operations and Finance
- Oversee daily office operations ensuring the organization and staff have a quality work environment.
- Delivers consistent, effective and excellent customer service to all children, parents, volunteers, staff, partnerships, and donors. Communicates effectively with all departments within the agency.
- Responsible for all vendor management which includes ordering equipment and supplies, managing and monitoring service levels, invoice reconciliation and addressing unsatisfactory vendor services.
- Complete monthly expense reconciliation for corporate credit cards. Prepare necessary journal entry to record expenses.
- Serve as primary IT liaison between staff and external IT service provider. Ensure IT infrastructure operating at all times.
- Manage car donation vendor and system. Implement strategies for increasing overall car donation and keeping processing costs to a minimum.
- Assist with committee and Board packet preparation. Provide administrative support to all CEO and all departments.
- Responsible for accounts payable process including vendor relationships, timely paying of all invoices, and accurate record keeping in Sage.
- Assist in HR administration as needed. Responsible for daily mail processing.
- Maintain and reconcile Denver petty cash account. Log incoming checks daily and make deposits as needed.
- Other duties as deemed necessary.
Data Management
- Manage program data including but not limited to Matchforce Statistics, Quality metrics, School data and outcomes, Match Activities (collectively referred to as Program stats and outcomes data for BBBSC). Help agency and staff build capacity to understand the importance of collected data and how it relates to quality and impact both internally and within the community.
- Maintain and when necessary, create data management systems, tools, policies and procedures required for the collecting, entering, cleaning, tracking, analyzing, and reporting out of data.
- Gather data into manageable database using appropriate software. Use available software (Excel) to “clean” existing data files and streamline the data management process.
- Ensure that essential program and demographic data is appropriately collected for assessment purposes.
- Conduct analysis of Program stats and outcomes data on a periodic or as needed basis.
- Create a schedule of data collection and periodic reporting according to agency and grant timelines and project requirements as determined by program leadership, grant manager and agency leadership.
- Build and maintain relationships with both internal and external partners including school districts, funders, community impact teams related to outcomes and impact.
- Stay current with best practices, literature, and resources relevant to BBBSC quality and impact.
- Manage and maintain quality, confidentiality and integrity of data and findings.
- Responsible for the management, updates, staff training and accessibility to databases.
- Review, compile and provide relevant data in practical and informative format for Program and Fund Development on an as needed basis. (Quantitative and Qualitative)
Job Qualifications:
Knowledge, Skill and Ability
- Competency and experience data management, analysis, and reporting.
- Expert in Microsoft Office products with emphasis in Excel, Word and PowerPoint.
- Demonstrates strong interpersonal, communication, and organizational skills.
- Results oriented; monitors processes and progress; meets goals and deadlines.
- Demonstrates the ability to communicate the relevance of findings in the context of the BBBSC mission.
- Some knowledge and experience with in program/outcomes evaluation, research design and instrument design is preferred.
Education or Formal Training
- Secretarial/administrative experience required.
- Minimum three years prior experience with data collection, management, operational reporting and analysis
- Experience analyzing and presenting data outcomes
- Experience working with data warehouses design and project management
- Material And Equipment Directly Used: General office equipment including PC, copier and projector.
- Working Environment/Physical Activities: Routine office environment. Work hours and location occasionally flexible to meet customer and agency needs. Some evenings and weekends may be required. Some driving in community required.
Professional Performance
- Adhere to all personnel guidelines of the agency.
- Maintain professional standards of performance, demeanor, and appearance at all times; act as a “role model” both at and away from the agency.
- Maintain a creative, team-building approach to job performance and seek to bring a constructive, problem-solving orientation to all tasks.
- Perform all tasks and responsibilities with attention to detail and in a complete and timely manner, complying with agency guidelines and conforming to the scheduling requirements of the job and program.
- Maintain an awareness of the agency’s mission and work to promote the positive individual and social change goals it embodies.
- Exercise discretion and professional judgment at all times keeping with the responsibilities carried personally and by the agency for the care and welfare of the clients; act with honesty and integrity in all aspects of agency business.
- Actively strive to upgrade professional skills though engaging in appropriate professional training and experience.
- Actively strive to create and maintain a culturally sensitive and appropriate environment through communication and interaction that demonstrates respect for diversity.
Equal Employment Opportunity
BBBSC strives to make all personnel decisions without regard to race, creed, age, color, religion, national origin, ancestry, citizenship status, gender, gender expression, marital status, sexual orientation, veteran status, disability, arrest record, or any other protected class as required by applicable law. All employees are expected to actively support these principles and objectives in our work environment and with others with whom we come into contact.
Note: Nothing in this job specification restricts management’s right to assign or reassign duties and responsibilities to this job at any time. Critical features of this job are described under various headings above. They may be subject to change at any time due to reasonable accommodation or other reasons. The above statements are strictly intended to describe the general nature and level of the work being performed. They are not intended to be construed as a complete list of all responsibilities, duties, and skills required of employees in this position. | https://www.bbbs.org/jobs/office-manager-englewood-co/ |
One of the biggest challenges of society today is how to rapidly change the predominantly fossil-fuelled energy and transportation system towards renewable energy to avoid potentially catastrophic climate change impacts. Another emerging challenge is adapting to increasing risks of extreme weather events caused by climate change such as flooding, droughts and heat waves in rural and urban areas. The transition towards a climate resilient low carbon society based on sustainable energy calls for cross-disciplinary research in many fields such as resources, energy, environment, health, economics, sociology and public policy. Research within this SGA focuses on climate change mitigation and adaptation. Mitigation research includes GHG inventories and forecasts as well as impact assessment of scenarios of different policy options. It also encompasses research in societal transition at international, national and local policy levels as well as individual level of social practises and lifestyles. Adaptation research includes i.a. optimal adaptation and tangible everyday practices and solutions, in cities as well as in rural environments.
The overall research goal of the SGA for Sustainable Energy, Climate and Society is to develop the understanding and knowledge required in order to support a transition towards a climate resilient society based on sustainable energy provision and consumption that minimizes the negative effects on natural resources, environment, climate and human health while being economically feasible and socially acceptable.
Department of Environmental Science (ENVS) has strong expertise in cross-disciplinary research within greenhouse gas emissions; interactions between climate and air quality and health impacts; and political, sociological and economic transitions towards a low carbon society based on renewable energy. ENVS also coordinates the Aarhus University Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change (iClimate) and this SGA contributes to the Centre within Pillar 4 that focuses on climate services and solutions.
The SGA for Sustainable Energy, Climate and Society contributes to the these research areas:
Within the SGA for Sustainable Energy, Climate and Society researchers from natural and social science work together to advance our understanding of climate mitigation and adaptation. Research in climate change impacts is undertaken in SGA Artic. | http://envs.au.dk/da/forskning/strategic-growth-areas/sustainable-energy-climate-and-society/ |
Organisations working in tandem with health and care providers are being encouraged to explore new ways of joining up clinical and social care data through funding from NHS Digital.
Local authorities, adult social care providers, researchers and academic institutions have been invited to apply for a share of £1.58m split into three “streams” to fund new means of digitising the flow of information between adult social care and health settings.
An initial funding stream of £1.1m will be offered to ‘demonstrator areas’ that adopt or develop systems for transferring clinical data into social care environments.
Applicants will be encouraged to use pre-existing digital NHS technologies to facilitate this, including NHSmail and the online Medical Discharge Summary (MDS).
A second grant of £233,000 will be offered to organisations to “investigate what information is currently flowing from adult social care into health systems and what more might be needed to improve joined up care.”
By way of example, NHS Digital said this could include data regarding measurements such as a person’s frailty index rating.
A final grant of £250,000 will be made available to fund research and development of predictive analytics capabilities that can help predict long-term social care needs, or otherwise help prevent them.
However, this must be done with a high regard for people’s privacy and confidentially in mind, NHS Digital said.
James Palmer, programme lead for the social care programme at NHS Digital said the aim of the third funding stream was to “understand both how predictive analytics could and should be used in the provision of social care.”
He added: “The work that we’re asking applicants to undertake on predictive analytics is significant given its potential to support people at earlier stages. We know that this is an area fraught with ethical considerations that have not yet been clearly defined or agreed.”
The deadline for applications is Monday 2 July. In order to qualify for the grants, applicants must demonstrate a “strong commitment for the project from their chosen health partner,” NHS Digital said.
In May, the organisation put £1m up for grabs for local authorities that put forward projects designed to benefit people who access adult social care
Lyn Romeo, chief social worker for adults at the department for health and social care, added: “This funding is important in improving people’s experience of social care.
“Timely access to accurate information is essential to supporting the efficient co-ordination of person-centred care. This includes for example what medication people are taking, what allergies people might suffer from and any personal preferences people have in how they are looked after.
“This can all be delivered so much more quickly and accurately by the digital transfer of records through secure channels, or by more intelligent use of data, whilst maintaining privacy, respecting confidentiality and upholding people’s rights.
“I would urge eligible organisations across the country to step forward and be part of helping to bridge the current information gap between health care and social care settings.”
For more information and to apply, click here, go to ‘Current Opportunities’ and select ‘Digital Social Care Demonstrators’. | https://www.digitalhealth.net/2018/06/nhs-digital-health-social-care/ |
How many alleles does a person have?
Somatic cells contain two alleles for every gene, with one allele provided by each parent of an organism. Often, it is impossible to determine which two alleles of a gene are present within an organism’s chromosomes based solely on the outward appearance of that organism.
Do all genes have 2 alleles?
Individual humans have two alleles, or versions, of every gene. Because humans have two gene variants for each gene, we are known as diploid organisms. The greater the number of potential alleles, the more diversity in a given heritable trait.
Why can humans only have 2 alleles?
Since diploid organisms have two copies of each chromosome, they have two of each gene. Since genes come in more than one version, an organism can have two of the same alleles of a gene, or two different alleles. This is important because alleles can be dominant, recessive, or codominant to each other.
How many alleles does a chromosome have?
An individual’s genotype for that gene is the set of alleles it happens to possess. In a diploid organism, one that has two copies of each chromosome, two alleles make up the individual’s genotype.
What is an allele Class 10?
Alleles are a pair of alternative forms of a gene. Each gene is present in two alternative forms, each called an allele. Each allele controls a single trait. Traits can be either dominant or recessive.
What are alleles Class 12?
Alleles are a pair of genes that occupy a specific location on a particular chromosome and control the same trait. … All the alleles found in an organism make up the genotype. If a pair of alleles are similar, the organism’s genotype is called homozygous. | https://dyslexiclibrary.com/genes/what-are-gene-alleles-and-how-many-alleles-of-each-gene-does-an-individual-human-have.html |
The long, twisty helix that is human DNA might be one of the greatest mysteries in the universe. It’s no surprise that the study of genetics is a complex field. One concept that is sometimes confusing is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous.
TL;DR (Too Long; Didn't Read)
Homozygous means that both copies of a gene or locus match while heterozygous means that the copies do not match. Two dominant alleles (AA) or two recessive alleles (aa) are homozygous. One dominant allele and one recessive allele (Aa) is heterozygous.
So Many Chromosomes
Humans are diploid organisms, which means that each cell contains two copies of each chromosome. In order to conserve diploidy, the sperm and egg cells must each contribute only one copy of each chromosome at conception so that the resulting offspring receives the full diploid complement (and does not wind up with four copies). The process by which sperm and egg cells split chromosomal copies to become haploid (have one copy of each chromosome) is meiosis.
Homozygous and Heterozygous
When it comes to genetic traits, scientists look at genes and the locus where that gene or trait encodes on the chromosome. Since humans possess two copies of each chromosome, they also have two copies of each gene and locus on those chromosomes. Each of these trait-encoding genes (or loci) is called an allele. If the alleles match, the person is homozygous for that trait. If the alleles are different, the person is heterozygous for that trait.
Dominant and Recessive Inheritance
For this type of inheritance, it is helpful to look at alleles using letters where a capital letter represents a dominant allele, and a lowercase letter represents a recessive allele: AA, Aa and aa. Dominant traits like whether you can roll your tongue or have a genetic predisposition to developing Huntington's disease only require one dominant allele to express. This means that people with homozygous dominant alleles (AA) and heterozygous alleles (Aa) express those traits, but people with homozygous recessive alleles (aa) do not.
Recessive traits like having straight thumbs or cystic fibrosis require two recessive alleles to express. This means that only people with homozygous recessive alleles (aa) express the trait. People with homozygous dominant alleles (AA) will not express the trait or carry it, and people with heterozygous alleles (Aa) do not express the trait but are carriers for it.
While it's true that genetics is a complicated topic, it is also a fascinating view into how humans inherit traits. While you are definitely more than your biology, your DNA is a significant part of who you are and is a seemingly endless source of investigation for geneticists.
References
About the Author
Melissa Mayer is an eclectic science writer with experience in the fields of molecular biology, proteomics, genomics, microbiology, biobanking and food science. In the niche of science and medical writing, her work includes five years with Thermo Scientific (Accelerating Science blogs), SomaLogic, Mental Floss, the Society for Neuroscience and Healthline. She has also served as interim associate editor for a glossy trade magazine read by pathologists, Clinical Lab Products, and wrote a non-fiction YA book (Coping with Date Rape and Acquaintance Rape). She has two books forthcoming covering the neuroscience of mental health. | https://sciencing.com/difference-between-homozygous-heterozygous-8606730.html |
Search or browse below to see past awarded Field of Interest grants. You may search by recipient organization name, project name, or city. Additionally, in the sidebar you may filter the grants displayed by year, interest or grant amount.
Association of Neighbourhood Houses of British Columbia
New Neighbors Project - Newcomer Youth for Real Representation
This project will invite and support newcomer youth in exploring ideas and strategies that will amplify their voices, ideas, thoughts, and lived experiences in decision-making spaces in which they are currently entirely excluded from or are underrepresented. We will convene immigrant and refugee youth, along with staff and board members of the Association of Neighbourhood Houses of BC, in co-creation style facilitated dialogues that draw out, identify, and document the most effective and sustainable strategies and structures in order to have newcomer youth's voices captured at the board, governance, and decision-making level at ANHBC's neighbourhood houses. As neighbourhood houses are an important resource to newcomer youth, it is vital that newcomer youth are involved with the neighbourhood house's decision-making on community issues, which directly affect the livelihood of newcomer youth, their peers, and their families. MPNH's Newcomer Youth Leadership Group, along with our newcomer youth groups at fellow neighbourhood houses, will meet to form a city-wide Newcomer Youth Committee to design, implement and evaluate the project from beginning to end. Newcomer youth will meet, highlight key areas of exploration, and facilitate dialogue workshops. The results will be compiled by newcomer youth and the recommendations, strategies and best practices will be presented to ANHBC staff and Board of Directors with the goal of increasing genuine representation in decision-making
$10,000.00
2018
Bill Reid Foundation
Indigenous Youth Governance
The project we are proposing is based on the research completed for the Develop Grant: Indigenous Communities Consultation Project (CCP). The Indigenous Youth Governance Project (YGP) is a three year long project that will seek to safely integrate Indigenous youth representation into the governance structure of the Bill Reid Gallery. We are asking the Vancouver Foundation to support Year 1 of this plan which includes the creation of an Indigenous youth board position in order to increase youth visibility at the leadership level of the organization. The Youth Candidate (YC) will be an Indigenous youth between the age of 16-24 and preference will be given to youth from the Squamish, Musqueam, and Tsleil-Waututh host Nations. The YC will receive an honorarium for their participation at Board and advisory meetings. Under regulation, Board members cannot receive remuneration, therefore we will work with the Board Chair and governance committee to determine an appropriate position title for the youth participant that will allow them to have a fulfilling governance experience and receive appropriate compensation for their expertise. The YC will undergo an orientation period with the Education Coordinator and learn about the Gallery's relationships with different organizations and artists. Near the end of the project, the YC will have the opportunity to develop youth oriented programming with the Education and Program Coordinator.
$10,000.00
2018
Britannia Community Services Centre Society
Youth Voices of East Van
Youth Voices of East Van seeks to develop a sustainable, long-term approach to youth governance in Vancouver's inner city by creating a continuum of strategic leadership opportunities for Indigenous, low-income and newcomer youth, where they are represented on more committees, boards and working groups and in meaningful staff and volunteer roles in local government and non-profit settings. Through the Youth Voices process, youth, local organizations and institutions will be engaged in dialogues designed to generate ideas for more systematic or formalized approaches that empower youth to take an active role in their neighbourhood as well as the additional capacity required to realize this new model of youth governance. Based on Our Place's Accountability Pledge process, the Governance Committee at Our Place has been developing a proposal for a community governance system and we are now establishing a participatory governance model as a permanent mechanism to empower local decision-making on an ongoing basis, in a way that can be replicated across the City. The model will incorporate a structure similar to organization boards and will require special consideration around how youth can be included in both informal and formal ways. Over 13 organizations have now committed to participate in the Governance Pilot Project steering committee and over the next year will work on implementing phase one, which is has received financial support from the City.
$10,000.00
2019
Carrier Sekani Family Services
Intra-agency Indigenous Engagement Project
We would like to propose an initiative aimed at hoping to learn new ways of creating meaningful engagement for Indigenous youth within our organization. We want to know how we can listen better and what conditions we need to create in order to hire Indigenous youth here at Carrier Sekani Family Services. We desire to foster young Indigenous leaders within our organization and create space for meaningful advancement. -- We would use the funding in order to reach out to neighbouring BC communities (Indigenous) and connect with youth and young adults as well as pay for them to come to Prince George to attend a forum to hear what they need to achieve the above-mentioned. We would create discussion groups, and a panel of young people to facilitate youth conversation about meaningful engagement.
$20,000.00
2020
Check Your Head: The Youth Global Education Network
Disrupting the Nonprofit Industrial Complex: BIPOC Youth Leadership and Solidarities
Upon becoming Check Your Head's ED as a racialized youth and young Muslim woman who is unapologetically committed to struggles for justice, I reached out to BIPOCs within the local nonprofit leadership sector and gradually began to develop an intergenerational network that's interested in supporting pathways to leadership for Indigenous, Black, and other racialized immigrant & refugee youth in transformative ways which honour the (often unpaid) labour that young BIPOC leaders are already doing within their communities, through which this project idea emerged and developed over time. This project is needed because the nonprofit industrial complex has entrenched systemic barriers that prevent Indigenous youth, Black youth, and other racialized immigrant & refugee youth from (re)claiming power and space. Even when BIPOC youth are engaged, it's often done in a tokenizing and extractive manner that doesn't honour the depth of insights they bring. Accordingly, this project is intended to convene BIPOCs involved in the nonprofit leadership sector (staff and/or Board level) as well as BIPOC youth leading grassroots movements (also acknowledging that the both aren't necessarily isolated/separate categories), in order to collaborate on strategies and capacity-building with regards to how nonprofits can leverage their status, power and access towards supporting the grassroots, frontline and peer-based work led by and for BIPOC youth.
$20,000.00
2020
Diversifying Youth-led Boards
Check Your Head is a youth organization led by young people on all levels of the organization. The board positions are open to youth and youth allies, and historically the vast majority of board members have been young people under 35. As such, our board of directors is unique in the non-profit sector, and there are lessons to be learned in the success in removing barriers to youth participation in the governance of the organization. However, this model also comes with its challenges. Structurally, young people and particularly Indigenous and racialized immigrant/refugee youth, don’t have the same level of experience, skills, networks and connections as older and more established individuals who serve on non-profit boards. For the vast majority of all our directors, serving on our board had been their first experience of this kind. This has created gaps in our capacity as the organization and has a number of implications for our work, the solutions to which we want to examine through this project. This project will: 1. Examine structural components of our success in operating for 20 years with a youth-led board so that they can be shared with the wider community and inform further work; 2. Develop solutions to address current gaps in the representation of racialized migrant/refugee and indigenous youth on our board of directors; 3. Build organizational capacity in maintaining a strong and diverse youth-led board.
$10,000.00
2018
Community Arts Council of Prince George
Northern Indigenous Artists' Collective - Youth Arts Administrator
In November 2017, the Community Arts Council of Prince George & District ("CAC") was awarded a Field of Interest Develop grant to support the steering committee of the newly formed Northern Indigenous Artists' Collective ("NIAC"), an unincorporated group, comprised of Indigenous artists, nested within the CAC. NIAC has worked hard over the past months to forge a pathway to become the first non-governmental Indigenous Arts Council in British Columbia. Some of the accomplishments of the group include having a public launch, holding workshops, creating communications platforms, creating a work / meeting space, circulating calls-to-artists for Indigenous arts initiatives, and advising the CAC on Truth and Reconciliation actions. The work of the NIAC under the auspices of the Field of Interest grant continue through the Fall of 2018. In a very short time, this new group has positioned itself as a strong voice for Indigenous Artists in Northern Interior BC. The next initiative is to hire a youth in paid employment position in a new role of "Indigenous Arts Administrator". This new role will mentor with the CAC Executive Director and the NIAC steering committee members. Activities that will occur with this new position and mentorship will include being a staff resource to local Indigenous artists seeking professional development / funding / marketing resources, helping to guide the group towards non-profit status, and helping with the coordination of a major arts event in June.
$16,300.00
2018
Network of Inner City Community Services Society
Chinatown Young Leaders
Chinatown Young Leaders’ goal is to strengthen and refine youth leadership development at Yarrow and in Chinatown by empowering youth of East Asian Descent to connect with each other through a dialogue event and develop a strategic 3 year plan. Chinatown is lacking meaningful social justice youth spaces. In our strategic plan, Yarrow committed to increasing decision-making power for our senior and youth members. We have been primarily senior-facing in our programs despite our aim to do intergenerational work. This project will centre on youth decision-making to ensure youth voices and experiences are heard alongside our seniors. We will recruit new members (newcomers and first generation youth) and re-establish existing member commitments. The project will provide anti-oppression and community organizing trainings, to allow youth to reflect and ground their lived experiences in systems that directly affect their lives, while providing inspiration and tools for change. It will also provide a space to reflect on our role in the Chinese community with relationships to Black, Indigenous, migrant, low-income, and drug user communities in the broader Downtown Eastside. From this, youth will plan and host a dialogue event with their peers to discuss opportunities for capacity building and leadership development. Yarrow youth leaders will develop a 3 year strategic plan based on the dialogue outcomes.
$10,000.00
2019
Tides Canada Initiatives
Howe Sound/Atl'kitsem Marine Reference Guide - Indigenous youth engagement
This project’s goal is to build capacity for Sk_wx_wu´7mesh (Squamish) Nation youth to be leaders in non-profit sectors associated with resource management in their traditional territory. We will achieve this goal by involving Squamish Nation youth in the Howe Sound/Atl’kitsem Marine Reference Guide (MRG). The MRG is a multi-stakeholder initiative whose goal is to improve marine health in Atl’kitsem by creating decision-support tools and processes that include perspectives from First Nations, governments, and stakeholders. The MRG’s outcomes will affect Squamish Nation youths now and throughout their lives. Accordingly, they must be represented in its planning, leadership and delivery stages. The MRG is in its planning phase. During this project two Squamish Nation youths will work as staff members on the MRG’s management team. They will work with community and project mentors to outline strategies for connecting traditional knowledge with resource management processes. They will also facilitate meetings to engage Indigenous youth in marine initiatives and participate in community stakeholder meetings organized through the MRG. Through this work, Squamish Nation youths will strengthen their collaborative leadership and community engagement skills and their relationships with mentors and stakeholders. These outcomes will advance their leadership role in Atl’kitsem and build their capacity to influence underlying socio-political systems associated with resource management.
$10,000.00
2018
Vancity Community Foundation
Eth?´s Lab Project
The purpose of the Eth?´s Lab Project is to empower Black youth, socially, culturally and economically through personal development and creating a cooperative enterprise. With Solid State Industries, the Eth?´s Lab Project will leverage the cooperative model to develop networked, members only, youth spaces (inclusive of all youth) that reflect their technological reality. We are hoping to inspire a legacy of black leadership and answer the question: "what might youth place/space making look like when you centre the humanity of the Black experience?". Many perceive that Metro Vancouver does not have a significant Black population - and while that is demonstrably untrue and a damaging narrative in many ways, it is true that since the dispersal of the Hogan's Alley neighbourhood, the region's Black community is substantially dispersed and displaced. This project will empower Black youth regionally in creating spaces that consider their experiences and to re-imagine their communities within an ethno-culturally relevant approach. The relatively small population size and diversity (cultural, social and economic) of the Black population is a characteristic that facilitates strong collaboration and cross cultural understanding within the community. This also presents an opportunity to bring Black youth across Metro together to combat the social isolation. The initiative will breakdown of regional 'stereotypes' that are a barrier for collective action within the Black community.
$10,000.00
2019
Watari Research Association
Board Decolonization and Capacity Building Project
We are committed to building an accessible, civil, supportive environment by including people across a range of religions, gender expressions, ethnicities, races, sexual orientations, abilities, ages and socioeconomic classes. Our current Action Plan combines a systemic approach to decolonization with a recognition of the significance that Indigenous and racialized immigrants/migrants provide, and engages staff and Board in implementing a work plan examining how we support the community in general, and how to locate structural/service gaps within our organization. While we realise that decolonization is lengthy and complex, we begin this process by addressing a primary critique arising from our Action Plan: our Board of Directors does not represent the communities we support. The Board recognizes this gap between intention and reality, and is willing to initiate a process on how to include meaningful participation by members of these communities. We plan to involve two facilitators in the process: one Indigenous and one migrant organizer. Their guidance and assistance will be the main driver in shaping of the conversation with the Board, staff and communities. In order to implement this process, we will ask Indigenous/First Nations and Migrant organizations, groups, and communities with whom we are already connected to share practical/creative approaches to rebuilding our process. Members these groups have expressed their willingness to accompany us on this path. | https://www.vancouverfoundation.ca/grants/search-grants?f%5B0%5D=field_gt_field_of_interest%3ALevel%20Youth%20Engagement&f%5B1%5D=field_gt_amount%3A%5B10000%20TO%2020000%5D |
Kendra Wilkinson appears very distraught as she looks into the camera in tears and tells the world that her marriage to Hank Baskett is over. She begins by saying, “10 years.” She pauses, then goes on to say how she has “done everything she could. It wasn’t good enough.” Kendra and Hank have been together for 10 years and they’ve been married for almost nine of those years.
The heart-wrenching scene of a normally bubbly Kendra pouring out her heart in this video may be disturbing for some of her fans to see. She has surrounded herself with memories, like a wedding photo where she writes, “I believed in forever I really did.”
Kendra also said in the video, “I will always love him. My heart will always remain open for him.” Kendra and Hank have two kids together, Hank IV, who is 8 and Alijah, who is 3. According to the Daily Mail, Kendra “confirms” her split from Hank after weeks of rumors in the media that her marriage was crumbling.
The mom of two talked into the camera to share how she is feeling about all of this. Kendra said she “so scared, but I have to get strong for my kids, I will.” Kendra posted the video on Monday after the rumors were swirling online last week that their marriage was over. This video confirmed those rumors today.
Kendra also thanked her friends and family for their support right now and adds — “every little ounce of love helps. Thank you.” Kendra also took to Twitter where she said “Today will be the saddest, scariest day of my life. Today I will have to be the strongest I have ever been. Today, rebirth begins.”
The couple has not kept their recent marriage struggles secret, which is probably what sparked the rumors suggesting their marriage was on the brink of demise. According to the Daily Mail, they’ve been very open about their struggling relationship. Last week, a source was quoted as saying that Kendra feels broken after realizing that her relationship with Hank just wasn’t healthy anymore.
Much of her focus during her marriage has been on the kids as she’s “mommy oriented,” reports that source. Now that she will no longer be together with Hank, she intends to put even more focus on the kids. Recently she’s been spending “quality time” with her close girlfriends while keeping herself and her health in mind.
The 32-year-old reality star has gone hiking and along with working out, she’s been keeping up with Pilates attempting to keep herself “focused and untroubled.”
Entertainment Tonight reports that Kendra is “prioritizing her own needs as well as her kids,” now that she’s planning on leaving Hank. The couple has been married almost nine years. The kids are unaware that Kendra and Hank will be separating; right now the two are still living in their Los Angeles home together. Most of those close to Kendra see her as being very sad about her decision to leave her husband, as she still loves Hank very much.
Kendra started out in the public eye as one of the stars of the Girls Next Door reality show. She was one of the three live-in girlfriends of Hugh Hefner, all living in the Playboy Mansion together.
A few years later, she scored her own reality show — Kendra on Top. This show had cameras following Kendra around during her daily life with Hank. In recent times, there was an alleged cheating scandal involving Hank, for which Kendra and Hank sought counseling. That scandal hung over this couple “like a cloud” the source told Entertainment Tonight.
Hank, 35, who had a career in the NFL as a pro football player, “never quite recovered from losing his football career, a source told Entertainment Tonight. Over the weekend Kendra appeared to have hit rock bottom with her emotions as she took to Instagram to say that “life isn’t making any sense to her right now.” She also said that she needs to learn how to “love herself again.”
You can see the very disturbing video at the top this article where a tearful Kendra confirms her split from Hank. | https://www.inquisitr.com/4851659/kendra-wilkinson-emerges-emotionally-distraught-to-confirm-split-from-hank-baskett-in-instagram-video/ |
Advanced Data Analysis and Modeling in Chemical Engineering provides the mathematical foundations of different areas of chemical engineering and describes typical applications. The book presents the key areas of chemical engineering, their mathematical foundations, and corresponding modeling techniques. Modern industrial production is based on solid scientific methods, many of which are part of chemical engineering. To produce new substances or materials, engineers must devise special reactors and procedures, while also observing stringent safety requirements and striving to optimize the efficiency jointly in economic and ecological terms. In chemical engineering, mathematical methods are considered to be driving forces of many innovations in material design and process development.
Key Features
- Presents the main mathematical problems and models of chemical engineering and provides the reader with contemporary methods and tools to solve them
- Summarizes in a clear and straightforward way, the contemporary trends in the interaction between mathematics and chemical engineering vital to chemical engineers in their daily work
- Includes classical analytical methods, computational methods, and methods of symbolic computation
- Covers the latest cutting edge computational methods, like symbolic computational methods
Readership
Chemical engineers and researchers; PhD students, mathematicians working on topics related to chemical engineering/chemistry
Table of Contents
- Preface
- Our Team
- Chapter 1: Introduction
- Abstract
- 1.1 Chemistry and Mathematics: Why They Need Each Other
- 1.2 Chemistry and Mathematics: Historical Aspects
- 1.3 Chemistry and Mathematics: New Trends
- 1.4 Structure of This Book and Its Building Blocks
- Chapter 2: Chemical Composition and Structure: Linear Algebra
- Abstract
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 The Molecular Matrix and Augmented Molecular Matrix
- 2.3 The Stoichiometric Matrix
- 2.4 Horiuti Numbers
- 2.5 Summary
- Appendix The RREF in Python
- Chapter 3: Complex Reactions: Kinetics and Mechanisms – Ordinary Differential Equations – Graph Theory
- Abstract
- 3.1 Primary Analysis of Kinetic Data
- 3.2 Material Balances: Extracting the Net Rate of Production
- 3.3 Stoichiometry: Extracting the Reaction Rate From the Net Rate of Production
- 3.4 Distinguishing Kinetic Dependences Based on Patterns and Fingerprints
- 3.5 Ordinary Differential Equations
- 3.6 Graph Theory in Chemical Kinetics and Chemical Engineering
- Chapter 4: Physicochemical Principles of Simplification of Complex Models
- Abstract
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Physicochemical Assumptions
- 4.3 Mathematical Concepts of Simplification in Chemical Kinetics
- Chapter 5: Physicochemical Devices and Reactors
- Abstract
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Basic Equations of Diffusion Systems
- 5.3 Temporal Analysis of Products Reactor: A Basic Reactor-Diffusion System
- 5.4 TAP Modeling on the Laplace and Time Domain: Theory
- 5.5 TAP Modeling on the Laplace and Time Domain: Examples
- 5.6 Multiresponse TAP Theory
- 5.7 The Y Procedure: Inverse Problem Solving in TAP Reactors
- 5.8 Two- and Three-Dimensional Modeling
- 5.9 TAP Variations
- 5.10 Piecewise Linear Characteristics
- 5.11 First- and Second-Order Nonideality Corrections in the Modeling of Thin-Zone TAP Reactors
- Chapter 6: Thermodynamics
- Abstract
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Chemical Equilibrium and Optimum
- 6.3 Is It Possible to Overshoot an Equilibrium?
- 6.4 Equilibrium Relationships for Nonequilibrium Chemical Dependences
- 6.5 Generalization. Symmetry Relations and Principle of Detailed Balance
- 6.6 Predicting Kinetic Dependences Based on Symmetry and Balance
- 6.7 Symmetry Relations for Nonlinear Reactions
- Appendix
- Chapter 7: Stability of Chemical Reaction Systems
- Abstract
- 7.1 Stability—General concept
- 7.2 Thermodynamic Lyapunov Functions
- 7.3 Multiplicity of Steady States in Nonisothermal Systems
- 7.4 Multiplicity of Steady States in Isothermal Heterogeneous Catalytic Systems
- 7.5 Chemical Oscillations in Isothermal Systems
- 7.6 General Procedure for Parametric Analysis
- Chapter 8: Optimization of Multizone Configurations
- Abstract
- 8.1 Reactor Model
- 8.2 Maximizing the Conversion
- 8.3 Optimal Positions of Thin Active Zones
- 8.4 Numerical Experiments in Computing Optimal Active Zone Configurations
- 8.5 Equidistant Configurations of the Active Zones
- Chapter 9: Experimental Data Analysis: Data Processing and Regression
- Abstract
- 9.1 The Least-Squares Criterion
- 9.2 The Newton-Gauss Algorithm
- 9.3 Search Methods From Optimization Theory
- 9.4 The Levenberg-Marquardt Compromise
- 9.5 Initial Estimates
- 9.6 Properties of the Estimating Vector
- 9.7 Temperature Dependence of the Kinetic Parameters k and Ki
- 9.8 Genetic Algorithms
- Chapter 10: Polymers: Design and Production
- Abstract
- Acknowledgments
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 Microscale Modeling Techniques
- 10.3 Macroscale Modeling Techniques
- 10.4 Extension Toward Heterogeneous Polymerization in Dispersed Media
- 10.5 Extension Toward Heterogeneous Polymerization With Solid Catalysts
- 10.6 Conclusions
- Chapter 11: Advanced Theoretical Analysis in Chemical Engineering: Computer Algebra and Symbolic Calculations
- Abstract
- 11.1 Critical Simplification
- 11.2 “Kinetic Dance”: One Step Forward—One Step Back
- 11.3 Intersections and Coincidences
- Index
- Preface
Product details
- No. of pages: 414
- Language: English
- Copyright: © Elsevier 2016
- Published: August 23, 2016
- Imprint: Elsevier
- eBook ISBN: 9780444594846
- Hardcover ISBN: 9780444594853
About the Authors
Denis Constales
Denis Constales is an applied mathematician who has been working in chemical engineering and statistics for the past 12 years, specializing in diffusion problems, parameter estimation and inverse problems, chemical kinetics, reaction mechanism identification, and nearly all aspects of the Temporal Analysis of Products method.
Affiliations and Expertise
Department of Mathematics, Ghent University, Belgium
Gregory S. Yablonsky
Gregory Yablonsky has been involved in mathematical modeling of chemical processes, in particular processes of heterogeneous catalysis, for over 30 years. He is an author of more than 200 papers and 6 books on these topics.
Affiliations and Expertise
Parks College of Engineering, Aviation and Technology, St. Louis University, USA
Dagmar D'hooge
Affiliations and Expertise
Department of Chemical Engineering and Technical University at Ghent (Belgium)
Joris W. Thybaut
J W Thybaut holds a PhD in chemical engineering (2002) and is currently associate professor in catalytic reaction engineering. His research activities are centered around fundamental kinetic modeling of complex reactions and the exploitation of these models aiming at rational catalyst design as well as at industrial process enhancement.
Affiliations and Expertise
Department of Chemical Engineering and Technical Chemistry, Ghent University, Belgium
Guy B. Marin
Guy B. Marin is professor in Chemical Reaction Engineering at Ghent University (Belgium) and directs the Laboratory for Chemical Technology. He received his chemical engineering degree from Ghent University in 1976 where he also obtained his Ph.D. in 1980. He previously held a Fulbright fellowship at Stanford University and Catalytica Associates (USA) and was full professor from 1988 to 1997 at Eindhoven University of Technology (The Netherlands) where he taught reactor analysis and design. The investigation of chemical kinetics, aimed at the modeling and design of chemical processes and products all the way from molecule up to full scale, constitutes the core of his research . He wrote a book “Kinetics of Chemical Reactions: Decoding Complexity” with G. Yablonsky (Wiley-VCH, 2011) and co-authored more than 300 papers in international journals. He is editor-in-chief of “Advances in Chemical Engineering”, co-editor of the “Chemical Engineering Journal” and member of the editorial board of “Applied Catalysis A: General” and Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research”. In 2012 he received an Advanced Grant from the European Research Council (ERC) on “Multiscale Analysis and Design for Process Intensification and Innovation (MADPII)”. He was selected to deliver the 2012 Danckwerts Memorial lecture. He chairs the Working Party on Chemical Reaction Engineering of the European Federation of Chemical Engineering and is “Master” of the 111 project of the Chinese Government for oversees collaborations in this field.
Affiliations and Expertise
Department of Chemical Engineering and Technical Chemistry, Ghent University, Belgium
Ratings and Reviews
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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
SUMMARY
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
EXAMPLES
Example A
Example B
Example C
Fire resistant fabrics are used in a variety of products, such as apparel for firemen and electrical workers, military flight suits, and the like. Such fabrics are commonly made from aramid fibers, which are high strength fibers that have inherent flame resistant (“FR”) properties. While performing well in many respects, aramid fibers have several disadvantages. For one, they are very expensive. Secondly, because of the aramid fiber strength, fabrics made from those fibers have a high propensity to pill. As will be readily appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, “pilling” is “the tendency of fibers to work loose from a fabric surface and form balled or matted particles of fiber that remain attached to the surface of the fabric.” (Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology, p. 113, copyright 1989, Hoechst Celanese.) Pilling is aesthetically undesirable, both from a look and feel standpoint, and is a common reason for garment retirement. Pilling tends to get worse after wearing and laundering of a garment. Therefore, the pilling propensity of the aramid fabrics can lead to an undesirably shortened life cycle for products made from these fabrics.
The present invention achieves aramid fabrics having pilling resistance levels that were not previously achievable on conventional aramid fabrics. The invention involves producing a fabric from specially spun aramid yarns, then treating the fabric with a special chemical lubricant. The resulting fabrics have high degrees of pilling resistance, while maintaining all of the aesthetic and performance features of their conventional counterparts.
In the following detailed description of the invention, specific preferred embodiments of the invention are described to enable a full and complete understanding of the invention. It will be recognized that it is not intended to limit the invention to the particular preferred embodiment described, and although specific terms are employed in describing the invention, such terms are used in a descriptive sense for the purpose of illustration and not for the purpose of limitation.
The fabrics of the invention are desirably manufactured from vortex spun yarns, such as those manufactured by the method developed by the Murata company of Japan, and known as Murata Vortex Spun (“MVS”) yarns. The yarns are selected to be of a size that will enable the achievement of a desired weight of fabric. The weight can be selected for the desired end use, and in the case of apparel, will desirably range from about 2 to about 10 oz/sq yard, or in the case of a flight jacket fabric, will desirably be about 4 to about 5 oz/sq yard, and more preferably, about 4.4 to about 4.6 oz/sq yard.
The yarns are formed into a fabric using a conventional fabric formation method such as weaving. The fabric can be of any construction, including but not limited to a plain weave, twill weave, satin weave, oxford weave, or the like.
The spun yarns are desirably made from a majority of aramid fibers having inherent FR properties, such as those marketed under the tradename Nomex by E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company of Wilmington, Del. However, the yarns may also include some quantity of other fibers, such as other aramid fibers, nylon, FR rayon, etc. For example, one blend that has been found to perform well in the invention is known commercially as Nomex IIIA®, which includes a blend of Nomex® FR aramid fibers, Kevlar® aramid fibers, and P-140 nylon fibers. Preferably, the yarns include at least about 90% of FR aramid fibers.
As noted previously, the fibers are desirably vortex spun. One company identified as having vortex spinning capability is Pharr Yarns of McAdenville, N.C. The fabric is desirably made substantially entirely from the vortex spun yarns.
However, it was found that when fabrics were woven from vortex spun yarns and treated with the conventional chemistry used on the current products (made from ring spun yarns), the strength characteristics were significantly lower than those of the fabrics made from the ring spun yarns (and too low for certain end uses.) However, it was surprisingly found that with the application of a particular lubricant, strength levels and hand levels approximating those of the fabrics made from ring spun yarns could be achieved.
The fabric also desirably contains about 0.25-3% of a high molecular weight ethoxylated polyester lubricant (on weight of fabric.) The lubricant can be added at any point in the manufacturing process. For example, in one method of the invention, the fabric is woven, then prepared (i.e. washed) in a conventional manner, then dried, also in a conventional manner. The fabric is then desirably passed through a chemical bath containing lubricant, and other chemicals as may be desired (e.g. flame retardants, repellents, soil release agents, sewing lubricants, etc.) In this embodiment of the invention, the fabric desirably achieves about 80% initial wet pick up, which is reduced by passage over a vacuum slot to about 35% wet pick up. The fabric is then dried and taken up, and it has about 0.25 to about 3% lubricant on the fabric.
The lubricant is preferably in the form of a high molecular weight ethoxylated polyester; however, other types of lubricants may also be used within the scope of the invention, provided that they achieve the requisite aesthetic and performance characteristics.
A conventional FR aramid fabric of the variety conventionally used to produce military flight suits was produced. Specifically, a fabric was woven in a plain weave construction in a conventional manner, using 39.8/2 ring spun yarns of Nomex IIIA (92% Nomex FR aramid fiber, 5% Kevlar® fiber, and 3% P-140 nylon fiber, commercially available as Nomex IIIA® from E. I. duPont de Nemours and Co. of Wilmington, Del.) in each of the warp and the filling directions. The fibers had been dyed during the fiber manufacturing process. The fabrics were then prepared and dried in a conventional manner, and passed through a chemical bath of 1.0% flame retardant (Antiblaze NT, commercially available from Rhodia, Inc. of Cranbury, N.J.) and 1.0% high density polyethylene emulsion sewing lubricant (Atebin 1062, commercially available from Boehme Filatex of Reidsville, N.C.). Concentrations were based on concentration of bath at about 80% wet pick up, which was reduced to 35% wet pick up via passage over a vacuum slot. The fabric was then dried in a conventional manner and taken up. The fabric had a finished weight of 4.35 oz/sq yard, and 70 ends per inch and 49 picks per inch.
A fabric was woven in a plain weave construction, using 39.8/2 Murata Jet Spun (“MJS”) yarns of Nomex IIIA in the warp and filling directions. The fabric was then prepared and dried in a conventional manner, and passed through a chemical bath containing 1.0% flame retardant (Antiblaze NT) and 1.0% sewing lubricant (Atebin 1062). Concentrations were based on concentration of bath at about 80% wet pick up, which was reduced to 35% wet pick up via passage over a vacuum slot. The fabric was then dried in a conventional manner. The fabric had a finished weight of 4.40 oz/sq yard, and 70 ends per inch and 50 picks per inch.
A fabric was woven in a plain weave construction, using 39.8/2 Murata Vortex Spun (“MVS”) yarns of Nomex IIIA in the warp and filling directions. The fabric was then prepared and dried in a conventional manner, then passed through a chemical bath including the following: 1.0% flame retardant (Antiblaze NT), 1.0% sewing lubricant (Atebin 1062), and 1.0% high molecular weight ethoxylated polyester (Lubril QCX from Tennessee Eastman) at a wet pick up of about 80%, which was reduced to 35% wet pick up via passage over a vacuum slot. The fabric had a finished weight of 4.37 oz/sq yard, and 70 ends per inch and 49 picks per inch.
TEST METHODS
Tensile Strength—Tensile strength in each of the warp and filling directions was tested for each of the samples according to ASTM D5035-1995. A typical specification for a military flight suit fabric would require 180 lbs in the warp and 100 lbs in the filling.
Tear Strenqth—Tear strength in each of the warp and fitting directions was tested for each of the samples according to ASTM D1424-1996. A typical specification for a military flight suit fabric would require 12 lbs in the warp and 8 lbs in the filling.
Abrasion—Abrasion resistance was tested in each of the warp and filling directions using a Wyzenbeck abrasion tester according to ASTM D4157-1992.
Pilling—Pilling was tested at 30, 60 and 90 minutes according to ASTM D3512-2002.
Air Permeability—Air permeability was tested according to ASTM D737-1996.
Drape—Drape was tested according to the following procedure, using a FRL® Drapemeter (produced by Fabric Research Laboratories of Dedham, Mass.) The test is designed to determine the extent to which a fabric will deform when allowed to hang under its own weight, or the ability of the fabric to drape by orienting itself into folds or pleats when acted upon by the force of gravity. In addition to the Drapemeter, a uniform grade of tracing paper, balance, and scissors are used. The test specimens and tracing paper are conditioned to equilibrium and tested in the standard atmosphere of 65% relative humidity and 70° F. Moisture equilibrium is approached from the dry side (not moisture free.) Six test specimens (3 face up, and 3 face down), 10 inches in diameter are cut from the fabric to be tested. The specimens taken from the right, center and left fabric areas, but no closer to the selvage than {fraction (1/10)} of the fabric width. The specimens are marked as to face and back. A 10 inch diameter circle is cut from a uniform grade of tracing paper and weighed to the nearest milligram. This weight is recorded as W1. A 40-inch diameter circle (to represent the annular support ring) is cut and weighed to the nearest milligram. This is recorded as W2. Take a 10 inch diameter specimen and make a hole marking the center of the test specimen. Place the specimen on the support ring, centering the specimen on the support. Next, place a sheet of tracing paper on the clear top side of the Drapemeter. With the light source on, center the paper about the projected image of the fabric specimen and carefully trace the outline of the shadow image on the paper. Cut out the traced image and weight the image paper to the nearest milligram. Record as W3. Calculate Drape Coefficient as (W3-W2)/(W1-W2)×100, where W1 is weight, 10 inch diameter paper, mg., W2 is weight of 4 inch diameter paper, mg., and W3 is weight, projected image, cut from paper used to obtain W1, mg. Report the average of the six readings as the Drape Coefficient
Handle—Handle was tested using a Handle-o-meter according to INDA (Association of the Nonwoven Fabrics Industry, Cary, N.C.) Standard Test IST 90.3 (1995).
Fraying—Fraying was tested in each of the warp and filling directions according to the following Circular Test Method. Sample preparation: Cut five circular pieces of fabric having a 5+/−0.001 inch diameter. Mark the warp direction. Procedure: Measure the diameter on each specimen and record as the original diameter. Identify each specimen in an area that will not be lost during the test (near the center.) Place all 5 circles in a Random Tumble chamber and run for 10 minutes. Remove from the Random Tumble chamber and measure the diameter of the fabric in both the warp and filling direction (measure only the woven fabric.) In cases where the entire yarn was not removed, measure the shortest distance. Calculations: The results identify the loss of fabric as measured in the direction of interest. Example: a 10% warp means that 90% of the original fabric remains as measured in the warp direction. A loss of fabric as measured in the warp direction means the filling yarn is fraying out of the fabric. Loss of fabric in measured direction=A-B/A*100, where A=original diameter and B=after fraying diameter.
Load—Load was tested using a Ring Load test according to the following method Scope: Fabric is pulled through a ring at a set rate to determine the forces associated with friction and bending. Procedure: Cut a 10-inch diameter circle of fabric to be tested. Mark the center of the circle. Set up the tensile tester with 38 mm diameter ring with a radius of 24 mm. Test speed is 10 inches/min. Attach a string to a small fishhook, with barb removed, to the center of the fabric. Attach the other end of the string to the crosshead of the tensile tester. Start the tester and run until the fabric has been pulled completely through the ring. Record the force required to pull the fabric through the ring and the modulus of the initial folding of the fabric as it approaches the ring.
Seam Slippage—Seam slippage was tested in each of the warp and filling directions according to ASTM D4034-1992.
Moisture Transport—Moisture transport was tested after 5 washes according to the following Test Method (modified version of AATCC Test Method 39-1980.) Purpose and scope: This test is for the quick evaluation of wettability. Principle: A drop of water is allowed to fall from a given height onto the surface of a taut test specimen. The time required for the water drop to be completely absorbed by the fabric is measured and recorded. Apparatus and materials: Straight medicine dropper delivering 15 to 25 drops per milliliter, stop watch or equivalent timer, distilled or demineralized water, embroidery hoop. Test specimens: Fabric specimens should be allowed to reach equilibrium with the environment of the testing area. A sample large enough to test 3 samples was used. The sample was washed 5 times at 140° under ordinary home wash conditions. The fabric sample to be tested is positioned within an embroidery loop (without tension). The dropper is held 3 inches above the fabric surface and one drop of water is dropped onto the fabric surface. The time for the drop to be completely absorbed is recorded. Three tests were conducted for each fabric sample and the results were averaged.
Soil Realease—Soil release was tested for corn oil and mineral oil according to AATCC 130-1995 Test Method as follows: stained at 0 washes, measured after one wash, stained at 4 washes, measured after 5 washes, and stained at 9 washes, measured after 10 washes. According to the test methods, the samples are visually rated on a scale of 1-5, with a typical military flight suit specification requiring a 3 rating to pass.
Flammability—After flame, After glow, char length and break open were all tested according to Fed. Mtd. 5930 (1978) Test Method.
Electrostatic Decay—Electrostatic decay was tested according to Fed. 101 C Mtd. 4046 (1982) Test Method.
Weight—Weight was measured in accordance with ASTM D3776, Option C-1996.
Test
Example A
Example B
Example C
Tensile-warp (lbs)
210
177
198
Tensile-filling
132
120
127
(lbs)
Tear-warp (lbs)
16.9
13.5
14.3
Tear-filling (lbs)
14.7
11.5
13.5
Abrasion-warp
90000
not tested
90000
(cycles)
Abrasion-filling
68398
not tested
65493
(cycles)
Pilling-30 minutes
3.5
3.5
4.0
Pilling-60 minutes
3.0
3.0
3.5
Pilling-90 minutes
1.4
2.0
3.0
Air Permeability
93
100
99
(cubic feet/minute)
Drape (%)
39
not tested
35
Handle-O-Meter -
32
not tested
35
warp (grams)
Handle-O-Meter -
33
not tested
32
filling (grams)
Fraying-warp (%)
15
not tested
18
Fraying-filling (%)
19
not tested
20
Ring Load Test
134.5
not tested
130.7
(grams)
Seam slippage-
30
not tested
47
warp (lbs)
Seam slippage-
54
not tested
56
filling (lbs)
Moisture
1.3
not tested
1.6
Transport-5
washes (secs)
Soil Release 0/1-
3.8
not tested
3.5
corn oil (rating)
Soil Release 4/5-
4.9
not tested
3.8
corn oil (rating)
Soil Release 9/10-
4.1
not tested
4.8
corn oil (rating)
Soil Release 0/1-
3.7
not tested
3.1
mineral oil (rating)
Soil Release 4/5-
4.3
not tested
3.4
mineral oil (rating)
Soil Release 9/10-
4.2
not tested
3.8
mineral oil (rating)
Flammability-
0.0
0.0
0.0
After Flame (secs)
Flammability-
0.0
0.0
0.0
After Glow (secs)
Flammability-
2.6
2.6
2.6
Char Length
(inches)
Flammability-
Pass
Pass
Pass
Break Open
Electrostatic
Pass
Pass
Pass
Decay
pH—pH was measured according to ASTM D2165-1994.
Fabrics from Examples A and C were then taken following weaving, and treated as follows (percentages in the chemical baths are on weight of bath): A1 and C1 were prepared in a conventional manner and dried. The fabrics were then passed through a chemical bath including the following: 1.0% flame retardant (Antiblaze NT, commercially available from Rhodia, Inc. of Cranbury, N.J. and 1.0% sewing lubricant (Atebin 1062, commercially available from Boehme Filatex of Reidsville, N.C., at a wet pick up of about 80%, which was reduced to a wet pick up of 35% via passage over a vacuum slot. The fabrics were then dried in a conventional manner, and taken up.
A2 and C2 were prepared in a conventional manner and dried. The fabrics were then passed through a chemical bath including the following: 1.0% flame retardant (Antiblaze NT) and 2.0% sewing lubricant (Atebin 1062), at a wet pick up of about 80%, which was reduced to a wet pick up of 35% via passage over a vacuum slot. The fabrics were then dried in a conventional manner and taken up.
A3 and C3 were prepared in a conventional manner and dried. The fabrics were then passed through a chemical bath including the following: 1.0% flame retardant (Antiblaze NT), and 3.0% sewing lubricant (Atebin 1062), at a wet pick up of about 80%, which was reduced to a wet pick up of 35% via passage over a vacuum slot. The fabrics were then dried in a conventional manner and taken up. The fabrics had a high tendency to fray.
A4 and C4 were prepared in a conventional manner and dried. The fabrics were then passed through a chemical bath including the following: 1.0% flame retardant (Antiblaze NT), 1.0% sewing lubricant (Atebin 1062), and 1.0% high molecular weight ethoxylated polyester (Lubril QCX from Tennessee Eastman) at a wet pick up of about 80%, which was reduced to a wet pick up of 35% via passage over a vacuum slot. The fabrics were then dried in a conventional manner and taken up.
Tear-filling
Tensile-warp
Tensile-filling
Sample
Tear-warp (lbs)
(lbs)
(lbs)
(lbs)
A1
15.13
10.27
212.1
128.9
A2
14.00
10.84
211.5
129.7
A3
15.39
10.70
209.6
121.2
A4
15.55
11.61
200.7
122.3
C1
10.41
9.38
189.4
127.7
C2
12.24
9.66
177.3
127.6
C3
12.43
9.66
184.3
128.0
C4
13.65
10.27
191.3
123.5
The fabrics were tested according to the same methods described above, and the results are listed in the table below.
As illustrated, the fabric of the invention had good FR performance and aesthetic characteristics at a high level of strength. While particularly described in connection with the manufacture of apparel, it is noted that the fabrics can be used in any other end use where FR and fabric strength characteristics are desired and pilling is considered to undesirable, including but not limited to all forms of apparel (shirts, jackets, hats, gloves, pants, shorts, coveralls, etc.), upholstery, etc.
The fabrics of the invention desirably have good FR characteristics, as evidenced by a char length of about 4 inches or less when tested according to Fed. Mtd. 5930 (1978) Test Method, and a pilling of greater than 2 after 90 minutes when tested according to ASTM D3512-2002, and even more preferably about 2.5 or greater, and even more preferably, about 3. In addition, the fabrics desirably having a pilling rating of greater than 3 after 60 minutes, and a pilling rating of greater than 3.5 after 30 minutes.
In the specification there has been set forth a preferred embodiment of the invention, and although specific terms are employed, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purpose of limitation, the scope of the invention being defined in the claims. | |
Supply Needed:
composition books, Scotch tape, glue, scissors, colored pencils
Quantity Needed: 120 composition notes books 25 rolls of tape 100 glue sticks 25 scissors 25 packages of colored pencils
We use Interactive Note Books (INBs) in my classroom in order to reach all types of learners (auditory, visual, and kinesthetic). The children like this hands-on approach, using the scissors to cut out foldable notes, and gluing and taping them to their INBs. The students really take ownership of their learning and decorate these notebooks. | https://www.lawtonpsf.org/supplies/mr-brandenburg-terry-brandenburg-composition-books-scotch-tape-glue-scissors-colored-pencils/ |
📣 Call for essays! 📣
The Hmm is a platform for contemporary visual culture. With the events we organise and the research we publish, we want to gain a better understanding of digital visual culture and provide our audience with tools to engage with them critically.
In 2019 we are commissioning seven original essays for The Hmm platform that engage with digital visual culture, both in its niche manifestations and within the technological, political, and mainstream reality of the internet.
We are looking for essays that make connections between different types of knowledge and domains, such as media theory, art, politics and leglislation, technology, and pop culture. In relation to the 2019 thematics of The Hmm, the topic of the essay should fall within one of the following four categories:
🔹Niche 🔹
From the very beginning, the internet has been the place for niche content—but increasingly we see that the niche becomes the norm. What are the dynamics between niche and popular culture? Between the niche and art? We are curious about the political and social dimensions of the niche and what happens when a “mainstream” discourse disappears and is replaced by increasingly dominant, and often ideologically-conflicting, niches. What is the role of centralised technology and the global platforms that we use in spreading the niche?
🔹Platforms 🔹
For our communication we, to a large extent, rely on a handful of very powerful internet companies that are increasingly pushed to moderate content. As a consequence, artists, activists, and also casual users, increasinly run into censorship. Intermediaries influence what we create and share in more nuanced ways too, nudging us to create and share certain types of content and not others. Is this a new and unique position to find ourselves in, or should the influence internet companies have on what we make and share be read in the context of creative output always having been influenced by the tools we have at our disposal? We are interested in reflections on the role of internet intermediaries in relation to artistic practice, and welcome explorations of people pushing the boundaries of the frameworks that Google, Facebook, Adobe, etc., offer us, as well as of people creating and using alternative systems.
🔹Grammable 🔹
Online platforms shape our physical environments and ensure that we take into account how our ‘offline’ world will look ‘online’. In addition to the ‘grammability’ of ourselves and our physical space, social media has a growing influence on artists and art institutes. To what extent does the ‘sharability’ of artworks, interiors, and interactive experiences influence what takes place in museums? And to what extent do artists alter and shape their work in relation to the online platforms where it will (hopefully) be shared?
🔹Digital persona 🔹
Through digital visual culture, our faces, bodies and lives are exposed and monitored like never before. This increased monitoring and breakdown of our bodies into digital data points is coupled with the deployment of AI technology including to create AI influencers, the normalization of algorithmic decision making, humanoid robots and sophisticated chat bots. This development raises a number of interesting issues. On the one hand, we are moving towards our digital identity being an acceptable ‘stand-in’ and ‘reliable’ model for our person. On the other hand bots are becoming more and more lifelike. How are our relations with AI and our habituation to bots advancing? Is there an acceptance of the ‘false’ and if so, what does this mean?What is the impact of these developments on our idea of physical integrity?
Submission Guidelines
🔸 To submit, please send us a short bio (max. 100 words) and an outline of what you’d like to write about (max. 200 words).
🔸 The final essay must be written in accessible, non-academic English and be between 1000-1500 words. We strongly encourage the use of images.
🔸 Please note that if your contribution is selected, we’ll be expecting a first draft at the end of March. You will work together with an editor from The Hmm team on the final text.
🔸 The selected contributor will receive a fee for the text.
Send submissions to [email protected] with ‘Call for essays’ in the subject line.
Deadline: February 18, 2019
This series of essays is kindly supported by the Creative Industries Fund. | https://thehmm.nl/%F0%9F%93%A3-call-for-essays-%F0%9F%93%A3/ |
ABC issues news releases on the latest workforce, policy and industry issues, as well as construction-related economic data and trends. Commercial and industrial construction economic analyses include federal data on construction spending, employment, GDP and the Producer Price Index, as well as state-by-state construction unemployment estimates.
In addition, ABC produces the Construction Backlog Indicator, the only economic indicator that reflects the amount of work that will be performed by commercial and industrial construction contractors in the months ahead, and the Construction Confidence Index, a diffusion index that signals construction contractors’ expectations for sales, profit margins and staffing levels. Methodology for both indicators can be found here. ABC construction economic releases are published according to this schedule.
News Releases
WASHINGTON, April 27—The U.S. economy expanded at an annualized rate of 2.3 percent during the first quarter of 2018, while fixed investment increased at an annualized rate of 4.6 percent according to an Associated Builders and Contractors (ABC) analysis of today’s advanced estimate released by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis.
Nonresidential fixed investment expanded at a 6.1 percent annualized rate in the first quarter of 2018. This represents the fifth consecutive quarter in which nonresidential fixed investment increased at a 4.7 percent annualized rate or faster and the eighth consecutive quarter of growth for the segment. All three of the nonresidential subsegments—structures, equipment and intellectual property products—expanded in the first quarter, with investment in structures surging at a 12.3 percent annual rate. The residential segment remained unchanged in the first quarter after increasing by 12.8 percent in the fourth quarter of 2017.
“Today’s GDP report essentially represented good news for U.S. economic momentum along all fronts with one possible exception,” said ABC Chief Economist Anirban Basu. “Most forecasters understood that first quarter GDP would be a bit weaker than the performance registered in prior quarters. This has become a staple of the GDP report, in which a strong fourth quarter, led by significant consumer spending, is followed by a weaker quarter associated with higher household saving rates and paying down of credit card balances. In that context, gross domestic product came in stronger than anticipated.”
“Nonresidential fixed investment represented one of the economy’s primary drivers during the first quarter,” said Basu. “Investment in this category, which encompasses nonresidential construction, rose 6.1 percent on annualized basis after growing 6.8 percent the prior quarter. These data are consistent with the notion that American business remains optimistic regarding near-term economic prospects despite discussions regarding tariffs and trade wars during much of the first quarter of 2018. These data are also consistent with the notion that businesses are spending at least some of their tax savings on expanding their investments into the broader economy.”
“The one possible drawback to today’s surprisingly strong performance relates to inflation and interest rates,” said Basu. “The U.S. economy continues to manifest substantial momentum at a time when full employment has been achieved or soon will be. This will continue to support faster compensation growth, which in turn will help produce higher costs for the provision of construction services. Contractors also continue to report rising materials prices, the result of both faster global economic growth and shifting policies on international trade. For contractors, this suggests that opportunities to bid on new work will remain plentiful, but that it will be difficult to sustain or grow profit margins as various costs continue to trend higher.”
ABC is here to help and provide support in any way as we navigate this crisis together. Please find ABC coronavirus resources for members as well as chapters operations: | https://www.abc.org/News-Media/News-Releases/entryid/15249/fixed-investment-retains-momentum-in-first-quarter-of-2018-says-abc |
The Audio Expert is a comprehensive reference that covers all aspects of audio, with many practical, as well as theoretical, explanations. Providing in-depth descriptions of how audio really works, using common sense plain-English explanations and mechanical analogies with minimal math, the book is written for people who want to understand audio at the deepest, most technical level, without needing an engineering degree. It's presented in an easy-to-read, conversational tone, and includes more than 400 figures and photos augmenting the text.
The Audio Expert takes the intermediate to advanced recording engineer or audiophile and makes you an expert. The book goes far beyond merely explaining how audio "works." It brings together the concepts of audio, aural perception, musical instrument physics, acoustics, and basic electronics, showing how they're intimately related. Describing in great detail many of the practices and techniques used by recording and mixing engineers, the topics include video production and computers. Rather than merely showing how to use audio devices such as equalizers and compressors, Ethan Winer explains how they work internally, and how they are spec'd and tested.
Most explanations are platform-agnostic, applying equally to Windows and Mac operating systems, and to most software and hardware. TheAudioExpertbook.com, the companion website, has audio and video examples to better present complex topics such as vibration and resonance. There are also videos demonstrating editing techniques and audio processing, as well as interviews with skilled musicians demonstrating their instruments and playing techniques. | https://books.unilibro.it/book/winer-ethan/the-audio-expert/9780240821009 |
12th annual Savannah Mile inspires before Memorial Day
As the old saying goes, walk a mile in someone else's shoes before claiming to know who they really are.
After Saturday morning in downtown Savannah, however, one would have to do much more than walk, and in much more than shoes, in order to know who some people were.
Between 800 and 900 people met at the south end of Savannah's Forsyth Park in order to run in the 12th annual Savannah Mile presented by The Two Hundred Club of the Coastal Empire. The event features six heats for runners to participate in the mile, the last of which is the Hero's Run, which requires each participant to run in his or her first responder's gear from head to toe. At least 30 pounds of firefighter or police equipment, or military armor was sported by each of those in the heat, including the winner, Eiger Erickson.
Erickson, 29, won the Hero's Run for the third consecutive year, and he did so with a blistering time of 5 minutes and 25 seconds. A member of the U.S. Army, Erickson bested his times from 2015 and 2016 with relative ease. In 2015, he posted a time of 5:40 before finishing at 5:31 in 2016. This year, says Erickson, he was encouraged by those around him.
"The dudes I work with (in the Army) are outstanding people," said Erickson after crossing the finish line. "I had tons of support before the race and during the thing. I had people trying to hype me up and encourage me to come back out and win again. It's special to see all of these heroes out here on Memorial Day weekend for such a great cause."
The cause is a noble one, but as Two Hundred Club chairman Lowell Kronowitz explains, it's also a cause with which to be careful.
"The Savannah Mile is our annual opportunity to raise awareness for our club's cause," Kronowitz explained before the race. "We try to keep our organization somewhat private because when we approach the families who have tragically lost someone, that's not a public display of emotion."
The club, which is a 501 (c)3 non-profit organization, brings financial help to families of fallen first responders in the 20 counties which make up the Lowcountry. The issue is understandably sensitive to those involved, but Kronowitz and the club have still managed to exponentially grow the annual mile race without crossing any lines - besides the finish line, of course.
"This is the opportunity to make sure that a personal tragedy does not become a financial tragedy," Kronowitz said.
Since the club's incorporation in 2000, the 388 members have served and financially supported 64 families, according to their website, twohundredclub.org.
Speedy teens
The winner of the second heat (ages 19 and under) was Collins resident Mason Smith. The 14-year-old was neck-and-neck with Rincon residents Justin Dolata (18) and Rafael Osella (16) for the first half mile, but the shirtless and determined Smith pulled away coming down the stretch and finished with a time of 4:55 seconds. Dolata finished second at 5:07 and while Osella came in third (5:08).
The female winner from the 19-and-under heat was Margaret Wade (12) of Savannah. Wade finished in 6:11.
The fastest time of the morning outside of the hero's run came from Savannah doctor Rabah Syed. A medical resident working in Savannah, Syed ran the mile solo for most of the race, finishing in 4:32. He was followed by Chandler Goldman (4:47) and Fleet Feet Sports Savannah employee Rich Ford (4:51).
"I've mostly been training for 10K races coming into this event, so I was mostly looking to do some 'speed work' today." Syed said post-race.
Eric Allers of Columbia, S.C., won the 40-and-over heat with a time of 5:07, while 45-year-old Libby Le Tourneau of Rincon recorded the fastest female time of the entire event by finishing in 6:06.
"This was an opportunity to see where I was turnover-wise before getting ready for the Peachtree Road Race," Syed said, noting the July 4 race in Atlanta.
"I enjoy (the Savannah Mile) a lot and I'm glad I could run well in it. I respect anyone who is willing to put their life on the line for others. This event is always great because it recognizes so many people and helps so many people. You never waste a day when you start it like this." | https://www.savannahnow.com/story/news/2017/05/27/12th-annual-savannah-mile-inspires-memorial-day/13880733007/ |
The so-called Error 17 is a common error experienced by people trying to install Spotify, the popular music streaming service, on Windows. This article will show you how to correct error code 17: Spotify could not be started.
Even READ How do I use Community Policy to allocate printers to users or computers? 3. Once you’ve arrived at the Advanced Boot options screen, use the arrows to pick the safe mode option you want (in this case, Safe Mode with Networking), then press Enter. Make sure you choose a ser account with administrator privileges when you log on to your PC. You should be in Safe Mode at this stage. It will say “Safe Mode” somewhere on the screen (most likely in the corner), but you will immediately notice that something is different about your desktop. For Windows 8: Booting into Safe Mode in Windows 8 is a little more complex, but it shouldn’t be too difficult. 1. Move the mouse pointer to the upper-right corner of the screen, then down, press Settings, and then Change PC settings. 2. Go to PC settings and select General. This will open the Advanced startup menu, where you can select Restart now. 3. Select Troubleshoot from the Choose a choice screen. After that, go to Startup Settings and then Restart.
Solved spotify error code 17
Spotify running seamlessly and without interruption is a music lover’s dream. However, Spotify, one of the most popular music streaming services, is not without its flaws. Spotify Error Code 17 is a very popular problem in which you are unable to open the app and listen to your favorite music. Today, you’ll get a tour of the problem and possible solutions.
You’ll find that Spotify won’t open for whatever reason when this issue occurs. Error Code 17 Spotify can appear during the installation process or when logging into your account. In any case, you must first determine the source of the error and resolve it before proceeding to your profile.
Spotify won’t open for a variety of reasons. You may notice that the app won’t open when you try to run the Spotify offline installer or log in to your account. Spotify Error Code 17 is typically the source of this. Examine the following specific causes for this problem.
Spotify Error Code 17 has been discovered to occur while attempting to open the Spotify installer or access your profile. These two events are likely to be the source of the problem’s solution. In this part, we’ll look at how to resolve the Spotify Error Code 17 issue on a device.
Spotify error code 7 in windows 10/8/7 fix[tutorial]
You get an error code 17 message on your computer instead of having access to your account each time you log in. Unwind! Do not touch the screen; it will cost a lot to repair it. This article will show you how to patch Spotify error code 17 in a straightforward and precise manner.
Similarly, if you log into your account for more than 14 days from a foreign country, you are likely to receive error code 17. This is most popular when using a free Spotify account. The location of login is less important for a premium or paid account. You can travel the globe and listen to your favorite music without being concerned about the error issue. This does not, however, guarantee that the issue will not occur again.
You should try re-running the application before digging into the specifics of the problem. It is the easiest solution to the error code 17. It’s likely that the issue is only temporary in this situation.
Step 3: Eventually, clear the caches in the Spotify app. /Library/Caches/com.spotify.client/, Shift + Command + G, Shift + Command + G, Shift + Command + G, Shift + Command + G, Shift + Command + G, Shift + Command + G, Shift + Command + G, Shift + Command + G, Shift + Command + G, Shift + Command + G To pick everything inside that folder, press Command + A, and then drag the items to the Garbage. The garbage can be emptied later.
Spotify başlatılamadı hata kodu 17 çözümü spotify error code
Q: Today, Spotify wouldn’t let me log in out of the blue, and it sent me an error message that said “Error code: 17.” I’ve tried going offline, uninstalling and reinstalling, changing the firewall settings, and so on… I use Spotify on Windows 10, and I’m not aware of any suspicious behavior. PLEASE ASSIST!
You’ll find hundreds of similar questions if you search the Spotify Community. Spotify error code 17 is a common error that some Spotify users can experience when they try to install Spotify on their device or log in to their account. “Spotify could not be started,” or “A firewall might be blocking Spotify,” could appear as an error message.
Don’t worry if you’re having the same problem. We conducted some research and compiled a list of useful solutions for you. Continue reading to learn how to fix error 17 on Spotify and permanently resolve the problem.
A few Spotify users who travel frequently recommend this form. From a web browser, go to ‘Profile > Account > Update Profile’ to edit your Spotify profile. Save the profile after updating the country to where you are now. You will now be able to use the web app to log in to Spotify. | https://theblockgeeks.com/s/spotify-error-code-17-fix/ |
James Fauntleroy is a Grammy Award winning singer/songwriter and producer from Inglewood, California. He is most known for his work on other artist’s records as a songwriter and as President of the musical ensemble, 1500 Or Nothin’.
He has most recently written for Rihanna on her acclaimed album, Anti, while his other credits include Kendrick Lamar’s To Pimp A Butterfly and Vince Staples’ Summertime ’06, as well as various other work he has done for artists with 1500 Or Nothin’. His most recent personal release was a collaboration with Nex Millen on Starry Night String Theory in 2016.
Warmest Winter II is a five track EP that James Fauntleroy released on Christmas Day 2016, and is a follow up to his 2014 release, The Warmest Winter Ever. The album’s tracks are mostly very short and dynamic, with sections quickly changing from moment to moment. There is much ambiguously written sentiment across the record, most of it dealing with feelings of longing, love and the passage of time.
The EP begins with an acapella track, “Body Heat”, a song soaked in deep harmonies that fill the stereo width with warmth. The song uses layered vocals as instruments, with gentle percussion sounds carrying the main harmonies.
The tongue click snare is all the track needs to create a compelling groove that feels hazy and intimate. Every vocal is pitch perfect and meticulously placed to create a wonderful depth and atmosphere. This is classic RnB stripped to its most bare, focusing solely on the genres most important instrument, the human voice.
“Spiritual Gift” begins carrying the intro verse’s feel but adds instrumentation and ups the tempo. The result is a more melancholy track with a deep bassline, strings, a smooth gliding synth and a filtered drum break. However, as quickly as this instrumentation presents itself, it just as quickly disappears. The vocals themselves fade away to silence before reappearing with the track slowly building back up.
The dynamics of the songs on this project really stand out with the focus on stripping backing tracks away. Structurally, the song doesn’t necessarily follow any blueprint; it dances between different sets of harmonies and experiments with layers. The instruments that reappear in the second half of the track all play in reverse, giving the song an even looser and more stylish atmosphere.
On “Is It Morning Yet?”, we are given another vocal arrangement much like “Body Heat”. The track follows roughly the same musical ideas but changes the style of chord arrangements to create a different atmosphere. It’s an interesting choice, to demonstrate your song writing ability by applying the same production style to different song keys and arrangements, but it is something James Fauntleroy pulls off quite flawlessly.
“It Rains Everywhere” takes the project closer to the contemporary, with the introduction of real drum samples and a more traditional song structure. The mid-tempo beat rolls into a swinging bassline hook that is made all the more compelling because of how slowly the previous three songs have built to it.
The song takes a sudden tempo drop as the rhythm slows and the instrumentation once again fades away to more evocative and bare vocals. Each song refuses to loop around on itself and follow the song structure the listener expects. Every feeling is quickly interrupted by the music disappearing , and leaving James Fauntleroy singing alone.
“Christmas Lights” is the first and only song on here to really introduce the listener to the instrumentation before any vocals. The verses follow a scattered drum beat and smooth melody that all come together to create a fantastic perfect cadence in the chorus.
This part of the song has a wonderful dream pop guitar that reverberates in the background and shimmers between the voices, an instrumental highlight of the record. As far as Christmas themed songs go, it manages to avoid being a cliché love song by being presented in the same smoky, ethereal format as the project’s other songs.
With just five short songs, James Fauntleroy manages to display his incredible song writing ability, not just with his beautiful melodies and harmonies, but with a real understanding of arrangements. The record repeatedly finds ways to create and release tension, surfing across vocal echoes and diving into deep, swaying grooves.
No section of music ever outstays its welcome, on the contrary, you often find yourself wishing some of the harmonies would stay around a little longer. The words of love and longing are a superb fit and help to amplify the moods of each song. It may only be five tracks long, and have entire song sections lacking instrumentation, but that serves to show the true depth of musical ability demonstrated on this short project. | https://www.wepluggoodmusic.com/2017/01/12/wpgm-recommends-james-fauntleroy-warmest-winter-ii-album-review/ |
Sun shines in the sky, a cozy wind starts blowing smoothly, and the best time to enjoy the beautiful nature of Spain arrives. Spaniards greet Spring with joy, cheer, and excitement!
The prelude of the spring season shows up around the first week of March, which can lead to getting confused about when does Spring start in Spain. The spring season officially begins on March 20 and lasts until the last week of June. The main impacts of the spring season can be seen in the surroundings rather than the climate, since Spain does not experience harsh weather conditions like other European countries.
This does not necessarily mean that the weather remains the same. The temperature even increases to a level that you can enjoy the beautiful mornings by swimming on the beautiful beaches of Costa Blanca.
What is the Climate in Spain All Year Round, Especially in Spring?
The average annual temperature is 14.25 °C in Spain. Even in the winter months, the temperature doesn't decrease below 10 °C in the coastal regions. In spring, the warmth can increase up to 27 - 28 °C.
A warm and sunny Mediterranean climate in Spain dominates the whole eastern and southern parts of Spain, mostly around the coasts neighboring the Mediterranean sea. The climatic conditions may change from one place to another, due to the geographical context of the Iberian peninsula. The weather tends to get colder while moving to more inland settlements and getting away from the coasts.
The average temperature in Spain during spring usually changes around 16 - 25 °C. Especially during May, the sundial in a day reaches about 9.5 hours which gives you a lot of time to attend outdoor activities throughout the day. That’s why the spring season offers the best conditions of weather and climate in Spain.
Spring Season in Spain
After witnessing all seasons in a year, people often realize that Spain is not just a seasonal vacation spot but a year-round destination. Each season in Spain has its own characteristics but spring is often recalled as the best season for Spain. Here are the reasons why Spring is the best season to go to Spain:
• The climatic conditions fit perfectly for an evening stroll or an all-day hiking experience. It’s the best time to explore the dazzling beauties of the nature of the Iberian peninsula.
• Spaniards greet the spring with the most colorful events from festivals to cultural fairs. Spring is the best time to attend film, music, or theatre festivals, concerts, cheerful marches, and history or culture-themed fairs. Especially March and April are the busiest months in terms of spring festivals in Spain.
• Flowers blossom and trees get every shade of green again. The breathtaking natural beauties of Spain show off their magnificence.
• The ambiance gets livelier along with the awakening of nature. A colorful environment combined with the cheerful sounds of birds warbling in the sky creates the perfect setting for a cheerful day.
• The harvested crops of spring are full of fruits and vegetables that are the essentials of the healthy Mediterranean diet. What a food fest!
• The climate and the environment provide convenient conditions for an active lifestyle. Spring is the perfect season for outdoor activities like cycling, hiking, horseback riding, and more.
Each year, thousands of people are visiting Spain in spring. Surely, there are hundreds of other reasons why people often find Spring the most inspirational season. Now it’s time to think, what’s yours?
Best Places to Visit in Spain in Spring
The best places for an ultimate spring experience in Spain are definitely the eastern coasts, especially Costa Blanca, and Costa del Sol. The astonishing Spanish Costas stand out as lively urbanizations full of opportunities, activities, and laidback lifestyles.
Especially centralized cities like Málaga, Alicante, or Murcia are mostly chosen by the millennials for joyous spring holidays in Spain. These metropolitan cities are full of entertainment facilities and social occasions.
Smaller towns such as Estepona or Orihuela also don’t fall behind. There are a lot of things to see, to try, to experience on the coasts of Spain. We have listed some of the best things to do in Spain during the spring season.
Andalusian Community
The spring season brings a whole other ambiance to Andalusia. The streets, public spaces, gardens, and balconies that are adorned with flowers create a harmonious atmosphere.
These wonderful pieces of nature create a charming contrast with ancient monuments in Seville, Granada, Cádiz, and Málaga. But also, Andalusia is full of natural wonders that will amaze you with its beauty. Spring is the best time to explore the stunning Andalusian nature firsthand.
Let’s travel further from the central settlements and look for an enthusiastic thing to do. The walking path of Caminito del Rey is a magnificent spring adventure, only 1-hour car ride away from the Málaga center. The walking route of Caminito del Rey passes through canyons, cliffs, and a huge valley that will take your breath away.
Looking for a more calming and peaceful occasion? Let’s sail from Puerto Banus after an all-day shopping in Marbella. You will love the dazzling views of sunset on the horizon of the Mediterranean sea.
Jardín Botánico Histórico La Concepción is a historical botanical English garden in Málaga. The best time to visit it is during the spring season to fantastic explore the flora and fauna of unique nature.
What about something more captivating to do with your loved one? Try out the world-famous fortified wines of Andalusia in the most exclusive wineries of Jerez and Ronda. Most of these wineries offer vineyard tours and wine-tasting events accompanied by local tapas’ or Spanish meals.
One of the best things to do for families with children is to visit the best nature parks and zoos in Spain. Bioparc of Fuengirola is a great option since the endangered animals and all species can live in a natural habitat recreated according to their original living conditions. There are four different areas: Madagascar, Equatorial Africa, South-East Asia, and the Indo-Pacific.
Valencian Community
Let’s travel a bit more northeast, now we are in the hometown of Costa Blanca. Other than being a magnificent place for a summer vacation, Costa Blanca is also a perfect place for spring break.
Visiting UNESCO world heritage sites can be a joyous experience to do during the Spring time. For example, Palmeral of Elche city in Valencian Community is among the UNESCO heritage sites. It is the most significant place that comes to mind when someone says “Mediterranean” with its 200.000 palm trees.
The natural park that consists of 2 saltwater lagoons, including a pink one, in Torrevieja is definitely a must-see. Especially during the spring season, the pink waters of this astonishing lagoon create a perfect setting for a romantic trip.
Hiking on the Peñon de Ifach, what a unique experience! The views of Calpe adorned with every shade of green and blue, just 320 meters above the Mediterranean sea, are absolutely astonishing. The climate creates the perfect conditions for an exciting hike.
Paseo Ecológico de Benissa is another destination that offers the most picturesque views of Mediterranean nature. Exploring the most undiscovered coves of Benissa and Calp is a great weekend plan to spend quality time with your family during the spring in Spain.
Spring is also a picnic season in Spain, which does not require any trip. Most homeowners in Spain spend their free time in the garden of their detached houses with their loved ones. Most of these houses include a private garden, a barbeque area, and a poolside lounge. This is the perfect opportunity to get together with your family and spend some intimate time together.
Pro Tip: Spring comes with lots of fiestas and national holidays such as Holy Week, Crosses of May, Las Fallas, Easter, and more. These festivities are mostly celebrated on pre-determined dates in each autonomous community.
Are you wondering how you can celebrate these festivals as a true Spaniard? Then you should keep up with the announcements of the autonomous communities or local municipalities. They inform the public about when or where the celebrations will take place and their concepts.
What to Eat in Spain During the Spring Season?
Good news for the fruitarians and vegetable lovers! Spring is a great time to taste the freshest fruits and veggies since they are the main seasonal nutrients.
Seafood is a big deal in Spain because most of today’s big urbanizations on the coast were once fishing villages. They bear great importance in Spanish cuisine but also Mediterranean diet is pretty suitable for vegetable-based eating habits.
The vegetables like artichokes, endives, spinach, zucchinis, eggplants, and asparagus have the best quality during the spring season. They should be consumed before the summertime arrives, so spring is the most convenient time to eat. Berries are the most common fruits you can encounter in Spain in spring. The fruit salads including raspberries, cherries, nectarines, and apricots are a healthy snack on the days that we’re getting ready for the summertime.
Spain’s most traditional foods are based on Mediterranean cuisine, so we don’t give up tapas or Gazpacho in any season in Spain. However, it would be refreshing to try them out after a joyous hiking adventure in nature in spring or a long swim on the beach in the summertime.
What a Unique Experience, Start Your New Journey Today!
The sun, the beach, and nature… Quite charming, not only in summer but for the whole year. There is always a new thing to do or a new adventure to follow in every season in Spain. If you are looking for a way to experience it on your own, contact our property experts to find your dream home in Spain today! | https://spainhomes.com/blog/life-in-spain/a-delightful-experience-all-about-spring-season-in-spain |
OFFICE OF PRESIDENT (OF CHAIRMAN). An arrangement in which the office of the chief executive consists of more than one executive. This organizational device is sometimes used in very large corporations and typically consists of three to five senior executives who perform collaboratively to make top level decisions and plans. One of these is the chief executive who is accountable to the board of directors.
ORGANIZATION. (1) The classification or groupings of the activities of an enterprise for the purpose of administering them. Division of work to be done into defined tasks along with the assignment of these tasks to individuals or groups of individuals qualified for their efficient accomplishment. (2) Determining the necessary activities and positions within an enterprise, department, or group, arranging them into the best functional relationships, clearly defining the authority, responsibilities and duties of each, and assigning them to individuals so that the available effort can be effectively and systematically applied and coordinated.
ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR (OB). A field of knowledge and inquiry concerned with the systematic study of organizations; their origins, growth, and effect upon individual members, constituent groups, and other organizations. Organizational behavior is equally concerned with individual behavior, group processes, attitudes and motivations, communication, and the effect of these upon organizational performance.
ORGANIZATIONAL CLIMATE. The multidimensional set of properties of the work environment, perceived directly or indirectly by employees, and assumed to be a major force in influencing their attitudes, motivation, and behavior. The perceived quality and configuration of organizational climate is usually assessed along dimensions such as structure, responsibility, team spirit, standards, warmth-support, rewards, organizational clarity, etc.
ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE. A pattern of beliefs, values, and assumptions learned and transmitted by organizational members as an effective way of life for adapting to external forces an coping with internal problems.
ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN. The structural pattern of an organizational which includes the rationale for grouping specialized tasks, locating decision centers, facilitating coordination, and other provisions.
ORGANIZATION CHART. A diagram or graphic representation of an organization which shows, to varying degrees, functions, responsibilities, people, authority and relationships among these. May be used for recording the promotability of individual managers and for orderly planning for succession.
ORGANIZATION CULTURE. The rules, jargon, prejudices, customs, and other traditions that clarify acceptable and unacceptable behavior in an organization.
ORGANIZATION DEVELOPMENT (OD). The planned, organization-wide process of change designed to improve organization effectiveness and adaptation (to changing environmental demands). This is accomplished through planned interventions by an internal or external agent (change agent) using theory and techniques of applied behavioral science. Although the planned interventions or strategies depend on the circumstances and diagnosis, the focus has usually been on the attitudes, norms, values, relations, and organizational climate, rather than on the goals, structure, and technology of the organization. Lately, however, more and more attention has been given to the interplay of structure, technology, and people variables. Techniques employed by OD change agents include sensitivity training, managerial grid applications, goal-setting sessions, team building, confrontation meetings, and interpersonal peacemaking, to name some of the more important ones. Note that OD is much more comprehensive than management development, which is focused only on a particular manager or group of managers in order to change individual managerial behavior. (See CHANGE AGENT.)
ORGANIZATION, FORMAL. A planned and established structure of relationships among people, designed to achieve specified objectives. Thus one may speak of the formal organization of a company, government agency, school or hospital.
ORGANIZATION FOR QUALITY. Structuring organizational activities to effectively serve the accomplishment of the company's customer, quality, innovation, and cycle time objectives.
ORGANIZATION, INFORMAL. The type of organization structure which comprises the authority, responsibility, and communicative and associative relationships among functions, physical factors, and personnel that are supplemental to the "formal" organization structure and may be "for," "against," or "neutral" with regard to the achievement of organizational objectives. It develops spontaneously.
ORGANIZATION PLANNING. The process of planning and designing the organization structure and providing for appropriate interrelationships among people and constituent units. Often involves analysis of goals, grouping of activities, making audits, planning organizational changes, and preparation of policy manuals. May involve manpower planning, training and development of management personnel.
ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE. A framework within which the dynamics of human relations forces take form and come into interaction. A plan under which the totality is subdivided, and job duties, personal relations and lines of authority are specified.
ORGANIZATION THEORY. That branch of study concerned with identification and analysis of the strategic variables and relationships of structure and process involving groups of people engaged in coordinated, purposeful activities over meaningful spans of time.
ORGANIZING. The process of determining the work to be done, grouping work into appropriate units, and defining the desired relationships among people so that the entire body can pursue identified goals. | https://www.iise.org/Details.aspx?id=2484 |
Žito’s bakers knead the new Jelen bread with seeds with three types of flour: semi-white, rye and brown wheat flour to which they add water, yeast and salt. This is blended together with carefully selected pumpkin, flax and sunflower seeds and oats, wheat and barley flakes. The work is then left to the big mixing machine which gently kneads the dough mimicking the movement of hands. “It is important that the prepared dough rises for some time because then the dough develops flavour,” say Žito technologists adding that the bread is a living thing, so we should give it enough time to mature.
Risen dough is then tossed from a large vat onto a big wooden table. There, the bakers cut it into smaller chunks and weigh it since each individual chunk must weigh more than 90 dag so that it has 80 dag after baking. The loaves are kneaded between two conveyor belts and on the receiving end two bakers are waiting to dip every loaf on one side in the water and then in the mixture of seeds and flakes.
The loaves are slightly dusted with flour and moved to baskets of boxwood as our grandmothers used to do because boxwood is a natural breathable material and therefore the dough rises properly; the baskets also make a nice loaf shape. Since leavening significantly influences the flavour and texture of bread, the bakers move the baskets to the leavening chambers with precisely set temperature and humidity levels which depend on the current situation in the bakery.
During leavening the loaves rise to the edge of the basket, the bakers then toss them onto the counter, brush away any excess flour with a small whisk and notch a recognisable cross sign on the top of the bread. Each loaf comes with an edible wafer (starch label bearing the name of the bread) and thusly prepared loaves are transported to the appropriately preheated furnace using a computer-controlled robot.
A specialty is fireclay ovens (chamotte), which mimic the action of the old baker’s furnace. Due to a combined special radiant heat and the heated fireclay plate, the bread crust is nicely baked and crispy and the crust is tender and soft. The baking time is set in advance however, baking is constantly monitored by an experienced baker, who on the basis of their experience and knowledge decides when the bread is baked just right.
From the furnace the baked loaves travel to a cooling coil in an adjacent room where the bread is cooled slowly. Cooled bread is then stacked in baskets and supplied to store shelves across Slovenia. Due to the carefully composed recipes, observing trends in modern technology as well as our grandmothers’ tradition each and every Jelen bread develops rich flavours, the firm bread crust forms recognisable pores, while the crust stays pleasantly crunchy.
Because of the added seeds and flakes, the flavour of Jelen bread is even richer. And the prolonged preparation process allows extended freshness, so you can eat it with pleasure for days on end! | https://kruh.zito.si/en/2014/10/how-is-the-jelen-with-seeds-produced/ |
South Korea, also known as the Republic of Korea, is situated at the southernmost part of the Korean peninsula. It’s a complex and fascinating nation – on one hand, it has modern and flourishing megacities that are as urban as they come, and on the other, a remarkable and rich culture and history, which dates back to 2333 BC.
One of the 4 ‘Asian Tigers’ (which includes Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore), South Korea is a major economy in the world with a very high standard of living. It’s also a major tourist destination in Asia, offering a variety of attractions, from serene temples, royal tombs and unspoiled fishing villages, to picturesque mountains and volcanic landscapes.
Top destinations in South KoreaWhere will you go next?
Seoul is hailed as one of the most vibrant cities in Asia, attracting visitors from various parts of the world. As the capital city of South Korea, it is home to sprawling modern structures as well as a rich culture and remnants of history dating back more than 2,000 years. Present-day Seoul has plenty to offer tourists – you’ll find...Read more
Busan
Busan is a highly-rated tourist destination in South Korea. It’s also one of the most densely populated cities and...
Jeju CityJeju (sometimes known as Cheju) is a paradise for couples and honeymooners. Located off the southern coast of South Korea...
SeogwipoSeogwipo is one of the largest cities on Jeju Island and offers rocky volcanic coasts, mountainous national parks, cascading waterfalls...
IncheonIncheon lies in the northwest of South Korea, with its suburbs bordering the outskirts of Seoul. The city has some...
GangneungGangneung, located between the Taebaek Mountains and the East Sea, offers a remarkably laidback atmosphere. It offers one-of-a...
YeosuYeosu’s coastline is famous for its temperate climate and lush greenery, as well as outstanding beaches. A favourite hangout is...
What to see & do in South KoreaFeatured stories & fun stuff
South Korea is a remarkable tourist destination that has something for everyone, be it those who love nature, visiting megacities, or history buffs who enjoy learning about the cultures of the world. When it comes to sightseeing, South Korea has pristine temples, royal palaces and traditional villages dating back to ancient times. If you’re interested in outdoor activities, there are plenty of hiking spots and caves to explore, most of... Read more
15 Best Things to Do in JejuThe best things to do in Jeju showcase the diversity of this popular island, which sits on the southern coast of South Korea. Situated along the Korean Straits, it boasts of a healthy tourist influx from all over the world...
19 Best Things to Do in SeoulThe best things to do in Seoul draw inquisitive travellers from all over the world. Home to sleek skyscrapers and...
15 Best Things to Do in GyeongjuThe best things to do in Gyeongju are primarily historical and archaeological sites that shed light on the city’s rich...
10 Spots in Korea Where Nature Is Front and CentreKorea, with its many mountains and seas, will leave you with a different impression depending on where you visit. The...
14 Best Things to Do in DaeguDaegu is one of the largest cities in South Korea, and coupled with its rich and ancient culture, it has...
11 Best Things to Do in BusanThe best things to do in Busan showcases the city’s reputation as an important sea port in Asia. Frequently seen...
10 Best Places Locals Love to Go in Jeju IslandEvery corner of this Jeju Island is a treat for the eyes, with many famous attractions to choose from. Jeju...
10 Best Things to Do in GangneungGangneung is a coastal city with the scent of pine and coffee permeating throughout. The dazzling East Sea and lush...
10 Best Things to Do for Couples in SeoulThere are plenty of things to do for couples in Seoul, thanks to the city's many lush parks, romantic date...
Where & what to eat in South Korea
Dining out is most definitely one of the highlights when travelling in South Korea. From the bustling and international kitchens of Seoul to quieter and more traditional regional restaurants, travellers can expect a culinary feast. Korean food is often described as savoury, spicy, hearty and nutritious delights that can be enjoyed at any time of the day. South Korea is one of the best places to enjoy affordable and tasty... Read more
10 Great Korean DishesGreat Korean food can be found virtually everywhere in vibrant Seoul, from street vendors along narrow alleyways to classy restaurants within 5-star hotels. Many of these delicacies have existed for more 2,000 years, and were only consumed by royal...
22 Great Restaurants in SeoulRestaurants in Seoul have earned high praises from tourists and food critics alike for inventive culinary delights and authentic flavours...
9 Great Restaurants in Jeju IslandGreat restaurants in Jeju Island serve authentic Korean dishes that are made with high-quality ingredients and age-old recipes...
Where to shop & what to buy in South Korea
Shopping in South Korea has several plus points going for it: modern malls are there to give you the optimum in shopping comfort. Items for sale can range from the high-tech offerings of Seoul to the market fare of Busan. Most market merchants will expect you to haggle hard, so do so – with a smile, of course. The best shopping experiences come hand-in-hand with good lunching and... Read more
10 Best Places to Go Shopping in SeoulSeoul is undoubtedly a shopper’s paradise. The best places to shop in Seoul are not limited to shopping malls, but spill out across districts within the city centre. You’ll be spending hours browsing through racks of clothes, electronics, accessories, jewellery...
8 Best Street Markets in SeoulStreet markets in Seoul are great places to experience authentic Korean lifestyle, mingle with friendly locals, and browse through a...
14 Best Shopping Malls in SeoulThe best shopping malls in Seoul attract shopping enthusiasts from all over the world. Most of these venues are located...
Where to go & what to do at night in South Korea
South Korea has a thriving nightlife scene. You will find a number of traditional tea houses, coffee shops, theatre shows, discos, fashionable nightclubs, trendy pubs, and exclusive bars. For a tourist, this is the perfect way to welcome the night, as it provides a great opportunity to relax and rejuvenate after a long day of sightseeing. Nightclubs and karaoke bars are also quite popular in South Korea, but if you’re... Read more
15 Best Things to Do After Dinner in SeoulThe best nightlife experiences in Seoul consist of award-winning dance clubs, unique all-night cafes with panoramic city views, and a night market that stays open until the next morning. A favourite holiday destination for dance music fans, South...
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Useful information
Our Seoul information page gives a quick rundown of all the important facts that every first-time visitor needs when planning a trip to the capital of South Korea. As one of the world’s most popular tourist destinations, Seoul is home to both modern and traditional cultures, historical sites and urban spaces, as well as ample dining and shopping opportunities. This section covers unique particulars about Seoul, including what to... Read more
10 Mistakes People Make When Visiting SeoulAmong the most common mistakes people make when visiting Seoul are breaking social norms that are unique to South Korea. A general rule of thumb for any traveller is to learn about the culture of the place you’re planning to...
Jeju Island Travel EssentialsOur Jeju Island Travel Essentials lays out the essential information you need to help you plan your trip to one...
Seoul AirportsSeoul airports serve as the main arrival points for travellers visiting the capital city of South Korea. There are 2... | https://ca.hotels.com/go/south-korea?intlid=gglist%7Ckeepexp |
A number is a figure or a value to denote the count or quantity of something. The counting numbers or natural numbers include the numerals 1, 2, 3, 4, etc and are the fundamental of a number. Arithmetic is the elementary branch which studies about numbers, their properties, and arithmetical operations.
There are basically four operations: additions (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (×) and division (÷). Each operation helps us to calculate how more or less an object than the other. Let’s practice how to solve word problems using these arithmetical operations.
Word Problems Examples
Example 1: Akshit won a lottery of cash prize Rs.157800. He deposited the amount in his bank account. If he had Rs.45000 in his account, what is his current bank balance?
Solution: We have to find the total amount in Akshit’s bank account. Given,
Amount of cash Akshit won by lottery = Rs.157800
Amount Akshit had before winning lottery= Rs.45000
Total amount Akshit have after winning lottery= 157800 + 45000 = 202800
Akshit has Rs.202800 as his current balance.
Example 2: Babuji bought a car for Rs. 375000. After three years he sold his car and bought a new car for Rs. 830000. How much more has Babuji paid for his new car?
Solution: We have to find the price difference.
Given,
Cost of old car= Rs. 375000
Cost of new car= Rs. 830000
Price difference between new car and old car = 830000 – 375000 = 455000
Babuji has paid Rs. 455000 more for his new car.
Example 3: Prateek is a bookworm. He has a home library and he arranges 483 books per shelves. If there are 32 shelves like this, what will be the count of books in Prateek’s library?
Solution: Given,
Total no. of shelves = 32
No. of books per shelve = 483
Total no. of books in the library = 483 x 32 = 15456
Prateek has 15456 books in his library.
Example 4: A shoe factory manufactured 66250 shoes in 250 days. How many shoes did it manufacture per day?
Solution: Given,
Total no. of shoes manufactured= 66250
Total no. of days taken to manufacture 66250 shoes = 250 days
No. of shoes manufactured per day= 66250 ÷ 250
Hence, factory-produced 265 shoes per day.
Class 4th Maths Word Problems
Q.1: One vegetable basket has 22 tomatoes. How many total tomatoes are there if there are 4 such baskets?
Solution: Given,
In one basket, there are 22 tomatoes.
In four such baskets, the number of total tomatoes will be = 4 x 22 = 88 tomatoes
Q.2: If 228 butterflies out of 668 flies from a tree, how many butterflies are left?
Solution: Given,
Total butterflies sitting in the tree = 668
Total butterflies flew from tree = 228
Hence,
Total butterflies left = 668 – 228 = 440
Therefore, total 440 butterflies left.
To solve more word problems on arithmetical operations, download BYJU’S – The Learning App and watch interactive videos. Also, take free tests to practice for exams. | https://byjus.com/maths/word-problems-arithmetical-operations/ |
Adjustable shelving system
An adjustable shelving system comprises two or more upright standards each having a forwardly projecting shelf support member pivotably depending therefrom which is infinitely vertically adjustable therealong. When positioned horizontally, the support members lockingly engage with their respective standards. The members secure a shelf by means of brackets which are mechanically affixed to the shelf and spaced to define rearwardly opening cavities which receive the support members. Each shelf comprises a wire grid of a plurality of longitudinally and laterally disposed members. Each bracket has outwardly projecting tabs which encircle two adjacent longitudinal members of the shelf. Each bracket also has a raised central portion and downwardly, inwardly projecting tabs which collectively embrace the shelf support member. The shelf can be expeditiously vertically repositioned by tipping the shelf and associated bracket and support members upwardly to an acute angular relationship with the standards and then vertically repositioning the shelf to its new desired location. To lock the shelf, it is merely rotated back to the substantially horizontal position. The shelf may have a retention lip and/or a storage container integral therewith.
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to adjustable shelving systems in general and particularly to systems which are incorporated within home appliances, the individual shelves being infinitely vertically repositionable.
2. Prior Art
Adjustable shelving arrangements have long been used in home appliances such as refrigerators, freezers, dishwashers and the like. Typically, these structures employ a pair of vertically upright members, each having at least one row of slots to vertically aligned therealong to accommodate shelf supporting brackets. Such arrangements are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,701,325; 3,355,134 and 3,111,916. The vertical position of a shelf is adjusted by disconnecting the bracket from a given slot and reinserting it into a higher or lower slot within the member. The vertical upright members are secured to the inside liner of the appliance and supplemental tabs or bosses are provided to support the forwardmost edge of the shelf. The shelves and supporting brackets frequently are interconnected by means of clamps and assorted hardware necessitating the use of tools to assemble and/or adjust the shelving within an appliance.
A drawback of most prior art appliance shelving arrangements is that the shelves are vertically adjustable in discrete increments only thereby limiting their effectiveness in optimizing the use of freezer and/or refrigerator space. A related problem is that the shelves are difficult or inconvenient to remove for cleaning and/or readjustment. Additionally the large amount of hardware and bracketry involved makes the prior art units relatively expensive as well as tending to consume large amounts of space within the appliance which otherwise could be applied for storage. Finally, such shelving arrangements have a limited load capacity and cause extensive damage to the appliance liner when they fail.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An object of the present invention is to provide an adjustable shelving arrangement for appliances such as freezers, refrigerators, dishwashers and the like which is infinitely variably adjustable in vertical position, can be easily removed and replaced, is relatively inexpensive, compact and aesthetically attractive. In general this is accomplished by providing upright standards within an appliance, each having an elongated shelf support member pivotably depending therefrom which can be slidably repositioned vertically along the upright standard and locked at any point therealong by pivoting the member from an acute angle with respect to the standard to a position normal thereto. The elongated member supports a shelf comprising a rigid wire grid of longitudinal and laterally disposed members. Brackets are affixed to the shelf which are disposed mediate two adjacent longitudinal members and are fixedly attached thereto. The bracket has a rearwardly opening channel dimensioned to receive a shelf support member and be retained by same.
To adjust the vertical position of the shelf, it merely need be pivotably displaced upwardly until the shelf support member is free to slide vertically along the standard. At this point the shelf is positioned to the desired height and then pivoted outwardly until it is substantially horizontal or normal to the standard.
In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the standards are imbedded within the structure of an appliance behind the inner liner thereof. Accordingly, only a relatively small vertical slot in the liner is necessary in order to accommodate the shelf support members. By locating a number of these standards throughout the back wall and door of the appliance, any number of shelves, baskets and the like can be mounted and easily and quickly readjusted without the aid of tools or the like. The individual shelves can be removed by sliding them horizontally outwardly of the appliance while disengaging the bracket from the support member. Cavities are provided at the upper end of each liner slot to permit removal of the shelf support member.
Other objectives and advantages of the present invention will be made apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment of the invention. The invention makes reference to the accompanying drawings.DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 illustrates in perspective view an upright freezer incorporating the preferred embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 2 illustrates in perspective view the details of a typical shelf, bracket and shelf support member;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the shelf, bracket and shelf support member of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is another cross-sectional view of the shelf, bracket and shelf support member of FIG. 2;
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the end of a typical standard and its associated shelf support member assembly receiving cavity;
FIG. 6 illustrates a top plan view of a standard and shelf support member;
FIG. 7 shows a side plan sectional view of the standard and shelf support member of FIG. 6, the member being illustrated in the unlocked position in phantom; and,
FIG. 8 shows a front plan sectional view of the standard and shelf support member of FIG. 6 including its friction mechanism.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 5 the preferred embodiment of the invention is illustrated as applied to the interior of an upright freezer 10 comprising a substantially rectangular cabinet 12 and a vertically hinged door 14. Although an upright type freezer is illustrated it is contemplated that the present invention would be equally applied to a chest type freezer, refrigerator, dishwasher, barbecue, oven and the like. The freezer 10 has a one-piece plastic liner 16 within the cabinet 12 and a door liner 18 both of which are constructed of molded plastic material or the like.
A number of vertically oriented slots 20 are provided within the liners 16 and 18 which run the entire vertical extent the inside dimension of the freezer 10 terminating in a shelf support member receiving cavity 22 at the upper end thereof. The function of the cavity 22 will be described in detail hereinbelow. FIG. 5 illustrates the detail of the cavity 22 which is typical for all of the slots 20. The slots 20 open into a vertical closed cavity 24 which nestingly receives an upright standard 26. The standard 26 is constructed of extruded metal or the like having a C-shaped horizontal cross-section comprising a back-portion 28 two laterally opposed side portions 30 and two inwardly turned lips 32. The standard 26 has a uniform cross-section throughout and is adapted for mounting to the freezer door 14 and cabinet 12 structure by means of screws 34 or other suitable fastening means. The lips 32 terminate inwardly defining a channel slot 36 which is of substantially the same dimension and substantially aligned with its associated slot 20.
A plurality of outwardly projecting elongated shelf support members 38 each have an associated friction mechanism the details and operation of which will be described below are received within the channel 40 defined by the standard 26. Consequently, the shelf support members can be slidably repositioned vertically along the entire extent of the standard 26, the member projecting inwardly through the standard slot 36 and slots 20 within the liners 16 and 18. The support member 38 can be lockingly engaged with the standards 26 at any point therealong, the advantages of which will be described hereinbelow.
Shelves 42 and storage baskets 44 are slidably affixed to that portion of the support members 38 which project inwardly within the freezer 10. Any number of variations of shelves 42 and baskets 44 can be employed, those illustrated in FIG. 1 being exemplary only. The shelves 42 and baskets 44 can be vertically adjusted merely by gripping the shelf 42, for example, tilting it upwardly about its rearwardmost edge which is nearest its associated support members 38 can then be vertically slidably repositioned and then relocked by pivoting the shelf 42 downwardly to reassume a substantially horizontally orientation. The storage baskets 44 operate substantially the same way comprising downwardly projecting wire cages having top 46 side 48 bottom 50 rear 52 and front 54 portions combining to define a substantially cubicle basket having a contents receiving opening 56 adjacent the upper end thereof.
Additionally, for the shelves 42 mounted on the door 14 of the freezer 10, upwardly turned lips 58 are provided to prevent the shelf 42 contents from sliding off during opening and closing of the door 14. An additional advantage of this arrangement is that the standards 26 are supported by the internal structure of the freezer 10 and not by the liners 16 and 18 as is typically found in the prior art. This eliminates any strain or load being impressed on parts of the liners 16 and 18 proximate the slots 20. No pegs or permanent supports for the shelves 42 are required thereby conserving freezer space. In application, a freezer 10 can be quickly and efficiently packed by placing contents therein first on the lower shelves and then quickly vertically adjusting the upper shelves downwardly until they nearly overlay the contents directly therebelow.
Although the standards 26 are illustrated being recessed within the liners 16 and 18, it is contemplated that the subject shelving system could be retrofitted onto an existing unit, the standards being mounted directly to the liners 16 and 18. Additionally, it is contemplated that the present invention can be implemented within various appliances such as chest type freezers, refrigerators, stoves, barbecues and the like as well as a shelving system in and of itself for use in a larger, commercial application.
Referring to FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 the connection of a typical shelf 42 with a shelf support member 38 is illustrated. In the preferred emobidment of the invention the shelves comprise wire grids of longitudinally and laterally oriented members, 60 and 62 respectively. It is contemplated, however, that many various designs well-known in the art could be applied to the shelf 42. For example, a portion of the surface of the shelf 42 could be constructed of plate glass or the like. The only portion of the shelf which must be constructed of the above described wire grid is that portion which is immediately adjacent the shelf support member 38.
A shelf support bracket 64 mechanically interconnects the shelf 42 and its associated shelf support member 38. The bracket 64 is constructed of metallic material comprising four outwardly projecting support tabs 66 which encirclingly embrace two adjacent longitudinal members 60 of the shelf 42 and are rigidly affixed thereto such as by welding. The shelf support bracket thus becomes essentially a common part of the shelf 42 and it is contemplated that numerous variations obvious to artisans can be made therefrom including integral incorporation of the bracket 64 within the shelf 42. The central portion of the bracket 64 is a raised surface 68 from which seven lanced tabs 70 depend and project downwardly and inwardly. The tabs 70 and raised portion 68 define a rearwardly opening cavity 72 which matingly receives a shelf support member 38. The outwardly projecting tabs 66, the raised surface 68 and the seven lanced tabs 70 are integral parts of the shelf support bracket 64.
A spring clip 74 comprises a horizontally oriented flat portion 76 which is affixed to the shelf support member 38 and an arcuate portion 78 which in application projects towards the shelf 42 and partially embraces the rearwardmost lateral member 62 of the shelf 42 to prevent longitudinal displacement thereof. The shelf 42 can be removed from the support member 38 by pulling it longitudinally away from the member 38 and releasing the rearwardmost lateral member 62 from the embrace of the spring clip 74. As the member 62 is so released, the arcuate portion 78 of the spring clip 74 deflects upwardly, returning to its normal position after the member 62 has passed. In the preferred embodiment the shelf support member 38 is substantially T-shaped and has a vertical cross-section having a substantially horizontal upper portion 80 the lateralmost sides thereof being embraced by the lanced tabs 70 and raised portion 68 of the bracket 64. The shelf support member 38 also has a substantially vertically oriented portion 82 which is of substantial uniform thickness and tapers upwardly and forwardly throughout the length of the support member 38. The structural advantages of this particular shape are well-known to those skilled in the art.
Referring to FIGS. 6, 7 and 8 the preferred embodiment of the standard 26 shelf support member 38 and an internal friction mechanism is illustrated. Numerous infinitely adjustable shelf and bracket assemblies are currently available. The applicant, however, chose the unit manufactured by Archibald Kenrick and Sons, Ltd. of Birmingham, England, because of its aesthetic attractiveness, compactness and extremely high loading capability. A complete technical description and discussion of the advantages of this unit in other applications is found in an application for a United States Patent Ser. No. 569,994 filed Apr. 21, 1975.
The friction mechanism is comprised of two shoes 84 of resilient material which are elongated vertically and dimensioned to be slidingly disposed within the channel 40 defined by the standard 26 adjacent and abutting the laterally disposed sides 30 thereof. Proximate the uppermost end of each shoe 84 is an inwardly opening cavity which receives a pivot pin 86. The rearwardly uppermost part of the vertical part 82 of the support member 38 has an aperture 88 which when assembled is in registry with the cavities within the shoes 84. The support member 38 is thereby pivotably supported by the pin 86 and the shoes 84, the entire assembly being vertically slidably disposable within the standard 26 when support member 38 is tilted upwardly, as illustrated in Phanton, to define an actue angle .theta. with respect to the standard 26. The lowermost portion of the shoes 84 have a laterally thickened section to provide a slight interference fit with the lower rearwardmost vertical portion 82 of the support member 38 when the member 38 is positioned substantially perpendicular to the standard 26. In this position, the shoes 84 are pressed outwardly firmly against the insidemost surface of the side portions 30 of the standard 26 thereby preventing displacement of the support member 38 with respect to the standard 26. The horizontal part 80 of the shelf support member 38 terminates approximately one inch forwardly of the pivot pin 86 to provide clearance for the liners 16 and 18.
It is to be understood that the invention has been described with reference to a specific embodiment which provides the features and advantages as previously described, and that such specific embodiment is susceptible of modification as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the foregoing description is not to be construed in a limited sense.
Claims
1. An adjustable shelving support system for appliances and the like comprising:
- at least a pair of parallel spaced standards, each having a thin-walled rigid body exhibiting a continuous slot opening in one side thereof;
- at least one rigid shelf support arm operatively engaged with each of said pair of standards through said opening, each said support arm including selectively operatable lock means within the associated standard whereby each arm may be fixed in relation to the associated standard when at right angles thereto but released for sliding relationship when rotated away from the right angular relationship;
- each shelf support arm having a T-shaped cross section in which the top thereof is adapted to receive and support thereon a flat structural element such as a standard wood shelf;
- a shelf constructed of rigid wire elements and of such width as to extend between said standards;
- a pair of adaptor brackets substantially permanently fixed to the elements of said shelf in spaced parallel relationship according to the space between said standards, each of said brackets comprising a body having an interior space opening to an end thereof for receiving the T-shaped arm therein through said end opening whereby the shelf may be positively secured to the arms by sliding said arms into said brackets to form a unit consisting of the arms, brackets and shelf, said unit being positionally adjustable relative to the standard as aforesaid and said shelf being removable from said arms by sliding said arms out of said interior spaces;
- each bracket being at least substantially wholly within the boundaries of said shelf when secured thereto in operative relationship but with the end opening and the interior space located adjacent but out of the plane of said shelf so as to permit said arm to enter said opening for operative engagement therewith.
2. Apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein the appliance comprises a housing, said standards being attached to said housing, and a liner member also attached to said housing so as to conceal said standards but having spaced parallel slot openings formed therein and in registry with the slot openings of said standards to permit access between said arms and said standards.
3. Apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein the shelf further comprises a wire basket depending therefrom. | https://patents.justia.com/patent/4174486 |
books[i].
We want to place these books in order onto bookcase shelves that have total width
shelf_width.
We choose some of the books to place on this shelf (such that the sum of their thickness is
<= shelf_width), then build another level of shelf of the bookcase so that the total height of the bookcase has increased by the maximum height of the books we just put down. We repeat this process until there are no more books to place.
Note again that at each step of the above process, the order of the books we place is the same order as the given sequence of books. For example, if we have an ordered list of 5 books, we might place the first and second book onto the first shelf, the third book on the second shelf, and the fourth and fifth book on the last shelf.
Return the minimum possible height that the total bookshelf can be after placing shelves in this manner.
Example 1:
Input: books = [[1,1],[2,3],[2,3],[1,1],[1,1],[1,1],[1,2]], shelf_width = 4 Output: 6 Explanation: The sum of the heights of the 3 shelves are 1 + 3 + 2 = 6. Notice that book number 2 does not have to be on the first shelf.
Constraints: | https://books.halfrost.com/leetcode/ChapterFour/1100~1199/1105.Filling-Bookcase-Shelves/ |
Your baby's growth will be checked during your pregnancy at the appointments below: During your dating scan at around 12 weeks, your sonographer will measure your baby from her head to her bottom. How many months are you actually pregnant for? The short answer is 280 days, 40 weeks, 3 trimesters, or a little more than 9 months. By week 7 their heart's started to beat. What happens during week 27 - 28? By week 5 their heart and blood vessels are just starting to form. The risk of miscarriage is also higher in the first 3 months, whether you're travelling or not. A change in air pressure or a decrease in humidity won't cause your baby any harm. Air Travel Most commercial airlines accept pregnant travellers up to 36 weeks if single pregnancy or up to 32 weeks if a multiple pregnancy. It's a little trickier to determine how many weeks seven months pregnant is. Today's Date: . How it Works. The most common way to calculate your pregnancy due date is by counting 40 weeks from the first day of your last menstrual period (LMP). The second month of pregnancy covers weeks five to eight, which means that it lasts 8 weeks in total. Body parts. In answer to. Many women also experience tender breasts. The embryo has a large forehead, and the eyes and ears continue to develop.
The first sign of pregnancy is usually missing a period, about 2 weeks after you've conceived. Normally, there are no must-take tests at week 14. What are the symptoms of pregnancy in the seventh month? Obese: 25 to 42 pounds. But most women don't give birth at exactly 40 weeks pregnant, so it's impossible to know exactly how long until you meet your baby. Post term: 42 0/7 weeks and on. Once you've pressed the calculate button, you'll immediately be shown how far along you are in months! We've put together this simple chart to tell you the length and weight of an average baby from eight weeks of pregnancy, through to birth.
The brain is growing rapidly and this results in the head growing faster than the rest of the body. This measurement is called the crown-rump length. 13 weeks pregnant. Try to be active every day. 16 weeks: 7.32 inches: 5.15 ounces: 18.6 cm: 146 grams: 17 weeks: 8.03 inches: 6.38 ounces: 20.4 cm: 181 grams: 18 weeks: 8.74 inches: 7.87 . Reese Witherspoon, 46, rocks tetro swimsuit On IG. Most airlines allow pregnant women to fly up till 36 weeks, so you should be fine to travel. Some women prefer not to travel in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy because of nausea and vomiting and feeling very tired during these early stages. In week one your baby's sex will already be decided and their brain will be starting to form, while by week six your baby's heart is beating. Baby names directory Search our comprehensive directory of baby names to find the perfect name. By the end of the week 8, your baby has tiny hands and feet with webbed fingers and toes, and their lungs have started to grow. Weeks 32 to 35 are often considered the eighth month of pregnancy, but there can be a little wiggle room and debate about this as it's hard to make 40 weeks separate perfectly into 9 months. Video answer: French bulldog pregnancy stages: what to expect along the Your answer 24 Related questions ; Video answer: How to tell if your dog is pregnant? Days . The variation in the number of days per calendar month, however, accounts for this . If you are measuring 6 weeks or less, then you just need to wait a week and recheck that the baby has grown and a heartbeat can be seen. N/A. Of course, 40 weeks is generally thought of as 10 months, rather than 9 months. 25.6cm. What to expect at 14 weeks pregnant checklist . How many weeks pregnant is 7 months? If you're carrying a single baby, a full-term pregnancy is between the start of 39 weeks up to the end of 40 weeks. Table equivalent for Months into Weeks Other Pregnancy Calculators include: If a baby is born before 37 weeks, they are considered a premature baby. Try the MFM due date calculator. Stages of Growth Month-by-Month in Pregnancy First trimester As most pregnancies are around nine calendar months long, each pregnancy is divided into three trimesters. 4 weeks pregnant. Your complete guide to: A healthy . Talk to your healthcare provider about any questions you may have about gestational age and due date. Your all-levels 4 . There is only around a 20 percent chance of falling pregnant each month and it takes many couples up to 12 months or more to conceive. Baby is working on getting stronger, and your 17 weeks pregnant body is working on getting biggerabout 1 to 2 pounds bigger per week. . Week 1-2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Week 13 Week 14 Week 15 Week 16 Week 17 Week 18 Week 19 Week 20 Week 21 Week 22 Week 23 Week 24 Week 25 Week 26 Week 27 Week 28 Week 29 Week 30 Week 31 Week 32 Week 33 Week 34 Week . In the event of a premature birth, it would be described as a "24 6/7" term. The fetus develops more and more fat from now until the end of pregnancy. (NHS). Every month, your body prepares for an egg to be fertilized by sperm. Results can take several weeks. Most pregnancies last around 40 weeks (or 38 weeks from conception), so typically the best way to estimate your due date is to count 40 weeks, or 280 days, from the first day of your last menstrual period (LMP). 3 weeks pregnant. The short answer is 280 days, 40 weeks, 3 trimesters, or a little more than 9 months. . It's difficult to say precisely how many weeks pregnant you are at eight months, because months don't divide up cleanly into weeks and because the 40 weeks of pregnancy can be split in a few different ways. During pregnancy your hormones can soften the fibres of your skin, making it more prone to stretch marks. In the 13th week, the baby is about the size of a peach ..Babies usually measure around 2.91in (7.4cm) in length, and weigh around 0.81oz (23g) How many weeks pregnant can you travel abroad? Because of this the surface of the skin could start itching, and also this is the cause for which the stretch marks appear. 1. Talk to a Pregnancy Educator Now We're available Mon-Fri 7am - 10pm Sat 9am - 5pm & Sun 11am - 7pm Click CHAT NOW or call (800) 672-2296 Chat Now Our Partners The weeks of pregnancy don't fit neatly into months, so seven months can begin between 25 weeks and 27 weeks pregnant and extend up to 28 to 31 weeks. An ultrasound scan early in your pregnancy will give you a more accurate due date for your baby. advertisement Join now to personalize BabyCenter for your pregnancy . When you're seven months pregnant, you're in your third trimester and approximately 28-31 weeks pregnant. Subscribe to our week-by-week Pregnancy Newsletter What week is your pregnancy in? Your plug may also come out in a form that's more liquidy, as its characteristics can vary from one pregnancy to another. You should be able to hold a conversation, but not without a little effort. 300g. The arms grow longer and flatten out at the ends. During your last period (which will be your last for a while), your uterus is preparing for ovulation and your body is gearing up for pregnancy, so technically, you can start counting from this point. For you to get pregnant, sperm and your egg have to be in the same place at the same time. Your healthcare provider has probably already mentioned this to you and put things into motion, but if not feel free to flag it up and ask what arrangements need to be made. As well as feeling and looking more pregnant during these weeks, you may also have more energy than you did in the first trimester.
When you are 7 months pregnant you can expect your skin to stretch even more to make some space for the little one. Your baby starts to take on slightly alien-like qualities as their head grows faster than the rest of their body. First day of your last period. Pregnancy normally lasts from 37 weeks to 42 weeks from the first day of your last period. If a baby is born before 37 weeks, he/she is considered preterm or premature. Stages of Growth Month-by-Month in Pregnancy First trimester The first trimester will span from conception to 12 weeks. Type of Calendar Select An Event . Get ready for your baby's arrival by finding out your estimated due date. Mom's Body at 31 Weeks Pregnant At 31 weeks, you could be 7 or 8 months pregnant (depending on how the weeks are divided into months) and you are well into the third trimester. Back pain . If you want to get pregnant quickly and naturally, you'll probably get super-familiar with your menstrual cycle. 5. Weeks . You will also be given additional information about your due date. And that's how most healthcare providers do it. 16 weeks pregnant. Late term: 41 0/7 weeks through 41 6/7 weeks. In the next few weeks of the second trimester, you will have to: take a marker screening blood test (weeks 15-20) They aren't harmful and don't cause any medical problems.
Find out how big your baby is in each week of pregnancy, using our fetal growth chart measurements of average length and weight. Pregnancy normally lasts from 37 weeks to 42 weeks from the first day of your last period, explains NHS Choices. Travelling in the final months of pregnancy can be tiring and uncomfortable. Moreover, the third month of pregnancy marks the end of first trimester, the stage of pregnancy with the highest miscarriage rates. 15 weeks pregnant. emma f (516) Hi I'm a band 6 and have equal payments I opted for 7 months with 1 month annual leave added to the end and will roughly get 1500 per month it was going to be 1300 for 9 months equal payments x. Find out what to expect from weeks 1 to 12 of your pregnancy.
Eyelids are usually fused together until about 28 weeks. If you do not know it or are unsure, speak to a midwife or GP. Bear in mind that boys tend to be longer and heavier than girls . Your pregnancy week by week 2 weeks pregnant. Not eating enough fibre - such as fruit, vegetables and cereals.
. By 40 weeks, the average baby weighs 3.5kg (7.6lb), and is about 51.2cm (20.2in) long from head to heel. . 1 to 12 weeks pregnant. Particularly, month 3 of pregnancy covers from week 9 to week 12. If your menstrual cycle length is the average length (28-day cycle), your menstrual cycle probably started about two weeks before . The weeks of pregnancy don't fit neatly into months, so seven months can begin between 25 weeks and 27 weeks pregnant and extend up to 28 to 31 weeks. 7 weeks pregnant. When is the best time to travel during pregnancy? And what a difference a trimester makes! This is to make room for their rapidly developing brain. 1 This week, baby weighs just about . Transparent and blood vessels are visible through it ( 4) Ears. At 24 weeks pregnant, you've probably been feeling baby kicking for at least a few weeks, but now they're getting stronger and stronger. In fact, your partner or others who touch your belly might start to feel those kicks through your 24 week baby bump soon too. "Scans are an accurate way to give you a due date," confirms . Pregnancy week. How's that for a budding genius? Is 31 weeks considered 7 months pregnant? Now, your baby's kicking (or lack of) is keeping . Your Baby's Development at 26 Weeks. 1 This week, the baby's weight is about 42 . Trimester means 'a period of three months'. 07/03/2022. Days . 2. 16 benefits of using a rowing machine on the reg.
Number of Weeks in a Month All the months in the calendar have 4 complete weeks because every month has at least 28 days. 07/03/2022. Pregnancy due date calculator Estimate how far along you are and see weekly development. Recommended 24 weeks pregnant weight gain is about 14 to 16 pounds for moms-to . Your pregnancy has three phases, called trimesters, and each trimester is about three months long.
National Health Service (NHS) (UK) (2009). Our pregnancy Due Date Calculator will work out how many days, weeks and months to go. 3. For example, you might have swollen legs, pregnancy sickness , nasal congestion (more common during pregnancy) or ear problems during pressure changes due to this congestion (RCOG, 2015). In this procedure, a small tissue sample is taken from the placenta through the cervix or abdomen. The weeks of pregnancy don't fit neatly into months, so seven months can begin between 25 weeks and 27 weeks pregnant and extend up to 28 to 31 weeks. Brisk walking, or walking up a hill, counts as moderate exercise. Your baby will probably weigh about 5.5lbs in week 35 and will be around 46.2cm in length. You need to know the first day of your last period to use this calculator.
During this trimester, the fertilized egg will change from a small grouping of cells to a fetus that is starting to have a baby's features. In many countries, the first scan of a pregnant woman takes place between weeks 8 and 14. Your baby's development this week. Constipation can start as early as the first trimester and is more likely to affect you as your pregnancy progresses. Your pregnancy is measured from the first day of your last period rather than the day you actually conceived. Attaining the position. A pregnancy generally lasts around 40 weeks, and your dates are referred to in weeks because this is more accurate than talking in months. The three trimesters. Development. At 28 weeks pregnant, a baby typically measures about 10 inches (25.4 centimeters) from the top of their head to the bottom of their buttocks (known as the crown-rump length ), and baby's height is over 14 inches (36.1 centimeters) from the top of their head to their heel (crown-heel length). | http://theworkoutcompany.org/3/berrada/drum/82621837d67408cee5ce511952669f1f067d-ool-district-careers |
- Summary: ZURICH, SWITZERLAND (RECENT-2017) (REUTERS) (SOUNDBITE) (English) PROFESSOR MARGARITA CHLI, LEADER OF THE VISION ROBOTICS LAB AT ETH ZURICH, SAYING: "We start off with zero knowledge about where the drone is. The pilot clicks a button so that the drone takes off, as soon as the autonomous mode is on the drone starts perceiving its environment, it starts building a map of its visual landmarks on the goal."
- Embargoed: 24th July 2017 11:12
- Keywords: ETH Zurich drones drone UAVs computer vision Margarita Chli
- Location: ZURICH, SWITZERLAND
- City: ZURICH, SWITZERLAND
- Country: Switzerland
- Topics: Science
- Reuters ID: LVA0046P4WI8R
- Aspect Ratio: 16:9
- Story Text: With demand for drones booming, both for hobby and commercial use, the race is on to develop ever-more intelligent and autonomous systems. Getting drones, or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), to effectively understand and interact with their environment has proved challenging.
Researchers from the Vision for Robotics Lab at ETH Zurich are teaching drones how to 'see'. They've created algorithms to give low-cost, off-the-shelf, drones the power to explore their environment and build a 3D map in the process, which they can use to plan a collision-free path and fulfil the mission's requirements, such as industrial inspection or crop monitoring.
"We start off with zero knowledge about where the drone is," explained Professor Margarita Chli (PRON: Schlee). "As soon as the autonomous mode is on the drone starts perceiving its environment, it starts building a map of its visual landmarks."
This map serves as the basis of the drone's understanding of space, which subsequently provides it with autonomous navigation capabilities.
Their UAV systems are equipped primarily with one camera and an inertial sensor, while the group is also experimenting with additional and different types of sensors, such as depth cameras used in the gaming industry. During a mission, a pre-determined goal is set, such as inspection of the facades of a particular building or navigation to a specific geographical marker, which the drone automatically plans its path to, while avoiding any obstacles encountered on the way; all the while scanning its surroundings and building a 3D map in real-time.
"The system is selecting what we call visual landmarks and judging how these landmarks move from one image to the next. Then the drone is really reasoning about its motion; essentially the motion of the camera," said Chli.
Achieving a high level of scene perception from a moving and agile UAV platform is one of the main challenges the team is working to overcome. But a drone that can accurately map its environment in real-time could have important applications for autonomous aerial missions where being able to judge distance from obstacles would be crucial.
The team from Zurich says their system could give drones the ability to autonomously inspect disaster areas not accessible to humans.
"Drones can really offer a unique platform that is very agile and very fast in the environment. It really moves in 3D, so it can fly up and quickly gather the overview of, for example, a disaster area," added Chli.
Using the sensors onboard the UAV the team is working to digitise the drone's workspace in 3D. Known as real-time dense surface reconstruction, the team has demonstrated how two drones working together can fly around a statue while scanning to build an accurate 3D model. A possible application of this could be digitising archaeological sites, the team says.
Manufacturers increasingly see drones as a valuable new tool for tasks including remote inspection and search-and-rescue missions. UAVs have also recently been trialled to spot rhinoceros poachers in South Africa, and even to deliver pizzas and burgers in the UK. | https://reuters.screenocean.com/record/898610 |
Europe Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Market is expected to progress at a CAGR of approximately 13.7% over the forecast period to reach a valuation close to USD 2.1 Billion by 2025.
Drones are useful to provide essentials, including water and food, in areas affected by natural disasters, including earthquakes and floods. Small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are used to locate hostages during search and rescue operations. They are often used in missions that are hazardous to human actions. Such instruments are rapidly becoming an essential part of modern warfare. They can be either remotely controlled, semi-autonomous or fully autonomous. Increasing terrorism and natural disasters are leading to an increase in the number of rescue operations carried out each year. It is, in fact, has served for the good of the market.
Europe Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Market Regional Presence:
The Europe Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) market is geographically segmented into the regions of Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Spain, Italy, and the rest of Europe. The advancements in the design of drones, increasing terrorist attacks, and commercial applications are driving the demand for these UAVs across all the regions of Europe. In 2018, Russia held the leading portion of the European market due to the applications in military and defense sectors.
Europe Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Market Drivers and Restraints:
Significant factors that drive the European Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Market forward are-
The factors holding the Europe Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) market back include-
Research Methodology:
The research done takes place in two phases namely-
Secondary Research: The first phase of the research process is extensive secondary research and identification of the related intelligence. Secondary data is compiled from various sources. Extensive secondary research helps in generating hypotheses and identifying critical areas of interest that are investigated through primary research.
Primary Research: This entails conducting hundreds of primary interviews with industry participants and commentators in order to validate the data points obtained from secondary research and to fill the data gaps. A primary interview provides first-hand information on the market size, market trends, growth trends, competitive landscape, future outlook, etc. It also helps in deciding the scope and deliverables of the study in terms of the requirement of the market. Primary research involves e-mail interactions, telephonic interviews as well as face-to-face interviews for each market, category, segment, and sub-segment across geographies.
Europe Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Market Detailed Segmentation
The small UAV segment is expected to grow at the highest CAGR during the forecast period, due to the demand for surveillance and reconnaissance applications from the defense sector. The need for small UAVs from the commercial sector is also increasing, as these UAVs are used in precision agriculture, logistics & transport, wildlife surveys, search & rescue operations.
The commercial segment of the UAV market is projected to grow at the highest CAGR from 2020 to 2025. This rise can be due to the increased adoption of UAVs for various commercial applications, such as product delivery, tracking, surveying, mapping, and remote sensing.
Leading Key Players covered in this research report are:
Research Report Key Highlights:
1. Introduction
1.1 Market Definition
1.2 Study Deliverables
1.3 Base Currency, Base Year and Forecast Periods
1.4 General Study Assumptions
2. Research Methodology
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Research Phases
2.2.1 Secondary Research
2.2.2 Primary Research
2.2.3 Econometric Modelling
2.2.4 Expert Validation
2.3 Analysis Design
2.4 Study Timeline
3. Overview
3.1 Executive Summary
3.2 Key Inferences
3.3 Epidemology
4. Drivers, Restraints, Opportunities, and Challenges Analysis (DROC)
4.1 Market Drivers
4.2 Market Restraints
4.3 Key Challenges
4.4 Current Opportunities in the Market
5. Market Segmentation
5.1 UAV Size
5.1.1 Introduction
5.1.2 Small UAV
5.1.3 Medium UAV
5.1.4 Large UAV
5.1.5 Y-o-Y Growth Analysis, By UAV Size
5.1.6 Market Attractiveness Analysis, By UAV Size
5.1.7 Market Share Analysis, By UAV Size
5.2 Application
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 Military
5.2.3 Civil
5.2.4 Commercial
5.2.5 Y-o-Y Growth Analysis, By Application
5.2.6 Market Attractiveness Analysis, By Application
5.2.7 Market Share Analysis, By Application
6. Geographical Analysis
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Regional Trends
6.1.2 Impact Analysis
6.1.3 Y-o-Y Growth Analysis
6.1.3.1 By Geographical Area
6.1.3.2 By UAV Size
6.1.3.3 By Application
6.1.4 Market Attractiveness Analysis
6.1.4.1 By Geographical Area
6.1.4.2 By UAV Size
6.1.4.3 By Application
6.1.5 Market Share Analysis
6.1.5.1 By Geographical Area
6.1.5.2 By UAV Size
6.1.5.3 By Application
6.2 U.K
6.3 Spain
6.4 Germany
6.5 Italy
6.6 France
7. Strategic Analysis
7.1 PESTLE analysis
7.1.1 Political
7.1.2 Economic
7.1.3 Social
7.1.4 Technological
7.1.5 Legal
7.1.6 Environmental
7.2 Porter’s Five analysis
7.2.1 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
7.2.2 Bargaining Power of Consumers
7.2.3 Threat of New Entrants
7.2.4 Threat of Substitute Products and Services
7.2.5 Competitive Rivalry within the Industry
8. Market Leaders' Analysis
8.1 DJI
8.1.1 Overview
8.1.2 Product Analysis
8.1.3 Financial analysis
8.1.4 Recent Developments
8.1.5 SWOT analysis
8.1.6 Analyst View
8.2 Aerovironment Inc. | https://www.marketdataforecast.com/market-reports/europe-unmanned-aerial-vehicle-market |
The discipline Management Science and Engineering is one of the disciplines at the first-level in the Management Discipline Group according to the Chinese Discipline Classification. The theoretical and knowledge foundation of this discipline is formed by combining management, economics, mathematics, systems science, information science and so on. By comprehensive applications of these scientific principles and methodologies, it aims at analyzing and solving various management related problems in society, economy, enterprises and other institutions through both qualitative and quantitative methods, with quantitative research as the more important aspect. The main research tasks of this discipline are to provide enterprises and other organizations with systematic theory foundations, methodological models, and information systems so as to support their decisions in relation to the business, operation, management as well as project evaluation and management. As the earliest founded discipline and one of the fastest developed disciplines in the Management Discipline Group, the discipline Management Science and Engineering has formed more completed theoretical system base, with distinguished characters in more emphasizing scientific methodology and models, a closer connection to engineering areas and more attention to practical applications.
As one of the earliest subjects in the field of management science, Management Science and Engineering enjoys a complete with distinct methodological model features. And its close combination with the engineering field has made it a subject with an extensive application. China University of Petroleum was authorized to establish the discipline of Management Science and Engineering in 1986. During the past 20 years, the discipline of our school has gained rich experience and developed into a major with distinctive features:
1. Studies on resource value assessment, investment technique economic evaluation, investment resolution and risk analysis, project management as well as oil peak taking the industrial chain and oil and gas as the research object have achieved advanced level in China, with part results even keep up with advanced international level;
2. Research in system simulation, information and decision support system, systematical prediction and optimization, along with innovative applied research in the field of energy system has always been in the wake of academic frontier, achieving distinct results leading domestic research;
3. Taking the management of large energy enterprises and the oil& gas industry as key study object and based on theories and methods of modern management discipline, we have conducted research in national energy strategy, development strategy of large energy enterprises, energy market circulation system reform, and energy market analysis, the results of which provide important reference for the resolution of the government and oil enterprises;
4. With listed and energy firms as research objects, we have employed securities market and financial data to conduct research in corporate finance and securities market, financial management of oil companies, international energy market and trading system and risk management. A series of research results have been achieved, part of which reached the advanced level in China and has been directly adopted by national ministries and research institutions. The business school enjoys favorable talents training conditions and predominant academic environment, with 7 faculty members, well-equipped labs, the Economic Research Institute of Petroleum, as well as the Energy Strategy Research Institute functioning as strong supporters.
Objectives
Graduates of this major are bound to be highly qualified talents that are well developed morally, intellectually and physically, with rigorous academic attitudes, rational knowledge structure, strong research, and innovation capability. They should be qualified for researching and administrative positions in the fields of management science and energy economic management. In order to achieve this goal, students are required to:
1. Master Marxism-Leninism, the basic principles of Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaoping theory, and conscientiously take the concept of scientific development and correct view of the world as the code of behaviors; Develop patriotism spirit and excellent merits; Obey the law and actively serve the career of socialist modernization.
2. Mater fundamental theories and knowledge of the discipline; Systematically master theories and methods of management science and engineering; Improve the capacity in settling practical issues in the management of the oil industry; Be able to conduct independent research and achieve creative results.
3. At least master one foreign language to skillfully search and read foreign literature, conduct academic communication and write a thesis.
Detailed requirements in terms of knowledge and capacity include:
1. Build a sound knowledge basis in economic management, have a systematic master of resolution theory in operation and management, and acquire the theories and methods of quantitative analysis, energy system analysis, planning resolution, project management, as well as technology economic analysis;
2. Develop the ability to systematically analyze and solve practical issues;
3. Get familiar with latest research results and trends in management science and engineering, and build the ability to independently or cooperatively conduct scientific research and make innovation;
4. Understand the approaches used in operation management and resolution, obtain the capacity in assisting resolution in enterprises and relative organizations;
5. Skillfully master a foreign language, be good at listening, speaking, reading, and writing that is indispensable in academic communication.
Research Areas
1. Theory and Methods of System Engineering and Their Application
2. Investment Decision and Project Management
3. Systematic Analysis of Energy Strategy and Policy
4. Finance Engineering and Risk Management
Program Length
1. The normative time for full-time students is 3-5 years and the maximum time for part-time students is 6 years.
2. Doctor degree candidates shall earn no less than 18 credits, with at least 12 credits for required courses.
3. Requirements for Subject Research Progress Report:
The literature review report on the subject research progress should be written at the mid-term or end of the second semester to the beginning of the third semester. Topics for the report should be chosen within the range the mentor raises, and the report should be written in accordance with the format and requirements of Application for National Natural Science Foundation.
Curriculum
- Chinese Language
- Introduction to China
- Management Science Theory and Method
- System Science Theory and Method
- Oil and Gas Resources Economic Evaluation
- Energy Economics Management
- Financial Engineering and Energy Finance
- Energy Strategy and Industrial Policy
- Subject Research Progress Report
- Literature Review and Thesis Proposal
- Designed by the mentor
Note: Students are able to choose elective courses in other programs according to supervisor advice.
Literature Review and Thesis Proposal
The topics chosen for thesis proposal should be within the scope of the discipline. Main contents of the proposal are composed of the background, significance, and basis of the topic; current status and trends of relevant study home and abroad; research objects and contents; technological methods to be employed and the feasibility analysis; a forecast of key technologies and difficulties; and the research process in details. Students are required to read at least 100 articles before the proposal, among which 30 were written in foreign languages, and write a literature review (at least 6,000 words) in accordance with the format set by the graduate school and business school. The literature review will be evaluated by the proposal review group during the thesis proposal.
Literature review and thesis proposal must be completed before the third semester. The review of it is organized by the Business School openly and member of the review group is 3-5 appointed by the School. The review group should give a review opinion on serious evaluation.
Academic Activities
During their study at China University of Petroleum, Ph.D. students are required to take at least 10 academic lectures or make at least 2 public academic reports in the university. Besides, they are bound to participate in at least 1 important academic conference of the discipline and publish their thesis. Ph.D. students are encouraged to take part in international academic conferences. The academic activities mentioned above, together with the compulsory link of Subject Research Progress Report constitute this part. Ph.D. students should submit a Subject Research Progress Report and the mentor will be in charge of the assessment of academic activities which must be comp
Thesis and Research Results Publication
Ph.D. students are required to publish thesis and research results in accordance with the relevant documents set by the Graduate School.
Program taught in: | https://www.phdstudies.com/PhD-in-Management-Science-and-Engineering/China/CUPB-EDU/ |
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
TECHNICAL FIELD
This application claims priority to United States Provisional Patent Application No. 62/886,910, filed 14 Aug. 2019, and European Patent Application No. 19210577.3, filed 21 Nov. 2019, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
One or more implementations relate generally to speaker systems, and more specifically to monitoring and reporting speaker health.
BACKGROUND
Advanced cinema sound systems using high-power amplifiers and new immersive audio formats, such as Dolby Atmos® generate many channels of audio for playback through large numbers of speakers in extensive arrays. Such arrays typically expand on existing surround sound formats by adding multiple speakers per group, such as front/rear, front left/front right, rear left/rear right, and so on. For immersive audio playback, overhead mounted height speakers may also be provided.
New cinema or large-scale audio systems feature multiple output channels to drive multiple speakers per surround channel. Speaker arrays of 32 to 64 or more speakers are not uncommon, and each speaker may be a multi-driver unit having woofer, mid-range drivers, and tweeters, all with a multitude of physical and/or wireless connections. In an extensive audio playback environment maintaining sound quality after an initial installation may be difficult due to degradation or failure of sensitive components (e.g., tweeter voice coils), and the simple aging of equipment. During use, many different electrical or electro-mechanical problems can arise, such as blown drivers, bad physical connections, wireless signal interference, and so on. In a large-scale installation, such as a cinema, correcting such problems often requires a repair technician to diagnose each speaker individually to find the specific problem, and effect repairs or replacement in often difficult operating environments, such as for overhead or high wall-mounted speakers. In many cases, diagnostic and repair activities may be deferred until the sound quality is significantly degraded, thus leading to a situation in which audiences may be subjected to lower than expected audio quality.
The subject matter discussed in the background section should not be assumed to be prior art merely as a result of its mention in the background section. Similarly, a problem mentioned in the background section or associated with the subject matter of the background section should not be assumed to have been previously recognized in the prior art. The subject matter in the background section merely represents different approaches, which in and of themselves may also be inventions.
SUMMARY OF EMBODIMENTS
A speaker health monitor and reporting component and method takes current and voltage (V-I) measurements of the speakers when configured to operate in a reference mode to obtain a reference electrical impedance for the speakers. It then takes V-I measurements of the speakers while they are operating in a normal playback mode to obtain an operating electrical impedance. It compares the operating electrical impedance to the reference electrical impedance to determine a deviation between the operating and the reference electrical impedances, and reports any deviation that exceeds a defined tolerance to repair personnel for enabling repair of an electrical or electro-mechanical fault of the speakers.
Embodiments include methods and systems that continuously monitor the health of speakers and speaker components as compared to an initial baseline condition for a new installation, detect an out of tolerance condition, and provide detailed actionable reports to a technician, system operator/owner, or other appropriate personnel.
Embodiments are yet further directed to methods of making and using such speaker health monitoring and condition reporting components for use in an audio playback system.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
In the following drawings like reference numbers are used to refer to like elements. Although the following figures depict various examples, the one or more implementations are not limited to the examples depicted in the figures.
FIG. 1
illustrates an audio playback environment having a large number of speakers driven by a multi-channel cinema processor and high-powered amplifier, under some embodiments.
FIG. 2
illustrates a cinema environment having a surround sound speaker array powered by a multi-channel power amplifier under some embodiments.
FIG. 3
is a block diagram illustrating main functional components of a multi-channel amplifier, under some embodiments.
FIG. 4
is a flowchart that illustrates a general method of calibrating, monitoring, and reporting speaker health, under some embodiments.
FIG. 5
illustrates a multi-channel amplifier operating in a rendering environment and having a speaker health monitoring component, under some embodiments.
FIG. 6
illustrates certain functional components of a speaker health monitor process or component, under some embodiments.
FIG. 7A
illustrates the phases of the health monitoring function and corresponding data sets, under some embodiments.
FIG. 7B
FIG. 7A
illustrates a frequency bin data set for the system of , under some embodiments.
FIG. 7C
illustrates an example histogram used for V, I data bins, under some embodiments.
FIG. 8
7
is a flowchart illustrating a health monitoring method using the system of claim , under an embodiment.
FIG. 9
illustrates the generation of per-channel gain levels based on certain amplifier operating characteristics, under some embodiments.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Systems and methods are described for a speaker health monitor and reporting system for use in a speaker installation. The system monitors certain electrical and electro-mechanical characteristics of individual speaker components including the condition of individual drivers within the speaker and physical connections to the speaker. It establishes baseline operating characteristics, continuously monitors the speakers during normal operation, and reports any deviations between operating characteristics and the baseline condition to facilitate efficient repairs to any of the system components. Such as system addresses issues associated with having large numbers of speakers in a large installation, which places a high burden proper speaker maintenance, by continuously monitoring the electro/electromechanical health of speakers, identifying specific problems, and providing actionable reports so that appropriate personnel can efficiently make the necessary repairs.
Aspects of the one or more embodiments described herein may be implemented in an audio or audio-visual (AV) system that processes source audio information in a mixing, rendering and playback system that includes one or more computers or processing devices executing software instructions. Any of the described embodiments may be used alone or together with one another in any combination. Although various embodiments may have been motivated by various deficiencies with the current and known solutions, which may be discussed in the specification, the embodiments do not necessarily address any of these deficiencies. Different embodiments may address different deficiencies, and some may only be partially addressed.
For purposes of the present description, the following terms have the associated meanings: the term “channel” means an audio signal plus metadata in which the position is coded as a channel identifier, e.g., left-front or right-top surround; “channel-based audio” is audio formatted for playback through a pre-defined set of speaker zones with associated nominal locations, e.g., 5.1, 7.1, and so on (i.e., a collection of channels as just defined); the term “object” means one or more audio channels with a parametric source description, such as apparent source position (e.g., 3D coordinates), apparent source width, etc.; “object-based audio” means a collection of objects as just defined; and “immersive audio,” (alternately “spatial audio” or “adaptive audio”) means channel-based and object or object-based audio signals plus metadata that renders the audio signals based on the playback environment using an audio stream plus metadata in which the position is coded as a 3D position in space; and “listening environment” means any open, partially enclosed, or fully enclosed area, such as a room that can be used for playback of audio content alone or with video or other content, and can be embodied in a home, cinema, theater, auditorium, studio, game console, and the like. The term “speaker” or “loudspeaker” means an audio playback speaker having a cabinet enclosing one or more drivers, where the term “driver” means an individual audio transducer that converts an electrical audio signal into sound waves, and may be implemented as a cone, horn, or planar driver, and may be a full-range driver or configured to playback a certain frequency range, such as a tweeter, mid-range driver, woofer, sub-woofer, and so on.
FIG. 1
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illustrates an audio playback environment using a large number of speakers driven by a multi-channel cinema processor and high-powered amplifier, under some embodiments. illustrates an example cinema environment having a surround sound speaker array powered by cinema processors and power. As shown in , cinema includes a screen at one end of the room facing a number of seats in the viewing/listening area. A number of speakers are arrayed in the front of the cinema room and speakers are in the rear of the cinema room. These play the front and rear surround signals. A set of speakers and provide the right side sound, which may be divided into right-front and right-rear signals, while another set of speakers and provide the left-front and left-rear signals. In an immersive audio environment, overhead speakers projecting down from the ceiling may be provided. For the example of , such overhead speakers are shown in an array of two rows and . The overhead sound may also be provided (at least partly) by one or more side or floor mounted speakers projecting sound upwards for reflection off of the ceiling back into the listening area .
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
As shown in , a relatively large number of speakers may be provided such that a number of individual speakers is provided for each surround-sound channel. The number of speakers depends on the size of the cinema (or auditorium), the nature of the audio content, the power and output configuration of the power amp or amps, and other similar parameters. The cinema environment and speaker configuration of is intended for illustration only, and any other practical configuration and number of speakers may be used.
FIG. 1
In the cinema context, speakers generally handle high signal levels and are called on to reproduce complex audio content and problems associated with the speakers may occasionally occur. As can be seen in , the sheer number of speakers (each of which may comprise two or more drivers, as well as their problematic placement or installation (e.g., on the ceiling or behind the screen or walls) poses some challenges to easily diagnosing and fixing any problems that may occur. Because most speaker problems require physical fixes, such as changing drivers, fixing connections, or replacing speakers themselves, such service work is often time consuming and expensive. Entire arrays or sub-arrays of speakers may need to be individually tested or inspected speaker by speaker to find a problem that may be caused by a single speaker in the array. In a frequently used audio environment, such as a movie theatre, concert hall, and so on, such an operation may require a shutdown of the venue for an appreciable amount of time.
FIG. 1
Embodiments of a speaker system, such as shown in include a speaker health component and process that facilitates detecting and identifying speakers that exhibit problems. This allows technicians to quickly locate a problematic speaker and identify the specific problem to apply the appropriate fix without requiring extensive system inspection and speaker diagnosis.
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
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The cinema system of typically includes a sound processor and one or more power amplifiers to drive all the speakers in the system. In a typical implementation, the processor and/or amplifiers may be as unitary or separate rackmount components installed in an A/V booth of the cinema or auditorium control room. Such components may be provided in a control center provided in a control booth or similar location in the room. As shown in , the control center also includes a speaker health monitoring and reporting component .
FIG. 2
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illustrates a cinema environment having a surround sound speaker array powered by a multi-channel power amplifier under some embodiments. As shown in , a cinema or similar audio/visual (A/V) listening environment has an array of speakers and placed around screen and the listening environment in any appropriate surround sound arrangement (e.g., 5.1, 7.1, 9.1, etc.). The audio content is provided by projector through a sound processor and then to a multi-channel amplifier . Multi-channel amplifier drives the speakers and through individual speaker feeds. Each speaker element shown in may represent a number of individual speakers so that the total number of speakers is more similar to that shown in . For the embodiment of , the amplifier may represent a multi-amp rackmount system having a number of amplifier cards that slot into a rack, where each amplifier drives a certain number of channels, such as 8-channels each, or similar. The amplifier may also be embodied as a single unitary amplifier with multiple channel outputs. Alternatively, it may be implemented as two or more amplifiers connected together in a serial or daisy-chain fashion so that an amplifier system is formed having a master/slave configuration. In an embodiment, all or most of the speakers may be passive speakers, thus requiring relatively high power output from the amplifiers. Alternatively, at least some of the speakers may be active (powered), thus requiring less power from the amplifiers. The amplifier configuration may be tailored such that different amps drive different sets of interleaved speakers, and so on. In an embodiment, the number of channels is increased by the each individual amplifier, such as 2×24 channels for a total of 48 channels for one or two amps in amp system. Alternatively, the master/slave amps may be configured such that number of channels remains the same, but the power overhead for each channel increases through the additional amplifier, or any other similar combination of channel and/or power overhead increase. Any number of different amplifier configurations is possible depending on the speaker array configuration and cinema environment.
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For an embodiment in which an analog amplifier may be available to power the speakers, such as an older cinema installation, the amp system may be coupled to the analog amp through a digital-audio-converter (DAC) to convert the digital signals from the renderer or sound processor into the requisite analog signals for the analog amp.
FIG. 3
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is a block diagram illustrating main functional components of a multi-channel amplifier, under some embodiments. For the system of , audio signals from renderer are amplified in amplifier and transmitted to speaker array .
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FIG. 3
In an embodiment, the speakers of are configured and placed to playback immersive audio content in which audio signals being presented to the listener originate from in front of and around the listening position in the horizontal plane (main speakers) and overhead plane (height speakers). A full loudspeaker system layout may consist of: front loudspeakers (e.g., Left, Center, Right, and optionally Left Center Right Center, Left Screen, Right Screen, Left Wide, and Right Wide), Surround loudspeakers (e.g.: Left Surround, Right Surround, and optionally Left Surround 1, Right Surround 1, Left Surround 2, Right Surround 2), surround back loudspeakers (e.g., Left Rear Surround, Right Rear Surround, Center Surround, and optionally Left Rear Surround 1, Right Rear Surround 1, Left Rear Surround 2, Right Rear Surround 2, Left Center Surround, Right Center Surround), height loudspeakers (e.g., Left Front Height, Right Front Height, Left Top Front, Right Top Front, Left Top Middle, Right Top Middle, Left Top Rear, Right Top Rear, Left Rear Height, Right Rear Height), and subwoofer speakers. This represents one example of a speaker configuration, and other configurations are also possible.
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FIG. 3
FIG. 3
FIG. 3
Component generally represents an audio component that is generally referred to as a “renderer.” Such a renderer may include or be coupled to a codec decoder that receives audio signals from a source, decodes the signals and transmits them to an output stage that generates speaker feeds to be transmitted to individual speakers in the room. In an immersive audio system, the channels are sent directly to their associated speakers or down-mixed to an existing speaker set, and audio objects are rendered by the decoder in a flexible manner Thus, the rendering function may include aspects of audio decoding, and unless stated otherwise, the terms “renderer” and “decoder” may both be used to refer to an immersive audio renderer , such as shown in , and in general, the term “renderer” refers to a component that transmits speaker feeds to the speakers, which may or may not have been decoded upstream. In an embodiment, the AVR or renderer/decoder of comprises an audio/video receiver for use in home entertainment environments. The AVR generally perform multiple functions. First, it provides a connection point for multiple source devices, and the AVR is responsible for switching among the inputs, and second, it performs audio decoding and processing (e.g., surround sound processing, Dolby Pro Logic™ processing, Dolby Digital™ processing, Dolby TrueHD™ processing, etc.). It may also provide amplification or pre-amplification for speakers. For the embodiment of , the amplification to drive the speakers is provided by amplifier .
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In an embodiment, amplifier is a multi-channel, Class-D amplifier that comprises main functional components of a power sharing controller , a power subsystem , and a fault detector . A speaker health monitor and reporting component may be provided as part of the amplifier or as a separate component that provides certain operating and environmental condition data to the amplifier .
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In an embodiment, the amplifier provides power sharing or power steering of the common power sub-system across all of the channels of a multi-channel speaker output stage. In an example configuration, up to 24 channels may be supported, but other possible embodiments are not so limited. The power subsystem (or “power supply stage”) may utilize two redundant power supplies (e.g., connected in series or parallel), though other single or multi-power supply configurations are also possible. The power supplies are redundant in that failure of one supply will cause the other supply to activate and provide power to the amplifier. The fault detector monitors the status of the power subsystem and detects the health of the power supplies. It is configured to shut down a failing supply if an error is detected and utilize the remaining power supply to power the unit.
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In an embodiment, a speaker health monitor and reporting component continuously (or periodically) samples the audio performance of the theatre or cinema on a regular basis and detects and predicts speaker issues, such as a drop in performance, a shorted or open driver or one that has introduced rub/buzz to the audio. The amplifier is configured to send a report through GUI or signaling component to indicate a speaker fault condition. Alternatively, it may be configured to shut that channel down and notify the renderer to re-render the content, mapping out that faulty speaker and use the other speakers to compensate for the failed or missing speaker. It may also be configured to detect non-speaker performance issues, such as rub and buzz, in a fixture or tile in the theatre, so as to prevent unnecessary checking of the speakers. All of this information may be accommodated through re-rendering, or it can be reported to repair personnel.
FIG. 3
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As shown in , the amplifier includes a speaker health monitoring and reporting component that monitors certain electrical and electro-mechanical characteristics of individual speaker components including the condition of individual drivers within the speaker and physical connections to the speaker. It establishes baseline operating characteristics, such as base speaker impedances, continuously monitors the speakers during normal operation, and reports any deviations between operating characteristics (e.g., operating speaker impedances) and the baseline condition to facilitate repair of any speaker. In general, the main characteristic of a speaker driver is its electrical impedance, Z, as a function of frequency, which can be plotted as an impedance curve graph. With regard to speaker health monitoring, the voltage (Vx) and current (Ix) parameters can be used to provide the frequency response of a speaker (using Fourier transforms) and can help gauge the health of individual drivers. This is done by measuring impedance (Z=V/I) and verifying that it matches the expected curve for the speaker. A system can flag the speaker as broken or damaged based on any deviation from this expected curve, thus facilitating an efficient repair, turning off that speaker during operation, or causing re-rendering of the audio to accommodate the speaker failure.
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This simple V/I approach may detect only a simple open and short circuit condition in a speaker under most circumstances. As such, it may fail to detect more complex or subtle issues, like a blown tweeter in a two-way speaker. This is because an open tweeter downstream of the passive crossover filter will manifest itself as a small variation in the impedance (I) curve, which may not large enough to trigger the “open” failure at the output of the amplifier. Such a condition may be due to the fact that the impedance changes only at higher frequencies. Other similar electro or electromechanical failure conditions may also slip detection by standard V/I measurements. In an embodiment, the speaker health monitor and reporting component includes a speaker fault detection process that detects variation in the impedance curve of each speaker.
FIG. 4
FIG. 4
402
is a flowchart that illustrates a general method of calibrating, monitoring, and reporting speaker health using impedance curve comparisons, under some embodiments. The method of begins with taking measurements of a new speaker installation in a cinema (or similar venue) or measurements of a known good installation, that is, one in which all speaker components are known to be operating as designed or intended, step . In an embodiment, this is done by playing a test signal (e.g., pink noise) through the speakers and taking V, I measurements of each speaker using one or more Hall effect sensors in the amplifier. Current and voltage measurements are taken for each channel at different amplitude levels to provide a comprehensive V, I curve for each channel. This establishes a known good baseline measurement against which the speakers in actual operation will be compared.
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In step , the speakers are continuously monitored to measure the same V, I characteristic, regardless of whether or not test tones or actual theatrical content is used. The frequency of the monitoring process can be set based on system configuration constraints and requirements. In one embodiment, a constant playback analysis system can be used. Alternatively, the system can be configured to monitor the speakers only during certain conditions, such as no monitoring during known non-operation, or during playback of signals that are irrelevant or outside of interest; or on a longer periodic basis, such as once per hour, once per day, and so on.
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In step , the operating characteristics are compared to the baseline comparison through a direct comparison of their respective V, I curves. Any deviation of the operating and baseline data may indicate a fault condition caused by speaker or driver failure, such due to a driver open or short circuit, bad connection, and so on. The deviation may be defined by a tolerance given to the baseline curve, such as a minimum percentage deviation within a certain range based on the frequency, amplitude or other characteristic of the audio signal.
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Any deviation in excess of the defined tolerance for the baseline is reported to appropriate personnel through a reporting mechanism, step . Such a reporting mechanism could be a visual indication, such as through the amplifier front panel (e.g., warning light or message), a web-based GUI; a standard network message, such as an SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol); or a proprietary message, such as a Dolby Cinema Processor message. The alert or message is intended to flag and identify the problematic speaker or speakers so that appropriate personnel, such as the installer or technician can take action to solve the problem, without undue testing or diagnosis of the speakers, some of which may be difficult to access.
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In an embodiment, the operating characteristics can be sent to the cinema processor or renderer to allow the system to re-render the audio signal to bypass the problematic speaker or otherwise compensate for the lost or compromised speaker output, step .
FIG. 4
The V, I characteristics of the speakers may represent the electrical impedance of the speakers. Thus, with respect to , the speaker health monitor and reporting component takes current and voltage (V-I) measurements of the speakers when configured to operate in a reference mode to obtain a reference electrical impedance (or “baseline characteristic”) for the speakers, it then takes V-I measurements of the speakers while they are operating in a normal playback mode to obtain an operating electrical impedance. It compares the operating electrical impedance to the reference electrical impedance to determine a deviation between the operating and the reference electrical impedances, reports any deviation that exceeds a defined tolerance to repair personnel for enabling repair of an electrical or electro-mechanical fault of the speakers.
FIG. 4
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At least part of the method of may be implemented as a software instructions executed by certain processing components in or associated with the amplifier or sound processor . Alternatively, they may be performed by hardware components in the amplifier . Such a system may be configured to playback certain advanced audio signals, such as immersive or object-based audio. illustrates a multi-channel amplifier operating in a rendering environment and having a speaker health monitoring component, under some embodiments. As stated above, in an embodiment, the amplifier is configured to work in conjunction with a compatible renderer that provides the audio signals over the same number of channels (speaker feeds) output by the amplifier. Such a renderer may be a Dolby Atmos Cinema Processor CP850, or similar sound processor. This renderer plays back traditional 5.1 and 7.1 surround sound formats, as well as immersive audio content such as Dolby Atmos, which comprises audio objects and beds (channel-based audio). In general, audio objects can be considered as groups of sound elements that may be perceived to emanate from a particular physical location or locations in the listening environment. Such objects can be static (stationary) or dynamic (moving).
In such a system, audio objects are controlled by metadata that defines the position of the sound at a given point in time, along with other functions. When objects are played back, they are rendered according to the positional metadata using the speakers that are present, rather than necessarily being output to a predefined channel. In an immersive audio decoder, the channels are sent directly to their associated speakers or down-mixed to an existing speaker set, and audio objects are rendered by the decoder in a flexible manner. The parametric source description associated with each object, such as a positional trajectory in 3D space, is taken as an input along with the number and position of speakers connected to the decoder. The renderer utilizes certain algorithms to distribute the audio associated with each object across the attached set of speakers. The authored spatial intent of each object is thus optimally presented over the specific speaker configuration that is present in the listening environment.
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For the embodiment of , the renderer comprises an immersive audio rendering module and channel gain control to transmit the appropriate digital audio signals to the amplifier . A metadata processor processes the corresponding parametric position/location/trajectory data for audio objects to generate the N-channel speaker feeds to the amplifier . The amplifier includes a common power subsystem that provides power to all channels of speaker array , and sets the per-channel gain values based on the audio content and input from a monitor component that monitors power, environmental and operating conditions. The amplifier may also include a closed-loop synchronization circuit to ensure that channels are clocked and switched at the same time to mitigate noise, beats, and other distortion.
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FIG. 4
The number of speakers in speaker array is assumed to be relatively high, such as 16 to 32 or more speakers, in which at least some speakers may be mounted in challenging locations, such as high wall or ceiling mounts. In an embodiment, the amplifier includes or is coupled to a health monitor unit which monitors certain operating and health characteristics of the speakers and provides feedback to the renderer or a user through a GUI or similar interface . For the embodiment shown, the speaker health component includes certain functional sub-components of a calibrator , detector , and reporter that perform the functions illustrated in the method of .
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illustrates, in more detail, the functional components of a speaker health monitoring process or component , under some embodiments. In an embodiment, the health monitor process or health monitor component executes a number of processes comprising a calibration component , a test data processor , a monitoring component , and reporting component .
FIG. 6
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As shown in , the speaker health monitor and reporting component executes a calibration component or function . This component performs a calibration process on a known set of healthy speakers using a test signal, such as a pink noise test pattern, or similar test signal. This represents a training phase of the monitoring process. During the training phase, various V and I points are gathered from the feedback from the test signals and stored in memory. A number (N) of frequency bins (e.g., 29) are chosen for providing the V and I data. A pink noise test pattern is selected because it is time-invariant. Alternatively, any other custom test signal may be used depending on system configuration.
FIG. 7B
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illustrates a frequency bin data set, under some embodiments. Data set table shows various V, I data points for each of the bins denoted Bin 0 to Bin N. Any appropriate number of bins may be used, and different numbers of V, I values may be provided for each bin, as shown.
In an embodiment, the frequency bins are arranged in ⅓ octave steps. The real part of the impedance Z measured in ⅓ octave steps is stored in the bins at different levels. In an embodiment, the levels are swept over a range of −40 dB to 0 dB and back down to −40 dB in certain level increments. The bins thus store the impedance versus frequency for each channel at a variety of levels. The bins may be arranged according to known standards, such as 13 bins of the SMPTE standard, or any other appropriate arrangement.
During the training mode, the speakers in the auditorium are swept in a configurable group pattern for the following reasons: 1) so that the installer is not subject to high levels of pink noise from multiple drivers, 2) so that the maximum power draw can be managed for the duration of the test, and 3) to ensure that the most optimal readings are read from the Hall effect sensors by minimizing crosstalk from high of energy levels on adjacent channels.
In an embodiment, the test audio signal is swept both up and back down over the prescribed range. This sweeping of the level up and back down excites (heats) the voice coil and indicates or allows for any thermal effects, since the impedance curve of a speaker may change with temperature. In this way, the system can accommodate for thermal effects to reduce the possibility of false positives during the comparison step.
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After a sufficient amount of data is gathered, the data points are processed using the test data processor function . In an embodiment, test data is processed using a linear regression algorithm to fit what is considered to be a healthy speaker curve, as obtained during the baseline measurement step .
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Once the healthy or optimal speaker curve has been obtained, the speaker health process enters in the monitoring phase of the monitoring component , where all the new points during actual speaker operation are collected are compared with the healthy speaker curve to detect speaker failures or problems and report them to the user via a GUI or similar reporting mechanism.
FIG. 7A
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illustrates the phases of the health monitoring function and corresponding data sets, under some embodiments. As shown in , the training component receives a user command to start or restart the training function. This inputs a pink noise test to each speaker. The output of the training phase is a V, I data set with various V, I points for each frequency bin of a number of frequency bins. The data points are processed using a linear regression function , which outputs a healthy fitting curve on a V-I plot. The monitoring phase checks new V, I points against the curve and outputs a fault condition if any one point does not fit, or an OK signal if all points fit.
FIG. 7A
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For the embodiment of , the data set comprises a database of columns denoted Bin0, Bin1, Bin2, Bin3, and so on up to BinN with different V,I values for each bin. This is shown in more detail in . The healthy fitting curve is a plot of V, I values with a horizontal V axis and a vertical I axis. Different data set and fitting curves, other than those explicitly shown, may also be used.
FIG. 7B
FIG. 7C
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In an embodiment a histogram of the V, I data may be generated for the healthy speaker curve data stored in a time-series database so that changes in performance can be graphically displayed through the GUI since the date of installation. As is known, a histogram is a representation of the probability distribution estimate of numerical data. After the data is binned, such as shown in , the range is divided into a series of intervals and the number of occurrences within each bin are counted and represented in a graph. illustrates an example histogram used for V, I data bins, under some embodiments. As shown in , the histogram is drawn against a V-I plot with rectangles representing the frequency of V, I values in each bin. A fitting curve represents a generalized shape of the probability distribution of the overall data set. illustrates one example of a probability distribution of V, I data values, and other relative frequency plots may be used.
FIG. 8
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is a flowchart illustrating a health monitoring method using the system of claim , under an embodiment. The process begins by defining the frequency bins (e.g., ⅓ octave bins) for the V, I points, . Any practical number of bins spanning a certain number of frequencies may be used. A typical number of bins may be 29, but any other number may be used. The training component sends the test signal to all of the speakers and gathers the resulting V, I points for each frequency bin for various amplitude levels, . This task may take on the order of several minutes for each channel, depending on system configuration. In a typical implementation, a training phase for a 32-channel system may take on the order of 20 minutes. In the data processor component, all of the gathered V, I points from the training phase are applied to a minimum square error algorithm to determine the corresponding fitting curve, . One fitting curve is generated for each frequency bin. This defines a healthy fitting curve on a V-I plot, as shown in . Once the healthy fitting curves are defined, the monitoring component checks each new V, I point to see if matches or falls within the fitting curve tolerance, . The amount of variation from the actual fitting curve defines the fault tolerance of the system and may be set by the user as a percentage deviation (e.g., 10%) or similar metric. If a point does not fit within the defined tolerance, as determined in decision block , the monitor component reports a load fault to the user through a GUI or other reporting mechanism, . Otherwise it continues to check new V, I points and/or reports an OK condition, . Once a load fault is reported, the system can wait to receive a user action, such as an installer or technician fixing/removing a speaker, etc. to reset the system. Alternatively, the cinema processor can be configured to automatically re-render the content to attempt to compensate for the load fault, . During process , feedback from the monitoring component may also be provided to the renderer or cinema processor.
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With reference to , with respect to the test signal, the calibration component can be configured to send the same sequence of pink noise used in training; however, the previously collected training data is not overwritten. The live monitoring mode is active during this sequence, and will evaluate the health of each channel selected. This is referred to as “test pattern” mode. The group selection criteria and pink noise levels will match exactly to what was used during speaker training. The only difference is the duration of the pink noise test pattern is much shorter than what was used during the training mode.
In an embodiment, a software-controlled state debouncing may be used in conjunction with the test and fitting algorithm and such a process may have an effect on the reported monitoring state. The state reported from this layer should be used by the system to evaluate the live test conditions, instead of directly accessing the algorithm. The debouncing process uses a temporal sliding window with unique parameters optimized for each FFT bin that automatically resets after a certain amount of time has elapsed. The window is paused whenever live monitoring data is not present. In other words, state will not change during long episodes of silence. This process is used because certain types of drivers may briefly go into a non-linear state when driven hard, as is especially true of large LFE (low-frequency effect) drivers or subwoofers. These could register as false negatives by the monitoring process. In order to prevent transient conditions from propagating into the software, a debouncing scheme is implemented after the algorithm to alleviate this effect.
Other filters or process modifiers may also be applied. For example, during live monitoring if a captured value lies outside of the range of the training window (above or below), the reading will be discarded. The software will wait for the next set of values that are within the data training window before evaluating the live condition. This means that content with very little dynamic range may not register a state change immediately, no matter how intense. Similar logic is also be applied to the raw sensor data, based on the capabilities of the instrumentation in the current hardware revision. Metadata is also generated for any “untrained” channels that may exist on a given card, so the same rejection logic can be applied. This logic may also be referred to as “crosstalk rejection.” The software debouncing layer will be responsible for maintaining the internal state of the of the algorithm, if this should be necessary.
Certain functions of the health monitoring process may be externally managed through user control via the GUI. Others may be internally controlled by system settings. This control defines certain rules by which the test and monitoring functions operate. For example, rules may be defined such that no two adjacent channels will be trained in the auditorium simultaneously. Internally, the system will manage this request in two separate passes instead of one simultaneous action. The system can accommodate both bridged and non-bridged speakers. Any API that exposes 32 channels (or any other number) does not need to be concerned about which or what bridged pair is valid for configuration. Setting the flag for only the first occurring channel in a bridged pair array will suffice. Also, even though all 32 channels can be selected, the system will only train in groups of no more than eight (or any other subset) at a time.
In an embodiment, the speaker health API should provide the time estimate for the training phase. There may be hardware limitations that make it not possible or practical to measure real time data below a certain frequency (e.g., 23.44 hz) or above another frequency (e.g., 8110.24 Hz).
In an embodiment, the system provides a variable detection threshold per bin is provided. This variable detection threshold exists to reduce the possibility of reporting of false results from reading the Hall effect sensors due to large amounts of energy being present on adjacent channels. In addition to protection from adjacent channel crosstalk of trained channels, metadata will be generated for “untrained channels” that will also be fed into the same algorithm used for crosstalk rejection. This software-based crosstalk rejection algorithm that may be used for cases in which training data does not exist on any channel for a given amplifier. This may result in false results in the detection algorithm, if a substitute “V max” or “I max” value is not computed in place of what would be normally part of the training data for the given channel. For amps that contain a mix of trained and untrained channels, metadata is automatically computed for the untrained channels to use for this crosstalk rejection.
As described above, a known good V, I curve or data is obtained by taking actual measurements of a newly installed or known good speaker system. The data for a new or known good speaker system comprises “baseline” data that represents the speaker system operating in a sufficiently satisfactory condition. In an embodiment, the baseline data can be provided by inputting speaker specification data, such as known response curves, V-I data and so on. Such data can be input through an appropriate interface and in a manner appropriate to allow direct comparison to the measured V, I data obtained during the monitoring phase. For example, data can be provided to the user for a given speaker manufacturer (e.g., a full enclosure like a QSC or from the Dolby/SLS line), which will be loaded by the user from a web-based user interface or equivalent means. This data can be loaded into the system in place of running a full training session with the noise source. The system would then instead use the supplied baseline data, and proceed directly into active monitoring mode.
FIG. 9
FIG. 9
912
910
1
904
902
902
904
906
n
In an embodiment, the V, I data during operation and as compared to the baseline data may be sent from the amplifier back to the renderer or processor. This allows for re-rendering of the signal in response to any fault condition of a speaker or driver. For this embodiment, certain gain control functions may be provided to manage and change the gain of each individual channel based on the speaker health and operating conditions, as monitored by the monitor. illustrates the generation of per-channel gain levels based on certain speaker operating characteristics, under some embodiments. As shown in , the per-channel gains are derived from the output power provided by the amp on each of the channels -, where n is any appropriate number of channels, such as provided by the renderer. In an example embodiment in which the renderer corresponds to a Dolby Atmos Cinema Processor (CP850) or similar renderer, 24 audio channels are output from the renderer and amplified individually by amplifier . The output power is a function of several inputs including the input power , the audio content and the environmental/operational conditions .
908
In an embodiment, the per-channel gains can be set or modified depending on any speaker fault conditions detected by the speaker fault detector . In the case of any failing or failed speakers, speaker cables, output stages, or any other specific channel component, power to that channel may be attenuated or cut and other channels boosted accordingly to compensate. Other re-rendering or compensation measures may include changing the EQ, phase or other audio characteristics of the audio signal, cutting or boosting certain surround channels, and so on.
With respect to re-rendering, several possible steps can be undertaken. One example is the loss of a theatrical center channel. When this type of fault is detected, a failure notice is sent to the cinema processor to re-render the center channel into the main left/right (L/R) speaker arrays, otherwise, the show is considered “lost” due to the missing dialogue center channel. Other types of driver failures can be handled differently by the cinema processor based in room configuration, active macros, and so on. Mention of specific components, such as Dolby CP850 are intended for example only, and embodiments are not so limited.
Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims, the words “comprise,” “comprising,” and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense. Words using the singular or plural number also include the plural or singular number respectively. When the word “or” is used in reference to a list of two or more items, that word covers all of the following interpretations of the word: any of the items in the list, all of the items in the list and any combination of the items in the list.
While one or more implementations have been described by way of example and in terms of the specific embodiments, it is to be understood that one or more implementations are not so limited. The description is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements as would be apparent to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the scope of the appended claims should be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar arrangements.
Various aspects of the present invention may be appreciated from the following enumerated example embodiments (EEEs):
EEE 1. A method comprising:
taking current and voltage (V-I) measurements of one or more speakers when the one or more speakers are configured to operate in a reference mode in a listening area, to obtain a reference electrical impedance for the one or more speakers;
taking V-I measurements of the one or more speakers while the one or more speakers are operating in a normal operation mode of playing audio content in the listening area, to obtain an operating electrical impedance;
comparing the operating electrical impedance to the reference electrical impedance to determine a deviation between the operating and the reference electrical impedances; and
reporting, if the deviation exceeds a defined tolerance, the deviation to a repair personnel for enabling repair of an electrical or electro-mechanical fault of the one or more speakers by the repair personnel.
EEE 2. The method of EEE 1 further comprising performing a curve fitting operation using a minimum square error algorithm, to the reference electrical impedance generate a healthy fitting curve.
EEE 3. The method of EEE 2 wherein the comparing is performed by comparing the healthy fitting curve to an operating curve curve generated by the operating electrical impedance.
EEE 4. The method of any of EEEs 1 to 3 wherein the taking V-I measurements step comprises continuously gathering V, I points for a number of frequency bins for each channel of speakers at different output levels.
EEE 5. The method of EEE 4 wherein the different output levels comprise a range of −40 dB to 0 dB and the number of frequency bins comprise ⅓ octave steps.
EEE 6. The method of any of EEEs 1 to 5 further comprising playing a pink noise test signal through the speakers and taking V, I measurements of each speaker using one or more Hall effect sensors in an amplifier coupled to the one or more speakers.
EEE 7. The method of any of EEEs 1 to 6 wherein the reporting step comprises generating a visual message for display through one of an amplifier front panel or a web-based graphical user interface, or a text message transmitted to a computing device over a known or proprietary interface.
EEE 8. The method of any of EEEs 1-7 further comprising transmitting the operating electrical impedance to a renderer to facilitate re-rendering the audio content to compensate for the deviation.
EEE 9. The method of any of EEEs 1-8 wherein the reference electrical impedance is input to the system based on manufacturer provided speaker characteristics instead of measured values.
EEE 10. An apparatus for enabling repair of one or more speakers, comprising:
a calibration component generating a test signal to take current and voltage (V-I) measurements of one or more speakers when the one or more speakers are configured to operate in a reference mode in a listening area, to obtain a reference electrical impedance for the one or more speakers;
a monitor taking V-I measurements of the one or more speakers while the one or more speakers are operating in a normal operation mode of playing audio content in the listening area, to obtain an operating electrical impedance;
a comparator comparing the operating electrical impedance to the reference electrical impedance to determine a deviation between the operating and the reference electrical impedances; and
an interface reporting, if the deviation exceeds a defined tolerance, the deviation to a repair personnel for enabling repair of an electrical or electro-mechanical fault of the one or more speakers by the repair personnel.
EEE 11. The apparatus of EEE 10 further comprising a data processor performing a curve fitting operation using a minimum square error algorithm, to the reference electrical impedance generate a healthy fitting curve.
EEE 12. The apparatus of any of EEEs 10 to 11 wherein the calibration component continuously gathers V, I points for a number of frequency bins for each channel of speakers over different output levels.
EEE 13. The apparatus of any of EEEs 10 to 12 wherein the calibration component plays a pink noise test signal through the speakers and takes V, I measurements of each speaker using one or more Hall effect sensors in an amplifier coupled to the one or more speakers, and wherein the different output levels comprise a range of −40 dB to 0 dB and the number of frequency bins comprise ⅓ octave steps.
EEE 14. The apparatus of any of EEEs 10 to 13 wherein the interface generates a signal for visual display through one of an amplifier front panel or a web-based graphical user interface, or a text message transmitted to a computing device over a known or proprietary interface.
EEE 15. A computer program product comprising instructions which, when the program is executed by a computer, cause the computer to carry out a method according to any one of the EEEs 1 to 10. | |
PMC has announced the final lineup of speakers for its Masters of Audio seminars, which will take place next week during the 145th AES Convention in New York.
The emphasis of this year’s seminar programme will be on the Dolby Atmos immersive sound format.
PMC’s demo room will feature a PMC Dolby Atmos 7.1.4 setup, consisting of a MB3-XBD-A LCR system, complemented with four IB1S-A III surround channels, a XBD-QB1 Subwoofer and Wafer 2 overhead monitors.
Senior engineer at Universal Music Group’s Capitol Studios, Steve Genewick, will discuss the latest Dolby Atmos music projects that have been mixed in the recently Dolby Atmos certified Capitol Studios C. Genewick’s seminars will run on Wednesday 17, Thursday 18 and Friday 19 October.
Also on Thursday 18 October, producer/engineer Greg Wells will present a seminar on the making of The Greatest Showman in Dolby Atmos 7.1.4 Meanwhile, Daniel Shores, head engineer for Sono Luminus, will share his experience of recording and mixing immersive audio.
Other presentations include The Wow Factor in Dolby Atmos 7.1.4 by Grammy winning engineer Jim Anderson and Shadow of the Tomb Raider – a case study highlighting the use of Dolby Atmos in a video game mix, which will be given by audio director Rob Bridgett. | https://www.audiomediainternational.com/2018/10/11/pmc-to-delve-into-dolby-atmos-at-aes-ny/ |
This slim volume is part of a publishing program called Societas: Essays in Moral and Cultural Criticism, which is advertised as an attempt to revive the tradition of thoughtful political pamphleteering that reached its zenith in seventeenth-century England. Its purpose is for scholars to discuss important moral and cultural topics by communicating with the educated lay public, not just with other scholars. The editorial advisory board of the series includes figures such as John Gray of the London School of Economics, and the five volumes already published include two by Gordon Graham, one by Anthony Freeman, one by Tibor Machan, and one by Graham Allen. Although the advertisements claim that each book should take no more than an evening to read is a bit optimistic for Grahams Case Against the Democratic State, certainly the book can be read over a weekend, and in any event the series generally and this book in particular are welcome additions to academic publishing on political and cultural thought.
As befits the intention of this series, Grahams thesis can be put simply: the arguments typically thought to justify democracy as the best form of government in fact fail to justify it, and indeed some of the central conceptual commitments that people assume support democracy turn out to support far different sorts of government.
The book begins impressively: The history of the last two hundred years, at least in Europe, is a story of the immense and relentless growth of one social institution at the expense of the others. I mean the State (p. 1). This declaration is a promising start for a several reasons. First, it draws attention to a spectacular feature of human social life in recent history, a feature that has been unaccountably underinvestigated and even ignored by most political theorists. Second, it asks the reader to pay attention to empirical matters, with which many contemporary political theorists are too little concerned. And third, it capitalizes the S in state. Graham retains his practice of capitalizing that s throughout the book, subtly suggesting to the reader that the state might be a single phenomenon with a single central nature that, despite superficial variations, can itself be investigated, analyzed, and understood.
Beginning the discussion in this way also introduces an ongoing theme of Grahams book, which is that peoples beliefs about political matters are often riddled with misperceptions and even falsehoods. This reality is reflected first and foremost, according to Graham, in their misunderstanding of the true nature of the state. What is its true nature? I shall define its essential character in this way: the State is the monopolist of legitimate coercion (p. 6). Despite its varied appearances, Graham argues, the state invariably has as its essence the exclusive claim to use or threaten force. This nature of the state thus immediately calls for an answer to a question rarely raised among contemporary political theorists: Is a state justifiable at all? Graham not only takes up this question but argues that most of the arguments used to justify the state in fact fail.
It is not true, for example, that absent the state all social life would be warfare, for, if it were so, then the officers of the Statei.e. the policecould do little to counteract this because the police would be unable to stop systematic inclinations toward anti-social tendencies, no matter how many of them there were (p. 11). Here Graham might also have mentioned that an assumption of systematic antisocial inclinations among human beings would also have to include the police, who are after all human beings, too; hence, asking the state to counteract such a tendency would not solve the problem, but rather would only relocate it. Graham argues further that it is simply not true that what prevents most individuals from acting in an antisocial way is fear of punishment; instead, he contends, most people prefer to act in ways that extend and strengthen sociality rather than in ways that destroy it (p. 11). Moreover, in those few cases where trust breaks down, Graham claims, recourse to lawlitigationis a very imperfect remedy, and generally serves to make matters worse by encouraging people to view one another as adversaries requiring legal accountably rather than as fellow human beings whom we should trust until we have reason not to (p. 12). Finally, Graham points out that the existence of the State does not put an end to criminal activity (p. 12, emphasis in original). He does not make the bolder if more contentious claim that state activity itself constitutes criminal activitythat, for example, the state lives on property stolen from citizens and on labor coercively enforced (though he hints at such an argument on p. 19)but rather he offers the more straightforward point that no state, however strong and efficient, has ever completely eradicated theft of property, fraudulent transactions, kidnapping, violence against the person and so on (p. 12).
The latter point is instrumental in Grahams larger argument that when engaging in political theorizing, one must keep ones nose to the empirical grindstone. Imagined ideals are always going to be superior to any actual state, so it is pointless and even dangerous to engage in mere a priori reasoning about how one might ideally like the world to be. One must look instead at possible alternatives and compare them to one another. Proper political thought thus engages in relative judgement[s] between good and less good, which means that a judgment about what system of political organization ought to be recommended must turn on empirical evidence on the balance of probabilities (p. 13). This statement may seem like common sense, but it is in fact a refreshing departure from the practice of most political philosophers, who rarely avail themselves of actual historical and empirical evidence and who in some cases expressly disdain reliance on actual facts on the grounds that these facts might muddy the waters of pristine a priori philosophy. Facts do have a way of muddying the waters, but political thought by its nature concerns, or should concern, actual human beings living in an actual world. Political thought is not logic or mathematics, and human beings are not disembodied rational intellects. Graham is right to insist that political philosophy must deal with the real world, and his book is a needed reminder of that requirement.
The bulk of Grahams book is aimed at making cases for three principal claims: one, anarchism has much greater appeal philosophically than is commonly thought, and the obvious objections to it fail (chap. 1); two, the arguments typically adduced in support of democracy also fail and indeed contribute to what Graham calls the democratic myth (chaps. 24); and three, the best of the realizable forms of government might turn out to be a kind of republicanism (chap. 6). Grahams discussions are engaging and thought provoking, and they contain a number of interesting insights. Especially useful is his undermining of the idea that democracy is justified because it rests on the consent of the governed. Citizens of a democratic society cannot be said to have consented to their state and to what it does because, Graham argues, voting actually has no causal efficacy (chaps. 3 and 4). His sobering claim is that no single persons vote ever determines or affects the outcome of an election, so if voting is to have any purpose at all for a person, that purpose cannot be to elect or remove any candidate. This point alone goes some way toward making the case against the democratic state.
I have a few quibbles with some of Grahams claims, but I mention here only two worries about a single suggestion he makes. When discussing alternatives to democracy, Graham recommends republicanism, which he defines somewhat idiosyncratically as any form of government in which the political system works in such a way that serious constraints are put on the use of State power (p. 84). He argues plausibly that this definition is preferable to other, more common definitions of republicanism because it focuses on what really is important about statesnamely, how political systems work in practice and not how their constitutions say they ought to (p. 85). On his view, it does not matter whether a state is officially democratic, monarchical, and so on, or whether state power is constrained institutionally; what matters is whether limitations on state power are realized, regardless of how (p. 85). Although this way of thinking papers over some issues, the distinction between institutional and realized limitations nevertheless has considerable merit. The annually released report Economic Freedom of the World, by James Gwartney and Robert Lawson (Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute), presents evidence that supports the notion that what matters is what policies are actually in place, not what is officially espoused.
The first question I have about Grahams discussion of republicanism and alternatives to democracy, however, is, Why did he not reconsider here the anarchism for which he argued earlier in the book? Why not simply argue that no state can be legitimateperiod? In the first chapter, Graham accepts a Hobbesian argument that the state is necessary to solve prisoners dilemmastyle coordination problems, but the work of writers such as Robert Axelrod and Bruce Benson, among many others, has suggested that a coercive state in fact is not necessary to solve those problems. Graham unfortunately does not mention these arguments. The case for his republicanism would have been stronger had he done so.
The other worry is that Grahams republicanism is liable to the same or at least to some of the same objections that Graham raises to democracy. As mentioned earlier, one part of the democratic myth, Graham argues, is that voting in a democracy actually gives people some say. Graham correctly points out that the belief that elections give power to the people is an illusion. There is no coherent conception of action and will that can show the people, either individually or collectively, to be choosing a government, or throwing one out of office when they cast their votes (p. 86). By contrast, he claims, his republicanism not only allows the electoral process to disperse power (p. 87), but also gives voting an expressive if not a causal purpose (p. 89). The argument here is somewhat opaque. If voting in a democratic government is pointless because no persons vote has any causal efficacy, then it would seem that the same point applies to voting under a Grahamsian republican government, even if in the latter case the intent is to disperse power rather than to concentrate it. The capacity to disperse power would seem to require causal efficacy as much as the capacity to concentrate it does. Moreover, it is not clear exactly what expressive ends voting really serves. Perhaps officially it is claimed to show patriotism or solidarity or community, but Graham has asked us to pay attention to actual effects, not aspirations. From this perspective, it would appear that if voting has any function at all, it is to give some people power over others, precisely what Graham hopes to avoid.
One suspects that in a longer book Graham would have provided cogent responses to these questions, but The Case Against the Democratic State is not intended to be a comprehensive treatise. Rather, it is an invitation to think harder about such matters than most people are commonly inclined to think. The student, the intelligent layman, and evenperhaps especiallymost academic specialists would profit greatly from encountering arguments that plausibly question widespread political pieties and that introduce empirical investigation where it is clearly appropriate. Grahams little book is an excellent candidate for inclusion on an undergraduate syllabus or on the reading list of anyone wondering what exactly the nearly universal prejudice in favor of democracy is actually based upon. | http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?id=220 |
We've long known that there are bacteria in the human gut; some can be dangerous if they are ingested. But genetic and computational technologies have advanced rapidly in recent years, giving scientists an unprecedented look at all the species of microbes that inhabit the gastrointestinal tracts of animals, including humans. That work , much of which has required powerful computational tools, has shown that the gut microbiome is intimately linked to many facets of human health. But scientists have tended to focus on the strains of bacteria that are present in the gut microbiome when characterizing it. When samples of the microbiome are analyzed, all the genetic material is sequenced and then compared to known sequences. This type of analysis usually identifies all the species of bacteria that are present.
Investigators are now asserting that while we know a bit about the bacteria in the microbiome, we must go beyond identifying bacterial species. They've suggested that such an analysis does not provide enough detail, and that it's time to assess the bacterial strains in the microbiome. We will only understand how the gut microbiome impacts human health if we know about the bacterial species, they noted.
An approach that details bacterial strains could reveal the causal links between the microbiome and disease, suggested research leader Katie Pollard, Ph.D., of the Gladstone Institutes.
Reporting in Nature Biotechnology, Pollard and co-authors detail a method to quickly identify bacterial strains in a sample at low cost. More precise studies will now be possible, said Pollard.
In a paper published in Genome Research, the researchers evaluated the bacterial strains in one individual's microbiome over five months. Nineteen samples were taken over than time. The particpant even took a course of antibiotics taken during that period. The study showed that sometimes, the level of a bacterial species stayed about the same, however, the amounts of different strains that were in that species can change significantly.
Different bacterial strains might be part of the same species, but they can behave quite differently; some strains may be harmless while others are infectious, and some of those may be treatable with common drugs while others are drug-resistant, for example. There may also be many other differences that impact a variety of things, such as metabolism or immunity.
This research opens up a new kind of sequence alignment, which is typically used to compare a known genetic sequence with sequences in databases.
"The algorithms to analyze genetic sequences were developed for human genomes," said Pollard. "They work great for the challenge of sequencing a single organism's genome, but not for our purposes of sequencing the genomes of thousands of unknown organisms at once."
Instead of looking at long sequences that are common among many strains or even species of bacteria, the researchers found the minimum amount of sequence that could be used to differentiate between strains. By scouring tens of thousands of genomes, they found 104 million short DNA sequences that vary most frequently between strains, and used this to create a new algorithm, called GenoTyper for Prokaryotes (GT-Pro). GT-Pro doesn't need cloud computing, and it fits on a laptop.
Now, researchers looking for the links between the microbiome and human biology and disease will have even more powerful tools at their disposal. | https://www.labroots.com/trending/microbiology/21960/understand-gut-microbiome-researchers-create-method-id-strains |
Dukkah (دقة), duqqa, doa, or duah is a mix of roasted spices, seeds and dried fruits, coming from Egypt and very popular in the Middle East. This dry mix has left the borders of Egypt, and has also become famous in Ethiopia, Europe, and other countries such as Australia and New Zealand.
What is dukkah?
From the Arabic word “to pound” or “to beat”, dukkah is a mixture of seeds, dried fruits, aromatic herbs and spices. It is tasty without being full-bodied.
While the recipe varies, sesame, coriander, black pepper and cumin are the essential ingredients of the recipe. Other seeds may be added.
How to prepare dukkah?
All the ingredients, roasted separately, are ground with a coffee grinder or coarsely crushed in a mortar.
The most common and traditional dukkah recipe consists of hazelnuts, sesame seeds, coriander seeds, cumin seeds, black pepper seeds, and paprika.
But there are several variants, here are some examples:
- A variant with almonds and / or pistachios,
- A variant with roasted chickpeas (available pre-roasted in stores),
- A variant with pine nuts and hazelnuts,
- A variant with pumpkin seeds and/or sunflower seeds,
- A variant with peanuts,
- A salt-free variant with hazelnuts, mint, fennel and thyme,
- A variant with coriander and some caraway.
Dukkah is found in Oceania, mainly in Australia, where it is sometimes associated with ground roasted acacia seeds or the aboriginal mixture, as well as in New Zealand.
It is important for the mixture to be coarsely chopped and not ground to a powder, in order to prevent the dried fruits from releasing their oil, turning it all into an unattractive jelly.
It is also very important to roast all the ingredients separately and without adding any fat.
Hazelnuts, for example, given their larger size, require more roasting time than sesame seeds. It is obvious that by adding all the ingredients into the pan at the same time, small seeds such as sesame will color more quickly than hazelnuts, which will remain rather white. Hence the advice to roast everything separately.
How to use dukkah in cooking?
Dukkah works perfectly with fish, meat, vegetables and tofu. For example, for some preparations, it is common to prepare a dukkah marinade.
This way, not only are the dishes given an additional flavorful touch, but by choosing to roast or grill the meat, it will be covered with a very appetizing crunchy layer.
The most traditional way to enjoy dukkah is to dip flat bread (covered with oil) such as shami or pita.
You can also dilute dukkah in olive oil to dip bread or vegetable sticks.
You can also prepare a delicious sauce by combining this dukkah mixture and olive oil with plain yogurt.
A delicious and very original use of dukkah, extremely widespread in Egypt and Ethiopia, is to use it as breadcrumbs for breading meats, fish and crustaceans.
It is also common to season salads with dukkah by adding it to a vinaigrette sauce or by sprinkling it just before serving.
Like zaatar, the dukkah mixture goes very well with fresh goat or sheep cheese.
Spices and spice blends
Typical Egyptian cuisine is influenced in part by Mediterranean cuisine and by the gastronomic tradition of the Middle East. Spices are widely used, coriander, cumin, turmeric, black pepper and the indispensable shatta, an Egyptian term for chili, found almost everywhere.
Spice blends are born all over the world from very ancient practices, often linked to traditional empirical medicine as well as cooking.
The use of spices is indeed linked to ancestral knowledge which has always helped mankind as a protection against certain diseases, to strengthen the body, and even to cure diseases in some cases.
With the development of “scientific” medicine, the function of spices and spice blends has been reduced, to become only an aromatic or flavoring role, even if the presence of spices is still recognized as beneficial in many cases.
The health benefits of spices
- Turmeric: universally appreciated nowadays for its prophylactic and healing powers,
- Ginger: invigorating, and helps with bleeding and as anti-vomiting and anti-nausea medication, it is a spice used for nausea during pregnancy, in chemotherapy and for seasickness,
- Nutmeg: antiseptic properties,
- Cumin: known for its digestive properties and for being an excellent source of iron. With a bitter and persistent flavor, it is a spice used in particular in Indian cuisine, curry and in certain Mexican and North African dishes.
- Cinnamon: regulates blood sugar levels, with antibacterial and antispasmodic properties and an ability to fight hypertension,
- Fennel seeds: beneficial for the digestive system,
- Cloves: widely used in many cuisines, with a great anesthetic power: clove oil is used to relieve tooth pain as an ingredient in dental medicines,
- and many other spices, some of which are even used in some modern medicines.
Mixing the spices to obtain tasty blends is not a rare occurrence: spices are of course mixed according to the overall flavor that the mixture will confer, but also according to old therapeutic combinations which are not always obvious to everyone nowadays, but still perfectly understandable for users of certain oriental medicines or for some westerners familiar with this empirical science transmitted from generation to generation.
In conclusion, even though we no longer know the reason, when we mix spice blends in some recipes, let us remember that there is, and has always been, a “why”.
There is a multitude of spice blends in cuisines all around the world, and it is obviously impossible to know them all, but a round-the-world tour of these mixes cannot omit the most common:
- zaatar,
- baharat,
- four spices
- ras el hanout,
- berbere,
- dry rub,
- suya spices,
- garam masala,
- tikka masala,
- Thai yellow curry paste,
- Thai green curry paste,
- adobo,
- five-spice powder,
- herbes de Provence.
Spices are part of the culinary tradition of many countries around the world, and it is rare to find dishes where only one spice is used. In the kitchen, and with very few exceptions, spices behave more like an orchestra than soloists, creating a balance of flavors and aromas, and an overlap of flavors and hints.
Each country has developed its own combinations of spices and favorite flavors, and these blends have become real ingredients used in everyday cooking.
How to preserve dukkah?
Preparing spice blends at home obviously takes longer and takes more effort than buying them ready, often for better results without any preservatives.
To optimize storage, add the dukkah into a glass jar with a screw-on lid and store it in an area protected from light and humidity. Optionally, if the place is too bright, too hot or even too humid, keep the dukkah jar in the refrigerator.
However, do not keep the dukkah for more than 5 weeks and only prepare the quantity you’re planning on using within this period.
Do you love intense and exotic flavors, giving a different and captivating taste to your dishes and giving an ethnic and original touch to your recipes? Then quickly try this delicious blend of spices, seeds and dried fruits called dukkah.
Dukkah is a blend of roasted spices, seeds and dried fruits, coming from Egypt and popular in the Middle East, Ethiopia, Australia and New Zealand.
- 1½ cup chopped hazelnuts
- ¾ cup sesame seeds
- 4 tablespoons coriander seeds
- 4 tablespoons cumin seeds
- 2 teaspoons smoked paprika
- 1 teaspoon black peppercorns
- 1 teaspoon fleur de sel
- 2 tablespoons sunflower seeds optional
- Coffee grinder
- Place a dry pan on high heat and toast the hazelnuts, stirring constantly. Once golden, take them out of the pan and set them aside in a bowl.
- Do the same thing with the sesame seeds while stirring well. Please note that they should not burn.
- Do the same thing with coriander, cumin and sunflower seeds.
- Coarsely mix all the roasted ingredients in a coffee grinder or using a mortar and pestle.
- Add the fleur de sel, and black pepper then mix or pound the mixture but not too finely in order to keep some crunchiness. Finally, add the smoked paprika.
- Add the dukkah in a glass jar and close tightly with a lid.
- Store it in a cool place, away from light and humidity, or even in the refrigerator. | https://www.196flavors.com/egypt-dukkah/ |
Tue, Nov 02, 2021 page2
Microplastics found in Jiaming Lake
Microplastic contamination has been found in 100 percent of the water samples collected from Jiaming Lake (嘉明湖) in Taitung County, the second-highest mountain lake in Taiwan and a main source of drinking water for the Formosan sambar deer, a protected species, a study released on Sunday by Greenpeace found.
Microplastics were also detected in up to 80 percent of the water samples collected from other sources along the hiking trail to Jiaming Lake, which sits at an elevation of 3,310m, the global environmental organization said in a statement.
The Formosan sambar deer, a subspecies of the sambar found in the high mountains, is Taiwan’s largest herbivore, and was listed as a protected species under the Wildlife Conservation Act (野生動物保育法) because it was driven to the verge of extinction by hunting and the destruction of its natural habitat.
Jiaming Lake in Taitung County is pictured in an undated photograph.
Photo courtesy of the Taitung Forest District Office
Given that adult deer weigh about 150kg and medium mammals consume about 30 cubic centimeters of water per kilogram of body weight per day, the Formosan sambar at Jiaming Lake could consume about 80 microplastic particles per day, Greenpeace said.
Microplastics are any type of plastic fragment less than 5mm long that pollute the environment.
Microplastic particles are found in bodies of water and on land, and could potentially harm protected animal species, Greenpeace project director Tang An (唐安) said, adding that more should be done to reduce the use of plastics to better protect endangered animals.
A Greenpeace research team in July collected 15 samples from the deer’s water sources and 31 samples of deer feces along the Jiaming Lake National Trail (嘉明湖國家步道) and the Tataka (塔塔加) area on Yushan (玉山), the highest peak in Taiwan at an altitude of 3,952m.
Microplastics were detected in more than 30 percent of the feces samples collected in the Tataka area, the study’s highest detection rate, Greenpeace said.
This was the first study released by Greenpeace on the effects of microplastics on endemic animal species, the organization said, adding that it would be used in further research about the effects of microplastics on the terrestrial ecosystem.
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The Algarve Congress Center is the reference space for exclusive conferences and events in the south of Portugal. Modernity, dimension, functionality and excellent services are some of the arguments you can count on.
Located in the heart of Vilamoura, just 25 minutes from Faro Airport and surrounded by several accommodation, shopping and entertainment options, the Algarve Congress Center has a total area of 7,050 m2, with capacity for up to 3,000 people, of which There are 3 adaptable rooms, which can be subdivided into 22 different spaces.
In addition to the interior spaces specifically designed to meet the needs of the most demanding events, it is also possible to take advantage of a wide range of outdoor areas with privileged views and the complementarity of services offered by the Tivoli Marina Vilamoura Algarve Resort.
To the unique conditions for conferences, meetings and events, it is possible to add the right dose of adventure and relaxation with the different solutions and experiences that the region has to offer. | https://cultugarve.com/item/centro-de-congressos-algarve/ |
Emerald Architects are about ‘making it happen’…
Large or small, single or multiple, new or old, demolition or refurbishment, it’s all part and parcel of what we can do.
The foundation of our experience is Architecture, yet over the years our experience has grown and developed into Interior Design, Project Management, Sustainability, Conservation and Design Consultancy.
We have a passion for Architecture and Interior design and enjoy positively changing people’s lives and experience through working with the various teams of the construction industry to create spaces, buildings, communities and places.
So whether it is a house extension or a large scale mixed use development we cater for all. | http://emerald-architects.com/our-approach.html |
There is a growing use of hormone replacement therapy during menopause in the western world. Although most of epidemiologic studies have not found a cause-effect relation between this therapy and breast cancer, the fear of breast cancer related to this therapy limits its vast use. Controversy continues to surround the issue of the relationship between postmenopausal hormone therapy and the risk of breast cancer. Physicians, willing to prescribe this treatment, have often been asked by their patients if these hormones can cause breast cancer. Sufficient evidence exists to indicate the possibility of a slightly increased risk of breast cancer with long duration of hormone replacement therapy. However, the epidemiologic data on this cause and effect relation are inconsistent. Therefore, they cannot provide a definitive conclusion on this issue. Furthermore, evidence has shown that women treated with hormone replacement therapy have only localized disease with less metastasis than non-users. This might be due to detection/surveillance bias, but it might also be due to acceleration/deceleration of preexisting disease that reflects our misunderstanding of the breast cancer pathogenesis. Hormone replacement therapy has a cardinal role in the treatment and prevention of immediate and late sequela of menopause such as osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases, urinary incontenence, etc. A large group of doctors such as family doctors, orthopedics, cardiologist, gynecologists and others recommend this therapy. Patients must also consider all the risks and advantages in their informed decision-making. Therefore we believe that it is important to review this treatment in connection with breast carcinoma. | https://cris.bgu.ac.il/en/publications/hormone-replacement-therapy-and-the-risk-of-breast-cancer |
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Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), a Maharatna enterprise, has recorded nearly 14 percent growth in its intellectual capital in 2016-17 fiscal. During the year, a record 508 patents and copyrights were filed by the company, translating into filing of nearly two patents/copyrights every working day.
With this, the enterprise’s intellectual capital has gone up to 3,915 patents and copyrights filed, which are in productive use in the company’s business. During this period, BHEL invested Rs 794 crore on R&D initiatives, which was 2.75 percent of its turnover.
Significantly, with its innovation-led growth strategy, the enterprise continues to rank among the highest R&D spenders in the country in the engineering and manufacturing segment.
Commercialisation of products and systems developed by way of in-house research and development contributed around 21 percent to the company’s total turnover of Rs 28,840 crore in 2016-17.
R&D efforts of the undertaking are aimed at improving the performance and efficiency of existing products, and developing new products using state-of-the-art technologies and processes. Focus is on the relevance to the needs of the country to remain contemporary both in terms of technology and features vis-à-vis global benchmarks.
Notably, BHEL is one of the only four Indian companies and the only Indian Public Sector Enterprise that figured in ‘The Global Innovation 1000’ of Booz & Co., a list of 1,000 publicly-traded companies which are the biggest spenders on R&D in the world. BHEL has also won the coveted CII-Thompson Reuters Innovation Award in the ‘Hi-tech Corporate’ category. The award recognises BHEL’s innovation and entrepreneurship in India based on number of patents and efficiency and impact of innovation as measured by patent citations. In addition, BHEL’s innovativeness was recognised by Forbes that ranked it as the ninth most innovative company globally. | https://www.governancenow.com/news/psu/-bhel-registers-increase-in-intellectual-capital |
Functionalities of one-dimensional dynamic ultramicropores in nickel(II) coordination polymers.
Ni(II) coordination polymers with a 4,4'-azobis(pyridine) (azpy) ligand, {[Ni2(NCX)4(azpy)4].G}n (X = S, G (guest molecule) = MeOH (1.MeOH); X = S, G = EtOH (1.EtOH); X = S, G = H2O (1.H2O); X = S, G = no guest (1); X = Se, G = MeOH (2.MeOH); X = Se, G = H2O (2.H2O); X = Se, G = no guest (2)), have been synthesized and structurally characterized with their porosity. These compounds have one-dimensional periodic ultramicropores that contain the small guest molecules, H2O, MeOH, or EtOH, whose hydroxy groups interact with the S or Se atoms of isothiocyanate or isoselenocyanate, respectively, via -S(Se)...HO- hydrogen bonds. Although the molecular dimensions of the MeOH guest are considerably larger than the window size of the ultramicropore, 1.MeOH and 2.MeOH easily release their guest molecules without decomposition of the framework to form 1 and 2 without any guest molecules. This shows that 1 and 2 have dynamic ultramicropores constructed from the interpenetrating framework. The guest desorption experiments using 1.MeOH and 1.EtOH reveal that the difference in the desorption behavior is due to van der Waals interactions that depend on the molecular shape of the guest molecule in the ultramicropores and/or an entrance blocking effect that depends on the minimum dimensions of the guest molecule for the pore windows. A marked difference in the N2 and CH4 adsorption isotherms was observed and is associated with the strength of the host-guest interaction.
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A planet 124 light years away could be habitable
The exoplanet K2-18b could host liquid water and even be an ocean world, according to a new study.
A team of scientists from the University of Cambridge, England, has determined, after analysing the mass, radius and atmospheric data of exoplanet K2-18b, that it is possible for this planet to host liquid water in habitable conditions under its hydrogen-rich atmosphere.
This planet, with an average weight between Earth and Neptune, is only 124 light-years away from Earth and... could be full of life. This discovery, published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters, expands the range of planets astronomers can include in their search for extra-terrestrial life.
K2-18b is orbiting a red dwarf star K2-18, right in the middle of the habitable zone, not so hot that liquid water ends up evaporating from the surface, and not so cold that it freezes completely.
Does the name seem familiar?
It was discovered in 2017, however the planet was in the news last year when astronomers found water vapour in its atmosphere. That was an exciting discovery as it was the first potentially habitable planet on which water vapour had been found in its atmosphere. Though, its potential habitability was not as clear at the time. Moreover, we have the clearest example on Mars. Being at the right distance from the star is not the only important characteristic in order to proclaim the habitability of a planet.
It is relatively similar to the Earth: it has a radius 2.6 times larger and a mass 8.6 times that of the Earth. Mind you, we still don’t know what its surface looks like. Researchers cannot say with certainty whether it has a rocky exterior and a thin atmosphere, like Earth, or a dense hydrogen atmosphere over a high-pressure ammonia-water ocean and a metallic core, like Neptune, conditions that are not at all suitable for life.
What’s the planet like?
With the new data it was concluded that the heart of K2-18b can be... anything from an almost pure iron ball with a hydrogen atmosphere that is not too thick to something more like Neptune, an aquatic world with a lighter atmosphere and Earth-like ocean conditions.
The researchers found that the maximum extent of the hydrogen envelope permitted by recent data is about six percent of the planet’s mass. The minimum amount of hydrogen is about one millionth by mass, similar to the mass fraction of the Earth’s atmosphere. The most suitable scenario seems to be an oceanic world, with liquid water under the atmosphere and temperatures similar to those found in the Earth’s oceans.
Is it habitable?
It’s not conclusive proof that K2-18b is habitable, but it does show that exoplanets like this are something that could happen. Therefore, we must not limit our search for habitable worlds to rocky planets of habitable zones. We must be more open-minded.
“Future observations, for example with the James Webb space telescope, will have the potential to refine our findings," wrote the authors. “We argue that planets like K2-18b may have the potential to approach habitable conditions and bio-signature searches should not necessarily be limited to smaller rocky planets". | https://www.megainteresting.com/science/article/a-planet-124-light-years-away-could-be-habitable-591582798023 |
Implementation of portfolios within australian initial teacher education: Who's leading the charge?
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© 2018 Social Science Press. Recent changes to national accreditation requirements have emphasised portfolios as the required mechanism for initial teacher education providers to demonstrate the impact of their programs against the Graduate Teacher Standards and to prepare graduates to be classroom ready. This paper presents findings from a national survey of teacher educators developed to capture how and where implementation of portfolios of evidence has been occurring. Discussion focuses on the reported concentration of activities within small programmatic teams and the comprehensive level of involvement that champions of portfolios are assuming. The priorities pursued by these individuals and teams are presented alongside possible implications of the limited uptake across faculties, as well as the need for further study to better understand the current extent of implementation.
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***UPDATE (26th Feb 2018): Currently my diet still follows many of these principles but I have gone somewhat vegetarian and cut out all meat and dairy. The only animal product I eat on a daily basis are 1 or 2 eggs. I do eat meat occasionally when I go out or for social gatherings but I find that my rate of healing and levels of inflammation have improved significantly since starting this diet 4 months ago.
In 3 months I am totally symptom-free and off all medication!! I have yet to post on my “Healing Story” but I truly believe I am ‘in remission’! (I would very much like to use the word ‘cured’ but I hesitate as I know the symptoms will come back if I let myself “off the leash” for too long!)
Summary
- Our ancestors in traditional cultures have thrived on their diets for millenniums
- They did not suffer the degenerative illnesses prevalent in our industrialized society today
- Although the actual diets differed across cultures, there all shared similar dietary principles that our generation have largely forgotten
- Returning to these principles is simple and will benefit the health of everyone in the family
I first heard of the Weston A. Price foundation when I started listening to the Wise Traditions podcast on itunes. The foundation is dedicated to delivering accurate information on nutrition and health and has its roots in traditional practices that have kept people healthy for hundreds of generations. The more I listened, the more something clicked within me and I started to realize that this might be the answer to a question which has been at the back of my head for a long time: What is the natural diet of a human?
Contents
About Dr. Weston A. Price
Dr.Weston A. Price (1870-1948) was a dentist who travelled the globe studying indigenous “primitive” people and their cultures to find the answers to the cause of dental decay and physical degeneration he was seeing in his practice. He realized that many of his patients did not have fully formed physical features such as a wide jaw and this resulted in crowded, crooked teeth and unattractive appearances. He suspected this was caused by nutritional deficiency as a result of abandoning a traditional diet and adopting the modern, western diet.
His travels took him to isolated human settlements such as “sequestered villages in Switzerland, Gaelic communities in the Outer Hebrides, Eskimos and Indians of North America, Melanesian and Polynesian South Sea Islanders, African tribes, Australian Aborigines, New Zealand Maori and the Indians of South America.” And wherever he went, he observed perfectly developed bone and teeth structure as well as strong hardy bodies resistant to disease and people with fine characters.
Comparing the traditional diets of these natives to the western diet at the time, he also found that the natives’ diets “provided at least four times the calcium and other minerals, and at least TEN times the fat-soluble vitamins from animal foods such as butter, fish eggs, shellfish and organ meats.”
Apart from learning about the different diets, Dr. Price also documented other traditional practices such as premarital nutrition for both parents, spacing of children (about 3 years apart) to allow the mother to regenerate her health and produce subsequent healthy offsprings and special foods for growing children and pregnant or lactating mothers. All these can be found in his classic volume Nutrition and Physical Degeneration.
Characteristics of Traditional Diets
Instinctively or through generations of trial and error, our ancestors knew which foods provided optimal nourishment for the human body such as organ meats and raw milk. Their dietary wisdom passed down through the generations also told them that there were certain foods that needed special preparation to obtain the most nutrients from them and avoid ill-effects from their anti-nutrients such as soaking grains and legumes before consumption. Other interesting characteristics of traditional diets include consumption of at least some form of animal products (there were no vegan cultures) and plenty of enzyme rich foods like fermented vegetables or raw meat.
Here is a summary of the characteristics of traditional diets adapted from the Weston A. Price website :
- The diets of healthy primitive and nonindustrialized peoples contain no refined or denatured foods such as refined sugar or corn syrup; white flour; canned foods; pasteurized, homogenized, skim or low-fat milk; refined or hydrogenated vegetable oils; protein powders; artificial vitamins or toxic additives and colorings.
- All traditional cultures consume some sort of animal protein and fat from fish and other seafood; water and land fowl; land animals; eggs; milk and milk products; reptiles; and insects.
- Primitive diets contain at least four times the calcium and other minerals and TEN times the fat soluble vitamins from animal fats (vitamin A, vitamin D and the Price Factor–now believed to be vitamin K2) as the average American diet.
- In all traditional cultures, some animal products are eaten raw.
- Primitive and traditional diets have a high food-enzyme content from raw dairy products, raw meat and fish; raw honey; tropical fruits; cold-pressed oils; wine and unpasteurized beer; and naturally preserved, lacto-fermented vegetables, fruits, beverages, meats and condiments.
- Seeds, grains and nuts are soaked, sprouted, fermented or naturally leavened in order to neutralize naturally occurring antinutrients in these foods, such as phytic acid, enzyme inhibitors, tannins and complex carbohydrates.
- Total fat content of traditional diets varies from 30% to 80% but only about 4% of calories come from polyunsaturated oils naturally occurring in grains, pulses, nuts, fish, animal fats and vegetables (and not modern hydrogenated vegetable oils). The balance of fat calories is in the form of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids.
- Traditional diets contain nearly equal amounts of omega-6 and omega-3 essential fatty acids. (1:1 ratio)
- All primitive diets contain some salt. (often unrefined)
- Traditional cultures consume animal bones, usually in the form of gelatin-rich bone broths.
- Traditional cultures make provisions for the health of future generations by providing special nutrient-rich foods for parents-to-be, pregnant women and growing children; by proper spacing of children; and by teaching the principles of right diet to the young.
At this point, one might argue that returning to a genuine 100% ‘traditional’ diet is a tall order, what with the advent of GMO crops and the widespread pollution of the air, sea and soil due to industrialization and many other factors that render our food supply depleted of minerals as well as contaminated with toxins.
However, there is still hope if one would take the time to educate oneself about what to eat and what not to eat. The following are dietary guidelines and dangers from the foundation, based on the work of Dr. Price and ongoing nutritional research :
Dietary Guidelines
- Eat whole, unprocessed foods.
- Eat beef, lamb, game, organ meats, poultry and eggs from pasture-fed animals.
- Eat wild fish (not farm-raised), fish eggs and shellfish from unpolluted waters.
- Eat full-fat milk products from pasture-fed cows, preferably raw and/or fermented, such as raw milk, whole yogurt, kefir, cultured butter, full-fat raw cheeses and fresh and sour cream.
- Use animal fats, such as lard, tallow, egg yolks, cream and butter liberally.
- Use only traditional vegetable oils—extra virgin olive oil, expeller-expressed sesame oil, small amounts of expeller-expressed flax oil, and the tropical oils—coconut oil, palm oil and palm kernel oil.
- Take cod liver oil regularly to provide at least 10,000 IU vitamin A and 1,000 IU vitamin D per day.
- Eat fresh fruits and vegetables, preferably organic. Use vegetables in salads and soups, or lightly steamed with butter.
- Use organic whole grains, legumes and nuts that have been prepared by soaking, sprouting or sour leavening to neutralize phytic acid, enzyme inhibitors and other anti-nutrients.
- Include enzyme-rich lacto-fermented vegetables, fruits, beverages and condiments in your diet on a regular basis.
- Prepare homemade stocks from the bones of pastured poultry, beef, pork and lamb fed non-GMO feed, and from wild seafood. Use liberally in soups, stews, gravies and sauces.
- Use filtered water for cooking and drinking.
- Use unrefined salt and a variety of herbs and spices for food interest and appetite stimulation.
- Make your own salad dressing using raw vinegar, extra virgin olive oil and a small amount of expeller-expressed flax oil.
- Use traditional sweeteners in moderation, such as raw honey, maple syrup, maple sugar, date sugar, dehydrated cane sugar juice (sold as Rapadura) and green stevia powder.
- Use only unpasteurized wine or beer in strict moderation with meals.
- Cook only in stainless steel, cast iron, glass or good quality enamel.
- Use only natural, food-based supplements.
- Get plenty of sleep, exercise and natural light.
- Think positive thoughts and practice forgiveness.
Dietary Dangers
- Do not eat commercially processed foods such as cookies, cakes, crackers, TV dinners, soft drinks, packaged sauce mixes, etc. Read labels!
- Avoid all refined sweeteners such as sugar, dextrose, glucose, high fructose corn syrup and fruit juices.
- Avoid white flour, white flour products and white rice.
- Avoid all hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated fats and oils.
- Avoid all industrial polyunsaturated vegetable oils made from soy, corn, safflower, canola or cottonseed.
- Avoid foods cooked or fried in polyunsaturated oils or partially hydrogenated vegetable oils.
- Do not practice veganism. Animal products provide vital nutrients not found in plant foods.
- Avoid products containing protein powders as they usually contain carcinogens or damaged proteins formed during processing. Likewise, avoid lean meat, skinless poultry, reduced-fat milk and egg whites without the yolks. Consumption of protein without the cofactors occurring in animal fats can lead to deficiencies, especially of vitamin A.
- Avoid processed, pasteurized milk; do not consume ultrapasteurized milk products, lowfat milk, skim milk, powdered milk or imitation milk products.
- Avoid factory-farmed eggs, meats and fish.
- Avoid highly processed lunch meats and sausage.
- Avoid rancid and improperly prepared seeds, nuts and grains found in granolas, quick rise breads and extruded breakfast cereals, as they block mineral absorption and cause intestinal distress.
- Avoid canned, sprayed, waxed and irradiated fruits and vegetables. Avoid genetically modified foods (found in most soy, canola and corn products).
- Avoid artificial food additives, especially MSG, hydrolyzed vegetable protein and aspartame, which are neurotoxins. Most soups, sauce and broth mixes and most commercial condiments contain MSG, even if not indicated on the label.
- Avoid caffeine and related substances in coffee, tea and chocolate.
- Avoid aluminum-containing foods such as commercial salt, baking powder and antacids. Do not use aluminum cookware or deodorants containing aluminum.
- Do not drink fluoridated water.
- Avoid synthetic vitamins and foods containing them.
- Avoid distilled liquors.
- Do not use a microwave oven.
Taken from the Principles of Healthy Diets brochure from the Weston A. Price foundation.
Since discovering about the foundation and their message, I have delved deeper and deeper into the rabbit hole of nutritional research. When it comes to the often complicated and confusing field of diets and nutritional advice, I realize this post is barely scratching the surface with easy to follow guidelines for the general public.
If you are interested in knowing more about traditional diets, practices and the latest nutritional research, myths and truths, a good starting place is the Weston A. Price foundation’s website: https://www.westonaprice.org/ All articles from past journal publications are also posted on the website. In addition, you may like to consider becoming a member of the foundation which offers perks such as free educational brochures and a copy of their quarterly journal delivered to your door. You’d be supporting their cause too.
I’ve signed up for the membership as well as bought a copy of another nutritional classic, Nourishing Traditions by Sally Fallon and Mary G. Enig. Sally Fallon is the founding president of the Weston A. Price Foundation and a wealth of knowledge when it comes to nutritional science. Listen to her interviews on the Wise Traditions Podcast here.
Nourishing Traditions is also more than just another cookbook. Besides hundreds of traditional recipes based on the dietary principles outlined above, there is also a ton of nutritional information and education as well as interesting stories, folk tales and trivia about traditional diets and foods in the sidebars of every recipe page. I would recommend a copy of this book for every household!
References
- Weston A. Price Foundation – https://www.westonaprice.org/
- Wise Traditions podcast – https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/wise-traditions/id1072618042?mt=2
- Dr.Weston A. Price – https://www.westonaprice.org/health-topics/nutrition-greats/weston-a-price-dds/
- Nutrition and Physical Degeneration by Weston A. Price
- Characteristics of Traditional Diets – https://www.westonaprice.org/health-topics/abcs-of-nutrition/characteristics-of-traditional-diets/
- Dietary Guidelines and Dangers – https://www.westonaprice.org/health-topics/abcs-of-nutrition/principles-of-healthy-diets-2/#guidelines
- Weston A. Price Quarterly Journal – https://www.westonaprice.org/category/journal/
- Weston A. Price Membership – https://www.westonaprice.org/why-join/
- Nourishing Traditions by Sally Fallon and Mary G. Enig
- About Sally Fallon – https://www.westonaprice.org/about-us/board-of-directors/
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Stay connected with me on FACEBOOK, INSTAGRAM or by subscribing below! | https://jtnaturopathy.com/2017/09/17/diet-eating-according-to-traditional-wisdom/ |
Big touch-and-feel patches on each page spread stimulate baby's senses, and this sturdy board book is perfect for little hands to explore. The bold, bright illustrations teach basic colors, including red, blue, green, yellow, and purple.
Product Details
|ISBN-13:||9788498259322|
|Publisher:||Combel Editorial|
|Publication date:||11/01/2015|
|Series:||Toca Toca Series|
|Pages:||10|
|Sales rank:||555,351|
|Product dimensions:||6.70(w) x 6.70(h) x 0.50(d)|
|Age Range:||1 - 3 Years|
About the Author
Fiona Land is a children’s book designer and illustrator. She is the author of El arco iris, ¡Cuac! ¡Cuac!, Juega con las formas, Libro mimos, ¡Piip! ¡Piip!, and ¡Uno! ¡Dos! ¡Tres! | https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/colores-fiona-land/1121849349 |
It was late summer when I first moved from Dhaka to a small town called Waterloo in Ontario, Canada. I shared a townhouse with four University of Waterloo students and it had a maple tree right in front of it. My classes started in September and the first few weeks went by very fast. I had to attend orientations, TA trainings, classes, read thick books and even thicker books to understand those thick books— I was busy. Soon, fall crept in and for me, it was a sudden discovery. I suddenly noticed the maple tree in front of my house was not dark green anymore. The crown of the tree was bright orange and the rest was a beautiful light green. I have never seen fall foliage before so the beauty of fall bedazzled me, quite literally.
The next few weeks as I walked around the campus; I only found new colors. The shrub near the Dana Porter library was not dark green anymore. It was bright fuchsia! By mid October, the colors were at peak. Of course, I have seen fall colors in movies but when the leaves started to change colors, my campus and neighborhood looked more like a pop-up storybook about a magical kingdom. Canadian fall has absolutely nothing in common with any season in Bangladesh. In Canada, it rains in fall. The rain is cold, gloomy, and extremely uninspiring. There is nothing refreshing about the rain in Canada. It rains for 5 minutes and then drizzles for a good 20 minutes that’s about it. Yet, Canadian fall reminded me of Bangladesh.
When the green leaves of Sugar Maple, Oak, Poplar and Birch change their colors, they don’t have a unanimous choice. The most ubiquitous colors of fall are yellow and orange. These shades of yellow and orange are just like the yellow and orange of ripe banana, orange, sunflower, marigold or turmeric root. Some trees turn completely red and that particular red looks exactly like my mother’s favorite fruit: lychee. Before the leaves take on a different hue, they become a slightly lighter shade of green. Often times it’s a shade of green similar to a parrot or star-fruit. On a bright, sunny day of fall, the sky is vivid blue with still, fluffy white clouds. I was familiar with these exact shades, just not on trees. I had seen them in Chadni Chawk, where my friend and I used to buy ornas and fabrics for our matching salwar-kameezes. I had seen them in fruit markets of Shantinagar and in my mother’s sharee collection. I had seen them in holuds and in bridal trousseaus.
Even though I was baffled by this alien season, it resembled with my newly abandoned home. Fall made the transition of settling abroad easier for me. It was chilly, yet comforting. Bizarre, yet familiar. Even after spending so many years in Ontario it still fascinates me the same way it did the first time. If spring is like a beautiful love affair, fall can be easily described as a grand Bangladeshi holud, followed by a grand wedding and a mundane marriage called winter. The beauty of Canadian fall can barely be captured by any gadget. So every fall, I try to go to a provincial park to just gawk at the nature. I hike through the recommended trails and collect fall leaves of different colors but then leave them at the entrance of the park. Just like my fiction collection at my parent’s house in Dhaka, I leave them where they belong, bringing only the memories with me. | https://soniakabir.net/2019/03/20/i-fall-for-fall/ |
500 years ago today, Michelangelo’s ceiling frescoes in the Sistine Chapel were displayed for the first time. Appreciations here and here. As one of the world’s greatest and most popular works of art, the Sistine Chapel is inundated by visitors and Vatican policy focuses more on crowd control than on appreciation. I wonder if it’s even possible, given the press of people and time limitations, to experience Michelangelo’s work spiritually rather than as a tourist checking off another item on the list.
In a very different vein, Jesus the Artist. Pete Enns writes about the artistry of the parables, and the artistry of God:
Like any work of art, stories “create” new ways of seeing the world—and it is, after all, a new world that Jesus means to create.
Let me put this another way: Jesus himself communicated the deep mysteries of a new way of being through the use of such things as vivid imagery, symbolism, metaphors, and other devices common to artistic expression. In fact, the incarnation, God in human flesh, is not a debate or argument about the nature of God that appeals primarily to the intellect. It is a vivid—and true—demonstration, a portrait, of a radically new and mysterious way of thinking about God, the world, and our place in it.
If this is how God chooses to communicate at the incarnation—the very climax and epicenter of his story—we should not be surprised to see God painting vivid portraits elsewhere in Scripture. This is especially true of Genesis and creation. Something so fundamental to God’s story may need to be told in a way that transcends the limitations of purely intellectual engagement. Genesis may be written more to show us—by grabbing us with its images than laying out a timeline of cause and effect events—that God is the central figure on the biblical drama.
And in a short, confused, and confusing essay, Camille Paglia decries the secularism of contemporary art. Identifying herself as an atheist, she begins with memories of the images at St. Anthony of Padua church in Endicott, NY, describes Andy Warhol’s famous images of Marilyn Monroe as an iconostasis, and complains that “the current malaise in the fine arts is partly due to the rote secularism of the Western professional class, who inhabit a sophisticated but increasingly soulless high-tech world.”
Camille, you can’t have it both ways. | https://jonathangrieser.com/category/the-arts/ |
Flashcards in Module 3: Chapter 8 (Reactivity Trends) Deck (29)
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1
What is another name for Group 2?
Alkaline Earth Metals
2
Describe the physical properties of Group 2
- reactive metals
- never found in their native state
- compounds are common throughout nature, e.g. calcium carbonate
3
Discuss Group 2 in terms of redox reactions
- Called a reducing agent as it reduces another species, gains the two outer electrons from the group 2 element, forms a 2+ group 2 ion
4
Group 2: Describe redox reactions with oxygen
- forms a metal oxide, MO
- For example, 2Mg + O2 -> 2MgO (solid)
- Magnesium is oxidised and Oxygen is reduced
5
Group 2: Describe redox reactions with water
- forms an alkaline hydroxide, M(OH)2, and hydrogen gas
- reaction becomes more vigorous down group (more reactive)
- for example: Sr + 2H2O -> Sr(OH)2
6
Group 2: Describe reactions with dilute acids
metal + acid -> salt + hydrogen (MASH)
- reactivity increases down the group
- e.g. Mg + 2HCl -> MgCl2 + H2
7
Why does reactivity increase down group 2?
- Ionisation energies decrease down the group because of increasing atomic radius and increasing shielding meaning less nuclear attraction for outer electron and lower ionisation energy
- Elements in group 2 react by losing 2 electrons (forming +2 ions), that is two ionisation energies in terms of energy input
8
Group 2 oxides reacting with water
- react with water to release OH- ions forming an alkaline solution of a metal hydroxide
- CaO (solid) + H2O -> Ca2+ + 2OH-
- the group 2 hydroxides are sparingly soluble in water, if the solution is saturated, a solid ppt will form:
Ca2+ + 2OH- -> Ca(OH)2
9
What is the trend of solubility of group 2 hydroxides?
- increases down the group
- more soluble = more OH- ions in solution = more alkaline
- for example Magnesium hydroxide forms a solution of a low concentration of pH 10 and barium forms a more concentrated solution, pH 13
10
What are the uses of Group 2 compounds?
Agriculture:
Ca(OH)2 added to fields to increase the pH of acidic soils: Ca(OH)2 + 2H+ -> Ca2+ + 2H2O
Medicine:
- Acid in stomach is mainly HCl, can be neutralised
- often used as antacids (treating acid indigestion)
- Mainly Magnesium and Calcium carbonates used
11
What is another name for group 7 elements?
Halogens
12
Describe general properties about halogens
- most reactive non-metal
- only occur as halide ions in nature (never in elemental form)
- in elemental form, exist as diatomic molecules, X2
- structure is simple molecular
13
Describe the elemental states of the halogens at RTP
Fluorine = pale yellow gas
Chlorine = pale green gas
Bromine = an orange-red volatile liquid
Iodine = grey-black crystalline solid
14
What is the trend in boiling points in the halogens?
- increases down the group
- more electrons
- stronger London forces
- more energy required to break intermolecular forces
15
Describe the redox reactions of halogens
- outer shell configuration: s2p5
- gaining one electron achieves noble gas electronic configurations, so redox reactions are the most common reactions for halogens
- e.g Cl2 +2e- -> 2Cl- (half equation), oxidising agents as the chlorine is reduced
16
Describe halide-halide displacement reactions
- reactivity decreases down the group
- if a more reactive halogen is added to less reactive halide a displacement reaction will take place (halogen atom displaces ion in solution)
17
Describe the colour of aqueous halogens
Solution in water:
Cl = pale green
Br = orange
I = brown
top layer colour with cyclohexane:
Cl = pale green
Br = orange
I = violet
18
Explain why as you go down Group 7 the element become weaker oxidising agents?
- increasing atomic radius
- increased shielding from more inner shells means less nuclear attraction to capture an electron from another species
- reactivity decreases down the group/weaker oxidising agent
19
What is a disproportionation reaction?
A redox reaction in which an element is oxidised and reduced
20
What is the redox reaction for chlorine and water?
Cl2 (g) -> H2O (l) -> HClO (aq) + HCl
HClO = chloric (1) acid, kills bacteria and acts a weak bleach
- Chlorine 0 to +1 and -1 (disproportionation)
- Chlorine is used to treat drinking water by killing harmful bacteria, the equation above is the reaction of Cl being added to water
21
What is the reaction between chlorine and dilute sodium hydroxide?
- dilute NaOH will allow more chlorine to dissolve (solubility is lower in water)
Cl2 (g) + 2NaOH (aq) -> NaClO (aq) + NaCl (aq) + H20 (l)
NaClO (sodium chlorate) is a much stronger bleach, large concentration of ClO- ions, chlorate ions
- disproportionation of Cl2, 0 to +1 (in NaClO) and -1
22
What are the benefits and risks of chlorine?
- a toxic gas
- will react with methane(/organic hydrocarbons) in water, methane is formed by decaying vegetation, -> chlorinated hydrocarbons are suspected carcinogens
- without chlorine in our water we would be at risk of disease such as typhoid and cholera
23
What are the properties of Group 1 metal halides?
- white crystalline solids
- very soluble in water forming colourless solutions
- insoluble in cyclohexane
24
Describe the carbonate test
- acids react with carbonates to form a salt, water and carbon dioxide gas (effervescence)
- CO2 produced can be detected by bubbling the gas through lime water, a white precipitate produced (turned limewater cloudy white), calcium carbonate
25
Describe the sulphate test
- barium sulphate is insoluble in water, a white precipitate will form (add Ba2+ ions to a solution so BaSO4 will form, forming a white ppt)
- Application in medicine as a barium meal, drink containing barium sulphate will coat the lining of part of the body (e.g. gut) to detect problems or anomalies
26
Describe the test for ammonium ions
- Add aqueous sodium hydroxide to a solution of ammonium ions and warm.
- Ammonia gas is produced.
- Ammonia is alkaline so hold a damp
piece of pH indicator paper near the
mouth of the test tube and observe what happens.
27
Describe the halide test
- Silver ions (in the form of silver nitrate AgNO3) are added to an aqueous halide ions to detect the halide ion present.
- Silver chloride = white ppt, bromide = cream ppt and iodide = yellow
- ppts formed have similar colours (use aqueous ammonia to distinguish halides), addition of dilute ammonia dissolve white chloride ppt, addition of concentrated ammonia dissolves the bromide cream ppt
28
What order should you carry out the tests in? | https://blog.brainscape.com/flashcards/module-3-chapter-8-reactivity-trends-7394885/packs/11473451 |
Text Pattern Analysis, Emily Dickinson: 1864-5
Emily Dickinson’s writing has continued to fascinate readers for over one hundred years past its creation. Her reclusive personality and peculiar quirks coupled with the mysterious nature of her writing leave much the imagination. Aside from the obvious strength of her body of work, much of the interest in her and her poetry comes from the lack of information available about her life. Much has been argued back and forth about the role an artist’s life has on their work, or “separating the art from the artist”. In the case of Dickinson, it is difficult to attribute real life events to poetry without a fair degree of guesswork. In the case of this project, I attempted to take the little information available about her and draw a connection between two years of her life (1864 and 1865) and her poetry through word usage.
My interest in these two years specifically was due to the change in her writing (as well as some technical difficulties, which will be addressed in more detail in the DH Process Blog). According to Thomas H Johnson (who was responsible for the numbering of Dickinson’s poems), Dickinson’s most productive years in terms of poems written were the early 1860s. Johnson claims that “Dickinson continued to write poetry [after 1865], but never again with the urgency she experienced in the early 1860s, when she fully developed her ‘flood subjects’ on the themes of living and dying” (viii). By analyzing 1864 and 1865, I hoped to find a change in her word choice to signify a change in her writing that would explain the decrease in poetic output: in 1864, Dickinson wrote one hundred and seventy-two poems, and in 1865, eighty-four (Johnson viii). After running the entire text of her poetry from each respective year through Voyant, I produced two graphs that display the fifteen most used words throughout the two years.
Anyone with a passing interest in Dickinson will know about her fascination with death, so “death” appearing in both years is no surprise. In fact, there are several similarities between the years, namely the following words: day, death, till, sun, unto, like, light, and little. Given that there was such a large difference in the amount of poems written, I found it hard to compare the frequency of words between the years, so I converted the number of uses into a percentage from the total word count of each year. For example, in 1864, “day” was used thirty times, which makes that word 0.335% of the total words used. In 1865, the word was used seven times, or 0.207% of the total words used. Dickinson’s language is very diverse, evidenced by the small percentages, however, changes can still be measured between the two.
Of these words, the most telling would be the nouns: day, death, sun, and light. Being potential candidates of symbolism, when used in poetry these words often express moods and feelings. However, the only major change was on the word “day,” which was used less in 1865. Aside from “sun,” the other word’s usage increased. 1865 signified the beginning of a decline in the amount of poems Dickinson wrote, but the information here does not seem to signify any sort of drastic change in her writing. Death is still a significant topic, while the other words are situational and likely more dependent on context to ascertain their meanings.
Unfortunately, after analyzing this data, I find it difficult to come to any sort of conclusion about Dickinson’s life or her poetry. My complications with transcribing Dickinson’s poems into Voyant severely limited the amount of data I had access to (I initially intended to use all of her poetry, rather than two years-worth). Working with fractions of percentages do not seem very telling for a greater picture of how Dickinson’s life affected her poetry. Additionally, by only looking for specific words, it severely limits the amount of information available about some words that could be used in multiple contexts. For example, “day” might be associated with light, but it could also have a negative connotation if it is used in another manner. This is an inherent flaw with searching for specific words. Perhaps in a large-scale search across her entire literature, this sort of analysis could be useful, but with a limited selection, it leaves too much room for ambiguity. However, I can reaffirm that Dickinson’s preoccupation with death remains strong throughout the years I explored.
Process
What text did you choose and why?
I chose Emily Dickinson’s poetry. Initially I wanted to work with her entire collection of poetry, but due to time constraints I was forced to narrow it down to the years 1864 and 1865. I have always felt a personal connection with Dickinson’s work. Her language speaks to me, and I find her ruminations on death interesting, so I wanted to explore more of her writing from a digital humanities perspective.
What hypothesis or research question did you start with? How did you come up with that?
Initially, I wanted to look at the numbering of Dickinson’s poems, and analyze that correlation with events that occurred during her lifetime. A healthy amount of guesswork would have been involved due to a lack of concrete dates on any of Dickinson’s poems, but I planned to look at poems from the same years that significant events occurred and see if there was any reflection of the event in her writing. I came up with this because I have always wondered about the connection between an artist and their art. For example, when an artist does something morally suspect, we tend to re-examine their work in a negative light. It seemed contradictory to me that the public’s opinion of a piece of art could change from a positive one to a negative one when the art itself is unchanging.
What tools did you choose to use and why?
I only used Voyant, simply because I only needed a program that could tell me the frequency of certain words in a body of text. Given that the chronology of her poetry is based on guesswork, I felt any kind of analysis of changing word use over time within a single year would not be accurate. I intended to analyze change over time across years of her work, as I felt that Johnson was more likely to get the year a poem was written in correct rather than the specific order of every poem.
What steps in order did you take to complete this project?
After creating a topic, I did some research on what years of Dickinson’s poetry I should start with. The Johnson collection mentioned her productive years being the early 1860s, so I decided I would start with the year that he considered a transition into a different stage of her writing. I hypothesized the most change would occur in this year. After narrowing my topic to 1864 and 1865, I copied the text into Voyant and used it to analyze the word usage. Following this, I put the data into graphs, and attempted to find some sort of meaning in the data.
What challenges did you come across? What kinds of decisions did you have to make? How did you work around them, and how did they shape the final outcome?
I felt this had the greatest effect on my project. When searching for a complete collection of Dickinson’s work, I decided that I wanted the Johnson version of her poems, as they seemed the most accurate to what Dickinson originally wrote. Unfortunately, the only available form of these poems was in a PDF. This meant I could not copy the data into Voyant without the text being butchered (certain letters would often be misread; for example, some Ms became Ns, but it was not consistent), so I was forced to copy each poem over by hand. This took an extremely long time, much longer than I anticipated. I did my best to avoid any human error in the transition, but with the mass of poetry I transcribed, it is likely inevitable that at least some mistakes were made. Initially I intended to analyze all of Dickinson’s poems, but I was forced to narrow down to two years due to time constraints. This severely changed the outcome of the project.
How do you feel about the project that you made? Does it meet with your expectations?
I feel that my project could be better. Had I been aware of the amount of time it would have taken to retype all of Dickinson’s poems, I would have allocated much more time to it. Because I was not able to include all of Dickinson’s poems, it forced me to change my topic and presented me with a narrower range of data that did not yield as much of an answer to my hypothesis as I had hoped.
If you had unlimited time and energy to pursue this project, what things would you do differently? What questions still remain unanswered?
Firstly, I would put all of Dickinson’s poems into Voyant. I would also do extensive research on Dickinson’s life to try and gain as much insight as possible so I could relate the information gathered from her poems to her life more clearly. Additionally, I would research the topic of my project itself to see if any work has already been done on the subject. Perhaps I could build upon someone else’s work rather than start from scratch. From my research, I feel the question of how much Dickinson’s life affected her poetry is still mostly unanswered. While common knowledge tells me that the obvious answer to that question is “yes, Dickinson’s life played a major role in her writing,” I wanted to find specific changes in word use to back this claim up.
How could you imagine someone else building on or extending the work you started?
I imagine there is a large psychological component to my work that I have not explored. How the mind is affected by its surroundings and the psychology behind writing and expression would play a large role in understanding Dickinson. | https://blogs.chatham.edu/eng216/2018-student-projects/jmatey/ |
Education is a term often used to refer to formal education (see below). However, the word's broader meaning covers a range of experiences, from formal learning to the building of understanding and knowledge through day to day experiences. Ultimately, all that we experience serves as a form of education.
It is widely accepted that the process of education is lifelong. Studies have shown that the child is educated by the experiences it is exposed to in the womb even before it is born.
Individuals receive informal education from a variety of sources. Family members, peers, books and mass media have a strong influence on the informal education of the individual.
Education also refers to a discipline, a body of theoretical and applied research that draws on other disciplines such as psychology, philosophy, computer science, linguistics, neuroscience, sociology and anthropology.
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Contents
The word education is derived from the Latin educare (with a short u) meaning "to raise", "to bring up", "to train", "to rear", via "educatio/nis", bringing up, raising. In recent times, there has been a return to, an alternative assertion that education derives from a different verb: educere (with a long u), meaning "to lead out" or "to lead forth". There is an English word from this verb, "eduction": drawing out. This is considered by some to be a false etymology, used to bolster the theory that a function of education is to develop innate abilities and expand horizons.
The philosophy of education is the study of the purpose, nature and ideal content of education. Related topics include knowledge itself, the nature of the knowing mind and the human subject, problems of authority, and the relationship between education and society. At least since Rousseau's time, the philosophy of education has been linked to theories of developmental psychology and human development.
Fundamental purposes that have been proposed for education include:
A central tenet of education typically includes “the imparting of knowledge.” At a very basic level, this purpose ultimately deals with the nature, origin and scope of knowledge. The branch of philosophy that addresses these and related issues is known as epistemology. This area of study often focuses on analyzing the nature and variety of knowledge and how it relates to similar notions such as truth and belief.
While the term, knowledge, is often used to convey this general purpose of education, it can also be viewed as part of a continuum of knowing that ranges from very specific data to the highest levels. Seen in this light, the continuum may be thought to consist of a general hierarchy of overlapping levels of knowing. Students must be able to connect new information to a piece of old information to be better able to learn, understand, and retain information. This continuum may include notions such as data, information, knowledge, wisdom, and realization.
Educational psychology is the study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations. Although the terms "educational psychology" and "school psychology" are often used interchangeably, researchers and theorists are likely to be identified as educational psychologists, whereas practitioners in schools or school-related settings are identified as school psychologists. Educational psychology is concerned with the processes of educational attainment in the general population and in sub-populations such as gifted children and those with specific disabilities.
Educational psychology can in part be understood through its relationship with other disciplines. It is informed primarily by psychology, bearing a relationship to that discipline analogous to the relationship between medicine and biology. Educational psychology in turn informs a wide range of specialities within educational studies, including instructional design, educational technology, curriculum development, organizational learning, special education and classroom management. Educational psychology both draws from and contributes to cognitive science and the learning sciences. In universities, departments of educational psychology are usually housed within faculties of education, possibly accounting for the lack of representation of educational psychology content in introductory psychology textbooks (Lucas, Blazek, & Raley, 2006).
An academic discipline is a branch of knowledge which is formally taught, either at the university, or via some other such method. Functionally, disciplines are usually defined and recognized by the academic journals in which research is published, and by the learned societies to which their practitioners belong. Professors say schooling is 80% psychological, 20% physical effort.
Each discipline usually has several sub-disciplines or branches, and distinguishing lines are often both arbitrary and ambiguous. Examples of broad areas of academic disciplines include the natural sciences, mathematics, computer science, social sciences, humanities and applied sciences.
It is now widely recognized that the most important factors in any teacher's effectiveness are the interaction with students and the knowledge and personality of the teacher. The best teachers are able to translate information, good judgment, experience, and wisdom into a significant knowledge of a subject that is understood and retained by the student. Teachers need the ability to understand a subject well enough to convey its essence to a new generation of students. The goal is to establish a sound knowledge base on which students will be able to build as they are exposed to different life experiences. The passing of knowledge from generation to generation allows students to grow into useful members of society.
Teachers should have a firm grasp of a given knowledge area so that they can pass it on to their students using whatever techniques are effective. Different people learn in different ways, and many things will have to be explained many different times in many different ways before most of the students "get it". Some students, unfortunately, never will "get it"--since they are not interested or have not learned enough of the foundation knowledge of a given subject to advance to a new level. The main role of a teacher is to teach the students the core knowledge accumulated over centuries of human experience well enough for them to understand and retain enough of this knowledge to be able to continue to build on it and, at least in part, understand how the world works.
These ideas reflect a traditional view of teaching in which the responsibility for learning is placed on the student. In contemporary British pedagogy particularly, the onus lies on the teacher to create the appropriate dynamic for effective learning by students of all abilities, backgrounds and inclinations. The teacher is more than a repository of knowledge: effective teaching draws on a range of skills, insights and techniques which afford access to knowledge as well as to the development of appropriate skills. Students may not 'get it' because their social backgrounds exclude them from curricula which presuppose certain cultural and social values. It is the job of teachers to understand and identify barriers to learning, to remove those barriers and to bring the best out of those they educate.
Schooling occurs when society or a group or an individual sets up a curriculum to educate people, usually the young. Schooling can become systematic and thorough. Sometimes education systems can be used to promote doctrines or ideals as well as knowledge, and this can sometimes lead to abuse of the system.
Life-long or adult education have become widespread in many countries. However, education is still seen by many as something aimed at children, and adult education is often branded as adult learning or lifelong learning.
Adult education takes on many forms, from formal class-based learning to self-directed learning. Lending libraries provide inexpensive informal access to books and other self-instructional materials. Many adults have also taken advantage of the rise in computer ownership and internet access to further their informal education.
Alternative education, also known as non-traditional education or educational alternative, describes a number of approaches to teaching and learning other than traditional publicly- or privately-run schools. These approaches can be applied to all students of all ages, from infancy to adulthood, and at all levels of education.
Educational alternatives are often the result of education reform and are rooted in various philosophies that are fundamentally different from those of traditional compulsory education. While some have strong political, scholarly, or philosophical orientations, others are more informal associations of teachers and students who are somehow dissatisfied with certain aspects of traditional education.
Educational alternatives, which include charter schools, alternative schools, independent schools, and home schooling vary widely, but often emphasize the value of small class size, close relationships between students and teachers, and a sense of community. Today, especially in the United States, the term alternative refers to educational settings that cater to students who have special educational needs as well as those who would like to experience school differently.
Charter schools are publicly funded schools that operate outside the direct control of conventional school districts and are under the authority of quasi-contracts. Their public funding is tied to the number of students enrolled. Charter schools are typically open to all students, and when capacity is reached they are required to select students randomly. Generally, Charter schools have goals that include offering a wider array or more specialized curriculum, with smaller classrooms and more personalized hands on attention. Some charter schools help families escape poorly performing public schools and provide opportunities for an equal education by allowing families to cross class and neighborhood lines.
The first charter school opened in Minnesota in the early 1990’s. Now there are 37 states that have passed charter school legislation. California has more charter school students than any other state and ranks second to Arizona in the number of charter schools.
In many states there are “conversion” and “startup” charter schools. Conversion schools are schools that previously existed as conventional public schools and they typically keep the same existing facility as well as faculty and students. The motivation behind the conversion is to change specific educational programs, due to not liking mandated curriculum programs. Startup schools are new entities that require new facilities, faculty, and students. These schools were initiated to create a new holistic approach, including curriculum programs, instructional practices, and overall mission of the school.
There are some states that also practice the use of non-classroom based charter schools. Non-classroom based charter schools are schools that do not require attendance of its pupils be at the school site under the supervision and control of a qualified teaching employee of the school for at least 80% of the required in instructional time. Students that are enrolled in this type of charter school spend part of their day in the classroom and the other part receiving non-classroom instruction, such as being home schooled, independent study, and distance learning. Non-classroom settings rely heavily on computer instruction in which parents are the primary instructor with oversight provided by teachers. Which may include visits to homes, one-on-one meetings with the parents and/or students, monitoring progress of homework, collecting reports, and administering tests.
Advocates of charter schools would say that one of the positive aspects of charter schools is that it involves more parent participation compared to some of the public schools. This may be due to parents being able to choose among small, autonomous schools. Statistics show children whose parents are active in their education tend to have better results in school. Charter schools have given more options to parents when it comes to choosing the type of education for their children.
Inexpensive technology is an increasingly influential factor in education. Computers and mobile phones are being widely used in developed countries to both complement established education practices and develop new ways of learning such as online education (a type of distance education). This gives students the opportunity to choose what they are interested in learning. The proliferation of computers also means the increase of programming and blogging. Technology offers powerful learning tools that demand new skills and understandings of students, including Multimedia literacy, and provides new ways to engage students, such as classroom management software. Technology is being used more not only in administrative duties in education but also in the instruction of students. The use of technologies such as PowerPoint and interactive whiteboard is capturing the attention of students in the classroom. Technology is also being used in the assessment of students. One example is the Audience Response System (ARS), which allows immediate feedback tests and classroom discussions.
The goal of education is fourfold: the social purpose, intellectual purpose, economic purpose, and political/civic purpose. Current education issues include which teaching method(s) are most effective, how to determine what knowledge should be taught, which knowledge is most relevant, and how well the pupil will retain incoming knowledge. Educators such as George Counts and Paulo Freire identified education as an inherently political process with inherently political outcomes. The challenge of identifying whose ideas are transferred and what goals they serve has always stood in the face of formal and informal education.
In addition to the "Three R's", reading, writing, and arithmetic, Western primary and secondary schools attempt to teach the basic knowledge of history, geography, mathematics (usually including calculus and algebra), physics, chemistry and sometimes politics, in the hope that students will retain and use this knowledge as they age or that the skills acquired will be transferable. The current education system measures competency with tests and assignments and then assigns each student a corresponding grade. The grades, usually a letter grade or a percentage, are intended to represent the amount of all material presented in class that the student understood.
Educational progressives or advocates of unschooling often believe that grades do not necessarily reveal the strengths and weaknesses of a student, and that there is an unfortunate lack of youth voice in the educational process. Some feel the current grading system lowers students' self-confidence, as students may receive poor marks due to factors outside their control. Such factors include poverty, child abuse, and prejudiced or incompetent teachers.
By contrast, many advocates of a more traditional or "back to basics" approach believe that the direction of reform needs to be the opposite. Students are not inspired or challenged to achieve success because of the dumbing down of the curriculum and the replacement of the "canon" with inferior material. They believe that self-confidence arises not from removing hurdles such as grading, but by making them fair and encouraging students to gain pride from knowing they can jump over these hurdles.
On the one hand, Albert Einstein, the most famous physicist of the twentieth century, who is credited with helping us understand the universe better, was not a model school student. He was uninterested in what was being taught, and he did not attend classes all the time. On the other hand, his gifts eventually shone through and added to the sum of human knowledge.
There are a number of highly controversial issues in education. Should some knowledge be forgotten? Should classes be segregated by gender? What should be taught, are we better off knowing how to build nuclear bombs, or is it best to let such knowledge be forgotten? There are also some philosophies, for example Transcendentalism, that would probably reject conventional education in the belief that knowledge should be gained through purely personal experience.
A recent book argues that children are being expected to learn too much. In Yaneer Bar-Yam's book, Making Things Work, he writes, "There is an ongoing tendency to increase the length of textbooks. There are various reasons why people want to add to the education of children. People who work on education often believe, nobly enough, that the most important contribution is to get children to learn more. Publishers want to sell new books and adding new material is an important aspect of an effective sales pitch". Y. Bar-Yam, Making Things Work, NECSI/Knowledge Press, 2005.
The cost of higher education in developed countries is increasingly becoming an issue.
If we look at a sorted list of nations with the highest level of secondary schooling we would notice these to be the richest countries in the world, based on GDP per capita. High rates of education are essential for countries to achieve high levels of economic growth. In theory poor countries should grow faster than rich countries because they can adopt cutting edge technologies already tried and tested by rich countries. But economists argue that if the gap in education between a rich and a poor nation is too large, as is the case between the poorest and the richest nations in the world, the transfer of these technologies that drive economic growth becomes difficult, thus the economies of the world's poorest nations stagnate.
According to The Borgen project, 115 million children lack access to education. In developing countries, the number and seriousness of the problems faced are naturally greater. People are sometimes unaware of the importance of education, and there is economic pressure from those parents who prioritize their children's making money in the short term over any long-term benefits of education. Recent studies on child labor and poverty have suggested, however, that when poor families reach a certain economic threshold where families are able to provide for their basic needs, parents return their children to school. This has been found to be true, once the threshold has been breached, even if the potential economic value of the children's work has increased since their return to school. Teachers are often paid less than other similar professions.
A lack of good universities, and a low acceptance rate for good universities, is evident in countries with a relatively high population density. In some countries, there are uniform, overstructured, inflexible centralized programs from a central agency that regulates all aspects of education.
India, however, is starting to develop technologies that will skip land based phone and internet lines. Instead, India launched EDUSAT, an education satellite that can reach more of the country at a greatly reduced cost. There is also an initiative started by a group out of MIT and supported by several major corporations to develop a $100 laptop. The laptops should be available by late 2006 or 2007. The laptops, sold at cost, will enable developing countries to give their children a digital education, and to close the digital divide across the world.
In Africa, NEPAD has launched an "e-school programme" to provide all 600,000 primary and high schools with computer equipment, learning materials and internet access within 10 years.
Private groups, like The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, are working to give more individuals opportunities to receive education in developing countries through such programs as the Perpetual Education Fund.
An International Development Agency project called naabur.com, started with the support of American President Bill Clinton, uses the internet to allow co-operation by individuals on issues of social development.
Parental involvement is an important element in a child's educational development. Early and consistent parental involvement in the child's life, for example by reading to children at an early age, teaching patterns, interpersonal communication skills, exposing them to diverse cultures and the community around them, and educating them about a healthy lifestyle, is critical. The socialization and academic education of a child are aided by the involvement of the student, parent(s), extended family, teachers, and others in the community. Parent involvement is more than the parent being the field trip helper, or the lunch lady. Parents need to be asked about how their child learns best. They need to share their career expertise with the children. Today's educators need to remember that parents are the child's first and foremost teacher; parents, too, are experts, and teachers should learn from them.
Academic achievement and parental involvement are strongly linked in the research. Many schools are now beginning parental involvement programs in a more organized fashion. In the US this has been led in part by the No Child Left Behind legislation from the US Department of Education.
Education is becoming increasingly international. Not only are the materials becoming more influenced by the rich international environment, but exchanges among students at all levels are also playing an increasingly important role. In Europe, for example, the Socrates-Erasmus Programme stimulates exchanges across European universities. Also, the Soros Foundation provides many opportunities for students from central Asia and eastern Europe. Some scholars argue that, regardless of whether one system is considered better or worse than another, experiencing a different way of education can often be considered to be the most important, enriching element of an international learning experience (Dubois et al. 2006).
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Eat it slower than you ever have before and really be aware of how it tastes in your mouth, how it smells, how it feels sliding down your throat, how it rests in your stomach and makes your whole body feel. .
Whereas anxiety originating in the cortex is based more on "overthinking.". People who have an overactive amygdala may have a heightened fear response, causing increased anxiety in social situations. Connections between the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex at the front of the brain are involved in the experience of fear and anxiety. It may take appropriate care of your whole system and may take care of your wellbeing. Around ten percent of the population suffer from anxiety disorders, and current treatment options only offer effective help for a proportion of those affected. While antidepressants have been shown to regulate the response of the amygdala and can help in controlling anxiety, it is interesting to note that compassion meditation and mindfulness practice in Buddhist monks has also been observed to regulate the amygdala in a similar way, and that it was stronger in . An understanding of the functional anatomy of anxiety allows for a new perspective on the various anxiety . Amygdala and Anxiety Treatment. Inflammatory stimuli have been shown to impact brain regions involved in threat detection and emotional processing including amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), and to increase anxiety. This is the space right before what they call "flow.". An overview of Central Amygdala : corticotropin releasing factor, anterior cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens core, Lateral Central Amygdala, Putting a Treatment Plan for Amygdala Based Anxiety Together. The hypersensitivity of the amygdala function is dulled every time a person gets into a potentially . The hypothalamus, in turn, activates the pituitary gland and the pituitary gland activates the adrenal gland. It performs a primary role in the formation and storage of memories associated with strong emotional events, especially those involving fear and anxiety, according to the book "Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach." PGB binds to voltage-dependent calcium channels, leading to upregulation of GABA inhibitory activity and reduction in the release of various neurotransmitters. anxiety, aggression, and anger. 1-4 The relationship between anxiety and autism is complex, and it is often . Confusing fear with anxiety is a rather easy thing to do, and mental health experts have a clearer understanding as to why. Chronic stress or acute, severe emotional trauma can cause a reduction in both the production of endocannabinoids and the responsiveness of the receptors. 20 In addition, successful treatment of anxiety disorders with cognitive behavioral therapy leads to extinction of this . A recent study by the Media Research Center analyzed the ratio of "good" to "bad" news broadcasts for three mainstream networks: ABC, NBC, and CBS.. What did they find? 3. Shown to perform a primary . This requires persisting through the amygdala hijack, breathing, and quieting your mind. However, amygdala activity was consistent across treatment groups for social and nonsocial behavioral trials. Further evidence of a role of CRF in anxiety comes from studies showing that CRF concentration is markedly reduced in the amygdala after treatment with anxiolytics alprazolam and adinazolam , while a significant dosedependent increase in CRF was found in the amygdala after cocaine injection , which is also known to induce anxietylike . By contrast, the amygdala increased in size. From a functional perspective, there will be an in-depth discussion on the neuroanatomy of the hippocampus, amygdala, and how it relates to other organ systems leading to anxiety. On the Role of the Amygdala in Anxiety and How Treatment is Effective The functional anatomy of anxiety involves amygdala-based neurocircuits with critical reciprocal connections to the medial prefrontal cortex (i. e. Mailizia, 1999). "That's why it's important to understand the underlying biology of anxiety . The amygdala is considered to be a part of the limbic system within the brain and is key to . The amygdala is a small area deep in the brain that creates our emotional experience of fear and stores . Communicating Key Concepts to Children Models of brain and concrete illustrations A bstract: Neuroimaging research has helped to advance neurobiological models of anxiety disorders. The amygdala is a complex structure of cells nestled in the middle of the brain, adjacent to the hippocampus (which is associated with memory formation). S ummary: Depression and anxiety have a profound effect on brain areas associated with memory and emotional processing. Because behavior varied nonetheless, another component of the amygdala-anxiety circuit may be acting as a final filter for social interaction. The amygdala is commonly known as the fear control center of our brain, but it also plays an important role in ensuring our survival by directing attention to salient stimuli. What's more, the drip, drip, drip effect of constant anxiety can reshape the structure and neural pathways of the brain a process called neuroplasticity . The hypothalamus, in turn, activates the pituitary gland and the pituitary gland activates the adrenal gland. The importance of the amygdala in autism and anxiety. The limbic system is closely integrated with the autonomic nervous system (ANS . Information processing within the amygdala is heavily dependent on inhibitory control, although the specific mechanisms by which amygdala GABAergic neurons and . The Stanford study found that changes . This happens automatically as it is better to get you ready for danger rather than take a chance. Along with assessment, holistic and medical treatments will be discussed with an integrative focus . Specifically, they do so by boosting inhibitory synapses that, as their name suggests, reduce the activity of . In brain science, the amygdala is known as the "fear center" in the brain. Most of these disorders are associated with anxiety, such as general anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), bipolar disorder and depression. Benzodiazepines (ben-zoe-die-AZ-uh-peens) may reduce your level of anxiety . Another job the amygdala has is deciding what memories you keep and where they are stored as well as the level of emotion associated with the memory. Studies have shown that exposure to adversity in early childhood affects amygdala development, resulting in lasting consequences for emotional regulation. An understanding of the functional anatomy of anxiety allows for a new perspective on the various anxiety . In the present study we examined if inhibitory control proficiency moderated the association between resting state PFC-amygdala connectivity and anxiety symptoms in 7-9-year-old children. . (Figure 7) and suggests that HDAC2-specific inhibitors may serve as useful pharmacotherapeutic agents for the treatment of both alcoholism and anxiety. The blue bars show reduced amygdala activity in the group that received real-time . There are similarities between the two. In the brain, the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and amygdala are extensively interconnected and work in concert to tune the expression of emotions, such as fear and anxiety 1,2,3,4.Under . A surprise to few, up to 85% of the stories aired were categorized as negative.. We know that all humans require food, warmth . Think of the amygdala as the more "primal" state of anxiety; the physical sensations, increased heart rate, sweaty hands, trembling voice, and all the physical effects of anxiety pertain directly to anxiety originating in the amygdala. When the amygdala decides that you are facing a threat, it sends a signal nerve impulses to another part of the brain called the hypothalamus. It plays a key role in processing emotion, particularly fear, .
The amygdala is believed to serve as a communications hub between the parts of the brain that process incoming sensory signals and the parts that interpret them. National Institute of Mental Health, CC BY. This presentation will discuss new findings on anxiety and its relation to the amygdala/hippocampal connection. The amygdala is responsible for regulating our fight (cope with) Some of the available medications work directly on amygdala function to fight anxiety. subcortical (amygdala) connectivity in SAD alters dur-ing the anticipation of speaking in public. "Remember who you are.". While antidepressants have been shown to regulate the response of the amygdala and can help in controlling anxiety, it is interesting to note that compassion meditation and mindfulness practice in Buddhist monks has also been observed to regulate the amygdala in a similar way, and that it was stronger in . Anxiety disorders are present in at least 50% of people with ASD, and some estimates go as high as 80%. . It has been described as the "feeling and reacting brain" 11. 17 - 19 Moreover, patients with anxiety disorders appear to activate the amygdala in response to a given stimulus more than non-anxious controls. This helped in enhancing attention and may further work on total productivity improvement.Anxiety Medications Targeting The Amygdala. "Remember who you are.". It is one of two almond-shaped cell clusters located near the base of the brain. Positive experience + mindfulness = neuronal change. The amygdala is known to play an important role in normal fear conditioning and is implicated in the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders. The amygdala region consists of almond-shaped groups of neurons closely clustered together within the medial temporal lobes of your brain. Getting the right treatment for your anxiety will help you dial back your out-of-control worries . . Frontal lobes. How is the amygdala affected by stress? The next time you feel anxious, understand just the correct medication to take. Here's how the amygdala creates fear. What is anxiety amygdala? Given that amygdala hyper-reactivity to similar stimuli is the most common finding across all anxiety disorders (with the exception of adult GAD - see Section 2.2), it is possible that the anxiolytic effects of these drugs may be in part, mediated by dampening amygdala function. Now, Stanford University School of Medicine researchers have shown that by measuring the size and connectivity of a part of the brain associated with processing emotion the amygdala they can predict the degree of anxiety a young child is experiencing in daily life. Occasional anxiety concerning a stressful or uncomfortable event is normal. The way to do that is to work with FACT 1's #5. It may also be called nervousness. For instance, both fear and anxiety are processed in an area of the brain called the amygdala.
While anxiety and antidepressant drugs typically target 1-2 neurotransmitters, which is why two are often used together, . In addition, we test whether this pattern of connectivity relates to social anxiety symptoms. Much of what we know about emotional processing in the amygdala originates from studies on learned fear using the auditory fear conditioning paradigm 7,17,18.In . The amygdala helps control our fear response, but it also plays a crucial role in many other cognitive functions. Together, the amygdalae (plural), also known as the amygdaloid complex, is an important part of the limbic system . Studies on the . This study supports existing research showing promise for the application of rt-fMRI neurofeedback in the treatment of problems . If you consider the video above, you can see that it is possible to fear even though the scary animal turns out to be a kitten. contraindications for fMRI, did not speak English as a first language, if they were on any medications/had any medical diagnoses that may impact the child . -Avoid medications that put the amygdala to sleep . 1. Alcoholism is a multifactorial psychiatric disorder driven by underlying genetic and environmental factors . Problems like PTSD, generalised anxiety and panic disorder are associated with heightened amygdala activation, raising . Some existing anti-anxiety medications, like benzodiazepines, target the amygdala. HydroxyNorKetamine (Alpha-7-antagonist - the nicotinic Alpha-7-receptor controls much the activity in and out of the amygdala, by antagonising it, activity is drastically reduced, also a weak NMDA-antagonist, offering another pathway towards the relief of anxiety) DEhydroNorKetamine (even more potent Alpha-7-antagonist, much more selective than . But with someone who has anxiety, their amygdala might "hijack" their frontal lobes . | http://www.hupik.com/adventure/31308542fa7d73e14e933ae4a7ec-amygdala-anxiety-medication |
Q:
How to model the movement of a mass over a dome?
I'm trying to replicate the graphs and animation found in this page that studies the movement of a mass over a dome solving numerically the differential equation r*θ''[t] == g*Sin[θ[t]] but Mathematica gets a wrong result
z = NDSolve[{r*θ''[t] == g*Sin[θ[t]],
θ'[0] == ω0, θ[0] == θ0}, θ, {t, 0, 10}]
Plot[Evaluate[θ[t] /. z], Evaluate[Flatten[{t, θ["Domain"] /. z}]]]
even if I change Method of solution in NDSolve.
As you can see, the MATLAB used there gives an adequate model of the situation. I used the code here trying to replicate MATLAB's code but I get the same wrong solution.
DOPRIamat = {{1/5}, {3/40, 9/40}, {44/45, -56/15, 32/9},
{19372/6561, -25360/2187, 64448/6561, -212/729},
{9017/3168, -355/33, 46732/5247, 49/176, -5103/18656},
{35/384, 0, 500/1113, 125/192, -2187/6784, 11/84}};
DOPRIbvec = {35/384, 0, 500/1113, 125/192, -2187/6784, 11/84, 0};
DOPRIcvec = {1/5, 3/10, 4/5, 8/9, 1, 1};
DOPRIevec = {71/57600, 0, -71/16695, 71/1920, -17253/339200, 22/525, -1/40};
DOPRICoefficients[5, p_] := N[{DOPRIamat, DOPRIbvec, DOPRIcvec, DOPRIevec}, p];
l := NDSolve[
{r*θ''[t] == g*Sin[θ[t]], θ'[0] == ω0, θ[0] == θ0,
WhenEvent[θ[t] >= Pi/4, "StopIntegration"]},
θ, {t, 0, 10},
Method -> {"ExplicitRungeKutta", "DifferenceOrder" -> 5,
"Coefficients" -> DOPRICoefficients,
"StiffnessTest" -> False}
]
Plot[
Evaluate[θ[t] /. l], Evaluate[Flatten[{t, θ["Domain"] /. l}]],
AxesLabel -> {"t en s", "θ en rad"}]
A:
With your first attempt, there are a number of warnings issued due to $r, g, \omega 0, \theta 0$ being undefined. NDSolve is a numerical solver, and must be able to resolve the functions to numerical values at all steps.
Looking at the page you showed, they define $r = 1$, $g = 9.8$, and I'm not sure about these next two but it looks like $\theta 0 = 0.01$ and $\omega 0 = \sqrt{9.8/1}* 2* \sin(0.01/2) = 0.0313048$. If we provide these values to NDSolve, it has no issues solving it. I'm pretty confident in Mathematica's capabilities, particularly for such a simple equation, and I would be very surprised to find out that it's wrong.
r = 1;
g = 9.8;
θ0 = 0.01;
ω0 = Sqrt[9.8/r]*2*Sin[0.01/2];
sol = θ /. First@NDSolve[{
r θ''[t] == g Sin[θ[t]],
θ[0] == θ0,
θ'[0] == ω0
},
θ,
{t, 0, 10}
]
Plot[
sol[t]/Degree,
{t, 0, 1.5},
AxesLabel -> {"Time (s)", "θ (Degrees)"}
]
As far as I can tell, this graph agrees exactly with the one on the page you linked. At $t=1$, I get 13.0981 degrees, which looks pretty much like what the Matlab graph shows.
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A written an offer letter to B to sale his car to B for $50,000 on 1st Mar 2010.
Without any knowledge abour the offer letter from A, B has also, on the same day, written to A to offer the purchase of A's car, also at the price of $50,000.
On 3rd Mar 2010, B has received A's first letter and decided to conclude the purchase with A by writing to A again confirming his agreement to purchase the car at the price of $50,000.
Nevertheless, B's letter was posted to A only on the 5th Mar 2010.
Unexpectedly, in fact, A on the 4th Mar 2010 after receiving B's offer letter, has changed his mind and wanted to increase the price from $50,000 to $80,000 and therefore A has written another letter to B revoking his first offer and offering the new price to B for his acceptance and this letter was posted to B on 4th Mar 2010.
On 6th Mar 2010, B had received the letter from A revoking his first offer containing in his letter dated 1st Mar 2010, and on the other hand it was only until 8th Mar 2010 that A has received B's letter agreeing and confirming the purchase of A's car at $50,000.
In these circumstances, please advise B and A as to their respective legal positions and whether B can take any action against A for the purchase of the car at $50,000.
Please address the respective legal positions of A and B by applying the relevant Rules of the Law of Contract, and you may make all reasonable assumptions in answering this question as you deem fit.
1 Answer
- KevinLv 79 years agoFavorite Answer
Typically, in order to be enforceable, a contract must involve the following elements: A "Meeting of the Minds" (Mutual Consent) The parties to the contract have a mutual understanding of what the contract covers. For example, in a contract for the sale of a "mustang", the buyer thinks he will obtain a car and the seller believes he is contracting to sell a horse, there is no meeting of the minds and the contract will likely be held unenforceable. Offer and Acceptance The contract involves an offer (or more than one offer) to another party, who accepts the offer. For example, in a contract for the sale of a piano, the seller may offer the piano to the buyer for $1,000.00. The buyer's acceptance of that offer is a necessary part of creating a binding contract for the sale of the piano. Please note that a counter-offer is not an acceptance, and will typically be treated as a rejection of the offer. For example, if the buyer counter-offers to purchase the piano for $800.00, that typically counts as a rejection of the original offer for sale. If the seller accepts the counter-offer, a contract may be completed. However, if the seller rejects the counter-offer, the buyer will not ordinarily be entitled to enforce the prior $1,000.00 price if the seller decides either to raise the price or to sell the piano to somebody else. | https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20111021000051KK00025 |
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has presented a unique challenge to healthcare systems around the world including the delivery of medical education. Social distancing precluded medical students from gathering for lectures and participating in clinical rotations. Medical educators soon adapted to this crisis by transitioning their curricula into an online format. Although the COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted medical education in unprecedented ways, ironically, the virus seemed to have worked as the catalyst for embracing virtual learning . In fact, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, medical schools have been slowly implementing online learning into pedagogical methods for more than a decade [2,3]; however, they have been still reluctant to accept these changes . Despite the uncertainty regarding how long this pandemic will persist and the possibility of a new pandemic in the future, the pedagogical reevaluation of online learning as the main curriculum environment is undergoing in medical education .
However, this transition requires more than simply recording a lecture and uploading it in online platforms. It is not a simple copy and paste practice of existing face-to-face teaching activities in an online format. It is a re-mediation process of the current instructional practices, requiring to revisit the current assumptions on physical space and time in educational practices [5,6]. The COVID-19 pandemic was unexpected and the changes necessary to continue medical educations were abrupt; thus, the adoption of online learning may be challenging to medical educators, in particular, who are new to this territory. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to provide foundational concepts of online learning that can be historically traced back to distance education and discuss the practical guidelines for designing an effective online curriculum.
Foundational concepts behind online learning
Online learning has a historical root in distance education; the latter was an alternative educational practice and program for nontraditional learners who could not have had education opportunities otherwise . Online learning is described as access to learning experiences via the use of the Internet and considered a more recent version of distance learning . Although there seem to be subtle differences in the definitions of e-learning, online learning, and distance learning, these terms are used interchangeably and rooted in distance education . The physical and temporal distance was emphasized in shaping this new form of education 2 centuries ago. The development of the postal system provided opportunities for non-traditional students who worked during the day and lived distant from a college. Distance education enabled these students to overcome distance and time, and the subsequent advent of newer technologies such as TV and the Internet closed the distance between teachers and students even more. While the current stage of technological innovations allows for faster and easier synchronous and asynchronous communications, transactional distance still needs to be considered in online learning.
There are three foundational concepts for effective distance education programs, which become the basis of instructional design of online learning and teaching practices: Transactional distance, Presence, and Independent learners.
1. Transactional distance
Physical distance is a barrier to traditional education. However, distance in online learning is not defined by physical distance but “transactional distance” . According to Moore , transactional distance is a social, psychological, and relational distance between teachers and learners that is fluid and manageable based on a function of dialogue and structure. When dialogues, meaningful interactions between teachers and learners for the creation of knowledge, are increased, the transactional distance between them can be reduced. Even in a classroom, if a teacher does not have a dialogue with students, the latter would feel a greater transactional distance.
The degrees and characteristics of dialogues depend on numerous factors but mainly on the structure of the course and, to a lesser extent, on the medium of communication. Here, structure indicates the rigidity or flexibility of the educational program. It depicts the to which a course can respond to each learner’s different demands and preferences. When the teaching is highly structured without consideration for the learners’ differences and individualization in their learning processes with minimal dialogue, the transactional distance becomes high . Online courses not providing ongoing dialogue between a teacher and learners and rarely accommodating individual students’ needs would have high transactional distance and become undesirable. Therefore, educators need to understand that the medium of communication would not automatically close the distance between teachers and students. Furthermore, the transactional distance may remain intact depending on the extent of dialogue and structure.
2. Cognitive, social, and teaching presences
Another foundational concept of online education is presence. There are three kinds of presence: cognitive presence, social presence, and teaching presence . When an individual is involved in online learning, it implies that the individual becomes a member of a “community of inquiry” as a learner or a teacher (or both). Effective and successful online learning requires each member to achieve and accommodate these three types of presence .
“Cognitive presence” indicates the degree to which the learners can construct meaning through constant exchanges of thoughts—questioning, answering, brainstorming, discussing, and solving a problem [11,12]. In the setting of an online learning environment, it is worth considering how the learners can maximize this cognitive presence because its extent can vary depending on the communication medium. A video lecture, for example, would give students a sense of what message the teacher tried to convey. However, the teacher would not possibly know what the students think about the topic. In this case, the students’ cognitive presence is lacking.
“Social presence” can be achieved when learners project their personal feelings, emotions, questions, and characteristics into the community [11,12]. Garrison et al. argued that socio-emotional interactions and support are crucial and essential at times in nurturing cognitive presence and, therefore, leading to meaningful educational outcomes . Social presence helps members in the community reduce psychosocial tension and uncertainty as well as encourages the group to freely discuss and collaborate on a project, exceeding simple interactions and one-way instructions. Collaborations draw learners to a shared experience space to construct and confirm meaning. In this respect, a successful online learning community needs to promote collaboration rather than simply exist as a place to download information.
“Teaching presence” indicates two general functions, design of the educational experiences and facilitation [11,12]. The former function may be the primary responsibility of the teacher who selects, organizes, presents course content, and develops learning activities and assessments, providing clear expectations and a basic guideline on learning activities. Facilitation can be achieved by the teacher or the students in an online environment. The role of teaching presence is to support and enrich social as well as cognitive presence to accomplish meaningful educational outcomes.
3. Independent learners
Effective online teaching requires a fundamental perspective change regarding learners. Learners are not passive recipients of information predefined by a teacher, but active, capable, and independent individuals with their own learning processes to explore their environments in knowledge construction . As briefly discussed in the previous section of teaching presence, teachers’ roles lean toward the facilitation and the design of learning experiences that allow learner autonomy. However, it is also true that students have varying degrees of ability to develop a personal learning strategy, to find resources for study, and to assess their own progress . A higher transactional distance means that teaching requires more autonomous learners; however, students do not always have a high level of autonomy. The role of teachers in the online environment, then, includes not only providing information but also motivating and empowering students to enrich their learning experience.
In sum, teaching online requires three foundational understandings about distance, presence, and learners. Transactional distance, cognitive presence, social presence, teaching presence, and independent learners can become guiding parameters in the design of online learning programs. In the following section, we will discuss practical guidelines for online teaching that are based on those three foundational concepts.
Practical guidelines for online teaching
Online teaching is a design of learning experiences and facilitation of those experiences. In this section, we will discuss the design of learning experiences by explaining five online pedagogical guidelines: design structure and flow to embrace experiential learning, accommodate both synchronous and asynchronous learning, design/facilitate interactions, promote practice opportunities, and promote a learning community.
1. Design structure and flow to embrace experiential learning
Effective online teaching can be achieved by embracing an experiential learning approach . Experiential learning explains an individual’s learning process as a knowledge creation cycle, where learners reflexively progress through the cycle of concrete experiences, reflective observation, identification of general principles, and practically applying what they learned for further experiences. In the context of medical education, learning from experience may conjure up an image of medical students observing and learning from patients during clinical rotations. However, it may extend to small group discussions, team-based learning, cadaver dissection lab during the preclinical years, and even their personal experiences before medical training. A teacher’s instruction or lecture can be considered as a stimulus that provides the learner with an opportunity to observe what a content expert thinks and knows . Students absorb what they have been told as a response and ought to have opportunities to connect their experiences with their observations to identify general principles [14,15]. Students need to actively engage and interact with their surroundings to test what they learned, that is, students are allowed to experience further to absorb (response) given instruction (stimulus). Therefore, online teaching is not one single event of lecturing but continuous facilitation of the experiential learning cycle.
The flipped classroom is a pedagogical approach that allows an experiential learning cycle in an online learning environment. In a flipped classroom, students learn didactic materials at their own pace before the class using pre-recorded lectures available asynchronously. Students would connect their prior experiences with the newly observed resources to create their own knowledge. Then, students would bring their understandings during face-to-face or synchronous online interactions with the teacher, where they can actively test their understandings and engage in problem-solving while interacting with the teacher and peers . With the expert’s scaffolding and guidance on the side, learners can further develop their own knowledge and skills that would feed into future experiences .
2. Accommodate both synchronous and asynchronous learning
Online learning has two technologically different processes based on the timeliness of interactivity, which should be considered in the design of learning experiences. One is synchronous online experiences where all participants have real-time interactions either in a text-based or video-based environment. Learning activities in a chatting room or video conferencing is an example of a synchronous online experience. Asynchronous online experiences occur when participants’ interactions continue with time delays such as online discussions in a learning management system.
As both modes of online interactivity have pros and cons regarding learning experiences, it is important to accommodate these two online learning activities for appropriate purposes . A synchronous online activity often has a limited timeframe and would leave the audience little time to reflect on. For example, live lectures in the medical education curriculum focusing on complex clinical or basic science topics can be provided as recorded lectures so that learners have better control of their pace and learning processes. In addition, providing a supplementary asynchronous online discussion forum would be helpful to overcome the lack of dialogue as students and teachers can share ideas without time constraints and have enough time to reflect and elaborate their thoughts on complex topics. Synchronous online interactions, however, can be effective in discussing topics with some preparation work, creating social presence among members as well as planning tasks that need real-time feedback.
3. Design and facilitate interactions
There are four interactions that online teachers should consider: students’ interaction with resources, interaction with the instructor, interaction with the peer, and interaction with self [18,19]. These interactions have been found crucial for meaningful learning experiences and effectiveness in online learning . Facilitating interaction with resources can be found in the instructional design of learning materials. A teacher would spend significant time and effort to develop well-organized lecture materials with a clear overview, an appropriate depth in synthesizing each topic, and a summary. Students’ interaction with the instructor and the peer is crucial for creating mutual cognitive and social presence; it can be facilitated synchronously as well as asynchronously via different activities. For example, a teacher providing individual feedback on students’ questions or performance. A small group discussion or an online forum where students and teachers can post questions and freely share their thoughts can be an efficient way to facilitate those interactions. Students’ interaction with self facilitates a metacognitive process where students can set up learning goals and monitor their progress. An online teaching process can incorporate these students’ reflection activity as a routine to promote the students’ habitual independent learning.
4. Promote practice opportunities
Online learning may be seen as an alternative instructional modality just for classroom learning without actual practices or experiences. As discussed in the earlier section, however, concrete experience is a crucial part of any learning process. This becomes more critical in medical education where clinical experience is the central part of medical competency development. Despite the physical distance, there are ways that medial educators can facilitate learners to have clinical practices in an online environment. One is a mediated experience. First of all, it is critical to differentiate between what can be mediated and what cannot be. For example, teaching students about working on a night shift and interacting with different healthcare professionals might be hard to mediate in an online environment. However, some experiences can be practiced in an online environment. For example, Klamen argued that third-year medical students cannot possibly see all kinds of patients in clerkship rotations . Even after seeing the patient, practicing clinical reasoning in which students identify differential diagnoses and treatment plans did not occur due to busy workflow in hospitals and clinics . Moreover, it is also challenging for novice medical learners to observe attending physicians’ thought processes on a busy clinic day. After recognizing this issue, Klamen et al. developed an online video-based critical clinical competency curriculum where medical students practice clinical reasoning deliberately with 144 distinct patient cases. In this curriculum, the process of students’ practicing clinical reasoning was designed in a way that medical learners stopped to think through each new piece of patient information. In this way, they can rule in and out their differential diagnoses as explaining their justifications. After practicing their own clinical reasoning, the students can watch how expert panels consisting of different specialties reason through to compare their reasoning with those of the experts. The curriculum is available online (https://www.siumed.edu/oec/ccc) for free to any medical learners. Another example is found in a recent report of Hofmann et al. , where medical students engaged in virtual rounds with COVID-19 patients using a HIPAA (Health Insurance and Portability and Accountability Act) compliant video-conferencing tool. They have discussed if virtual rounds can be utilized especially for clinical experiences excluding medical students due to safety or difficult patient cases. These examples represent experiences online learning environments can provide to medical learners, which are almost impossible to gain otherwise.
5. Facilitate a learning community
Adopting online learning means transforming teaching philosophy to embracing organic collective intelligence for a sustainable learning environment . In online learning, teachers are not the only source for building knowledge; students learn from teaching others, and by observing their peer students. The line between the teacher (knowledge provider) and the learner (knowledge receiver) is blurred in online learning. Effective online learning can be sustainable and strengthened by a learning community . There must be a sense of a learning community at a medical school. Teachers can simply recognize and facilitate the existing learning community as well as create a new one even beyond the existing school system.
A sense of a learning community can be created by asynchronous interactions as well as synchronous interactions online or in-person. A teacher’s asynchronous online presence at an online discussion forum can be beneficial because of the students’ extended opportunity to interact with the teacher anytime anywhere. Teachers take multiple roles in facilitating a learning community: an information provider, a facilitator for students’ participation, collaboration and peer learning, a curator to connect students to other organized resources, and a lifelong learner, not just an evaluator. Social presence is crucial in creating a functional online learning community . Members including teachers should feel comfortable being who they are and be able to share struggles as well as emotions. This social atmosphere becomes fundamental for members’ higher-order thinking processes in their learning process. The teachers’ efforts to get to know individual students, non-judgmental attitude about the students’ lack of knowledge, and vulnerability to reveal their own learning needs can help create and facilitate a learning community in online learning.
Discussion
Although the COVID-19 pandemic poses a threat to traditional medical education, it has also provided an opportunity to recognize online learning as an effective pedagogical method. Its effectiveness, however, depends on the degree to which medical educators are aware of the foundational concepts of online learning. Unlike a physical distance that was a barrier to traditional education, transactional distance should be considered in online education. The educators need to understand that the advancement in communication technology itself would not automatically close the distance between the teachers and students; instead, educators should try to promote dialogue and social presence as well as minimize structure in order to reduce the transactional distance. Also, the role of a teacher is not limited to someone who provides information but also someone who motivates students to enrich their learning experience.
We provided five online pedagogical guidelines for designing curriculum in the medical education context. The flipped classroom is one of the methods to embrace experiential learning. Both synchronous and asynchronous learning should be properly balanced to create a social presence as well as provide time for reflection. Just like office hours and small group discussion sessions in the traditional education setting, the online environment can also have forums that facilitate interactions among peers and instructors. Practice opportunities can be more widely available through online platforms in certain patient cases. Lastly, efforts need to be made to maintain a sense of a learning community even in an online environment.
By understanding the foundational concepts and applying the online pedagogical guidelines (which are summarized in Fig. 1), the adoption of online learning in the medical school may supplement traditional medical education or even provide additional benefits in the new normal after the COVID-19 pandemic. | https://kjme.kr/journal/view.php?number=1280 |
Uncommon or new minerals found as primary phases in coesite-bearing crustal rocks are bearthite, Ca 2 Al-(PO 4) 2 OH, an accessory that is also stable at low pressures; ellenbergerite, (Mg, Ti,Zr,) 2 Mg 6 Al 6 Si 2 Si 6 O 28 (OH) 10, a rock-forming mineral showing complete solid solution with an isostructural new Mg-phosphate and so offering Cited by: Stories in Stone Book - Stories in Stone is a hands-on activity book for grades developed by the Lawrence Hall of Science at the University of California. The 8 study sessions outlined in Stories in Stone helps students learn how rocks and minerals are formed by observing physical and chemical properties.. Session 1: Students learn about some of the properties of rocks and minerals. UNESCO – EOLSS SAMPLE CHAPTERS GEOLOGY – Vol. II - Origin, Texture, and Classification of Metamorphic Rocks - Teklewold Ayalew ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) Some metamorphic rocks, particularly those buried to depths of several kilometers, contain numerous veins rich in quartz and Size: KB. Rock type: Mineral found in metamorphic rock Formation Environment: Medium grade metamorphism of mudstone in burial, subduction, or convergent boundary metamorphism. Description: Schistose foliation: crystals easily visible throughout rock – usually all micas, giving it a scaly look. Foliation greater than phyllite. Minerals can beFile Size: 1MB.
If retrograde metamorphism were a common process then upon uplift and unroofing metamorphic rocks would progressively return to mineral assemblages stable at lower pressures and temperatures. Yet, high grade metamorphic rocks are common at the surface of . Low-grade regional metamorphic rocks. Examples from Cornwall that show the first tectonic and metamorphic fabrics in metasediments, plus a variety of sedimentary and igneous rock types in outcrop and hand specimen. 18 images. GEOLOGY – Vol. I - The Composition of Earth: Rocks and Minerals - Ruth Siddall ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) A rock is a solid aggregate of mineral grains. There are three main classes of rock: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous File Size: KB. Metamorphic rocks are former igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic rocks that have changed their texture and composition. Change is a result of pressure (directed stress) and heat •Solid state reaction •No net change in chemistry (ideally – role of groundwater) •Recrystallization of new minerals from old File Size: 4MB.
ferruginous-calcareous matrix. Metamorphic rock classifications include specific rock types based upon crystal size, diagnostic accessory minerals, mineralogical composition in increasing amounts greater than 15 percent, and structure. Two examples of metamorphic rock descriptions are medium-grained, hornblende-biotite. According to the geological significance Igneous and metamorphic rocks make up % of the top 16 km of the Earth’s crust by volume. It has been found that there is an existing relationship between the minerals of igneous and metamorphic rocks, since the minerals are influenced by the mineral’s geological environment of formation. | https://kimesepaqih.clubhipicbanyoles.com/significance-of-accessory-minerals-in-metamorphic-rocks-book-4457fm.php |
Stanley Kubrick’s mid-period masterpiece is almost as remarkable for how it has not influenced sci-fi filmmaking as for how it has. While special effects took a giant leap in 1968 (thanks largely to Douglas Trumball, who would go on to give us a far grimmer new world in Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner), to this day we still have the sounds of swooshing of ships and zapping lasers in the vacuum of outer space. Then there is the small matter of awe. It’s hard to think of another example of a science fiction movie with such an unflinching commitment to wonder.
Now 2001: A Space Odyssey is being re-released in honour of its 50th anniversary, with a pristine 4K remaster (those matte paint smudges during the Dawn of Man sequence appear to have been digitally removed, thankfully) in its original, super-stretched 70mm aspect ratio.
After endless Star Wars instalments and Star Trek variations, there’s been nothing in mainstream sci-fi cinema that looks or sounds or feels like Kubrick’s space oddity. It remains conspicuously unique. The multiplex has seen plenty of quiet films, slow films, serious films – but how often do we see something truly transcending its medium? For all its indelible images – that thrown bone; the orbiting Hilton; the obsidian black monolith – it is a film that singularly understands that the unique power of cinema lies in editing. Whether it’s the famous match cut, eliding millions of years of homo sapien evolution, or the climactic breakdown of temporality, where astro-pioneer Dave Bowman (Keir Dullea) appears to watch himself age and die and resurrect upon a new evolutionary plateau.
And to think it all came from a very short Arthur C. Clarke story named The Sentinel, a tall tale about a pyramid-shaped creation half-buried on the Moon. Kubrick and Clarke’s screenplay plonks this lunar discovery into the second act of a four-act epic. Before that there’s early, ape-like Man. The mysterious monolith appears to the Moon-Watcher (Daniel Richter) and his clan, perhaps signalling the birth of religious thought. Jump ahead to the space age (as you do), and technology reigns. Humans are now able to detect a magnetic anomaly on the Moon, which leads Heywood Floyd (William Sylvester) to our species’ second audience with the strange black block. It’s pointing toward Jupiter.
So begins the third act, where astronauts Bowman and Poole (Gary Lockwood) set sail for the great Red Eye, with their hubristic red-eyed companion, HAL (voiced by Douglas Rain), who represents the pinnacle of Man’s technological endeavour. Paradoxically, HAL also represents the limitations of technology, inadvertently highlighting the need for humankind to transcend its current form. This paves the existential way for the redemptive voyage into the unknown, which sees Bowman enter a Jovian Stargate and undergo an exhilarating process of accelerated self-actualization. Then Kubrick cherries it all with the most profound image in cinema.
Clarke and Kubrick surround their characters with the clinical environment of technology, almost to the point of fetish, only to strip it all away in the final reel, where Bowman’s trip finds its apotheosis in a cosmic hotel room decorated in the design of pre-electronic Earth. Glowing floor aside, we could be back in the time of Enlightenment. 2001 is a story about humankind, but it’s not a human story. The space station dialogue is bland and functional, barely more advanced than the grunting exchanges of the apes at the Dawn of Man. Kubrick is asking us to look not at a husband, a father, a man. He’s asking us to look at a species in the realm of its technology. A species whose outward advances have far outstripped its inward understanding. A species that has realised such delightful convenience, such elegant design, that it has become distracted from the realisation of its own self.
The technological prescience of Kubrick and Clarke is specifically remarkable today. Heywood’s video call to his daughter (Vivian Kubrick): look closer and you’ll see the screen is flat. And what are those contraptions Bowman and Poole use to watch the news on BBC 12? They don’t half look like tablet computers. It may seem silly now for an orbiting Hilton to be imagined for the year 2001. Yet had the Apollo space programme continued – had American imperialism not thrown the Starchild out with the bathwater – then the vision seems eminently plausible.
It’s easy to throw around words like pompous and pretentious when presented with conceptual cinematic art. If a viewer isn’t affected on an emotional level then the natural defence is to attack the intentions of the artist. In the case of 2001, it’s possible to read the Starchild as a god figure, or perhaps a blandly consoling religious promise of what is to become of us beyond our corporeal suffering. That’s a reasonable interpretation. But the keyword here is “interpretation”, made possible by the bold ambiguity of the style and the narrative. Love it or hate it, 2001: A Space Odyssey has substance enough to furnish conversations for centuries to come.
For all its grandeur and intellectual rigidity, this is an inviting, often amusing, and deeply stirring film: a celebration of humankind’s practically infinite synaptic potential. And this 4K Ultra HD release of the film is packed:
Blu-ray Disc 1 Content:
2001: A Space Odyssey (BD Feature)
Commentary by Keir Dullea and Gary Lockwood
2001: The Making of a Myth – Host James Cameron, along with actor Keir Dullea, co-author Sir Arthur C. Clarke and visual effects pioneer Douglas Trumbull, go behind-the-scenes into the making of Kubrick’s classic space epic.
Standing on the Shoulders of Kubrick: The Legacy of 2001 – Take a hypnotic journey with filmmakers whose own careers were insured by this cinematic landmark.
Vision of a Future Passed: The Prophecy of 2001 – Kubrick and co-author Sir Arthur C. Clarke created a finely detailed vision of the future in this documentary, filmmakers, writers and Mr. Clarke himself reflect on the accuracy of the predictions.
2001: A Space Odyssey – A Look Behind the Future-Look in on Look Magazine’s charmingly retro tour of the London set of 2001: A Space Odyssey.
What is Out There? – Examine the philosophical themes of 2001: A Space Odyssey, including possibilities of extra-terrestrial life, the concept of god and the intersection of these two possibilities.
2001: FX and Early Conceptual Artwork – A retrospective of the art and visual effects designs that led to the mind-bending visions of Kubrick’s Space Odyssey.
Look: Stanley Kubrick! – Kubrick’s early work as a photographer chronicling 1940’s America for LOOK Magazine reflected his natural talent for visual storytelling.
4k Disc Content:
Blu-ray Disc 2 Bonus Content:
2001: The Making of a Myth – 2001 Channel 4 Documentary that offers a look into the impact of the film on Hollywood and the world.
Standing on the Shoulders of Kubrick: The Legacy of 2001 – Take a hypnotic journey with filmmakers whose own careers were inspired by this cinematic landmark.
Vision of a Future Passed: The Prophecy of 2001 – Kubrick and co-author Arthur C. Clarke created a finely detailed vision of the future in this documentary. Filmmakers, writers and Mr. Clarke himself reflect on the accuracy of their predictions
2001: A Space Odyssey: A Look Behind the Future – Look in on Look magazine’s charmingly retro tour of the London set of 2001: A Space Odyssey.
What is Out There? – Examine the philosophical themes of 2001: A Space Odyssey, including possibilities of extra-terrestrial life, the concept of god and the intersection of these two possibilities.
2001: FX and Early Conceptual Artwork – A retrospective of the art and visual effects designs that lead to the mind-bending visions of Kubrick’s Space Odyssey
Look: Stanley Kubrick! – Kubrick’s early work as a photographer chronicling 1940’s America for LOOK Magazine reflected his natural talent for visual storytelling.
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Traditional gifts for Valentine's Day
Traditionally, in the United States – we celebrate Valentine's Day by giving flowers, cards and chocolate. However, have you ever wondered where these traditions may have come from?
According to several online sources, the tradition of giving flowers to our "sweethearts" on Feb. 14 began in the 1800's, since roses, which (past and present) represent love – were the flowers of choice for the day.
It is offered that roses were the favorite flower of Venus, the goddess of love, because they represented strong emotions. As a result, lovers began giving flowers to those they cared about to...
For access to this article please sign in or subscribe. | https://www.westernnebraskaobserver.net/story/2016/02/11/news/traditional-gifts-for-valentines-day/2748.html?m=true |
Off White has the hex code #F8F0E3. The equivalent RGB values are (248, 240, 227), which means it is composed of 35% red, 34% green and 32% blue. The CMYK color codes, used in printers, are C:0 M:3 Y:9 K:3. In the HSV/HSB scale, Off White has a hue of 37°, 8% saturation and a brightness value of 97%.
Details of other color codes including equivalent web safe and HTML & CSS colors are given in the table below. Also listed are the closest Pantone® (PMS) and RAL colors.
Off white refers to any color close to, but not exactly white. Thus, colors like ivory and cream can be considered off-white. The color displayed on this page is just one example of an off white color. To apply it on web pages with HTML and/or CSS, use the hex, RGB, CMYK or HSB color values.
|Hex Code||#F8F0E3|
|RGB Values||(248, 240, 227)|
|CMYK Values||(0%, 3%, 9%, 3%)|
|HSV/HSB Values||(37°, 8%, 97%)|
|Closest Web Safe||#FFFFCC|
|Inverse Color||#070F1C [Rich Black (FOGRA29)]|
|Closest Pantone®||705 C|
|Closest RAL||9010 [Pure white]|
|Complementary Color||#E3EBF8 [Lavender (Web)]|
|Off White Converted to Grayscale Codes|
|Simple Average||#EEEEEE|
|Desaturated||#EEEEEE|
|Weighted Average (Most Common)||#F1F1F1|
|Weighted Average (Luma)||#F1F1F1|
|Weighted Average (Gamma Adjusted)||#F1F1F1|
The complement of Off White is Lavender (Web) with the hex code #E3EBF8. Complementary colors are those found at the opposite ends of the color wheel. Thus, as per the RGB system, the best contrast to #F8F0E3 color is offered by #E3EBF8. The complementary color palette is easiest to use and work with. Studies have shown that contrasting color palette is the best way to grab a viewer's attention.
The analogous colors of Off White (#F8F0E3) are Beige (#F6F8E3) and Misty Rose (#F8E6E3). In the RGB color wheel, these two analogous colors occur to the right and left of Off White with a 30° separation on either side. An analogous color palette is extremely soothing to the eyes and works wonders if your main color is soft or pastel.
As per the RGB color wheel, the split-complementary colors of Off White (#F8F0E3) are #E3F6F8 (Bubbles) and #E6E3F8 (Lavender (Web)). A split-complementary color palette consists of the main color along with those on either side (30°) of the complementary color. Based on our research, usage of split-complementary palettes is on the rise online, especially in graphics and web sites designs. It may be because it is not as contrasting as the complementary color palette and, hence, results in a combination which is pleasant to the eyes.
Off White triadic color palette has three colors each of which is separated by 120° in the RGB wheel. Thus, #E3F8F0 (Bright Gray) and #F0E3F8 (Lavender (Web)) along with #F8F0E3 create a stunning and beautiful triadic palette with the maximum variation in hue and, therefore, offering the best possible contrast when taken together.
The tetradic palette of Off White has four colors - #E3F8F0 (Bright Gray), #E3EBF8 (Lavender (Web)) and #F8E3EB (Piggy Pink) in addition to the base color (#F8F0E3). A tetradic color palette is complex and, in most cases, should not be used off-the-shelf. We suggest tweaking the colors slightly to achieve desired results.
Off White square color palette has #E3F8E6 (Nyanza), #E3EBF8 (Lavender (Web)) and #F8E3F6 (Pink Lace). Quite like triadic, the hues in a square palette are at the maximum distance from each other, which is 90°.
Note: For several colors purposes, a square palette may look much better than the tetrad color palette.
Our Off White rainbow color palette is based on the RGB model and consists of 7 colors, just like the traditional rainbow. You might not see a lot of variation in color, especially if the chosen color is dark or extremely light. However, this can lead interesting rainbow palettes that are faded, soft, pastel or dull. | https://www.color-name.com/off-white.color |
Q. I have become interested in gardening because the prices of vegetables are skyrocketing. I watched some gardening videos and read some articles, and am wondering which ones to grow for my family in Sakhi Hasan, Karachi. Which vegetables are easy to grow and require little effort?
A. Firstly, by the time your planted seeds would start producing harvest, the floods and its immediate repercussions might have already subsided, so the prices of fruits and vegetables would also be relatively more in control, because of government subsidies and the import of certain vegetables from neighbouring countries. But, generally, if you sow a seed today in favourable conditions, even then, it will take at least six to ten weeks before you have enough produce to harvest. Every plant needs care and effort. For those who are adopting gardening as a hobby for the first time, I would recommend that you begin with vegetables for which you don’t need to visit plant shops and nurseries frequently. You could opt for vegetables that are readily available in your kitchen, such as green leafy parts of garlic, spring onions, tomatoes, and even herbs like mint and coriander, which can be easily grown.
Q. Two months ago, I planted a small papaya plant that I bought from a nursery in Model Town, Lahore. The plant seemed to be doing well in the beginning, but now its new leaves are curling up. My gardener had planted eggplant near it. Could that be a reason? What can I do to make my papaya tree recover?
A. The papaya plant is very prone to leaf-curl virus and spider mite attack. You need to closely check and monitor the underside of the plant’s leaves. If there are small, white spider-like pests on the undersides of the curling leaves or the presence of webs, then it is possible that the plant is under a spider mite attack. You need to spray it with organic pesticide every 2 to 3 days. You would also need to frequently check the underside of your papaya plant leaves until you are sure that all the spider mites have been removed.
All your gardening queries answered here
If there are no pests present under the curling leaves, then it might be a leaf-curl attack, in which case, the survival of the plant is extremely difficult. In both cases, the proximity of eggplant has nothing to do with curling leaves.
Q. I have received a packet of cauliflower seeds as a present. Can these be sown in Karachi in September?
A. Yes, this is the right time to sow cauliflower seeds. All the best and happy gardening!
Q. I am a passionate gardener in Peshawar, and have grown a number of flowers in my house and at the school where I teach. I want to conduct an awareness webinar for young people in their early 20s, regarding the benefits of kitchen gardening. What would be the most important points that I should discuss with them to generate a curiosity and interest among them?
A. A true gardener should have a connection with any type of plants, be they floral, vegetables, ornamental or even cacti. The three points that you must discuss would be that kitchen gardening entails self-sufficiency, succession planting and organic gardening.
Being self-sufficient means that you need to grow herbs, vegetables or fruit in such quantities that you may not need to purchase these anymore. To become self-sufficient for any vegetable would be difficult, but it is possible quite easily in certain cases. Leafy vegetables such as mint, spinach or plants such as okra and peppers can be grown, especially if you are living in zones 10 or 11 (with minimum temperatures between -1C to 10C) that have only one or two months of winter.
Succession gardening means that once your plant is about to die, its successor plant is already growing to be transplanted in the same spot. It is not necessary for both plants to be exactly the same vegetable or fruit. The idea here is not to let your gardening space go empty for a few weeks to months, and continue getting harvests throughout the year.
Finally, instead of purchasing vegetables, fruits and herbs that are grown with inorganic, chemical fertilisers, organic gardening at home is a much better alternative. The only drawback is that the produce from healthy organic gardening may not look as appealing as that being grown commercially using hazardous, inorganic chemical fertilisers. | https://www.dawn.com/news/1710705/gardening-what-should-i-teach-youngsters-about-kitchen-gardening |
Help!
I'm not suppose to react Iron Chloride with Silver Nitrate in order to get Iron nitrate. If i'm suppose to keep one of the above ingredients and obtain a pure dry sample, what should i do?
I don't know the question. Why are you not supposed to react the two? and which ingredient do you want to keep? what pure dry product do you want to obtain? The silver in silver nitrate will precipitate silver chloride when reacted with iron nitrate. If you had a solution of the two, the white silver chloride, AgCl, will ppt and you can filter it out. The iron nitrate will stay in solution. Evaporation of the water will give you the iron nitrate crystals and it will be pure IF YOU ADDED JUST THE right AMOUNT OF AgNO3 to ppt all of the chloride with no excess AgNO3. You must add enough AgNO3 to ppt ALL of the chloride but not add excess AgNO3. I hope this helps. If I have guessed wrong about what you are trying to do, please repost and clarify exactly what you are looking for in an answer.
Sorry if i sounded confusing.
I have to obtain a pure dry product of Iron (II) Nitrate by modifying the experiment below:
Mixing Iron (II) Chloride with Silver Nitrate and filtering the AgCl and crystallising the remaining solution.
At the same time, I have to identify failures in the above experiment and keep either Iron (II) Chloride or Silver Nitrate and redesign this experiment to get Iron (II) Nitrate.
As both Iron (II)Nitrate and Iron (II) Chloride are soluble in water, we might obtain an impure sample if FeCl and AgNO3 do not fully react...
FeCl2 + AgNO3 ==> AgCl + Fe(NO3)2
I see. If you had too little AgNO3, then some FeCl2 will contaminate the Fe(NO3)2 and if you add too much AgNO3, then AgNO3 will contaminate the Fe(NO)3. In fact, that statement would be a good one to use for the failures. The ONLY way you can get pure Fe(NO3)2 this way is by adding just enough AgNO3 to react fully and completely with the last atom (more or less) of chloride from the FeCl2 without adding an excess of AgNO3. One way you can do that is to modify the experiment in such a way that you know when that exact amount of AgNO3 has been added. There are at least a couple of ways you might proceed. One way is to perform several "mini" experiments on a predetermined amount of FeCl2; for example, say 5 mL of your FeCl2 solution. Then very carefully add AgNO3, say 1 mL at a time, stir, let the ppt settle, then add another drop of AgNO3 and see if a ppt forms. If it does, you know you don't have enough AgNO3. Add another mL of AgNO3. Continue until you DON'T get a ppt when adding one more drop of AgNO3. That way you will bracket whether the FeCl2 requires 1, 2, 3, 4,or so mL. THEN take a new sample of FeCl2, add the required amount of AgNO3 (let's say you found 3 mL was not enough but 4 mL was too much--in this case add 3 mL). Then add a drop of AgNO3, stir, add another drop AgNO3 and observe if a ppt forms. Continue until the added drop does not produce AgCl. That way you will have no more than one drop too much AgNO3. I don't know if this will be pure enough for your experiment since I don't know all the rules but I suspect it will do. A second procedure is to add an indicator that will tell you when the right amount of AgNO3 has been added. One problem with that method is that then you have contamination from the indicator. I hope this is enough to get you started in the right direction.
thanks!
You're quite welcome. Please come again.
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The Children of Danu were the people of Danu or as the Irish called them – the Tuatha Dé Danann. I have completed several different version on the genealogy of the Tuatha Dé Danann.
The Tuatha Dé Danann, like the other invader of Ireland called the Firbolgs, were actually descendants of Nemed. Nemed had migrated to Ireland with his family and followers, known as the Nemedians, long before the arrival of the Firbolgs and the Tuatha Dé Danann. For this reason, I have included both the Nemedians and the Firbolgs in this page.
As to the last invaders, the Milesians or descendants of Míl, you will find a separate page for the genealogy of the Milesians.
My main sources for these family trees come from:
Lebor Gabálá Erenn: The Taking of Ireland
Cath Maige Tuired: The Second Battle of Mag Tuired
There are sources that can be used, which I have not read, such as
Dindshenchas
Duanaire Finn (Poem Book of Finn) 17th century
|Nemedians|
|Firbolgs|
|Tuatha De Danann|
Related Pages:
Book of Invasions
Tuatha Dé Danann
Fomoire (Fomorians)
Firbolgs
Milesians (genealogy)
The Nemedians were children and followers of Nemed. Nemed was a direct descendant of the Biblical Noah, through Japheth and Magog, Noah's son and grandson. According to the Book of Invasions, Magog settled around the Russian Steppes, the kingdom of the Scythians, where later, Nemed would leave, before migrating to Ireland. See the Nemedians in the Book of Invasions.
After the ruinous war against the Fomorians, the surviving Nemedians left Ireland. Several groups of people were descendants of the Nemedians, including the Firbolgs and the Tuatha Dé Danann.
Fergus Lethderg, Nemed's son, migrated to Alba (Scotland) with his son, Britain Máel, whom the whole island was named after.
Semion, the great-great-grandson of Nemed would migrated to Greece, where they later became known as the Firbolgs. The Firbolgs returned to Ireland after eleven generation after Semion.
Iobath, son of Beothach and the great-grandson of Nemed, had also migrated east to the northern island of Greece, or else to north-east of unknown location. Iobath was ancestor of Tuatha Dé Danann, who later returned to Ireland, shortly after the Firbolg migration.
See the Children of Danu in the Book of Invasions, for more detail about the Firbolgs and Tuatha Dé Danann.
For the sake of convenience, I have included the Cesairians and the Partholonians to the Nemedian genealogy, so that you can the close relationship that the Nemedians have with the other people.
|
|
The Firbolgs or Fir Bolgs were descendants of the surviving Nemedians who fled from Ireland to Greece. The Firbolgs arrived in Ireland 230 years after Starn departed from Ireland.
Seimon, the son of Erglan and great grandson of Starn (son of Nemed), was the leader who brought them to Greece. The Firbolgs didn't migrated to Ireland until eleven generations after Seimon.
Five sons of Dela migrated to Ireland with their family and followers, where they divided the whole isle between themselves. However their power in Ireland was short-lived, because they only ruled for 37 years, before Tuatha Dé Danann arrived and defeated them.
The Firbolgs' last king was Eochaid Mac Eirc, whose wife, Tailtiu, was the foster mother of Lugh Lamfata, the Danann hero and solar god.
See also the Firbolgs in the Book of Invasions.
Below is the family tree of the Firbolgs, during the arrival of Tuatha Dé Danann and the First Battle of Magh Tuiredh.
Eochaid Mac Erc was the last Firbolg king in Ireland, and he died in battle. Eochaid was married to Tailtiu, daughter of the King of Spain, who was sometimes known as Magmor (though this could be the name of place). Tailtiu was also the foster-mother of the Danann hero, Lugh Lamfada. One of the great fairs in Ireland was named after her. Lugh held a feast and funeral games after her death.
Tailtiu was a scene of the battle between the Danann and the Milesians, where the Milesians became the conqueror and the Danann were forced to live in the Otherworld.
The genealogy in Irish myths, particularly those of the Irish deities are very confusing. Particularly, if you decided to read from several different sources to construct the family tree.
Not only those genealogy of the Tuatha Dé Danann can be conflicting or contradicting from one source to other sources, but the genealogy can be conflicting within the same material (source). This can be frustrating.
Here, I have set up several different trees for the sake of completeness. Unfortunately, the three genealogy are far from complete, since there are other materials (sources or translated texts) that I have not yet read.
Please try to refrain from thinking that these genealogy to be accurate, since Irish myth never claimed to be accurate. It was much more easier completing genealogy for the Welsh deities than for the Irishs.
I have also a new tree called Nemedians, whom the Tuatha Dé Danann and the Firbolgs were descendants of.
|1st Genealogy|
|2nd Genealogy|
|3rd Genealogy|
1st Genealogy
The first genealogy show that most of the Tuatha Dé Danann come from the mother goddess, Danu. Danu, or Anu in Irish myth may have played a more important role in early Irish myth.
2nd Genealogy
The alternative genealogy show that some of the Tuatha Dé Danann are more closely related to the Fomorians.
Example of this, is that the Dagda and Ogma were seen as the son of Elatha, king of the Fomorians, and of Ethlinn, the daughter of Balor of the Evil Eye (a Fomorian leader).
Note that all the Tuatha Dé Danann and the Fomorians, shown below, are descendants of Alldui, a shadowy figure. Alldui was the grandfather of Neit and the great, great grandson of Nuada Airgetlám (Nuada of the Silver Hand). To avoid more confusion, I decided to leave out Alldui's different ancestors.
3rd Genealogy
Below, is another alternative genealogy, which show that the seven Danann champions or chieftain happened to be the seven sons of Ethliu.
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Home | Celtic Mythology | Otherworld | Warrior Society | Celtic Cycles
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---
author:
- 'Dorota Kotlorz[^1] and Andrzej Kotlorz[^2]'
date: 'October 23, 2013'
title: EVOLUTION OF THE TRUNCATED MELLIN MOMENTS OF THE PARTON DISTRIBUTIONS IN QCD ANALYSIS
---
Introduction {#Intro}
============
Understanding the details of the Bjorken-$x$ and $Q^2$ dependence of the nucleon structure functions is one of the most important challenges in high energy physics. Perturbative QCD provides a comprehensive framework for describing deep inelastic lepton-hadron scattering (DIS) and hadron-hadron collisions (H-H) in current and planned experiments. In this framework, where the high energy collisions proceed via partonic constituents of the hadron, a key role is played by universal parton distribution functions (PDFs). According to the factorization theorem, DIS or H-H cross section is a convolution of a short distance interaction, described by the partonic cross section $\hat{\sigma}_f$ and a long distance structure described by the parton distribution $q_f$.
Particularly interesting is a study of polarized processes which provides knowledge about the spin structure of the nucleon. Though recent experimental data and NLO analyses suggest that valence quarks carry the expected fraction of the nucleon spin, the main questions are still open: how the nucleon spin is distributed among its constituents: quarks (particularly sea quarks with negative helicity) and gluons and how the dynamics of these constituent interactions depends on spin. New experimental data in the resonance region from Jefferson Lab together with complementary data from HERMES, COMPASS and RHIC, are a crucial step towards better understanding of not only the flavor decomposition and gluon contributions to the nucleon spin but also the quark-hadron duality. The main goal of present polarized experiments is to determine the nucleon spin structure functions $g_1(x,Q^2)$, $g_2(x,Q^2)$ and their moments which are essential in testing QCD sum rules. The theoretical approach usually used in the description of these experimental results are the QCD evolution equations for the parton densities which change with $Q^2$ according to the well-known DGLAP equations [@b1; @b2; @b3; @b4]. This standard DGLAP approach operates on the parton densities $q$; hence their moments, which are, e.g., the contributions to the proton spin and other sum rules, can be obtained by the integration of the parton densities $q$ over Bjorken-$x$.
Alternatively, one can directly study the $Q^2$ evolution of the Mellin moments of the parton densities. The moments provide a natural framework in QCD analysis, as they originate from OPE - the basic formalism of quantum field theory. The idea of truncated Mellin moments (TMM) of the parton densities in QCD analysis was introduced and developed in the late 1990s [@b5; @b6; @b7; @b8]. The authors obtained the non-diagonal differential evolution equations in which the $n$th truncated moment coupled to all higher ones. The evolution equations for TMM within the $ln^2x$ approximation were found in [@b9], and finally DGLAP-type diagonal integro-differential evolution equations for the single and double truncated moments of the parton distribution functions were derived in [@b10], [@b11] and [@b12]. Evolution equations for double truncated moments and their application to study the quark-hadron duality were also discussed in [@b13].
The main finding of the truncated moments approach is that the $n$th moment of the parton distribution obeys also the DGLAP equation but with a rescaled splitting function $P'(z)=z^n P(z)$ [@b10]. This approach allows one to restrict the analysis to the experimentally available Bjorken-$x$ region. The evolution equations for TMM are universal - they are valid in each order of perturbation expansion (then Wilson coefficients rescale in the same way as the splitting functions) and can be an additional tool in QCD analysis of the unpolarized as well as the polarized nucleon structure functions.
In this paper, we review our main results on the truncated moments approach. In the next section, we present the evolution equations for the truncated moments of the parton distributions. Section 3 contains relations between the truncated and untruncated Mellin moments, useful for solving evolution equations. Section 4 describes determination of the parton densities from their truncated moments. Implications of the TMM approach for analysis of the polarized structure functions $g_1$ and $g_2$ are presented in Sections 5 and 6, respectively. We show the evolution of TMM of $g_1$ together with the predictions for the Bjorken sum rule. Then we present the Wandzura-Wilczek relation and sum rules in terms of the truncated moments. We also give the evolution equations. Finally, in summary, we highlight possible future applications of the truncated moments approach in QCD analysis.
The evolution equations for the truncated Mellin moments of the parton distributions {#sec.2}
====================================================================================
The structure functions of the nucleon can be expressed in terms of the parton distributions. These depend on two kinematic variables: the Bjorken $x$ and $Q^2=-q^2$ with $q$ being the four-momentum transfer in the deep-inelastic lepton-nucleon scattering (DIS). The scaling variable is defined as $x=Q^2/(2pq)$, where $p$ is the nucleon four-momentum. The strong interactions between quarks and gluons cause changes in the parton densities. For medium and large $x$, the $Q^2$ evolution of the parton distributions is described by the standard Dokshitzer-Gribov-Lipatov-Altarelli-Parisi (DGLAP) equations [@b1]-[@b4]: $$\label{eq.2.1}
\frac{dq(x,Q^2)}{d\ln Q^2}=\frac{\alpha_s(Q^2)}{2\pi}\; (P\otimes q)(x,Q^2),$$ where $\alpha_s(Q^2)$ is the running coupling, $\otimes$ denotes the Mellin convolution $$\label{eq.2.3}
(A\otimes B)(x)\equiv\int\limits_{x}^{1} \frac{dz}{z}\,
A\left(\frac{x}{z}\right)\,B(z),$$ and $P(z)$ is the splitting function, which can be expanded in a power series of $\alpha_s(Q^2)$.
In the DGLAP approach, the main role is played by the PDFs and in our TMM approach we study directly the $Q^2$ evolution of the truncated moments of the PDFs. In [@b10], we found that the single truncated moments of the parton distributions $q(x,Q^2)$, defined as $$\label{eq.2.8}
\bar{q}^{n}(x_0,Q^2)=\int\limits_{x_0}^1 dx\, x^{n-1}\, q(x,Q^2),$$ obey the DGLAP-like equation $$\label{eq.2.9}
\frac{d\bar{q}^n(x_0,Q^2)}{d\ln Q^2}=
\frac{\alpha_s(Q^2)}{2\pi}\; (P'\otimes \bar{q}^n)(x_0,Q^2).$$ A role of the splitting function is played here by $P'(n,z)$: $$\label{eq.2.10}
P'(n,z)= z^n\, P(z).$$ Since the experimental data cover only a limited range of $x$, except very small $x\rightarrow 0$ as well as large $x\rightarrow 1$, it is very natural and convenient to deal with the double truncated moments. Truncation at large $x$ is less important in comparison to the small-$x$ limit because of the rapid decrease of the parton densities as $x\rightarrow 1$; nevertheless, a comprehensive theoretical analysis requires an equal treatment of both truncated limits.
The double truncated moment $$\label{eq.2.11}
\bar{q}^{n}(x_{min},x_{max},Q^2)=
\int\limits_{x_{min}}^{x_{max}} dx\, x^{n-1}\, q(x,Q^2),$$ as it is a subtraction of two single truncated ones, also satisfies the DGLAP-type evolution Eq. (\[eq.2.9\]) [@b11; @b12; @b13]: $$\label{eq.2.12}
\frac{d\bar{q}^n(x_{min},x_{max},Q^2)}{d\ln Q^2} =
\frac{\alpha_s(Q^2)}{2\pi}\;
\int\limits_{x_{min}}^{1}\frac{dz}{z}\; P'(n,z)\;
\bar{q}^n\left( \frac{x_{min}}{z}, \frac{x_{max}}{z}, Q^2 \right)$$ with $P'$ given again by Eq. (\[eq.2.10\]).
Our approach, Eq. (\[eq.2.9\]) - Eq. (\[eq.2.12\]), is valid for the coupled DGLAP equations for quarks and gluons and for any approximation (LO, NLO, NNLO, etc.). For clarity, we present here only the nonsinglet and leading order part. In higher order analysis (eg. NLO), truncated moments of the structure functions assume the form $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq.2.13}
\bar g_{1\,n}(x,Q^2) = \frac{1}{2}\sum_q e_q^2\;\times \nonumber\\
\times\left [\Delta\bar{q}_{\,n}(x,Q^2) + \frac{\alpha_s(Q^2)}{2\pi}
\left ( C_q'(n)\otimes\Delta\bar{q}_{\,n} + C_G'(n)\otimes
\Delta\bar{G}_{\,n}\right )(x,Q^2) \right ],\end{aligned}$$ where the Wilson coefficients rescale in the same way as the splitting functions: $$\label{eq.2.14}
C_{i}'(n,x) = x^n\,C_{i}(x).$$ Let us emphasize that the evolution equations for the double truncated moments, Eq. (\[eq.2.12\]), are in fact a valuable generalization of those for the single truncated and untruncated ones. Setting $x_{min} = x_0$ or $x_{min} = 0$ and $x_{max} = 1$ one obtains Eq. (\[eq.2.9\]) or the well-known renorm-group equation for the moments $$\label{eq.2.15}
\frac{d\bar{q}^{n}(Q^2)}{d\ln Q^2}=\frac{\alpha_s(Q^2)}{2\pi}\;
\gamma^n(Q^2)\, \bar{q}^{n}(Q^2),$$ respectively.
In the next section, we present relations between truncated and untruncated moments which are useful for solving the evolution equations.
Relations between truncated and untruncated moments {#sec.3}
===================================================
The evolution equations for the truncated moments, Eq. (\[eq.2.9\]), are very similar to those for the PDF. In both cases, one deals with functions of two variables $x$ and $Q^2$ (with additionally fixed index $n$ for moments), which obey the differentio-integral Volterra-like equations. The only difference lies in the splitting function, which for moments has the rescaled form Eq. (\[eq.2.10\]). This similarity allows one to solve the equations for truncated moments with the use of standard methods of solving the DGLAP equations. Analysis of the evolution performed in moment space, when applied to the truncated moments, implies dealing with such an exotic structure as ‘Moment of Moment’. Let us discuss this in detail and introduce some useful relations involving untruncated and truncated Mellin moments.
There are in literature several methods for the solution of the integro-differential DGLAP equations. They are based on either the polynomial expansion or the Mellin transformation - for review see, e.g., [@b14]. In our previous studies on the evolution of the truncated moments we used the Chebyshev polynomial technique [@b15], earlier widely applied by Jan Kwieciński in many QCD treatments - for details see, e.g., Appendix of [@b16]. Using this method one obtains the system of linear differential equations instead of the original integro-differential ones. The Chebyshev expansion provides a robust method of discretising a continuous problem.
An alternative approach is based on the Mellin transformation and the moment factorization. Taking the $s$-th moment of the evolution equation (\[eq.2.9\]) one obtains $$\label{eq.4.1}
\frac{dM^{s,\, n}(Q^2)}{d\ln Q^2}=\frac{\alpha_s(Q^2)}{2\pi}\;
\gamma^{s+n}(Q^2)\, M^{s,\, n}(Q^2),$$ where $M^{s,\, n}$ denotes here the $s$-th (untruncated) moment of the $n-$th truncated moment of the parton density: $$\label{eq.4.2}
M^{s,\, n}(Q^2) = \int\limits_{0}^{1} dx\, x^{s-1}\, \bar{q}^{n}(x,Q^2).$$ Analogically to the well known solutions for the PDFs, we can immediately write down solutions for the truncated moments: $$\label{eq.4.3}
M^{s,\, n}(Q^2) = M^{s,\, n}(Q_0^2)
\left[\frac{\alpha_s(Q_0^2)}{\alpha_s(Q^2)}\right]^{\,b\,\gamma^{s+n}}$$ and $$\label{eq.4.4}
\bar{q}^n(x,Q^2)=\frac{1}{2\pi i}\int\limits_{c-i\infty}^{c+i\infty}
ds\, x^{-s}\, M^{s,\, n}(Q^2).$$ The quantity $M^{s,\, n}$, which is rather exotic and has no physical meaning, can be replaced by the usual truncated moment $\bar{q}$. In [@b12], we found useful relations between the truncated and untruncated moments, namely: $$\label{eq.4.5}
M^{s,\, n} =
\frac{1}{s}\int\limits_{0}^1 dz\, z^{s+n-1} q(z) =
\frac{1}{s}\, \bar{q}^{s+n},$$ $$\label{eq.4.6}
\bar{q}^n(x,Q^2)=\frac{1}{2\pi i}\int\limits_{c-i\infty}^{c+i\infty}
ds\,\frac{x^{-s}}{s}\, \bar{q}^{s+n}(Q^2)$$ and $$\label{eq.4.7}
\bar{q}^s(Q^2) = (s-n)\, M^{s-n,\, n}(Q^2) =
(s-n)\int\limits_{0}^{1} dx\, x^{s-n-1}\,\bar{q}^n(x,Q^2).$$ Eqs. (\[eq.4.5\]), (\[eq.4.6\]) and (\[eq.4.7\]) have a large practical meaning in solving the evolution equations of TMM. Particularly, Eq. (\[eq.4.6\]) seems to be helpful when the untruncated moments are known, e.g., from lattice calculations.
In the next sections we will discuss some implications of our approach for QCD analysis.
Determination of the parton distributions from their TMM {#sec.4}
========================================================
The TMM approach, which refers to the physical values - moments (not to the parton densities), allows one to study directly their evolution and the scaling violation. The solutions for truncated moments can also be used in the determination of the parton distribution functions via differentiation $$\label{eq.6.1}
q(x,Q^2) = -x^{1-n}\:\frac{\partial\bar{q}_{n}(x,Q^2)}{\partial x},$$ In order to reconstruct initial parton densities at scale $Q_0^2$ from their truncated moments, given, e.g., by experimental data at scale $Q^2$, we evolve moments between these two scales down (from $Q^2$ to $Q_0^2$) and then perform the final fit of free parameters - for details see [@b11].
We proceed with the following steps:\
1. Preparing available experimental data for moments $\bar{q}_{n}(x_0,Q_1^2)$ as a function of $x_{min}\leq x_0\leq 1$ at the same scale $Q_1^2$.\
2. Interpolation of the given data points into the points that are Chebyshev nodes. This allows us to use the Chebyshev polynomial technique for solving the evolution equations.\
3. Evolution of the truncated moments from $Q_1^2$ to $Q_2^2$, according to (\[eq.2.1\]), for different $x_{min}\leq x_0\leq 1$.\
4. Reconstruction of the parton density $q(x,Q_2^2)$ from its truncated moment at the same scale $Q_2^2$ by applying the minimizing algorithm to fit free parameters.\
In [@b11], we tested this method on the nonsinglet function parametrized in the general form $$\label{eq.6.2}
q(x,Q_0^2) = N(\alpha, \beta, \gamma)\:x^{\alpha} (1-x)^{\beta}(1+\gamma x),$$ and also on the original fits for HERMES [@b17] and COMPASS [@b18] data.
![Initial spin-dependent valence quark distributions $x(\Delta u_{v}-\Delta d_{v})$, $x\Delta u_{v}$ and $x\Delta d_{v}$ at $Q_0^2=4\;{\rm GeV}^2$: dotted - reconstructed from HERMES data for the first truncated moment of the nonsinglet polarized function $g_1^{NS}$ at $Q^2=5\;{\rm GeV}^2$ [@b17], solid - original BB fit [@b19]. Plots for $x(\Delta u_{v}-\Delta d_{v})$ overlap each other.](fig1.eps){width="85mm"}
![Initial spin-dependent valence quark distributions $x(\Delta u_{v}+\Delta d_{v})$, $x\Delta u_{v}$ and $x\Delta d_{v}$ at $Q_0^2=0.5\;{\rm GeV}^2$: dotted - reconstructed from COMPASS data for the first truncated moment of the function $\Delta u_{v}+\Delta d_{v}$ at $Q^2=10\;{\rm GeV}^2$ [@b18], solid - original DNS fit [@b20]. Plots for $x(\Delta u_{v}+\Delta d_{v})$ overlap each other.](fig2.eps){width="85mm"}
In Figs. 1-2, we show the spin-dependent valence quark distributions reconstructed from HERMES [@b17] and COMPASS [@b18] data. From these plots one can see satisfactory agreement between the reconstructed fits and experimental data. The reconstructed combined functions $x(\Delta u_{v}-\Delta d_{v})$ and $x(\Delta u_{v}+\Delta d_{v})$ overlap HERMES and COMPASS results, respectively. For the extracted valence quark densities alone the agreement is worse but still acceptable. We have found, however, that these fits are not unique and equally good agreement with the data can be obtained with the use of other (not only BB and DNS respectively) sets of free parameters. When the number of adjustable parameters is large ($>3$) and there are no experimental points from the low-$x$ region $x<0.001$, one cannot distinguish which fit is the best one. Only an additional constraint for small-$x$ behaviour of the parton densities makes the fit procedure more reliable. Let us also mention that due to its large-$x$ sensitivity, the second moment can be helpful in the precise final reconstruction of the parton density [@b11]. Concluding, even for the large number of adjustable parameters (6 for HERMES and 8 for COMPASS data), the presented method of reconstruction can be a hopeful tool for determining parton densities from experimental results for their truncated moments.
TMM in analysis of the spin structure function $g_1$ {#sec.5}
====================================================
For a complete description of the nucleon spin, one needs two polarized structure functions: $g_1$ and $g_2$. Recently, a new generation of experiments with high polarized luminosity performed at the Jefferson Lab allows a more precise study of the polarized structure functions and their moments. This is crucial in our understanding of the QCD spin sum rules, higher-twist effects and quark-hadron duality.
The function $g_1$ has a simple interpretation in the parton model: $$\label{eq.5.1}
g_1(x) = \frac{1}{2}\sum_i e_i\, \Delta q_i(x),$$ Powerful tools to study the internal spin structure of the nucleon are sum rules. One of them is the Bjorken sum rule (BSR) [@BSR] which refers to the first moment of the nonsinglet spin dependent structure function $g_1^{NS}(x,Q^2)$: $$\label{eq.5.2}
\Gamma_1^{p-n} = \int_0^1 dx\, g_1^{NS}(x,Q^2)=\int_0^1 dx\, (g_1^p-g_1^n).$$ Due to of $SU_f(2)$ flavour symmetry, BSR is regarded as exact. Thus, all of estimations of polarized parton distributions should be performed under the assumption that the BSR is valid. In the limit of the infinite momentum transfer $Q^2$, BSR has the form $$\label{eq.5.3}
\Gamma_1^{p-n} =
\int\limits_{0}^{1} dx\, g_1^{NS}(x,Q ^2) =
\frac {1}{6}\left | {\frac{g_A}{g_V}}\right |$$ where $|{\frac{g_A}{g_V}}|$ is the neutron $\beta$-decay constant $$\label{eq.5.4}
\left | {\frac{g_A}{g_V}} \right | = F + D = 1.28.$$ With the next perturbative orders and higher twists corrections, the BSR reads $$\label{eq.5.5}
\Gamma_1^{p-n}(Q^2) =
\underbrace{\frac {1}{6} \left | {\frac{g_A}{g_V}} \right |
\left [\, 1-\frac{\alpha_s}{\pi}-3.58\,\frac{\alpha_s^2}{\pi^2}
-20.21\,\frac{\alpha_s^3}{\pi^3}+\;...\,\right ]}_{leading\;\;\; twist} +
\underbrace{\sum_{i=2}^{\infty}\frac{\mu_{2i}(Q^2)}{Q^{2i-2}}}_{higher\;\;\;
twists}.$$ Since experimental data cover only a restricted region of the Bjorken-$x$ variable and, in fact, provide knowledge on truncated moments of the structure functions, it is very natural to use the TMM approach in analysis of these data. The TMM approach allows for a direct study of the contributions to the BSR. In Figs. 3-5 and in Table 1, we present the results for the evolution of the first truncated moment of $g_1^{NS}$, namely $$\label{eq.5.6}
\Gamma_1^{p-n}(x_0,1,Q^2) = \int\limits_{x_0}^{1}g_1^{NS}(x,Q^2)\,dx.$$
{width="90mm"}
{width="90mm"}
![First truncated moment of $g_1^{p-n}$ vs truncation point $x_0$ at evolution scale $Q^2=\rm{3\, GeV^2}$ for different small-$x$ behaviour of the input parametrization $g_1^{p-n}(x,Q_0^2) = N\,x^{\alpha}(1-x)^3$: $\alpha =$ $\rm{0}$ (solid), $\rm{-0.2}$ (dashed) and $\rm{-0.4}$ (dotted). Comparison with COMPASS data [@COMPASS].](fig5.eps){width="90mm"}
Figure 3 shows $\Gamma_1^{p-n}(x_0,1,Q^2)$ as a function of the truncation point $x_0$ for different scales $Q^2$. Figure 4 presents the $Q^2$ evolution of $\Gamma_1^{p-n}(x_0,1,Q^2)$ for different $x_0$. In Fig. 5 we compare our predictions for different input parametrization of the nonsinglet structure function $g_1^{NS}(x,Q_0^2)$ at the initial scale $Q_0^2=1\;{\rm GeV}^2$: $$\label{eq.5.7}
g_1^{NS}(x,Q_0^2) = N x^{\alpha}(1-x)^{\beta}$$ with experimental COMPASS data [@COMPASS]. Here we take into account the first perturbative correction to the BSR: $-\alpha_s /\pi$. In Table 1 we present truncated contributions to the Bjorken sum rule obtained for different small-$x$ behaviour of the input parametrizations of $g_1^{NS}(x,Q_0^2)$. Our predictions are compared with experimental HERMES [@b17] and COMPASS [@COMPASS] data.
INPUT $x$ -range $Q^2\,[\rm{GeV}^2]$ $\Gamma_1^{NS}$ EXP $\Gamma_1^{NS}$
------------------- ------------ --------------------- ----------------- ------------------------------
$(1-x)^3$ 0.161 HERMES
$x^{-0.2}(1-x)^3$ 0.021-0.9 5 0.149 $0.1479\pm 0.0055\pm 0.0142$
$x^{-0.4}(1-x)^3$ 0.131
$(1-x)^3$ 0.177 COMPASS
$x^{-0.2}(1-x)^3$ 0.004-0.7 3 0.173 $0.175\pm 0.009\pm 0.015$
$x^{-0.4}(1-x)^3$ 0.163
: Theoretical predictions for truncated contributions to the BSR for different small-$x$ behaviour of $g_1^{NS}$. Comparison with the HERMES and COMPASS data.
TMM in analysis of the spin structure function $g_2$ {#sec.6}
====================================================
Unlikely $g_1$, the structure function $g_2$ has no simple interpretation in the parton model. Due to the technical difficulties of obtaining transversely polarized targets, the structure function $g_2$ has not been a topic of investigations for a long time. Recently, new experimental data at low and intermediate momentum transfers have made $g_2$ also a valuable and hopeful tool to study the spin structure of the nucleon. The function $g_2$ provides knowledge on higher twist effects which are a reflection of the quark-gluon correlations in the nucleon.
The experimental value of the function $g_2$, measured in the small to intermediate $Q^2$ region, consists of two parts: the twist-2 (leading) and the higher twist term: $$\label{eq.6.4}
g_2(x,Q^2) = g_2^{LT}(x,Q^2) + g_2^{HT}(x,Q^2).$$ The leading-twist term $g_2^{LT}$ can be determined from the structure function $g_1$ via the Wandzura-Wilczek relation [@b23] $$\label{eq.6.5}
g_2^{LT}(x,Q^2) = g_2^{WW}(x,Q^2) = -g_1(x,Q^2) + \int_x^1 \frac{dy}{y}\,
g_1(y,Q^2).$$ Then, from the measurements of $g_1$ and $g_2$, using the Wandzura-Wilczek approximation, Eq. (\[eq.6.5\]), one is able to extract the higher-twist term $g_2^{HT}$. In [@b12], we found a generalization of the Wandzura-Wilczek relation in terms of the truncated moments: $$\label{eq.6.7}
\bar{g}_2^n(x_0,Q^2) = \frac{1-n}{n}\: \bar{g}_1^n(x_0,Q^2)
- \frac{x_0^n}{n}\:\bar{g}_1^0(x_0,Q^2),$$ where $$\label{eq.6.8}
\bar{g}_{1,2}^{n}(Q^2)=\int\limits_{0}^1 dx\, x^{n-1}\, g_{1,2}(x,Q^2),$$ $$\label{eq.6.9}
\bar{g}_{1,2}^{n}(x_0,Q^2)=\int\limits_{x_0}^1 dx\, x^{n-1}\, g_{1,2}(x,Q^2),$$ and $$\label{eq.6.10}
\bar{g}_1^{0}(x_0,Q^2)=\int\limits_{x_0}^1 \frac{dx}{x}\, g_1(x,Q^2).$$ It is easy to see that for the untruncated moments, Eq. (\[eq.6.7\]), takes the well-known form $$\label{eq.6.6}
\bar{g}_2^n(Q^2) = \frac{1-n}{n}\: \bar{g}_1^n(Q^2).$$ From Eq. (\[eq.6.7\]), setting $n=1$ and $x_0\rightarrow 0$, one can automatically obtain the Burkhardt-Cottingham sum rule (BC) [@b24] for $g_2^{WW}$: $$\label{eq.6.15}
\int\limits_0^1 dx\, g_2(x,Q^2) = 0.$$ Using the generalization of the Wandzura-Wilczek relation, Eq. (\[eq.6.7\]), for $n=1$ at two different points of the truncation and applying the BC sum rule, Eq. (\[eq.6.15\]), we obtain an interesting relation: $$\label{eq.6.16}
\int\limits_{x_1}^{x_2} dx\, g_2^{WW}(x,Q^2) =
(x_2-x_1)\int\limits_{x_2}^1\frac{dx}{x}\,g_1(x,Q^2)-
x_1\int\limits_{x_1}^{x_2}\frac{dx}{x}\, g_1(x,Q^2),$$ which can be very useful in determination of the partial twist-2 contribution to the BC sum rule. Namely, setting $x_1=0$ and $x_2=x_0$, when $x_0\rightarrow 0$, one can get the small-$x$ contribution to the BC sum rule: $$\label{eq.6.17}
\int\limits_{0}^{x_0} dx\, g_2^{WW}(x,Q^2) =
x_0\int\limits_{x_0}^1\frac{dx}{x}\,g_1(x,Q^2).$$ Now we would like to discuss the problem of the $Q^2$ evolution of $g_2$ [@b12]. While a general DGLAP-type equation for $g_2$ does not exist, for the twist-3 component of $g_2$ suitable evolution equation is known (see eg. [@b25]). In the leading twist-2 approximation, the $Q^2$ evolution of $g_2$ is governed by the evolution of $g_1$, according to the Wandzura-Wilczek relation. Since the second term on the r.h.s. of Eq. (\[eq.6.5\]) is the $n=0$th truncated moment of the function $g_1$ Eq. (\[eq.6.10\]), we can rewrite the Wandzura-Wilczek relation in the form $$\label{eq.6.21}
g_2^{WW}(x,Q^2) = -g_1(z,Q^2) + \bar{g}_1^0(z,Q^2)$$ and obtain the evolution equation for $g_2^{WW}$: $$\label{eq.6.19}
\frac{dg_2^{WW}(x,Q^2)}{d\ln Q^2} = -\frac{dg_1(x,Q^2)}{d\ln Q^2}+
\frac{d\bar{g}_1^0(x,Q^2)}{d\ln Q^2}.$$ It is worth noting that according to Eqs. (\[eq.2.9\]),(\[eq.2.10\]), the $n=0$th truncated moment of the parton distribution $q$ evolves in the same way as $q$ itself ($P'(0,z)=P(z)$). Taking this into account in the case of $g_1$ we obtain from Eqs. (\[eq.6.19\]), (\[eq.6.21\]) the evolution equation $$\label{eq.6.20}
\frac{dg_2^{WW}(x,Q^2)}{d\ln Q^2} = \frac{\alpha_s(Q^2)}{2\pi}
\int\limits_x^1 \frac{dz}{z}\,P\left(\frac{x}{z}\right)\left[
\bar{g}_1^0(z,Q^2)-g_1(z,Q^2)\right]$$ or finally $$\label{eq.6.22}
\frac{dg_2^{WW}(x,Q^2)}{d\ln Q^2} = \frac{\alpha_s(Q^2)}{2\pi}
\int\limits_x^1 \frac{dz}{z}\,P\left(\frac{x}{z}\right)\, g_2^{WW}(z,Q^2).$$ The above formula shows that the twist-2 component of the function $g_2$ obeys the standard DGLAP evolution with the same evolution kernel as $g_1$. In this way, we obtained a system of evolution equations for $$\label{eq.6.23}
g_2 = g_2^{EXP} = g_2^{WW} + g_2^{twist-3}:$$ $$\label{eq.6.24}
\frac{d\left[g_2^{EXP}(x,Q^2)-g_2^{WW}(x,Q^2)\right]}{d\ln Q^2} =
\frac{\alpha_s(Q^2)}{2\pi}\int\limits_x^1 \frac{dz}{z}\,P^{twist-3}
\left(\frac{x}{z}\right)\, \left[g_2^{EXP}(z,Q^2)-g_2^{WW}(z,Q^2)\right],$$ $$\label{eq.6.25}
\frac{dg_2^{WW}(x,Q^2)}{d\ln Q^2} = \frac{\alpha_s(Q^2)}{2\pi}
\int\limits_x^1 \frac{dz}{z}\,P\left(\frac{x}{z}\right)\, g_2^{WW}(z,Q^2).$$
{width="90mm"}
{width="90mm"}
In Figs. 6-7, we present numerical solutions of Eq. (\[eq.6.22\]) calculated in LO, for different low-$x$ behaviour of $g_1^{NS}\sim x^{\alpha}$ and for different $Q^2$. Fig. 6 shows the predictions for $xg_2^{NS}$ vs $x$ for different scales of $Q^2$: 1, 10 and 100 $\rm{GeV^2}$. In the input parametrization of $g_1^{NS}\sim x^{\alpha}$ we assume at the scale $Q_0^2$ $\alpha = -0.4$. Note that $xg_2^{NS}$ is positive for low-$x$, at about $x=0.1-0.2$ changes sign and becomes negative for larger $x$. This is in agreement with the BC sum rule. One can see also that with increasing $Q^2$, an $x$-intercept of $g_2^{NS}$ occurs at smaller values of $x$. In Fig. 7, we compare the predictions for $g_2^{NS}$ for different small-$x$ behaviour of the $g_1^{NS}$ parametrization: $\alpha =0,\,-0.4,\,-0.8$. We find that more singular small-$x$ behaviour of $g_1$ implies smaller value of the $x$-intercept of $g_2$.
Summary {#sec.7}
=======
This paper is a review of our studies on the truncated Mellin moments of the parton distributions. We presented the evolution equations for the single and double truncated $n$-th moments and useful relations between the truncated and untruncated moments. We gave examples of application of our approach to the determination of the PDFs and to QCD analysis of the spin-dependent structure functions $g_1$ and $g_2$. We presented the Wandzura-Wilczek relation in terms of the truncated moments, which implies the truncated sum rules. We also discussed the system of the DGLAP evolution equations for $g_2$. We presented the numerical predictions for the evolution of the truncated moments of $g_1^{NS}$ and the contributions to the BSR. We tested different small-$x$ behaviour of the initial parametrization of $g_1^{NS}$ and compared our results with COMPASS data.
The method of the truncated moments enables one direct, efficient study of the evolution of the moments (and hence sum rules) for non-spin as well as for spin-dependent parton distributions and can be used in all orders of perturbative theory. The adaptation of the evolution equations for the available experimentally $x$-region provides a new, additional tool for analysis of the nucleon structure functions.
Finally, let us list possible future applications of the TMM approach:
- Study of the fundamental properties of the nucleon structure, concerning moments of $F_1$, $F_2$ and $g_1$. These are: the momentum fraction carried by quarks, quark helicities contributions to the spin of nucleon and, what is particularly important, estimation of the polarized gluon contribution $\Delta G$ from COMPASS and RHIC data.
- Determination of Higher Twist (HT) effects from the moments of $g_2$ in the restricted $x$-region, which will be measured at JLab and can provide information on the quark-hadron duality.
- Test of Burkhardt-Cottingham and Efremov-Leader-Teryaev sum rules [@b26], also for their truncated contributions together with comparison to experimental data.
- Predictions for the generalized parton distributions (GPDs). Moments of the GPDs can be related to the total angular momentum (spin and orbital) carried by various quark flavors. Measurements of DVCS, sensitive to GPDs, will be carried out at JLab. This would be an important step towards a full understanding of the nucleon spin.
Concluding, in light of the recent progress in experimental program, theoretical efforts in improving our knowledge of the nucleon structure functions and their moments are of great importance.\
\
Acknowledgements {#acknowledgements .unnumbered}
================
DK is grateful to JINR for an opportunity to work here and to BLTP for the warm hospitality.
[99]{}
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[^1]: Opole University of Technology, Division of Physics, Ozimska 75, 45-370 Opole, Poland, e-mail: [[email protected]]{}
[^2]: Opole University of Technology, Division of Mathematics and Applied Informatics, Luboszycka 3, 45-036 Opole, Poland, e-mail: [[email protected]]{}
| |
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
No. 99-10175
Summary Calendar
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
GARY DEAN POSEY,
Defendant-Appellant.
--------------------
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Texas
USDC No. 2:97-CR-61-ALL-1
--------------------
October 1, 1999
Before HIGGINBOTHAM, DeMOSS, and STEWART, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
Gary Dean Posey appeals his sentences for failure to appear
and for felon in possession of a firearm. He asserts that the
district court erred in failing to apply the methodology set
forth in the November 1, 1998, version of U.S.S.G. § 2J1.6,
comment. (n.3).
Posey did not raise this specific objection in the district
court. Accordingly, we review only for plain error. See United
States v. Spires, 79 F.3d 464, 465 (5th Cir. 1996). To obtain
relief under the plain-error standard, Posey must show an error
*
Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined
that this opinion should not be published and is not precedent
except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR.
R. 47.5.4.
No. 99-10175
-2-
by the district court which is clear or obvious and which affects
his substantial rights. See United States v. Calverley, 37 F.3d
160, 162-63 (5th Cir. 1994) (en banc).
Posey has demonstrated that the district court plainly erred
in omitting to apply the methodology set forth in the amended
version of § 2J1.6, comment. (n.3). The presentence report
states that the November 1, 1997, version of the Sentencing
Guidelines was used to calculate Posey’s sentence. Because he
was sentenced on February 8, 1999, the November 1, 1998, version
of § 2J1.6, comment. (n.3) applies to Posey’s case. See 18
U.S.C. § 3553(a)(4)(A). The approach set forth in that
application note requires that Posey’s failure-to-appear
conviction be treated as an obstruction-of-justice enhancement to
the underlying felon-in-possession sentence and that the two
convictions then be grouped together pursuant to § 3D1.2(c).
This yields a guideline imprisonment range of 46 to 57 months.
Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3146(b)(2), the term of imprisonment
for the failure-to-appear conviction must be consecutive to any
term of imprisonment imposed for the underlying felon-in-
possession conviction. Therefore, if, on remand, the district
court elects to impose a term of imprisonment on the failure-to-
appear conviction, Posey must receive two distinct sentences, and
these sentences must be consecutive. Under § 2J1.6, comment.
(n.3), however, the sum of these two sentences must not exceed
the applicable guideline range of 46 to 57 months’ imprisonment.
Posey’s sentence is hereby VACATED, and the matter REMANDED
to the district court for resentencing in accordance with
No. 99-10175
-3-
§ 2J1.6, comment. (n.3). His request to withdraw the other
issues briefed on appeal is GRANTED.
VACATED AND REMANDED.
| |
According to mixed-media arts teacher Martha Ortman, her class was asked to design a poster for Building Assets Reducing Risks’ 20th anniversary.
“My class, mixed-media, is creating art that has an urban feel to it, hopefully uses the Building Assets Reducing Risks (BARR) colors and might use the number 20 because it’s the 20th anniversary of this program,” Ortman said.
Junior Hattie Kugler said she was designing an invitation for the BARR anniversary using magazine cutouts.
“I am using parts of cut out computers from magazines to use as buildings in my design, and I’m also using tissue paper in it to give it texture,” Kugler said.
Senior Ashley Severson said her design was focused on the rainbow in BARR’s logo.
“I am doing a brick background with mannequins in the front wearing the BARR colors,” Severson said.
Ortman said BARR wanted the poster’s aesthetic to have an industrial look to match with the core values of the company.
“Carrie Jennissen, who is the spearhead for creating the artwork for this assignment, said she just wanted something that has an urban feel to it, so it’s not in the country and not fluffy or flowery, so things that are in an urban setting like buildings bricks and metal,” Ortman said.
Severson said designing was a fun opportunity.
“The process of trying to find materials is pretty interesting as we try to figure out different textures to put in the piece and see how they can work together,” Severson said.
Ortman said the opportunity is a great creative outlet for anyone who can work well with minimal restrictions.
“The project has a lot of openness and is all their voice instead of an assigned project, so they can choose to do whatever they want,” Ortman said.
What’s up, my name is David Bryant, the entertainment editor this year. I am all about the local music scene and talking about it. I am in a band @9voltmn... | https://slpecho.com/features/school-clubs-and-activities/2018/10/08/mixed-media-competition-sparks-interest-within-art-classes/ |
The study dealt with the role of implantation ISO 9001: 2015 certifications on customer satisfaction and employees performance The problem of the study is that many banking institutions are not concerned with the implementation ISO 9001: 2015, which makes them lose their competitive advantage. , The study tested the following hypotheses: - There is a statistically significant relationship between the implementation ISO 9001: 2015 and customer satisfaction, quality of service, employee performance and employee loyalty. The study used the analytical descriptive method using the SPSS program to analyze the results of the field study, and found that the implementation ISO 9001: 2015 system in the worker National Bank has a positive relationship with customer satisfaction with an average of (2.64) and a correlation coefficient (0.796) and a positive relationship with the quality of service with an average of (2.55) and correlation coefficients (0.818) and a positive relationship to the employees' performance with an average of(2.49) and correlation coefficients(0.897) and a positive relationship to the employees' loyalty with an average of (2.27) and a correlation coefficient of (0.618) at 99% confidence level. The study recommended a general recommendation to implementation of the ISO 9001: 2015 system on banks and institutions to increase efficiency and performance, increase competitive advantage, pay attention to employees' empowerment, raise awareness of the objectives of the organization, focus on good communication with the customer and special recommendations of the workernational Bank of which can represent potential weaknesses such as meetings and job descriptions. Communicate with customers and reduce service time. | http://repository.sustech.edu/handle/123456789/21639 |
Crime Stoppers and the Houston Police Department’s Robbery Division need the public's assistance identifying the suspects responsible for an aggravated robbery with a deadly weapon.
On Wednesday, December 5, 2018 at 8:25 pm, two unknown males entered the La Fiesta Meat Market, located at 730 Greens Road, in Houston, Texas. As the males entered the business, both pulled out handguns and pointed them at the employees and customers telling everyone to get down. One of the suspects jumped the counter and forced the employee to open the cash registers while the second suspect stood near the front door, making sure that no one left. Once the suspects had the money from the registers, they ran out of the store. As the suspect that took the money from registers was running out of the front door, some of the money fell out of the shirt pocket. The suspect then came back and picked some of it up and then fled. HPD case #1534503-18
Suspect descriptions: Suspect #1: Black male, 20’s, medium frame, red jacket, blue pants with white stripe and red shoes.
Suspect #2: Black male, 20’s, medium frame, black pullover with ‘PYREXX’ written on the front, black pants and white shoes. | https://www.houstonpolicerobbery.org/2019/02/northside-meat-market-robbery-captured.html |
Chairman issues statement on animal control
The county’s animal control program was addressed at last week’s regular meeting of the Union County Board of Commissioners.
The meeting was Friday morning, May 13, at the Union County Courthouse in Jonesboro.
“Wags and Wine”
During the meeting, it was noted that a “Wags and Wine” evening is planned at a local winery which will promote Union County animal control.
“Wags and Wine” is scheduled from 5 p.m. to 7 p.m. Friday, May 20, at StarView Vineyards near Cobden.
Dogs from Union County animal control which are looking for new homes will be at the event and available for adoption. Monetary and supply donations will be accepted at the event.
County Board Chairman Reads Statement
During last Friday morning’s meeting, Union County Board of Commissioners chairman Max Miller read a prepared statement about the animal control program. The statement follow:
I have overseen animal control through 2 previous administrators. There have been many issues and changes under the direction of the previous administrators.
I am confident animal control has improved each year and continues to do so. We strive to always move forward with improvements.
I have read the social media posts and emails sent. I, nor anyone else here, will respond to social media platforms.
Social media can manipulate readers with pictures and words. It is unfortunate but there have been staged photos and verbiage used on social media for what we conclude to be a personal vendetta toward current employees and board members.
We have firsthand knowledge the former employee that took the picture of the dog in the muddy pool water was the one who put the dog in the pool solely for the purpose of staging the photo for Facebook.
A complaint was recently filed with OSHA. This complaint was filed concerning the hazards of a storage unit which was under the previous 2 administrators as well.
The County had already taken action to clean this storage unit and had a dumpster on site. We finished cleaning the storage container and sent pictures to OSHA. We then received a letter from OSHA stating they have closed the complaint.
Complaint(s) were made to the Department of Ag as well and 2 weeks ago an unscheduled inspection was conducted at AC. The inspector found ZERO violations with regards to the care of the animals.
I can assure you all animals are being properly taken care of. We currently have some of the best kennel techs the County has ever had.
With that being said, if you were to come out to animal control at 8 in the morning, you are going to find kennels and litter boxes are a mess. It’s what happens when animals need to go to the bathroom after hours. Then the kennel techs arrive and everything is cleaned up again.
We are not an adoption facility. We do not get to pick the cute little dogs that are easy to adopt out and look great.
We are animal control. We take possession of the aggressive dogs, the mistreated dogs, the malnourished dogs and the ones that have been abused by their owners.
So when you are out at animal control you are going to see underweight dogs, dogs with wounds and dogs that are timid and scared.
I take this personal as does everyone else here. Implying I do not care about animals is hurtful.
I just had to put to sleep my Schnauzer after 13 years battling several diseases. We buried him in a casket in a pet cemetery.
I would appreciate not being told on your social media platforms that I and others do not care about the animals. AC is monitored on a daily basis.
If we believed animals were being mistreated, we would take immediate action. Are human mistakes made due to time or other circumstances? Yes, but they are not intentional nor mistreating animals. Again, the County board strives to always move toward continued improvements.
The AC facilities have much to be desired. The current board is aggressively working toward a new AC building to be built by late fall if everything falls in line.
The new building, along with equipment, etc. that has never been available before will be instrumental in continuing the best care for animals. Please be patient, watch, and be a part of the progress.
Do not be swept up in the social media sabotaging by former disgruntled employees, who chose to leave on their own accord.
These misleading posts have led to our employees being cursed at, called horrible names and now even physically being threatened. These threats of violence must stop immediately. ‘ If they do not stop they will be turned over to the Sheriff’s office.
Again, we appreciate you coming to this meeting. We can all work together to make AC a better facility for the animals and workers. We encourage each of you, to volunteer at AC and contribute alongside our employees to love and care for the animals.
(No names of any former employees were shared during Friday morning’s meeting.)
Former Employee Addresses Issue
Following last week’s county board meeting, former Union County animal control kennel technician issued the following statement:
Dear Union County Residents,
I made a public post on my social media on April 25, 2022 in regards to conditions at Union County Animal Control.
I did this socially, because I made multiple attempts to reach out to The County Administrator about my concerns, which in turn I received either excuses, was ignored and I was told how disappointed they were in me because I reached out to the Department of Ag with my concerns.
First and foremost, I never staged any photo!!! The photo that is being talked about, I did not even take, a volunteer did and I can prove the time and date the photo was taken.
To be accused of that breaks my heart and is against everything I stand for in Animal Welfare. I have a duty to care for these animals and I intended on fulfilling that duty.
Second, this goes so much further than a couple of former employees. This is not a personal vendetta. This is all about the animals in UCAC care, their safety, and their welfare along with the safety of the employees and the condition of the facility.
During my employment at UCAC, multiple community members complained about questionable practices in regards to found animals, citations and the conditions of the facility.
Volunteers quit working with UCAC due to the way the current Administration treated them. Rescues we worked with had concerns after receiving sick animals and false medical records. I personally had to answer many of the Animal Rescue Networkers questions, due to the fact they could not get the information from the Administrator.
Adopters have complained about not receiving full medical records upon adoption even though they were asked for. I can prove each and every one of these statements.
In conclusion, none of the County Board has ever requested to sit down and talk to me, or other previous employees in regards to this matter. Being accused of such disgrace, goes against my character and everything I believe in. Mediation is needed to bring a lot of this to light and the truth be told. | http://www.annanews.com/news/chairman-issues-statement-animal-control |
Soft and chewy cookies made with cheesecake pudding mix and added rainbow sprinkles for a sweet treat everyone will love!
I remember when I was a kid, there was almost always a fresh batch of cookies coming out of the oven at my house. My mom loved having all the neighborhood kids over to our house and making fresh treats for all of us to enjoy.
Now that I have kids of my own, my mom has continued that tradition and still loves having all the neighborhood kids over and makes cookies with them all the time.
The funny part is, we live almost 1,200 miles away from my mom now yet she still has all the little kids over to her house. There are about 6 kids all about the age of my oldest daughter that live in my mom’s neighborhood and were friends with my daughter up until the time we moved away.
Now that we are here, my mom has them over every few days and they bakes cookies, play games, and Skype with my daughter. I think it’s nice that my mom is still trying to keep the friendships of my daughter alive while we are so far away.
Even when my mom comes to visit us, she still has to whip up a batch of cookies. Then she takes baggies and puts about 3-4 cookies in each baggie and gives them to my daughter to deliver to all the kids she is playing with that day.
So, in an effort to be like my mom.. I have started baking cookies whenever my daughter requests them and we give them out to all the neighborhood kids.
I love cookies so this is a no-brainer for me and now I’ve decided to do some experimenting with different cookie flavors instead of the traditional chocolate chip.
Of course chocolate chip will always be #1 in my book, but you can’t go wrong with some pudding cookies. I love soft and chewy cookies and these are some of the softest and chewiest cookies I have ever made. And the sprinkles in place of chocolate chips make them a little more fun and colorful.
Preheat oven to 350° F. Prepare baking sheet by lining with parchment paper or spraying with non-stick cooking spray; set aside.
In a stand mixer with the paddle attachment, cream together butter and both sugars. Add eggs and both extracts and mix until incorporated.
Add cheesecake pudding mix, flour, baking soda, and salt and mix until just combined. Add sprinkles and finish mixing until incorporated.
Using a cookie scoop, scoop cookie dough out onto prepared baking sheets. Bake at 350° F for 10-12 minutes or until slightly golden.
Let cool on baking sheet for about 3-5 minutes before transferring to cooling rack to cool completely.
Your mom sounds so sweet! I can’t think of a better tradition to pass along to your own daughter one day than to make something sweet for her and her friends to share – especially when you make cookies that looks are fab as these!
Perfect for any day! Yummilicious!
Your photos tell the truth of your super soft, delicious cookies. I want to eat my screen!! Thanks so much for linking up to Merry Monday!
Thank you, Megan! Look forward to the next one!
OMG these look amazing! I can’t believe there’s actual “good stuff” in there. | https://www.jennifermeyering.com/funfetti-pudding-cookies/ |
some read this as a prayer like the former, "hear thou me" F12 that is, deliver me; but according to our version it expresses what God had done, that he had heard him and saved him; and is used as a reason or argument with him that he would regard also his other petitions: or it may have respect to what follows, that since God had heard him, and delivered him out of the hands of his most powerful enemies, therefore he would declare his name and praise him; for the unicorn being a very strong creature, and its strength lying much in its horn, with which it pushes and does mischief; see ( Numbers 23:22 ) ( Job 39:9-12 ) ( Deuteronomy 33:17 ) . Christ's strong and potent enemies are intended here; such as Satan and his principalities and powers, the sanhedrim of the Jews, Herod, Pontius Pilate, and others, from whose power he was freed when raised from the dead. According to Pliny F13, the monoceros, or unicorn, is the fiercest of wild beasts; in its body like a horse, it has the head of an hart and feet of an elephant, the tail of a bear, makes a great bellowing; has one black horn rising up in the middle of the forehead, of two cubits long; it is denied that it was ever taken alive, which agrees with ( Job 39:9 Job 39:10 ) ; (See Gill on Job 39:9) and (See Gill on Job 39:10). | https://www.biblestudytools.com/psalms/22-21.html |
A new national survey, looking at how the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted young US adults’ loneliness, reveals “significant depressive symptoms” in 80% of participants.
Over 1,000 Americans aged 18-35 took part in the online anonymous questionnaire, which also asked the subjects to report on their anxiety and substance use.
The analysed findings, published in the peer-reviewed Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, show that “alarming” levels of loneliness are associated with significant mental health issues, asapproximately 61% of respondents reporting moderate (45%) to severe (17%) anxiety.
Meanwhile, 30% of interviewees disclosed harmful levels of drinking. And, although only 22% of the respondents reported using drugs, 38% of these reported severe drug use.
Therefore, a response with mental health care provision is “imperative”, lead author Professor Viviana Horigian, from the University of Miami, states.
“The convergence of the COVID-19 pandemic and the loneliness and addiction epidemics in the US is here to stay,” she said.
“These young adults are the future of our nation’s social fabric. They need to be given access to psychological help, coupled with the development and dissemination of brief online contact-based interventions that encourage healthy lifestyles.
“Addressing mental health and substance use problems in young adults, both during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, is an imperative.”
And co-author Renae Schmidt adds: “As we invest in developing the sense of cohesion and social connectedness in these generations, we can address social and physical resiliency in our communities at large.
“Students need sustaining online delivery of [relevant] coursework, increasing counseling services, and deploying outreach through telehealth services. For young adults not engaged in school, aggressive patient outreach by primary care physicians should be used to ensure screening and intervention, also via telehealth. Access to psychological help coupled with the development and dissemination of brief online contact-based interventions that encourage healthy lifestyles.”
The online, 126-item, survey was carried out between April 22 and May 11. 1,008 participants took part, with the average age 28 and 86% being over 23.
Each symptom (loneliness, anxiety, depression, alcohol use, drug use) was measured against internationally recognized scoring systems.
To examine the associations between loneliness and the mental health conditions highlighted, the researchers used a model which looked at the direct effects of both loneliness and social connectedness on depression, anxiety, alcohol use, and drug use. They also looked at the indirect effects of loneliness and social connectedness on alcohol and drug use working through anxiety and depression. In addition, they characterized relationships in pre-COVID and post-COVID behaviors and psychosocial symptomatology.
The results show that most participants who reported an increase in feelings of loneliness also indicated an increase in drinking (58%), drug use (56%), anxiety (76%), and depression (78%), and a decrease in feelings of connectedness (58%).
Looking at general increases of mental health issues or substance use due to the pandemic, most issues were recorded by participants as rising, with their feelings of loneliness going up by 65%, lack of connectedness 53%, alcohol use 48%, drug use 44%, anxiety 62%, and depression 64%.
Overall, an “alarming” 49% of respondents reported a great degree of loneliness.
Most respondents (80%) reported drinking alcohol, with 30% revealing harmful and dependent levels of drinking. 19% of respondents reported binge drinking at least weekly and 44% reported binging at least monthly.
The team hopes that the results will now be used to guide intervention efforts.
“Social prescribing, which draws from and promotes usage of community resources, also shows promise of improving social and psychological wellbeing,” Professor Horigian adds.
“This could be positioned to then encourage service to others, bringing social comfort and reward as a result of connecting with others in need. | https://newsroom.taylorandfrancisgroup.com/80-of-young-us-adults-interviewed-in-alarming-covid-19-loneliness-study-reported-significant-symptoms-of-depression/ |
This morning, Abera and I met with Mulgeta (whose job is the equivalent of a U.S. Extension Agent) for the Arsi District. He had accompanied us when we went to ATARC to implant embryos in August. I was impressed with him then and knew that he would be a good resource for us.
Mulgeta taught us about the dairy industry in this area and took us to several industry related sites. We started at the vet clinic where the farmers take their cows for treatment or to be bred. They had an arsi cow which was being treated by the vets for a severe case of mastitis, which is taken care of by the dairymen themselves in the U.S. We also watched their AI technician breed a cow. It sounds like the conception rates are very good, but it's difficult to tell, because the farmers don't keep very good records. It costs about 36 cents to breed a cow as compared to $25 to $40 in the U.S.
We visited the Bereket Dairy, which is a very progressive Ethiopian dairy with 15 cows, which is considered a large dairy here. They milk their cows three times a day. The mid-day milking is perfect timing for the afternoon coffee break. They are thinking about getting milking machines in the near future. The cows are fed atala, which is the waste from distilling corn, and wheat straw. The animals look very good and the heifers grow very well. They were breading their heifers at less than one year of age. I talked to them about using their manure as a fertilizer for gardens. We visited the milk collection center that they own, and learned how it worked. They sell most of their milk as raw, whole milk. What they don't sell, they churn to butter and then make into local cheese from the buttermilk. I did notice that they had a refrigerator and a freezer in their center, which is not common here.
We also visited a couple of medium size dairies with 5 cows each. They were feeding the wet distiller's grains to the cows also. It costs about 5 birr for 25 liters of the mixture. Each cow gets about that much each day in addition to the straw and water. As near as I can tell the only other supplement is oilseed cake which is soaked in water then given to the cows. Gitie, the owner of the one of the dairies had paid 12,000 Birr for a cow from HARC. It takes a lot of milk to pay yourself back for purchasing a cow that expensive. She averaged 18 liters a day, which would have her paying for herself in a year. We talked to them about ET and they said that they would like to learn. I will probably do some training in January when I come back.
These are some of the best dairies in the district. They are producing about 15 liters of milk/cow/day, which is three times the national average. The dairymen that we talked to were excited about learning more modern dairy techniques. They have seen the value of better genetics and better feeding, and want to learn more.
This evening we drove up to the bridge by Turgee. Brent, Lloyd, and the villagers have made a lot of progress on it. The best progress was infusing the local people with the understanding that they can make a difference themselves. They don't have to wait for someone to do it for them. It is a great success story! | https://www.lonnyward.com/2009/11/visiting-dairies-in-arsi-district.html |
Happy almost-September! Hooray for back-to-school and all that.
Here at Plant & Plate headquarters (that would be my kitchen), we’re doing a new challenge. No, not another month without sugar. (Although cutting down on sugar is one of the best things you can do for your health, I found that going cold turkey for a whole month made me cranky.)
Nope, this month we’re trying a more fun challenge: to eat more plants. Not just larger servings, but more different kinds of vegetables and fruits.
How many? You can pick your own number — just try to get a little more variety than you get now. Put a different kind of fruit or vegetable in your lunchbox each day. Try another different one with dinner. That’s 14 different things a week right there! Some of them will be new things, and some will be old favorites. That’s okay. And yes, you can eat the same thing more than once — just only count it once per week.
My goal is to eat 25 different kinds of vegetables and fruits each week. That sounds like a lot, but it’s only 3 or 4 each day.
And for you rules-type people (I’m just making these up, so you can change them to suit your needs):
- Eat ___ different kinds of vegetables and fruits each week
- Keep track with a list — on your phone, on the fridge, whatever’s easy
- Each fruit or vegetable only counts once per week (but you can eat and count it again the next week)
- My rule is that I can only count it if I eat at least 3 big bites
- Raw, cooked, whatever, as long as it’s still recognizably a plant (in other words, frozen or canned are fine, but ketchup doesn’t count.)
- Have FUN! | http://www.plantandplate.com/september-challenge-eat-25-different-plants-each-week/ |
What are the properties of electromagnets? In this activity, students create their own small electromagnets and experiment with ways to change their strength to pick up paper clips. Learn about ways that engineers use electromagnets in everyday applications!
November 2021
Design a Better Bandage Maker Challenge
What might make a bandage better? In this challenge, students follow the engineering design process and use water-absorbing crystals to create a bandage that may be used in a traumatic situation, like a car accident or hiking accident. Students first observe how water-absorbing crystals work and then consider how their function could be applied in a medical setting
October 2021
Mathematically Designing a Frictional Roller Coaster Activity
What can roller coasters teach us about math and physics? In this activity, students apply high school-level differential calculus and physics to the design of two-dimensional roller coasters while considering frictional forces. In a challenge the mirrors real-world engineering, the roller coaster must be made from at least five differentiable functions. Teams build and test small-sized prototype models of the exact designs using foam pipe wrap insulation as the roller coaster track channel and using marbles as the ride "carts."
September 2021
Design a Solar City Activity
In a time when creating clean energy is essential to the future health of our planet, engineers are looking for every way possible to produce carbon-free power. In this activity, students design and build a model city powered by the sun! They learn about the benefits of solar power, and how architectural and building engineers integrate photovoltaic panels into the design of buildings.
August 2021
Operation Build a Bridge and Get Over It Activity
Taking on the role of structural engineers. students learn about forces and load distributions as they follow the steps of the engineering design process to design and build small-scale bridges using wooden tongue depressors and glue. Teams brainstorm ideas that meet the size and material design constraints and create prototype bridges of the most promising solutions. They test their bridges to see how much weight they can hold until they break and then determine which have the highest strength-to-weight ratios.
July 2021
Create a Safe Bungee Cord for Washy! Activity
What can bungee cords teach us about engineering? Have your students learn about the role engineers might play in developing the perfect bungee cord length by simulating and experimenting with bungee jumping using washers and rubber bands. Students work as if they are engineers for an amusement park in order to develop a show-stopping (and safe) bungee jumping ride!
June 2021
Simple Machines and the Rube Goldberg Challenge Maker Challenge
In this challenge, students research simple mechanisms as they learn to make Rube Goldberg machines! Working in teams, students use the engineering design process to design and build their own Rube Goldberg devices with 10 separate steps—and they must incorporate the six classic simple machines.
May 2021
Charge It! All About Electrical Attraction and Repulsion Activity
Engage in the engineering practice of asking questions and use balloons to perform simple experiments to make sense of the phenomena of static electricity and charge polarization! Students attract and repel objects with their charged balloons, and explore the disciplinary core idea of electronic and magnetic forces and the crosscutting concept of cause and effect.
April 2021
Model Greenhouses Activity
Teach about the advantages and disadvantages of the greenhouse effect! In this hands-on activity, students construct their own miniature greenhouses and explore how their designs take advantage of heat transfer processes to create controlled environments. They record and graph measurements, comparing the greenhouse indoor and outdoor temperatures over time. Students also consider global issues such as greenhouse gas emissions and their relationship to global warming.
March 2021
Creative Crash Test Cars Maker Challenge
How does mass affect momentum in a head-on collision? Challenge your students to design or improve an existing passenger compartment design/feature so that it better withstands front-end collisions, protecting riders from injury and resulting in minimal vehicle structural damage. With a raw egg as the test passenger, teams use teacher-provided building materials to add their own safety features onto either a small-size wooden car kit or their own model cars created from scratch.
February 2021
Testing Model Structures: Jell-O Earthquake in the Classroom Activity
Make sense of the design challenges engineers face that arise from earthquakes and related tectonic phenomena! In this activity, students work to design and construct buildings to withstand earthquake damage by applying elements of the engineering design process by building their own model structures using toothpicks and marshmallows.
January 2021
Creating Mini Wastewater Treatment Plants Activity
Engage in the engineering design process to simulate a wastewater treatment plant! Drawing from assorted materials such as gravel, pebbles, sand, activated charcoal and others, students create filter systems inside 2-liter plastic bottles to clean wastewater made of soap, oil, sand or coffee grounds. Students aim to remove the water contaminants while reclaiming the valuable water resource.
December 2020
A Shot Under Pressure Activity
Explore the world of projectile physics and fluid dynamics and have students calculate the water pressure in water guns! By measuring the range of the water jets, students can calculate theoretical pressure. Students create graphs to analyze how the predicted pressure relates to the number of times they pump the water gun before shooting.
November 2020
Element, Mixture, Compound Activity
How can we distinguish between compounds, elements, and mixtures? Gain a better understanding of the different types of materials as pure substances and mixtures and have students identify the differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures. In this activity, students discuss an assortment of example materials they use and encounter in their daily lives.
October 2020
Make a Sticky-Note Fan with Arduino Maker Challenge
All sorts of real-world devices—ranging from toys to large industrial tools—use electric motors. In this maker project, students design their own systems using little motors and learn how to control them using Arduino microcontrollers. Learning how to use microcontrollers correctly to control motors is the first step to using motors in all types of projects!
September 2020
Soil from Spoiled: Engineering a Compost Habitat for Worms Activity
A unique activity for young learners that combines engineering and biology, students design an optimal environment for red wiggler worms in a compost bin using the engineering design process. Students learn about living and non-living things, the habitat of red wigglers, how red wigglers help convert organic waste into soil, as well as composting in nature and as a sustainable practice.
August 2020
Keep Your Cool! Design Your Own Cooler Challenge Maker Challenge
Engage students in this refreshing summer project that focuses on design thinking! In this challenge, students prototype an ice cooler and monitor the effectiveness of its ability to keep a bottle of ice water cold in comparison to a bottle of ice water left at room temperature. Along with engaging in the engineering design process, students assess the effectiveness of their cooler by measuring the room temperature, the starting temperature of the water and graphing and monitoring the change in temperature over time.
July 2020
Prodigious Printing Possibilities Activity
3D printing (or additive manufacturing) is transforming the way engineers design, prototype, and build. Engage your students with this unique introduction to the mechanics of 3D printing as they transform into engineers and they work in teams to carry out a 3D printing task. Their mission: "print" using a blunt-tip needle syringe and a variety of colored liquid materials (shampoo, conditioner, aloe, and hand sanitizer) into a small plastic box filled with a gel base.
June 2020
Toxic Island: Designing Devices to Deliver Goods Maker Challenge
A classic engineering challenge involves designing and building devices that can deliver necessary goods to “Toxic Island,” an island that has been quarantined by the World Health Organization due to a nasty outbreak of disease. In this maker challenge, students design a device that must not touch the water or the island, and must deliver supplies accurately... and quickly!
May 2020
Insulation Materials Investigation Activity
Engineers design thermal insulation for countless products and purposes, including pipe installations, shipping and handling for food and beverages, space travel, and even our clothing! In this activity, students learn about the role that thermal insulation materials can play in reducing heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation, as well as the design and implementation of insulating materials in construction and engineering.
April 2020
The Dirty Water Project: Design-Build-Test Your Own Water Filters Activity
Create and test a water filter at home! This hands-on activity allows students to investigate different methods for removing pollutants from water, including aeration and filtration. Have your students design, build, and test their own filter prototypes by conducting their own "dirty water projects."
March 2020
Out-of-the Box: A Furniture Design + Engineering Challenge Maker Challenge
Engage students in a unique approach to engineering and aesthetics with cardboard furniture designs! Challenge students to design and build architecturally inspired cardboard furniture, cultivate their industrial engineering and design skills, and allow them to explore how to meet functional, aesthetic and financial requirements of a given plan. Let form follow function!
February 2020
Trebuchet Design & Build Challenge Activity
Ready, set, launch! Students explore a classic engineering design used during the Middle Ages to launch projectiles over or through castle walls as well as study modern day examples used in events such as the "Punkin’ Chunkin’." Students work in teams research how to design and build their own trebuchets from scratch while following a select number of constraints. They test their trebuchets, evaluate their results through several quantitative analyses, and present their results and design process to their classmates.
January 2020
Be “Cool” with Popsicle Engineering Activity
Engage young learners in a tasty activity to help them understand the basic steps of the engineering design process! Students are introduced to what engineers do in their daily lives through several books on engineering and then role play as engineers to produce a set of purple popsicles. They follow the steps of the design process and learn how engineers solve problems through products that make the world a better and more efficient place.
December 2019
Visualize Your Heartbeat Maker Challenge
Challenge students to become biomedical engineers who design, create, and test a medical device! This project allows students to explore basic coding, utilize the capabilities of microcontrollers, and understand how sensors gather data about the human body so they can dive into the expanding world of wearable tech. This is a great project for a high school senior design team!
November 2019
The Benefits of Inclined Planes: Heave Ho! Activity
Engage students' understanding of a classic simple machine: the inclined plane! A great activity for young learners, students use a spring scale, a bag of rocks, and an inclined plane to explore how dragging objects up a slope is easier than lifting them straight up into the air. Students are also introduced to the scientific method and basic principles of experimentation. Engineers continually look for new tools to make life easier, and the inclined plane is certainly one of them!
October 2019
Mathematically Designing a Frictional Roller Coaster Activity
With their breathtaking elevation changes and thrilling speeds, roller coasters rides are the star attractions of amusement parks—and engineering plays a huge role in their design! All the various loops, curves, and dips work because of gravity, inertia, and friction. Guide students through the engineering design process as they build a simple roller coaster, all while considering the same forces that professional engineers do when designing rides.
September 2019
Creative Crash Test Cars Maker Challenge
How does mass affect momentum in a head-on collision? Using a raw egg as a "crash test dummy" students take on the challenge of designing safety features for wooden car kits. By running the prototypes down ramps into walls, collecting distance and time data, and videotaping of their crash, students make calculations and look for relationships between car mass, speed, momentum and the amount of crash damage sustained by their vehicles.
August 2019
Creating an Electromagnet Activity
We may not even realize that we interact with electromagnets on a daily basis, but engineers use them in a wide range of designs including refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, doorbells, and even clocks. When it comes to using electromagnets, the possibilities are endless! This activity is an attractive way to engage students in building and testing the properties of several electromagnetic designs right in the classroom. | https://www.teachengineering.org/editorspicks |
Richmonders again came out in support of the environment and initiatives in line with eco-friendly living at the RVAGreen Sustainability workshop at the Carillon in Byrd Park Thursday evening.
Mayor Dwight Jones said he was pleased to see more than 170 people for the event and joked that he needed to hold all of his public meetings at the Carillon to improve partipation. The Bike, Pedestrian and Trails workgroup was held there in Sept. 2010 and was regarded as a big success with 200 in attendance.
“We want to take the next step in our green initiatives,” Jones said. “We want to create more efficiency, less waste….and reduce our carbon footprint.”
Jones highlighted several initiatives that are in place or on the way, including the creation of a full-time bike, pedestrian and trail coordinator; institution of an anti-idoling policy for city vehicles; allowing up to 20 percent of the city workforce to tele-work and more.
On the walls were large sheets of paper with citizens highlighting current green initiatives in the city: To the Bottom and Back, community gardens, Cannon Creek Greenway, GRTC bike racks, bayscaping, solar utility poles, etc.
“We want to create a livable city that keeps its people and is more attractive to new people,” he said, pointing out that a more bikeable and walkable city would help improve the health of citizens, reduce obesity and the number of vehicles on city streets.
I met with many eco-friends supporting the cause at the event, including Nathan Burrell, James River Park trails manager; Champe Burnley, President of the Virginia Bicycling Federation; Louise Seals of the Richmond Tree Stewards; members of Richmond Cycling Corps; Damon Harris of Werecycleit (recently featured in RichmondBizSense); Nathan Lott, executive director of the Virginia Conservation Network; and Luke McCall, arborist for the City of Richmond.
The event did have about 25 protesters with Richmond TEA Party shirts and posters, passing out pamphlets from the American Policy Center that opposed sustainable developments and “Agenda 21.” One sign said “Stop Domestic Imperialism” and another declared RVAGreen to be “The end of road for private property rights.” The peaceful group stayed outside in the 95+ heat in front of the Carillon.
From the City of Richmond:
What is Sustainability? Generally defined as meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In Richmond this means ensuring a clean and healthy environment; a competitive economic advantage; and fair access to livelihood, education, and resources for community members now and into the future.
What is a Sustainability Plan? A comprehensive set of goals and strategies focused on improving environmental quality, economic strength, and social equity within a community. The Plan works like a roadmap guiding the City towards a more sustainable future, through the implementation of strategies identified through a comprehensive, inclusive stakeholder process.
The City will use the following five focus areas:
- Economic Development: Encourages a vibrant economy and includes such topics as: affordable housing, green and local jobs, sustainable businesses and urban agriculture.
- Energy: Encourages energy conservation, energy efficiency, renewable energy and green power purchasing.
- Environment: Encourages conservation and support of the natural world and natural resources including: air quality and the management of solid waste and water resources.
- Open Space and Land Use: Encourages sustainable land use patterns and protecting urban open spaces by focusing on topics such as: the urban tree canopy, green spaces and mixed use development.
- Transportation: Focuses on sustainable modes of transportation and an improved infrastructure including: bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure, alternative fuels, complete streets and parking.
Timeline: The sustainability planning process will last approximately twelve months and it includes the city releasing a draft report around November 2011 and a final report in April 2012. | https://rvanews.com/syndicated/mayor-on-rvagreen-%E2%80%98create-a-livable-city-that-keeps-its-people%E2%80%99/46875 |
Do you ever miss someone so much that you get angry at them?
Like how dare you live so far away, and how dare you live your life without letting me have a moment of your time. How dare you make me wait on a phone call or a text, how dare you be so busy while away. How dare we have separate daily lives and separate daily tasks. How dare you not need me anymore, and how dare I for not needing you either, sometimes. How dare we have different careers and how dare we have kids who don’t know each other. How dare you not continue to obsess over me the way I do you. How dare you not let me know when you’ve heard a song that reminds you of me, but then, how dare I for not doing the same. How dare you have a new friend, how dare you tell them you love them. How dare you just be a photo on a screen now, with no voice behind it anymore. How dare you be gone. How dare we move on and move forward right?
But alas, this is life, and what is life without accepting that nothing stays the same, even if we live a similar day twice, the day itself is never the same day, it doesn’t come back or repeat, it just moves on. Whether it was good or bad, it just moves on. It can’t help itself, that’s how it was made.
But the general rule still applies, the sun rises, and the sun sets and the moon comes out, even when you can’t see it, it’s there.
Just as the general rule still applies to the love and pain inside of a heart, inside of us. We may not always show it, and the day may come and go, but it’s still there.
You will always be loved and you will also always be the hurt that lies within someone else as well. How dare we try to ignore that.
I have love and pain inside, sometimes I hide it and other days I wallow in it, it feels the same but everyday is a new day, and I look forward to tomorrow, but I will always miss yesterday. | https://lifeinastorm.com/2020/01/29/missing-yesterday/ |
Contractors began concreting the foundation slab for Eurovea Tower, the first skyscraper in Slovakia. Before concreting began, construction workers attached a 1.880-ton steel concrete reinforcement.
The thickest reinforcement bars are four centimetres in diameter, 12 meters long, and weigh 120 kilograms. The foundation slab will comprise a three-meter thick, 7.050 cubic meters (cbm) volume of concrete.
Three concrete mixers and two back-ups are on site, which revolve over 630 times throughout the concreting process.
Concrete reaches the excavation site via three mobile pumps, which are supplemented by one stand-by pump during technical breaks with one back-up also prepared.
Forty workers per shift work on the concreting of the skyscraper’s base plate.
Preparatory work began in March 2019 on the construction site between Eurovea’s first stage and Apollo Bridge, with a 420,000-cubic meter pit 300 metres long, 100 metres wide, and 14 metres deep excavated.
Construction of the Eurovea 2 project began after the official building permit was issued in December 2019.
In May, the first 91-meter crane was erected on site to build the shopping centre. A total of 14 cranes will be working on the project, with the tallest ever built in Slovakia.
How Eurovea extension will look
Eurovea Tower will be the first skyscraper in Slovakia, with 45 floors, 168 meters high and 389 residences.
Eurovea 2 will include an extension of the shopping centre – 25.000 sq m of retail space (85.000 sq m with current centre).
Other buildings on site are Eurovea Riverside – 7 floors, 96 residences, Pribinova X – 18.000 sq m of leasable office space and Pribinova Y – 22.000 sq m of leasable office space.
The project will include more underground garages – 1.400 parking spaces and the lengthening of the Danube promenade – 25.000 sqm waterfront park, new activity park and playgrounds.
Completion is expected in 2022-2023. | https://moneybuzzeuropa.com/first-slovak-skyscrapers-foundations-being-concreted/ |
Trapezoid
(but see definition notes below) quadrilateral which has at least one pair of parallel sides
Try this Drag the orange dots on each Drag the orange dots on each vertex to reshape the figure. Notice that the sides AB and CD remain parallel.
Attributes
Base One of the parallel sides. Every trapezoid has two bases. See Base definitions. Leg The sides AC and BD above are called the legs of the trapezoid, and are usually not parallel, although they could be (see parallelogram note below). Every trapezoid has two legs. Altitude The altitude of a trapezoid is the perpendicular distance from one base to the other. (One base may need to be extended). Median The median of a trapezoid is a line joining the midpoints of the two legs. See Trapezoid median Area The usual way to calculate the area is the average base length times altitude. See Area of a Trapezoid Perimeter The distance a round the trapezoid. The sum of its side lengths. See Perimeter of a Trapezoid
If both legs are the same length, this is called an isosceles trapezoid, and both base angles are the same.
If the legs are parallel, it now has two pairs of parallel sides, and is a parallelogram.
Coordinate Geometry
Definition notes
British USA Trapezoid A quadrilateral with no sides parallel A quadrilateral with one pair of parallel sides Trapezium A quadrilateral with one pair of parallel sides A quadrilateral with no sides parallel
Other polygon topics
General
Types of polygon
Area of various polygon types
Perimeter of various polygon types
Angles associated with polygons
Named polygons
(C) 2011 Copyright Math Open Reference.
All rights reserved
| |
Summary: Bruce Payette talks about how to remove a module that has been loaded into your Windows PowerShell environment.
Microsoft Scripting Guy, Ed Wilson, is here. This week we will not have our usual PowerTip. Instead we have excerpts from seven books from Manning Press. In addition, each blog will have a special code for 50% off the book being excerpted that day. Remember that the code is valid only for the day the excerpt is posted. The coupon code is also valid for a second book from the Manning collection.
This excerpt is from Windows PowerShell in Action
By Bruce Payette
Now you know how to avoid creating clutter in your session. But what if it’s too late and you already have too much stuff loaded? You’ll learn how to fix that in this blog, which is based on Chapter 9 of Windows PowerShell in Action, Second Edition.
One of the unique features that Windows PowerShell modules offer is the idea of a composite management application. This is conceptually similar to the idea of a web mashup, which takes an existing service and tweaks it or layers on top of it to achieve a more specific purpose. The notion of management mashups is important as we move into the era of “software+services” (or “clients+clouds,” if you prefer).
Low operating costs make hosted services attractive. The issue is how you manage all these services, especially when you need to delegate administrative responsibilities to slices of the organization.
For example, you might have each department manage its user resources such as mailboxes, customer lists, and web portals. To do this, you need to slice the management interfaces and republish them as a single coherent management experience.
Sounds like magic, doesn’t it? Well, much of it still is, but Windows PowerShell modules can help because they allow you to merge the interfaces of several modules and republish only those parts of the interfaces that need to be exposed.
Removing a loaded module
Modules are loaded by using the Import-Module cmdlet. The syntax for this cmdlet is shown in the following screenshot. As you can see, this cmdlet has a lot of parameters, allowing it to address a wide variety of scenarios.
Because your Windows PowerShell session can be long running, there may be times when you want to remove a module. You do this with the Remove-Module cmdlet.
Note Typically, the only people who remove modules are those who are developing the module in question or those who are working in an application environment that’s encapsulating various stages in the process as modules. A typical user rarely needs to remove a module. The Windows PowerShell team almost cut this feature because it turns out to be quite hard to do in a sensible way.
Here is the syntax for Remove-Module:
When a module is removed, all the modules it loaded as nested modules are also removed from the global module table. This happens even if the module was explicitly loaded at the global level. To illustrate how this works, let’s take a look at how the module tables are organized in the environment. This organization is shown here.
First let’s talk about the global module table. This is the master table that has references to all the modules that have been loaded explicitly or implicitly by another module. Any time a module is loaded, this table is updated. An entry is also made in the environment of the caller.
In the following image, Module1 and Module3 are loaded from the global module environment, so there are references from the top-level module table. Module1 loads Module2, causing a reference to be added the global module table and the private module table for Module1. Module2 loads Module3 as a nested module. Because Module1 has already been loaded from the global environment, no new entry is added to the global module table, but a private reference is added to the module table for Module2. You’ll remove Module3 from the global environment. The updated arrangement of modules is shown here.
Next, you’ll update Module3 and reload it at the top level. The final arrangement of modules is shown here.
In the final arrangement of modules in the previous image, there are two versions of Module3 loaded into the same session. Although this is extremely complicated, it permits multiple versions of a module to be loaded at the same time in the same session, allowing different modules that depend on different versions of a module to work at the same time. This is a pretty pathological scenario, but the real world isn’t always tidy. Eventually you do have to deal with things you’d rather ignore, so it’s good to know how.
How exported elements are removed
With an understanding of how modules are removed, you also need to know how the imported members are removed. There are two flavors of member removal behavior depending on the type of member you’re removing. Functions, aliases, and variables have one behavior. Cmdlets imported from binary modules have a slightly different behavior.
This is an artifact of the way the members are implemented. Functions, aliases, and variables are data structures that are dynamically allocated and can be replaced. Cmdlets are backed by .NET classes, which can’t be unloaded from a session because .NET doesn’t allow the assemblies that contain these classes to be unloaded. Because of this, the implementation of the cmdlet table depends on hiding or shadowing a command when there’s a name collision when importing a name from a module.
For the other member types, the current definition of the member is replaced. So why does this matter? It doesn’t matter at all until you try to remove a module. If you remove a module that has imported cmdlets, causing existing cmdlets to be shadowed, when the module is removed, the previously shadowed cmdlets become visible again. But when you remove a module that has imported colliding functions, aliases, or variables (because the old definitions were overridden instead of shadowed), the definitions are removed.
Modules are manipulated, managed, and imported by using cmdlets in Windows PowerShell. Unlike many languages, no special syntax is needed. Modules are discovered, in memory and on disk, by using the Get-Module cmdlet. They’re loaded with Import-Module and removed from memory with Remove-Module. These three cmdlets are all you need to know if you only want to use modules on your system. In this blog, we zeroed in on removing a loaded module.
~Bruce
Here is the code for the discount offer today at www.manning.com: scriptw5
Valid for 50% off PowerShell in Action and SharePoint Web Parts in Action
Offer valid from April 5, 2013 12:01 AM until April 6, midnight (EST)
I invite you to follow me on Twitter and Facebook. If you have any questions, send email to me at [email protected], or post your questions on the Official Scripting Guys Forum. See you tomorrow. Until then, peace. | https://devblogs.microsoft.com/scripting/how-to-remove-a-loaded-module/ |
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Financial, Acronyms, Wikipedia.
curium(kyo͝or`ēəm), artificially produced radioactive chemical element; symbol Cm; at. no. 96; mass no. of most stable isotope 247; m.p. about 1,340°C;; b.p. 3,110°C;; sp. gr. 13.5 (calculated); valence +3, +4. A hard, brittle, silvery metal that tarnishes in air, curium is chemically reactive and resembles gadolinium in its chemical properties, although it has a more complex crystalline structure. Oxides, fluorides, a chloride, a bromide, and an iodide of curium have been prepared. Curium is a member of the actinide seriesactinide series,
a series of radioactive metallic elements in Group 3 of the periodic table. Members of the series are often called actinides, although actinium (at. no. 89) is not always considered a member of the series.
..... Click the link for more information. in Group 3 of the periodic tableperiodic table,
chart of the elements arranged according to the periodic law discovered by Dmitri I. Mendeleev and revised by Henry G. J. Moseley. In the periodic table the elements are arranged in columns and rows according to increasing atomic number (see the table entitled
..... Click the link for more information. . Sixteen isotopes of curium are known. Curium-242, prepared by neutron bombardment of americium-241, has a half-lifehalf-life,
measure of the average lifetime of a radioactive substance (see radioactivity) or an unstable subatomic particle. One half-life is the time required for one half of any given quantity of the substance to decay.
..... Click the link for more information. of 163 days; curium-247, the most stable isotope, has a half-life of 15.6 million years. Some curium isotopes are available in multigram quantities.
Curium is intensely radioactive; it is about 3,000 times as radioactive as radiumradium
[Lat. radius=ray], radioactive metallic chemical element; symbol Ra; at. no. 88; mass number of most stable isotope 226; m.p. 700°C;; b.p. 1,140°C;; sp. gr. about 6.0; valence +2. Radium is a lustrous white radioactive metal.
..... Click the link for more information. . It is also very toxic when absorbed into the body because it accumulates in the bones and disrupts the formation of red blood cells. Curium-242 and curium-244 are used in the space program as a heat source (from the heat they generate as they undergo radioactive decay) for compact thermionic and thermoelectric power generation.
Curium has not been found to occur naturally; it was the third transuranium elementtransuranium elements,
in chemistry, radioactive elements with atomic numbers greater than that of uranium (at. no. 92). All the transuranium elements of the actinide series were discovered as synthetic radioactive isotopes at the Univ.
..... Click the link for more information. to be synthesized. Curium was first produced by the bombardment of plutonium-239 with alpha particles in a cyclotron at the Univ. of California at Berkeley. Identified in 1944 by Glenn T. SeaborgSeaborg, Glenn Theodore
, 1912–99, American chemist, b. Ishpeming, Mich., grad. Univ. of California at Los Angeles, 1934, Ph.D. Univ. of California at Berkeley, 1937.
..... Click the link for more information. , Ralph A. James, and Albert Ghiorso, it was named for Pierre and Marie CurieCurie
, family of French scientists. Pierre Curie, 1859–1906, scientist, and his wife, Marie Sklodowska Curie, 1867–1934, chemist and physicist, b. Warsaw, are known for their work on radioactivity and on radium.
..... Click the link for more information. , the noted pioneers in the study of radioactivity. The metal was first isolated in visible amounts as the hydroxide by L. B. Werner and I. Perlman in 1947.
Curium
Cm, an artificially obtained radioactive chemical element of the actinide series. Atomic number, 96. It has no stable isotopes. Curium was first obtained in 1944 by the American scientists G. Seaborg, R. James, and A. Ghiorso by the nuclear reaction 23992Pu(α,n)24296Cm. It was named in honor of P. Curie and M. Sklodowska Curie, the founders of the science of radioactivity. Isotopes of curium with the mass numbers 238–250 are known. The most long-lived isotope is 247Cm (half-life T1/2 = 1.64 × 107 years). Some isotopes of curium may be accumulated in atomic reactors (244Cm, T1/2 = 17.59 years, and other isotopes) in kilogram quantities by long-term irradiation of either plutonium or uranium with neutrons.
Curium is a shiny silvery metal with a melting point of 1340°C; its calculated density is about 13 g/cm3. The most typical oxidation state of curium is + 3, as is that of the other heavy actinides. The compounds Cm2O3, CmCl3, and others have been synthesized. However, stable compounds of curium with the +4 state are also known (CmO)2, CmF4). Curium may be separated from other actinides by ion-exchange methods.
The intense evolution of heat by compounds of curium is caused by its radioactive disintegration. This property makes it possible to use the isotopes 242Cm, 244Cm, and others in the construction of small-scale sources of electric energy. The work span of such generators may be as high as several months. | http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/curium |
The boxes generated by the bisection process are stored in an interval matrix:
Box_Solve_General_Interval(M,m)The algorithm try to manage the storage in order to solve the problem with the given number M. As seen in section 2.3.1.2 two storage modes are available, the Direct Storage and the Reverse Storage modes, which are obtained by setting the global variable Reverse_Storage to 0 (the default value) or at least to the number of unknowns plus 1. See also section 8.3 to use a mixed strategy between the direct and reverse mode.
For both modes the algorithm will first run until the bisection of the current box leads to a total number of boxes which exceed the allowed total number. It will then delete the boxes in the list which have been already bisected, thereby freeing some storage space (usually larger for the reverse mode than for the direct mode) and will start again.
If this is not sufficient the algorithm will consider each box in the list and determine if the bisection process applied on the box does create any new boxes otherwise the box is deleted from the list. Note that this procedure is computer intensive and constitute a "last ditch" effort to free some storage space. You can disable this feature by setting the integer variable Enable_Delete_Fast_Interval to 0. If the storage space freed by this method is not sufficient the algorithm will exit with a failure return.
If epsilonf=0, epsilon= and is the largest
width of the intervals in TestDomain, then the number of boxes
that will be considered in the direct mode
is with, in the worst case:
|(2.2)|
|(2.3)|
If the procedure has to be used more than once it is possible to speed up the computation by allocating the storage space before calling the procedure. Then you may indicate that the storage space has been allocated beforehand by indicating a negative value for M, the number of boxes being given by the absolute value of M.
Note also that the bisection process applied only to one variable may lead to a better estimation of the roots of the system if the algorithm stops when the accuracy required on the variable is reached: indeed, compared to the standard algorithm, one (or more) of the variable may have been individually split before reaching the step where a full bisection will lead to a solution (see the example in section 2.4.3.2).
Note also a specific use of ALIAS_RANDG: if this integer is not set to 0, then every ALIAS_RANDG iteration the algorithm will put the box having the largest width as current box, except if the number of boxes remaining to be processed is greater than half the total number of available boxes. | https://www-sop.inria.fr/coprin/logiciels/ALIAS/ALIAS-C++/node24.html |
1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to liquefied gas storage tanks and in one aspect relates to a tank especially adapted for storing cryogenic liquefied gases (e.g., liquefied natural gas (xe2x80x9cLNGxe2x80x9d)) at cryogenic temperatures at near atmospheric pressures in areas susceptible to earthquake activity.
2. Background
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is typically stored in double walled tanks or containers. The inner tank provides the primary containment for the LNG while the outer shell holds the insulation in place and protects the inner tank and the insulation from the adverse effects of the environment. Sometimes, the outer tank is also designed to provide a secondary containment of LNG and associated gas vapor in case the inner tank fails. Typical sizes of onshore tanks at import or export terminals range from 50,000 to 100,000 cubic meters although tanks as large as 200,000 cubic meters have been built or are under construction.
Two distinct types of tank construction are widely used for storing LNG at onshore locations. The first of these comprise a flat-bottomed, cylindrical, self-standing tank which typically uses a 9% nickel steel for the inner tank and carbon steel, 9% nickel steel, or reinforced/prestressed concrete for the outer shell. The second type is a membrane tank wherein a thin (e.g. 1.2 mm thick) metallic membrane is installed within a cylindrical concrete structure which, in turn, is built either below or above grade on the ground. A layer of insulation is interposed between the stainless steel or Invar membrane and the load bearing concrete cylindrical walls and flat floor.
Recently, radical changes have been proposed in the construction of LNG terminals, especially import terminals. One such proposal involves the building of the terminal a short distance offshore where the LNG will be off-loaded from a transport vessel, stored, retrieved, and regasified before it is piped to shore for sale or use. Possibly one of the more promising of this type of terminals is one where the LNG storage tanks and regasification equipment will be installed on gravity base, box-shaped, barge-like structures (GBS) similar to certain concrete gravity structures now installed on the seafloor and being used as platforms for producing petroleum in the Gulf of Mexico.
Unfortunately, neither cylindrical tanks nor membrane tanks are considered as being particularly attractive for use in storing LNG on GBS terminals. Cylindrical tanks take up too much room on the GBS in relation to the volume of LNG which can be stored therein and are difficult and expensive to construct on such. Further the size of such tanks must be limited (e.g. 50,000 cubic meters) so that the GBS structures can be fabricated economically with readily available fabrication facilities. This necessitates a multiplicity of storage units to satisfy particular storage requirements which is not desirable from cost and operational safety considerations.
A membrane-type tank system, on the other hand, can be built inside the GBS to provide a relatively large storage volume. However, a membrane-type tank requires a sequential construction schedule wherein the outer concrete structure has to be completely built before the insulation and the membrane can be installed within a cavity within the outer structure. This normally requires a long construction period which adds substantially to the costs. Further, membrane-type tanks are designed by principles known as xe2x80x9cexperimental designxe2x80x9d wherein the guarantee of satisfactory performance of a particular tank and its safety are based on historical experience and laboratory studies rather than on rigorous demonstration by analysis and quantified experience. Where new shapes and sizes are required or when different environmental and/or seismic loading conditions are to be encountered, the satisfactory performance of membrane-type tanks at various LNG levels is difficult to insure.
Accordingly, a tank system is needed for near offshore storage of LNG which alleviates the above-discussed disadvantages of both cylindrical tanks and membrane-type tanks. Such a tank is a polygonal-shaped, box-like, structure which can be fitted into a space within a steel or concrete GBS and which is capable of storing large volumes (e.g. 100,000 cubic meters and larger) of LNG at cryogenic temperatures. The tank should also perform safely at various LNG levels in areas where seismic activity (e.g. earthquakes) is encountered and where such activity may induce liquid sloshing and associated dynamic loads within the tank.
Similar box-shaped, polygonal tanks have been used for storing LNG aboard sea-going, transport vessels. One such tank, popularly known as the xe2x80x9cConchxe2x80x9d tank, (e.g. see U.S Pat. No. 2,982,441) has been built from 9% nickel steel or aluminum alloys. In its original design as proposed by the above referenced patent, the tank is constructed of six plate panels (i.e. the four sides, the top or roof, and the bottom or floor of the tank) which are reinforced or xe2x80x9cstiffenedxe2x80x9d only by horizontal beams and stiffeners or the like. According to the inventors, vertical stiffening is deliberately omitted in order to eliminate or reduce thermal stresses due to thermal gradients in the vertical direction as the volume of LNG in tank changes.
In the xe2x80x9cConchxe2x80x9d tank, horizontal tie rods may be provided (a) at the corners at the vertical interfaces of the walls to strengthen the corners; and/or (b) as connections between the opposite faces of the walls to lessen the panels deflections. Nonetheless, horizontally-stiffened wall panels and two-way stiffened floor and roof plate panels, as embodied in the above referenced patent, basically provide the structural strength and stability for the tank. The original tanks built with this concept are reported to be less than 10,000 cubic meter in capacity.
When the Conch design (as illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 2,982,441) is extended to larger tanks, a design similar to FIG. 1 can be expected (i.e. a known, prior-art, prismatic tank developed by IHI Co., Inc. of Tokyo, Japan). Modern materials and design methods do not restrict provision of vertical stiffening by consideration of thermal gradient as the liquid level of LNG changes. Consequently, the illustrated prismatic tank consists of wall plate panels that are stiffened by both horizontal and vertical beams/stiffeners. But even for a relatively small size of 23,500 cubic meters, to achieve satisfactory strength and stiffness during construction handling and operational use, the xe2x80x9cConchxe2x80x9d tank must be provided with intermediate stiffened panel bulkheads and diaphragms, as illustrated by a vertical bulkhead in each of the length and width directions of the IHI tank. This type of design is believed to be good only for tanks having a relatively small storage capacity.
A larger tank suitable for use on a modern terminal and designed in accordance with the prior art would need still more bulkheads to support the roof structure and to provide structural strength and stability of the tank in operational use (e.g. see FIG. 2). Accordingly, a typical large storage tank might in effect be considered as consisting of several of the smaller Conch-type tanks aligned wherein a common wall between adjacent tanks forms a horizontal or transverse bulkhead within the overall storage volume of the complete storage system.
For applications on ships and other transport vessels, the bulkheads within the tanks not only provide strength and stability for a relatively large, storage tank but also reduce the dynamic loads on the tank due to any sloshing of the LNG within the tank caused by movement of the floating vessel during transport. The dynamic excitation of the storage tank due to the oscillatory motion of the ship caused by wind and wave action, has relatively large periods (e.g. 6-12 seconds). Fundamental periods of liquid sloshing within small cells created by bulkheads within the tank are relatively small thus avoiding resonance and amplification of sloshing loads. While the bulkhead construction makes such tanks suited for the marine transportation of LNG, it has certain drawbacks when applied to onshore or bottom-supported storage (e.g. GBS), primarily because in these environments, the dynamic excitation caused by seismic activity (e.g. earthquakes, etc.) is of much shorter periods (e.g. xc2xd to 1 second).
Due to the closeness of the fundamental periods of sloshing waves in small constrained spaces and the predominantly xe2x80x9cshortxe2x80x9d excitation periods caused by seismic activity, the relative xe2x80x9cshortxe2x80x9d dimensions of the individual compartments formed by the bulkheads in a storage tank become highly detrimental when sloshing in the tank occurs due to seismic activity. Accordingly, it is desirable for the storage space within a land-based LNG tank or a tank installed on a GBS which, in turn, is installed on the sea bottom, to be long and unimpeded since such open space helps to reduce the dynamic loads caused by the shorter excitation periods which will be encountered should any seismic, activity occur. Further, the large number of compartments, which are typically formed within the tank by the bulkheads, require multiple cryogenic pumping and handling systems for filling and emptying the tank and multiple penetrations and connections through the roof, which, in turn, lead to increased capital and operating costs as well as increasing the safety hazards normally involved with the storage and handling of LNG.
The present invention provides a large, box-like polygonal tank for storing liquefied gas which is especially adapted for use on land or in combination with bottom-supported offshore structure such as gravity-based structures (GBS) and a method of constructing the tank. xe2x80x9cBox-like tankxe2x80x9d, as used herein, is intended to refer to a polygonal tank having two end walls, side walls, a top, and a bottom. Basically, the tank is comprised of (a) an internal, two-way truss frame structure, i.e., trusses in vertical planes, aligned in and crises-crossing along longitudinal (i.e., along the length) and transverse (i.e., along the width directions) and (b) a cover, sealingly enclosing the frame, for containing the stored liquid within the tank.
The internal, truss-frame is comprised of a plurality of vertical, elongated supports and horizontal, elongated supports, connected at their respective ends to form a box-like frame which, in turn, has tubular and non-tubular beams, column and brace members secured therein to provide additional strength and stability along the length and width directions of the truss frame. A plurality of stiffened or unstiffened plates (e.g. 9% nickel-steel, aluminum, aluminum alloys, etc.) are secured to the outside of box-like frame to form the cover for the tank.
Many different arrangements of the beams, columns and braces can be devised to achieve the desired strength and stiffness of a truss frame as illustrated by the use of trusses on bridges and other civil structures. For the tank of the present invention, the truss frame construction in the longitudinal and transverse directions may not be identical, or even similar. Rather, the trusses in the two directions are designed to provide the specific strength and stiffness required for the over all dynamic loads caused by seismic activity, the need to support the large roof structure and the loads due to the unavoidable unevenness of the floor. In the preferred embodiment of this invention, suitable for areas of moderate seismic activity, the internal truss structure may be provided only in the transverse direction with no truss(es) in the longitudinal direction.
More specifically, the large, box-like polygonal storage tank of the preferred embodiment of the present invention is comprised of two substantially identical end sections and none, one, or a plurality of intermediate sections. All of the intermediate sections have basically the same construction and each is comprised of a rigid frame which, in turn, is formed of at least two vertical, elongated supports and at least two horizontal, elongated supports, connected at their respective ends. Additional supports, beams, columns and brace members are secured within said frame to provide additional strength and stability to the frame. A plurality of plates are secured to the outside of said frame which form the cover or containment walls of said tank when the respective sections are assembled.
By using a box-like internal truss frame to provide the primary support for the tank, the interior of the tank will be effectively contiguous throughout without any encumbrances provided by any bulkheads or the like. This permits the relatively long interior of the present tank to avoid resonance conditions during sloshing under the substantially different dynamic loading caused by seismic activity as opposed to the loading which occurs due to the motion of a sea-going vessel.
| |
We are searching for an engaging, courteous barista who is passionate about food and beverage preparation and education. Responsibilities: Welcoming customers, informing them about specials or new items, answering questions, and accepting orders and payments. Preparing foods, such as sandwiches or baked goods, and grinding and blending coffee beans, brewing coffee and tea, and serving items to customers. Packaging food and beverages for sale. Selling coffee and tea blends and brewing equipment, highlighting the differences between items, and educating customers about brewing methods. Cleaning and restocking work and dining areas, emptying trash and sanitizing equipment and utensils. Learning about brewing methods, beverage blends, food preparation, and presentation. | https://i12wrk.com/seeker/job/barista-job-in-abu-dhabi-united-arab-emirates-61596ed61d4da73ef397a4e6 |
Others can say what they want about soffits looking outdated, but modern soffit designs look tasteful in even the classiest homes and kitchens. You have other choices: Above the stove, you could leave the space open, but without a cabinet, the wall looks barren and not quite right. With nothing but a cabinet over top, dust accumulates due to the fine layer of oil and grease that tends to build up around your stove. If you have a stove vent to hang or ductwork to cover, an enclosed soffit fits the bill. Nothing more than a three-sided box, a soffit can be sized to end flush with the surrounding upper cabinets or extend out farther, especially if you want to install recessed lights.
1
Find the ceiling joists running through the ceiling above the stove. The joists may run parallel or perpendicular to the wall behind the stove. Use a stud finder, or tap on the drywall and use a small finish nail to verify the joist positions. Repeat on the rear wall to find the studs. Mark the location of all ceiling and wall framing.
2
Measure the depth of your upper cabinets, whether or not they are above the stove already or they end with the surrounding cabinetry. Mark the area above the stove to show the cabinet depth. Alternatively, extend the soffit another 8 inches or more as preferred. Find the width of the soffit area and mark the ceiling to create installation guide marks.
3
Cut four two-by-twos to the length of the soffit area. Lay the boards together, ends flush, and measure down the length on the outer two boards. Mark every 16 inches across. Run a straightedge across all the boards at once, and draw a line at every mark to show the cross boards that stretch between each of these boards.
4
Measure and cut vertical boards to run between each set of the longer boards, which act as wall plates for these miniature walls. Make these boards, serving as studs, the height of the soffit desired, less the thickness of two plates. Cut enough boards to match each line on two plates plus four additional for the outer ends of the plates, which weren't marked.
5
Spread construction adhesive across each stud end as you work. Center one stud over each mark on one plate. Drive an 8d nail or 2-inch screw through the plate into the board to secure. Position one stud on either end, flush with the plate edge, and attach. Flip to the opposite side, and attach a second plate similarly. Repeat with the second set of plates and studs.
6
Cut crosspieces to span between the two walls for both the top and bottom. Make each the depth of the soffit desired, referring back to your previous measurements, less the thickness of the plates between which they run. Glue and attach each, using additional nails or screws.
7
Squeeze construction adhesive along each board that attaches to the ceiling or rear wall. If the soffit connects to soffits on either side, glue there as well. Lift and position the soffit, according to the guide marks made previously. Nail or screw through every joist along which the soffit runs, as marked on the ceiling. Repeat with the rear wall framing.
8
Insert vertical pieces, cut to the height of the side wall studs, between the crosspieces on any exposed soffit sides. Glue them first, then attach with nails or screws.
9
Cover the soffit frame with 5/8-inch thick or greater drywall to sheath it and fulfill fire safety building code requirements. Measure the drywall, score it with a knife to break it to size, and attach it with screws to the wood framing. Tape the joints, spread joint compound, dry and sand smooth several times to obtain a pleasing finish. Prime and paint to complete.
Things You Will Need
- Stud finder or small finish nail
- Tape measure
- Circular or table saw
- Two-by-twos
- Straightedge
- Hammer or drill
- 8d nails or 2-inch screws
- Construction adhesive
- Drywall, 5/8-inch thick
- Drywall tape
- Joint compound
- Primer
- Paint
- Drywall knife
- Utility knife
- Sandpaper
Tip
- Have an assistant help hold the soffit in place during attachment. | https://homeguides.sfgate.com/install-soffit-above-stove-61699.html |
The Paranormal Investigations course will guide you through a series of modules to help you become a serious Paranormal Investigator. With over 25 years of experience, the course will take you on a journey from equipment usage to investigation procedures that we have learned. By the end of the course, you should have an excellent working knowledge of conducting investigations.
This course will not make you an expert in the field of Paranormal Investigations nor will it certify you as one, but it will give you a good start on becoming an excellent investigator. There are no true experts in this field since it is not recognized as a true science. We are basically all experts since there are no right or wrong ways to investigate, instead, we adopt protocols, which you will find throughout these lessons. For the most part, this is a technical craft where most of the knowledge will be self-taught and learned as you go along.
If you’re going to be successful you’ll need to study and understand the theories and methods of ghost hunting, the sciences behind those theories and learn how to apply them in the field. You will need to practice using the tools of the trade, and most importantly, you will have to learn to develop a keen guiding instinct.
Most ghost hunters already believe in ghosts. However, the theories regarding what ghosts are can vary greatly from one person to another. The toughest part is learning how to go into ghost hunts thinking and acting like a skeptic. It’s your duty to be open-minded and examine all of the facts for any logical explanations. The word open-minded does not mean solely believing in the existence of ghosts and not excepting any other hypotheses. Instead, it refers to analyzing every option that could account for the phenomena. It is important to stress the use of scientific methods because, without it, you will prove nothing.
You must be fair, rational and always searching for a logical explanation. Your job is to uncover the absolute truth, no matter what that truth may be. There are thousands of ghost hunters, but only a handful of good ghost hunters.
About the Course Setup
This course is broken down into modules with each module containing several lessons, assignments, and a short quiz. After you have successfully completed all the modules, you will be eligible to take the Final Exam. If you score 80% or higher on the Final Exam, you will be rewarded with a Certificate of Completion.
Take your time and read through each lesson before attempting each quiz and the final exam. You have three chances to pass each module quiz, and three chances to pass the final exam. Good luck and happy investigating!
- A desktop, laptop, or mobile device to take the course on.
- Time to concentrate and read through all of the lessons.
- Printer to print out your Certificate of Completion. | https://edu.wvghosts.com/courses/paranormal-investigations/ |
Homeland has returned and Carrie’s attempts to distance herself from the CIA look like they won’t keep her out of trouble for long.
After the well-received season 4's surprisingly subdued ending, Carrie has left the famous espionage-mongers and joined a philanthropic foundation operating from Germany. She is being a mum, not being a spy and generally strolling quietly through life.
The first episode involves the organisation of a visit by her current employer, Otto Düring, to a Syrian refugee camp in Lebanon, with Carrie trying to sort out safe passage. At the same time, a not-quite-convincing hacking accident sees classified CIA files make their way into the hands of two randoms.
It's only the first episode, but it doesn't take long for Carrie to find herself in a situation that would terrify the bells off a normal human being.
Quinn is back as the steely-eyed super-assassin, and Saul also returns in a position of power within the CIA, but not the one he wanted, possibly due to something Carrie said.
The fifth season is somewhat of a reboot, as was the fourth season, and our setting now looks like it will mainly be Germany.
Showrunner Alex Gansa spoke to the Radio Times, and said: “We've located Carrie [Claire Danes] emotionally in a space where she's running from her past but she can't hide from it.
The set-up may not be particularly subtle, but refreshing the setting and moving the story along a couple of years looks to be a good move. The characters have settled into their current lives, with Saul getting angry at subordinates, Quinn shooting people whose names he finds in a locker and Carrie helping a rich man help refugees.
Homeland season 5 starts in the UK on Sunday 11th October at 9pm on Channel 4. | https://www.digital-tv.co.uk/news/trouble-looms-for-carrie-in-homeland-premiere-separation-anxiety |
May 14, 2021, Submitted by Holly Moriarty
Rowers Compete Against Duxbury and Greater Lawrence Rowing in Highly Competitive, Down-to-the-Finish Races.
The Hingham High School Crew team brought lots of excitement to Bare Cove Park this past weekend with the first-ever “Salty Bow Sprints.” HHS hosted Duxbury High School for a gorgeous sunny and windy Mother’s Day event. After a dozen tight races—many boats crossing the finish line just a few seconds apart—Duxbury took home the first annual Salty Bow Sprints Trophy.
From buoys to bullhorns, HHS coaches Marika Kopp, Pat Houle, Hayes Shea, and Sue Chapin for the girls team, and John O’Neill, Austin Letorney, Jack Murphy, and Olivia Vita for the boys team, put on an exceptionally successful event drawing a large crowd of Hingham and Duxbury fans along the banks of the Back River.
Duxbury High School Crew coach, Oli Rosenblandt commented, “This will become the best course for rowing on the South Shore. We will do this every year!”
All of the eight-boats (eight rowers and a coxswain) competed in 1,400 meter races. The third and fourth varsity and novice boats experienced light crosswinds from the portside that picked up in the afternoon for the first and second varsity boats, who also encountered heavier crosswinds and slight chop on the water.
The day was also remarkable for the extremely close finishes. HHS’s boys first varsity boat (V-1) lost by just one boat length to Duxbury, while the rest of the boys’ races were just as tight. Duxbury won the boys V-2 race by three seconds, by six seconds (or about half boat length) for both the V-3 and V-4 races, and one boat length in the novice (first year rowers) race.
“Every week we have been showing up and checking one thing off our list of areas we can improve,” said boys Head Coach John O’Neill. “If we continue to check things off our list, we can only get faster.”
The girls teams also competed in highly competitive races. HHS’s girls V-1 boat won by two seconds. Hingham’s girls V-3 and novice boats each crossed the finish line just four seconds ahead of Duxbury. Duxbury won the girls V-2 race, while Hingham won the girls V-4 line-up.
The novice boys and girls mixed up it up and rowed in boats together for two of the races. Hingham rowers and coxswains who competed in the Salty Bow Sprints included:
Boys V-1: Eric Smith (coxswain), Jack Magner, Tasman Claridge, John Rogan, Joey DeCola, Luke Turnak, Keegan Mahon, Theo Grossman, and Leo Williams.
Girls V-1: Allison Tocchio (coxswain), Charlotte Bogen, Kate Gallagher, Lilly Bryant, Anna Wagner, Olivia Wegener, Teagan Schnorr, Cassandra Dasco, and Claire Gallagher.
Boys V-2: Mike Wegener (coxswain), Cam Santarelli, Fin Perkins, Ned McDonald, Will D’Arcy, Jake Moraites, Oskar Scholund, Brennan Beitler, and Dan Salon.
Girls V-2: Ellie Zieper (coxswain), Lily Murphy, Devon Moriarty, Helena Orth, Ella Niehoff, Anna Capodilupo, Zoe Angel, Kathryn Feeley, and Sofia Scholund.
Boys V-3: Jimbo Dietterich (coxswain), Gabe Wagner, Nick Germain, Nathan Tesler, Logan Littell, Joe Delmonico, A.J. Rubel, Walker Shetty, and Mike Magner.
Girls V-3: Maddie McPhillips (coxswain), Sadie Neidecker, Abby Brown, Grace Desai, Elena Vasilakos, Elena Bryden, Ellie Dodd, Bayan Traiba, and Mazie Neidecker.
Boys V-4: Mike Wegener (coxswain), James Donnelly, Adam Quinn, Colin Menuchi, Alex Hart, Charlie Rogan, Jake Robbins, Joe Cassidy, and Jack Burns.
Girls V-4: Alexa Fox (coxswain), Sophie Kerr, Julia Lopes, Marissa Matthews, Maisie Knies, Alison Dasco, Genevieve Vale, Denley Bellows, and Jordan Peterson.
Boys Novice: Harrison Kennedy (coxswain), Dylan Drew, James Burns, Josh Bradshaw, Hunter Shultz, Jack Salem, Niko Gibson, Alex Doggett, and Kyle Strauss.
Girls Novice: Sophia Murphy (coxswain), Caroline Turnak, Patti Ricci, Emma Jacob, Bridget Sandler, Walker Sibley, Luka Gutierrez, Ava Lydotes, and Nora Pluto.
First Mixed Novice: Harrison Kennedy (coxswain), Marissa Matthews, Jack Renna, Jack DeSena, Bridget Sandler, Emma Jacob, Jack Pilotte, Jake Kennedy, and Julia Lopes.
Second Mixed Novice: Sophia Murphy (coxswain), James Feeley, Genevieve Vale, Walker Sibley, Ryan Kost, Will Teague, Izzy Storey, Alexa Fox, and Jack Maurer.
View full race results from the Salty Bow Sprints here.
This past Wednesday evening, the boys and girls varsity one and varsity two boats (same line-ups as the Salty Bow Sprints), competed against Greater Lawrence Rowing (GLR) on the Merrimack River in 1,000 meter races. The teams rowed with the river’s current in light winds and took off from the GLR Boathouse in Lawrence.
HHS’s girls V-1 and V-2 boats were fast off the start and throughout the course and won both races against GLR.
“We have raced some of the best crew teams in the state,” said girls Head Coach Marika Kopp. “The girls are determined, dedicated, and have put in an enormous amount of work to be where they are and keep coming out on top. They are exceptional. Everything they are doing, they do together. And that is what rowing is all about.”
Hingham’s boys V-1 and V-2 boats took second place to GLR, both boats within three seconds at the finish.
Next up, HHS Crew competes on May 22 against Shrewsbury High School on Lake Quinsigamond!
The Hingham High Crew team is in the final days of its “Rowing with PPE (Power - Persevere – Excel)” Fundraiser. Crew is one of the few teams at HHS with no cuts and relies heavily on donations to keep the program up and running. Please help support the team—donate here!
Photos below courtesy of Joshua Ross Photography. Swipe to scroll. | https://www.hinghamanchor.com/hhs-crew-team-hosts-the-first-annual-salty-bow-sprints/ |
Online gaming publication IGN have managed to get hold of some more information regarding Nintendo’s next home console which is currently titled Project Cafe.
Apparently the system will launch late this year somewhere between mid-October and early November. The console is set to retail for$350 and $400 based on manufacturing costs, and will ship from Taiwanese manufacturer, Foxconn.
According to IGN Nintendo are still undecided on the name of their next generation console but they’re considering calling it ‘Stream’ presumably because of the game screen which is reportedly built into the controller.
The console will apparently be around the same size as Microsoft’s Xbox 360 but will look like a modernized version of the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) and will be slightly more powerful than Sony’s PlayStation 3. | https://mynintendonews.com/2011/04/22/nintendo-wii-2-nintendo-wii-2-project-cafe-coming-this-year-for-400/ |
Q:
How to execute loop until user selects Cancel upon prompt?
I'm writing a program where the user input is broken down into letters and then displayed as ASCII characters.
User may enter an input into the prompt box over and over until he selects Cancel, presses the Enter key or the Esc key.
For example, if you enter 'Hello' followed by 'Bye' when prompted, and the 3rd time you just press the Enter key without typing anything, you should see this:
Word entered is "Hello"
H = 72
e = 101
l = 108
l = 108
o = 111
Word entered is "Bye"
B = 66
y = 121
e = 101
My problem is
1) the "Word entered is..." line does not appear, and
2) the prompt message executes only once regardless of whether user leaves it blank or not.
Here's what my code looks like:
<script>
do {
var word = prompt ("Please enter a word of your choice");
if (word == null)
document.getElementById("myDiv").innerHTML = "Word entered is " + "\"" + word + "\"";
else
break;
} while (word == null);
var letter = "<ul>";
for (var i = 0; i < word.length; i++){
letter += word[i] + " = " + word.charCodeAt(i) + "<br>";
}
letter += "</ul>";
document.getElementById("myDiv").innerHTML = letter;
</script>
A:
I think you need separate the "words" by " ", and list the letters for each word.
// this function make the variables not glabel.
(function() {
var words = '';
while (words === '') {
// get the input until something not empty or 'Esc'
words = prompt("Please enter a word of your choice");
};
// this function will return the HTML which will list the letters of the word
var listLetters = function(word) {
letters = "";
for (var i = 0; i < word.length; i++) {
letters = letters + word[i] + " = " + word[i].charCodeAt() + "<br>";
}
return letters;
}
// get target
var t = document.getElementById("myDiv");
// empty the target
t.innerHTML = '';
// process the inputs
words.split(' ').forEach(function(word) {
// print the word
t.innerHTML += 'Word entered is "' + word + '"<br>';
// list the letters
t.innerHTML += listLetters(word) + '<br>';
});
})();
<div id='myDiv'></div>
| |
Decentralized finance is not the new buzzword anymore; given its utility and plethora of use cases, it is touted as a strong competitor of conventional finance. This piece tries to dissect the intricacies of DeFi from a layman’s point of view and explains why the concept will soon be ordered into business in the financial world.
What is Decentralized Finance?
How is Decentralized Finance Different from Traditional Finance?
The concept of decentralized finance, as opposed to traditional finance, is actively contested. The two are essentially differentiated from one another by three aspects:
- A public blockchain serves as the trusted source in a decentralized financial system. This blockchain is used to control all of the operations that take place in the financial industry. In traditional finance, on the other hand, public governance, which includes laws and regulated financial organizations, is the trusted source and runs all of the processes.
- The concept of decentralized finance is gaining popularity for several reasons, one of which is that it is far clearer and more transparent than traditional finance. Because there are no admission requirements, anyone with some programming knowledge can participate in developing financial services and tools that run on top of the public blockchains.
- In contrast, the conventional financial system cannot accept the new trend since there are too many obstacles in the way, making it unlikely that they would. The need to get the right licences and permissions from the right authorities has made it harder for traditional financial systems to be innovative.
DeFi’s Operation
- Decentralized financial systems utilize the blockchain technology that underpins cryptocurrency. A blockchain can be thought of as a decentralized database or ledger that is encrypted. Applications called “dApps” are used to handle transactions and keep the blockchain running.
- Transactions are first recorded in blocks on the blockchain, which other users can independently check. If all of these verifiers come to the same conclusion about a transaction, the block will be closed and encrypted, and a new block will be created that will contain information about the prior block.
- The blocks are linked together, or “chained,” by the information contained in each subsequent block; this is where the term “blockchain” comes from. It is impossible to make changes to a blockchain because the information in earlier blocks cannot be altered without influencing the ones that come after them.
- This idea, in conjunction with other security mechanisms, is what gives a blockchain its reputation for being extremely secure. Because there is so much room for innovation in the technology behind digital ledgers, DeFi is a trustworthy tool for the development of new financial products in the future.
DeFi Protocols
Distributed ledgers identical to those used in cryptocurrency are the basis for a new financial technology called decentralized finance (DeFi). There is no longer a monopoly on money, financial products, or financial services held by banks and other institutions.
DeFi protocols are automated programs developed to solve problems in the traditional financial sector. And over half of the world’s population does not have access to a bank account, and the DeFi protocol attempts to change that.
The innovation of DeFi protocols would allow the door to be opened to implementing more financial products. Many DeFi protocols are now part of a larger ecosystem that includes a slew of well-known tokens and initiatives. The big rise in value of these protocols is good news for companies that want to start up in the DeFi space.
Venture capitalists are paying attention to a new industry that has the potential to reach more than half of the entire world’s population lacking a bank account soon. Huge amounts of money have been invested in various initiatives.
The industry has more than $9 billion in secured assets. Also, these projects create liquidity between different blockchains and assets that are not on the blockchain, such as stocks and shares, to encourage more people to use cryptocurrencies.
Decentralized Exchanges and Decentralized Markets
Peer-to-peer marketplaces, often defined as decentralized exchanges or DEXs, are peer-to-peer environments in which cryptocurrency investors engage in direct transactions without entrusting the administration of their assets to an intermediary or keeper. Decentralized exchanges are indeed called DEXs.
Using agreements that can carry out their terms and that are encoded in code and known as “smart contracts” helps make these transactions possible. Users can conduct transactions straight from their wallets on decentralized exchanges by using the smart contracts underpinning the trading platform.
Traders are accountable for the safety of their funds and bear the consequences if they mishandle them in any way, including misplacing their secret keys or transferring money to the wrong locations. Customers who deposit dollars or assets receive an “I owe you” (IOU) note that may be freely sold on the network using decentralized exchange portals.
These IOUs serve as a form of credit. An IOU is simply a token that is built on blockchain technology and has the equivalent value to the item that it represents. On top of the biggest blockchains, which accept smart contracts, prominent decentralized markets and exchanges have been established in recent years.
DeFi’s Future
In recent years, various macroeconomic and technological variables have been contributing to the exponential expansion of the decentralized finance (DeFi) industry. Decentralized finance (DeFi) is rapidly developing and expanding to mimic the ecology of traditional financial services.
This can take the shape of decentralized exchanges, the lending, and borrowing of various kinds of assets, or insurance products. A newly decentralized blockchain system dealing in cryptocurrencies like DeFi is extremely hazardous because you’re utilizing a new technology to destabilize an established organization.
This innovative form of decentralized financial technology may ultimately affect the fate of centralized financial companies, with DeFi having the potential to be perceived as an option that is less expensive, timelier, and more pertinent. It is essential to have a thorough understanding of the benefits and drawbacks associated with using DEXs and taking part in DeFi.
Most importantly, you should do research on any protocols you want to use, making sure you understand the risks, how security and privacy work, including how encryption keys work, and that you keep your assets safe in a wallet that doesn’t need a custodial institution.
How Prolitus Can Help You With Building a DeFi Solution
Prolitus has developed custom Defi solutions for global clients long enough to realize that you need business expertise, not just coding specialists. Prolitus offers the best DeFi solutions for codebases and libraries through a team of skilled developers who know and have used specific methods.
We begin with your needs and then determine the appropriate instruments. You are welcome to attend meetings, you will receive regular updates, and your input is crucial. We develop solutions for your company.
Your business doesn’t stand still. Neither do we. We are always learning and getting better so that we can give you the best advice and services.
Final Thoughts
One must be cautious when getting into DeFi further than the fundamentals of crypto trading, and make sure your counterparty is reliable before you begin. Keep in mind that DeFi’s yields are appealing, but don’t overlook the additional hazards. Even insignificant gains from yield farming can be quickly erased by a drop in bitcoin markets, and outright fraud or theft can cause even more harm. There will be many more modifications to this venture. Decentralized finance, on the other hand, may be more effective, easy, and safer than traditional financing. How traditional financial actors respond when DeFi profits start to degrade will be fascinating to watch in the future.
FAQ’s
What Is the Objective of Decentralized Finance?
DeFi was created to do away with the need for intermediaries in monetary dealings.
Does Bitcoin Provide Decentralized Finance?
Bitcoin is a form of digital money. It’s not so much that Bitcoin is a part of DeFi as it is that it’s being developed to use cryptocurrencies within its ecosystem.
What is the total value of the DeFi system?
The aggregate of all cryptocurrencies that have been staked, borrowed, placed in a pool, or utilized for any other type of financial transaction across the entirety of DeFi is referred to as the total value locked (TVL). As a monetary unit, it can be used to represent the total value of many digital currencies, like ether or bitcoin. | https://www.prolitus.com/blog/what-is-decentralized-finance-a-beginners-guide-to-understanding-defi-and-its-future/ |
CRUBN is a National Blockchain Project funded company, incubated at IIT Kanpur, envisioned to build e-governance solutions using blockchain technology. At the National Blockchain Project, we researched, innovated, and adopted cutting edge blockchain technology suitable for the Indian governance models, and CRUBN brings that research to market.
We are seeking an innovative marketing manager to promote our company's brand and services. In this role, you will be optimizing our marketing strategies, managing the marketing department's budget and staff, as well as preparing forecasts. Therefore, a commitment to collaborative problem solving, sophisticated design, and quality products are important.
Responsibilities:
- Analyze brand positioning and consumer insights.
- Shape and communicate company's vision and mission.
- Translate brand elements into plans and go-to-market strategies & create campaigns around it.
- Lead creative development to motivate the target audience to take action
- Monitor market trends, research consumer markets and competitors- activities
- Devise innovative growth strategies
- Align the company around the brand's direction, choices and tactics
Requirements :
- 4+ years of proven ability to develop brand and marketing strategies and communicate recommendations to executives
- Experience in identifying target audiences and devising effective campaigns
- Up-to-date with latest trends and marketing best practices
-Extensive knowledge of marketing strategies, channels, and branding. | https://www.updazz.com/j/crubn-manager-marketing-4-8-yrs-156089.html?ref=cl |
Upon your arrival at Taiyuan Wusu International Airport. Our driver will hold a sign with your name waiting for you outside the baggage claim area. Pick up and transfer to Jinci. Jinci Temple has a long history, which can be traced back to the Western Zhou Dynasty (11th century BC to 711 BC), when King Cheng made his younger brother Yu a leader of one of his states. Yu was an intelligent leader who devoted all his energies to making the state prosperous, so his descendants built a temple for him after his death, in order to honor his achievement. After tour, transfer to Pingyao. We will live in Pingyao tonight.
Day 2: Pingyao (Breakfast, Lunch)
Pick up from your hotel. First visit the Ancient City Wall. This city wall enjoys the longest history compared with the others across China and remains almost intact. The walls measure about 12 meters high, with a perimeter of 6,000 meters. A 4-meter wide, 4-meter deep moat can be found just outside the walls.
Next stop is Rishengchang Former Bank. It was the pioneer of China's national banking sector, once operated the economic lifeline of the Qing dynasty throughout the nineteenth century. Its branches were distributed in more than 30 cities across the country, as well as far to Europe and America, Southeast Asia and other countries, becoming famous to the world known as "Land of Wealth" at the time.
Move to the Ancient Ming-Qing Street. Serving as the central axis, it has been the busiest commercial block of the city for hundreds of years. This 450-yard-long street gathers around 80 antique stores, including exchange shops, pawnshops, security guard companies, and other handicraft workshops. Back to hotel in Pingyao.
Day 3: Departure from Pingyao (Breakfast) (B)
Pick up from your hotel in Pingyao. Visit Wang Family Courtyard. Wang Family Courtyard in Shanxi is actually not a “courtyard”, it is a cluster of courtyards or castles. The huge Wang family compound used to have five castles, five lanes and five ancestral temples with an area of 250,000 square meters, much larger than the 150,000 square-meter Forbidden City in Beijing and Qiao Family Coutyard.With a history of over 680 years, the Wangs have lived on for 27 generations throughout all the ups and downs. This largest-existing folk residence cluster sits on the slopes of the hills. Layers of gardens and courtyard houses on different heights of the hills give the compound more levels and the hill more lively and glamour.
Then move on Shuanglin Temple. It is sited in the countryside of Qiaotou village about 6 to7 kilometers (3.7–4.3 mile) southwest of the ancient city of Pingyao. It is a large Buddhist temple in Shanxi Province and is inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1997. With more than 2,000 existing painted sculptures made in the Ming and Qing dynasties, Shuanglin Temple has been reputed as an "oriental art gallery of painted sculptures".
After tour, transfer to the airport or railway station to see you off.
Tour Price (US$ per person)
|Tour Price (US$ per person)|
|Group Size||Deluxe||Standard||Budget|
|2 persons||$||$||$|
|3 - 5 persons||$||$||$|
|6 - 9 persons||$||$||$|
|10+ persons||$||$||$|
|Single Room Supplement||$||$||$|
The quoted price are based on two persons sharing one room. Single room supplement happens if you prefer a single room on your own. | https://www.tourtravelchina.com/pingyao-tours/pingyao-3-days-private-package-tour-with-hotel.html |
Kimi is married to Abigail , has a 294 day old daughter named Miki and a 139 day old son named Keanu , and has a pet dog named Kylo .
Farm horse: Lupen 3 Sheeps: Shanaynay , Sara , Sheri 3 White Cows: Mickyw , Moola , Maurice 3 White Chickens: ChiChi , ChaCha , Chiki 1 Brown Chicken: Chikorita 3 Pigs: Pinky , Pollie , Poopie 1 Brown Cow: Mimi 12 Dinosaurs: Pepe , Sickaboo , Viserys , Kisa , Zepi , Lumbo , Arya , Drogo , Lilo , Khalessii , Juno , Milo 2 Ducks: Quackie , Queke 2 Rabbits: Reno , Ray-Ray 2 Void Chickens: Chobi , Gravity 2 Goats: Goatie , Gilly
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About this Holiday rental
Detached house opposite the owner's property. Ground floor + first floor. Living room with kitchen area. 1 bedroom on the ground floor (2 single beds) + 1 bedroom on the first floor with terrace (1 double bed). Shower room. WC. Gas central heating. Washing machine. TV. Garden. Garden furniture. Barbecue.
Shops, doctor, chemist: 1km
Best features:
- the city to the countryside
Le logement
Type of property : House , individual
Type of accommodation : Ancien de caractère
Area : 70 m2
Lift (elevator) : Non
Number of rooms: 2
Sleeps: 4 persons
Kitchen : Living room / kitchen
Baby equipment : Oui
Pets welcome : Non
Parking: Private parking
Payment : Check, Cash,
Room
Chambre indépendante N°1 : 1 x 140 cm,
Chambre indépendante N°2 : 2 x 90 cm,
INTERIOR EQUIPMENT
- Television
- Refrigerator
- Combined-freezing
- Private washing machine
- Coffee maker
- Microwave
OUTDOOR EQUIPMENT
- Court
- Park
- Garden
- Garden lounge
- Terrace
- Barbecue
Near
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Classé par date de dépôt. | https://www.clevacances.com/en/locationvacances/aquitaine/dordogne/sarlatlacaneda-8774/le_couvoir/2970 |
University of Rochester music theorist explores the interrelationship between poetry, lyrics, and music.
Reading the opening lines of Van Morrison’s “Into the Mystic,” Matt BaileyShea, an associate professor of music theory at the University of Rochester, notes that “the song is widely viewed as a classic and a great song. However, it is not great poetry.”
Concurring in that view is Morrison himself. when rolling stone magazine interviewed him for a 1978 article about the lyrics, he suggested people take them too seriously, and the words might even be “irrelevant.”
We were born before the wind
Also, younger than the sun
‘Ere the bonnie boat was won
As we sailed into the mystic.
Someone studying Morrison’s songs could be convinced they should overlook the lyrics to focus on other elements, like harmony, texture, rhythm and meter, and vocal timbre. “Why bother engaging in serious interpretation of the lyrics if they are no more than a vehicle for a catchy tune?” writes Bailey Shea in a new book.
book, Lines and Lyrics: An Introduction to Poetry and Song (Yale University Press 2021), provides answers to that question. BaileyShea takes a basic understanding of poetry to explore and draw attention to words, and the sounds of the language to get a deeper interpretation of songs from a wide variety of music styles, from hip-hop to rock to art songs. The goal of the book, he says, is “to get people thinking more carefully about the subtle, sophisticated details of song lyrics, especially in how they relate to the music.”
BaileyShea has been teaching music theory in both the Arthur Satz Department of Music and the Eastman School of Music since 2003. The relationship between poetic texts and their musical settings has long been a focus for BaileyShea, who organized a symposium for the University’s Humanities Center to explore the topic. The interdisciplinary gathering engaged scholars from the Eastman School, the Department of English, and the Department of Modern Languages and Cultures.
Q&A with Matt Bailey Shea
When did you first start thinking about the connection between poetry and song lyrics?
BaileyShea: I’ve been studying vocal music for decades, but began about 10 years ago I thinking more seriously about the question “Who sings to whom?” in song. I was recognizing that songs often shift pronouns in ways that make this question a bit complicated—“he” becomes “I” becomes “you,” and so forth. I asked [the Joseph Henry Gilmore Professor of English and renowned poet] Jim Longenbach for some help with this and he graciously agreed to meet with me. He gave me excellent advice about lyric poetry in general, and I eventually sat in on one of his poetry courses from him, which was especially eye-opening. It really changed the way I think about poetry and song. The book mainly emerged from those early discussions with him.
There’s an ongoing debate about whether song lyrics should be treated as poetry. You’re interested in both song lyrics and poetry, but are not especially interested in this debate. Why not?
BaileyShea: In most cases, song lyrics are conceived and written in lines, using rhymes, metaphors, imagery, and much else that we often find in poetry. Pop songwriters don’t usually intend to have people read them aloud as if they were poems—it would usually sound silly if we did—but we can certainly benefit from thinking about the poetic elements of a song. That’s the main goal of my book: to get people thinking more carefully about the subtle, sophisticated details of song lyrics, especially in how they relate to the music.
Yet Bob Dylan was a recent recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature, and we often see written collections of lyrics by people like Leonard Cohen, Jay-Z, or Kurt Cobain. Do you think it makes sense to see certain lyricists as great poets?
BaileyShea: Personally, when I want to read poems, I’d rather pick up a book by a contemporary poet like Terrance Hayes. When I want to experience lyrics—whether by Joni Mitchell or Jay-Z—I’d rather listen to the songs. That’s the thing about lyrics; they must work well with music. Also, I think we get caught up too often in silly stereotypes about artistic value. People sometimes suggest that calling a songwriter a “great poet” is the ultimate compliment. The implication is that writing song lyrics is inherently inferior to writing poetry. But why? They’re both very hard to do well.
Throughout your book, you engage your readers in discussions of songwriters and musicians that span a range of musical styles, such as Kendrick Lamar, Patti Smith, Benjamin Britten, and Björk. You also look at poetry by people like Anne Sexton, Robert Frost, and William Blake. Was there difficulty in choosing which works and artists to focus on? What was the process like?
BaileyShea: I mostly drew from poetry and songs that I was listening to at the time. I have relatively broad tastes, so the playlist for the book ends up looking somewhat haphazard. But I think it’s a good thing. Most readers will probably recognize at least a few songs and poems that they already know and enjoy. And the diversity of repertoire is crucial for another reason: it allows us to identify similar patterns and strategies across a wide range of texts.
What do you want readers to gain from your work?
BaileyShea: I mostly just hope the book makes people enjoy reading poetry and listening to songs more than they already do. I imagine many of my readers will be coming at this from either the poetry side or the music side. Hopefully it helps poetry fans listen more closely to lyrics. And hopefully it makes musicians into fans of poetry.
Read more
William Blake has left fingerprints all over pop culture
The Romantic-era poet’s influence pervades modern writing, music, film and TV. The University’s William Blake Archive has digitized nearly 7,000 images from Blake’s creations, making them accessible to scholars and fans alike.
How do you make a poem?
We rely on words to carry out even the most mundane acts of communication. Those same words are poets’ medium of creation. In How Poems Get Made, James Longenbach asks how poets turn bare utterance into art. | https://vclokomotiv.com/2022/04/18/taking-a-page-from-poetry-to-understand-the-music-newscenter/ |
Currently there is only one paleo‐CO2 record from plant macrofossils that has sufficient stratigraphic resolution to potentially capture a transient spike related to rapid carbon release at the Cretaceous‐Paleogene (K‐Pg) boundary. Unfortunately, the associated measurements of stomatal index are off‐calibration, leading to a qualitative interpretation of >2300 ppm CO2. Here we re‐evaluate this record with a paleo‐CO2 proxy based on leaf gas‐exchange principles. We also test the proxy with three living species grown at 500 and 1000 ppm CO2, including the nearest living relative of the K‐Pg fern, and find a mean error rate of ~22%, which is comparable to other leading paleo‐CO2 proxies. Our fossils record a ~250 ppm increase in CO2 across the K‐Pg boundary from ~625 to ~875 ppm. A small CO2 spike associated with the end‐Cretaceous mass extinction is consistent with many temperature records and with carbon cycle modeling of Deccan volcanism and the meteorite impact. | https://co2coalition.org/news/no-evidence-for-a-large-atmospheric-co2-spike-across-the-cretaceous%E2%80%90paleogene-boundary-2/ |
Why Simplifying a building’s structure is the surest way of lengthening it’s useful life.
21 Feb Why Simplifying a building’s structure is the surest way of lengthening it’s useful life.
One of the core beliefs at Bao is based on the notion that in the near future the importance of embodied energy will be higher than the energy in use.
Embodied energy is the sum of all the energy required to produce any goods or services, considered as if that energy was incorporated or ‘embodied’ in the product itself. The last couple of decades the focus for improving energy efficiency in buildings has primarily been on the operational energy expenditure throughout it’s useful life. It is estimated that around 30% of the total energy expended throughout the lifetime of a building is embodied within the materials (this percentage varies based on factors such as age of the building, climate and materials). In the past, this percentage was much lower. It’s looking like embodied energy will become a more important aspect of the overall sustainability of a building.
A percentage overview of the embodied energy in an average construction project.
Some examples of embodied energy include: the energy used to extract raw materials, process materials, assemble product components, transport between each step, construction, maintenance and repair, deconstruction and disposal. As such, it is important to employ a whole-life carbon accounting framework in analyzing the carbon emissions of buildings.
As buildings become greener, the energy needed to make them becomes more and more important. Soon it could add up to 40% of the total lifetime carbon footprint.
With the upcoming European Union Energy Performance of Buildings Directive all newly constructed buildings need to be nearly zero-energy in use by the end of 2020. The logical result of this directive is that embodied energy will make up a much greater proportion of a low-energy building’s total lifetime carbon footprint. This begs the question, once a building has reached zero-energy status how do you further decrease the environmental impact? This can be done in 3 ways:
Choose materials that use less energy to produce
Make production processes of the materials more fuel efficient
Extend the amount of time you use your materials.
For the purpose of this article, we will take a look at number 3.
The longer the main structure of a building can be in effective use the wider the initial embodied energy costs can be spread out. This results in a lower amount of maintenance and postpones the ultimate demolition of the building to make way for something new. Both of which would mean extra financial and environmental costs. This can be done by simplifying the structure of a building by, for example, eliminating load-bearing walls and the supporting beams for the ceiling. By doing this one arrives at a frame that is completely independent of the floor plans of the apartments. This results in a building that is easier to maintain and one that provides greater freedom to reconfigure the space to the needs of society.
A great, but slightly dated, example of this school of reasoning is the Dom-ino house. Dom-Ino House is an open floor plan structure designed by noted architect Le Corbusier in 1914–1915. The name is a pun that combines an allusion to domus (Latin for house) and the pieces of the game of dominoes, because the floor plan resembles the game and because the units can be aligned in a series like dominoes, to make row houses of different patterns.
Architect Valentin Bontjes van Beek and students from the Architectural Association in London built a full-size model of
Le Corbusier’s seminal Maison Dom-ino in the Giardini of the Venice during the 2014 Venice Architecture Biennale.
Re-configurable housing is not new, in the beginning of the 20th century it was clear that the potential for a building that evolves with time as materials, fashions, technologies, and uses change is HUGE! Not only for the savings during the actual construction process but also for the ease of recycling. Simplified buildings have less materials embedded within each other (i.e. wiring plastered in the walls) that are easier to separate upon deconstruction. The EPA (the United States Environmental Protection Agency) recently reported that doubling the reuse and recycling of construction and demolition debris would result in an emissions savings of 150 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per year. This equals the entire annual carbon emissions from the state of North Carolina, and this in the United States alone!
Of course the above mentioned example is no longer feasible in an era obsessed with customization. However the Dom-ino is a pure system, stripped of architecture, it invites us to complete it and inhabit it in any way we desire. More than the specific system itself, it is the idea, the school of thought, that is so relevant today and one that we strongly believe in.
At Bao we think there is a great opportunity in creating a system that still delivers the desired customization possibilities for the end user but at the same time decouples the technical aspects of a building to the structural ones.
More on this is the coming months!
Below are a couple of examples from the same “school of though” but from the 21st century:
Modular Design for DeconstructionDavid Fleming, University of Cincinnati, Richfield, MN
This construction trade school design redefines “building” as a temporary resting place for materials to be traded, upgraded and reused. Rather than attempting to find an infinitely reusable module, the project creates a framework for creative materials reuse.
Yosuke Kawai and Ikue Nomura, University of Pennsylvania, Dayton, OH
This school building focuses on feasibility and maximizing flexibility. The usual constraints of fixed areas are resolved by combining modular (M), open (O), and dual structural (D) systems. This technique allows any individual to build with locally available materials to meet immediate needs while providing the opportunity for future growth.
Kira Gould, William McDonough + Partners,
Charlottesville, VA
The visitors’ center design roots the building firmly in its woodland context by blurring distinctions between the indoors and outdoors, and by incorporating the surrounding forest into the building’s lifecycle analysis. Construction emphasized safe, closed material loops of biological nutrients, which break down to safely return to forest soil; and technical nutrients, which can be re-manufactured into new objects. The mechanical connections and reconfigurable modules allow for building alterations.
| |
We are definitely inspired by our Makers who agreed to take part and share their experiences to benefit young girls and women! Our thanks to:
- Frances Gannon, Architect
- Katy Ghahremani, Architect and Designer
- Wardululu Alsaffar-Evans, Architect
- Atim Kilama-Oceng, Architectural Assistant
- Sara Veale, Editor
- Martina Ferrera, Photographer
It is vital that architecture attracts a wide variety of people to the profession, to ensure the whole of society is represented in the ideas and voices that contribute to the design of our buildings, spaces and places. We know companies perform better when they are more diverse, and that different perspectives lead to more creativity, innovation and inclusive design.
For all girls to feel architecture is relevant to them and a viable career option, women and BAME designers need to be equally promoted and celebrated in the public eye. By having this opportunity to make ourselves visible through the Inspiring Girls series, we hope to demonstrate that architecture is a wonderful and achievable career option for everyone. | https://www.makearchitects.com/zh/%E6%80%9D%E7%BB%B4/inspiring-girls/ |
Olstein Capital Management L.P. acquired a new stake in shares of Nautilus, Inc. (NYSE:NLS) during the third quarter, according to its most recent Form 13F filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The firm acquired 170,000 shares of the specialty retailer’s stock, valued at approximately $1,583,000. Olstein Capital Management L.P. owned approximately 0.55% of Nautilus at the end of the most recent quarter.
Several other hedge funds and other institutional investors have also recently made changes to their positions in the stock. Vanguard Group Inc. raised its holdings in shares of Nautilus by 1.5% during the 2nd quarter. Vanguard Group Inc. now owns 1,491,449 shares of the specialty retailer’s stock valued at $25,131,000 after buying an additional 22,193 shares in the last quarter. North Growth Management Ltd. grew its position in Nautilus by 50.9% during the 3rd quarter. North Growth Management Ltd. now owns 827,000 shares of the specialty retailer’s stock worth $7,699,000 after acquiring an additional 279,000 shares during the last quarter. Skylands Capital LLC grew its position in Nautilus by 2.8% during the 3rd quarter. Skylands Capital LLC now owns 780,500 shares of the specialty retailer’s stock worth $7,266,000 after acquiring an additional 21,500 shares during the last quarter. State Street Corp grew its position in Nautilus by 9.8% during the 2nd quarter. State Street Corp now owns 570,411 shares of the specialty retailer’s stock worth $9,611,000 after acquiring an additional 50,680 shares during the last quarter. Finally, Epoch Investment Partners Inc. grew its position in Nautilus by 1.2% during the 3rd quarter. Epoch Investment Partners Inc. now owns 504,166 shares of the specialty retailer’s stock worth $4,694,000 after acquiring an additional 6,060 shares during the last quarter. 60.50% of the stock is currently owned by institutional investors.
Get Nautilus alerts:
Shares of NLS stock opened at $5.05 on Friday. The firm has a market cap of $157.44 million, a P/E ratio of 2.40 and a beta of 1.61. Nautilus, Inc. has a fifty-two week low of $4.52 and a fifty-two week high of $31.38. The business’s 50 day moving average price is $6.26 and its 200-day moving average price is $9.52. The company has a debt-to-equity ratio of 0.07, a quick ratio of 0.83 and a current ratio of 1.90.
Nautilus (NYSE:NLS) last issued its quarterly earnings data on Tuesday, November 9th. The specialty retailer reported $0.03 earnings per share for the quarter, missing the Zacks’ consensus estimate of $0.06 by ($0.03). Nautilus had a return on equity of 42.62% and a net margin of 9.56%. The business had revenue of $137.96 million during the quarter, compared to the consensus estimate of $151.07 million. During the same quarter in the prior year, the business posted $0.87 earnings per share. As a group, equities analysts predict that Nautilus, Inc. will post -0.65 EPS for the current year.
NLS has been the topic of several recent research reports. Lake Street Capital reduced their price target on Nautilus from $29.00 to $16.00 and set a “buy” rating on the stock in a research report on Wednesday, November 10th. Zacks Investment Research upgraded Nautilus from a “sell” rating to a “hold” rating in a research report on Wednesday, January 12th. Finally, Truist Financial reduced their price target on Nautilus from $23.00 to $15.00 and set a “buy” rating on the stock in a research report on Wednesday, November 10th. Three investment analysts have rated the stock with a hold rating and two have assigned a buy rating to the company. According to data from MarketBeat.com, Nautilus presently has a consensus rating of “Hold” and an average target price of $17.50.
Nautilus Profile
Nautilus, Inc engages in the provision of fitness products. It operates through the Direct and Retail segments. The Direct segment offers products directly to consumers through direct advertising, catalogs and the Internet. The Retail segment retails products through a network of independent retail companies with stores located in the United States and Canada, as well as Internet-based merchandising. | |
College textbook publishing has changed in many significant ways over the past twenty years. While the industry is still dominated by a small number of large publishers, their product and business models have evolved greatly. Pressure to create a variety of low-priced product options and resulting decreases in growth and profit have caused many publishers to pull back on the acquisition of new products. Consequently, acquisitions editors have often begun to focus on managing existing titles rather than on acquiring new products. If you are flexible, persistent, and creative, you can still find opportunities to write or contribute to a college-level textbook.
Join us Thursday, February 10 from 1-2 p.m. ET for “Connecting With a College Textbook Publisher in Changing Times”, presented by Sean Wakely, Vice President of Product and Editorial at FlatWorld. Wakely will describe the current college textbook publishing landscape and provide you with actionable ideas about how to approach and form a relationship with the editorial staff who are responsible for bringing new writing talent into a publisher.
Register Today. Members Only. Join TAA. | https://blog.taaonline.net/2022/01/10/ |
ON THE BALL?
To support our Tournaments & Events Division, FIFA is looking to recruit an innovative and cooperative person as a World Cups Project Group Leader Portfolio Management for a variety of Premier Tournaments.
Your duties
•Accountable to the Head of Project for the delivery of project and portfolio management related aspects of a Tournament Project
•Defining and directing the methodology and rhythm of planning to ensure that the Head of Project has the tools to deliver in a consistent and continuous manner
•Facilitating a seamless transfer of documents from the bid phase to the operational planning phase, including the establishment of a framework for information management
•Defining and implementing the appropriate tournament governance in coordination with relevant stakeholders
•Defining the Tournament Event Integrated Planning Roadmap for a Tournament Project, including key outputs for each phase as well as their review and approval process
•Liaising with relevant departments (i.e. T&E Business Solutions, FIFA IT etc.) to ensure that supporting project management systems and tools are fit for purpose
•Developing and delivering the required pre-tournament and tournament time reports in a manner which facilitates decision-making
•Developing the risk management framework and ensuring that all key stakeholders use it in implementing effective mitigation strategies
•Conceptualizing and implementing the C4 strategy, both pre-tournament and tournament time and ensuring its testing, optimization and implementation ahead of the Tournament
•Defining an integrated Operational Readiness strategy, including related readiness exercises in coordination with project and venue teams and associated stakeholders
•Liaising with FIFA Finance and FIFA Workforce Management to ensure that tournament budgets and the required workforce are linked with operational requirements and reflected in the concept of operations
•Planning and delivery of knowledge management activities and lessons learnt
Our requirements
•A degree from a recognized university
•Certification in Project Management (PMP, PRINCE2, etc.), demonstrated experience in delivering multiple simultaneous complex projects in a structured framework
•Specific experience in project management tools and systems (i.e. Smartsheet, Ms Project etc.)
•Fluent in English, any other or one of the FIFA languages is an advantage (German, French or Spanish)
•Experience in managing the overall project management of elite level sporting tournaments at the level of a FIFA World Cup or similarly sized event
•At least 10 years of demonstrable experience in project and portfolio management.
•Strong experience in working with senior multi agency partners and stakeholders with an ability to engage, influence and build a network
•Knowledge across all key event organization phases and event management operations as well as dependencies with the venues and infrastructure programme
•Experience working internationally is essential and experience working in the respective host countries would be considered an asset
•Excellent communication skills
•Extensive travel (50% to the respective host countries required)
You can expect a highly motivated and helpful team working in a dynamic multicultural environment. If you have the necessary qualifications and are keen to work for an international organization, please click “apply here” and submit your application in English (motivation letter, CV, diplomas and reference letters). | https://www.globalsportsjobs.com/jobs/world-cups-project-group-leader-portfolio-management-job-zurich-255798-31.html |
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