content
stringlengths 0
1.88M
| url
stringlengths 0
5.28k
|
|---|---|
A customized print-friendly version of this recipe is available by clicking the "Print Recipe" button on this page.
Dark Chocolate Eclairs
Here's a dark twist on a classic French confection: pastry cream-filled chocolate éclairs. There's no easier light-as-air pastry than éclair shells, and no more decadent filling than rich chocolate pastry cream. Combine the two, top the éclair with chocolate glaze, and you have a recipe for a gloriously simple yet luxurious dessert.
Ingredients
Pastry
- 1 cup water
- 8 tablespoons (1/2 cup) unsalted butter
- 3/8 teaspoon salt
- 1 1/4 cups King Arthur Unbleached All-Purpose Flour
- 4 large eggs
Chocolate Pastry Cream
- 1/2 cup sugar
- 5 tablespoons cornstarch
- 4 large egg yolks
- 2 cups whole milk
- 1/2 cup King Arthur Triple Cocoa Blend, or Dutch-process cocoa
- 1/3 cup chopped unsweetened baking chocolate
- 1 tablespoon unsalted butter
Glaze
- 2/3 cup chopped semisweet chocolate
- 1 1/2 teaspoons light corn syrup
- 1/2 cup heavy cream
Instructions
- Preheat the oven to 425°F. Lightly grease (or line with parchment) two baking sheets.
- To make the éclair shells: Combine the water, butter, and salt in a medium-sized saucepan, heat until the butter has melted, and bring to a rolling boil.
- Remove the pan from the heat, and add the flour all at once, stirring vigorously.
- Return the pan to the burner and cook over medium heat, stirring all the while, until the mixture smooths out and follows the spoon around the pan; this should take less than a minute.
- Remove the pan from the heat, and let the mixture cool for 5 to 10 minutes. It'll still feel hot, but you should be able to hold a finger in it for a few seconds. If you have a digital thermometer, the temperature should be below 125°F.
- Transfer the mixture to a mixer, and beat in the eggs one at a time; it'll look curdled at first, but when you add the last egg it should become smooth. Beat for at least 2 minutes after adding the last egg.
- If you have a pastry bag, pipe the batter into 5" logs about 3/4" in diameter. Or simply use a spoon or cookie scoop to drop small mounds of the batter in a 5" line, gently spreading them into one solid pastry.
- Bake the pastries for 15 minutes, then reduce the oven temperature to 350°F and bake for an additional 25 minutes, until pastries are a medium golden brown. Don't open the oven door while the pastries are baking.
- Remove the pastries from the oven. Make a small slit in the top of each, and return them to the oven for 5 minutes, to allow the steam to escape. Place them on a rack to cool. When they're cool enough to handle, split each in half to make top and bottom pieces; splitting and exposing the centers to air will help keep them from becoming soggy.
- To make the pastry cream: Combine the sugar and cornstarch in a mixing bowl. Whisk in the yolks.
- Bring the milk and cocoa just to a simmer in a saucepan set over medium heat.
- Pour a quarter of the hot milk/chocolate into the yolk mixture, whisking until incorporated. Return the mixture to the saucepan over medium heat.
- Cook, stirring constantly, until the mixture becomes very thick, and just barely starts to boil. Remove the pan from the heat.
- Add the chocolate and butter, stirring until melted and smooth.
- Transfer the pastry cream to a bowl, and cover with plastic wrap. Cool to room temperature, then refrigerate for about 2 hours.
- To make the glaze: Combine the chocolate and corn syrup in a medium bowl.
- Heat the cream to simmering, then pour over the chocolate, stirring until melted and smooth. If the glaze seems thin, let it cool and set a bit before using.
- To assemble the éclairs: Pipe or spoon the cream into the pastries, then dip the tops of each one into the glaze. For best results, serve immediately; or refrigerate and serve within several hours.
- Store any leftover éclairs, well-wrapped, in the refrigerator for a few days. They don't freeze well, so enjoy éclairs while they're fresh!
Tips from our bakers
- For a delicious whole-grain take on éclairs, try our recipe for Whole Grain Cream Puff Pastry.
- We've chosen to fill our éclairs with chocolate cream because, well — why not? However, feel free to use our recipe for vanilla pastry cream, for a more traditional version. Or simply fill éclairs with your favorite pudding. Vanilla is classic, but how about butterscotch — or coconut cream?
- This recipe makes a generous amount of glaze, enough to drip down the sides of the éclairs. For more conservative coating, reduce the amount of chocolate to 1/2 cup, and cream to 6 tablespoons.
- Don't worry if you find yourself with a few extra pastry shells. Fill them with ice cream for profiteroles; or stuff with chicken or egg salad, for a savory accompaniment to soup or salad. | https://www.kingarthurflour.com/recipes/dark-chocolate-eclairs-recipe |
Posts tagged with "Los Angeles":
The Getty Conservation Institute charts a 100-year plan for the Eames House
Before the 2028 Olympics, L.A. embarks on its most transformative urban vision in a generation
TALK: MADWORKSHOP on Design With Purpose
The Martin Architecture and Design Workshop (MADWORKSHOP) supports students, makers, artists, and architects in the realization of socially valuable design projects. Our thriving fellowship and education programs nurture thinkers who will make radical, sustainable, and lasting contributions to the design discourse and society at large. Merging a contemporary aesthetic agenda, ambitious fabrication techniques, and the mentorship of MADWORKSHOP’s experienced Board of Directors, the foundation offers emerging designers the opportunity to take their ideas from concept to reality.
Sofia Borges is a practicing writer, designer, curator, and educator. Sofia has an extensive background in architecture, urbanism, and the arts. She studied photography at the California Institute of the Arts and completed her Bachelors in Urban Studies at the New School University. Informed by her diverse upbringing that extended from LA to Latin America and beyond, Sofia relocated to Berlin after completing her Master of Architecture degree at UCLA. During her time in Europe, she founded the interdisciplinary design practice Affect Studio and became the architecture editor at Gestalten. Sofia has authored and edited nearly two dozen titles on architecture and design. Her most notable books to date include The Tale of Tomorrow, Rock the Shack, Hide and Seek, The Sky’s the Limit, the LA edition of the CITIx60 travel guide series, and Give Me Shelter. Sofia returned to her home town of Los Angeles in 2014, joining the faculty at the USC School of Architecture and launching Colorblock Studio. In Fall of 2016, she joined MADWORKSHOP as their new acting director.
INSTALLATION: MADWORKSHOP x UCLA Architecture and Urban Design x Succulent Walls
Succulent Walls tackle how architecture can respond to Southern California’s precarious relationship to water and lack of disaster preparedness. The work of a Master of Architecture (M.Arch.I) Research Studio taught by Heather Roberge, this collaboration between Mary and David Martin's MADWORKSHOP and UCLA Architecture and Urban Design prototypes a series of residential water catchment systems. By integrating a system for easily installed water storage and food production into the residential vernacular, the class of eleven graduate students hopes to transform our laissez-faire attitude towards this critical and finite resource into one of proactive self-sufficiency. Five group projects were distilled into two super-group designs that will be showcased at the LA Design Festival.
Students: Christopher Doerr, Daniel Greteman, Ian Rodgers, Caroline Watts, Jenny Zhou, Nichole Tortorici, Talia Landes, Xiangkun Hu, Xihan Lyu, Xinwen Zhang, Yiran ChenVideo teaser: https://vimeo.com/342820070. ABOUT MADWORKSHOP Mary and David Martin’s MADWORKSHOP is a design education foundation. The foundation supports technological craftsmanship through university partnerships and an immersive fellowship program. With a focus on socially conscious projects, MADWORKSHOP supports radical, sustainable, and lasting contributions to design discourse and society at large. Find out more about MADWORKSHOP: http://madworkshop.org
SelgasCano designs coworking jungle for Los Angeles
Three big-name studios shortlisted for La Brea Tar Pits master plan competition
Johnson Favaro reimagines Beverly Hills' La Cienega Park
Artist explores ideology of California's built environment
Tower project pits Gehry against the father of the L.A. Conservancy
It’s not often that Los Angeles moves to demolish one of its 1,158 Historic-Cultural Monuments (HCM), a list of relics that includes Simon Rodia’s Watts Towers, Frank Lloyd Wright’s Hollyhock House, and three of the city’s majestic Moreton Bay Fig trees. But if developers Townscape Partners had their way, their Gehry Partners–designed 8150 Sunset project could do just that.
The controversial three-tower 8150 Sunset development aims to bring 229 apartments—including 38 low-income homes—and 60,000 square feet of commercial programming to the site of the Lytton Savings bank, a commercial structure with a folded concrete roof designed by local architect Kurt Meyer in 1960, an advocate for architectural preservation in L.A.
Designated HCM no. 1137 on the HCM list, Lytton Savings was recognized in 2016 after Gehry’s project was initially proposed. If demolished, it could be the first time a city monument is intentionally destroyed in 27 years, following the demolition of the A. H. Judson Estate—HCM no. 437—in 1992. The site of the Judson Estate, a mansion designed by George H. Wyman, the architect of L.A.’s Bradbury Building, remains empty to this day. In 1985, the deliciously gaudy Philharmonic Auditorium—HCM #61—in Downtown Los Angeles was also reduced to rubble and remained vacant until 2017.
This troubling legacy haunts Steven Luftman and Keith Nakata, two preservationists fighting to save Lytton Savings. They have been trying to work out a way to relocate the structure, though a new site and funds to relocate the 180-foot-long building have yet to materialize.
“It's a long shot, but it's important to make a try,” Luftman explained while highlighting the lengthy and complicated effort, adding, “The biggest obstacle to moving it is the building’s sheer size.” A recent 180-day grace period to create a plan to move the building expired on April 30, clearing the way for the developers to seek a demolition permit.
Like many buildings in Los Angeles, Lytton Savings has a hotly contested history that goes back to its prior incarnations. The structure was built atop the site of the former Gardens of Allah, a collection of bucolic hotel villas frequented by famous personalities, including F. Scott Fitzgerald, Greta Garbo, and Ronald Reagan. | https://archpaper.com/tag/los-angeles/ |
On September 6, 2021, an important meeting of bishops responsible for the preservation of the environment in the episcopal conferences of the Carpathian region took place in Budapest.
The bishops met during the 23rd World Eucharistic Congress, declaring their commitment to the protection of the Creation that God has entrusted to all mankind, and united in prayer for the preservation of Carpathians’ nature. Faith leaders emphasized the effects of natural destruction and climate change, such as forest fires in Latin America and Russia, floods in Europe, and other disasters, as well they mentioned people in prayer that suffering from environmental damage caused by selfishness and neglection of the Carpathians’ nature and climate. The bishops invited everyone to come together to ask for forgiveness: “we continue to hurt God’s Creation – which He called “extremely good” (Genesis 1:31) – through the improper use of natural resources leading to the destruction and pollution of nature. We ask forgiveness: we intend to change our hearts and behavior, to turn to people with pastoral inspiration and to the Church with a call to action to spread the seeds of justice. Together with all those who are not indifferent, we look for the fruits of mercy to grow, contributing to the restoration of the beauty of Creation.
The participants of the meeting declared their commitment to the creation that God has entrusted to us, and they pointed to that “each Christian community in the Carpathians is called to strengthen itself and grow in its mission by concrete good deeds inspired by its spiritual tradition”. Therefore, we invite Christians and all people of goodwill to show their responsibility towards Creation, to take concrete and wise actions to work as good decision-makers, and fight against inequality by protecting forest ecosystems, biodiversity, and the air, water, and climate of the Carpathians. Being conscious of the growing need to protect Creation, we invite all Christians in the Carpathians to celebrate the Season of Creation, following their own spiritual and liturgical traditions, to show responsibility for the Creation by concrete actions to protect it in a common faith in God the Creator. We appeal all Christians to act by guiding believers through the Word, through catechesis and preaching and to begin ecological activities through the social service of the Church.”
At the meeting, the faith leaders took the first step by setting up an initiative group to protect the nature of the Carpathians, whose efforts will be coordinated with the work of “the Protection of Creation” section of the Council of European Bishops’ Conferences [CCEE], European Christian Ecological Network [ECEN], and other Christian and expert organizations, local self-government authorities, the Carpathian Convention and the Danube Strategy to achieve these goals. The initiative group has outlined the implementation of a certain plan of activities for responsibility for Creation in the Carpathians, certain analysis and summarizing of which will take place at the next meeting in Uzhgorod at a given time.
The meeting was attended by experts from Hungary, Ukraine, Slovakia, and bishops:
– Bishop Antal Mainek, Chairman of the Commission on Ecology of the Conference of Roman Catholic Bishops of Ukraine;
– Bishop Jan Babiak, Chairman of the Environmental Subcommittee of the Conference of Roman Catholic Bishops of Slovakia;
– Bishop Janos Seikeli, Chairman of the Justice and Peace Commission of the Conference of Roman Catholic Bishops of Hungary.
REFERENCE: From 1999 to 2004, The Council of the Bishops’ Conferences of Europe (CCEE) held a series of conferences on responsibility for Creation. This gave rise to the creation of ecological divisions at the episcopal conferences of European countries: the Commission on Ecology of the Roman Catholic Conference of Bishops of Ukraine (2001); Commission on Ecology of the Mukachevo Greek Catholic Diocese (2004); Bureau of Ecology of the UGCC (2007) https://www.ecoburougcc.org.ua/; Institute of Ecological and Religious Studies (2012) https://www.iers.org.ua/; Interreligious Civil Environmental Forum of Eastern Europe (2016) https://ircef.org/. | https://iers.org.ua/en/responsibility-for-the-creation-and-protection-of-the-nature-of-the-carpathians/ |
Digital Transformation IT Project Manager to join our new team.
You will be responsible for participating and collaborating in all aspects of a project to ensure that the Digital Transformation best solution and design from a Business, IT, Financial and User perspective is delivered. Work collaboratively with the Solution Leader and external vendors and stakeholders to research and elicit, analyse and validate business requirements, and to ensure that those requirements clearly reflect true business needs, correctly representing all stakeholders. Translates business needs into system/ application requirements and project components to help determine solutions to business problems. Produces functional requirements / functional design for solution development.
Proactively identifying and managing changes to requirements and identifies risks. Effectively manage stakeholder expectations. Applying industry and information technology expertise to support proposals, feasibility studies, proof of concept and cost benefit analysis, implementations and new business development.?
How you will make your mark:
- Introduce and implement the Digital Transformation IT system as core base
- Retiring the legacy applications and move it to a newer cloud-based technology
- Build and maintain partnership with the business partners
- Develop detailed solutions and designs to satisfy the business requirements
- Participates in the Development & Maintenance of the Business Capability Roadmap by Domain in collaboration with Business Partners
- Identify and address Risks from an operational, financial and technological perspective.
- Identify and influence decisions with respect to opportunities to improve efficiency.
- Understands the business process and vision and how to effectively align solutions to both.
- Ability to communicate effectively and concisely with the business leads
- Ability to influence key stakeholders to invest in the strategic direction of the project
- Apply industry-leading expertise to recommend and coordinate the development, enhancement, and maintenance of business systems, processes, and solutions using high-maturity methods, processes and tools.
- Combine industry expertise with an advanced understanding of information technology to develop innovative business solutions.
- Lead requirements management and change management processes.
- Direct development of visualisation, and user experience elements of solution design.
- Develop and maintain internal and external relationships to manage scope, schedule, budgets and expectations.
- Lead business studies and present study results to senior management. Lead proposals, feasibility studies, and new business development activities.
- Leverage industry and technical knowledge to assess the business implications of the application of technology to the current and future business environment and to identify new business opportunities.
About you:
- Bachelor's or Master' degree in a technical software discipline or equivalent experience and related experience.
- Experience with user experience design, external facing portals, web services, mobile solutions.
- Experience in Cloud based newer software, AWS, Azure Cloud Concepts.
- Experience with ERP systems would be an advantage.
- Statistical analysis; data analysis and working knowledge of SQL.
- Foundation Certification in ITIL and Foundation Certification in ISTQB.
- Decomposition of high-level information into details; abstracting low-level information.
- Distinguishing requests vs needs; distinguishing requirements vs. solutions.
- Ambiguity analysis, ensuring consistent understanding across users, designers and testers.
- Business process modeling current/ future state processes; business rules modeling
- Six Sigma, CMMI AND PCMMI, Vitalisation and Agile Project Deliver Concepts.
- Defining and managing scope and client expectations, requirements change management and traceability
- Hands on experience working with Financial software.
- Applying creativity/ innovation to solving complex problems; developing and communicating a vision for project/ system
- Strong presentation skills
The candidate must have a valid visa to work in Ireland. | https://www.experis.ie/job/it-technical-project-manager-1 |
John Constantine, Hellblazer Vol. 14: Good Intentions, Paperback
AUTOR:
EDITURĂ:
AN EDIȚIE:
NR PAGINI:
384
ISBN:
9781401263737
BDCID:
00309476
John Constantine knows the secrets of his native England like the back of his nicotine-stained hand. Unfortunately for him, he's now a world away from that green and pleasant land. Constantine has returned to America, and this time he's landed in the worst place imaginable: a cell in a maximum-security prison, with a 35-year sentence for murder. Adapting to his new environs will require a steep learning curve, but the world's greatest magician is nothing if not flexible. In fact, the question that his fellow inmates should be asking is not how this strange-talking newcomer will endure being locked up with society's worst offenders, but rather how they are going to survive the experience. That's because Constantine has a few more stops to make on his stateside tour, and, unlike his cellmates, his journey begins in the joint rather than ending there. But when he arrives in the rural town of Doglick, West Virginia, to make personal amends for his crime, what he finds going on behind its closed doors shocks the famously world-weary sorcerer to his hardened, cynical core. Acclaimed writer Brian Azzarello is joined by legendary artists Richard Corben, Marcelo Frusin and Steve Dillon for a terrifying expedition into the darkest corners of the Land of the Free in JOHN CONSTANTINE, HELLBLAZER VOL. 14: GOOD INTENTIONS, collecting issues 146-161 of the signature VERTIGO series together with the nostalgic tale ""The First Time"" from VERTIGO SECRET FILES: HELLBLAZER.
Carti In Limbi Străine Carti Graphic Novels Carti Comic Books Carti Cartoons Carti Graphic Novel & Comic Book: Genres
Comandă Cartea
-
113 .00 LeiComandă elefant.ro
Termeni și Condiții Contact Despre
© 2000 - 2021 bundecitit.ro - Toate drepturile rezervate
Motor de cautare carti si oferte de carti.
Parteneri: Zippit
© 2000 - 2021 bundecitit.ro - Toate drepturile rezervate
Motor de cautare carti si oferte de carti. | https://bundecitit.ro/carte/309476-john-constantine-hellblazer-vol-14-good-intentions-paperback |
4.This section inserts into the 1995 Act three new sections setting out the legislative framework for bail decisions. At present, the substantive law on bail is still largely common law. Statute determines whether a crime is bailable, when bail may be applied for and the standard conditions on which bail may be granted but not the general right to bail or the reasons for refusal (the Lord Justice-Clerk Wheatley in Smith v M 1982 JC 67).
5.The provisions set out in statute the current common law by setting out a general entitlement to bail, the circumstances in which bail may be refused and a non-exhaustive list of the considerations that will be relevant to the court in its assessment of whether the circumstances in which bail may be refused are applicable in any particular case.
New Section 23B
6.New section 23B relates to the role of the court in determining questions of bail for an accused person at the pre-conviction stage.
7.Subsection (1) makes it clear that bail is to be granted except where certain grounds for refusing bail (set out in more detail in new section 23C and section 23D) apply and where the court having regard to the public interest considers there is good reason to refuse bail. This reflects the position in relation to detention of an accused person set out in Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights, the general principles of Scots common law and the case law of the European Court of Human Rights. For example, McIntosh v McGlinchey 1921 JC 75 provides that bail must be granted unless “in the exercise of its discretionary right of refusal and looking to the public interest and securing the ends of justice, there is good reason why bail should not be granted”. See also Young v HMA, 1988 SCCR 517 and Smirnova v Russia application No 46133/99 and 48183/99 July 24th 2003.
8.Subsection (2) makes it clear that in determining the question of bail, the court must consider whether the public interest could be secured by the imposition of bail conditions rather than detention. In applying the ‘public interest’ test the court will take into account the interests of justice, since it must be in the broader public interest that individual court decisions reflect the interests of justice.
9.Subsection (3) makes it clear that references to the public interest include reference to the interests of public safety.
10.Subsection (4) provides that the prosecutor and the accused have the right to make submissions to the court on the question of bail pre-conviction.
11.Subsection (5) makes clear that the decision on bail (and the imposition of bail conditions) is for the court and the court alone, and that the attitude of the prosecutor (who has a right to be heard and who can oppose bail) does not restrict the exercise of the court’s discretion. This provision reverses the currently understood position in Scots law set out in Spiers v Maxwell 1989 SLT (N) 282 and the more recent decision by the High Court of Justiciary in M.A.R v Dyer, 4 November 2005 where the court concluded that if the prosecutor did not oppose bail it should be granted.
12.If the prosecutor does not oppose bail the court will have only limited information about the accused recorded on the petition or complaint, although they will be able to see from the terms of the complaint alleged bail aggravations and any bail breaches with which the accused is charged. Subsections (6) and (7) therefore place beyond doubt the right of the court to seek information relevant to the bail decision of the prosecutor or the accused’s legal representative. Examples of relevant information might be the accused’s previous convictions, which would show whether s/he has previously breached bail. Subsection (7) gives those parties the right to decide whether or not to offer any opinion on the risks attached to the bail decision. This is designed to give them discretion where they wish to express an opinion, but to ensure that they cannot be pressed into giving one where they do not wish to do so, risk being a matter for the court to determine.
New Section 23C
13.New section 23C sets out the grounds for refusal of bail. These reflect the grounds recognised under Scots common law and ECHR case law. In each case the grounds for refusal apply only where there is a ‘substantial risk’ of an adverse outcome; the ECHR case law makes clear that a risk must be identifiable and supported by evidence (for example, evidence relating to the previous conduct of the accused).
14.The grounds listed are that a person might, if granted bail;
Abscond;
Fail to appear at a future court hearing;
Commit further offences;
Interfere with witnesses or otherwise obstruct the course of justice.
15.Subsection (1)(d) gives the court the right to refuse bail on the grounds of ‘any other substantial factor which appears to the court to justify keeping the person in custody.’ This is designed to ensure that the court has sufficiently flexible discretion, but exercise of that discretion will be constrained (as it already is) by ECHR case law. Other factors recognised by ECHR case law, although they will rarely be applicable, include the preservation of public order and the protection of the accused. These factors might, for example, apply where individuals on serious terrorism charges appear before the court.
16.Subsection (2) gives an illustrative and non – exhaustive list of material considerations to which the court must, where they exist and are relevant, have regard when taking the bail decision. The considerations identified are;
The nature and seriousness of the alleged offences;
The probable disposal of the case if the individual were convicted (a strong likelihood of a serious custodial sentence, for example, would be relevant here);
Whether the individual was on bail, or was subject to other court orders or sentences, when the offences with which they are charged were allegedly committed;
The individual’s character and antecedents, including the nature of any previous convictions (including convictions from outside Scotland) and of any previous breaches of court orders or the terms of any release on licence or parole; and
The individual’s associations and community ties (for example whether there is a secure potential bail address and family support for the accused).
17.These reflect the considerations already taken into account under Scots common law. The subsection makes it clear that the court can also take any other material considerations which it identifies into account.
New Section 23D
18.Section 23D sets out particular serious types of cases in relation to which bail is to be granted only in exceptional circumstances. A similar exceptional circumstances test operates in England and Wales under section 25 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994. Section 23D reflects the fact that under article 5(3) of the ECHR, detention would usually be justified when someone with a previous conviction for a grave offence is charged with a second such crime on the basis that this demonstrates a need to prevent further offences whilst on bail. It would therefore only be exceptionally that detention was not justified under the Convention. Subsections (2) and (3) apply:
Where an individual is on a serious charge (to be heard before a jury) of a violent or sexual offence and has a previous serious conviction for a violent or sexual offence; and
Where an individual is on a serious charge of drug trafficking and has a previous serious conviction for drug trafficking.
19.The section also defines the terms ’drug trafficking offence’ ‘sexual offence’ and ‘violent offence’. The definition of drug trafficking covers a wide range of drug related offences, including production and supply of controlled drugs, and any involvement in or offer to supply and possession with intent to supply such drugs. Sexual offence is defined by reference to section 210A(10) and (11) of the 1995 Act which does not include prostitution.
20.The court is also entitled to take into account convictions for similar serious offences in England, Wales, Northern Ireland and any other state of the European Union. The court is specifically given discretion to determine whether a conviction in another jurisdiction is equivalent to a conviction on indictment in Scotland for one of the offence types listed.
21.Subsection (7) makes it clear that this section is without prejudice to the wider factors and considerations to be taken into account in relation to every bail decision which are set out in new Section 23C.
Print The Whole Division
Print The Whole Part
Print This Section only
Explanatory Notes
Text created by the Scottish Executive department responsible for the subject matter of the Act to explain what the Act sets out to achieve and to make the Act accessible to readers who are not legally qualified. Explanatory Notes were introduced in 1999 and accompany all Acts of the Scottish Parliament except those which result from Budget Bills
More Resources
Access essential accompanying documents and information for this legislation item from this tab. Dependent on the legislation item being viewed this may include:
the original print PDF of the as enacted version that was used for the print copy
| |
Last updated: May 2, 2021
You may have seen Salafists – especially in the West – posing on pictures and raising the index finger. In the sad events of terrorist attacks, people who claim to be Muslims also used the index finger as a gesture. So, what is the intended meaning of this gesture? Let’s see what it is all about.
What does index finger mean in Arabic?
In Arabic, the index or fore finger is called Musabbiha (مُسَبِّحة), mostly used with the definite article: al-Musabbiha (الْمُسَبِّحة). You may encounter the following word too: al-Sabbāha (السَّبّاحة).
When a Muslim raises the index finger, it is nothing but a code – a symbol: the unity of Allah.
Let’s dig deeper.
Derived words from the Arabic root of index finger
Subhana
You might know the Arabic word Subhāna (سُبْحانَ).
The expression “Subhana Allah” (سُبْحانَ الله) expresses a Muslim’s admiration as an exclamation of surprise. It is used a lot in the daily life of Muslims. We could translate it as: Praise Allah! Or: Allah be praised!
Let’s have a look at another Arabic word derived from the same root.
Misbaha or Subha
A rosary is called Misbaha (مِسْبَحة) or Subha (سُبْحة). It consists of beads on a string, 99 in number, and having a mark after each 33 – with which a Muslim performs the act called al-Tasbih (التَّسْبِيح) meaning the repetition of the praises of Allah.
Usually Muslims repeat the expressions Subhana Allah and Allāhu ’akbar.
Other gestures by the index finger
The index finger usually has a negative connotation in other cultures.
The dog call
When you curl your index finger, you want to call a person towards you – it is also called the “dog call”. It may denote that a woman wants to tempt a man.
In the Philippines, this is one of the most insulting hand gestures which is only used for dogs. The same is true for Japan, where it is also seen as rude. In some Asian countries, it may be a sign of death.
Pointing – selecting
In Europe (and in the US as well I guess), it is not nice to point with your index finger at others. People may use it to choose people and single out a person from a group.
Islam and its connection to Arabic – recent articles:
- What are the sources of sunnah.com and shamela.ws?
- E-rug “Sajdah” helps memorize the prayer ritual and the Qur’an
- Did the first mosques in Islam have minarets?
- What does فأسقيناكموه mean?
- Why is the Quran so difficult to read? | https://arabic-for-nerds.com/index-finger-islam/ |
The White House has not issued any orders for the United States military to reduce the presence of the 14,000 American troops in Afghanistan, U.S. Defense Secretary Patrick Shanahan declared on Monday while en route to the country on an unannounced trip.
“I have not been directed to step down our forces in Afghanistan,” Shanahan told reporters, adding, “I think the presence we want in Afghanistan is what assures our homeland defense and supports regional stability.”
“I think the U.S. military has strong security interests in the region,” he acknowledged. “Its presence will evolve out of those [ongoing peace] discussions.”
Last month, ongoing peace negotiations between the Taliban and the U.S. resulted in a tentative framework arrangement in which mainly the United States would withdraw its troops from Afghanistan in exchange for Taliban assurances that no other terrorist group, including al-Qaeda and the Islamic State (ISIS/ISIL), will use the South Asian country to plan and conduct attacks against the U.S. and its allies.
U.S. President Donald Trump, during his State of the Union address last week, indicated he would be willing to withdraw from Afghanistan as part of a peace pact, but added that he would leave behind a residual American force in Afghanistan to carry out “counterterrorism” operations.
Trump proclaimed:
As we make progress in these [peace] negotiations, we will be able to reduce our troop’s presence and focus on counterterrorism. … We do not know whether we will achieve an agreement, but we do know that, after two decades of war, the hour has come to at least try for peace. And the other side would like to do the same thing. It’s time.
Days before his speech, Trump told CBS News he is considering leaving behind a smaller force to ensure the Taliban keeps its promise, echoing recent comments by CIA Director Gina Haspel that a “monitoring regime” would be necessary to bind the terrorist group to its pledge to prevent terrorist groups from using Afghanistan for international terrorism.
Secretary Shanahan, however, revealed that the White House has not ordered the Pentagon to withdraw any troops from Afghanistan.
Despite U.S. insistence that peace efforts are led and owned by the Afghan government, the Taliban remains reluctant to allow Kabul to participate in the talks, arguing that it is an American “puppet.”
The Taliban’s refusal to allow Kabul to play a role in the ongoing negotiations is one of the top points of contention for negotiators.
Shanahan emphasized the importance of including the Kabul in future talks.
“The Afghans have to decide what Afghanistan looks like,” the Pentagon chief declared. “It’s not about the U.S., it’s about Afghanistan.”
Trump’s lead negotiator Amb. Zalmay Khalilzad has indicated that a U.S.-Taliban deal is possible before Afghanistan’s presidential election in mid-July.
“We have a long way to go,” Khalilzad said at the U.S. Institute of Peace on Friday.
Shanahan denied Taliban claims that peace negotiators are discussing the withdrawal of half of the 14,000 U.S. troops in Afghanistan.
Citing the Afghan Defense Ministry, the Wall Street Journal (WSJ) reported that Shanahan also assured Kabul that the United States will not abandon the country’s struggling security forces, which still rely on American support despite billions of American taxpayer funds devoted to developing and training them.
Gen. Joseph Votel, the American commander in charge of the Afghanistan theater, told lawmakers last week that the United States will have to continue funding the Afghan security forces post-withdrawal to the tune of hundreds of millions annually to ensure they keep the region, home to the highest concentration of terrorist groups in the world, safe.
Under a prospective peace deal, Shanahan said the U.S. “wouldn’t abandon Afghan forces in training and fighting terrorism,” the Afghan Defense Ministry revealed, according to WSJ.
The Taliban claims the U.S. has “promised” to continue funding reconstruction efforts in Afghanistan.
Of the more than $132 billion in American taxpayer funds devoted to nation-building since the war began in October 2001, U.S. officials have spent more than $83 billion to developing and training the Afghan security forces, which may include Taliban commanders after a peace pact.
The Taliban came out against President Trump’s proposal of leaving behind a residual American force to conduct counterterrorism operations and monitor the terrorist group’s promises, saying “all” foreign troops must leave the country.
While the Taliban wants all foreign troops to leave Afghanistan, the group expects the United States to continue funding nation-building efforts in the country.
The Trump administration has intensified peace negotiations with the Taliban in recent months. “Political reconciliation” between Kabul and the Taliban is the primary goal of the Trump administration’s strategy to end the more than 17-year-old war. | https://www.breitbart.com/national-security/2019/02/11/pentagon-chief-have-not-directed-step-down-our-forces-afghanistan/ |
Source of funding: funds from the general fund of the state budget.
Research level: no analogues in Ukraine.
Availability of a patent: 1 patent of Ukraine.
What additional actions require further research: further research requires the approval of regulatory documentation and the conduct of pharmacological and toxicological studies of products, this requires additional funding.
Brief description, advantages, further prospects for application.
The diet of the population of Ukraine is deficient in the content of a number of biologically active substances, but their direct addition to food is ineffective. The expediency of the formation of a complex of papain with corn embryo arabinoxylan as a means of directed modification of the enzyme properties has been proved. The rational conditions for obtaining the complex, which significantly exceeds the initial papain in activity, are determined:
mixing solutions of a polysaccharide with a concentration of 0.25% and an enzyme with a concentration of 0.4% in a volume ratio of 1:1 at pH 6 at room temperature for 20 minutes. The preparation of the complex was confirmed by thermogravimetry. The inclusion of papain in the composition of the complex makes it possible to increase its resistance to changes in pH and temperature. In the range of physiological pH values, the activity of the enzyme in the complex is higher than that of free papain. Complexation also increases the stability of the enzyme at elevated temperatures. The papain-arabinoxylan complex is a dietary supplement that is advisable to use to correct digestion processes. | http://technology.ukrintei.ua/index.php/2022/08/23/sposib-oderzhannya-kompleksu-papayinu-z-arabinoksylanom/?lang=en |
Your thesis should be arguable — A good thesis statement should arouse the readers and allow them to disagree reasonably on the issue or topic. A reader should never wander into your write-up trying to locate your argument. A strong thesis statement should reveal your position regarding the topic or issue as well as how you intend to evaluate or analyze the issue.
A working or tentative thesis statement should be a compass to you and your readers. Your thesis would be something like: Do not be wishy-washy. Make sure that your grammar is correct and that your thesis statement meets all the requirements of the writing assignment. This example should help you figure out how to write a thesis statement in middle school regardless of how broad your topic is.
Take a tour at our site and have a feel of professional writing. Lebron James' ability to score, pass, and rebound make him the league's most valuable player.
Next thing I remember, I was surrounded by angry tax-payers. Then decide which one better represents your opinion. Examples of thesis statements for middle school papers and essays Example 1: Thus, expect counterarguments from your audience.
Write several trial statements: It is the sentence that states the perspective, angle or argument that you will prove or support with facts in the rest of the essay or paper- jefftwp.
Narrow down to a particular angle and explore it fully. In this case, you have limited options but sit down and begin working on your thesis. A thesis for this would be something like: The key to successful dieting is focusing on a specific goal, which is also the key to successfully running a business and coaching a football team.
Summarize the main points or evidence and include it in your thesis statement. Revise your thesis statement thoroughly to ensure that it is not a formula statement or a generic argument.
A thesis statement is a sentence that states the main idea of your essay or paper. What makes a good thesis statement in middle school?Everybody who knows how to write a thesis statement in middle school knows that a narrow, specific and arguable thesis statement makes a more effective argument- simplisticcharmlinenrental.com Therefore, include an arguable opinion regarding the topic but be more specific.
By the time you reach middle school, your teachers will assign an essay that requires you to write and support a thesis statement. Learning how to develop a clear and concise thesis statement is one of the fundamental skills of successful writing, as a solid thesis statement provides a paper with direction and lays the foundation for what you plan to argue and support.
All writers of essays need to know how to write a thesis statement. Unfortunately, this proves difficult for inexperienced writers so teaching thesis statements should be the first step in teaching students how to write essays.
Middle School. Middle School; English Lessons: Grades ; History Lessons: Grades ; Teach students how to. Are you thinking about how to write a thesis statement in middle school? This handout gives you guidelines to help you master thesis writing.
The thesis statement is what gives an essay direction. Knowing how to write a thesis statement — the topic, a claim about that topic, and three points to support it — can help a writer start an essay in the most clear and concise way. | https://lequmoe.simplisticcharmlinenrental.com/develop-a-thesis-statement-middle-school-3655mu.html |
If you practice psychotherapy, you know that mindfulness-based interventions have exploded across the clinical landscape and have been proven-effective in treating a range of mental health issues. The act of practicing present moment awareness in sessions not only improves treatment outcomes but also yields significant benefits for the overall well-being of therapists and clients alike.
Even if not for the sheer volume of empirical evidence that supports the clinical benefits of mindfulness, it may seem intuitive that practicing being in the present moment would be a good thing. But particularly for those who are newer to incorporating mindfulness in sessions, it can be tricky to explain to skeptical clients, supervisors and colleagues your precise reasons for wanting to do it.
The following, which has been adapted from the book Mindfulness Meditation in Psychotherapy: An Integrated Model for Clinicians (link) by psychotherapist and mindfulness teacher Steven Alper, LCSW, should give you a solid framework for discussing the benefits of doing mindfulness in psychotherapy.
- Instead of pathologizing people, mindfulness-based interventions focus on living a healthy, whole life.
One of the first things we learn as practitioners of mindfulness is that pain is inevitable. When we practice—whether it be individually, in groups, or in sessions—we focus on shifting our relationship to pain, rather than changing or getting rid of it.
Instead of focusing solely on symptom alleviation, mindfulness-based interventions are geared toward developing and building skills, cultivating healthy attitudes and establishing new perspectives. Such skills, attitudes, and perspectives are meant to not only boost “positive” emotions like happiness and joy, but also to increase our experience of peace and stability during challenging times when sadness, anger, or other hard feelings are present.
In fact, a recent study found that the ability to experience a broad range of emotions was a predictor in both emotional and physical health. This ability to experience the full spectrum of feelings that come with being a human—without turning to unhealthy or maladaptive coping behaviors—is one of the primary aims of mindfulness practice.
- Mindfulness is experientially-oriented, not intellectually- or language-oriented.
One of the great challenges of being human is that we must re-learn how to constantly keep turning back toward the present moment as a source of learning and knowing. There is a tremendous amount of important information available to us in each moment, but our tendency to stay stuck in our thoughts all too often prohibits us from accessing it.
Practicing mindfulness in psychotherapy reminds us and our clients of the wealth of insight that is available to us in each moment, and gives us a map of skills and insights that help us gain access to it. Even the simple act of being aware that we are observing our experience, rather than being fused with it, has the potential to significantly impact the way we behave in our lives and the choices we make.
- Mindfulness emphasizes the importance of the body in psychotherapy work.
The practices that form the foundation of mindfulness-based interventions emphasize awareness of sensory experience.
“These practices are profoundly helpful with reinhabiting our bodies and facilitating mind-body integration, in contrast to Western and Westernized cultures, which have encouraged alienation from the body,” writes Alper.
Focusing on the body in psychotherapy is certainly not a novel approach. Approaches based on sensory awareness and somatic experiencing have been available for those who believe in the significance of the mind-body link. But none of the somatic modalities of the past have permeated the academic institutions and progressional licensing boards at the level that mindfulness has.
- Mindfulness-based interventions emphasize the virtues of discipline and practice.
At its core, mindfulness is built upon discipline and practice. Just like learning a new skill or vocation, or taking on a challenging hobby, mindfulness requires the virtues of patience and commitment; two qualities that have been directly challenged by our culture’s dominant values of convenience and instant gratification.
But true discipline does not typically appear out of nowhere. There must be something that motivates us to stick with something that’s hard for us. Mindfulness practice asks that we get in touch with our values and what matters most to us. Once we do this, we are more likely to find the motivation to maintain our commitment when things get tough.
- Mindfulness softens fixed ideas about processes, issues, emotions, and things we struggle with, and lessens their power.
Consider the following statement: I want to be more social, but my depression gets in the way.
Have you ever heard a client say something like this? She relates to her feelings of sadness, hopelessness and lethargy as though they are a physical thing, a burden she hauls with her into each new day.
The problem with this way of relating to our emotional processes is that it sets us up for certain thoughts and behaviors. It begs the question of what she might do to “get rid of” her depression. It asks what she might do to escape from it. Perhaps she should go see a movie, talk on the phone with a friend, or go for a walk at the park to minimize direct contact with this burden she carries,or to forget about it, temporarily.
“Mindfulness practice offers an alternative mode of relating to experience, one based on understanding that we live in moment to moment increments—sensation moments, perception moments, emotion moments, thought moments, always the present moment, one after the next,” writes Alper.
Mindfulness reminds us that the fixed ideas we have about who we are or what our lives are like are not indeed fixed, after all.
“In the deepest sense, objects and things are actually ‘happenings’ (more like verbs than nouns), even you and me. Not even our bodies are solid. Something as fleeting as an emotion certainly isn’t,” writers Alper. | https://pro.psychcentral.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-benefits-of-mindfulness-in-therapy/ |
Helping students to develop presentation skills by matthew lynch it does wonders to build confidence if you are teaching older students: let's foster great presentation skills from a young age and right through our students' school careers. I believe that it is my responsibility to provide clear i believe that active involvement in class increase students' confidence and give them the experience to work my ultimate goal in teaching mathematics is to use my passion for mathematics to inspire my students in the same way i was. Teaching philosophy statement example #4 my philosophy of teaching is to create an the overriding goal of my teaching has been to place learners in the environment must be realistic enough so that the knowledge and skills that the student is learning are applicable to similar. Classroom assessment techniques (cats) for faculty, cats can: provide day-to-day feedback that can be applied immediately students work through a problem solving process and it is captured to allow instructors to assess metacognition. Sample educational philosophy statements they are motivated to work hard and master the skills necessary to reach their goals one of my hopes as an educator is to instill a love of learning in my students. Statement of teaching philosophy prior experiences of my own children gave me a new lens through which to view my students science teachers, asking what would help them reach their goal of a successful teaching career. A teaching philosophy statement should provide scholarly schonwetter, dj sokal, l, friesen, m and taylor, kl (2002) teaching philosophies reconsidered: a conceptual illustration of how one's concepts about teaching and learning and goals for students are transformed into. Books like tqm for professors and students course-related self-confidence surveys, interest/knowledge/skills administrators who wish to make major improvements in the quality of their teaching programs should therefore provide incentives for faculty members to participate in.
As a teacher education college professor, my primary goals include the final area that i focus on in my college teaching is pushing students to secondary instructors who must continuously modify their curriculum to find ways to provide detailed knowledge for students and provide. Teaching and learning with smart board technology in middle school classrooms by dr david falvo helped me through to the end of my project he always knew faculty, staff, and students of my present teaching assignment their encouragement kept me working toward my final goal by always. Dear cooperating teacher, my name is xxxx and i am a student currently them i believe that by setting high, yet attainable, goals for everyone my students will be encouraged to work hard this internship gave me the confidence and skills to be a good teacher because i was able to. Portfolios provide documented evidence of teaching from a variety of sources—not just student ratings—and provide context for to reflect on and refine their teaching skills and philosophies faculty members and teaching assistants can use describing your teaching goals for the. Information about faculty member mara brady teaching interests & philosophy: my goal in the classroom is to make science accessible to all students so that i continue to develop and strengthen my teaching skills through participating in several faculty learning. Professional development model for k-12 mission and goals we can provide support for teachers to learn the foundations of critical thinking, so that they can begin to integrate it into their teaching teaching students to assess their own reasoning.
School of education school of professional our courses are grounded in faculty-student interaction and real-life special educators demonstrate their mastery of this standard through the mastery of the cec common core knowledge and skills, as well as through the appropriate cec. Best comprehension strategies and how to best teach these strategies to the students, the researchers hope to provide the solid of improving reading comprehension through higher-order i am hoping that by incorporating higher-order thinking skills, my students would be able to.
This can be compounded when the faculty person is teaching many students who have grown up in the computer age and shared their teaching philosophies, strategies through individual interviews with each participating son faculty member, and through my own self-evaluation of this project. Philosophy of online teaching diana dell, eds set reasonable goals and provide a place for the group to interact it is through communication, interaction, and collaboration with students that they understand my goals for them. Rethinking teacher education: synchronizing eastern and western views of teaching and studying their own philosophies of teaching and learning heightened believe that mastering 21 st century skills prepares students to succeed in our constantly changing world (mccoog. Goals and philosophies for teaching mathematics i aim to provide my students opportunities i often ask students to lead me through a homework problem, acting as scribe as they articulate their approach, while other students act.
Self-confidence can also be taught via some creative teaching strategies k-12 news, lessons & shared resources by for many students, self-confidence is a natural personality trait: set attainable goals from the start of the year. The benefits of e-portfolios for students and faculty in their own words from matriculation through graduation, the goals for expected student learning are wide-ranging and ambitious e-portfolios as a guide for teaching and learning as students enter college, most do.
Infant classroom goals are something that we work on daily we will do this by arranging the classroom in a way to stimulate their learning skills goal 4: to provide physical activities that support large and small muscle current students faculty & staff international students media. I provide students with an online worksheets (difficult, challenging questions), etc many of these resources are tailored towards teaching students the trusted group settings and partnerships form, and then i encourage, promote and reward early study habits my goal is to. The pacific education institute supports skills and confidence in taking students outdoors to learn locally relevant, real-world developed in collaboration with k-12 teachers and higher education faculty, these new assessments provide an academic check-up and are designed to. 28 ways to build persistent & confident students tweet: 2 comments have students set reasonable goals and work to achieve them at the end of each class, when you provide a quick review of the day's lesson. Sotl narrative: laura b regassa teaching philosophy styles of my students and attempt to provide them with ample opportunities to succeed in my self-reported student confidence levels with respect to laboratory skills/techniques1,2,3. The journal of effective teaching teaching professors should use these empirically supported principles as a basis for the determination of their own instructional effectiveness what instructional techniques did you employ to provide the students with a clear explanation of the lesson. Teachers attitudes and confidence in technology integration heather brown and boys who have put up with everything i have put them through getting here to my dad integrating technology builds 21st century skills and enhances all students' achievement.
Help for hire tutors the i specialize in helping students and faculty i'm also a listener it's important to take the time to understand my students' goals before diving in i've worked in writing centers, as a writing coach. I welcome learners of all styles into the classroom through the use of different teaching styles and techniques in my from opportunities for students to master basic skills and ideas to applications of these my goal in teaching is to transmit the excitement i feel about. And am lsu faculty advisor to student associations my personal it is a pure joy to be able to help others reach their language goals through elop and introduce them to american culture and i have experience teaching american students as well as international students at the. Statement of teaching philosophy and professional goals self-efficacy can be defined as confidence in the ability whether through traditional exams and assignments or through teaching my goal is to provide students with ample opportunities to succeed in building new skills and. | http://wbtermpapermuut.skylinechurch.us/a-professors-goal-to-provide-skills-and-confidence-to-students-through-my-teaching-philosophies-at-k.html |
These laws provide for measures to promote the development and establishment of enterprises.
|ZPOP-1B
||Official Gazette of RS, No. 102/07, 57/12 and 82/13
|
|23.7.2009
||Venture Capital Companies Act
||ZDTK-A
||Official Gazette of RS, No. 92/07 in 57/09
|
|20.12.2013
||Instrument of constitution of the Public Fund of Republic of Slovenia for Entrepreneurship
|
The instrument of constitution consists of the specific purpose, name, headquarters of the Fund, the value of earmarked capital, competence of the authorities and other contents of the Fund, determined by the laws.
|Official Gazette of RS, No. 112/04, 11/07, 43/08 in 71/09
|
|Terms and conditions of the Fund
|
They specify the criteria for determining the beneficiaries of state aid, criteria for determining the dedicated use of state aid and the content of the rights and obligations of the Fund and beneficiaries on the basis of allocated state aid. | https://podjetniskisklad.si/en/about-us/laws-and-regulations/documents-and-legal-basis-for-the-operation-of-the-fund |
Area 11A regulates hunting opportunities for deer in Idaho and covers 826 square miles. Public lands comprise 718 square miles (87%) of the total land covered by this game management unit. The greater region is best serviced by Grangeville, and Ahsahka. The elevation of the region ranges from a low of 800 feet to a high of 5,600 feet above sea level. This area is a gateway to these forested areas: Nez Perce National Forest.
Maps for hunting,
made by hunters.
Let onX give you that edge
Know where you stand. Leverage offline maps and the GPS capabilities of your phone to know where you are even when you are offline.
With over 400 nationwide and state specific map layers, it's like having hundreds of paper maps in your pocket.
Add waypoints and tracks, measure distances and calculate areas to document important places and routes. | https://www.onxmaps.com/maps/hunting/idaho/deer/idaho-game-management-unit-11a-deer |
TECHNICAL FIELD
BACKGROUND ART
PRIOR ART DOCUMENTS
Patent Documents
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Problem to be Solved by the Invention
Means for Solving the Problem
Advantageous Effect of the Invention
MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
1. Overview of the Present Technology
2. First Embodiment (Example of Battery)
3. Second Embodiment (Example of Battery Module)
4. Applications of Batteries and Battery Modules
4-1. Overview of Applications of Battery and Battery Module
4-2. Third Embodiment (Example of Battery Pack)
4-3. Fourth Embodiment (Example of Vehicle)
4-4. Fifth Embodiment (Example of Power Storage System)
4-5. Sixth Embodiment (Example of Power Tool)
4-6. Seventh Embodiment (Example of Electronic Device)
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Comparative Example 1
[Evaluation and Result of Maximum Heating Value of Battery Cell]
Application Example 1: Printed Circuit Board
Application Example 2: Universal Credit Card
Application Example 3: Wristband Type Electronic Device
Application Example 4: Smart Watch
(Internal Overview of Segment)
(Smart Watch Circuit Configuration)
Application Example 5: Glasses Type Terminal
DESCRIPTION OF REFERENCE SYMBOLS
The present technology relates to a battery and a battery module, and more particularly to a battery, a battery module, a battery pack, a vehicle, a power storage system, a power tool, and an electronic device.
In recent years, demand for batteries and battery modules has been rapidly expanding in technical fields of electronic devices such as personal computers (PCs) and mobile communication terminals, automobiles such as electric vehicles, and new energy systems such as wind power generation, and the like.
For example, there has been proposed a battery characterized by including a wound body that includes a laminated structure of a positive electrode and a negative electrode, each having an active material layer selectively formed on a current collector, and a separator positioned between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, in which at an outer peripheral side end of the wound body, exposed regions other than covered regions covered with the active material layer among the respective current collectors in the positive electrode and the negative electrode oppose each other with the separator interposed therebetween, and an exposed region in at least one of the current collectors of the positive electrode and the negative electrode has a particulate protrusion, and has a surface roughness of 2.0 μm or more and 10.0 μm or less in terms of Rz value (see Patent Document 1).
Further, for example, there has been proposed a secondary battery characterized in that, outside a battery can that constitutes either a positive electrode terminal or a negative electrode terminal of the battery, a conductive base material is disposed in a state of being insulated with a non-conductive film interposed therebetween, in which the conductive base material is electrically connected to an electrode terminal in reverse polarity to the battery can (see Patent Document 2).
Furthermore, for example, there has been proposed a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery including a positive electrode that includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material layer, a negative electrode that includes a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode active material layer, a separator disposed between the positive electrode active material layer and the negative electrode active material layer, and a metal foil laminated body constituted of a first metal foil having a positive electrode potential, a second metal foil having a negative electrode potential, and an insulator disposed between the positive electrode metal foil and the negative electrode metal foil, in which tensile strength of the insulator is smaller than tensile strength of the separator (see Patent Document 3).
Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2008-262810
Patent Document 2: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2012-69535
Patent Document 3: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2008-277201
However, the technologies proposed in Patent Documents 1 to 3 may not be capable of further improving reliability. Accordingly, the present situation is that batteries and battery modules having further improved reliability are desired.
Therefore, the present technology has been made in view of such a situation, and a main object thereof is to provide a battery, a battery module, a battery pack, a vehicle, a power storage system, a power tool, and an electronic device having excellent reliability.
As a result of intensive studies in order to solve the above-described object, the present inventors have succeeded in developing a battery and a battery module having excellent reliability, and have completed the present technology.
Specifically, the present technology provides a battery including a battery element, an exterior body that covers the battery element, and a conductor, in which the conductor is disposed outside the battery element, and the conductor has a cut portion.
In the battery according to the present technology, the conductor may be disposed inside the exterior body.
In the battery according to the present technology, the cut portion may penetrate therethrough.
In the battery according to the present technology, the cut portion may not penetrate therethrough.
In the battery according to the present technology, the exterior body may include a laminate material.
Further, the present technology provides a battery module including a plurality of batteries and a conductor, in which each of the batteries includes a battery element and an exterior body that covers the battery element, the conductor is disposed outside the battery element, and the conductor has a cut portion.
In the battery module according to the present technology, the conductor may be disposed outside the exterior body.
In the battery module according to the present technology, the cut portion may penetrate therethrough.
In the battery module according to the present technology, the cut portion may not penetrate therethrough.
In the battery module according to the present technology, the exterior body may include a laminate material.
Furthermore, the present technology
provides a battery pack including the battery according to the present technology,
provides a battery pack including the battery according to the present technology, a control unit that controls a use state of the battery, and a switch unit that switches the use state of the battery according to an instruction from the control unit,
provides a vehicle including the battery according to the present technology, a driving force conversion apparatus that receives supply of electric power from the battery and converts the electric power into a driving force of the vehicle, a driving unit that drives according to the driving force, and a vehicle control device,
provides a power storage system including a power storage device that has the battery according to the present technology, a power consumption apparatus to which electric power is supplied from the battery, a control device that controls power supply from the battery to the power consumption apparatus, and a power generation apparatus that charges the battery,
provides a power tool including the battery according to the present technology, and a movable part to which electric power is supplied from the battery, and
provides an electronic device including the battery according to the present technology, in which the electronic device receives supply of electric power from the battery.
Furthermore, the present technology
provides a vehicle including the battery module according to the present technology, a driving force conversion apparatus that receives supply of electric power from the battery module and converts the electric power into a driving force of the vehicle, a driving unit that drives according to the driving force, and a vehicle control device,
provides a power storage system including a power storage device that has the battery module according to the present technology, a power consumption apparatus to which electric power is supplied from the battery module, a control device that controls power supply from the battery module to the power consumption apparatus, and a power generation apparatus that charges the battery module, and
provides an electronic device including the battery module according to the present technology, in which the electronic device receives supply of electric power from the battery module.
According to the present technology, reliability of a battery can be improved. Note that the effects described here are not necessarily limited, and may be any of the effects described in the present disclosure or effects different therefrom.
Hereinafter, preferred embodiments for carrying out the present technology will be described with reference to the drawings. The embodiments described below present examples of typical embodiments of the present technology, and will not cause the scope of the present technology to be interpreted narrowly. Note that about drawings, the same symbols are attached to the same or equivalent elements or members, and overlapping descriptions will be omitted.
Note that the description will be made in the following order.
1. Overview of the present technology
2. First embodiment (battery example)
3. Second embodiment (battery module example)
4. Applications of battery and battery module
4-1. Overview of applications of battery and battery module
4-2. Third embodiment (battery pack example)
4-3. Fourth embodiment (vehicle example)
4-4. Fifth embodiment (power storage system example)
4-5. Sixth embodiment (power tool example)
4-6. Seventh embodiment (electronic device example)
First, an overview of the present technology will be described.
There are various technologies for safety measures in cases where a battery receives external force. For example, there is a technology such that at an outer peripheral side end of a wound body, an exposed region of a current collector in a positive electrode and an exposed region of a current collector in a negative electrode oppose each other with a separator interposed therebetween, and a particulate protrusion is provided in at least one of these exposed regions, in which when the wound body is deformed by an excessive external force, the exposed areas of the positive electrode and the negative electrode are quickly brought into contact with each other to reliably generate a short circuit. According to this technology, it is possible to manufacture a battery in which a protrusion is provided on a current collector foil. However, in this technology, in order to produce an electrode after providing the protrusion on the current collector foil, it is necessary to add limiting conditions to the method for producing the electrode, and if the limiting conditions are not added, the protrusion may deteriorate wettability, and in the worst case it may be impossible to produce the electrode.
Further, for example, there is a technology related to a secondary battery having improved safety, characterized in that, outside a battery can that constitutes either a positive electrode terminal or a negative electrode terminal of the battery, a conductive base material is disposed in a state of being insulated with a non-conductive film interposed therebetween, in which the conductive base material is electrically connected to an electrode terminal in reverse polarity to the battery can. This technology enables to manufacture a battery in which the electrode terminal in reverse polarity and the conductive base material are disposed in a state of being insulated from the battery can that constitutes the positive electrode terminal or the negative electrode terminal of the battery, with the non-conductive film interposed therebetween. However, in this technology, in order for the battery can and conductive equipment to be electrically connected with the non-conductive film interposed therebetween, a conductor penetrating from the outside is necessary, and there is a possibility that the battery does not operate by a damage of the cell due to deformation.
Furthermore, for example, there is a technology related to a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery structured such that a separator that separates a positive electrode and a negative electrode has a shutdown film and a heat-resistant porous film, in which at least an outermost periphery of the positive electrode and the negative electrode has an exposed portion to which no active material is applied, and a positive electrode current collector exposed portion and a negative electrode current collector exposed portion oppose each other with the shutdown film interposed therebetween and with the heat-resistant porous film not interposed therebetween, thereby suppressing heat generation and thermal runaway. This technology enables to manufacture a battery structured such that a separator that separates a positive electrode and a negative electrode has a shutdown film and a heat-resistant porous film, in which at least an outermost periphery of the positive electrode and the negative electrode has an exposed portion to which no active material is applied, and a positive electrode current collector exposed portion and a negative electrode current collector exposed portion oppose each other with only the shutdown film therebetween. However, in this technology, the separator having the shutdown film and the heat-resistant porous film should be used, and unless using this separator, it is possible that heat generation and thermal runaway cannot be suppressed.
The present technology is based on the above situation, and according to the present technology, reliability of a battery and a battery module including a plurality of batteries can be improved and maintained. That is, according to the present technology, a battery or a battery module can be provided that is safely damaged when the battery element or the battery is deformed and broken by an external force, by including a conductor that has a cut portion on an outside of a battery element, and by that the cut portion included in the conductor comes in contact with a broken cross section of the battery element and quickly causes a short circuit on a surface layer portion of the battery element.
A battery according to the present technology and a plurality of batteries included in the battery module are not particularly limited in the shape of the battery, the type of an exterior body, the type of an electrode reactant, and so on and are, for example, cylindrical type, square type, or laminate film type lithium ion secondary batteries, and in the present technology, the laminate film type lithium ion secondary battery is preferable. The battery and the battery module according to the present technology can be suitably applied to a battery pack, a vehicle, a power storage system, a power tool, an electronic device, and the like.
A battery of a first embodiment (battery example) according to the present technology includes a battery element, an exterior body that covers the battery element, and a conductor, in which the conductor is disposed outside the battery element, and the conductor is a battery having a cut portion.
The battery of the first embodiment according to the present technology can achieve a battery having a safety mechanism that is not limited by an electrode producing process and a member used by the battery cell, and operates even when the battery cell is deformed and damaged when being subjected to unexpected pressure from the outside. That is, by using the battery of the first embodiment according to the present technology, when the battery is deformed and broken by an external force without affecting characteristics of the battery, the conductive cut portion comes in contact with a broken cross section of the battery element and quickly causes a short circuit on a surface layer portion of the battery element, thereby allowing the battery to be safely damaged.
Therefore, the battery of the first embodiment according to the present technology can improve safety and achieve an excellent reliability effect.
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
Hereinafter, the battery of the first embodiment (example of battery) according to the present technology will be described in more detail with reference to . is an exploded perspective view illustrating a configuration example of the battery of the first embodiment according to the present technology.
1
1
12
14
12
11
13
11
13
12
14
11
12
14
13
12
14
13
14
14
12
17
11
13
12
11
13
11
13
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
A battery illustrated in is, for example, a laminate film type lithium ion secondary battery. The battery includes a battery element , an exterior body that covers the battery element , and two conductors and . Then, each of the conductors and is disposed outside the battery element and disposed inside the exterior body . That is, the conductor is disposed between the battery element and an upper surface portion A of the exterior body. The conductor is disposed between the battery element and a lower surface portion B of the exterior body. Further, as illustrated in , the conductor is accommodated in a recess BB of the lower surface portion B of the exterior body. An outermost peripheral portion of the battery element is fixed by a fixing member made of a protective tape or the like. Further, although not illustrated in , at least one of the conductor or the conductor may be disposed so as to be wound around the outermost peripheral portion of the battery element . In this case, the conductors and are preferably constituted of a material having plasticity (flexibility) so that the conductors and can be wound and bent, for example.
11
13
11
13
The material of the conductors and may be any material as long as it has conductivity, but is preferably aluminum or stainless steel (SUS). The shape of the conductors and is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a plate shape, a foil shape, and the like.
11
13
15
1
15
2
11
13
15
1
16
15
1
15
2
14
FIG. 1
At least one of the conductor or the conductor may be electrically connected to a positive electrode tab - or a negative electrode tab -. Note that it is preferable that at least one of the conductor or the conductor is electrically connected to the positive electrode tab -. As illustrated in , a close-contact film is inserted between the positive electrode tab - and the negative electrode tab - and the exterior body in order to prevent intrusion of outside air.
1
11
13
111
1
111
2
11
131
1
131
2
13
12
When an external force is applied to the battery , the conductors and/or are bent or cut along cut portions - and/or - (cut portions of the conductor ) and/or - and/or - (cut portions of the conductor ), and any one of the above cut portions covers over a cross section of the battery element damaged by the external force, thereby causing a short circuit and ensuring safety.
11
111
1
111
2
The conductor has cut portions - and cut portions -.
111
1
111
2
11
The cut portions - and/or the cut portions - may be disposed at regular intervals or may be disposed at irregular intervals in the conductor .
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
11
111
1
111
2
111
1
111
2
111
1
111
2
111
1
111
2
111
1
111
2
11
11
In , in the conductor , cut portions - and cut portions - are alternately disposed at regular intervals in an X-axis direction in , and a plurality of cut portions - and a plurality of cut portions - that form a row in a Y-axis direction are alternately disposed at regular intervals. Note that a mutual distance between a cut portion - and a cut portion - adjacent in the X-axis direction may be arbitrary, and a mutual distance between a plurality of cut portions - that form a row in the Y-axis direction and a plurality of cut portions - that form a row in the Y-axis direction may be arbitrary. The cut portions - and the cut portions - may be disposed over the entire conductor as illustrated in or may be disposed in a part of the conductor .
111
1
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
11
111
111
11
111
1
1
111
1
111
111
12
111
111
111
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
A cut portion - is constituted of two straight portions A and B, and the straight portion B extends from an end of the straight portion A in a direction substantially perpendicular to the straight portion A. That is, the straight portion B extends from the end of the straight portion A in the Y-axis direction (a longitudinal direction of the conductor ) in , while the straight portion A extends from an end of the straight portion B in the X-axis direction (a transverse direction of the conductor ) in . The cut portion - has what is called a bent shape and an L-shape. When the battery is damaged by an external force, the cut portion - is bent along the two straight portions A and B and covers over a broken cross section of the battery element , causing a short-circuit. Note that in , the straight portion B extends from the end of the straight portion A in the direction substantially perpendicular to the straight portion A, but does not have to extend in the substantially perpendicular direction and may extend, for example, in an acute angle direction or an obtuse angle direction.
111
1
111
111
111
1
111
111
111
111
111
1
111
111
111
1
11
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
The cut portion - may penetrate or may not penetrate therethrough. That is, both the straight portion A and the straight portion B constituting the cut portion - may penetrate or may not penetrate therethrough, or the straight portion A may penetrate therethrough and the straight portion B may not penetrate therethrough, or the straight portion A may not penetrate therethrough and the straight portion B may penetrate therethrough. When not penetrating therethrough, it is sufficient if a thickness of the cut portion - (the straight portions A and/or B) (in , a thickness in a direction substantially perpendicular to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction) is thinner than a thickness in a peripheral region of the cut portion - (a thickness of the conductor itself) (in , the thickness in the direction substantially perpendicular to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction).
111
111
1
111
1
111
111
111
111
12
12
12
12
2
12
12
111
12
12
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
Lengths of the straight portions A and B are not particularly limited, but are preferably approximately lengths such that when the battery is damaged by an external force, the cut portion - surely bends along two straight portions A and B in order to ensure a short circuit and secure safety. For example, the lengths of the straight portions A and/or B are such that when a direction of a broken cross section of the battery element is a direction substantially perpendicular to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction (XY plane) in , the lengths may be approximately the same as a thickness of the battery element (in , the thickness in the direction substantially perpendicular to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction (XY plane)), or when the direction of the broken cross section of the battery element is approximately 45 degrees oblique from a perpendicular line to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction (XY plane) in , the lengths may be approximately a value obtained by multiplying the thickness of the battery element by root (√2), or when the direction of the broken cross section of the battery element is approximately 60 degrees oblique from the perpendicular direction to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction (XY plane) in , the lengths may be approximately twice the thickness of the battery element . That is, the length of the straight portion B is preferably equal to or more than the thickness of the battery element and equal to or less than twice the thickness of the battery element .
111
111
111
11
111
11
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
The straight portions A and B may have different lengths from each other or may have the same lengths as each other. As illustrated in , the length of the straight portion B that is substantially parallel to the longitudinal direction of the conductor (the Y-axis direction in ) is preferably larger than the length of the straight portion A that is substantially parallel to the transverse direction of the conductor (the X-axis direction in ). This is because this preferred mode can ensure a short circuit and improve safety.
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
111
11
111
111
11
111
111
11
111
111
11
111
In , although the straight portion A is disposed substantially parallel to the transverse direction of the conductor (in the X-axis direction in from the end of the straight portion B) and the straight portion B is disposed substantially parallel to the longitudinal direction of the conductor (in the Y-axis direction in from the end of the straight portion A), the straight portion A may be disposed oblique to the transverse direction of the conductor (in the X-axis direction in from the end of the straight portion B), and the straight portion B may be disposed oblique to the longitudinal direction of the conductor (in the Y-axis direction in from the end of the straight portion A).
111
2
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
11
111
111
11
111
2
1
111
2
111
111
12
111
111
111
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
A cut portion - is constituted of two straight portions C and D, and the straight portion D extends from an end of the straight portion C in a direction substantially perpendicular to the straight portion C. That is, the straight portion D extends from the end of the straight portion C in a direction opposite to the Y-axis direction (the longitudinal direction of the conductor ) in , while the straight portion C extends from an end of the straight portion D in the X-axis direction (the transverse direction of the conductor ) in . The cut portion - has what is called a bent shape and an L-shape. When the battery is damaged by an external force, the cut portion - is bent along the two straight portions C and D and covers over a broken cross section of the battery element , causing a short-circuit. Note that in , the straight portion D extends from the end of the straight portion C in a direction substantially perpendicular to the straight portion C, but does not have to extend in the substantially perpendicular direction and may extend in an acute angle direction or an obtuse angle direction.
111
2
111
111
111
2
111
111
111
111
111
2
111
111
111
2
11
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
The cut portion - may penetrate or may not penetrate therethrough. That is, both the straight portion C and the straight portion D constituting the cut portion - may penetrate or may not penetrate therethrough, or the straight portion C may penetrate therethrough and the straight portion D may not penetrate therethrough, or the straight portion C may not penetrate therethrough and the straight portion D may penetrate therethrough. When not penetrating therethrough, it is sufficient if a thickness of the cut portion - (the straight portions C and/or D) (in , a thickness in the direction substantially perpendicular to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction) is thinner than a thickness in a peripheral region of the cut portion - (a thickness of the conductor itself) (in , the thickness in the direction substantially perpendicular to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction).
111
111
1
111
2
111
111
111
111
12
12
12
12
2
12
12
111
12
12
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
Lengths of the straight portions C and D are not particularly limited, but are preferably approximately lengths such that when the battery is damaged by an external force, the cut portion - surely bends along two straight portions C and D in order to ensure a short circuit and secure safety. For example, the lengths of the straight portions C and/or D are such that when the direction of the broken cross section of the battery element is a direction substantially perpendicular to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction (XY plane) in , the lengths may be approximately the same as the thickness of the battery element (in , the thickness in the direction substantially perpendicular to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction (XY plane)), or when the direction of the broken cross section of the battery element is approximately 45 degrees oblique from a perpendicular line to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction (XY plane) in , the lengths may be approximately a value obtained by multiplying the thickness of the battery element by root (√2), or when the direction of the broken cross section of the battery element is approximately 60 degrees oblique from the perpendicular direction to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction (XY plane) in , the lengths may be approximately twice the thickness of the battery element . That is, the length of the straight portion D is preferably equal to or more than the thickness of the battery element and equal to or less than twice the thickness of the battery element .
111
111
111
11
111
11
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
The straight portions C and D may have different lengths from each other or may have the same lengths as each other. As illustrated in , the length of the straight portion D that is substantially parallel to the longitudinal direction of the conductor (the Y-axis direction in ) is preferably larger than the length of the straight portion C that is substantially parallel to the transverse direction of the conductor (the X-axis direction in ). This is because this preferred mode can ensure a short circuit and improve safety.
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
111
11
111
111
11
111
111
11
111
111
11
111
In , although the straight portion C is disposed substantially parallel to the transverse direction of the conductor (in the X-axis direction in from the end of the straight portion D) and the straight portion D is disposed substantially parallel to the longitudinal direction of the conductor (in the Y-axis direction in from the end of the straight portion C), the straight portion C may be disposed oblique to the transverse direction of the conductor (in the X-axis direction in from the end of the straight portion D), and the straight portion D may be disposed oblique to the longitudinal direction of the conductor (in the Y-axis direction in from the end of the straight portion C).
13
131
1
131
2
The conductor has cut portions - and cut portions -.
131
1
131
2
13
13
131
1
131
2
131
1
131
2
131
1
131
2
131
1
131
2
131
1
131
2
13
13
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
The cut portions - and/or the cut portions - may be disposed at regular intervals or may be disposed at irregular intervals in the conductor . In , in the conductor , cut portions - and cut portions - are alternately disposed at regular intervals in the X-axis direction in , and a plurality of cut portions - and a plurality of cut portions - that form a row in the Y-axis direction are alternately disposed at regular intervals. Note that a mutual distance between a cut portion - and a cut portion - adjacent in the X-axis direction may be arbitrary, and a mutual distance between a plurality of cut portions - that form a row in the Y-axis direction and a plurality of cut portions - that form a row in the Y-axis direction may be arbitrary. The cut portions - and the cut portions - may be disposed over the entire conductor as illustrated in or may be disposed in a part of the conductor .
131
1
131
131
131
2
131
131
A cut portion - is constituted of two straight portions A and B, and a cut portion - is constituted of two straight portions C and D.
131
1
111
1
131
2
111
2
The cut portion - has a similar configuration (shape) to that of the cut portion -, and thus a detailed description thereof will be omitted. Further, the cut portion - has a similar configuration (shape) to that of the cut portion -, and thus a detailed description thereof will be omitted.
FIG. 2
FIG. 2
The cut portion will be described in more detail with reference to . are views illustrating examples of the shape of the cut portion.
FIG. 2
FIG. 2(A)
FIG. 1, and 411-1 and 411-2, 431-1 and 431-2, and 451-1 and 451-2
FIG. 3
511
1
511
511
511
2
511
511
111
1
111
2
131
1
131
2
The examples of the shape of the cut portion illustrated in can be applied to the battery of the first embodiment according to the present technology. Note that a cut portion - constituted of two straight portions A and B and a cut portion - constituted of two straight portions C and D illustrated in have the same shapes as the cut portions - and - and - and - illustrated in illustrated in , and thus a detailed description thereof will be omitted here.
FIG. 2(B)
611
1
611
2
is a view illustrating cut portions - and -.
611
1
611
2
611
1
611
2
611
1
611
2
611
1
611
2
611
1
611
2
611
1
611
2
FIG. 2(B)
FIG. 2
The cut portions - and/or the cut portions - may be disposed at regular intervals or may be disposed at irregular intervals in a conductor (not illustrated). In , in the conductor, cut portions - and cut portions - are alternately disposed at regular intervals in the X-axis direction in , and a plurality of cut portions - and a plurality of cut portions - that form a row in the Y-axis direction are alternately disposed at regular intervals. Note that a mutual distance between a cut portion - and a cut portion - adjacent in the X-axis direction may be arbitrary, and a mutual distance between a plurality of cut portions - that form a row in the Y-axis direction and a plurality of cut portions - that form a row in the Y-axis direction may be arbitrary. The cut portions - and the cut portions - may be disposed over the entire conductor or may be disposed in a part of the conductor.
611
1
611
611
611
611
611
611
611
611
611
611
1
611
611
611
FIG. 2
FIG. 2
FIG. 2
A cut portion - is constituted of two straight portions A and B, and the straight portion B extends from an end of the straight portion A in a direction substantially perpendicular to the straight portion A. That is, the straight portion B extends from the end of the straight portion A in the Y-axis direction in , while the straight portion A extends from an end of the straight portion B in a direction opposite to the X-axis direction in . The cut portion - has what is called a bent shape and an L shape. Note that in , the straight portion B extends from the end of the straight portion A in the direction substantially perpendicular to the straight portion A, but does not have to extend in the substantially perpendicular direction and may extend, for example, in an acute angle direction or an obtuse angle direction.
611
1
611
611
611
1
611
611
611
611
611
1
611
611
611
1
FIG. 2(B)
FIG. 2(B)
The cut portion - may penetrate or may not penetrate therethrough. That is, both the straight portion A and the straight portion B constituting the cut portion - may penetrate or may not penetrate therethrough, or the straight portion A may penetrate therethrough and the straight portion B may not penetrate therethrough, or the straight portion A may not penetrate therethrough and the straight portion B may penetrate therethrough. When not penetrating therethrough, it is sufficient if a thickness of the cut portion - (the straight portions A and/or B) (in , a thickness in a direction substantially perpendicular to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction) is thinner than a thickness in a peripheral region of the cut portion - (a thickness of the conductor itself) (in , the thickness in the direction substantially perpendicular to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction).
611
611
611
1
611
611
611
611
2
611
FIG. 2
FIG. 2(B)
FIG. 2(B)
FIG. 2(B)
FIG. 2(B)
Lengths of the straight portions A and B are not particularly limited, but are preferably approximately lengths such that when the battery of the first embodiment (a battery module of a second embodiment which will be described later) is damaged by an external force, the cut portion - surely bends along two straight portions A and B in order to ensure a short circuit and secure safety. For example, the lengths of the straight portions A and/or B are such that when a direction of a broken cross section of a battery element (not illustrated in ) is a direction substantially perpendicular to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction (XY plane) in , the lengths may be approximately the same as a thickness of the battery element (in , a thickness in the direction substantially perpendicular to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction (XY plane)), or when the direction of the broken cross section of the battery element is approximately 45 degrees oblique from a perpendicular line to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction (XY plane) in , the lengths may be approximately a value obtained by multiplying the thickness of the battery element by root (√2), or when the direction of the broken cross section of the battery element is approximately 60 degrees oblique from the perpendicular direction to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction (XY plane) in , the lengths may be approximately twice the thickness of the battery element. That is, the length of the straight portion B is preferably equal to or more than the thickness of the battery element and equal to or less than twice the thickness of the battery element.
611
611
611
611
FIG. 2(B)
The straight portions A and B may have different lengths from each other or may have the same lengths as each other. As illustrated in , the length of the straight portion B is preferably larger than the length of the straight portion A. This is because this preferred mode can ensure a short circuit and improve safety.
FIG. 2(B)
FIG. 2(B)
FIG. 2(B)
FIG. 2(B)
FIG. 2B
611
611
611
611
611
611
611
611
In , although the straight portion A is disposed in the direction opposite to the X-axis direction in from the end of the straight portion B, and the straight portion B is disposed in the Y-axis direction in from the end of the straight portion A, the straight portion A may be disposed oblique to the direction opposite to the X-axis direction in from the end of the straight portion B, and the straight portion B may be disposed oblique to the Y-axis direction in from the end of the straight portion A.
611
2
611
611
611
611
611
611
611
611
611
611
2
611
611
611
FIG. 2
FIG. 2
FIG. 2
A cut portion - is constituted of two straight portions C and D, and the straight portion D extends from an end of the straight portion C in a direction substantially perpendicular to the straight portion C. That is, the straight portion D extends from the end of the straight portion C in the Y-axis direction in , while the straight portion C extends from an end of the straight portion D in a direction opposite to the X-axis direction in . The cut portion - has what is called a bent shape and an L shape. Note that in , the straight portion D extends from the end of the straight portion C in a direction substantially perpendicular to the straight portion C, but does not have to extend in the substantially perpendicular direction and may extend, for example, in an acute angle direction or an obtuse angle direction.
611
2
611
611
611
2
611
611
611
611
611
2
611
611
611
1
FIG. 2(B)
FIG. 2(B)
The cut portion - may penetrate or may not penetrate therethrough. That is, both the straight portion C and the straight portion D constituting the cut portion - may penetrate or may not penetrate therethrough, or the straight portion C may penetrate therethrough and the straight portion D may not penetrate therethrough, or the straight portion C may not penetrate therethrough and the straight portion D may penetrate therethrough. When not penetrating therethrough, it is sufficient if a thickness of the cut portion - (the straight portions C and/or D) (in , a thickness in a direction substantially perpendicular to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction) is thinner than a thickness in a peripheral region of the cut portion - (a thickness of the conductor itself) (in , the thickness in the direction substantially perpendicular to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction).
611
611
611
2
611
611
611
611
2
611
FIG. 2
FIG. 2(B)
FIG. 2(B)
FIG. 2(B)
FIG. 2(B)
Lengths of the straight portions C and D are not particularly limited, but are preferably approximately lengths such that when the battery of the first embodiment (a battery module of a second embodiment which will be described later) is damaged by an external force, the cut portion - surely bends along two straight portions C and D in order to ensure a short circuit and secure safety. For example, the lengths of the straight portions C and/or D are such that when the direction of the broken cross section of the battery element (not illustrated in ) is a direction substantially perpendicular to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction (XY plane) in , the lengths may be approximately the same as a thickness of the battery element (in , a thickness in the direction substantially perpendicular to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction (XY plane)), or when the direction of the broken cross section of the battery element is approximately 45 degrees oblique from a perpendicular line to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction (XY plane) in , the lengths may be approximately a value obtained by multiplying the thickness of the battery element by root (√2), or when the direction of the broken cross section of the battery element is approximately 60 degrees oblique from the perpendicular direction to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction (XY plane) in , the lengths may be approximately twice the thickness of the battery element. That is, the length of the straight portion D is preferably equal to or more than the thickness of the battery element and equal to or less than twice the thickness of the battery element.
611
611
611
611
FIG. 2(B)
The straight portions C and D may have different lengths from each other or may have the same lengths as each other. As illustrated in , the length of the straight portion D is preferably larger than the length of the straight portion C. This is because this preferred mode can ensure a short circuit and improve safety.
FIG. 2(B)
FIG. 2(B)
FIG. 2(B)
FIG. 2(B)
FIG. 2(B)
611
611
611
611
611
611
611
611
In , although the straight portion C is disposed in the direction opposite to the X-axis direction in from the end of the straight portion D, and the straight portion D is disposed in the Y-axis direction in from the end of the straight portion C, the straight portion C may be disposed oblique to the direction opposite to the X-axis direction in from the end of the straight portion D, and the straight portion D may be disposed oblique to the Y-axis direction in from the end of the straight portion C.
FIG. 2(C)
711
is a view illustrating cut portions .
711
711
711
711
711
FIG. 2(C)
FIG. 2
The cut portions may be disposed at regular intervals or may be disposed at irregular intervals in a conductor (not illustrated). In , cut portions are disposed at regular intervals in the conductor in the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction in . Note that a mutual distance between two cut portions adjacent in the X-axis direction and a mutual distance between two cut portions adjacent in the Y-axis direction may be arbitrary. The cut portions may be disposed over the entire conductor or may be disposed in a part of the conductor.
711
711
711
711
711
711
711
FIG. 2
FIG. 2
FIG. 2
FIG. 2
A cut portion is constituted of four straight portions A to D and has what is called a cross shape. From a center of the cross shape, the straight portion A extends in a direction opposite to the X-axis direction in , the straight portion B extends in the Y-axis direction in , the straight portion C extends in a direction opposite to the Y-axis direction in , and the straight portion D extends in the X-axis direction in .
711
The cut portion may penetrate or may not penetrate therethrough.
711
711
711
711
711
711
711
711
711
FIG. 2(C)
FIG. 2(C)
That is, all of the straight portions A to D constituting the cut portion may penetrate or may not penetrate therethrough, or at least one of the straight portions A to D may penetrate therethrough. When not penetrating therethrough, it is sufficient if a thickness of the cut portion (the straight portions A to D) (in , a thickness in the direction substantially perpendicular to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction) is thinner than a thickness in a peripheral region of the cut portion (a thickness of the conductor itself) (in , the thickness in the direction substantially perpendicular to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction).
711
711
711
711
711
711
711
2
711
711
FIG. 2
FIG. 2(C)
FIG. 2(C)
FIG. 2(C)
FIG. 2(C)
Lengths of the straight portions A to D are not particularly limited, but are preferably approximately lengths such that when the battery of the first embodiment (a battery module of a second embodiment which will be described later) is damaged by an external force, the cut portion surely bends along the four straight portions A to D in order to ensure a short circuit and secure safety. For example, the lengths of the straight portions A to D are such that when a direction of a broken cross section of a battery element (not illustrated in ) is a direction substantially perpendicular to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction (XY plane) in , the lengths may be approximately the same as a thickness of the battery element (in , a thickness in the direction substantially perpendicular to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction (XY plane)), or when the direction of the broken cross section of the battery element is approximately 45 degrees oblique from a perpendicular line to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction (XY plane) in , the lengths may be approximately a value obtained by multiplying the thickness of the battery element by root (√2), or when the direction of the broken cross section of the battery element is approximately 60 degrees oblique from the perpendicular direction to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction (XY plane) in , the lengths may be approximately twice the thickness of the battery element. That is, the lengths of the straight portions A to D are preferably equal to or more than the thickness of the battery element and equal to or less than twice the thickness of the battery element.
711
711
711
711
FIG. 2(C)
The straight portions A to D may have different lengths from each other or may have the same lengths as each other. As illustrated in , the lengths of the straight portions A to D are preferably substantially the same lengths as each other. This is because this preferred mode can ensure a short circuit and improve safety.
FIG. 2(D)
811
is a view illustrating cut portions .
811
811
811
811
811
FIG. 2(D)
FIG. 2
The cut portions may be disposed at regular intervals or may be disposed at irregular intervals in a conductor (not illustrated). In , cut portions are disposed at regular intervals in the conductor in the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction in . Note that a mutual distance between two cut portions adjacent in the X-axis direction and a mutual distance between two cut portions adjacent in the Y-axis direction may be arbitrary. The cut portions may be disposed over the entire conductor or may be disposed in a part of the conductor.
811
811
811
811
811
811
811
FIG. 2
FIG. 2(D)
FIG. 2(D)
FIG. 2
FIG. 2(D)
FIG. 2
FIG. 2(D)
A cut portion is constituted of four straight portions A to D and has what is called an X-shape. From a center of the X shape, the straight portion A extends in a direction opposite to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction in and in an upper left direction in , the straight portion B extends in a direction opposite to the X-axis direction and in the Y-axis direction and in a lower left direction in , the straight portion C extends in the X-axis direction and in a direction opposite to the Y-axis direction in and in an upper right direction in , and the straight portion D extends in the X-axis direction and in the Y-axis direction in and in a lower right direction in .
811
The cut portion may penetrate or may not penetrate therethrough.
811
811
811
811
811
811
811
811
811
FIG. 2(D)
FIG. 2(D)
That is, all of the straight portions A to D constituting the cut portion may penetrate or may not penetrate therethrough, or at least one of the straight portions A to D may penetrate therethrough. When not penetrating therethrough, it is sufficient if a thickness of the cut portion (the straight portions A to D) (in , a thickness in the direction substantially perpendicular to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction) is thinner than a thickness in a peripheral region of the cut portion (a thickness of the conductor itself) (in , the thickness in the direction substantially perpendicular to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction).
811
811
811
811
811
811
811
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
FIG. 2(D)
FIG. 2(D)
FIG. 2
FIG. 2
FIG. 2(D)
FIG. 2(D)
FIG. 2(D)
FIG. 2(D)
FIG. 2
FIG. 2(D)
FIG. 2(D)
FIG. 2(D)
FIG. 2(D)
Lengths of the straight portions A to D are not particularly limited, but are preferably approximately lengths such that when the battery of the first embodiment (a battery module of a second embodiment which will be described later) is damaged by an external force, the cut portion surely bends along the four straight portions A to D in order to ensure a short circuit and secure safety. For example, assuming that respective half lengths of two diagonal lines of a quadrangle constituted of A to D (a parallelogram in ) are defined (in , the half lengths are defined as d (approximately half length of a diagonal line in the Y-axis direction) and d (approximately half length of a diagonal line in the X-axis direction)), when a breakage of the battery element (not illustrated in ) starts from a cut (fold) substantially parallel to the X axis in , and a direction of a broken cross section is a direction substantially perpendicular to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction (XY plane) in , the length d may be approximately the same as a thickness of the battery element (in , a thickness in the direction substantially perpendicular to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction (XY plane)). When the direction of the broken cross section of the battery element is approximately 45 degrees oblique from a perpendicular line to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction (XY plane) in , the length d may be approximately a value obtained by multiplying the thickness of the battery element by root (√2). When the direction of the broken cross section of the battery element is approximately 60 degrees oblique from a perpendicular line to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction (XY plane) in , the length d may be approximately twice the thickness of the battery element. Further, when a breakage of the battery element starts from a cut (fold) substantially parallel to the Y axis in , and a direction of a broken cross section is a direction substantially perpendicular to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction (XY plane) in , the length d may be approximately the same as the thickness of the battery element (in , the thickness in the direction substantially perpendicular to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction (XY plane)). When the direction of the broken cross section of the battery element is approximately 45 degrees oblique from a perpendicular line to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction (XY plane) in , the length d may be approximately a value obtained by multiplying the thickness of the battery element by root (√2). When the direction of the broken cross section of the battery element is approximately 60 degrees oblique from a perpendicular line to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction (XY plane) in , the length d may be approximately twice the thickness of the battery element. That is, d and d are preferably lengths equal to or more than the thickness of the battery element and equal to or less than twice the thickness of the battery element.
811
811
811
811
FIG. 2(D)
The straight portions A to D may have different lengths from each other or may have the same lengths as each other. As illustrated in , the lengths of the straight portions A to D are preferably substantially the same lengths as each other. This is because this preferred mode can ensure a short circuit and improve safety.
12
12
The battery element may be constituted of a laminated electrode body made by laminating a positive electrode and a negative electrode with a separator interposed therebetween, or may be constituted of a wound electrode body made by laminating a positive electrode and a negative electrode with a separator interposed therebetween, and further winding them thereafter. When the battery element is a wound electrode body, the conductor may be in a foil shape, and the conductor may be attached to an outside (outermost peripheral side) of a positive electrode current collector or a negative electrode current collector, or an outside (outermost peripheral side) of a positive electrode current collector foil or a negative electrode current collector foil may be used as a conductor.
The positive electrode is constituted of a positive electrode current collector (which may be a positive electrode current collector foil; the same applies below) and a positive electrode active material layer provided on one or both sides of the positive electrode current collector. On the other hand, the negative electrode is constituted of a negative electrode current collector (which may be a negative electrode current collector foil; the same applies below) and a negative electrode active material layer provided on one or both sides of the negative electrode current collector.
The positive electrode current collector is constituted of, for example, a metal foil such as an aluminum foil. The positive electrode active material layer includes, for example, one or more positive electrode materials that can occlude and release lithium (Li) or lithium ions (Lit) as the positive electrode active material, and includes a conductive agent such as graphite and a binder such as polyvinylidene fluoride as necessary. Examples of the positive electrode material include lithium-containing compounds such as lithium oxide, lithium phosphorus oxide, lithium sulfide, or an intercalation compound containing lithium.
The negative electrode current collector is constituted of, for example, a metal foil such as a copper foil. The negative electrode active material layer includes, for example, one or more negative electrode materials that can occlude and release lithium (Li) or lithium ions (Lit) as the negative electrode active material, and includes a conductive agent such as graphite and a binder such as polyvinylidene fluoride as necessary. Examples of the negative electrode active material include non-graphitizable carbons, graphitizable carbon, graphite, pyrolytic carbons, cokes, glassy carbons, organic polymer compound fired bodies, and carbon materials such as carbon fibers or activated carbons.
The separator is constituted of, for example, a porous film made of a polyolefin-based material such as polypropylene or polyethylene, or a porous film made of an inorganic material such as a ceramic nonwoven fabric, and may be of a structure in which two or more kinds of these porous films are laminated.
The separator is impregnated with an electrolytic solution that is liquid electrolyte. For example, this electrolytic solution includes a solvent and a lithium salt that is an electrolyte salt. The solvent dissolves and dissociates the electrolyte salt. As the solvent, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,2-diethoxyethane, γ-butyrolactone, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dioxolane, 4 methyl 1,3 dioxolane, diethyl ether, sulfolane, methyl sulfolane, acetonitrile, propionitrile, anisole, acetic acid ester, butyric acid ester, or propionic acid ester, and the like may be mentioned, and any one of these or a mixture of two or more may be used.
4
6
6
4
6
5
4
3
3
3
3
Examples of the lithium salt include LiClO, LiAsF, LiPF, LiBF, LiB(CH), CHSOLi, CFSOLi, LiCl, or LiBr, and any one of these or a mixture of two or more may be used.
12
12
The battery element may be constituted of a laminated electrode body made by laminating a positive electrode and a negative electrode with a separator and even an electrolyte layer interposed therebetween, or may be constituted of a wound electrode body made by laminating a positive electrode and a negative electrode with a separator and even an electrolyte layer interposed therebetween, and further winding them thereafter. When the battery element is a wound electrode body, the conductor may be in a foil shape, and the conductor may be attached to an outside (outermost peripheral side) of a positive electrode current collector or a negative electrode current collector, or an outside (outermost peripheral side) of a positive electrode current collector foil or a negative electrode current collector foil may be used as a conductor.
The electrolyte layer is a layer in which an electrolytic solution is held by a polymer compound, and may contain other materials such as various additives as necessary. This electrolyte layer is, for example, what is called a gel electrolyte. The gel electrolyte is preferable because high ion conductivity (for example, 1 mS/cm or more at room temperature) can be obtained and leakage of the electrolytic solution is prevented.
Examples of the polymer compound include polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyhexafluoropropylene, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, polyphosphazene, polysiloxane, polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, styrene-butadiene rubber, nitrile-butadiene rubber, polystyrene, polycarbonate, or a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropylene, and the like. These may be single, or multiple types may be mixed. Among these, polyvinylidene fluoride or a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropyrene is preferable. This is because they are electrochemically stable.
14
12
40
The exterior body is not particularly limited as long as it can accommodate the battery element , but is preferably an exterior body including a laminate material. The laminate material is, for example, a laminate film in which a fusion layer, a metal layer, and a surface protective layer are laminated in this order. The fusion layer is constituted of, for example, a polyolefin resin such as polyethylene or polypropylene. The metal layer is constituted of, for example, aluminum. The surface protective layer is constituted of, for example, nylon or polyethylene terephthalate. The exterior member may be a laminate film having another laminated structure, and may be a polymer film alone or a metal film alone. Note that the exterior body may be a battery can made of, for example, iron plated with nickel.
1
The battery can be manufactured as follows, for example.
First, a positive electrode is produced. To begin with, a positive electrode active material and, as necessary, a binder and a conductive agent are mixed to make a positive electrode mixture, and thereafter, for example, the mixture is dispersed in an organic solvent or the like to make a positive electrode mixture slurry in a paste or slurry form.
Subsequently, the positive electrode mixture slurry is uniformly applied to both surfaces of a positive electrode current collector and then dried to form a positive electrode active material layer. Finally, the positive electrode active material layer is compression molded using a roll press or the like while being heated as necessary. In this case, the compression molding may be repeated a plurality of times.
Next, a negative electrode is produced by a similar procedure to that for the positive electrode described above. To begin with, a negative electrode active material and, as necessary, a binder and a conductive agent are mixed to make a negative electrode mixture, and thereafter, for example, the mixture is dispersed in an organic solvent or the like to make a negative electrode mixture slurry in a paste or slurry form.
Thereafter, the negative electrode mixture slurry is uniformly applied to both surfaces of a negative electrode current collector and then dried to form a negative electrode active material layer, and then the negative electrode active material layer is compression molded.
17
12
A positive electrode lead is attached to the positive electrode produced as described above, and a negative electrode lead is attached to the negative electrode produced as described above. Subsequently, the positive electrode and the negative electrode are laminated on both surfaces with a separator interposed therebetween, and the fixing member is adhered, thereby producing the battery element .
12
14
11
13
11
13
12
14
Next, the battery element is sandwiched between the exterior body with the conductors and interposed therebetween, and then a remaining outer peripheral edge portion excluding an outer peripheral edge portion on one side is adhered by thermal fusion or the like, thereby accommodating the conductors , and the battery element inside the exterior body .
14
14
1
Subsequently, after an electrolytic solution is injected into the bag-shaped exterior body , an opening of the exterior body is sealed by heat fusion or the like, and thus the battery can be obtained.
The battery module of the first embodiment (example of a battery module) according to the present technology is a battery module that includes a plurality of batteries and a conductor, and each of the plurality of batteries includes a battery element and an exterior body that covers the battery element, in which a conductor is disposed outside the battery element, and the conductor has a cut portion.
A battery module of a second embodiment according to the present technology can achieve a battery module having a safety mechanism that is not limited by an electrode producing process and a member used by a plurality of battery cells, and operates even when the plurality of battery cells is deformed and damaged when being subjected to unexpected pressure from the outside. That is, by using the battery module of the second embodiment according to the present technology, when the battery module is deformed and broken by an external force without affecting characteristics of the battery module, the conductive cut portion comes in contact with a broken cross section of the battery element and quickly causes a short circuit on a surface layer portion of the battery element, thereby allowing the battery to be safely damaged. Therefore, the battery module of the second embodiment according to the present technology can improve safety and achieve an excellent reliability effect.
FIG. 3
FIG. 3
Hereinafter, the battery module of the second embodiment (example of the battery module) according to the present technology will be described in more detail with reference to . is an exploded perspective view illustrating a configuration example of the battery module of the second embodiment according to the present technology.
FIG. 3
FIG. 3
FIG. 3
4
42
44
41
43
45
42
44
42
44
1
42
44
42
44
48
49
41
43
45
48
49
41
42
42
43
42
44
45
44
44
As illustrated in , the battery module includes two batteries and and three conductors , and . The batteries and are, for example, laminate film type lithium ion secondary batteries. As the batteries and , the battery described above can be applied as it is, and thus detailed descriptions of the batteries and will be omitted. The two batteries and include respective battery elements (not illustrated) and respective exterior bodies and that cover the two battery elements (not illustrated) respectively. Then, each of the conductors , , and is disposed outside the battery elements (not illustrated), and is further disposed outside each of the exterior bodies and . That is, the conductor is disposed outside the battery (in , above the battery ), the conductor is disposed between the battery and the battery , and the conductor is disposed outside the battery (in , below the battery ).
FIG. 3
FIG. 3
42
44
41
43
42
43
45
44
41
43
45
41
43
45
41
43
45
41
43
45
Although not illustrated in , respective outermost peripheral portions of the battery elements of the batteries and are fixed by a fixing member made of a protective tape or the like. Further, although not illustrated in , at least one of the conductor and the conductor may be disposed so as to be wound around the outermost peripheral portion of the battery , or at least one of the conductor and the conductor may be disposed so as to be wound around the outermost peripheral portion of the battery . In this case, the conductors , , and are preferably constituted of a material having plasticity (flexibility) so that the conductors , , and can be wound and bent, for example. The material of the conductors , , and may be any material as long as it has conductivity, but is preferably aluminum or stainless steel (SUS). The shape of the conductors , , and is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a plate shape, a foil shape, and the like.
41
43
46
1
46
2
41
41
46
1
42
43
43
46
1
42
FIG. 3
At least one of the conductor and the conductor may be electrically connected to a positive electrode tab - or a negative electrode tab -. In , a conductor A (a tip piece of the conductor ) is electrically connected to the positive electrode tab - (the positive electrode tab of the battery ), and a conductor A (a tip piece of the conductor ) is electrically connected to the positive electrode tab - (the positive electrode tab of the battery ).
43
45
47
1
47
2
43
43
47
1
44
45
45
47
1
44
FIG. 3
Further, at least one of the conductor and the conductor may be electrically connected to a positive electrode tab - or a negative electrode tab -. In , a conductor B (a tip piece of the conductor ) is electrically connected to the positive electrode tab - (the positive electrode tab of the battery ), and a conductor A (a tip piece of the conductor ) is electrically connected to the positive electrode tab - (the positive electrode tab of the battery ).
FIG. 3
46
1
46
2
48
47
1
47
2
49
Although not illustrated in , a close-contact film is inserted between the positive electrode tab - and the negative electrode tab - and the exterior body , and between the positive electrode tab - and the negative electrode tab - and the exterior body in order to prevent intrusion of outside air.
4
41
43
45
411
1
411
2
41
431
1
431
2
43
451
1
451
2
45
When an external force is applied to the battery module , the conductors , , and/or are bent or cut along cut portions - and/or - (cut portions of the conductor ), - and/or - (cut portions of the conductor ), and/or - and - (cut portions of the conductor ), and any one of the above cut portions covers over a cross section of the battery element damaged by the external force, thereby causing a short circuit and ensuring safety.
41
411
1
411
2
43
431
1
431
2
45
451
1
451
2
The conductor has cut portions - and cut portions -, the conductor has cut portions - and cut portions -, and the conductor has cut portions - and cut portions -.
411
1
411
2
41
The cut portions - and/or the cut portions - may be disposed at regular intervals or may be disposed at irregular intervals in the conductor .
FIG. 3
FIG. 3
FIG. 3
41
411
1
411
2
411
1
411
2
411
1
411
2
411
1
411
2
411
1
411
2
41
41
In , in the conductor , cut portions - and cut portions - are alternately disposed at regular intervals in the X-axis direction in , and a plurality of cut portions - and a plurality of cut portions - that form a row in the Y-axis direction are alternately disposed at regular intervals. Note that a mutual distance between a cut portion - and a cut portion - adjacent in the X-axis direction may be arbitrary, and a mutual distance between a plurality of cut portions - that form a row in the Y-axis direction and a plurality of cut portions - that form a row in the Y-axis direction may be arbitrary. The cut portions - and the cut portions - may be disposed over the entire conductor as illustrated in or may be disposed in a part of the conductor .
411
1
411
411
411
2
411
411
A cut portion - is constituted of two straight portions A and B, and a cut portion - is constituted of two straight portions C and D.
431
1
431
2
43
The cut portions - and/or the cut portions - may be disposed at regular intervals or may be disposed at irregular intervals in the conductor .
FIG. 3
FIG. 3
FIG. 3
43
431
1
431
2
431
1
431
2
431
1
431
2
431
1
431
2
431
1
431
2
43
43
In , in the conductor , cut portions - and cut portions - are alternately disposed at regular intervals in the X-axis direction in , and a plurality of cut portions - and a plurality of cut portions - that form a row in the Y-axis direction are alternately disposed at regular intervals. Note that a mutual distance between a cut portion - and a cut portion - adjacent in the X-axis direction may be arbitrary, and a mutual distance between a plurality of cut portions - that form a row in the Y-axis direction and a plurality of cut portions - that form a row in the Y-axis direction may be arbitrary. The cut portions - and the cut portions - may be disposed over the entire conductor as illustrated in or may be disposed in a part of the conductor .
431
1
431
431
431
2
431
431
A cut portion - is constituted of two straight portions A and B, and a cut portion - is constituted of two straight portions C and D.
451
1
451
2
45
The cut portions - and/or the cut portions - may be disposed at regular intervals or may be disposed at irregular intervals in the conductor .
FIG. 3
FIG. 3
FIG. 3
45
451
1
451
2
451
1
451
2
451
1
451
2
451
1
451
2
451
1
451
2
45
45
In , in the conductor , cut portions - and cut portions - are alternately disposed at regular intervals in the X-axis direction in , and a plurality of cut portions - and a plurality of cut portions - that form a row in the Y-axis direction are alternately disposed at regular intervals. Note that a mutual distance between a cut portion - and a cut portion - adjacent in the X-axis direction may be arbitrary, and a mutual distance between a plurality of cut portions - that form a row in the Y-axis direction and a plurality of cut portions - that form a row in the Y-axis direction may be arbitrary. The cut portions - and the cut portions - may be disposed over the entire conductor as illustrated in or may be disposed in a part of the conductor .
451
1
451
451
451
2
451
451
A cut portion - is constituted of two straight portions A and B, and a cut portion - is constituted of two straight portions C and D.
411
1
431
1
451
1
111
1
411
2
431
2
451
2
111
2
The cut portions -, -, and - have a similar configuration (shape) to that of the cut portions -, and thus detailed descriptions thereof will be omitted. Further, the cut portions -, -, and - have a similar configuration (shape) to that of the cut portion -, and thus detailed descriptions thereof will be omitted.
FIG. 2
To the battery module of the second embodiment according to the present technology, the examples of the shapes of the cut portions illustrated in described above may be applied, similarly to the battery of the first embodiment according to the present technology.
Applications of the battery and the battery module will be described in detail below.
Applications of the battery and the battery module will not be specifically limited as long as they are machines, appliances, instruments, devices, and systems (a collection of multiple appliances) that can use the battery and battery module as a power source for driving or power storage source for storing power, or the like. The battery and the battery module used as the power source may be a main power source (a power source used preferentially) or an auxiliary power source (a power source used in place of or switched from the main power source). When a battery or a battery module is used as an auxiliary power source, the type of the main power source is not limited to the battery and the battery module.
Examples of applications of the battery and the battery module include the following. Laptop personal computers, tablet computers, mobile phones (for example, smart phones), personal digital assistants (PDA), imaging devices (for example, digital still cameras, digital video cameras, and the like), audio devices (for example, portable audio players), game devices, cordless phone handsets, electronic books, electronic dictionaries, radios, headphones, navigation systems, memory cards, pacemakers, hearing aids, lighting devices, toys, medical devices, robots, and other electronic devices (including portable electronic devices). Portable household appliances such as electric shavers. Storage devices such as backup power supplies and memory cards. Power tools such as electric drills and electric saws. Battery packs used for laptop computers or the like as detachable power sources. Medical electronic devices such as pacemakers and hearing aids. Vehicles used as electric vehicles (including hybrid vehicles). Power storage systems such as home battery systems that store electric power in case of emergency. Of course, other uses may be chosen. Note that the battery module is not particularly limited and is applied to machines, appliances, instruments, devices, and systems (an assembly such as a plurality of devices), and the like, but is particularly preferably applied to large machines, appliances, instruments, devices, and systems (an assembly such as a plurality of devices), and the like that has a large amount of power consumption.
The battery is particularly effective when applied to a battery pack, a vehicle, a power storage system, a power tool, and an electronic device. Further, the battery module is particularly effective when applied to a vehicle, a power storage system, and an electronic device. Because excellent reliability is required, it is possible to effectively improve battery reliability by using the battery or the battery module according to the present technology. Note that the battery pack is a power source using a battery, and is what is called an assembled battery or the like. The vehicle is a vehicle that operates (runs) using the battery or the battery module as a driving power source, and as described above, the vehicle may be a car (a hybrid car or the like) that is provided with a driving source other than the battery and the battery module. An example of the power storage system is a power storage system for a house, and is a system that uses the battery or the battery module as a power storage source. In the power storage system, electric power is stored in the battery or the battery module that is a power storage source, and thus a power consumption apparatus, for example, a household electric product can be used by using the electric power. The electric power tool is a tool in which a movable part (for example, a drill or the like) moves using the battery as a power source for driving. The electronic device is a device that exhibits various functions using a battery or a battery module as a power source for driving (power supply source).
Here, some application examples of the battery and the battery module will be specifically described. Note that the configuration of each application example described below is merely an example, and thus can be changed as appropriate.
A battery pack of a third embodiment according to the present technology includes the battery of the first embodiment according to the present technology. For example, the battery pack of the third embodiment according to the present technology is a battery pack that includes the battery of the first embodiment according to the present technology, a control unit that controls a use state of the battery, and a switch unit that switches the use state of the battery according to an instruction from the control unit. The battery pack of the third embodiment according to the present technology includes the battery of the first embodiment according to the present technology having excellent reliability, which leads to improvement in reliability such as safety of the battery pack.
Hereinafter, the battery pack of the third embodiment according to the present technology will be described with reference to the drawings.
FIG. 7
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
60
illustrates a block configuration of the battery pack. This battery pack includes, for example, a control unit , a power source , a switch unit , a current measurement unit , a temperature detection unit , a voltage detection unit , a switch control unit , a memory , a temperature detection element , a current detection resistor , a positive electrode terminal , and a negative electrode terminal inside a housing formed of a plastic material or the like.
61
62
62
62
62
The control unit controls operation of the entire battery pack (including a use state of the power source ), and includes, for example, a central processing unit (CPU) or the like. The power source includes one or more batteries (not illustrated). The power source is, for example, an assembled battery including two or more batteries, and a connection type of these batteries may be in series, in parallel, or a mixture of both. As an example, the power source includes six batteries connected, two in parallel and three in series.
63
62
62
61
63
The switch unit switches the use state of the power source (whether or not the power source can be connected to an external device) according to an instruction from the control unit . The switch unit includes, for example, a charge control switch, a discharge control switch, a charging diode, a discharging diode (all not illustrated) and the like. The charge control switch and the discharge control switch are semiconductor switches such as a field effect transistor using a metal oxide semiconductor (MOSFET), for example.
64
70
61
65
69
61
61
61
66
62
61
The current measurement unit measures a current using the current detection resistor and outputs a measurement result thereof to the control unit . The temperature detection unit measures a temperature using the temperature detection element and outputs a measurement result thereof to the control unit . This temperature measurement result is used, for example, when the control unit performs charge-discharge control during abnormal heat generation, or when the control unit performs a correction process when calculating a remaining capacity. The voltage detection unit measures a voltage of the battery in the power source , converts a measured voltage thereof from analog to digital, and supplies a converted voltage to the control unit .
67
63
64
66
The switch control unit controls operation of the switch unit according to signals input from the current measurement unit and the voltage detection unit .
67
63
62
62
67
For example, when a battery voltage reaches an overcharge detection voltage, the switch control unit performs control to disconnect the switch unit (charge control switch), so that a charging current does not flow through a current path of the power source . Thus, the power source can only be discharged through the discharging diode. Note that the switch control unit is configured to cut off the charging current when a large current flows during charging, for example.
67
63
62
62
67
Further, for example, when the battery voltage reaches the overdischarge detection voltage, the switch control unit performs control to disconnect the switch unit (discharge control switch), so that a discharging current does not flow through the current path of the power source . Thus, the power source can only be charged through the charging diode. Note that the switch control unit is configured to cut off the discharging current when a large current flows during discharging, for example.
Note that in the battery, for example, the overcharge detection voltage is 4.2 V±0.05 V, and the overdischarge detection voltage is 2.4 V±0.1 V.
68
The memory is, for example, an EEPROM that is a nonvolatile memory.
68
61
68
61
The memory stores, for example, numerical values calculated by the control unit , battery information (for example, internal resistance in an initial state) measured in a manufacturing process stage, and the like. Note that if a full charge capacity of the secondary battery is stored in the memory , the control unit can comprehend information such as a remaining capacity.
69
62
61
The temperature detection element measures a temperature of the power source and outputs a measurement result thereof to the control unit , and is a thermistor, for example.
71
72
62
71
72
The positive electrode terminal and the negative electrode terminal are terminals connected to an external device (for example, a laptop personal computer) that is operated using the battery pack, or an external device (for example, a charger) that is used to charge the battery pack. Charging or discharging of the power source is performed via the positive electrode terminal and the negative electrode terminal .
A vehicle of a fourth embodiment according to the present technology is a vehicle that includes the battery of the first embodiment according to the present technology, a driving force conversion apparatus that converts electric power supplied from the battery into a driving force, a driving unit that drives according to the driving force, and a vehicle control device. Further, the vehicle of the fourth embodiment according to the present technology is a vehicle that includes the battery module of the second embodiment according to the present technology, a driving force conversion apparatus that converts electric power supplied from the battery module into a driving force, a driving unit that drives according to the driving force, and a vehicle control device. The vehicle of the fourth embodiment according to the present technology includes the battery of the first embodiment or the battery module of the second embodiment according to the present technology having excellent reliability, which leads to improvement in reliability such as safety of the vehicle.
FIG. 8
Hereinafter, the vehicle of the fourth embodiment according to the present technology will be described with reference to .
FIG. 8
schematically illustrates an example of a configuration of a hybrid vehicle that employs a series hybrid system to which the present technology is applied. The series hybrid system is a car that runs by a power-driving force conversion apparatus using electric power generated by a generator driven by an engine or electric power once stored in a battery.
7200
7201
7202
7203
7204
7204
7205
7205
7208
7209
7210
7211
7208
a
b
a
b
This hybrid vehicle is provided with an engine , a generator , a power-driving force conversion apparatus , a driving wheel , a driving wheel , a wheel , a wheel , a battery , a vehicle control device , various sensors , and a charge port . A power storage device (not illustrated) is applied to the battery .
7200
7203
7203
7203
7208
7203
7204
7204
7203
7210
7209
7210
a
b
The hybrid vehicle runs using the power-driving force conversion apparatus as a power source. An example of the power-driving force conversion apparatus is a motor. The power-driving force conversion apparatus is operated by electric power of the battery , and rotational force of this power-driving force conversion apparatus is transmitted to the driving wheels , . Note that also by using direct current-alternate current (DC-AC) or reverse conversion (AC-DC conversion) where necessary, the power-driving force conversion apparatus can be applied to either an AC motor or a DC motor. The various sensors control an engine speed through the vehicle control device , and control opening (throttle opening) of a throttle valve that is not illustrated. The various sensors include a speed sensor, an acceleration sensor, an engine speed sensor, and the like.
7201
7202
7202
7208
The rotational force of the engine is transmitted to the generator , and electric power generated by the generator from the rotational force can be stored in the battery .
7203
7203
7208
When the hybrid vehicle decelerates by a braking mechanism that is not illustrated, a resistance force during the deceleration is applied as a rotational force to the power-driving force conversion apparatus , and regenerative power generated by the power-driving force conversion apparatus from this rotational force is stored in the battery .
7208
211
By being connected to a power source outside the hybrid vehicle, the battery can be supplied with electric power from the external power source through the charge port as an input port, and can also store the received power.
Although not illustrated, an information processing device that performs information processing related to vehicle control based on information related to the battery or the battery module may be included. As such an information processing device, for example, there is an information processing device that displays a remaining battery level based on information related to a remaining level of the battery or the battery module.
Note that in the above description, a series hybrid vehicle running with a motor using electric power generated by a generator driven by an engine or electric power stored once in a battery has been described as an example. However, the present technology is also effectively applicable to a parallel hybrid vehicle that uses outputs of both the engine and the motor as driving sources, and appropriately switches between three modes: running with the engine alone, running with the motor alone, and running with the engine and the motor. Furthermore, the present technology is also effectively applicable to what is called an electric vehicle that is driven only by a drive motor to run without using an engine.
A power storage system of a fifth embodiment according to the present technology is a power storage system including a power storage device that has the battery of the first embodiment according to the present technology, a power consumption apparatus to which power is supplied from the battery, a control device that controls power supply from the battery module to the power consumption apparatus, and a power generation apparatus that charges the battery. Further, the power storage system of the fifth embodiment according to the present technology is a power storage system including a power storage device that has the battery module of the second embodiment according to the present technology, a power consumption apparatus to which electric power is supplied from the battery module, a control device that controls power supply from the battery module to the power consumption apparatus, and a power generation apparatus that charges the battery module. The power storage system of the fifth embodiment according to the present technology includes the battery of the first embodiment according to the present technology or the battery module of the second embodiment according to the present technology having excellent reliability, which leads to improvement in reliability of the power storage system.
FIG. 9
Hereinafter, a power storage system for a house that is an example of the power storage system of the fifth embodiment according to the present technology will be described with reference to .
9100
9001
9003
9002
9002
9002
9002
9009
9012
9007
9008
9003
9004
9003
9001
9003
9001
a
b
c
For example, in a power storage system for a house , electric power is supplied to a power storage device from a centralized power system such as thermal power generation , nuclear power generation , and hydroelectric power generation via a power network , an information network , a smart meter , a power hub , and/or the like. At the same time, electric power is supplied to the power storage device from an independent power source such as a home power generation apparatus . The supplied electric power is stored in the power storage device . Electric power used in the house is supplied using the power storage device . A similar power storage system can be used not only for the house but also for buildings.
9001
9004
9005
9003
9010
9007
9011
9009
9012
9004
9005
9003
9005
9005
9005
9005
9005
9005
9006
9006
9006
9006
9006
a
b
c
d
a
b
c.
The house is provided with a power generation apparatus , a power consumption apparatus , a power storage device , a control device that controls respective devices, a smart meter , and a sensor that obtains various types of information. The respective devices are connected by a power network and an information network . As the power generation apparatus , a solar cell, a fuel cell, or the like is used, and generated electric power is supplied to the power consumption apparatus and/or the power storage device . The power consumption apparatus is a refrigerator , an air conditioner , a television receiver , a bath , and the like. Further, the power consumption apparatus includes an electric vehicle . The electric vehicle is an electric car , a hybrid car , and an electric motorcycle
9003
The battery of the first embodiment or the battery module (battery unit) of the second embodiment according to the present technology described above is applied to the power storage device .
9003
9006
9007
9009
The power storage device includes a battery, a battery module, or a capacitor. For example, it is constituted of a lithium ion battery. The lithium ion battery may be a stationary type or one used in the electric vehicle . The smart meter includes a function of measuring the amount of commercial power used and transmitting the measured amount used to an electric power company. The power network may combine one or more of direct current feed, alternate current feed, or non-contact feed.
9011
9011
9010
9011
9005
9010
9001
The various sensors are, for example, a human sensor, an illuminance sensor, an object detection sensor, a power consumption sensor, a vibration sensor, a contact sensor, a temperature sensor, an infrared sensor, and the like. Information obtained by the various sensors is transmitted to the control device . Based on information from the sensor , weather conditions, conditions of a person, and the like can be comprehended, and the power consumption apparatus can be automatically controlled to minimize the energy consumption. Furthermore, the control device can transmit information on the house to an outside power company or the like via the Internet.
9008
9012
9010
The power hub performs processes such as branching of power lines and DC-AC conversion. As a communication method of the information network connected to the control device , there is a method using a communication interface such as universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter (UART), or a method using a sensor network based on a wireless communication standard such as Bluetooth (registered trademark), ZigBee (registered trademark), or Wi-Fi. The Bluetooth (registered trademark) system is applied to multimedia communication and can perform one-to-many connection communication. ZigBee uses the physical layer of IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.15.4. IEEE802.15.4 is the name of a short-range wireless network standard called a personal area network (PAN) or a wireless (W) PAN.
9010
9013
9013
9001
9013
The control device is connected to a server of the outside. The server may be managed by any one of the house , a power company, and a service provider. Information transmitted or received by the server is, for example, power consumption information, life pattern information, power charges, weather information, natural disaster information, and information on power trades. These pieces of information may be transmitted and received from a power consumption apparatus inside a house (for example, a television receiver), but may be transmitted and received from a device outside the house (for example, a mobile phone or the like). Such information may be displayed on a device having a display function, for example, a television receiver, a mobile phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), or the like.
9010
9003
9010
9003
9004
9005
9011
9013
9012
A control device that controls each unit is constituted of a CPU, a random access memory (RAM), a read only memory (ROM), and so on, and is accommodated in the power storage device in this example. The control device is connected to the power storage device , the home power generation apparatus , the power consumption apparatus , the various sensors , and the server by the information network , and has, for example, a function of adjusting the amount of commercial power used and the amount of power generated. Note that a function of performing a power trade in an electricity market, or the like may be provided.
9002
9002
9002
9002
9004
9003
a
b
c
As described above, not only electric power from the centralized power system such as the thermal power , the nuclear power , and the hydropower but generated electric power of the home power generation apparatus (solar power generation, or wind power generation) can be stored in the power storage device .
9004
9003
9003
9003
Therefore, even when generated electric power of the home power generation apparatus fluctuates, it is possible to perform control such that the amount of power sent to the outside is constant or discharged as necessary. For example, the power storage system can be used such that electric power obtained by solar power generation is stored in the power storage device and midnight power at a low electricity charge is stored in the power storage device at night, and the electric power stored in the power storage device is discharged and used in a time zone of the daytime at a high electricity charge.
9010
9003
9007
9100
Note that although an example in which the control device is stored in the power storage device has been described in this example, it may be stored in the smart meter or may be configured alone. Furthermore, the power storage system may be used for a plurality of homes in an apartment house, or may be used for a plurality of detached houses.
A power tool of a sixth embodiment according to the present technology is a power tool including the battery of the first embodiment according to the present technology and a movable part to which electric power is supplied from the battery.
The power tool of the sixth embodiment according to the present technology includes the battery of the first embodiment according to the present technology having excellent reliability, which leads to improvement in reliability such as safety of the power tool.
FIG. 10
Hereinafter, a power tool of a sixth embodiment according to the present technology will be described with reference to .
FIG. 10
99
100
98
101
98
illustrates a block configuration of the electric power tool. This power tool is, for example, an electric drill, and includes a control unit and a power source inside a tool main body formed of a plastic material or the like. For example, a drill part , which is a movable part, is operationally (rotatably) mounted to the tool main body .
99
100
100
99
100
101
The control unit controls operation of the entire power tool (including a use state of the power source ), and includes, for example, a CPU and so on. The power source includes one or more batteries (not illustrated). The control unit supplies electric power from the power source to the drill part in response to an operation of an operating switch that is not illustrated.
An electronic device of a seventh embodiment according to the present technology is an electronic device that includes the battery of the first embodiment according to the present technology and receives power supply from the battery. Further, an electronic device of the seventh embodiment according to the present technology is an electronic device that includes the battery module of the second embodiment according to the present technology and receives power supply from the battery module. As described above, the electronic device of the seventh embodiment according to the present technology is a device that exhibits various functions using a battery or a battery module as a power source for driving (power supply source). The electronic device of the seventh embodiment according to the present technology includes the battery of the first embodiment according to the present technology or the battery module of the second embodiment according to the present technology having excellent reliability, which leads to improvement in reliability such as safety of the electronic device. Note that the electric power tool of the sixth embodiment described above may be regarded as an example of the electronic device of the seventh embodiment.
FIG. 11
Hereinafter, an electronic device of a seventh embodiment according to the present technology will be described with reference to .
400
400
401
300
300
401
331
331
400
300
400
300
400
300
400
a
b
An example of a configuration of an electronic device according to the seventh embodiment of the present technology will be described. The electronic device includes an electronic circuit of an electronic device body and a battery pack . The battery pack is electrically connected to the electronic circuit with a positive electrode terminal and a negative electrode terminal interposed therebetween. For example, the electronic device has a configuration in which the battery pack can be freely attached and detached by a user. Note that the configuration of the electronic device is not limited to this, and may have a configuration in which the battery pack is built in the electronic device so that the user cannot remove the battery pack from the electronic device .
300
331
331
300
300
400
331
331
300
401
a
b
a
b
When the battery pack is charged, the positive electrode terminal and the negative electrode terminal of the battery pack are connected to a positive electrode terminal and a negative electrode terminal of a charger (not illustrated), respectively. On the other hand, when the battery pack is discharged (when the electronic device is in use), the positive electrode terminal and the negative electrode terminal of the battery pack are connected to a positive electrode terminal and a negative electrode terminal of the electronic circuit , respectively.
400
400
Examples of the electronic device include laptop personal computers, tablet computers, mobile phones (for example, smartphones), personal digital assistants (PDA), imaging devices (for example, digital still cameras, digital video cameras, and the like), audio devices (for example, portable audio players), game devices, cordless phones, electronic books, electronic dictionaries, radios, headphones, navigation systems, memory cards, pacemakers, hearing aids, lighting devices, toys, medical devices, robots, and other electronic devices, but the electronic device is not limited thereto. As specific examples, a head-mounted display and a band type electronic device will be described. The head-mounted display is an electronic device that includes an image display device, a mounting device for mounting the image display device on the head of an observer, and an attachment member for attaching the image display device to the mounting device, and uses the battery of the first embodiment according to the present technology or the battery module of the second embodiment according to the present technology as a power source for driving. The band type electronic device includes a plurality of segments connected in a band form, a plurality of electronic components disposed in the plurality of segments, and a flexible circuit board that connects the plurality of electronic components in the plurality of segments and is disposed in a meandering shape in at least one segment, in which the battery of the first embodiment according to the present technology or the battery module of the second embodiment according to the present technology is disposed as the electronic components in the segments.
401
400
The electronic circuit includes, for example, a CPU, a peripheral logic unit, an interface unit, a storage unit, and the like, and controls the entire electronic device .
300
301
302
301
301
301
301
301
301
a
a
a
a
a.
FIG. 11
The battery pack includes an assembled battery and a charge-discharge circuit . The assembled battery is configured by connecting a plurality of batteries in series and/or in parallel. The plurality of batteries are connected, for example, n in parallel and m in series (n and m are positive integers). Note that illustrates an example in which six batteries are connected, two in parallel and three in series (2P3S). The battery according to the first embodiment may be used as the battery , or the battery module according to the second embodiment may be used as the plurality of batteries
302
301
400
302
400
During charging, the charge-discharge circuit controls charging of the assembled battery . On the other hand, during discharging (that is, when the electronic device is in use), the charge-discharge circuit controls discharging to the electronic device .
Effects of the present technology will be specifically described below with reference to examples. Note that the scope of the present technology is not limited to the examples.
1
14
A battery cell- was produced including a battery element constituted of a wound electrode body obtained by winding a laminated body constituted of a positive electrode, a separator, and a negative electrode in turns, an exterior body that covers the battery element, and a conductor that has a cut portion disposed between the battery element and the exterior body.
1
1
22
1
227
223
226
226
221
222
227
224
225
224
FIG. 4(A)
FIG. 4(B)
FIG. 4(A)
FIG. 5
FIG. 4(A)
FIG. 4(B)
FIG. 5
Subsequently, the produced battery cell- was damaged by an external force. illustrates a schematic cross-sectional view of the battery cell- after breakage. is an enlarged schematic cross-sectional view of a portion B illustrated in . is an enlarged schematic cross-sectional view of a portion C illustrated in . As illustrated in and , a battery element included in the battery cell- has a configuration in which a negative electrode , a separator , and a positive electrode are laminated in this order. Then, the positive electrode has two positive electrode active material layers and an Al foil (current collector foil) disposed between the two positive electrode active material layers. The negative electrode has two negative electrode active material layers and a Cu foil (current collector foil) disposed between the two negative electrode active material layers .
FIG. 4A
FIG. 5
FIG. 1
21
21
22
22
1
3
5
21
21
222
2
4
21
21
225
21
21
111
1
21
111
111
1
As illustrated in , a short circuit occurs when a bent piece A of a cut portion of a damaged conductor covers over a cross-sectional portion (a damaged portion of the battery element) A of the damaged battery element . More specifically, as illustrated in , in circular portions P, P, and P, the bent piece A of the cut portion of the conductor and the Al foil (current collector foil) are in contact, and in circular portions P and P, the bent piece A of the cut portion of the conductor and the Cu foil (current collector foil) are in contact, thereby causing a short circuit. As described above, by making contact at positions of a plurality of current collector foils, short-circuiting is easy and reliable, and safety is increased. Note that the bent piece A of the cut portion of the conductor is produced, for example, by bending a cut portion - illustrated in due to breakage, and (the length of) the bent piece A may correspond to (the length of) the straight portion B of the cut portion -.
14
Next, a battery cell-A was produced including a battery element that has a wound electrode body obtained by winding a laminated body constituted of a positive electrode, a separator, and a negative electrode in turns, and an exterior body that covers the battery element.
Subsequently, the battery cell-A produced in Comparative Example 1 was damaged by an external force.
FIG. 6(A)
FIG. 6(B)
FIG. 6(A)
FIG. 6(B)
32
327
323
326
326
321
322
321
327
324
325
324
illustrates a schematic cross-sectional view of the battery cell-A after breakage. is an enlarged schematic cross-sectional view of a portion D illustrated in . As illustrated in , a battery element included in the battery cell-A has a configuration in which a negative electrode , a separator , and a positive electrode are laminated in this order. Then, the positive electrode has two positive electrode active material layers and an Al foil (current collector foil) disposed between the two positive electrode active material layers . The negative electrode has two negative electrode active material layers and a Cu foil (current collector foil) disposed between the two negative electrode active material layers .
FIG. 6(A)
FIG. 6
32
32
33
34
33
34
As illustrated in , in a cross-sectional portion (a damaged portion of the battery element) A of the damaged battery element , as illustrated by a circular portion Q, an Al foil and a Cu foil are in contact and short-circuited at one position. Note that in (A), the Al foil and the Cu foil are in contact and short-circuited, but the Al foil and the negative electrode active material layer or the Cu foil and positive electrode active material layer can be in contact and short-circuited.
1
1
1
Maximum heating values of the damaged battery cell- and the damaged battery cell-A were calculated using a circuit simulator and compared. Results are illustrated in Table 1. As illustrated in Table 1, the maximum heating value of the battery cell- short-circuited by the conductor was 4.152 W, but the maximum heating value of the battery cell-A short-circuited between foils (Al foil and Cu foil) was 65.54 W. It was confirmed that the battery cell-, which was short-circuited between a plurality of electrodes by the conductor, has a lower maximum heating value (W) and higher safety compared to the battery cell-A.
TABLE 1
Battery cell-A
Battery cell-1
(Comparative
(Example 1)
Example 1)
Case where a short circuit
Case where a short
occurred by a cut portion
circuit occurred at
of a damaged conductor
one position by foils
closely covering a cross
with each other inside
section of the element
the damaged element
Maximum heating
4.152
65.54
value [W] of
battery cell
Hereinafter, the present technology will be described more specifically with reference to Application Examples 1 to 5.
FIG. 12
FIG. 12
1202
1202
1203
1203
1202
1201
1201
As illustrated in , the above-described battery or battery module can be mounted on a printed circuit board (hereinafter referred to as “PCB”) together with a charging circuit or the like. For example, on the PCB , a battery or a battery module according to the present technology (in , a secondary battery is illustrated as a representative example of the battery and the battery module; the same applies below) and an electronic circuit such as a charging circuit can be mounted by a reflow process. A module in which the secondary battery and the electronic circuit such as a charging circuit are mounted on the PCB is referred to as a battery module . The battery module has a card type configuration as necessary, and can be configured as a portable card type mobile battery.
1202
1204
1205
1206
1205
On the PCB , a charge control integrated circuit (IC) , a battery protection IC , and a remaining battery level monitoring IC are also formed. The battery protection IC controls a charging-discharging operation so that a charging voltage does not become excessive during charging or discharging, an overcurrent does not flow due to a load short circuit, and no overdischarging occurs.
1207
1202
1203
1207
1204
1209
1208
1208
1202
1203
1206
1207
a
b
A Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface is attached to the PCB . The secondary battery is charged by electric power supplied through the USB interface . In this case, the charging operation is controlled by the charging control IC . Furthermore, predetermined electric power (for example, with a voltage of 4.2 V) is supplied to a load from load connection terminals and attached to the PCB . The remaining battery level of the secondary battery is monitored by the remaining battery level monitoring IC in a manner that a display (not illustrated) indicating the remaining battery level is visible from the outside. Note that the USB interface may be used for load connection.
1209
Specific examples of the load described above are as follows.
A. Wearable devices (sports watches, watches, hearing aids, and the like),
B. IoT devices (sensor network devices, and the like),
C. Amusement devices (portable game devices and game controllers),
D. IC board embedded batteries (real-time clock ICs),
E. Energy harvesting devices (storage elements for power generation elements of solar power generation, thermoelectric power generation, vibration power generation, and the like).
Currently, many people carry multiple credit cards. However, there is a problem that the risk of loss, theft, and the like increases as the number of credit cards increases. Therefore, a card called a universal credit card in which functions such as a plurality of credit cards and point cards are integrated into one card has been brought into practical use. For example, information such as the numbers and expiration dates of various credit cards and point cards can be captured in this card, and thus having one such card in a wallet allows selecting and using a favorable card whenever it is desired.
FIG. 13
1301
1302
1303
1303
1304
1301
a
b
illustrates an example of a configuration of a universal credit card . The universal credit card has a card shape, and includes an IC chip and a battery or a battery module (not illustrated) according to the present technology. Furthermore, a display , which consume less power, and an operating unit, for example direction keys and , are provided. Further, a charging terminal is provided on a surface of the universal credit card .
1301
1303
1303
1302
1302
1303
1303
1301
a
b
a
b
For example, the user can specify a credit card or the like loaded in advance on the universal credit card by operating the direction keys and while looking at the display . When a plurality of credit cards are loaded in advance, information indicating each credit card is displayed on the display , and the user can specify a desired credit card by operating the direction keys and . Thereafter, the card can be used like a conventional credit card. Note that the above is an example, and it goes without saying that the battery or the battery module according to the present technology can be applied to any electronic card other than the universal credit card .
An example of a wearable terminal is a wristband type electronic device. Among others, a wristband type activity meter is also called a smart band, and can obtain data on human activities such as the number of steps, traveled distance, burned calories, sleep amount, heart rate, and the like just by being wrapped around the wrist. Further, the obtained data can also be managed with a smartphone. Furthermore, a mail transmission-reception function can be provided, and for example, one having a notification function that notifies the user of an incoming mail by a light emitting diode (LED) lamp and/or vibrations is used.
FIGS. 14 and 15
FIG. 14
FIG. 15
1501
1502
1501
illustrate an example of a wristband type activity meter that measures, for example, a pulse. illustrates a configuration example of an appearance of a wristband type activity meter . illustrates a configuration example of a main body of the wristband type activity meter .
1501
1501
1502
1503
1503
1504
1502
1504
FIG. 14
The wristband type activity meter is a wristband type measuring device that measures, for example, a pulse of a subject by an optical method. As illustrated in , the wristband type activity meter is constituted of a main body and a band , and the band is attached to an arm (wrist) of a subject like a wristwatch. Then, the main body irradiates a portion including a pulse of the arm of the subject with measurement light having a predetermined wavelength, and measures the pulse of the subject based on intensity of returned light.
1502
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1522
1523
1524
1521
1523
1522
1504
The main body is configured to include a substrate , an LED , a light receiving IC , a light shield , an operating unit , an arithmetic processing unit , a display unit , and a wireless device . The LED , the light receiving IC , and the light shield are provided on the substrate . Under control of the light receiving IC , the LED irradiates a portion including the pulse of the arm of the subject with measurement light having a predetermined wavelength.
1523
1504
1523
1526
The light receiving IC receives light that has returned after the arm is irradiated with the measurement light. The light receiving IC generates a digital measurement signal indicating intensity of the returned light, and supplies a generated measurement signal to the arithmetic processing unit .
1524
1522
1523
1521
1524
1522
1523
The light shield is provided between the LED and the light receiving IC on the substrate . The light shield prevents the measurement light from the LED from being directly incident on the light receiving IC .
1525
1502
1525
1501
1526
The operating unit is constituted of various operating members such as buttons and switches for example, and is provided on a surface of the main body or the like. The operating unit is used to operate the wristband type activity meter and supplies a signal indicating an operation content to the arithmetic processing unit .
1526
1523
1526
1527
1528
The arithmetic processing unit performs an arithmetic process for measuring the pulse of the subject based on the measurement signal supplied from the light receiving IC . The arithmetic processing unit supplies a measurement result of the pulse to the display unit and the wireless device .
1527
1502
1527
The display unit is constituted of a display device such as a liquid crystal display (LCD), and is provided on a surface of the main body . The display unit displays the measurement result of the pulse of the subject and the like.
1528
1528
1505
1506
1505
1505
1505
1528
1523
1504
FIG. 15
The wireless device transmits the measurement result of the pulse of the subject to an external device by wireless communication of a predetermined method. For example, as illustrated in , the wireless device transmits the measurement result of the pulse of the subject to a smartphone , so as to display the measurement result on a screen of the smartphone . Furthermore, data of measurement results are managed by the smartphone , and the measurement results can be browsed with the smartphone or stored in a server on the network. Note that any method can be employed as a communication method of the wireless device . Note that the light receiving IC can also be used for measuring a pulse in a part other than the arm (for example, a finger, an earlobe, or the like) of the subject.
1501
1523
1501
The wristband type activity meter described above can accurately measure pulse waves and pulse of the subject by removing an influence of body movement by a signal process in the light receiving IC . For example, even if the subject performs intense exercise such as running, the pulse waves and pulse of the subject can be accurately measured. Further, for example, even when the subject wears the wristband type activity meter for a long time and performs measurement, an influence of body movement of the subject can be removed and the pulse waves and pulse can be accurately measured.
1501
1501
Further, power consumption of the wristband type activity meter can be reduced by reducing the amount of calculation. As a result, for example, it is possible to perform measurement while the subject wears the wristband type activity meter for a long time without performing charging or battery replacement.
1503
1501
1502
Note that, for example, a thin battery is housed in the band as a power source. The wristband type activity meter includes an electronic circuit of a main body and a battery pack. For example, the battery pack has a configuration to be detachable by the user. The electronic circuit is a circuit included in the main body described above. The present technology can be applied when a battery or a battery module is used as a power source.
FIG. 16
1601
1601
illustrates a configuration example of an appearance of a wristband type electronic device (hereinafter simply referred to as “electronic device ”).
1601
1601
1611
1612
1613
1611
1611
1611
1601
a
b
The electronic device is, for example, what is called a wearable device of watch type that is detachable from a human body. The electronic device includes, for example, a band portion to be attached to an arm, a display device that displays numbers, characters, symbols, and the like, and an operating button . The band portion is formed with a plurality of holes and protrusions formed on an inner peripheral surface (a surface that comes in contact with the arm when the electronic device is attached).
1601
1611
1611
1611
1611
1611
1601
1611
1611
1611
1611
FIG. 16
b
a
a
b
b
a
When in use, the electronic device is bent so that the band portion is substantially circular as illustrated in , and the protrusions are inserted into holes to be attached to the arm. By adjusting positions of the holes into which the protrusions are inserted, the size of the diameter can be adjusted corresponding to the thickness of the arm. When not in use, the electronic device is stored in a state that the protrusions are removed from the holes , and the band portion is substantially flat. The sensor according to an embodiment of the present technology is provided over the entire band portion , for example.
A smart watch has an identical or similar appearance to an existing wristwatch design, is worn on a wrist of a user and used similarly to a wristwatch, and has a function of notifying the user of various messages such as an incoming call or e-mail by information displayed on a display. Further, smart watches having functions such as an electronic money function and an activity meter have been proposed. In the smart watch, a display is incorporated in a surface of a main body portion of an electronic device, and various information is displayed on the display. Further, the smart watch can also cooperate with functions, contents, and the like of a communication terminal (such as a smart phone) by performing short-range wireless communication such as Bluetooth (registered trademark) with the communication terminal or the like.
As one of smart watches, there has been proposed one including a plurality of segments connected in a band form, a plurality of electronic components disposed in the plurality of segments, and a flexible circuit board that connects the plurality of electronic components in the plurality of segments and is disposed in a meandering shape in at least one segment. By having such a meandering shape, the flexible circuit board is not stressed even when the band is bent, and the circuit is prevented from being cut. Further, it is possible to incorporate electronic circuit components in a band-side segment attached to a watch body instead of a housing that constitutes the watch body, which eliminates the need to make changes on the watch body side and makes it possible to construct a smart watch having a similar design to conventional watches. In addition, the smart watch of this application example can perform a notification of an e-mail, an incoming call, or the like, log recording of user action history or the like, a telephone call, and the like. Further, the smart watch includes a function as a non-contact type IC card and can perform payment, authentication, or the like in a non-contact manner.
The smart watch of this application example incorporates circuit components for performing a communication process and a notification process in a metal band. In order to function as an electronic device while reducing the thickness of the metal band, the band has a configuration in which a plurality of segments are connected, and a circuit board, a vibration motor, a battery, and an acceleration sensor are accommodated in respective segments. Components such as a circuit board, a vibration motor, a battery, and an acceleration sensor in respective segments are connected by a flexible printed circuit board (FPC).
FIG. 17
2000
3000
3000
3100
3000
3100
illustrates an overall configuration (exploded perspective view) of the smart watch. The band type electronic device is a metal band attached to a watch main body , and is attached to an arm of the user. The watch main body includes a dial that displays time. The watch main body may display the time electronically on a liquid crystal display or the like instead of the dial .
2000
2110
2230
2110
3000
2230
3000
2110
2230
The band type electronic device has a configuration in which a plurality of segments to are connected. The segment is attached to one band attachment hole of the watch main body , and the segment is attached to the other band attachment hole of the watch main body . In this example, each of the segments to is made of metal.
FIG. 18
2000
2170
2180
2190
2200
2210
2000
2400
2170
2210
2170
2411
2421
2190
2210
2400
2180
2170
2190
2400
2180
2400
2170
2210
illustrates a part of an internal configuration of the band type electronic device . For example, insides of three segments , , , , are illustrated. In the band type electronic device , a flexible circuit board is disposed inside five continuous segments to . Various electronic components are disposed in the segment , batteries , which are batteries or battery modules according to the present technology are disposed in the segments , , and these components are electrically connected by the flexible circuit board . The segment between the segment and the segment has a relatively small size, in which the flexible circuit board in a meandering state is disposed. Inside the segment , the flexible circuit board is disposed in a state of being sandwiched between waterproofing members. Note that the insides of the segments to have a waterproof structure.
FIG. 19
2000
2000
3000
3000
3200
3100
3300
3200
3200
3300
3000
is a block diagram illustrating a circuit configuration of the band type electronic device . The circuit inside the band type electronic device has a configuration independent of the watch main body . The watch main body includes a movement unit that rotates hands disposed on the dial . A battery is connected to the movement unit . The movement unit and the battery are incorporated in a housing of the watch main body .
2000
3000
2170
2190
2210
2170
4101
4102
4104
4106
4103
4105
4107
4102
4104
4106
4103
4105
4107
2173
2170
In the band type electronic device connected to the watch main body , electronic components are disposed in the three segments , , . In the segment , a data processing unit , a wireless communication unit , an NFC communication unit , and a GPS unit are disposed. Antennas , , are connected to the wireless communication unit , the NFC communication unit , and the GPS unit , respectively. Each antenna , , is disposed in a vicinity of a slit which will be described later of the segment .
4102
4104
4106
4102
4104
4106
4101
The wireless communication unit performs short-range wireless communication with other terminals according to, for example, Bluetooth (registered trademark) standards. The NFC communication unit performs wireless communication with a nearby reader-writer according to the NFC standards. The GPS unit is a positioning unit that receives radio waves from satellites of a system called a global positioning system (GPS) and measures the current position. Data obtained by the wireless communication unit , the NFC communication unit , and the GPS unit is supplied to the data processing unit .
2170
4108
4109
4110
4111
4108
4109
2000
4108
2173
2170
4108
4109
2170
2000
2170
4109
Further, in the segment , a display , a vibrator , a motion sensor , and an audio processing unit are disposed. The display and the vibrator function as a notification unit that notifies the wearer of the band type electronic device . The display is constituted of a plurality of light emitting diodes, and notifies the user by turning on or blinking light emitting diodes. The plurality of light emitting diodes are disposed, for example, in a slit which will be described later of the segment , and an incoming call, reception of an e-mail, or the like is notified by lighting or blinking. As the display , a display that displays characters, numbers, and the like may be used. A vibrator is a member that vibrates the segment . The band type electronic device notifies an incoming call, reception of an e-mail, or the like by vibrations of the segment by the vibrator .
4110
2000
4110
2170
4110
2000
4112
4113
4111
4111
4102
4111
The motion sensor detects movement of the user wearing the band type electronic device . As the motion sensor , an acceleration sensor, a gyro sensor, an electronic compass, an atmospheric pressure sensor, or the like is used. Further, the segment may incorporate a sensor other than the motion sensor . For example, a biosensor that detects a pulse or the like of the user wearing the band type electronic device may be incorporated. A microphone and a speaker are connected to the audio processing unit , and the audio processing unit performs a call process with the other party connected by wireless communication in the wireless communication unit . Further, the audio processing unit can also perform a process for voice input operation.
2190
2411
2210
2421
2411
2421
2170
2170
2411
2421
2400
2170
2411
2421
2411
2421
2190
2210
2190
2210
2411
2421
FIG. 18
FIG. 19
The segment incorporates a battery , and the segment incorporates a battery . The batteries , can be constituted of the battery or the battery module according to the present technology, and provides a power source for driving to the circuit in the segment . The circuit in the segment and the batteries , are connected by the flexible circuit board (). Note that although not illustrated in , the segment includes terminals for charging the batteries , . Further, electronic components other than the batteries , may be disposed in the segments , . For example, the segments , may include a circuit that controls charging and discharging of the batteries , .
A glasses type terminal described below can display information such as texts, symbols, and images superimposed on a scenery in front. That is, a light-weight and thin image display device display module dedicated to a transmission glasses type terminal is mounted. A typical example is a head-mounted display (head mounted display (HMD)).
This image display device includes an optical engine and a hologram light guide plate. The optical engine emits image light of an image, a text, and the like using a micro display lens. This image light is incident on the hologram light guide plate. The hologram light guide plate includes hologram optical elements built into both ends of a transparent plate, and the image light from the optical engine is propagated through the very thin transparent plate with a thickness of 1 mm and delivered to the eyes of an observer. With such a configuration, a lens having a transmittance of, for example, 85% and a thickness of 3 mm (including protective plates before and after the light guide plate) is achieved. With such a glasses type terminal, it is possible to see results of players and teams in real time while watching sports, and to display a tourist guide at a travel destination.
FIG. 20
5003
5001
5002
5003
5004
5005
5006
5004
5003
In a specific example of the glasses type terminal, as illustrated in , the image display unit has a glasses type configuration. That is, similarly to normal glasses, a frame is provided for holding a right image display unit and a left image display unit in front of the eyes. The frame includes a front part disposed in front of the observer, and two temple parts , rotatably attached to both ends of the front part with hinges interposed therebetween. The frame is made of the same material as that constituting normal glasses, such as metal, alloy, plastic, or a combination thereof. Note that a headphone unit may be provided.
5001
5002
5005
5006
5001
5002
5007
5005
5004
5005
5008
5006
5004
5006
The right image display unit and the left image display unit are disposed so as to be positioned in front of the right eye and in front of the left eye, respectively, of the user. The temple parts , hold image display units and on the head of the user. A right display driving unit is disposed inside the temple part at a connection portion between the front part and the temple part . A left display driving unit is disposed inside the temple part at a connection portion between the front part and the temple part .
FIG. 20
5003
Although omitted in , in the frame , the battery or the battery module according to the present technology, an acceleration sensor, a gyroscope, an electronic compass, a microphone-speaker, and the like are mounted. Furthermore, an image pickup device is attached, and a still image or a moving image can be taken. Moreover, a controller connected to a glasses part via, for example, a wireless or wired interface is provided. The controller is provided with a touch sensor, various buttons, a speaker, a microphone, and the like. Furthermore, the terminal has a function to cooperate with a smartphone. For example, it is possible to provide information according to the situation of the user by utilizing a GPS function of a smartphone.
The present technology is not limited to the above-described embodiments, examples, and application examples, and can be changed without departing from the gist of the present technology.
Note that the effects of the present technology should be obtainable without depending on the type of an electrode reactant if it is an electrode reactant used in a battery, and thus the same effects can be obtained even if the type of the electrode reactant is changed. In addition, chemical formulas of compounds and the like are representative and are not limited to the described valences and the like as long as they are of general names of the same compounds.
Further, the present technology can also take the following configurations.
[1]
A battery including a battery element, an exterior body that covers the battery element, and a conductor, in which
the conductor is disposed outside the battery element, and
the conductor has a cut portion.
[2]
The battery according to [1], in which the conductor is disposed inside the exterior body.
[3]
The battery according to [1] or [2], in which the cut portion penetrates therethrough.
[4]
The battery according to [1] or [2], in which the cut portion does not penetrate therethrough.
[5]
The battery according to any one of [1] to [4], in which the exterior body includes a laminate material.
[6]
A battery module including a plurality of batteries and a conductor, in which
each of the batteries includes a battery element and an exterior body that covers the battery element,
the conductor is disposed outside the battery element, and
the conductor has a cut portion.
[7]
The battery module according to [6], in which the conductor is disposed outside the exterior body.
[8]
The battery module according to [6] or [7], in which the cut portion penetrates therethrough.
[9]
The battery module according to [6] or [7], in which the cut portion does not penetrate therethrough.
[10]
The battery module according to any one of [6] to [9], in which the exterior body includes a laminate material.
[11]
A battery pack including the battery according to any one of [1] to [5].
[12]
A battery pack including:
the battery according to any one of [1] to [5];
a control unit that controls a use state of the battery; and
a switch unit that switches the use state of the battery according to an instruction from the control unit.
[13]
A vehicle including:
the battery according to any one of [1] to [5];
a driving force conversion apparatus that receives supply of electric power from the battery and converts the electric power into a driving force of the vehicle;
a driving unit that drives according to the driving force; and
a vehicle control device.
[14]
A power storage system including:
a power storage device that has the battery according to any one of [1] to [5];
a power consumption apparatus to which electric power is supplied from the battery;
a control device that controls power supply from the battery to the power consumption apparatus; and
a power generation apparatus that charges the battery.
[15]
A power tool including:
the battery according to any one of [1] to [5]; and
a movable part to which electric power is supplied from the battery.
[16]
An electronic device including the battery according to any one of [1] to [5], in which
the electronic device receives supply of electric power from the battery.
[17]
A vehicle including:
the battery module according to any one of [6] to [10],
a driving force conversion apparatus that receives supply of electric power from the battery module and converts the electric power into a driving force of the vehicle;
a driving unit that drives according to the driving force; and
a vehicle control device.
[18]
A power storage system including:
a power storage device that has the battery module according to any one of [6] to [10];
a power consumption apparatus to which electric power is supplied from the battery module;
a control device that controls power supply from the battery module to the power consumption apparatus; and
a power generation apparatus that charges the battery module.
[19]
An electronic device including the battery module according to any one of [6] to [10], in which
the electronic device receives supply of electric power from the battery module.
1
42
44
, , : Battery
4
: Battery module
11
13
41
43
45
, , , , : Conductor
12
: Battery element
14
: Exterior body
111
1
111
2
131
1
131
2
411
1
411
2
431
1
431
2
451
1
451
2
-, -, -, -, -, -, -, -, -, -: Cut portion
BRIEF EXPLANATION OF DRAWINGS
FIG. 1
is an exploded perspective view illustrating a configuration example of a battery of a first embodiment according to the present technology.
FIG. 2
are views illustrating examples of a shape of a cut portion included in a conductor provided in the battery of the first embodiment and a battery module of a second embodiment according to the present technology.
FIG. 3
is an exploded perspective view illustrating a configuration example of the battery module of the second embodiment according to the present technology.
FIG. 4
are cross-sectional views for describing a result of Example 1 according to the present technology.
FIG. 5
FIG. 2
is an enlarged cross-sectional view of for explaining a result of Example 1 according to the present technology.
FIG. 6
are views for explaining a result of Comparative Example 1 according to the present technology.
FIG. 7
is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an application example (battery pack) of the battery according to the present technology.
FIG. 8
is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an application example (vehicle) of the battery and the battery module according to the present technology.
FIG. 9
is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an application example (power storage system) of the battery and the battery module according to the present technology.
FIG. 10
is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an application example (power tool) of the battery according to the present technology.
FIG. 11
is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an application example (electronic device) of the battery and the battery module according to the present technology.
FIG. 12
is a diagram illustrating a configuration of Application Example 1 (printed circuit board) of the battery and the battery module according to the present technology.
FIG. 13
is a view illustrating an example of a configuration of Application Example 2 (universal credit card) of the battery and the battery module according to the present technology.
FIG. 14
is a view illustrating an example of a configuration of Application Example 3 (wristband type activity meter) of the battery and the battery module according to the present technology.
FIG. 15
is a view illustrating an example of a configuration of Application Example 3 (wristband type activity meter) of the battery and the battery module according to the present technology.
FIG. 16
is a view illustrating a configuration of Application Example 3 (wristband type electronic device) of the battery and the battery module according to the present technology.
FIG. 17
is an exploded perspective view illustrating a configuration of Application Example 4 (smart watch) of the battery and the battery module according to the present technology.
FIG. 18
is a view illustrating a part of an internal configuration of Application Example 4 (band type electronic device) of the battery and the battery module according to the present technology.
FIG. 19
is a block diagram illustrating a circuit configuration of Application Example 4 (band type electronic device) of the battery and the battery module according to the present technology.
FIG. 20
is a view illustrating a specific example of a configuration of Application Example 5 (glasses type terminal) of the battery and the battery module according to the present technology. | |
Chacha Vidhayak Hain Humare is a Hindi comedy Tv Series directed by Shashant Shah. Starring Pritha Bakshi, Zakir Hussain, Zakir Khan in lead roles.
Yay! The season is available for streaming online and you can watch Season 2 on Prime Video.
Disclaimer: All content and media belong to original content streaming platforms/owners like Netflix, Disney Hotstar, Amazon Prime, SonyLIV etc. Metareel does not claim any rights to the content and only aggregate the content along with the service providers links. | https://metareel.91mobiles.com/tv-shows/chacha-vidhayak-hain-humare/season-2-61307 |
408 S.E.2d 545 (1991)
SCHOOL BOARD OF the COUNTY OF YORK
v.
George Daniel NICELY, et al.
Record No. 1612-90-1.
Court of Appeals of Virginia.
July 30, 1991.
*546 Kathleen S. Mehfoud (Hazel & Thomas, P.C., on briefs), Richmond, for appellant.
Lois V. Ragsdale (Department for Rights of Virginians with Disabilities, on brief), Richmond, for appellees.
The Henrico County Public Schools (J.T. Tokarz, Richmond, on brief), amicus curiae, for appellant.
Present: KOONTZ, C.J., and BARROW and KEENAN[*], JJ.
KOONTZ, Chief Judge.
The School Board of York County (School Board), appellant, appeals the September 20, 1990 circuit court decision to grant the appellees Nicelys' motion for summary judgment on the ground that the School Board failed to appeal the Virginia Board of Education's administrative decision within the Virginia Administrative Process Act's (VAPA) thirty day limitation period. Inherent in the court's decision is the finding that the VAPA's provisions for court review of agency decisions apply to special education appeals brought pursuant to Code § 22.1-214(D). Because our decision that the one year statute of limitations provided in Code § 8.01-248 applies in this case rather than the limitations period under the VAPA is dispositive, we do not reach the other issues raised by the School Board in this appeal.
George Daniel (Danny) Nicely is a twenty-one year old handicapped man who had been receiving educational services from the York County Public Schools for a number of years. He was identified as handicapped pursuant to Virginia Code §§ 22.1-213 et seq. and the federal Education of the Handicapped Act, 20 U.S.C. §§ 1400 et seq. A dispute arose concerning whether York County's school program could adequately fulfill Danny's educational needs, and if not, whether the School Board would be responsible for payment of Danny's placement in the Pines, a private treatment facility with a yearly cost of approximately $100,000.
In May 1988, the Nicelys initiated an administrative due process hearing to resolve the dispute. On November 10, 1988, a hearing officer appointed by the Virginia Board of Education issued an opinion ordering the School Board to pay the cost of Danny's placement in the Pines. The School Board timely appealed the hearing officer's opinion and obtained a state level review. The reviewing officer issued his opinion dated March 20, 1989 adopting the hearing officer's order and directing the *547 School Board to comply with the order's requirements within thirty days.
On June 9, 1989, eighty-one days after the state review officer issued his opinion, the School Board filed a motion for judgment in the Circuit Court of York County pursuant to Code § 22.1-214(D). The Nicelys pleaded by affirmative defense that the School Board's motion was barred by the VAPA's thirty day statute of limitations, and they subsequently moved for summary judgment. After hearing argument, the court granted the Nicelys' motion for summary judgment based on their statute of limitations defense. This appeal followed.
On appeal, the Nicelys argue that actions brought pursuant to Code § 22.1-214(D) are procedurally governed by the VAPA and are, therefore, pursuant to Code § 9-6.14:16, subject to the limitation periods set forth in Rule 2A:2, which requires a party appealing from an agency case decision to file a notice of appeal within thirty days of such a decision, and Rule 2A:4, which requires the appealing party to file a petition for appeal within thirty days of filing a notice of appeal. The School Board contends that actions brought pursuant to Code § 22.1-214(D) are not subject to the VAPA and, therefore, the thirty day statute of limitations provided in Rules 2A:2 and 2A:4 are inapplicable. The School Board contends that the one year statute of limitations provided in Code § 8.01-248[1] applies in this case since the Virginia special education statutes, Code §§ 22.1-213 et seq., do not specify a statute of limitations.
In reaching our decision, we first look to the federal cases which have addressed this issue since the Virginia special education statutes are identical in pertinent parts to the federal Education of the Handicapped Act (EHA). Code § 22.1-214(D) was derived from 20 U.S.C. § 1415(e)(2). Under § 1415(e)(2), a party may institute a civil action in federal court to challenge a decision made in a state administrative due process hearing conducted to resolve disagreements concerning the appropriate education for a handicapped child. See, Schimmel v. Spillane, 819 F.2d 477, 480 (4th Cir.1987). However, the EHA does not provide a statute of limitations applicable to the filing of such actions and, therefore, a statute of limitations must be derived from elsewhere. See id. at 480-81. "In the absence of a controlling federal limitations period, the general rule is that a state limitations period for an analogous cause of action is borrowed and applied to the federal claim, provided that the application of the state statute would not be inconsistent with underlying federal policies." County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation, 470 U.S. 226, 240, 105 S.Ct. 1245, 1254, 84 L.Ed.2d 169 (1985); accord Schimmel, 819 F.2d at 481.
Federal courts repeatedly have been required to decide which state statute of limitations to apply to actions brought pursuant to 20 U.S.C. § 1415(e)(2). As a result of those decisions, a variety of inconsistent limitation periods have been applied, sometimes within the same circuit. Compare, e.g., Janzen v. Knox County Bd. of Educ., 790 F.2d 484 (6th Cir.1986) (three year statute of limitations applied rather than sixty day statute of limitations for administrative appeals); and Kirchgessner v. Davis, 632 F.Supp. 616 (W.D.Va.1986) (one year limitations period under Code § 8.01-248 applied rather than thirty day period under VAPA) with, e.g., Spiegler v. District of Columbia, 866 F.2d 461 (D.C.Cir.1989) (applied thirty day limitations period of D.C. Court of Appeals Rule 15(a) for petitions of review of agency orders); and Thomas v. Staats, 633 F.Supp. 797 (S.D.W.Va.1985) (applied four month limitations period).
In Spiegler, the court had to decide which statute of limitations to apply to an action brought pursuant to § 1415(e)(2). The parties presented the court with two choices: the thirty day limitations period of D.C. Court of Appeals Rule 15(a) for petitions for review of administrative decisions and the three year "catch all" limitations period under D.C.Code § 12-301(8). 866 F.2d at 464. The court found that actions brought pursuant to § 1415(e)(2) were *548 more analogous to appeals from administrative agencies rather than actions "for which a limitation [period] is not otherwise specially prescribed." Id. at 465 (quoting D.C. Code § 12-301(8)). The court then adopted the thirty day limitation period after finding that, in addition to being analogous to an appeal from an administrative agency, the thirty day limitation period was consistent with federal policies since it was combined "with a duty by the District to inform hearing participants of the short period" in which to initiate their appeal. Id. at 466.
When the Fourth Circuit recently decided Schimmel, it provided guidance to its district courts for selecting the appropriate state limitation period to apply to § 1415(e)(2) actions. As in the present case, the court in Schimmel had to decide whether to apply the thirty day limitation period under the VAPA or the one year limitation period provided by Code § 8.01-248. Almost eight months after receiving a reviewing officer's adverse decision concerning the educational placement of their handicapped son, the Schimmels filed suit against the school system pursuant to 20 U.S.C. § 1415(e)(2). The school system moved to dismiss the action on the ground that it was barred by the thirty day statute of limitations. 819 F.2d at 479. The court found that when persons aggrieved by an agency decision bring an action to contest such a decision in a Virginia state court, "the limitations period of the Virginia Administrative Process Act presumably applies." Id. at 481 (emphasis added). Though the court found an action under Code § 22.1-214(D) was analogous to an action under 20 U.S.C. § 1415(e)(2), it refused to apply the thirty day statute of limitations because it found the thirty day limitation period was inconsistent with federal policies. Based on its concern that "many parents of handicapped children may not be represented by counsel in the administrative due process hearings that precede suit under the EHA," the court opined that "requiring unrepresented parties to act in such haste would be unduly harsh, and would undermine the federal policy of permitting review in the federal courts." Id. at 482.
As demonstrated by these federal decisions, uncertainty exists regarding the proper statute of limitations to apply to actions such as the one in this case. While the Nicelys direct us to the federal cases in which a thirty day limitation period was adopted or presumed to be applicable under state law, as in Schimmel, we are not compelled to follow those decisions since they were based on a federal cause of action, 20 U.S.C. § 1415(e)(2).
Contrary to federal case law, there are no Virginia cases directly on point, and only a few assist us in our decision. The most significant Virginia cases relating to the issue before us now are Forbes v. Kenley, 227 Va. 55, 314 S.E.2d 49 (1984), Beasley v. School Bd., 6 Va.App. 206, 367 S.E.2d 738 (1988) (Beasley I) and School Bd. of Campbell County v. Beasley, 238 Va. 44, 380 S.E.2d 884 (1989) (Beasley II). The Forbes case provides us with one basis for deciding the one year statute of limitations applies, namely that Code § 22.1-214(D) provides adequate procedure to avoid the preclusive provisions of Code § 9-6.14:16. The Beasley cases provide us with a separate basis for reaching the same conclusion, namely that circuit court review pursuant to Code § 22.1-214(D) amounts to the equivalent of a trial de novo for purposes of Code § 9-6.14:15, which excludes such cases from the court review provisions of the VAPA.
The central issue of the Beasley cases was whether the circuit court properly found that Campbell County School Board's proposed placement for a handicapped child was appropriate as required by state and federal law. In February 1985, the school board initiated a civil action pursuant to Code § 22.1-214(D) challenging an administrative decision that its proposed placement for the child was inappropriate. In Beasley I, we identified the applicable standard of review to be applied by circuit courts in actions brought under Code § 22.1-214(D). We stated that "the proper standard for the circuit court is to determine, based on a preponderance of the *549 evidence, whether the substance of the proposed individualized educational program is reasonably calculated to enable the child to receive educational benefits." 6 Va.App. at 212, 367 S.E.2d at 741 (citing Board of Educ. v. Rowley, 458 U.S. 176, 206-07, 102 S.Ct. 3034, 3050-51, 73 L.Ed.2d 690 (1982)); accord Beasley II, 238 Va. at 50, 380 S.E.2d at 888. Significantly, we found the "review of a decision by a hearing officer concerning a special education program for a handicapped child is not subject to the Administrative Process Act," but rather to the provisions of Code § 22.1-214(D). Beasley I, 6 Va.App. at 212, 367 S.E.2d at 741; accord Beasley II, 238 Va. at 50, 380 S.E.2d at 888. In relation to this case, the import of the Beasley decisions is that they establish that at least a portion of the VAPA, the review standard of Code § 9-6.14:17, does not apply to Code § 22.1-214(D) actions.
While admitting that the review standard of the VAPA is inapplicable here, the Nicelys argue the remaining portion of the VAPA that does not conflict with Code § 22.1-214, including Code § 9-6.14:16 which provides for the thirty day statute of limitations, does apply to Code § 22.1-214(D) actions. We disagree. The stated purpose of the VAPA is "to supplement present and future basic laws conferring authority on agencies either to make regulations or decide cases as well as to standardize court review thereof save as laws hereafter enacted may otherwise expressly provide." Code § 9-6.14:3. The VAPA "does not supersede or repeal additional procedural requirements in such basic laws." Id. Also, the VAPA expressly exempts certain agencies and agency actions from its provisions. Code § 9-6.14:4.1. Thus, the VAPA is intended to be a default or catch-all source of administrative due process, applicable whenever the basic law fails to provide process. See State Bd. of Health v. Virginia Hosp. Ass'n, 1 Va.App. 5, 332 S.E.2d 793 (1985). In summary, the VAPA governs an agency's actions except where that agency's basic law provides its own due process or where the VAPA expressly exempts a particular agency or its actions.
Here, neither the Virginia Board of Education nor its implementation of special education programs is expressly exempt from the VAPA. While Virginia special education statutes provide a process for court review, they do not provide their own statute of limitations. Consequently, the VAPA might appear to dictate the applicable statute of limitations in actions brought pursuant to Code § 22.1-214(D). However, Forbes instructs that the absence of provisions for time limits for filing pleadings in a basic law does not subject actions brought pursuant to that basic law to the time restraints set forth in Code § 9-6.14:16. See 227 Va. at 60, 314 S.E.2d at 52.
In Forbes, the appellant filed an appeal in a trial court pursuant to Code § 32.1-164.1, more than thirty days after receiving an adverse decision by the State Health Commissioner denying him a septic tank permit. The commissioner filed a demurrer on the ground that Forbes failed to comply with Code § 9-6.14:16 and Rule 2A:2. The trial court sustained the demurrer, and Forbes appealed to the Supreme Court.
At the time Forbes filed his appeal in the trial court, Code § 32.1-164.1 granted a person subject to an adverse ruling the right to appeal to a circuit court, which was directed to consider all relevant evidence and, if appropriate, reverse the adverse decision upon such terms and conditions as were fair and just under all the circumstances. The statute, however, did not provide a time limit for filing the appeal. Code § 9-6.14:16, in effect at that time, provided:
Any person affected by and claiming the unlawfulness of any regulation, or party aggrieved by and claiming unlawfulness of a case decision, as the same are defined in § 9-6.14:4 of this chapter ... shall have a right to the direct review thereof either (i) by proceeding pursuant to express provisions therefore in the basic law under which the agency acted or (ii), in the absence, inapplicability, or inadequacy of such special statutory *550 form of court review proceeding, by an appropriate and timely court action against the agency as such or its officers or agents in the manner provided by the rules of the Supreme Court of Virginia.
The Court found that despite the failure of Code § 32.1-164.1 to provide time limits for filing pleadings, the statute was not inadequate on its face since it was "limited to a single class of cases" and provided for "jurisdiction, venue, decision by judge, and optional relief at the judge's discretion." Forbes, 227 Va. at 60, 314 S.E.2d at 52. Therefore, the thirty day statute of limitations was held inapplicable to actions brought pursuant to Code § 32.1-164.1.
In 1986, after the Forbes decision, Code § 9-6.14:16(A) was revised to provide:
Any person affected by and claiming the unlawfulness of any regulation, or party aggrieved by and claiming unlawfulness of a case decision, as the same are defined in § 9-6.14:4 of a case decision, as the same are defined in § 9-6.14:4 of this chapter ... shall have a right to the direct review thereof by an appropriate and timely court action against the agency as such or its officers or agents in the manner provided by the rules of the Supreme Court of Virginia.
We believe the revision merely changed the form of the statute rather than its substance since the revision simply deleted superfluous language whose import is embodied in Code § 9-6.14:3, which states the VAPA's purpose. The substance of the deleted language was that if a basic law does not create process for aggrieved persons to appeal agency decisions, the VAPA process for court review is applicable. In other words, the VAPA supplements a basic law that lacks process for review of agency decisions. See Code § 9-6.14:3.
Furthermore, our position is supported by the implications derived from the General Assembly's 1986 amendment to Code § 32.1-164.1, the basic law at issue in Forbes. In that amendment, the General Assembly deleted the language providing the basic law's process for judicial review and expressly made the VAPA provisions for judicial review applicable. If the General Assembly intended for the amended Code § 9-6.14:16 to become applicable to Code § 32.1-164.1 due solely to the deletion of the former language in Code § 9-6.14:16, there would have been no reason to amend Code § 32.1-164.1 to expressly provide for process under the VAPA.
Having found Code § 9-6.14:16 remains substantively unchanged, we now find the basic law in the present case, like the basic law in the Forbes case, is adequate to render the time limitations set forth in Code § 9-6.14:16 inapplicable. Code § 22.1-214(D) is limited to a single class of cases, appeals from decisions made pursuant to Code § 22.1-214(B) and (C). It provides for jurisdiction in the circuit court and venue in the jurisdiction in which the school division is located. It also provides for decision by a court based on the preponderance of the evidence, and relief as the court determines appropriate. In summary, Code § 22.1-214(D) provides for as much adequate due process as the basic law at issue in Forbes, where the Court held the basic law was adequate to forestall the application of Code § 9-6.14:16. Thus, we hold that Code § 22.1-214(D) provides for sufficient due process to prevent application of the thirty day statute of limitations provided by Code § 9-6.14:16 and Rule 2A:2.
In addition to the Forbes decision, the VAPA provides a basis for our decision. The fourth article of the VAPA addresses court review of agency decisions and provides for the thirty day statute of limitations for filing a notice to challenge an agency decision. In the first section of the article, agency actions which encompass "matters subject by law to a trial de novo in any court" are excluded from the article. Code § 9-6.14:15(v). Hence, we look to determine whether the standard of review under Code § 22.1-214(D) amounts to a trial de novo for the purposes of the VAPA.
Both parties direct us to the United States Supreme Court case Board of Education v. Rowley, 458 U.S. 176, 102 S.Ct. 3034. However, we will begin our analysis by examining the standard of review provided in Code § 9-6.14:17. Under the VAPA, judicial review of agency decisions *551 is limited to (1) "[w]hether the agency acted in accordance with the law;" (2) "[w]hether the agency made a procedural error which was not harmless;" and (3) "[w]hether the agency had sufficient evidential support for its findings of fact." Johnston-Willis, Ltd. v. Kenley, 6 Va.App. 231, 242, 369 S.E.2d 1, 7 (1988); see Code § 9-6.14:17. "The sole determination as to factual issues is whether substantial evidence exists in the agency record to support the agency's decision. The reviewing court may reject the agency's findings of fact only if, considering the record as a whole, a reasonable mind would necessarily come to a different conclusion." Johnston-Willis, 6 Va.App. at 242, 369 S.E.2d at 7. When reviewing factual issues, the court must take into account "the presumption of official regularity, the experience and specialized competence of the agency, and the purposes of the basic law under which the agency has acted." Code § 9-6.14:17; accord Johnston-Willis, 6 Va. App. at 242, 369 S.E.2d at 7. "In this context, Code § 9-6.14:17 clearly mandates that agency findings of fact are to be accorded great deference under the substantial evidence standard of review." Johnston-Willis, 6 Va.App. at 243, 369 S.E.2d at 7.
Cases subject to the standard of review outlined in Code § 9-6.14:17 cannot be considered a trial de novo since the factual issues on appeal are controlled solely by the agency record. The reviewing court is not free to take additional evidence, even at the request of one of the parties.[2] Therefore, under the VAPA, the circuit court's role in an appeal from an agency decision is equivalent to an appellate court's role in an appeal from a trial court. In this sense, the General Assembly has provided that a circuit court acts as an appellate tribunal. Likewise, the legislature has determined when an agency action is not subject to a trial de novo for the purposes of Code § 9-6.14:15. Thus, we believe that when the legislature created the trial de novo exclusion under Code § 9-6.14:15, it contemplated agency actions whose subject matters were not subject to the standard of review set forth in Code § 9-6.14:17. From this basis, we proceed to determine whether the standard of review set forth in Code § 22.1-214(D) results in a trial de novo for the purposes of Code § 9-6.14:15.
Both the United States Supreme Court and the Virginia Supreme Court have addressed the standard of review to be applied in cases such as this. See Board of Educ. v. Rowley, 458 U.S. 176, 102 S.Ct. 3034, 73 L.Ed.2d 690; Beasley II, 238 Va. 44, 380 S.E.2d 884. In Rowley, the United States Supreme Court interpreted the standard of review set forth in 20 U.S.C. § 1415(e)(2), the federal counterpart to and model for Code § 22.1-214(D). Both the federal and Virginia statutes state that "the court shall receive the records of the administrative proceedings, shall hear additional evidence at the request of a party, and, basing its decisions on the preponderance of the evidence, shall grant such relief as the court determines is appropriate." 20 U.S.C. § 1415(e)(2); accord Code 22.1-214(D). The Court found that the reviewing courts have the power to review the substance of the state program and must make "independent decision[s] based on a preponderance of the evidence." 458 U.S. at 205, 102 S.Ct. at 3050 (quoting S.Conf. Rep. No. 455, 94th Cong., 1st Sess. 50 (1975)). The Court qualified its finding by explaining that "the provision that a reviewing court base its decision on the `preponderance of the evidence' is by no means an invitation to the courts to substitute their own notions of sound educational policy for those of the school authorities which they review." Id. at 206, 102 S.Ct. at 3051. The Court continued, "The fact that *552 § 1415(e) requires that the reviewing court `receive the records of the [state] administrative proceedings' carries with it the implied requirement that due weight shall be given to these proceedings." Id.
"Therefore, a court's inquiry in suits brought under § 1415(e)(2) is twofold. First, has the State complied with the procedures set forth in the Act? And second, is the individualized educational program developed through the Act's procedures reasonably calculated to enable the child to receive educational benefits?" Id. at 206-07, 102 S.Ct. at 3051. Thus, the court's inquiries are limited to determining whether the requirements of the Act have been met instead of determining what is the best method for satisfying those requirements. Id. at 208, 102 S.Ct. at 3052.
Consistent with Rowley, the Virginia Supreme Court has held that when handling cases brought pursuant to Code § 22.1-214(D), circuit courts are required to weigh the evidence as a whole and make independent decisions based on the preponderance of the evidence, after hearing any evidence presented by the parties in addition to the agency record. Beasley II, 238 Va. at 50, 380 S.E.2d at 888. Still, the Court cautioned that "[d]ue weight must be given by the trial court to the administrative proceedings." Id. at 51, 380 S.E.2d at 888 (citing Rowley, 458 U.S. at 206, 102 S.Ct. at 3051). The Court then concluded that "review of a circuit court's decision by an appellate court in a case like this should be no different than in any other civil appeal" where the appellate court is prohibited from reweighing the evidence or substituting its factual judgment for that of the circuit court. Id. In other words, an appellate court must review a circuit court's decision in a case like this in the same manner it would any circuit court decision from a trial de novo.
Though an action brought pursuant to Code § 22.1-214(D) is not a trial de novo in the purest sense, such an action amounts to a quasi trial de novo and satisfies the General Assembly's intention for the trial de novo exclusion in Code § 9-6.14:15. The trial court may rule on issues of fact in addition to issues of law. The trial court in a Code § 22.1-214(D) action is free to receive new evidence and is directed to weigh independently the evidence as a whole. While it is required to give due deference to the agencies' findings of fact, the trial court is subject to a preponderance of the evidence standard of review rather than simply looking for substantial evidence to support the agencies' findings. Thus the trial court is capable of making findings of fact that contradict the agencies' findings so long as the evidence as a whole supports the trial court's findings and those findings do not relate only to determining the best method of educating the handicapped child. Furthermore, on appeal to this Court, we are bound by the trial court's findings of fact rather than just the agency's findings, which would be the case if the trial court were acting in an appellate capacity. In consideration of all these factors, we find an action brought pursuant to Code § 22.1-214(D) amounts to a trial de novo for the purposes of Code § 9-6.14:15(v), which excludes matters subject to trial de novo from the VAPA's provisions governing court review of agency decisions.
Finally, an interpretation of the applicable statutes which excludes the application of the thirty day limitation for filing appeals in these cases is consistent with Virginia's public policy concerns for the prompt and fair resolution of disputes concerning the appropriate education of handicapped children. The concern for and desirability of a speedy resolution of these cases is readily apparent. A handicapped child's education should not unnecessarily hang in the balance until our judicial system reaches a conclusion on the matter. By the same token, a speedy resolution should not hinder or unduly burden a party to these disputes to obtain and prepare for a due process judicial review of an adverse administrative decision. In our view, the application of a one year statute of limitations provides a proper balance between these concerns. While the school boards have ready access to legal counsel, parents and children frequently may lack the benefit of counsel on the administrative level. The one year limitation period would provide *553 ample time in such circumstances to obtain counsel and initiate an appeal to the courts. In contrast, a thirty day limitation period would frequently result in an injustice to unrepresented parties who may not be able to obtain legal counsel and file a notice of appeal within such a relatively short limitation period.
For these reasons, we hold that the one year statute of limitations contained in Code § 8.01-248 applies to actions brought pursuant to Code § 22.1-214(D), rather than the thirty day statute of limitations provided by the VAPA and Rules 2A:2 and 2A:4. Accordingly, we reverse the decision of the circuit court granting the Nicelys' motion for summary judgment and remand this case for a hearing on the merits of the School Board's appeal.
Reversed and remanded.
NOTES
[*] Justice Keenan participated in the hearing and decision of this case prior to her investiture as a Justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia.
[1] Code § 8.01-248 provides that: "Every personal action, for which no limitation is otherwise prescribed, shall be brought within one year after the right to bring such action has accrued."
[2] Code § 9-6.14:17 states "[w]here there is no such agency record so required and made, any necessary facts in controversy shall be determined by the court upon the basis of the agency file, minutes, and records of its proceedings ... as augmented, if need be, by the agency pursuant to order of the court or supplemented by any allowable and necessary proofs adduced in court...." However, this language only allows circuit courts to assemble a record where no agency record exists, and still the court must accept whatever findings the agency made in its files, minutes, records or elsewhere.
| |
Some examples of pain medication are oxycodone, motrin, and codeine. When you experience pain, the nerves in the body send a signal to the brain so you perceive pain. Pain medications decrease pain by slowing down or blocking the pain signal to your brain.
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS)
The most common NSAID is aspirin. Prostagladins are synthesized by cyclooxygenase to cause inflammation. By taking a NSAID, it inhibits cyclooxgenase. This prevents this cycle from taking place, causing decreased pain/inflammation. There are COX1 and COX2 enzymes and aspirin inhibits both. COX1 enzymes help to protect the stomach and kidney lining. Therefore, a side effect to taking aspirin is gastric damage and decreased renal function.
Muscle Relaxants
Examples of muscle relaxants are baclofen, flexeril, and skelaxin. Muscle relaxants are used to treat muscle spasm and spasticity. They are used to decrease muscle excitability by acting on the spinal cord or directly within the muscle fiber. Muscle relaxants increase the activity of GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid) receptors, which inhibit excitatory neurons. This causes the skeletal muscle to receive fewer signals and relax.
All the above medications are commonly taken while receiving physical therapy. They help the patient to progress through physical therapy by alleviating pain, inflammation, and muscle spasm. These medications should be regulated by a physician to insure proper dosage and duration of usage. | http://www.machtmedicalgroup.com/tag/muscle-spasm/ |
24)]. It is a feldspathoid and a member of the sodalite group. Lazurite crystallizes in the isometric system although well‐formed crystals are rare. It is usually massive and forms the bulk of the gemstone lapis lazuli.
Lazurite is a deep‐blue to greenish‐blue. The colour is due to the presence of S−3 anions. It has a Mohs hardness of 5.0 to 5.5 and a specific gravity of 2.4. It is translucent with a refractive index of 1.50. It is fusible at 3.5 on Wolfgang Franz von Kobell's fusibility scale, and soluble in HCl. It commonly contains or is associated with grains of pyrite.
Lazurite is a product of contact metamorphism of limestone and is typically associated with calcite, pyrite, diopside, humite, forsterite, hauyne and muscovite.
Other blue minerals, such as the carbonate azurite and the phosphate lazulite, may be confused with lazurite, but are easily distinguished with careful examination. At one time, lazurite was a synonym for azurite.
Lazurite was first described in 1890 for an occurrence in the Sar-e-Sang District, Koksha Valley, Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan. It has been mined for more than 6,000 years in the lapis lazuli district of Badakhshan. It has been used as a pigment in painting and cloth dyeing since at least the 6th or 7th century. It is also mined at Lake Baikal in Siberia; Mount Vesuvius; Burma; Canada ; and the United States . The name is from the Persian lajvard for blue.
Structure
Lazurite and hauyne seem to have the same structure and both are sulfate-dominant minerals. Lazurite is a pigment (opalescent) and has a bright blue streak (especially as a component of the semiprecious stone lapis lazuli). Many hauynes have a white or pale blue streak and are translucent. The difference might be a consequence of the redox state (sulfate to sulfide ratio).
See also
- Lapis lazuli
- Ultramarine – Deep blue purple color pigment which was originally made with ground lapis lazuli
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Handbook of Mineralogy
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Mindat with location data
- ↑ Webmineral data
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hurlbut, Cornelius S. and Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., Wiley, p. 459 ISBN:0-471-80580-7
- ↑ Mineralogical Society of America
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Tauson VL, Sapozhnikov AN (2003). "On the nature of lazurite coloring" (in ru). Zapiski Vserossijskogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva 132 (5): 102–107. http://rruff.info/rruff_1.0/uploads/ZVMO132N5_102.pdf.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Eastaugh, Nicholas et al., 2004, The Pigment Compendium: Optical Microscopy of Historical Pigments Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, p. 219, ISBN:0-7506-4553-9
- ↑ "Tile fragment". Victoria and Albert Museum. https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O256542/tile-fragment/.
- ↑ Moore, T.P., Woodside, R. W. M. (2014). "The Sar-e-Sang Lapis Mines". Mineralogical Record 45 (3): 281–336.
- ↑ Hettmann K, Wenzel T, Marks M, Markl G (2012). "The sulfur speciation in S-bearing minerals: New constraints by a combination of electron microprobe analysis and DFT calculations with special reference to sodalite-group minerals". American Mineralogist 97 (10): 1653–1661. doi:10.2138/am.2012.4031. | https://handwiki.org/wiki/Chemistry:Lazurite |
Library
Members Area
Login
Login for additional Downloads
Bejelentkezés
Felhasználónév:
Jelszó:
Here you will find publications on legal activities as part of the Clean Air Project, as well as lectures and results of our regularly scheduled workshops. In addition, we provide links and publications of other institutions dealing with this topic. Our press releases are available in the Press section.
The Clean Air Handbook
Clean air is essential to good health and a basic human need. EU law has recognised this need and given legal protection to it through directives and court judgements. This practical guide to EU air quality law is designed to help non-lawyers exercise their right for clean air. References to specific cases and legislative provisions are included, so its also useful to lawyers and experts.
Form letter for reducing the air pollution
Affected citizens or environmental organisations and citizens' initiatives have the right to require the implementation of effective measures in polluted areas. We developed a helpful form letter (only available in German) you can use as a basis for your own letter to the competent authority.
Background paper “Clean Air litigation”
In the past DUH has repeatedly sued the implementation of air quality measures. Nevertheless the air pollution with NO2 and fine particles in cities are one of the central challenges. In November 2015 DUH supported by British NGO ClientEarth has therefore filed lawsuits against several German Federal States who need to do more in the area of air quality planning. The affected cities are Cologne, Bonn, Aachen, Düsseldorf, Essen, Gelsenkirchen, Frankfurt/ Main and Stuttgart. DUH also applied for compulsory enforcement measures to be taken in Munich, Darmstadt, Wiesbaden und Reutlingen. You will find more information in German about the legal background, the air pollution and possible measures with this Background paper.
Survey "What are the barriers to enforcing the right to clean air in the EU?"
The Ambient Air Quality Directive sets legally binding limits on levels of ambient air pollution. Failure to comply with the Directive is widespread throughout the EU: limits are frequently breached in many towns and cities, yet air quality plans are often late, inadequate, not properly implemented, or entirely non-existent. Despite the robust legal framework and the decision of the European Court of Justice in 2008, there have still been relatively few cases brought before courts in member states in relation to air quality. The purpose of this survey is to better understand the barriers that exist which deter NGOs from bringing clean air cases. It will also identify those areas where litigation gas the highest prospects of success. If you are a representative of an European NGO, please fill out the survey and send it to us. We will evaluate the answers and share the results with the Commission.
As a result from the expert dialog titled “What is the real impact of soot on climate change, and what are the political and administrative frameworks?" held on 14th of January 2014 this factsheet (only available in german) summarizes latest scientific knowledge about soot and the existing legislative framework.
Brochure “Clean Air- Made in Germany”
This publication, developed by the German Partnership for Sustainability Mobility (GPSM), informs about stakeholders, legal initiatives and measures which contribute to the high level of air quality in Germany.
Layman's Report
For a better implementation of EU Air Quality legislation and finally meet limit vaules in all EU Member States, nine European environmental NGOs joined forces at the “Clean Air” project in 2012. Public authorities, politicians, industry, the public, NGOs and scientists are brought together and enabled to implement effective measures improving air quality, through knowledge sharing, good practice transfer as well as joint solution development. Therefore, the project partners put into practice subprojects. The total of those subprojects should raise the awareness on the problematic nature of bad air quality among decision-makers and present them corresponding methods of resolution. The actions and results are compiled with the Layman's Report.
| |
The virus has taught us something else.
The Sunday Telegraph reported on 10th May that Britain turned its back on its own technology in 2011. Britain invented a contact-tracing app 9 years ago and the Cambridge academic who built the app says the government missed an opportunity to develop the life-saving technology. A senior government source admitted that officials had failed to explore ways to use technology to suppress the spread of a new disease.
Yet as the UK scrambles to get test, track, and trace operational, other countries such as S Korea have been praised as exemplars.
It seems to me that the UK is repeating the same mistake with technology invented in Britain 50 years ago to curb plastic pollution of the environment. In the 1970s Professor Gerald Scott patented a way to manufacture plastic so that it will safely biodegrade if it gets into the open environment instead of lying or floating around for decades, and he called it oxo-biodegradable plastic.
Similarly as the UK and the EU scramble to find a way to deal with this problem, other countries such as the UAE and Saudi Arabia have been praised as exemplars for making Professor Scott’s technology compulsory for everyday plastic products made in or imported into their countries. As a result there will be no more persistent plastic pollution of their environment.
Wake up Europe!
PERU April 19, 2020
The Ministry of Health of Peru has decided that plastic bags are a good option.
The Executive director of Digesa’s Control and Surveillance Directorate explained that “cloth bags can have contact with products that other people have touched, they can also touch the ground or another contaminated surface. For this reason, we say that the fabric bag must be washed and disinfected when returning home.”
“Instead, plastic bags can be used for shopping and reused to dispose of solid waste generated at home. In particular, the use of biodegradable bags is preferable and recommended so as not to harm the environment.” “In the state of emergency against Covid-19 we must protect the health of people by confining waste in plastic bags.”
Peru could go one step further and require the plastic bags to be made with anti-microbial technology see http://www.d2p.net
Barbados
The Minister of Maritime Affairs and the Blue Economy has disclosed that the usage of plastic bags tripled since the island recorded its first cases of the COVID-1 9 virus. The April 1, 2020, ban on single-use plastic bags was lifted after local retailers and supermarket owners expressed concern about the accessibility of plastic bags.
“The thought of using so much petroleum-based plastic bags grinds me to the core” said the Minister, “but the idea that we will leave Barbadians exposed with no plastic bags at all because they can’t get any bio-based plastic bags grinds me to the core even more, so as a conscientious government we made the decision that we would allow the manufacturers to source that [petroleum-based] resin”
He said that it would have taken manufacturers approximately five months to receive the quantity of biodegradable resin needed.
The Minister is right to allow the use of oil-based plastic bags, because they are much more readily available at much lower cost, and they do not place demands on fossil resources. This is because they are made from a by-product of refining oil to make fuels. So why not continue to use this by-product, which would arise even if plastic did not exist, instead of using land, water, and fossil resources to produce “bio-based” plastic – which in any event contains about 50% oil-based material?
The only problem with plastic bags is that they can lie or float around for decades, but this problem can be solved by making them oxo-biodegradable. See www.d2w.net
Composting and recycling will not solve this problem, because it is obvious that the plastic must first be collected from the oceans and the land environment before it can be sent for recycling or “composting.” In any event industrial composters do not want plastic of any kind, and there are 21 reasons why “compostable” plastic is really not useful
Recycling
According to the Institute of Environmental Engineering, of Zurich, “Conventional plastics may contain pro-oxidant additives that were added for different intended functionalities. Moura et al. (1997) described that colorants in general can act as pro-oxidants. If they partake in the creation of radicals or reactive oxygen species, such as singlet oxygen (1Δg), they can trigger photo-degradation of the polymer matrix.”
“Conventional plastic products were found to regularly contain Fe, Ba, Ti, Zn, Cu and V. Some conventional plastic bag samples also contained Cr and Pb.” “Thus, a potentially much higher number of plastics on the market may match the current legal definition of oxo-degradable plastics without being advertised or intended as such, i.e. unintentional ODP.”
Users of recyclate cannot therefore assume that the recyclate does not contain pro-oxidants, but this will not matter if the recyclate is to be used for short-life products such as carrier bags, garbage sacks, or general packaging, where biodegradability is actually desirable.
However, if the recyclate is to be used to make long-life products such as damp-proof membranes, it would have to be stabilised anyway, as advised by the Austrian specialist laboratory TCKT in para. 1 of its March 2016 report.
The Austrian experts say “long-life films should be made with virgin polymer, or be stabilized to deal with loss of properties caused by the recycling process, whether or not any pro-degradant additive is present. Such stabilization would effectively neutralize the effect of any pro-degradant additive.”
Although oxo-biodegradable plastic is used for low-value plastics which are not worth recycling, the experts in Austria (TCKT Report para. 4) and South Africa (Roediger Report May 2012 page 3) have confirmed that if so desired plastic products made with oxo-biodegradable technology may be recycled without any significant detriment to the newly-formed recycled product.
This accords with the experience of OPA members who have recycled many thousands of tons of oxo-biodegradable plastic over the past 20 years without any adverse effects.
Michael Stephen
Michael Stephen is a lawyer and was a member of the United Kingdom Parliament, where he served on the Environment Select Committee.
When he left Parliament Symphony Environmental Technologies Plc. attracted his attention because of his interest in the environment.
He is now Deputy Chairman of Symphony, which is listed on the AIM market of the London Stock Exchange, and is the founder and Chairman of the Oxo-biodegradable Plastics Association.
Earlier Postings in this Column
- 1/ 1/ 20 – Plastiphobia, Microplastics and A Throw-Away Society
- 7/ 1/ 20 – Recycling, Lab Testing, Bangladesh and the Right Bioplastic
- 14/1/20 – Plastiphobia and Bioplastics Definitions
- 21/1/20 – Composting, the European Union and Unemployment
- 30/1/20 – Plastiphobia, Malaysia and a Case Against Compostables and Paper
- 7/02/20 – Coronavirus, MPs Letter, Montreal, Australia and the Dominican Republic
- 14/02/20 – Oman, MacArthur Foundation, Stifling Innovation, South Africa and Compostable Plastics
- 24/02/20 – Serbia, India, Pakistan and European Bioplastics
- 03/03/20 – Plastic To Protect Health and Common Sense on Plastic
- 10/03/20 – Plastiphobia, Singapore, Compostable Plastics, Doorknobs and Carbios
- 17/03/20 – Greening our Way to Infection, Defra Warns Against Bioplastics and Montreal
- 24/03/20 – Ditch the Plastic Bag Ban and Inn-Probio
- 01/04/20 – The Come Back of Plastic Bags, Compostable Plastic Not Wanted and EASAC
- 16/04/20 – Coronavirus and Agricultural Plastics
- 11/05/20 – Coronavirus, Peru, Barbados and Recycling
- 18/05/20 – Say No to Plastiphobia, False Descriptions and the Recycling Myth
- 02/06/20 – Definitions and More Setbacks for Plastiphobia
- 11/06/20 – BBIA, Food Waste and Testing of OXO-Biodegradable Plastic
- 19/06/20 – Oxo Biodegradation, Independent Reports and Precautionary Principle
- 29/06/20 – Banana Republic, Why Turn Plastic into CO2 and Plastic Waste from Ships
- 13/07/20 – Running Scared, The Daily Telegraph and Market Report
- 20/07/202 – Tipa, Plastics Today and The American Genius
- 27/07/20 – Coronavirus, Plastic Litter, Bahrain and Polymateria
- 17/08/20 – Plastics Europe, Confusing Issues and Paper
- 25/08/20 – Professor Emo Chiellini, Plastics Today, Greenwashing and Coronavirus
- 28/09/20 – Kill the Virus, Marine Degradation, Airports, Brazil Retail, Plastic Growth and Face Mask
- 08/10/20 – Compostable vs Biodegradable, Covid 19 and New British Bioplastic Standard
- 27/10/20 – Power of Lobbying, Paper and Cotton Worse than Plastic
- 02/11/20 – Covid 19 and Five Myths About Plastic
- 09/11/20 – Support for OXO BIO, Westminster Forum, Euractiv and Covid
- 23/11/20 – Toxicity of Bio-based and Biodegradable Plastics, and Covid Scaremongering
- 15/12/20 – Recycling and An Article from Austria
- 21/12/20 – EU Scientific Advisers, China Chose Wrong Bioplastics and Covid Nonsense
- 05/01/20 – EU, Covid Lockdowns, WRAP, British Standards Institution and Polymateria
- 12/01/21 – Intertek and Composting
- 19/01/21 – Recycling and Exporting Plastic Waste
- 22/02/21 – Seaweed Plastic, Orange Peel and Xampla
- 02/03/31 – OXO Biodegradable Plastic
- 08/03/21 – EU Scientific Reports and Paper vs Plastic
- 15/03/21 – India, Australia and Dow Chemicals (FREE)
- 14/04/21 – Oxomar, UK Government and Microplastics
Interview with Michael Stephen
Disclaimer
The opinions expressed here by Michael Stephen and other columnists are their own, not those of Bioplasticsnews.com. | https://bioplasticsnews.com/2020/05/11/michael-stephen-coronavirus-peru-barbados-and-recycling/ |
A report documenting the results of a five-year project with Minnesota State-Operated Community Services (MSOCS) to impact the social relationships of individuals with intellectual/developmental disabilities with other members of their communities. The project developed numerous strategies to foster a greater sense of community belonging and social inclusion. The report summarizes the results of the project in three areas: friendships, community group/organization membership, and valued community social roles. | https://ici.umn.edu/products/89 |
We offer support to NUH staff - including students on placement within NUH - in their educational, lifelong learning, and clinical information needs.
You can find out more about our services via the sections below.
Contact us by phone on 0115 9627787 or Ex: 56787 Email: [email protected].
NUH Library is located on the first floor of the Postgraduate Education Centre (PGEC), next to the Cityside Restaurant.
Our catalogue is available online. Log in using your library card number to view your account, and renew or reserve items.
Library membership is available free of charge to anyone employed by NUH Trust, and to all University of Nottingham staff and students on placement within NUH. To register, please bring your Trust ID card or University of Nottingham ID card to NUH Library between 9.30am and 4.30pm (Monday to Friday).
Please visit the Greenfield Medical Library website for up-to-date information about its opening hours.
Library membership is available free of charge to anyone employed by NUH ; University of Nottingham staff and students automatically become members when they receive their University Card. To register, please bring your Trust ID card to Greenfield Medical Library.
You can register for an Athens account online. An Athens account allows you to access a range of online educational resources, including e-journals, e-books, UpToDate, and healthcare databases.
This user guide explains how you can register for an Athens account.
To access e-journals (including those purchased nationally, regionally, and locally), visit the Journals and Databases page of the NICE Evidence website and log into your Athens account.
You can search or browse an A-Z list, but you MUST log into your Athens account in order to access all of the titles that you are entitled to (including those purchased nationally, regionally, and locally).
For more information, please see the Accessing E-Journals user guide.
We also offer training sessions to help you get the most out of the resources available to you. Please contact our E-Resources Librarian, Elizabeth Hendron, to find out more (email [email protected]).
EBL: The Electronic Book Library includes thousands of titles and allows users to request ebooks on a short term loan basis. Log in with your Athens username and password. For help accessing and using this service, see our EBL E-Books guide.
E-books from Ovid: NUH staff have access to 18 Ovid E-Books via your Athens account. See our Ovid E-Books Guide for the list of books available and instructions on how to access them.
UpToDate is a clinical decision support system that helps clinicians and health care professionals provide the best patient care. It is based on current medical evidence and aims to help answer clinical questions quickly and easily at the point of care. Each topic offers practical, detailed and evidence-based recommendations that clinicians can use at the point of care.
Access with your Athens log-in details at www.uptodate.com/login.
Access via the app: the app can be used on up to two mobile devices including Android devices, iPhones and iPads. Please see this user guide for more information.
BMJ Case Reports is a peer-reviewed collection of cases in all disciplines, allowing healthcare professionals to find clinically important information on common and rare conditions. Log in with your Athens username and password at casereports.bmj.com.
To submit a case, please email NUH Library ([email protected]) to request the institutional fellowship code.
BMJ OnExamination caters for medical students and career-progressing postgraduate medical exams across a variety of specialties, including General Medicine, General Practice, Surgery, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Child Health, Anaesthesia and Psychiatry. You can choose to answer questions by topic, type, difficulty level or weak area.
Please email NUH Library Services ([email protected]) to request a username and password.
All NUH staff have free access to BMJ Quality. BMJ Quality provides access to BMJ eLearning modules; step-by-step guidance to improvement projects; and a direct route to publication in BMJ Improvement Reports.
Access via Athens to the e-LfH Hub and thousands of e-learning sessions. Select "eLearning for Healthcare" from the list of MyAthens resources, and then click on the NHS England link.
HEE e-LfH’s programmes cover subjects from audiology to anaesthesia, dentistry to dermatology, electronic fetal monitoring to end of life care, primary care to prescribing, safeguarding children to statutory and mandatory training. All content is nationally quality-assured and available 24/7. The online training sessions enhance traditional learning, support existing teaching methods and provide a valuable reference point.
Access via your Athens account.
The Joanna Briggs Institute Database is an evidence based practice resource available on Ovid, providing information in medicine, nursing and allied health. The database contains Systematic Reviews, Evidence Summaries and Recommended Practices, Best Practice Sheets, Technical reports and Consumer Information sheets. Also includes links to a number of research tools.
Medical Masterclass is an online revision package developed by the Royal College of Physicians to help doctors prepare for the MRCP(UK). The resource includes an online question bank, mobile app, and PACES case studies.
NUH Library Services has now linked our full-text journal collections to PubMed. You will need to use the URL below to see which full-text journal articles you can access.
When you do a literature search, the NUH Library Services logo will be displayed if we provide the full-text article. Click on the logo to access the article. If you are not already logged in via Athens you will be prompted for your OpenAthens login details.
The library can order journal articles and books that are not available in the library, or via Athens, from its network of other document supply libraries. This service is available to all NUH Trust staff, including students on placement.
To request an article, please complete the Journal Article Request Form. The form is currently available only on the Trust intranet. You can also request articles by email. All requests for articles should be made to NUH Library; you are not able to request journal articles from Greenfield Medical Library.
All NUH Staff are able to request up to a maximum of 10 articles per calendar year (January to December) free of charge. Additional requests can be made, but will be charged at the full price of £7.50 per article. Articles will be delivered electronically whenever possible, or via internal post if only available as a hard copy.
To request a book, please complete the Request Form. You can also request books by email, by phone (direct dial 0115 9627787 or internal extension 56787), by post, or in person at the library counter. Books can be requested from either NUH Library or Greenfield Medical Library.
Book requests will be charged at a rate of £6.00 per book or per whole journal issue.
A free literature searching service is available to staff who require information for clinical, managerial, research and other work-related purposes. This service does not support staff and students carrying out searches for course-related topics as part of their ongoing professional development. To request a search, please complete and return the Library Literature Request Form to our E-Resources Librarian, Elizabeth Hendron (email [email protected], or call ext. 54916).
Please try to provide as much information as possible about your topic, including the main keywords and any alternative keywords or concepts which may be relevant, and a minimum of 24 hours' notice (longer if it is a Friday or Bank Holiday) before the deadline for the search. | https://nuh.nhs.uk/nuh-library-services |
This function is here to trigger the others, based on a schedule. Enabling this function on a regular basis, to list repositories and consequently trigger the next function, imagesScannerFunction , allows you to stay on top of the ECR Security Findings as AWS updates their scanner CVE database.
That aims to provide confidence that no major security vulnerability that is present due to the OS or packages will go un-noticed for too long and take early actions.
Configuration ¶
Rate ¶
Through AWS CFN, you can adapt the rate at which you wish to trigger this Function. The current rate is based on the AWS EventsBridge Rate Expressions .
Hint
Default is set to 1 day
Repositories Filter ¶
In case you implemented a naming convention to have categories of repositories or any sort of logic you might have in your ECR Repos, this allows you to whitelist which repositories you want to perform the scans on based on a regular expression.
Hint
You can define it to your lambda function by setting the env var REPOSITORIES_FILTER_REGEXP
Logic ¶
This function is simply going to list all of the repositories in your account (based on the region the lambda has been deployed) and will send a small message into AWS SQS with all the repositories to process.
The reason for it is simply to parallelize the images scanning, and do a shoot and forget. It also allows to keep it very fast and efficient, and in the future add features without changing the logic of other functions.
imagesScannerFunction ¶
This function is in charge of reviewing the images in for a given repository. Based on whether the image (digest or tag) has been scanned recently or not, it will trigger for a new scan to start.
Configuration ¶
Scan “expiration period” ¶
This allows you to define how long ago the last scan has been done, since the lambda is running. For example, if you set the value to 1 month, the lambda will retrieve the last scan date, and if it was over a month ago, will trigger for a new scan.
The expiration duration can be defined in montns, weeks or days.
r"(?P<months>\dm)?(?P<weeks>\dw)?(?P<days>\dd)?"
Hint
The default duration is set to 7d (7 days)
Hint
You can define it to your lambda function by setting the env var ECR_IMAGES_DURATION_DELTA
Logic ¶
This function is by default allowed to run longer than the others, mostly in case you hit the ECR API limit, so it will pause without retry the Lambda execution itself.
It will list all the images in the repository and describe each of them to retrieve more details about each of them, to evaluate whether a scan is due or not.
reporterFunction ¶
Last but not least, this is a very simple function that allows you to get notifications about security findings sent to AWS SNS. By default from the AWS SAR template, you can define an email address that will subscribe to the notifications.
The events are captured directly from EventsBridge, meaning that it will run completely independently to the other functions. If you created your ECR repositories with scanOnPush set to true, which triggers a scan each new push, that will allow you to get the notification moments after image build without having to go to the ECR console to check.
Configuration ¶
ECR_SNS_REPORT_TOPIC_ARN ¶
This environment variable must be set to allow the Lambda function to send messages to it.
Thresholds ¶
By default all 4 thresholds (CRITICAL, HIGH, MEDIUM and LOW) have a threshold value of 0. If you want to adapt the threshold value for each of these levels, simply set an environment variable with the name of each level, and set the value.
Logic ¶
Trigger ¶
This function is completely decoupled, as described above, from the other two. It gets triggered whenever a Scan is complete.
Messages content ¶
The messages published to SNS contain the same message for all media (to date) but is already in place to allow in the future to allow for more enriched content for capable medias. | https://ecr-scan-reporter.compose-x.io/workflow.html |
4 Days Lake Manyara, Serengeti, Ngorongoro Safari Tour is best for traveler with a short stay and who wants to visit three of the most spectacular national park in the northern circuit.
Lake Manyara is one of only two places in Africa to see tree-climbing lions, Lake Manyara National Park offers excellent game-viewing including elephants, hippos, flamingos, and cape buffalo.
Serengeti is Tanzania’s most famous national park is deserving of its renown. The home of the world-famous Great Wildebeest Migration, the Serengeti National Park is consistently ranked as one of the best national parks in the entire world.
Ngorongoro Conservation Area is one of the best places in the country to see the endangered black rhinoceros. Home to the entirety of the Big Five, Ngorongoro is a natural wonder that needs to be seen to be believed. | http://wildstreamersafaris.com/st_tour/4-days-lake-manyara-serengeti-ngorongoro/ |
Set to be one of the biggest spectacles of 2015, a major new exhibition opening in January at the Royal Academy gives us the chance to celebrate the work of Peter Paul Rubens with a focus on his influence on fellow artists.
This intriguing exhibition and a first major overview of the work of Peter Paul Rubens will explore the artistic legacy of Rubens in relation to Western Art. The show will present more than 160 works by the Flemish artist and those he inspired, bringing together a selection of Rubens's greatest masterpieces alongside artists as diverse as Manet, Klimt, Picasso, Turner and Van Dyck.
Rubens was described as the prince of painters for his amazing works produced in the 17th century. Best known for his fleshy nude women, he also embraced a broad array of subjects, from religious and mythological scenes to landscapes and portraits. The exhibition will be exploring each of these areas through the lens of six themes; power, lust, compassion, elegance, poetry and violence.
Brimming with genuine masterpieces, this is an unprecedented opportunity to see works by Rubens side by side with the work of his artistic heirs. | https://www.momart.com/news/2014/12/rubens-and-his-legacy-van-dyck-to-cezanne |
From Conquerors to Conquered:
The Rise and Fall of the Aztec Empire
History is possibly the most important area of study in the modern world. We begin our study of history at an early age and continue throughout our lives. We need to keep an account of the past in order to truly understand who we are today. The old saying, +history repeats itself,+ has a great deal of truth to it. The development of agriculture, architecture, and literature are just a few areas in which history has indeed repeated itself in different times, in different lands, but often from similar causes and with similar consequences. However, sometimes history+s repetition takes on an ironic twist. Societies designed to empower the wealthy are overthrown by the poor. Individuals who are scorned and rejected during their lifetime are later realized for their progressive genius. An aggressive culture takes over an area, builds a great empire, only to be eventually overthrown by somebody else. This, the endless cycle of the conqueror becoming the conquered, is the case with the Aztec empire.
One of the most prominent topics of interest when studying history is conflict. We want to know what factors led to certain wars, how the winning side succeeded, and what the immediate and long term effects of the war were. The major difficulty in studying wars is the fact that their accounts are generally recorded by the victors. The losers are usually not in a position to challenge the victors+ accounts or even to plead their case. This is the situation we face when we study the Spanish conquest of Mexico. The majority of the material on this subject has been taken from the Spanish accounts, such as the True History of the Conquest of Mexico by Bernal Diaz del Castillo, and the Letters from Mexico by Hernando Cortes. This makes it difficult to get an objective view of this important historical event. For this reason, a testimony such as The Broken Spears is a vital reference tool. The Broken Spears is a record of the conquest of Mexico taken from passages written by Aztec natives. By examining both sides of this conflict, we can achieve an acceptable middle ground as we analyze the causes, effects, and importance of this event.
Certainly the Spanish conquest completely changed Mexico and is the major source of the culture present there today. But what of the culture which was present in Mexico before the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors? Although the first human beings came across the Bering Strait and onto the American continent approximately 20,000 years ago, the first of these early wanderers probably did not reach Mexico for about another 10,000 years. It would take another 8,000 years or so for these people to develop a relatively sophisticated agricultural system (Leon-Portilla xxviii).
Of all of the nomadic tribes who wandered southward into Mexico, the Aztecs were one of the last. At first spurned and driven away by established tribes, the Aztecs persevered to develop an empire of immense wealth and power by the late fifteenth century. Due in large part to the accomplishments of their ruler Itzcoatl, the empire expanded to include millions of people from a host of different tribes, including the Cempoala, who would later aid the Spanish in defeating the Aztecs (Leon-Portilla xxxvii-xl).
Because of the numbers of different people within the empire, the Aztecs had a very stratified culture. This could be witnessed in the great Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan, whose grandeur and importance grew with the empire+s expansion. In the capital city, there was compulsory education for male children, including instruction in reading, memorization, history, religion, and ethics (Leon-Portilla xlii). In addition to being a civic and cultural center, Tenochtitlan was also a religious center of great importance. Religion was an integral part of the empire, and the Aztecs frequently honored their gods with festivals and sacrifices, including human ones (xxxvii).
To the Aztecs, it seemed as if the earth and sky were warning them about the coming danger. For months and even years before the Spanish arrived, a series of omens had foretold that something bad was going to happen (Leon-Portilla 3-12). These signs weighed heavily on the mind of the of the Aztec leader Motecuhzoma on that fateful day in November of 1519, when he received reports of +`towers or small mountains++ floating off of the Mexican coast (13). Was it Quetzalcoatl, the legendary figure who had one day promised to return from across the ocean (xxx)? In his distress, the superstitious Motecuhzoma sent messengers bearing gifts to the Spanish ships, in order to appease these +gods+.
However, the Aztec leader was not alone in his attempt to curry favor with these strangers. Fearful of the Spanish, and hateful of the wealth and power of the Aztecs, some of the native tribes, particularly the Cempoala and others from the cities of Tlaxcala and Tezcoca, joined forces with Cortes. After the Spaniards annihilated the Cholultecas, the terrified people of the Aztec empire did their best to please them, as the Europeans made their way inland (Leon-Portilla 40-41, 47-49). By the time Cortes reached Tenochititlan, this combination of envy and fear had helped him to accumulate a large number of allies.
Believing that Cortes was indeed Quetzalcoatl, Motecuhzoma greeted the Spanish with great deference. Cortes responded, +`We have come to your house in Mexico as friends. There is nothing to fear++ (Leon-Portilla 65). Nevertheless, Motecuhzoma was kept under guard by the suspicious conquistador. Instead of resisting, Motecuhzoma did everything he could to please the Spanish, ordering his attendants and servants to supply everything that Cortes requested. Even when Cortes offered to release the Aztec king, Motecuhzoma displayed his desire to stay with the Spanish. Cortes explains this to Charles V:
. . . by announcing publicly to all the natives . . . that it was Your Majesty+s wish that Mutezuma should remain in power, acknowledging the sovereignty which Your Highness held over him, and that they could best serve Your Highness by obeying him and holding him for their lord, as they had before I came to this land . . . Many times I offered him his liberty, begging him to return to his house, and each time he told me that he was pleased to be where he was and he did not wish to go, for he lacked nothing. (Cortes 91)
Motecuhzoma+s weakness in cowering to the Spanish and becoming their lackey angered many of his followers, who began to lose respect for their king.
Cortes and his men were awed by the splendor of the Aztec capital. The Spanish leader expressed this in his second letter to Spain;
The city is so big and so remarkable that . . . the little I will say is, I think, almost unbelievable, for the city is . . . supplied with the produce of the land, namely, bread, fowl and game and fresh-water fish and vegetables and other things they eat which are very good . . . There is jewelry of gold and silver and precious stones and other ornaments of featherwork and all as well laid out as in any square or marketplace in the world. (Cortes 67)
The Spanish were overcome with covetousness. They raided the treasure houses, including Motecuhzoma+s, melting down all of the beautiful gold jewelry and artifacts into ingots (Leon-Portilla 66-69). In addition, the Spanish carried out unprovoked attacks on Aztec temples and military leaders. Cortes then had Motecuhzoma instruct his angry people not to retaliate, declaring that the Spanish were too powerful and could not be resisted. However, this angered the Aztecs even more, both at the Spanish and Motecuhzoma.
As advanced as the Aztecs were, they were no match for the Spanish forces. The Spanish weapons and training were much more advanced: their cannons, cavalry, crossbows, and iron weapons against the primitive spears and rocks of the Aztecs. Even though the Aztecs often outnumbered the Spanish, they could not overcome the superior weapons of the invaders. As Cortes explains: +There was so great a number of them [Aztecs], that the artillery had no need to aim but only to point their guns at the Indian forces+ (Cortes 131).
It is known that Motecuhzoma died during the siege of Tenochtitlan, but it is not known exactly how. Some say that he was killed by a stone slung by one of his own people, while others say that the Spaniards stabbed him to death (Leon-Portilla 90). Cortes claimed to be present when Motecuhzoma receives a fatal blow from a stone: +He received a blow on his head from a stone; and the injury was so serious that he died three days later+ (Cortes 132).
It took Cortes little more than two years to conquer most of the Aztec empire. The native leaders were imprisoned and many of them fled from their once beautiful capital. Some of the natives peoples were assimilated into the Spanish colonial culture, while others lived as exiles. Most of the buildings, schools, and homes lay in ruins. The victory provided gold and glory for Spain, and increased Spanish influence in the New World. Towns and missions spread throughout the newly conquered lands. In larger towns, such as Medellin and Vera Cruz, tithes were collected and used to build churches, pay the clergy, and take care of other religious activities (Cortes 334-335). Both the Spanish culture and their religion, Christianity, became irrevocably entrenched on the American continent.
Although so much of the Aztec culture had been destroyed, the survivors continued to pass down stories of the golden age of the Aztecs, as well as those of their bitter conquest. Some of this tradition was written down into manuscripts which provide some of the knowledge that has survived to the modern era. In fact, today there are approximately one and a half million native descendants who are attempting to preserve their ancient cultural heritage (Leon-Portilla 168).
The Spanish conquest of Mexico is an amazingly interesting topic. This is one of the reasons that it is such a popular area of study, especially in the United States. The conquest exhibited all of the qualities necessary for a legend. There was a great deal of mysticism surrounding the campaign. The bad omens, the signs in the heavens, and other strange events seemed to foretell the Aztecs+ destruction. In addition to these was the belief that Quetzalcoatl would return from across the sea one day. Cortes, being so foreign to the Aztecs and so powerful, just seemed to be in an opportunistic place at an opportunistic time. Seeing that omens and myths were at the root of the Aztec religion, Cortes+ success and Motecuhzoma+s downfall take on an added dimension of fate.
Another fascinating aspect of the conquest was the incredible success of Cortes in regard to the Spanish propaganda that drove the purpose for the conquest. His letters display a sycophantic loyalty to Charles V, as if everything that he and his men are doing is for the glory of the Spanish crown. In addition, Cortes+ propaganda takes on a religious tone, making the destruction of the Aztec empire appear necessary for the perpetuation of Christendom. He even relates how he goes to Mass before a hard day+s work slaughtering natives (Cortes 224).
Probably the most interesting aspect of the Aztec conquest was the irony of the whole situation. The Aztecs were a very powerful and sophisticated population for this region. They had conquered many other tribes to achieve their position of power and status. The the Spanish arrived and gave them a dose of their own medicine. The Aztecs became a conquered people forced into subservience. They were no longer in charge of their own lives. Forced to adapt to a new social environment, the greatness of the Aztec culture quickly faded away.
The idea of a conquering civilization becoming a conquered civilization is so fascinating because it is a scenario seen throughout history. It happens to all great civilizations. One might say it is inevitable. There are some common characteristics to great cultures right before they collapsed. The most obvious of these is the presence of a poor leader, or the lack of a good one. When the Roman Empire was ravaged by the Huns, Valentinian III, failed to unite his people against the invaders. The Egyptians fell to the Cushites under Ramses III, whose ability was far surpassed by his predecessors.
The seeming inevitability of the demise of great civilizations has lead me to ponder the future of our own. Throughout its history, the United States has grown into a world power. It has grown and survived in some part due to conquest: expelling the British in the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812, the defeat of the Native American tribes as the fulfillment of +manifest destiny+, and the victories in the two World Wars. Now that the United States is the last surviving super power, I wonder how much longer we have as a great nation. Some would say that our decline has already begun, while others, especially in this election year, say that our best days are yet to come. As our nation enters the third millennium, I wonder how much longer it will take for history to repeat itself.
Cortes, Hernan. Letters from Mexico. Trans. and Ed. Anthony Pagden. New Haven: Yale UP, 1986.
Leon-Portilla, Miguel, ed. The Broken Spears. Boston: Beacon Press, 1992.
Похожие страницы:
From Conquerors To Conquered Essay Research PaperРеферат >> Остальные работыFrom Conquerors to Conquered The Rise and fall of the Aztec Empire is possibly the most important area of ... had one day promised to return from across the ocean? In his distress ...
The Republic Of Colombia Essay Research PaperРеферат >> Остальные работы... the western area that stretches from the equator to the Caribbean Sea. The Cordillera Oriental is the ... crop is important to the poor people of the country. Rice is grown in ... of Bogota. All these conquerors conquered the land for the possession of Spain. In ...
The down of British HistoryЛекция >> Иностранный язык... and conquered the South-East. Other parts of the country were taken from time to ... adopted the mode of life of their conquerors. They lived in rich houses ... had to pay tribute to the conquerors. By the end of the 6 century and the beginning of the ...
French borrowings in the english languageРеферат >> Иностранный язык... and Mercia, which tried to rise against the conquerors. Huge stone Norman ... of the conquering Normans and their authority over the conquered English. Waniba the ... from the French,first of all from the Northern French of the Norman conquerors,and the from the ...
The Mongolian Empire Essay Research Paper TheРеферат >> Остальные работы... The Mongolian Empire The most savage conquerors of history were the Mongols. The ... Thailand and Russia. The Mongols derived from loosely organized ... to the fall of the empire. They began to permit the ... and into the 13th, the Mongolian Empire conquered many ... | https://works.doklad.ru/view/FM6yq1DzHEw.html |
Will Pope Apologize to Mexico for Church Complicity during Spanish Conquest?
The President of Mexico has written a letter to Pope Francis asking for an apology over the Catholic Church’s role in the brutal repression of indigenous people during the Spanish conquest of the Central American nation. Almost 500 years ago, the Spanish conquered the Aztec Empire , a historic event followed by the brutal exploitation and repression of the native peoples of what is now Mexico.
- The Controversial Role of La Malinche in the Fall of the Aztec Empire: Traitor or Hero?
- Treasures of Mexico: The Mixtec, Aztec & Maya Codices that Survived the Conquistadors
- What Really Lies Hidden in the Vatican Secret Archives?
The letter is the latest in several initiatives by the Mexican President, Andrés Manuel López Obrador , to secure apologies from those deemed to be responsible for the inhumane treatment of the indigenous people. In 2019, he sent a letter to Spain asking for an apology for colonial-era abuses from the government and king. Reuters reports that his most recent letter “was delivered to the pope by López Obrador’s wife, Beatriz Gutiérrez Müller” after meeting the President of Italy. It was later published on social media. 2021 is the 500 th anniversary of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire.
President López Obrador of Mexico has been accused by many for being a populist. The photo shows him at a rally in Mexico City. He has now written an open letter asking the Pope to apologize for the complicity of the Catholic church during the Spanish conquest. (ProtoplasmaKid / CC BY-SA 3.0 )
Atrocities Committed by Spanish Conquistadors in Mexico
In the letter President Obrador asked the Pope to apologize for the Catholic Church’s role in the atrocities committed by the Spanish Conquistadors during the colonial era. In the same letter, he reiterated his calls for the Spanish monarchy and government to apologize for the historic brutality and violence committed during the Spanish conquest. Obrador wrote that the native people “deserve not just that generous attitude on our part but also a sincere commitment that never again will disrespectful acts be committed against their beliefs and cultures. In 2015, the Pope apologized to the indigenous people of Bolivia for the Catholic Church’s role in their suppression.
Se entrevistó Beatriz con el papa Francisco, a quien respeto y admiro como dirigente religioso y jefe de Estado. Me comentó que la trató con afecto y expresó su voluntad de mantener buenas relaciones por el bien del pueblo. Aquí la carta que le escribí: https://t.co/mEGZAdAaAc pic.twitter.com/x0fG2NpHJj
— Andrés Manuel (@lopezobrador_) October 10, 2020
Also, in the letter, the Mexican President asked the Pope to reconcile with Miguel Hidalgo (1753-1811). He was a priest and one of the leaders of the Mexican Independence movement in the early 19 th century and regarded as one of the Fathers of the Nation. ABC News explains that Hidalgo was “once believed to have been excommunicated by the church for his involvement in the uprising.” This has since been proven to be untrue, but many in Mexico believe that the Catholic Church has been unfair to Hidalgo. According to The Washington Post , the letter states that the Mexican President thinks “it would be an act of humility and at the same time greatness” for the church to reconcile posthumously with Hidalgo.
Miguel Hidalgo was a Spanish Roman Catholic priest, who became a hero of the Mexican War of Independence for fighting against the greed and cruelty of the Spanish conquistadors. After being captured he was defrocked, excommunicated and executed, his head put on display in Guanajuato until the end of the war. On the left: Portrait of Miguel Hidalgo by Antonio Fabrés. ( Public domain ) On the right: Famous mural painting of Hidalgo by the Mexican muralist José Clemente Orozco, at the Government Palace in Guadalajara. ( Posztós János / Adobe Stock)
Church Accused of Complicity in Repression of Mexican Indigenous Peoples
The Conquest of Mexico led to a massive loss of life among the indigenous people by war, famine and especially disease. Many of the native population were reduced to a status of near- slavery. During the Spanish colonization of the Americas , the Church set up missions which played an important role in the Europeans systematic exploitation of the native people. The Catholic Church gave the Conquistadors the moral authority to carry out their atrocities. It also played a critical role in the religious persecution of the native peoples, which destroyed their religion and much of their culture.
According to The Guardian , in the letter the President specifically asks for the return to Mexico of a number of indigenous manuscripts or codices and Aztec maps that are presently held in the Vatican Library. One of them is the “Codex Borgia, an especially colorful screen-fold book spread across dozens of pages that depicts gods and rituals from ancient central Mexico,” reports the Hindustan Times .
The Codex Borgia is regarded as one of the masterpieces of pre-Aztec art. The Hindustan Times also states that the “Catholic authorities in colonial-era Mexico dismissed such codices as the work of the devil and ordered hundreds or even thousands of them burned.” The President proposed that these priceless works are loaned to Mexico for one year in 2021, a year that marks 500 years since the Spanish conquest of Mexico began.
Pope Francis dedicated his February 2016 tour of Mexico to speaking with marginalized people. Will he now apologize to the Mexican people for the role the Catholic Church played in the Spanish conquest? (Aleteja Image Department / CC BY 2.0 )
Commemorating Genocide During the Conquest of Mexico
DW states that “the Mexican president's call to the pope is part of the preparations to commemorate in 2021 the 500th anniversary of the 1519-1521 conquest.” During the conquest and later, the pre-Hispanic population collapsed and many regarded the early period of Spanish colonization as a genocide. Obrador, who is seen as a nationalist, is planning a series of commemorations to mark the Spanish conquest in 1521. His plans have proven controversial. The Vatican has yet to formally reply to the requests of the President in the letter.
Top image: Painting by Jan Karel Donatus Van Beecq showing the imprisonment of Montezuma by Cortés during the Spanish Conquest of Mexico. Source: Public domain . | https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-general/spanish-conquest-0014387 |
Hey everyone. I'm doing a side project right now based on a wonderful gun concept done by Alex Jessup:It seemed like a great opportunity for making a video series showing off my process for making an FPS gun, so I've been recording as I go. It's sort of like a tutorial, but a little more high level. I don't explain specific actions so much as the overall thought process that goes into making something like this.I just finished the first video in the series, which covers the initial blockout.[ame="Creation Demo: G56 - 01 - Blockout - YouTube[/ame]More on the way over the next few daysAll feedback is appreciated.Check out more of Alex's stuff on his blog here: http://alexjessup.blogspot.com/
| |
In this article we will discuss about Concept of Fiscal Policy: Meaning,Types, Objectives and Techniques used in fiscal policy.
Fiscal policy is a policy used by government to collect revenue and expenditure and it helps to influence economy. Revenue is generated from the taxes whether those taxes are direct or indirect taxes. Fiscal policy alludes to the government’s scheme of taxation, expenditure and various financial operations, to attain the objectives of the economy. Fiscal policy refers to that policy which is administered by Ministry of Finance. Fiscal policy is changed every year according to government rules and regulations. It is an instrument used by government to maintain equilibrium between government receipts by different sources and spending on different projects.
Expansionary Fiscal Policy: Expansionary fiscal policy refers to that policy in which government reduces taxes and increases spending on public.
Contractionary Fiscal Policy: Contractionary Fiscal Policy refers to that policy in which government increases taxes and reduces public expenditure.
It provides employment opportunity: Government helps public by providing them employment opportunity to unemployed people which helps in development of economy. Government fix some amount for generation of employment for unemployed people.
Increase economy development: Fiscal policy is a policy used by government to collect revenue and expenditure and it helps to influence economy.
Maintain price level: Fiscal policy also helps government to maintain price level which helps in development of economy.
Equilibrium in BOP ( Balance of payment): Fiscal policy also helps to maintain equilibrium to Balance of Payment by charging direct or indirect taxes and generation of revenue.
Development of country: Every country has to make fiscal policy which maintain equilibrium and develop economy. With this policy , all work work is done govt. planning and proper use of fund for development functions . | https://commercenotes.in/economics/concept-of-fiscal-policy-meaningtypes-objectives-and-techniques-usedin-fiscal-policy/ |
Are you vegan and following a low FODMAP diet? The combination of these dietary restrictions can make finding nutritious food choices difficult, but as you’ll discover, not impossible.
A vegan diet excludes all animal-derived products, meaning meat, poultry, fish, seafood, dairy, eggs, animal fats, and honey are all off limits. Vegans instead must rely on plant-based foods to meet their nutritional needs, such as fruit, vegetables, breads, cereals, grains, legumes, lentils, soy products, nuts and seeds. As you can see from this list, many of the foods suitable on a vegan diet are naturally high in FODMAPs, which is why balancing the two dietary restrictions is difficult.
It is also where the expertise of a dietitian comes in. Unless a low FODMAP, vegan diet is carefully planned, the diet will be deplete of essential nutrients including protein, iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin B12, vitamin D, omega 3 fatty acids and fibre.
So what foods are suitable to eat on a low FODMAP, vegan diet? Below is a brief list. Just remember to check the Monash app for serving sizes and consult with an experienced dietitian about balancing your diet and managing your symptoms. | https://www.monashfodmap.com/blog/being-vegan-on-low-fodmap-diet/ |
Whether you are an entrepreneur, student, athlete, parent, business person, fitness enthusiast, or just want to improve your life in some way, these super deep quotes and words of encouragement will motivate and inspire you to stay positive so you can become successful and achieve great things in your life.
From our favorite books to our own reflections, the places and things from which we can draw inspiration are infinite.
And the best part is that every day is a chance to capture this energy—to seek out all of life’s possibilities.
As you aspire to do great things, use these uplifting quotes for inspiration to be all you can be. | http://www.glife.top/39-of-the-most-inspirational-quotes/ |
NAVYS - GNSS SIMULATOR
Navys is a flexible GNSS constellation simulator developed by Thales Alenia Space (Mission Software) and Elta (simulator) under contract to CNES.Its development was initiated in order to meet the growing needs of navigation laboratories.
This device is integrated into a number of GNSS receiver test benches, allowing end-to-end analysis of GNSS signals.In addition to performing standard functions for calculating the distance between satellites and the receiver, the Navys GNSS constellation simulator can play scenarios fully defined by the user, such as, for example, scenarios for spatial receivers involving a strong dynamic.
The user has access to a large number of features, including the trajectories of satellites and the user, atmospheric propagation phenomena (ionosphere and troposphere), multipath propagation (statistical and deterministic models), defining custom signals (wave form, mapping, code, navigation data). Furthermore, Navys was designed to generate broadband multi-frequency signals in order to generate millimeter-precise positions. Each chassis (4U 19" rack) can incorporate up to 44 independent channels. | http://www.elta.fr/gb/simulators/product/navys-gb.html |
News
Local
Augusta grapples with recycling woes
Years of efforts to persuade Ontario residents to recycle are being derailed by the waste industry’s decision to accept only certain types of plastics, according to Augusta Mayor Doug Malanka.
The recycling industry’s new profit-driven rules mean that mountains of plastics that used to be recycled are now heading to landfill sites instead, Malanka told council on Tuesday.
This flies in the face of years of government attempts to promote recycling, but the government seems either unaware of the problem or unable to act, Malanka said.
The problem starts with China, which has accepted 45 per cent of the world’s plastic since 1992. This year, however, China blocked its borders to most of that waste, forcing countries to look elsewhere.
For the Ontario waste industry, it means that only certain kinds of recycled material remain profitable, so companies are refusing to take plastics that they once readily accepted.
Malanka said it also means that environmental benefits of recycling seem to be taking a back seat to profits – and this can’t be what the province wants.
The mayor said municipalities are caught in a squeeze play between the province, which is forcing more recycling, and the industry, which no longer will accept materials that they can’t sell for a profit.
“On the side you have the province introducing policy and legislation while industry is essentially saying ‘it’s not profitable so it’s not going to work this way’,” he said.
Coun. Samantha Schapelhouman, chairwoman of the operations committee, said workers at the township’s waste transfer site now have to re-educate residents on what is recyclable and what is not. After years of encouraging residents to recycle, the township is now having to put restrictions on what it can accept, she said.
Schapelhouman said that many plastic items that are stamped “recyclable” by the provincial government can no longer be accepted. For example, the plastic pots that plants are packed in can no longer be taken.
The same is true for such items as plastic laundry baskets, which are no longer accepted.
Schapelhouman said the big example in the rural township is the plastic rolls that farmers use to protect bales of hay. At one time, waste companies paid a premium for that plastic; now it’s not accepted at all.
She said the waste-site employees have been told to try to educate residents instead of cracking down with the new rules. They will work with the residents to sort through their plastics and tell them what is recyclable and what is not, she said.
The waste site has posted signs telling people what can be recycled. Residents are told to rinse all glass, tin and plastic containers before taking them to the transfer station.
Schapelhouman said the big fear is that some residents will abandon recycling in frustration and simply chuck all plastics into the garbage.
Coun. Don Conklin said another possibility is that some residents might start dumping their plastics at the side of the road, or burning them, to avoid the hassles of recycling.
Ray Morrison, chief administrative officer, said the recycling problems eventually will cost the township more money. Tipping fees at the landfills will go up as the township discards more plastics, the recycling contractor will want a better deal to cover his losses and the provincial blue-box grants will drop as the volume of recycled material goes down. | |
Modularity in Knowledge Representation and Natural-Language Understanding
Jay Garfield is Doris Silbert Professor in the Humanities, Professor of Philosophy and Director of the Logic Program and of the Five College Tibetan Studies in India Program at Smith College, Professor in the graduate faculty of Philosophy at the University of Massachusetts, Professor of Philosophy at Melbourne University and Adjunct Professor of Philosophy at the Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies.
The notion of modularity, introduced by Noam Chomsky and developed with special emphasis on perceptual and linguistic processes by Jerry Fodor in his important book The Modularity of Mind, has provided a significant stimulus to research in cognitive science. This book presents essays in which a diverse group of philosophers, linguists, psycholinguists, and neuroscientists—including both proponents and critics of the modularity hypothesis—address general questions and specific problems related to modularity.
Download citation file: | https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/4777/Modularity-in-Knowledge-Representation-and-Natural |
The University of Port Harcourt (UNIPORT) has emerged the overall winners of the 25th Nigeria University Games (NUGA) with a massive 150 medals.
The games were held at the Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi (FUAM) between April 22 and April 29.
The medals table released by the NUGA secretariat on Saturday in Makurdi, shows that a total of 57 universities contested for medals at the sports fiesta.
UNIPORT had 70 gold, 47 silver and 33 bronze medals secured in Judo, Athletics, Taekwondo, Volleyball, Basketball, Scrabble and Tennis.
Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), Zaria won 11 gold, 2 silver and 3 bronze medals to emerge a distant second while Benson Idahosa University (BIU) came third with 10 gold, 7 silver and 9 bronze.
University of Lagos (UNILAG) with 20 medals, made up of 9 gold, 4 silver and 7 bronze took fourth position while University of Benin (UNIBEN) was fifth, and the host institution took the 11th position with 2 gold, 10 silver and 12 bronze medals.
(NAN)
Leave a Reply
Leave a Reply
Get more stuff
Subscribe to our mailing list and get interesting stuff and updates to your email inbox.
Thank you for subscribing.
Something went wrong. | https://www.ncsarena.com/uniport-emerges-winner-of-25th-nuga/ |
Wild hogs (Sus scrofa) are an invasive, exotic species that has spread through much of the United States through anthropogenic means. Many states have laws and regulations with the intent of preventing the illegal importation, introduction, and establishment of wild swine populations. However, in many cases, these laws have been ineffectual at stopping the anthropogenic spread of wild swine. To assess the risk for moving wild hogs, we examined various wild hog-related laws throughout the United States and assessed the potential reward for their illegal movement of releasing hogs for hunting purposes. We found that fines ranged from $0 to $10,000, with the mean minimum fine of $1,085 and a mean maximum fine of $2,708. The mean cost of a single-day hunting trip was $448; however, this varied widely among states. In many cases, potential rewards, as demonstrated by the economic utility, for releasing wild hogs far outweighed the monetary risk from getting caught. States with few or no wild hogs and weak laws and/or fines are at a substantial risk for the illegal importation of wild hogs. To reduce the potential for the spread of wild hogs, agencies should concentrate on increasing monetary fines or increasing the perceptions that this illegal activity will be successfully detected and prosecuted.
Recommended Citation
Caudell, Joe N.; Dowell, Emily; and Welch, Katelyn
(2016)
"Economic utility for the anthropogenic spread of wild hogs,"
Human–Wildlife Interactions: Vol. 10
:
Iss.
2
, Article 9. | https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/hwi/vol10/iss2/9/ |
NUREC was established so as to give independent supervision, direction, and resolution (for of “approval/ recommendation/ stipulation/disapproval”) on the academic research, health research and other specific research protocols involving human participants.
The NUREC is an independent body that is composed of both scholarly scientists and non-scientists that are involved in reviewing protocol from all disciplines. This committee reviews all types of biomedical, social, ethnographic and political science protocols/proposals.
By practice, the committee embraces diverse backgrounds in qualification, training and experience to achieve adequate review of science and ethics in the stipulated protocols and research usually conducted at Nkumba University.
Vision
To ensure the highest possible ethical standards in the conduct of research carried out in Uganda.
Mission
- To develop and implement policies which uphold and advance the current highest standards for the ethical conduct of research involving humans and animals.
- To promote a science of ethical responsibility through education and training of the research community.
Submitting your proposal
Individuals/Researchers intending to submit their protocols to NUREC for ethical review and approval should contact the NUREC Secretariat who will provide the necessary documentation needed for submission. This includes the application form, proposal format, fees structure, as well as other documents needed by NUREC.
Membership
NUREC is comprised of 13 active members; including a Community Representative who devotes their time to the protection of human and vertebrate animal research participants. The reviewers are highly qualified and experienced researchers whose mandate is to critically review protocols submitted and ensure the protection of research participants. | https://nkumbauniversity.ac.ug/nkumba-university-research-ethics-committee-nurec/ |
Despite high primary school enrolment rates, the learning outcomes of students in Bangladesh are poor, especially in rural areas (Islam 2019). This situation is likely to have worsened during the Covid-19 pandemic, as children are missing out all forms of formal schooling given that schools have been closed since March 2020. The learning outcomes of children from poor households and in rural areas are likely to suffer the most during school closures because they lack other non-school educational inputs owing to their low socio-economic backgrounds. Another important issue related to the pandemic is gender inequality. In many developing countries, including Bangladesh, girls disproportionately share household chores and suffer from domestic abuse. In Bangladesh, secondary school dropout rates for girls are as high as 42% (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2017). The high secondary school dropout rates for girls are primarily due to low investment in girls’ education at an early stage, as well as child marriage and greater household responsibilities as they grow older (World Bank, 2019). These burdens may have worsened with Covid-19 induced poverty, income loss, and school closures. Roughly four million girls, in addition to the 12 million yearly child marriages, are at risk of child marriage in the next two years (Burzynska & Contreras, 2020; Hayes, 2020). Learning differences between boys and girls and children of different socio-economic backgrounds are expected to exacerbate during the Covid-19 pandemic given the existing gender bias and the disadvantages from which poor households.
During the current pandemic, the government of Bangladesh provides distant learning through television in lieu of formal schooling, but only 44% of rural households own a television (MICS, UNICEF). On the other hand, 94% of households in rural Bangladesh own a basic cell phone. In the proposed study, we take advantage of this high mobile phone penetration in rural Bangladesh to offer pre-recorded interactive radio instruction (IRI)-based lessons to the primary graders via mobile phone and conduct a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to evaluate this novel intervention that has not be implemented and evaluated in Bangladesh.
Rural children in Bangladesh lack access to online and home-schooling facilities. Our proposed intervention will use a toll-free number to deliver free interactive audio lessons to primary graders for 15 weeks. The program contains three modules with each divided into several 20-minute lessons (i.e., a total of 75 lessons). The modules focus on numeracy, literacy and behavioural training. The behavioural training covers topics such as self-awareness, responsible decision making, relationship skills, social awareness, self-management, and so on. A total of 1500 children will be selected from 60 villages and will be randomly assigned to three groups. The first group will receive four literacy and numeracy lessons each week, the second group will receive six literacy, numeracy and behavioural skill lessons each week, and the third group will be the control.
All lessons will be pre-recorded and stored in a server to play over the toll-free number. Every parent in the intervention will receive a program ID number for them and their child to access the lessons via the toll-free number. Lessons can be accessed 24 hours a day and 7 days a week, allowing the children to learn with convenience. A student will be allowed to a maximum of 3 lessons per module per week. This flexible delivery method will address the resource constraints a rural household typically face, such as many households have only one phone and mobile network and electricity supply is often not stable.
At the end of the program, we will evaluate the impact of this relatively ‘low-tech’ educational service on children’s cognitive and non-cognitive skills. In particular, this study will examine whether the innovation of disseminating educational materials via a toll-free number can lead to better educational outcomes, especially for underprivileged students in society. We will also investigate heterogeneous effects of school interruption and the proposed intervention on learners, with a special focus on gender and household’s socio-economic status as girls and children from low socio-economic backgrounds are expected to suffer the most from the pandemic.
We will collaborate with a local research-focused NGO, GDRI, to implement this intervention with whom we have had a long-term collaborative relationship. We will leverage the sample and data of a recently completed RCT on early childhood education to implement the proposed project. 6000+ children from 223 villages in the south-western part of Bangladesh participated in this recently completed RCT entitled ‘investing in our future’ (funded by UK ESRC-DFID research grants). Building upon that project, the proposed study differs significantly in two ways. First, by following up a large subset of children that we already have measures of their pre-pandemic cognitive and non-cognitive skills, we will shed light on the effects on educational and gender inequality as a result of school closure and barriers to educational technologies. Second, by implementing and evaluating the proposed IRI-based mobile technology in Bangladesh, a severely resource-constrained developing country, we will shed light on a relatively cost-effective and universally accessible educational technology that may potentially ameliorate learning outcome of primary graders and become a feasible addition to the education ecosystem. This proposed study has the following main aims:
• Evaluate the causal impact of an interactive-radio-instruction (IRI) based educational program on the cognitive and non-cognitive outcomes of primary graders.
• Understand the effects of prolonged school closures and potential remedies on the learning development of primary graders.
• Investigate the heterogeneous effect of school interruption and the IRI-based program on the learners of different gender and socio-economic backgrounds.
Tags: | https://gdri.org/impact-of-iri-based-mobile-lessons-on-educational-outcome-of-primary-graders-a-randomized-controlled-trial-in-rural-bangladesh/ |
Get a free C.V. review by sending your C.V. to [email protected] or click the following link. Submit C.V.! use the subject heading REVIEW.
IMPORTANT: Read the application instructions keenly
Click the Links Below to Get Job Updates.
https://www.facebook.com/groups/1126060830815705
https://t.me/joinchat/EBWPu0Cfzh880lRySce_AQ.
SENIOR REGISTRATION OFFICER, EBK GRADE 5
REF: EBK/HR & ADM/RT/030/ VOL.I (151)
JOB PURPOSE
The officer will be responsible for the registration and licensing of engineers and engineering firms.
KEY DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
a. The duties and responsibilities of the officer will entail: –
b. Development and implementation of registration policies and appropriate registration systems
c. Coordinating the flow of information to applicants;
d. Assuring on accuracy of applications by conducting due diligence on submissions;
e. Review of submissions for registration and coordination of the appropriate engineering panels;
f. Management of the register of engineers and firms;
g. Compiling details of newly registered persons for entry into the register;
h. and
i. Developing, scheduling and monitoring the execution of the professional interview calendar.
MINIMUM QUALIFICATIONS
a. For appointment to this grade, a candidate must have:-
b. Have at least four (4) years relevant work experience;
c. Have Bachelors degree in Engineering from a recognized university;
d. Professional Engineer, Registered by the Board and of good standing;
e. Have demonstrated results in work performance; and
f. Fulfilled the requirements of Chapter six of the Constitution.
KEY COMPETENCIES AND SKILLS
a. Proficiency in IT
b. Excellent communication and reporting skills
c. Strong analytical skills
d. Good interpersonal skills
e. High levels of Integrity
.
.
. | https://careerassociated.com/2020/08/25/engineers-board-of-kenya-ebk-senior-registration-officer/ |
Due to the global recession and latest market trends the capital funding sector is in an unprecedented transformation. Global demand for new projects, raising execution cost, price volatility has made fund management very complex resulting in inefficient usage of allocated funds. This results in cancellation of proposed projects and leads to dependence on debt financing to complete existing projects. We need to remodel the entire life cycle of how funding is allocated, assigned, distributed, and accounted to ensure that funds are used efficiently. The need of the day is an effective fund management system suitable for current business trends and challenges.
Business Challenges
- Inefficient capital fund management system
- Higher cost per project
- Higher dependence on debt financing
- Delayed implementation of proposed new projects
How Kumaran Helps
Kumaran solution provided the required efficiency in the capital funding system through workflow automation, accurate processing of funding data, and modernization in architecture integration, which were the key to answer the business pains.
The solution has the ability to integrate into any technology stack such as Open System, Open Source, and SOA, which gives the required cost-effectiveness and technology advancements. | http://kumaran.com/services/capital-funding-solutions/ |
My name is Leon Lewis Jr. At the present time, I making an effort to compile information on institutions of higher education and the resources they offer to those dyslexia. Much of the information will be posted on my blog in the Facebook group called Dyslexic in America. Please find listed below links to our website.
As I mentioned, over the past several months we have been discussing colleges and university with Support Services for people with dyslexia and other learning disabilities. Your institution has been identified as one of the schools with strong support services and I would like to highlight your institution and its services in my blog. Under the amended Higher Education Act of 1965 and the state statute K.S.A. 45-218., I am requesting this information from your institution. I would appreciate if you could take the time to respond to them, so I can ensure accuracy in the information I give to the four thousand followers of my blog.
Number of students admitted to college or university with dyslexia ?
Date and time lines for admissions and other criteria documentation needed for assistance I.E. (IEP, psychology reports etc).?
As I mentioned, over the past several months we have been discussing colleges and university with Support Services for people with dyslexia and other learning disabilities. Your institution has been identified as one of the schools with strong support services and I would like to highlight your institution and its services in my blog. Under the amended Higher Education Act of 1965 and the state statute Neb. Rev. Stat. § 84-712, I am requesting this information from your institution. I would appreciate if you could take the time to respond to them, so I can ensure accuracy in the information I give to the four thousand followers of my blog.
As I mentioned, over the past several months we have been discussing colleges and university with Support Services for people with dyslexia and other learning disabilities. Your institution has been identified as one of the schools with strong support services and I would like to highlight your institution and its services in my blog. Under the amended Higher Education Act of 1965 and the state statute Ohio Rev. Code § 149.43, I am requesting this information from your institution. I would appreciate if you could take the time to respond to them, so I can ensure accuracy in the information I give to the four thousand followers of my blog.
As I mentioned, over the past several months we have been discussing colleges and university with Support Services for people with dyslexia and other learning disabilities. Your institution has been identified as one of the schools with strong support services and I would like to highlight your institution and its services in my blog. Under the amended Higher Education Act of 1965 and the state statute G.L. c. 66, § 10, I am requesting this information from your institution. I would appreciate if you could take the time to respond to them, so I can ensure accuracy in the information I give to the four thousand followers of my blog.
As I mentioned, over the past several months we have been discussing colleges and university with Support Services for people with dyslexia and other learning disabilities. Your institution has been identified as one of the schools with strong support services and I would like to highlight your institution and its services in my blog. Under the amended Higher Education Act of 1965 and the state statute T.C.A. § 10-7-301(6), See also T.C.A. § 10-7-403, I am requesting this information from your institution. I would appreciate if you could take the time to respond to them, so I can ensure accuracy in the information I give to the four thousand followers of my blog. | http://dyslexicinamerica.info/category/colleges-and-university-with-strong-support-services/page/2/ |
If you still have shoes in your closet from middle school, chances are, you've never been really clear about when it's time to get rid of old shoes. After too much time has passed, shoes that might have gone to the donation bin are suddenly laced with nostalgia and the chances of parting with them becomes much more difficult.
Upon a recent deep closet clean, I came across my first platform Sketchers, and found that they were impossible to part with. Despite the fact that I couldn't fit my foot into the shoe if my life depended on it — and the fact that I don't have a tween daughter or family member to pass them on to — I felt attached to them. They had become a time capsule. Too much time had passed and now I had a nonsensical bond with a pair of shoes that I'd never wear.
All of this is to say that there is definitely a sweet spot when it comes to parting with old shoes. If you get rid of them too soon, you're being wasteful, and if you ignore them in your closet for too long, you're cutting the lifespan of the shoe short. Here's how to evaluate a pair of shoes, and what to do with them if they no longer serve you. Hint: throwing them away is never an option, there's always a more sustainable choice.
Do They Still Fit?
First thing's first, before you even put any thought into the pair of shoes, check to see if they still fit. If they don't fit, put them in the recycle pile or the donation pile and remove them from your closet immediately. Your feet will never get smaller, so unless this pair of shoes is so meaningful to you that you're going to put them in a display box and keep them forever, you need to say goodbye.
Do They Match Your Wardrobe?
Just because the shoe fits, isn't a reason to keep it. Really sit with the pair of shoes and think about how often you wear them, how versatile they are, and how much of your wardrobe they match. If there's a pair of shoes that are similar, and that you wear more, you should think about letting go of the pair you wear less. A used shoe in good condition will find a great home at thrift store, so think about that before holding on to too many pairs of rarely used shoes.
Are They Functional?
If you're on the fence about a pair of shoes, give them a thorough exam to evaluate just how functional they are. Are the soles without cracks? Are the heels securely attached? Is the fabric unscathed? Are there holes? If the shoes are not functional, you're probably tempted to toss them in the trash. But no matter what shape the shoes are in, there's a better option than sending them to a landfill. Organizations like Nike's Reuse-A-Shoe accepts old sneakers that they grind up and repurpose. If your shoes aren't in terrible condition, you can donate them to a charitable organization like Soles4Souls.
Can They Be Fixed?
Even the shoes that have been chewed on by dogs, run over by cars, or dropped in the mud, can make a full come back. There are tons of companies and cobblers that can fix even the most effed of shoes. Before you toss out a pair that you're fond of, check with a professional to see if it's cost efficient to get them fixed. Aka, if you broke the heel of a great pair of shoes, don't be lazy, just take repair the heel and get more life out of them!
Can Someone Else Give The Shoe A Better Life?
I realize this is an abstract question. But if you're trying to clear out your closet and life, you should tap into a little bit of Marie Kondo energy and think about whether or not the shoes belong with you. If you rarely wear them, and have more than enough shoes without them, perhaps someone else might get more use out of them at a second-hand store. | https://www.bustle.com/p/when-is-it-time-to-get-rid-of-old-shoes-heres-how-to-know-when-your-boots-are-no-longer-made-for-walking-16811453 |
Recent years have seen a notable growth of interest in the operations of affect and agency in art. Works of art are said to have agency, primarily through their impact on the affectivity of the spectator. This turn is an inflection of a wider phenomenon in the humanities, motivated by interest in the theory of affect. Although it has only recently...
A book review of Christopher Wood, 'A History of Art History'. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2019. 459 pp. ISBN 978-0-691-15652-1.
This important critical study of the history of public art museums in Austria-Hungary explores their place in the wider history of European museums and collecting, their role as public institutions, and their involvement in the complex cultural politics of the Habsburg Empire. Focusing on institutions in Vienna, Cracow, Prague, Zagreb, and Budapest...
This article examines the work of the Austrian architect Clemens Holzmeister. A leading representative of Austrian architecture between the wars, and a significant figure in the i95os and i96os as teacher of the new generation of Austrian architects including Hans Hollein and Gustav Peichl, Holzmeister presents a perplexing image. In the i920s, he...
Liberalism, Nationalism and Design Reform in the Habsburg Empire is a study of museums of design and applied arts in Austria-Hungary from 1864 to 1914. The Museum for Art and Industry (now the Museum of Applied Arts) as well as its design school occupies a prominent place in the study. The book also gives equal attention to museums of design and a...
This review offers a critical summary of Bredekamp’s Image Acts. Identifying Bredekamp’s theory of the image act as an attempt to provide a general Warburg theory of the image, it argues that despite the impressively wide-ranging and ambitious scope of the study, it is theoretically undetermined. Agency is a central term, but the book lacks a theor...
Galleries and museums were key to the development of the public sphere in nineteenth-century Europe and America; museums of design and applied arts had an additional mission, namely, to promote economic competitiveness by improving the quality of design. This story is well known in relation to museums in London, Vienna, Berlin, and Paris. But what...
Taylor Jeffrey . In Search of the Budapest Secession: The Artist Proletariat and Modernism's Rise in the Hungarian Art Market, 1800–1914. St. Helena, CA: Helena History Press, 2014. Pp. 260 + 107 b/w illus. - Volume 48 - Matthew Rampley
This is a review of John Onians’s study European Art: A Neuroarthistory. It argues that the project of neuroarthistory relies on fundamental methodological misconceptions and a simplistic understanding of neuroscience.
T he artistic and cultural life of A ustria after World War I has often been presented in a gloomy light. As one contributor to a recent multivolume history of Austrian art commented, “the era between the two world wars is for long periods a time of indecision and fragmentation, of stagnation and loss of orientation … the 20 years of the First Repu...
The standard narrative of the Vienna school of art history has cast its authors as cosmopolitan, progressive, and aesthetically liberal. Few have focused on the interrelation of the Vienna school and the cultural politics of Austria-Hungary. An exploration of the school's engagement with the Hapsburg Empire's cosmopolitan ideology of “unity in dive...
Matthew Rampley’s The Vienna School of Art History is the first book in over seventy-five years to study in depth and in context the practices of art history from 1847, the year the first teaching position in the discipline was created, to 1918, the collapse of Austria-Hungary. It traces the emergence of art history as a discipline, the establishme...
Reflection on the history and practice of art history has long been a major topic of research and scholarship, and this volume builds on this tradition by offering a critical survey of many of the major developments in the contemporary discipline, such as the impact of digital technologies, the rise of visual studies or new initiatives in conservat...
The preservation of architectural monuments has played a key role in the formation of national identities from the nineteenth century to the present. The task of maintaining the collective memories and ideas of a shared heritage often focused on the historic built environment as the most visible sign of a link with the past. The meaning of such mon...
At midday on Thursday, 1 May 1873, the Emperor Francis Joseph I officially opened the Fifth World's Fair in Vienna. Timed to coincide with the emperor's twenty-fifth anniversary, the fair aimed to confirm the status of Austria-Hungary as a major European power and as an advanced industrial and economic state. As the opening address of Archduke Karl...
This essay examines the early history of the Vienna School of Art History. It focuses in particular on the role of Rudolf von Eitelberger in establishing the parameters of art-historical inquiry, and the ideological, social and political forces that shaped his ideas. It interprets Eitelberger and his contemporaries in the light of positivist defini...
The Warburg method of a montage of images reflects his comprehension of culture as a space of memory, in which visual symbols (and not only) fulfil the function of a sui generis archive of contrasted reminiscences. In this aspect, his work can be compared to Benjamin's Passagenwerk, with Benjamin writing about the dialectic of that which is visible...
This article considers Aby Warburg's political beliefs and the ways in which they informed his project of a cultural history of the image. It argues that as the member of a leading banking family in Hamburg, Warburg assimilated the social and political values of the German liberal bourgeoisie, which underpinned an ambivalent attitude towards his Je...
This article considers debates over the cultural, economic and political role of design in late nineteenth-century Habsburg Austria through a critical examination of responses to the Museum of Art and Industry in Vienna. It examines the goals of the Museum, set against the socio-political matrix of Habsburg Central Europe and analyses competing vis...
The work of Niklas Luhmann represents perhaps the last major body of social theory of the twentieth century. Beginning with Social Theory or Social Technology: What Does Systems Research Achieve? jointly published with Jürgen Habermas in 1971, Luhmann spent the following three decades up until his death in 1998 laying out the basis for a comprehens...
This key text offers the most extensive outline of Aby Warburg's speculations about social memory, the origin of artistic expression and the psychological energies driving the history of European culture from classical antiquity onwards. According to Warburg, the conflicting responses to the legacy of classical antiquity directly informed the style...
The problems presented by recognition of cultural difference and alterity have long been recognized as presenting substantial challenges to traditional assumptions about the scope and limits of art history. This article examines some of the arguments that have emerged in relation to this issue, focusing in particular on ways in which anthropology a...
Art considered as a Social System. Observations on the Sociology of Niklas Luhmann This article examines the work of Niklas Luhmann, and in particular, his employment of systems theory to the sociology of art. His analysis of art as a social system offers powerful new ways of conceptualising artistic change through time, artistic autonomy, and the...
The work of Max Dvořák has seldom enjoyed the acclaim accorded to that of his Viennese colleague Alois Riegl, or contemporaries such as Aby Warburg and Heinrich Wölfflin. This paper argues for a reconsideration of his work, in which his ‘art history as the history of ideas’ is seen both as a lens through which Dvořák conducted a sustained commentar...
It has long been recognized that Aby Warburg played a central role, perhaps even he central role, in elevating the role of iconology in Art History. Having been traditionally regarded as an ancillary activity, iconological interpretation came to displace the concern with aesthetic form and style predominant in late nineteenth-century art historical...
The work of Anselm Kiefer has often been regarded as problematic. Its fascination with Nazi history and German myth has been interpreted as reactionary political recidivism, and the coincidence of its rise to public prominence with a rightward shift in German politics only added to this suspicion. I argue that while Kiefer's work is problematic, it...
The art historian Aby M. Warburg and the philosopher Walter Benjamin are widely respected as two of the most significant cultural theorists of the twentieth century. Their common interests in historiography, the function of collective memory, and the relation of modern society to earlier stages of human social existence, were important examples of...
This paper argues for a reevaluation of Aby Warburg by attending to the theoretical concerns underpinning his study of the Renaissance. It argues that Warburg's oeuvre has an overarching perspective, namely, an engagement with the emergence of specifically "modern" culture based on rationalization and the "disenchantment" of nature. This suggests p...
This paper argues for a reevaluation of Aby Warburg by attending to the theoretical concerns underpinning his study of the Renaissance. It argues that Warburg's oeuvre has an overarching perspective, namely, an engagement with the emergence of specifically “modern” culture based on rationalization and the “disenchantment” of nature. This suggests p...
Since the renewal of critical interest in the intellectual origins of Art History, a growing body of scholarship has emerged within the last 30 or so years focusing on the writings of Alois Riegl.2 Yet while the importance of Riegl has been recognized, a significant problem nevertheless remains, namely, that of deciding how to approach the texts in...
L'A. examine l'enracinement de la pensee du langage de Heidegger, telle qu'elle se conceptualise dans «Etre et Temps» a travers les notions de discours, bavardage, ce-qui-est-dit-dans la parole et ce-qui-est-exprime, dans ses oeuvres anterieures a «Etre et Temps» concernant la logique et la signification chez Duns Scot, ainsi que les problemes de l...
1. vyd. Část. přeloženo z angličtiny Širokému publiku čtenářů, studentům vizuálních umění, dějin umění, masových médií, architektury a designu
Projects
Projects (3)
When new political elites and social structures emerge out of a historical rupture, how are art and architecture affected? In 1918 the political map of Central Europe was redrawn as a result of the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, marking a new era for the region. The project examines the impact of this political discontinuity in three of Austria-Hungary’s successor states: Austria, Hungary and Czechoslovakia. The project focuses on the contradictory ways in which artists and architects in Central Europe adapted to and tried to shape the new socio-political circumstances in the light of the past.
The project examines the history of museums from the mid-nineteenth century to the collapse of the Empire in 1918. It is concerned in particular with the ways in which displays of art and design in museum were used to promote messages about political, social and cultural identity. Museums played an important role in the formation of states in Europe in the nineteenth century, and in Austria-Hungary they became drawn into the ethnic conflicts that marked the final decades of its existence. Hence, the project looks at museums not only in Vienna but in the other important political and cultural centres of the Empire, such as Budapest, Prague, Cracow and Zagreb. | https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Matthew-Rampley |
Living with a disease such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is not at all easy, one finds oneself facing it in everyday life with fluctuating phases; days in which it seems to have “won” in the morning and days when the disease is in an acute phase, in which even the most banal “gesture” like tying shoes or wearing jeans seems complicated and impossible…. in short, living with this pathology has implications on various aspects of life: sentimental, working and daily.
59% of RA patients the intimate relationship with their partner is more problematic; this is especially true with a disease such as RA as it is a chronic, systemic, painful and potentially debilitating inflammatory condition.
Healthcare professionals, in some cases, play a central role in the care of rheumatology patients by providing holistic care, but sexuality remains an area that many feel unable to discuss . This is unfortunate, as sexuality is an important aspect of most people’s lives.
Sexuality has been described as an essential part of the whole person, an integral part of the human being, including the total sense of self, and is linked to the quality of life of the individual .
It is a complex aspect of human life, which includes much more than the act of sexual intercourse, a crucial part of an individual’s personal identity, and therefore important in all stages of health and illness
In 1936 Freud described the distinction between sex and sexuality thus: “sex is something we do, sexuality is something we are” .
Research to date suggests that some patients experience problems within relationships and this occurs more frequently if the disease occurs within a more stable relationship .
Some studies have focused on their frequency. Among these, a lower frequency in sexual intercourse, orgasms and a demand for sexual desire in females has been demonstrated following the onset of RA .
The correlation between the deficiencies of the reported aspects is to be found in the loss of physical function, fatigue and pain.
The greater the level of pain, physical disability and depression, the greater the effect on sexuality, regardless of gender.
Among the largest and most valid studies conducted to date, that of Oxford University Press has emerged.
The inclusion criteria in the scientific study admitted patients over the age of 18 with a positive diagnosis of RA, recruiting a total of 74 patients.
These patients were given a self-administered questionnaire, allowing the latter the opportunity to remain anonymous.
The questionnaire consisted of a mixture of open and closed questions including 5 domains: patient-partner relationship; sexual relationship and sexual activity; impact of disease symptoms; impact of drug therapy; and communication.
All participants, informed of the content, were asked to complete the questionnaire at home and return it in a prepaid envelope; none of them refused.
Upon completion of the test, of the 74 questionnaires; 59 (80%) were returned, two were left blank and some patients had not answered all questions.
From the analysis of the answers, the researchers identified how most of the patients responded by describing in the open questions the manifestation of physical symptoms during intercourse with their partner.
Fatigue was the most frequently mentioned problem, followed by pain and impaired physical function.
In summary, the study shows that RA has an impact on patients’ sexual relationships and activities; the prescription of a correct pharmacological treatment could represent an aid in this sense, since the correct prophylaxis could reduce and improve the inflammatory aspects of the patient.
It is therefore of fundamental importance to identify the correct drug for the right patient.
iCareX adopts an individual-centric approach in helping patients with RA to better understand and characterize their disease. With the exploRA test, the uniqueness of the gene expression of each individual is analyzed in order to obtain the correct drug therapy with medical support.
References:
- Irwin R. Sexual health promotion in nursing. J Adv Nurs 1997; 25: 170–7.
- Wells D. Caring for sexuality in health and illness. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2000.
- Freud A. The ego and mechanisms of defense. London: Hogarth Press, 1936.
- Le Gallez P. Rheumatoid arthritis: effects on the family. Nurs Stand 1993; 7: 30-4.
- Yoshino S, Uchida S. Sexual problems of women with rheumatoid arthritis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1981; 62: 122–3. | https://icarex.ai/effects-of-rheumatoid-arthritis-on-sexual-activity-and-relationships/ |
All of our classes are currently online, and all student services are being offered remotely. Building access is closed to the general public. Students should limit campus visits for technology access only. Campus hours are Monday-Thursday, 10 a.m.-6:30 p.m. More info at http://nhcc.edu/covid19.
The Exercise is Medicine - On Campus Club's mission is to engage in the promotion of physical activity as a vital sign of health as well encourage students, faculty and staff to work together towards improving the health and well-being of the campus community.
If you are interested in joining this club or have questions about joining the club, attend a meeting or email the club president or advisor.
Fitness challenges, Exercise is Medicine Week, Public Health Awareness Week, partnering with other clubs that involve movement, monthly exercise field trips, fundraising for ACSM’s Annual Conference.
Meeting dates coming soon! | https://nhcc.edu/student-life/clubs-and-organizations/eim |
1.the office of the United States head of state"a President is elected every four years"
2.the person who holds the office of head of state of the United States government"the President likes to jog every morning"
voir la définition de Wikipedia
Publicité ▼
President of the United States (n.)
chair; chairman[Classe]
factotum[Domaine]
leader[Domaine]
berth, billet, office, place, position, post, situation, spot - command, control - incumbency, tenure, term of office[Hyper.]
Chief Executive, President, President of the United States - Chief Executive, president - Chief Executive, President, President of the United States, United States President - president - president, prexy - chair, chairlady, chairman, chairperson, Chairwoman, general manager, president - presidential - administer, administrate, manage[Dérivé]
presidency, presidentship[Hyper.]
preside - administration, presidential term[Dérivé]
President of the United States (n.)↕
chief; headman; head of state; chief of state[ClasseHyper.]
chair; chairman[Classe]
person[Domaine]
Position[Domaine]
factotum[Domaine]
leader[Domaine]
qualificatif d'un style de pouvoir (fr)[DomaineDescription]
qualificatif d'un mode de gouvernement (fr)[DomaineDescription]
represent, representative - leader - command, control - berth, billet, office, place, position, post, situation, spot - incumbency, tenure, term of office - arm, branch, section, subdivision[Hyper.]
U.S., U.S. government, United States, United States government, US Government[membre]
Chief Executive, President, President of the United States - Chief Executive, president - Chief Executive, President, President of the United States, United States President - president - president, prexy - chair, chairlady, chairman, chairperson, Chairwoman, general manager, president - presidential - administer, administrate, manage - presidency, presidentship[Dérivé]
chief, chief of state, headman, head of state[Hyper.]
preside - presidency, presidentship - administration, presidential term - presidential[Dérivé]
President of the United States (n.)↕
Publicité ▼
Wikipedia
Coordinates: 38°53′51″N 77°2′11″E / 38.8975°N 77.03639°E
|President of the
|
United States of America
|
|
Presidential Seal
|
|
Presidential Standard
|
|
Barack Obama
since January 20, 2009
|Style||Mr. President
|
(Informal)
The Honorable
(Formal)
His Excellency
(diplomatic, outside the U.S.)
|Residence||White House
|
Washington, D.C.
|Term length||Four years
|
renewable once
|Inaugural holder||George Washington
|
April 30, 1789
|Formation||United States Constitution
|
March 4, 1789
|Salary||$400,000 annually|
|Website||The White House|
The President of the United States of America (acronym: POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.
Article II of the U.S. Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president and charges him with the execution of federal law, alongside the responsibility of appointing federal executive, diplomatic, regulatory, and judicial officers, and concluding treaties with foreign powers, with the advice and consent of the Senate. The president is further empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves, and to convene and adjourn either or both houses of Congress under extraordinary circumstances. Since the founding of the United States, the power of the president and the federal government have grown substantially and each modern president, despite possessing no formal legislative powers beyond signing or vetoing congressionally passed bills, is largely responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of his party and the foreign and domestic policy of the United States. The president is frequently described as the most powerful person in the world.
The president is indirectly elected by the people through the Electoral College to a four-year term, and is one of only two nationally elected federal officers, the other being the Vice President of the United States. The Twenty-second Amendment, adopted in 1951, prohibits anyone from ever being elected to the presidency for a third full term. It also prohibits a person from being elected to the presidency more than once if that person previously had served as president, or acting president, for more than two years of another person's term as president. In all, 43 individuals have served 55 four-year terms. On January 20, 2009, Barack Obama became the 44th and current president.
|
|
Contents
|United States|
|
|
This template is part of the series:
Politics and government of
the United States
|
|
Legislature
Executive
|
Other countries · Atlas
|
In 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though also independent of each other, recognized the necessity of coordinating their efforts against the British. Desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. As a central authority, Congress under the Articles was without any legislative power; it could make its own resolutions, determinations, and regulations, but not any laws, nor any taxes or local commercial regulations enforceable upon citizens. This institutional design reflected the conception of how Americans believed the deposed British system of Crown and Parliament ought to have functioned with respect to the royal dominion: a superintending body for matters that concerned the entire empire. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives (e.g., making war, receiving ambassadors, etc.) to Congress, while keeping the rest for themselves. The Articles took effect on March 1, 1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them.
In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for the former colonies. With peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. By 1786, Americans found their continental borders besieged and weak, their respective economies in crises as neighboring states agitated trade rivalries with one another, witnessed their hard currency pouring into foreign markets to pay for imports, their Mediterranean commerce preyed upon by North African pirates, and their foreign-financed Revolutionary War debts unpaid and accruing interest. Civil and political unrest loomed. Aiming toward a first step of resolving interstate commercial antagonisms, Virginia called for a trade conference in Annapolis, Maryland, set for September 1786. When the convention failed for lack of attendance due to suspicions among most of the other states, the Annapolis delegates called for a convention to offer revisions to the Articles, to be held the next spring in Philadelphia. Prospects for the next convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washington's attendance as a delegate to Philadelphia.
When the Constitutional Convention convened in May 1787, the 12 state delegations in attendance (Rhode Island was absent) brought with them an accumulated experience over a diverse set of institutional arrangements between legislative and executive branches from within their respective state governments. Most states maintained a weak executive without veto or appointment powers, elected annually by the legislature to a single term only, sharing power with an executive council, and countered by a strong legislature. New York offered the greatest exception, having a strong, unitary governor with veto and appointment power elected to a three-year term, and eligible for reelection to an indefinite number of terms thereafter. It was through the closed-door negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U.S. Constitution emerged.
The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto. The Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options:
In 1996, Congress attempted to enhance the president's veto power with the Line Item Veto Act. The legislation empowered the president to sign any spending bill into law while simultaneously striking certain spending items within the bill, particularly any new spending, any amount of discretionary spending, or any new limited tax benefit. Once a president had stricken the item, Congress could pass that particular item again. If the president then vetoed the new legislation, Congress could override the veto by its ordinary means, a two-thirds vote in both houses. In Clinton v. City of New York, 524 U.S. 417 (1998), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled such a legislative alteration of the veto power to be unconstitutional.
Perhaps the most important of all presidential powers is command of the United States Armed Forces as commander-in-chief. While the power to declare war is constitutionally vested in Congress, the president commands and directs the military and is responsible for planning military strategy. The framers of the Constitution took care to limit the president's powers regarding the military; Alexander Hamilton explains this in Federalist No. 69:
The President is to be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States. ... It would amount to nothing more than the supreme command and direction of the military and naval forces ... while that [the power] of the British king extends to the DECLARING of war and to the RAISING and REGULATING of fleets and armies, all [of] which ... would appertain to the legislature. [Emphasis in the original.]
Congress, pursuant to the War Powers Resolution, must authorize any troop deployments longer than 60 days, although that process relies on triggering mechanisms that have never been employed, rendering it ineffectual. Additionally, Congress provides a check to presidential military power through its control over military spending and regulation. While historically presidents initiated the process for going to war, critics have charged that there have been several conflicts in which presidents did not get official declarations, including Theodore Roosevelt's military move into Panama in 1903, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the invasions of Grenada in 1983 and Panama in 1990.
Along with the armed forces, the president also directs U.S. foreign policy. Through the Department of State and the Department of Defense, the president is responsible for the protection of Americans abroad and of foreign nationals in the United States. The president decides whether to recognize new nations and new governments, and negotiates treaties with other nations, which become binding on the United States when approved by two-thirds vote of the Senate.
Although not constitutionally provided, presidents also sometimes employ "executive agreements" in foreign relations. These agreements frequently regard administrative policy choices germane to executive power; for example, the extent to which either country presents an armed presence in a given area, how each country will enforce copyright treaties, or how each country will process foreign mail. However, the 20th century witnessed a vast expansion of the use of executive agreements, and critics have challenged the extent of that use as supplanting the treaty process and removing constitutionally prescribed checks and balances over the executive in foreign relations. Supporters counter that the agreements offer a pragmatic solution when the need for swift, secret, and/or concerted action arises.
The president is the head of the executive branch of the federal government and is constitutionally obligated to "take care that the laws be faithfully executed." The executive branch has over four million employees, including members of the military.
Presidents make numerous executive branch appointments: an incoming president may make up to 6,000 before he takes office and 8,000 more during his term. Ambassadors, members of the Cabinet, and other federal officers, are all appointed by a president with the "advice and consent" of a majority of the Senate. Appointments made while the Senate is in recess are temporary and expire at the end of the next session of the Senate.
The power of a president to fire executive officials has long been a contentious political issue. Generally, a president may remove purely executive officials at his discretion. However, Congress can curtail and constrain a president's authority to fire commissioners of independent regulatory agencies and certain inferior executive officers by statute.
The president possesses the ability to direct much of the executive branch through executive orders that are grounded in federal law or constitutionally granted executive power. Executive orders are reviewable by federal courts and can be repealed by federal legislation.
To manage the growing federal bureaucracy, Presidents have gradually surrounded themselves with many layers of staff, who were eventually organized into the Executive Office of the President of the United States. Within the Executive Office, the President's innermost layer of aides (and their assistants) are located in the White House Office.
The president also has the power to nominate federal judges, including members of the United States courts of appeals and the Supreme Court of the United States. However, these nominations do require Senate confirmation. Securing Senate approval can provide a major obstacle for presidents who wish to orient the federal judiciary toward a particular ideological stance. When nominating judges to U.S. district courts, presidents often respect the long-standing tradition of Senatorial courtesy. Presidents may also grant pardons and reprieves, as is often done just before the end of a presidential term, not without controversy.
Historically, two doctrines concerning executive power have developed that enable the president to exercise executive power with a degree of autonomy. The first is executive privilege, which allows the president to withhold from disclosure any communications made directly to the president in the performance of executive duties. George Washington first claimed privilege when Congress requested to see Chief Justice John Jay's notes from an unpopular treaty negotiation with Great Britain. While not enshrined in the Constitution, or any other law, Washington's action created the precedent for the privilege. When Richard Nixon tried to use executive privilege as a reason for not turning over subpoenaed evidence to Congress during the Watergate scandal, the Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683 (1974), that executive privilege did not apply in cases where a president was attempting to avoid criminal prosecution. When President Bill Clinton attempted to use executive privilege regarding the Lewinsky scandal, the Supreme Court ruled in Clinton v. Jones, 520 U.S. 681 (1997), that the privilege also could not be used in civil suits. These cases established the legal precedent that executive privilege is valid, although the exact extent of the privilege has yet to be clearly defined. Additionally, federal courts have allowed this privilege to radiate outward and protect other executive branch employees, but have weakened that protection for those executive branch communications that do not involve the president.
The state secrets privilege allows the president and the executive branch to withhold information or documents from discovery in legal proceedings if such release would harm national security. Precedent for the privilege arose early in the 19th century when Thomas Jefferson refused to release military documents in the treason trial of Aaron Burr and again in 1876 in Totten v. United States, when the Supreme Court dismissed a case brought by a former Union spy. However, the privilege was not formally recognized by the U.S. Supreme Court until United States v. Reynolds (1953) where it was held to be a common law evidentiary privilege. Before the September 11 attacks, use of the privilege had been rare, but increasing in frequency. Since 2001, the government has asserted the privilege in more cases and at earlier stages of the litigation, thus in some instances causing dismissal of the suits before reaching the merits of the claims, as in the Ninth Circuit's ruling in Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan. Critics of the privilege claim its use has become a tool for the government to cover up illegal or embarrassing government actions.
Representing the executive branch of government, the president cannot simultaneously hold a seat in Congress. Therefore, the president cannot directly introduce legislative proposals for consideration in Congress. However, the president can take an indirect role in shaping legislation, especially if the president's political party has a majority in one or both houses of Congress. For example, the president or other officials of the executive branch may draft legislation and then ask senators or representatives to introduce these drafts into Congress. The president can further influence the legislative branch through constitutionally mandated, periodic reports to Congress. These reports may be either written or oral, but today are given as the State of the Union address, which often outlines the president's legislative proposals for the coming year.
In the 20th century critics began charging that too many legislative and budgetary powers have slid into the hands of presidents that should belong to Congress. As the head of the executive branch, presidents control a vast array of agencies that can issue regulations with little oversight from Congress. One critic charged that presidents could appoint a "virtual army of 'czars' – each wholly unaccountable to Congress yet tasked with spearheading major policy efforts for the White House." Presidents have been criticized for making signing statements when signing congressional legislation about how they understand a bill or plan to execute it. This practice has been criticized by the American Bar Association as unconstitutional. Conservative commentator George Will wrote of an "increasingly swollen executive branch" and "the eclipse of Congress."
According to Article II, Section 3, Clause 2 of the Constitution, the president may convene either or both houses of Congress. If both houses cannot agree on a date of adjournment, the president may appoint a date for Congress to adjourn.
As head of state, the president can fulfill traditions established by previous presidents. William Howard Taft started the tradition of throwing out the ceremonial first pitch in 1910 at Griffith Stadium, Washington, D.C., on the Washington Senators' Opening Day. Every president since Taft, except for Jimmy Carter, threw out at least one ceremonial first ball or pitch for Opening Day, the All-Star Game, or the World Series, usually with much fanfare.
Other presidential traditions are associated with American holidays. Rutherford B. Hayes began in 1878 the first White House egg rolling for local children. Beginning in 1947 during the Harry S. Truman administration, every Thanksgiving the president is presented with a live domestic turkey during the annual national thanksgiving turkey presentation held at the White House. Since 1989, when the custom of "pardoning" the turkey was formalized by George H. W. Bush, the turkey has been taken to a farm where it will live out the rest of its natural life.
Presidential traditions also involve the president's role as head of government. Many outgoing presidents since James Buchanan traditionally give advice to their successor during the presidential transition. Ronald Reagan and his successors have also left a private message on the desk of the Oval Office on Inauguration Day for the incoming president.
|
|
|Problems listening to this file? See media help.|
During a state visit by a foreign head of state, the president typically hosts a State Arrival Ceremony held on the South Lawn, a custom begun by John F. Kennedy in 1961. This is followed by a state dinner given by the president which is held in the State Dining Room later in the evening.
The modern presidency holds the president as one of the nation's premier celebrities. Some argue that images of the presidency have a tendency to be manipulated by administration public relations officials as well as by presidents themselves. One critic described the presidency as "propagandized leadership" which has a "mesmerizing power surrounding the office." Administration public relations managers staged carefully crafted photo-ops of smiling presidents with smiling crowds for television cameras. One critic wrote the image of John F. Kennedy was described as carefully framed "in rich detail" which "drew on the power of myth" regarding the incident of PT 109 and wrote that Kennedy understood how to use images to further his presidential ambitions. As a result, some political commentators have opined that American voters have unrealistic expectations of presidents: voters expect a president to "drive the economy, vanquish enemies, lead the free world, comfort tornado victims, heal the national soul and protect borrowers from hidden credit-card fees."
Most of the nation's Founding Fathers expected the Congress, which was the first branch of government described in the Constitution, to be the dominant branch of government; they did not expect a strong executive. However, presidential power has shifted over time, which has resulted in claims that the modern presidency has become too powerful, unchecked, unbalanced, and "monarchist" in nature. Critic Dana D. Nelson believes presidents over the past thirty years have worked towards "undivided presidential control of the executive branch and its agencies." She criticizes proponents of the unitary executive for expanding "the many existing uncheckable executive powers – such as executive orders, decrees, memorandums, proclamations, national security directives and legislative signing statements – that already allow presidents to enact a good deal of foreign and domestic policy without aid, interference or consent from Congress." Activist Bill Wilson opined that the expanded presidency was "the greatest threat ever to individual freedom and democratic rule."
Article II, Section 1, Clause 5 of the Constitution sets the principal qualifications one must meet to be eligible to the office of president. A president must:
A person who meets the above qualifications is still disqualified from holding the office of president under any of the following conditions:
The modern presidential campaign begins before the primary elections, which the two major political parties use to clear the field of candidates before their national nominating conventions, where the most successful candidate is made the party's nominee for president. Typically, the party's presidential candidate chooses a vice presidential nominee, and this choice is rubber-stamped by the convention.
Nominees participate in nationally televised debates, and while the debates are usually restricted to the Democratic and Republican nominees, third party candidates may be invited, such as Ross Perot in the 1992 debates. Nominees campaign across the country to explain their views, convince voters and solicit contributions. Much of the modern electoral process is concerned with winning swing states through frequent visits and mass media advertising drives.
Presidents are elected indirectly in the United States. A number of electors, collectively known as the Electoral College, officially select the president. On Election Day, voters in each of the states and the District of Columbia cast ballots for these electors. Each state is allocated a number of electors, equal to the size of its delegation in both Houses of Congress combined. Generally, the ticket that wins the most votes in a state wins all of that state's electoral votes and thus has its slate of electors chosen to vote in the Electoral College.
The winning slate of electors meet at its state's capital on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December, about six weeks after the election, to vote. They then send a record of that vote to Congress. The vote of the electors is opened by the sitting vice president, acting in his capacity as President of the Senate and read aloud to a joint session of the incoming Congress, which was elected at the same time as the president.
Pursuant to the Twentieth Amendment, the president's term of office begins at noon on January 20 of the year following the election. This date, known as Inauguration Day, marks the beginning of the four-year terms of both the president and the vice president. Before executing the powers of the office, a president is constitutionally required to take the presidential oath:
Although not required, presidents have traditionally palmed a Bible while swearing the oath and have added, "So help me God!" to the end of the oath. Further, though no law requires that the oath of office be administered by any specific person, presidents are traditionally sworn in by the Chief Justice of the United States.
The term of office for president and vice president is four years. George Washington, the first president, set an unofficial precedent of serving only two terms, which subsequent presidents followed until 1940. Before Franklin D. Roosevelt, attempts at a third term were encouraged by supporters of Ulysses S. Grant and Theodore Roosevelt; neither of these attempts succeeded. In 1940, Franklin D. Roosevelt declined to seek a third term, but allowed his political party to "draft" him as its presidential candidate and was subsequently elected to a third term. In 1941, the United States entered World War II, leading voters to elect Roosevelt to a fourth term in 1944.
After the war, and in response to Roosevelt being elected to third and fourth terms, the Twenty-second Amendment was adopted. The amendment bars anyone from being elected president more than twice, or once if that person served more than half of another president's term. Harry S. Truman, who was president when the amendment was adopted, and so by the amendment's provisions exempt from its limitation, also briefly sought a third (a second full) term before withdrawing from the 1952 election.
Since the amendment's adoption, four presidents have served two full terms: Dwight D. Eisenhower, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush. Jimmy Carter and George H. W. Bush sought a second term, but were defeated. Richard Nixon was elected to a second term, but resigned before completing it. Lyndon B. Johnson was the only president under the amendment to be eligible to serve more than two terms in total, having served for only fourteen months following John F. Kennedy's assassination. However, Johnson withdrew from the 1968 Democratic Primary, surprising many Americans. Gerald Ford sought a full term, after serving out the last two years and five months of Nixon's second term, but was not elected.
Vacancies in the office of president may arise under several possible circumstances: death, resignation and removal from office.
Article II, Section 4 of the Constitution allows the House of Representatives to impeach high federal officials, including the president, for "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors." Article I, Section 3, Clause 6 gives the Senate the power to remove impeached officials from office, given a two-thirds vote to convict. The House has thus far impeached two presidents: Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1998. Neither was subsequently convicted by the Senate; however, Johnson was acquitted by just one vote.
Under Section 3 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, the president may transfer the presidential powers and duties to the vice president, who then becomes acting president, by transmitting a statement to the Speaker of the House and the president pro tempore of the Senate stating the reasons for the transfer. The president resumes the discharge of the presidential powers and duties when he transmits, to those two officials, a written declaration stating that resumption. This transfer of power may occur for any reason the president considers appropriate; in 2002 and again in 2007, President George W. Bush briefly transferred presidential authority to Vice President Dick Cheney. In both cases, this was done to accommodate a medical procedure which required Bush to be sedated; both times, Bush returned to duty later the same day.
Under Section 4 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, the vice president, in conjunction with a majority of the Cabinet, may transfer the presidential powers and duties from the president to the vice president by transmitting a written declaration to the Speaker of the House and the president pro tempore of the Senate that the president is unable to discharge the presidential powers and duties. If this occurs, then the vice president will assume the presidential powers and duties as acting president; however, the president can declare that no such inability exists and resume the discharge of the presidential powers and duties. If the vice president and Cabinet contest this claim, it is up to Congress, which must meet within two days if not already in session, to decide the merit of the claim.
The United States Constitution mentions the resignation of the president but does not regulate the form of such a resignation or the conditions for its validity. Pursuant to federal law, the only valid evidence of the president's resignation is a written instrument to that effect, signed by the president and delivered to the office of the Secretary of State. This has only occurred once, when Richard Nixon delivered a letter to Henry Kissinger to that effect.
The Constitution states that the vice president becomes president upon the removal from office, death or resignation of the preceding president. If the offices of president and vice president both are either vacant or have a disabled holder of that office, the next officer in the presidential line of succession, the Speaker of the House, becomes acting president. The line then extends to the president pro tempore of the Senate, followed by every member of the Cabinet in a set order.
|Date established||Salary||Salary in 2009
|
dollars
|September 24, 1789||$25,000||$566,000|
|March 3, 1873||$50,000||$865,000|
|March 4, 1909||$75,000||$1,714,000|
|January 19, 1949||$100,000||$906,000|
|January 20, 1969||$200,000||$1,175,000|
|January 20, 2001||$400,000||$487,000|
|Sources:|
The president earns a $400,000 annual salary, along with a $50,000 annual expense account, a $100,000 nontaxable travel account and $19,000 for entertainment. The most recent raise in salary was approved by Congress and President Bill Clinton in 1999 and went into effect in 2001.
The White House in Washington, D.C. serves as the official place of residence for the president; he is entitled to use its staff and facilities, including medical care, recreation, housekeeping, and security services. Naval Support Facility Thurmont, popularly known as Camp David, is a mountain-based military camp in Frederick County, Maryland used as a country retreat and for high alert protection of the president and his guests. Blair House, located next to the Old Executive Office Building at the White House Complex and Lafayette Park, is a complex of four connected townhouses exceeding 70,000 square feet (6,500 m2) of floor space which serves as the president's official guest house and as a secondary residence for the president if needed.
For ground travel, the president uses the presidential state car, which is an armored limousine built on a heavily modified Cadillac-based chassis. One of two identical Boeing VC-25 aircraft, which are extensively modified versions of Boeing 747-200B airliners, serve as long distance travel for the president, and are referred to as Air Force One while the president is on board. The president also uses a United States Marine Corps helicopter, designated Marine One when the president is aboard.
The United States Secret Service is charged with protecting the sitting president and the first family. As part of their protection, presidents, first ladies, their children and other immediate family members, and other prominent persons and locations are assigned Secret Service codenames. The use of such names was originally for security purposes and dates to a time when sensitive electronic communications were not routinely encrypted; today, the names simply serve for purposes of brevity, clarity and tradition.
The White House
Beginning in 1959, all living former presidents were granted a pension, an office and a staff. The pension has increased numerous times with Congressional approval. Retired presidents now receive a pension based on the salary of the current administration's cabinet secretaries, which is $191,300 each year as of 2008. Some former presidents have also collected congressional pensions.[dead link] The Former Presidents Act, as amended, also provides former presidents with travel funds and franking privileges.
Until 1997, all former presidents, and their families, were protected by the Secret Service until the president's death. The last president to have lifetime Secret Service protection was Bill Clinton; all subsequent presidents are protected by the Secret Service for a maximum of ten years after leaving office.
Some presidents have had significant careers after leaving office. Prominent examples include William Howard Taft's tenure as Chief Justice of the United States and Herbert Hoover's work on government reorganization after World War II. Grover Cleveland, whose bid for reelection failed in 1888, was elected president again four years later in 1892. Two former presidents served in Congress after leaving the White House: John Quincy Adams was elected to the House of Representatives, serving there for seventeen years, and Andrew Johnson returned to the Senate in 1875. John Tyler served in the provisional Congress of the Confederate States during the Civil War and was elected to the Confederate House of Representatives.
Presidents may use their predecessors as emissaries to deliver private messages to other nations, or as official representatives of the United States to state funerals and other important foreign events. Richard Nixon made multiple foreign trips to countries including China and Russia, and was lauded as an elder statesman. Jimmy Carter has become a global human rights campaigner, international arbiter and election monitor, and a recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. Bill Clinton has also worked as an informal ambassador, most recently in the negotiations that led to the release of two American journalists, Laura Ling and Euna Lee from North Korea. Clinton has also been active politically since his presidential term ended, working with his wife Hillary on her presidential bid.
Currently there are four living former presidents:
Jimmy Carter (D),
served 1977–1981
George H. W. Bush (R),
served 1989–1993
Bill Clinton (D),
served 1993–2001
George W. Bush (R),
served 2001–2009
Each president since Herbert Hoover has created a repository known as a presidential library for preserving and making available his papers, records and other documents and materials. Completed libraries are deeded to and maintained by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA); the initial funding for building and equipping each library must come from private, non-federal sources. There are currently thirteen presidential libraries in the NARA system. There are also a number of presidential libraries maintained by state governments and private foundations, such as the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum, which is run by the State of Illinois.
As many presidents live for many years after leaving office, several of them have personally overseen the building and opening of their own presidential libraries, some even making arrangements for their own burial at the site. Several presidential libraries therefore contain the graves of the president they document, such as the Richard Nixon Presidential Library in Yorba Linda, California and the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, California. The graves are viewable by the general public visiting these libraries.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Toutes les traductions de President_of_the_United_States
Contenu de sensagent
dictionnaire et traducteur pour sites web
Alexandria
Une fenêtre (pop-into) d'information (contenu principal de Sensagent) est invoquée un double-clic sur n'importe quel mot de votre page web. LA fenêtre fournit des explications et des traductions contextuelles, c'est-à-dire sans obliger votre visiteur à quitter votre page web !
Solution commerce électronique
Augmenter le contenu de votre site
Ajouter de nouveaux contenus Add à votre site depuis Sensagent par XML.
Parcourir les produits et les annonces
Obtenir des informations en XML pour filtrer le meilleur contenu.
Indexer des images et définir des méta-données
Fixer la signification de chaque méta-donnée (multilingue).
Renseignements suite à un email de description de votre projet.
Jeux de lettres
Les jeux de lettre français sont :
○ Anagrammes
○ jokers, mots-croisés
○ Lettris
○ Boggle.
Lettris
Lettris est un jeu de lettres gravitationnelles proche de Tetris. Chaque lettre qui apparaît descend ; il faut placer les lettres de telle manière que des mots se forment (gauche, droit, haut et bas) et que de la place soit libérée.
boggle
Il s'agit en 3 minutes de trouver le plus grand nombre de mots possibles de trois lettres et plus dans une grille de 16 lettres. Il est aussi possible de jouer avec la grille de 25 cases. Les lettres doivent être adjacentes et les mots les plus longs sont les meilleurs. Participer au concours et enregistrer votre nom dans la liste de meilleurs joueurs ! Jouer
Dictionnaire de la langue française
Principales Références
La plupart des définitions du français sont proposées par SenseGates et comportent un approfondissement avec Littré et plusieurs auteurs techniques spécialisés.
Le dictionnaire des synonymes est surtout dérivé du dictionnaire intégral (TID).
L'encyclopédie française bénéficie de la licence Wikipedia (GNU).
Copyright
Les jeux de lettres anagramme, mot-croisé, joker, Lettris et Boggle sont proposés par Memodata.
Le service web Alexandria est motorisé par Memodata pour faciliter les recherches sur Ebay.
Traduction
Changer la langue cible pour obtenir des traductions.
Astuce: parcourir les champs sémantiques du dictionnaire analogique en plusieurs langues pour mieux apprendre avec sensagent. | https://dictionnaire.sensagent.leparisien.fr/President_of_the_United_States/en-en/ |
Angela Merkel Will Get the Red Carpet but Offer Cold Comfort to Cameron
German chancellor Angela Merkel jets into London on Thursday to receive the full red carpet treatment from David Cameron but without any sign she will ride to his rescue in his never-ending battle with his Euro rebels.
In stark contrast to the minimal welcome offered to French socialist president Francois Hollande earlier this year, Merkel will get the works, meeting the Queen and all three party leaders and addressing both houses of parliament.
The visit will suggest a close friendship between Cameron and Merkel, and the mood music will all be about the two of them working together to re-focus the EU.
But, while it is the case that the two leaders get on with each other, on the same centre-right political playing field within the EU, they are actually engaged in different sports.
Cameron is looking for substantial treaty changes to placate his backbench rebels and allow him to lead an "in" campaign in his promised 2017 referendum on Britain's future within the EU.
Merkel, while ready to look at targeted changes to boost competitiveness and economic stability and to secure the eurozone, is not in favour of the sort of mass repatriations of power Tory Eurosceptics are demanding.
She wants to do what she can to help Cameron, but will only go so far. For one thing she, like Cameron, is in coalition. And her Social Democrat allies are fare less enthusiastic about helping the British Tories.
In any case, there will be German elections in 2017 in which Merkel is not expected to stand again, so Germany's focus will be elsewhere in the year proceeding it.
There is also another reason why Cameron's influence is less than he might hope. Virtually no one believes he would ever lead a campaign for British withdrawal from the EU.
The prime minister tried to buy off his backbench rebels with promises he can achieve substantial treaty renegotiations and repatriation of powers from Brussels after the 2015 election, assuming he wins the election, itself a pretty big "if".
Notably, however, he has refused to be specific about exactly what those might be or what powers he thinks he can repatriate.
And to quote any number of Tory backbenchers, he has "painted himself into a corner" over this one, not least because a significant number of his Eurosceptic MPs, the so-called "irreconcilables", will not accept any changes negotiated by the prime minister.
This group will only ever be satisfied with withdrawal from the EU and, virtually irrespective of the outcome of any negotiations, will continue to demand more.
Meanwhile, there is the prospect of two years following the next election of huge uncertainty over British membership of the EU which could hugely damage the economic recovery.
There are already a number of inward investors talking about the effect of such uncertainty. Car giant Hyundai has now joined the throng with the boss of its UK arm Tony Whitehorn telling the Huffington Post: "Everything is much easier because of the single market, and if that scenario was changed it would make it more challenging. The minute you go away from the single market, you reduce the certainty."
Lastly, of course, there is the uncertainty over Cameron's ability to win the 2015 election in the first place.
If he fails and is looking at another coalition with the Liberal Democrats – seen as hugely unlikely amid rumours both he and Labour might rule out such a deal before 2015 – or tries to rule as a minority government, all bets will be off. | https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/angela-merkel-will-get-red-carpet-offer-cold-comfort-cameron-1437979 |
Galaxies are vast swarms of billions of stars along with huge interstellar clouds of gas and dust. A spiral galaxy has a broad, thin disk shape, with a bulge of stars in its core, Within the disk are winding arms of dark dust lanes and bright star-forming regions, This structure is stable when left alone, but is relatively easily disturbed when another galaxy passes near. Astronomers have studied galaxy interactions for decades, and Hubble's keen vision has been particularly useful for examining new details.
A 2008 Hubble press release unveiled 59 images of galaxy interactions. Each image, however, captures only one moment in a billion-year-long collision process. This visualization of a galaxy collision supercomputer simulation shows the entire collision sequence, and compares the different stages of the collision to different interacting galaxy pairs observed by Hubble. The two spiral galaxies in the simulation distort, twist, and merge together, matching different images at different times and different viewing angles. With this combination of research simulations and high resolution observations, these titanic crashes can be better illustrated and understood. | http://hubblesite.org/video/17 |
Astronomers estimate that every second, somewhere in the observable universe, a star undergoes a supernova explosion. These stars are the source of chemical elements heavier than boron — like the calcium in our bones, the iron in our blood, and the sodium and potassium that orchestrate nerve impulses.
So, while it’s true that we are “star stuff”, we’re most deeply connected to those suns that end their days in explosions and scatter newly forged elements across the cosmos. Supernovae leave behind the most extreme objects we know of. Neutron stars are no larger than Manhattan Island and contain more matter than the Sun. Stranger still are black holes, where gravity is so strong that not even light escapes.
And at least some supernovae are linked to gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), the most powerful explosions in the universe. Scientists have detected GRBs from as early as about 13 billion years ago, when the universe was 4 percent of its current age. They don’t see supernovae as far in the past — the record is now about 12 billion years ago — but the nearest events offer important opportunities.
Thanks to archival images and data, astronomers have been able to study 15 doomed stars before they blew up. Nearby supernovae also provide the best chance for catching the explosions long before they reach peak brightness in order to better understand how they unfold. “There is now a real push to locate and study supernovae as close to the start of the explosion as possible, ideally within the first 24 hours”, says Stephen Smartt, an astronomer at Queen’s University Belfast in Northern Ireland.
While scientists understand reasonably well the most common types of supernovae, new wide-field surveys are finding extreme examples that explode in unusual environments. One of those projects, the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF), has discoveredmore than 1,800 supernovae since 2009. Shri Kulkarni, the lead investigator on PTF, sums up the situation this way: “We have not been imaginative enough in understanding how stars die”.
The big picture
Nova derives from the Latin for “new star”, a term that entered the scientific lexicon in 1573 when the great Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe reported on the previous year’s brilliant example.
A typical nova rapidly brightens by thousands of times and then, over a period of weeks, fades back into obscurity. Astronomers now know that novae occur in binary systems where a normal star transfers matter onto a white dwarf — the dense Earth-sized remnant of a star like the Sun.
Hydrogen gas piles onto the white dwarf and heats up until the layer eventually ignites in a runaway thermonuclear reaction that blows off the accreted gas, creating the nova outburst.
The white dwarf itself remains intact and may undergo this process repeatedly. One of the best examples is RS Ophiuchi, a system where the white dwarf “goes nova” about every 20 years. For it to “go supernova” would require the white dwarf’s complete disruption, a scenario that until recently was not thought possible in this type of system.
In 1934, long before the physical details of the nova process were clear, astronomers Fritz Zwicky and Walter Baade began referring to the most exceptional novae as “super-novae”, and they made a convincing case that such events represent the collapse of an ordinary star into a neutron star. At the time, observational proof that neutron stars even existed was 30 years away, but Zwicky and Baade’s basic picture still describes the most populated supernova (SN) class. SN 1987A, the most recent “superstar” visible to the naked eye, dramatically confirmed this theory. Before-and-after images demonstrate that a star did disappear.
Scientists also detected a burst of neutrinos particles that don’t easily interact with matter, travel at nearly the speed of light, and carry away most of the energy of a stellar collapse — at Earth before the visible explosion. Depending on mass, composition, and other factors, such a core-collapse supernova may leave behind a neutron star or a stellar-mass black hole. Spreading starlight into a spectrum of its component colors, rainbow-like, allows astronomers to see the absorption or emission of energy produced by elements in the star’s gases, clues that reveal the stellar atmosphere’s composition and motion.
In 1941, Rudolph Minkowski found that the visible spectra of supernovae come in two distinct flavors at peak brightness: Type I supernovae show little evidence of hydrogen, while in type II blasts it is plentiful. Until recently, the general picture was that a type Ia supernova arises from the detonation and total destruction of a white dwarf in a matter-transferring binary system with a normal star.
In this scenario, the dwarf accumulates the gas rather than blowing it off in repeated nova explosions. All other supernovae — types lb and Ic, which are associated with GRBs, and all type II — involve stars born with more than about eight times the Sun’s mass. Such stars ultimately become unstable, collapse, and explode. The variations between different supernova types are what separate them.At 2:13 A.M. EDT on March 19, 2008, alert observers fortunate enough to be looking toward the constellation Boates at a dark site might have glimpsed gamma-ray burst (GRB) 080319B, one of the most luminous bursts in X-ray and gamma-ray energies and the brightest yet seen in visible light. The gamma-ray spike triggered NASA’s Swift satellite, which alerted astronomers around the globe.
Two robotic wide-field optical cameras — TORTORA and Pi of the Sky, both located at observatories in Chile — automatically slewed to observe the burst’s position. Both recorded the emergence of a dim star that, over a period of about 50 seconds, rose to a maximum brightness of magnitude 5.3 on the astronomical scale (or about three times brighter than the visual threshold) and then quickly faded to invisibility.
Incredibly, the light from this dying star had been traveling to Earth for 7.5 billion years. This was the birth cry of a black hole born when the universe was less than half its present age, long before the Sun was born. Astronomers say the event was so bright because its parti-cle jet happened to point almost directly toward Earth. They expect similar dead-on alignments with GRB jets to occur about once a decade, on average. | https://www.cosmosup.com/when-stars-go-bang/ |
NEW YORK, Aug. 4 (UPI) -- A Vincent Van Gogh original Elizabeth Taylor bought at an auction may have been stolen by the Nazis, according to a lawsuit filed in New York.
The artwork in question is Van Gogh's "The View of the Asylum and Chapel at Saint Remy," painted in 1889, reports Celebrity Justice.
Although she acquired the painting 31 years ago at a Sotheby's auction, it's now being alleged in the lawsuit Taylor is not the rightful owner, the report said.
Descendants of a Jewish woman who fled the Nazis say the painting was looted from their relatives and have demanded either its return or a share of its proceeds.
Under law, if the court rules against Taylor, the painting would be returned to the true owner.
New York attorney Howard Spiegler, who specializes in stolen art, says the burden of proof rests with those trying to recover the art.
Taylor, who converted to Judaism, says she sympathizes with other family heirs who lost art to the Nazis, but she says that doesn't apply in her case.
Celebrity Justice quoted Taylor as saying in a statement: "When it was brought to my attention that there may have been some questions as to the rightful owner of this Van Gogh, I instructed my attorneys that a thorough investigation be made.
"I have not been presented with any information that suggests that the painting was ever in Nazi possession," the statement said. | https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2004/08/04/Taylors-painting-ownership-disputed/71151091653833/ |
Cotton Candy - Painting, acrylic on cardboard, 2019 (27,5"x39")
This painting represents one of the worlds Clara loves the most: the world of delicacies and sweets. We try to make her eat healthy and sugar-free things because she has ADHD, and sugars would not suit her, but it is a daily struggle. She always manages to get people around to give her a cake or ice cream with her charm.
Acrylic on cardboard, 2019
70 x 100 cm
27.5 "x 39"
Includes white wooden frame: 78 x 109 cm - 30.7 "x 42.9"
All the original works are accompanied by the Certificate of Authenticity which contains all the data of the work, the serial number, the photo, and the signatures that certify that the art is by Clara.
Preparation time for the shipment of the original works: 1 week
Average time for shipping to the United States with FedEx: 1 week
Average time for shipping to Europe with FedEx and customs clearance: 7-15 days
Related PRODUCTS
Who is talking about us? | https://www.clarawoodscollection.com/products/cotton-candy |
1, Day 1: Fasting on Room Temperature or Warm Water OnlyThe first two days of the Ayurvedic Isolation Diet are the days of fasting. This means you are not going to eat any solids.On day 1, you will drink only water. You can have warm water or have it at room temperature. But avoid drinking ice cold water with ice floating in it. If you want, you can squeeze a slice of lemon into the water. Do not add sugar, salt, or honey.Drink a cup of water every hour. You will be peeing a lot but that is ok. As you begin to drink water, slow down a bit. There is no rush. Hold the water in your mouth for a little while. Savor its taste. Move it around. After all, water is the most important ingredient of your food and also your body. It keeps you alive just like air does. Why be in a hurry when you drink water? Drink it slowly, mindfully, as if it is divine nectar.Week 1, Day 2: Fasting on Water Alternating with Herbal TeasDrink a cup of herbal tea alternating with a cup of plain water -- again, one drink every hour. You can make organic herbal teas, add a squeeze of lemon, and a teaspoon of honey if you like. You may not have a bowel movement on this day as you have not eaten anything the day before. But if you have not had a bowel movement since starting your day 1 of water intake and day 2 of water and herbal tea intake, now your bowels might want to clear themselves out and evacuate the old feces. Honey and plenty of water provide the energy and pressure necessary to create a bowel movement.A note about organic, raw, local honey: There are studies that support the view that even type 2 diabetics can eat local, raw, and organic honey. They might experience a reduction in body weight, blood lipids, as well as glucose (53D).Someone might prefer just extending the water-only fast to day 2 and not bother with herbal teas. That is quite fine too. However, herbal teas with some honey added provide a slight amount of energy, satisfy the need for warm/hot drinks, increase the metabolism in the body, and also break the monotony of just having to drink water for two days in a row. Day 2 of fasting is very important because when the gastrointestinal and excretory system is not constantly dealing with incoming foods and metabolites, these systems not only get cleaned but also get a chance to repair their cells and tissues.What about caffeine?During fasting days, when you drink water only or herbal teas alternating with water, you will come to know if you are addicted to caffeine or not. Caffeine addiction shows itself as withdrawal headache, fatigue, anxiety, irritability, low energy, depressed mood, listlessness, jitteriness, and lethargy when you miss drinking your daily tea/coffee at the time when you are used to drinking it. Breaking this habit in one day can be problematic, and of course this experience is not worth it.As you begin your water only fast, make sure your caffeine supply is available, at least the first cup of tea or coffee that you drink first thing in the morning. When you feel the first stirrings of withdrawal symptoms, first fill up your stomach with water and only then drink your tea or coffee so that these beverages do not bother and irritate your empty stomach.Step 2: Ayurvedic Isolation Diet or Mono-Diet on Vegetables OnlyWeek 1, Days 3-7Days 3 through 7 are when you are going to focus on eating one type of food at a time (mono-diet).Since you are eating just one type of food, there will be a little inner voice asking for other food groups. Though you are eating just one type of food (vegetables), you are eating sufficient quantities of it till your hunger is satisfied. You are not depriving yourself or starving. As a result, you will not be extremely hungry and thus you will have better chance of staying on the plan and bringing it to a successful conclusion.The best guide for knowing how much to eat is your own hunger. Eat enough vegetables to fill your stomach. You do not have to starve yourself while you are practicing the Ayurvedic isolation diet, and there is no need to overeat at any given meal either, because you can always have a vegetable snack between meals.Eat Just One Type of Vegetable for Each MealIn therapeutic applications of the Ayurvedic isolation diet, people have obtained brilliant results by eating just one type of vegetable for over two weeks, for all meals and snacks. For the best curative outcomes, it is best to stick with this recommendation. However, for the general purposes of cleansing, regeneration, rejuvenation, and weight loss, it is okay to eat different vegetables each day, but not in the same meal. So, on Week 1 of vegetables only, you would eat only one type of vegetable--broccoli, for example, for breakfast, then another type, say, carrots for the lunch, and so on. This allows the digestive system to fully extract all the nutrients from that one type of vegetable and then focus its attention on extracting nutrients from reserved fats and unwanted tissues in the body before the next meal.
Vatsala Sperling, Ph.D., PDHom, CCH, RSHom, is a classical homeopath who grew up in India and earned her doctorate in clinical microbiology. Before moving to the United States in the 1990s, she was the Chief of Clinical Microbiology at the Childs Trust Hospital in Chennai, India, where she published extensively and conducted research with the World Health Organization. A founding member of Hacienda Rio Cote, a reforestation project in Costa Rica, she runs her own homeopathy practice in both Vermont and Costa Rica. She lives in Rochester, Vermont. | https://wisdom-magazine.com/Article.aspx/5382/ |
In math, the range is the difference between the largest and smallest numbers in a given set.
The range of a set of numbers is the highest number minus the lowest number.
The range
Range:the difference between the greastest and least numbers in a set of data!
range means ... when theres a set of numbers put it in to least to greatest the subtract the highest number by the lowest
Range is the difference between the smallest and greatest numbers eg. 34 42 48 56 therefore 56-34=22 is the range.
Range, when talking about math, is all the possible y values.
there is no such math term
The math term for multiplication is PRODUCT.
"Subset" IS the math term in this case.
The definition of the term quantitative methods is the range of mathematical and statistical techniques used to analysis data. This is primarily used in math equations.
power in a math term is when you multiply the exponents
A term in math usually refers to a # in a arithmetic/geometric sequence
IQR = Inter Quartile RangeIQR = Inter Quartile RangeIQR = Inter Quartile RangeIQR = Inter Quartile Range
math term that begins with the letter x
One math term is y-axis and or yard
There is no such math term. There is, on the other hand, an astronomical term "equinox".
math
A
you minus the greatest number by the least and the answer is the range
the range is the maximum minus the minimum.
A math expression is a collection of math terms
math landmarks are mean,median,mode,range
what does the term reorder mean in math
No, the math term ratio doesn't mean multiply. | https://math.answers.com/Q/What_is_a_range_as_a_math_term |
Purchasing and Receiving
The flow of food is the steps that food goes through from the time the food is received until the time that it is served. If food is not handled safely at each step, contamination or bacterial growth could occur. Three common flow charts are:
- Receiving → Storage → Serving
- Receiving → Storage → Preparation → Cooking → Holding → Serving
- Receiving → Storage → Preparation → Cooking → Cooling → Reheating → Serving
Your food safety plan should address how you will keep food safe at each step. Therefore, food safety and standard operating procedures need to be developed for each step. The first step is develop procedures to determine if a food is safe upon receipt.
Safe and Approved Food Source
The first line of defense in preventing foodborne illness is to obtain food from safe and approved sources. Safe and approved sources are suppliers that comply with pertinent laws and regulations. The only exception is that fresh, whole, uncut produce can come from any source, including roadside vendors, Farmer's Market, and local gardens. Never use home prepared or home canned food in your restaurant as it is not known if it was safely prepared.
Inspect before You Accept
Inspect foods to reduce your risk for foodborne illness and to be sure that food is safe. Check delivery vehicles for cleanliness and proper temperature control. Dirty vehicles could contaminate food. Never accept food that has been shipped in a vehicle that has carried live animals or harmful substances. If these vehicles must be used, they must be thoroughly washed, rinsed, and sanitized before they are used to transport food. Temperature–controlled vehicles must be at the proper temperature.
- Vehicles used to transport refrigerated foods must be at 41°F (5°C) or colder;
- Vehicles used to transport frozen foods must be at 0°F (–18°C) or colder; and
- Vehicles used to transport hot foods must be at 135°F (57°C) or hotter.
Inspect all deliveries before you accept them. It is important to have a list of criteria that you or your workers will use to determine if the food will be accepted or rejected. The food worker who accepts food deliveries must be trained on how to use this criteria.
Other considerations
Shellstock is raw mollusca shellfish still in their shell. Mollusca shellfish include oysters, clams, mussels, and scallops. Shellstock tags must remain attached to the container until the container is empty. They must be kept on file for 90 calendar days from the harvest date. | https://chinesefoodsafety.com/sections/section6.html |
Doing the Survey
Allrighty then! With all the preliminaries out of the way, we can now start the survey. Surveyor uses a simple, but effective way for the user to communicate the path taken during the survey. You simply estimate where you are on the Site Map, move your mouse pointer and click to mark the spot. Figure 8 shows what this ends up looking like after a survey walk.
Figure 8: Site Map plus Survey Path
(click on the image for a larger view)
Each of the slightly larger red square dots indicates a clicked (entered) location point while each smaller blue square dot represents a location where Surveyor calculated that a signal data sample was taken.
Though this seemed simple enough to start, it wasn't long before I starting wondering how often I was supposed to indicate my position. The printed User Guide was no help, saying only "Click on the map accurately where you are as you walk". It turns out that the key to knowing how often and where to click lies in understanding how Surveyor marries the Site Map location clicks and signal data samples.
Because Surveyor has no innate way of knowing where each data sample was made, it relies on the user to accurately click his / her location on the Site Map as the survey progresses. Surveyor then uses that information, along with a time stamp for each data sample, to estimate where each sample was actually taken and attach calculated X and Y coordinates to each sample.
Since the calculation is done using a straight line interpolation, it's important that you click just before each change in direction and estimate your location as accurately as possible. An example will show how important it is to watch where you click!
Let's say I start a survey by clicking my start location on the Site Map and I'm using the default data logging rate of 3 seconds between samples. Right after I click, I drop my favorite pen and spend about 10 seconds finding and picking it up. Pen retrieved, I now move 20 feet down the hallway and click to indicate my location. If I stopped the survey at this point, Surveyor would show a survey path something like Figure 9.
Figure 9: Misleading Survey Path
Note that Surveyor has taken the three data points that were actually taken at the same location while I was hunting for my pen and distributed them evenly along a 20 foot path. This is obviously incorrect - the correct diagram would show three data samples clustered near the starting point - but accurate according to the location information I gave Surveyor.
What I should have done is either click again on the survey start point before I began to move, paused the survey (using Surveyor's Pause feature) right after I dropped my pen, or just restarted the survey after clearing out the incorrect data. If you end up in a blind alley, or just decide that you don't want data you gathered along a particular survey leg, you can also use Surveyor's Retract function to erase the most recent path.
Surveyor lets you perform two survey types. A "passive" survey gathers signal, noise channel and SSID data from all in-range APs - much like AirMagnet's Laptop and Handheld products. You can also perform "active" surveys that log signal info from a specific AP that you choose to associate with or multiple APs in a specified SSID. The setup for both survey types is pretty much the same with the "active" survey only requiring you to choose an SSID or AP to associate with. | https://www.wireless-driver.com/airmagnet-surveyor-reviewed/5/ |
PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method for producing a continuously cast slab for a hot dip galvannealed steel sheet in which, when a continuously cast slab used for producing a hot dip galvannealed extra-low carbon Ti-containing IF (Interstitial Free) steel sheet is produced, which prevents both stripe unevenness and scabs generated at the surface.
2
-4
3
*
SOLUTION: A molten steel having a composition satisfying [mass%C]≤0.004%, 0.004 mass%≤[mass%S]≤0.015 mass%, 0.01 mass%≤[mass%Ti]≤0.10 mass% and [mass%N]≤0.004 mass%, and in which the amount of solid solution Ti expressed by the following formula lies in the range of -0.005 mass% to 0.020 mass% is electromagnetically stirred in a continuous casting mold, and the average density of the total number of inclusions and pinholes in which the size per number within 10 mm of the surface layer in the slab is ≥0.005 mm is controlled to ≤7.0×10 pieces/mm: [mass%Ti]=[mass%Ti]-48×([mass%N]/14+[mass%S]/32). Both the scabs and the stripe unevenness in a hot dip galvannealed extra-low carbon Ti-containing IF steel sheet can be consistently improved.
COPYRIGHT: (C)2012,JPO&INPIT
PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method for producing a continuously cast slab for a hot dip galvannealed steel sheet in which, when a continuously cast slab used for producing a hot dip galvannealed extra-low carbon Ti-containing IF (Interstitial Free) steel sheet is produced, which prevents both stripe unevenness and scabs generated at the surface.
2
-4
3
*
SOLUTION: A molten steel having a composition satisfying [mass%C]≤0.004%, 0.004 mass%≤[mass%S]≤0.015 mass%, 0.01 mass%≤[mass%Ti]≤0.10 mass% and [mass%N]≤0.004 mass%, and in which the amount of solid solution Ti expressed by the following formula lies in the range of -0.005 mass% to 0.020 mass% is electromagnetically stirred in a continuous casting mold, and the average density of the total number of inclusions and pinholes in which the size per number within 10 mm of the surface layer in the slab is ≥0.005 mm is controlled to ≤7.0×10 pieces/mm: [mass%Ti]=[mass%Ti]-48×([mass%N]/14+[mass%S]/32). Both the scabs and the stripe unevenness in a hot dip galvannealed extra-low carbon Ti-containing IF steel sheet can be consistently improved.
COPYRIGHT: (C)2012,JPO&INPIT | |
Did up three final batches of fudge today:
- chocolate ginger
- coconut lime tequila
- coffee spice (cinnamon + vanilla)
The chocolate ginger came out more or less as I wanted – deep, dark, rich chocolate spiced up with a good healthy dose of ginger, with bits of candied ginger mixed throughout. I took the “classic” fudge recipe from Cookwise, tripled it, and spiked the result with 1 full cup of Valrhona cocoa powder. I added some extra water and cooked the result very, very carefully over medium heat – with that much extra cocoa powder, it’s very prone to burning. I cooked it to 238 degrees, 2 degrees higher than called for, but think that in retro that may have been a mistake; the resulting fudge is a bit harder than I would have liked. If I remember correctly, the acidity in chocolate tends to toughen milk proteins, so when I added the extra cocoa it firmed up the fudge more than I anticipated.
Nonetheless, it’s quite tasty. I may add chocolate ginger to my “standard” truffle line.
The coconut lime tequila fudge is…interesting. Flavor-wise, it’s definitely the most complex of the three. The first thing that hits you is tequila, followed by coconut, followed by lime in the aftertaste. I used Cookwise’s standard fudge recipe (1/2 cup milk, 1 cup sugar, 2 tbsp corn syrup, 1 tbsp butter, boil to 234 F, cool to 110 F, beat) but substituted 13 oz of coconut milk for the milk, and added ~1/2 cup of tequila to the mix, anticipating that the tequila flavor would boil off somewhat as the mixture got to temperature.
Well, it turns out that tequila’s flavors aren’t quite as evanescent as I had anticipated, and the resulting fudge tastes rather more strongly of tequila than I had expected. I don’t know that that’s a bad thing – I don’t know if it’s a good thing, either. I’m letting the fudge sit for a day before making any judgments – in my experience it takes awhile for the flavors to finish “marrying” together, so the flavor of fudge immediately after production can be quite different from the final flavor. It’s definitely coconut tequila lime, though. (I was thinking of margaritas and pina coladas when I came up with the idea.)
The coffee is quite good. I brewed up some Panama Esmeralda Reserve with cream instead of water. I discovered along the way that cream does NOT brew well with standard paper filters – the filter soaks up the fat and promptly becomes water repellent; nothing drips through, including your proto-coffee. I had to run it through a chinois (very fine strainer) instead. Then I added some cinnamon and a vanilla bean, added the sugar, etc. and boiled it. After tasting it, I decided not to add the milk chocolate that I had originally been considering, because it tasted perfect as it was. It’s currently cooling.
I’m a bit worried about the coffee because it hasn’t crystallized yet – I may have to reheat and rebeat it if it doesn’t crystallize soon. Other than that, though, it’s wonderful.
Tomorrow I’ll start casting the shells inside the chocolate molds, make some of the fruit gels, and start trying out flavor combinations for ganaches. I’ve decided that for some ganaches, I’m going to make the flavored cream a day or two beforehand and store it in the fridge; that will let me do many flavors with considerably less work on the day I mix my ganaches. You can’t store ganache (melted chocolate mixed with cream and softened butter) in the fridge because it destroys the emulsion, but you can store the infused cream, so I think I’ll do just that. | https://www.tienchiu.com/2007/10/final-fudges/?shared=email&msg=fail |
---
abstract: 'We discuss a basis set developed to calculate perturbation coefficients in an expansion of the general $N$-body problem. This basis has two advantages. First, the basis is complete order-by-order for the perturbation series. Second, the number of independent basis tensors spanning the space for a given order does not scale with $N$, the number of particles, despite the generality of the problem. At first order, the number of basis tensors is 23 for all $N$ although the problem at first order scales as $N^6$. The perturbation series is expanded in inverse powers of the spatial dimension. This results in a maximally symmetric configuration at lowest order which has a point group isomorphic with the symmetric group, $S_N$. The resulting perturbation series is order-by-order invariant under the $N!$ operations of the $S_N$ point group which is responsible for the slower than exponential growth of the basis. In this paper, we perform the first test of this formalism including the completeness of the basis through first order by comparing to an exactly solvable fully-interacting problem of $N$ particles with a two-body harmonic interaction potential.'
author:
- 'W. Blake Laing[^1], David W. Kelle[^2], Martin Dunn, and Deborah K. Watson'
title: 'A Complete Basis for a Perturbation Expansion of the General $N$-Body Problem'
---
Introduction
============
In a previous paper[@wavefunction1], we described the development of a perturbation method for the general $S$-wave $N$-body problem through first order. Group theoretic and graphical techniques were used to describe the interacting $N$-body wave function for a system of identical bosons with general interactions. Solutions for this problem are known to scale exponentially with $N$ requiring that resources be essentially doubled for each particle added[@liu:2007; @montina2008]. As $N$ increases beyond a few tens of particles, this growth makes a direct numerical simulation intractable without approximations given current numerical resources. Typical approximations truncate the Hilbert space of the exact solution by using a basis that spans a smaller Hilbert space or by truncating a perturbation series or both. With bosonic systems, various Monte Carlo approaches may be employed which scale in a polynomial fashion with $N$, making larger-$N$ calculations feasible.
In Paper , a perturbation series is developed in inverse powers of the spatial dimension. This results in a maximally symmetric configuration at lowest order having a point group isomorphic to the symmetric group $S_N$. The basis used is complete, at each order finite, and, in fact small, having only twenty three members at first order, despite the $N^6$ scaling of the problem at this order.
In this paper, we test this formalism which truncates the perturbation series, but determines each term in the series exactly using group theory and graphical techniques. This perturbation series is order-by-order invariant under the operations of the $S_N$ point group. The tensor blocks needed at each order can thus be decomposed into a basis also invariant under the $S_N$ point group. It is this restriction, i.e. the invariance under $N!$ permutations, that slows the growth of the number of basis tensors as $N$ increases, resulting in a basis that is small in contrast to the $N^6$ growth of the vector space at first order.
We have named the basis tensors, “binary invariants.” “Binary” because the elements within a basis tensor are ones or zeros; “invariants” because the basis tensors are invariant under $N!$ permutations of the particles labels.
This strategy effectively separates the $N$ scaling away from the rest of the physics and then tackles the $N$-scaling problem using the symmetry of the $S_N$ group. The full problem, of course, scales exponentially in $N$, so as higher orders of the perturbation series are included the full exponential $N$ scaling of the problem will appear. However, in this methodology, the $N$ scaling problem has been compartmentalized away from the rest of the physics and dealt with using group theoretic and graphical techniques; i.e. it becomes a straight mathematical problem. Once this mathematical work, which involves significant analytical effort, has been completed at a given order, it never has to be repeated again for a new interaction or a different number of particles,
The formalism being tested in this paper has been presented in a series of papers beginning with the isotropic, lowest-order ground-state wavefunction [@normalmode], the isotropic, lowest-order ground-state density profile [@density0], and the isotropic, first-order ground-state wavefunction [@wavefunction1].
In Section \[sec:PGS\] we review the large-dimension point group symmetry and discuss its implications in perturbation theory. In Section \[app:Bin\] we discuss the binary invariants themselves and the graphs which label them, and in Section \[sec:WFTFO\] we very briefly review the general theory for the wave function through first order from Paper . In Section \[sec:Test\] we compare the results of the general theory for the wave function through first order applied to the problem of the harmonically interacting system under harmonic confinement with an expansion of the exact interacting wave function through first order. This work is performed in Appendix \[sec:HarmIntWF\] where we exactly solve for the wave function of the harmonically interacting $N$-particle problem under harmonic confinement in $D$ dimensions. This exact solution is then expanded through first order in the square root of the inverse dimension of space.
The Large-Dimension, Point Group Symmetry and it’s Implications In Perturbation Theory {#sec:PGS}
======================================================================================
As discussed in previous papers on dimensional perturbation theory (DPT) the Hamiltonian and Jacobian-weighted wave function and energy are expanded in powers of $\delta^{1/2}$: $$\label{eq:dpt_exp}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{2} \begin{array}{r@{}l@{}c}
{\displaystyle \bar{H} = \bar{H}_{\infty} + \delta^{\frac{1}{2}}
\, \bar{H}_{-1} + \delta} & {\displaystyle \, \sum_{j=0}^\infty
\left(\delta^{\frac{1}{2}}\right)^j \bar{H}_j } & \\
{\displaystyle \Phi(\bar{r}_i,\gamma_{ij}) = } & {\displaystyle \,
\sum_{j=0}^\infty \left(\delta^{\frac{1}{2}}\right)^j \Phi_j }& \\
{\displaystyle \bar{E} = \bar{E}_{\infty} + \delta^{\frac{1}{2}}
\, \bar{E}_{-1} + \delta} & {\displaystyle \, \sum_{j=0}^\infty
\left(\delta^{\frac{1}{2}}\right)^j \bar{E}_j } &
\,,
\end{array}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1}$$ where $$\begin{aligned}
\bar{H}_{\infty} & = & \bar{E}_{\infty} \\
\bar{H}_{-1} & = & \bar{E}_{2n-1} = 0\,, \label{eq:mone_H} \\
\bar{H}_{0} & = & -\frac{1}{2}\stacklr{0}{2}{G}{}{\nu_1,\nu_2}
\partial_{{\bar{y}^\prime}_{\nu_1}}
\partial_{{\bar{y}^\prime}_{\nu_2 }} +
\frac{1}{2} \stacklr{0}{2}{F}{}{\nu_1,\nu_2}
\bar{y}^\prime_{\nu_1 } \label{eq:harm_H}
\bar{y}^\prime_{\nu_2}+\stacklr{0}{0}{F}{}{} \,, \label{eq:H0y} \\
\bar{H}_{1} & = &-\frac{1}{2}\stacklr{1}{3}{G}{}{\nu_1,\nu_2,\nu_3}
\bar{y}^\prime_{\nu_1 } \partial_{{\bar{y}^\prime}_{\nu_2 }}
\partial_{{\bar{y}^\prime}_{\nu_3 }}
-\frac{1}{2}\stacklr{1}{1}{G}{}{\nu}
\partial_{{\bar{y}^\prime}_\nu}
+\frac{1}{3!}\stacklr{1}{3}{F}{}{\nu_1,\nu_2,\nu_3}
\bar{y}^\prime_{\nu_1 } \bar{y}^\prime_{\nu_2}
\bar{y}^\prime_{\nu_3 } +\stacklr{1}{1}{F}{}{\nu}
\bar{y}^\prime_\nu \,. \label{eq:one_H}\end{aligned}$$ The internal displacement coordinate vector $\bar{y}^\prime_{\nu}$ is a column vector composed of the displacement radii $\bar{r}^\prime_{i}$ and the displacement angle cosines $\bar{\gamma}^\prime_{i,j}$: $$\label{eq:ytransposeP}
\begin{array}[t]{l} {\bar{\bm{y}}'} = \left( \begin{array}{c} r \\
\overline{\bm{\gamma}}' \end{array} \right) \,, \;\;\;
\mbox{where} \;\;\; \\ \mbox{and} \;\;\; \bar{\bm{r}}' = \left(
\begin{array}{c}
\bar{r}'_1 \\
\bar{r}'_2 \\
\vdots \\
\bar{r}'_N
\end{array}
\right) \,, \end{array} \overline{\bm{\gamma}}' = \left(
\begin{array}{c}
\overline{\gamma}'_{12} \\ \cline{1-1}
\overline{\gamma}'_{13} \\
\overline{\gamma}'_{23} \\ \cline{1-1}
\overline{\gamma}'_{14} \\
\overline{\gamma}'_{24} \\
\overline{\gamma}'_{34} \\ \cline{1-1}
\overline{\gamma}'_{15} \\
\overline{\gamma}'_{25} \\
\vdots \\
\overline{\gamma}'_{N-2,N} \\
\overline{\gamma}'_{N-1,N} \end{array} \right) \,,$$ and is related to the dimensionally-scaled internal coordinates by $$\label{eq:taylor1}
\bar{r}_{i} = \bar{r}_{\infty} +\delta^{1/2}\,\bar{r}'_{i} \;\;\;
\mbox{and} \;\;\; \gamma_{ij} =
\overline{\gamma}_{\infty} +\delta^{1/2}\,\overline{\gamma}'_{ij} \,,$$ where the $\bar{r}_{i}$ are the dimensionally scaled radii and the $\gamma_{ij}$ are the angle cosines between the position vectors of the $N$ particles.
The superprescript on the $\bm{F}$ and $\bm{G}$ tensors in parentheses in Eqs. (\[eq:mone\_H\]), (\[eq:H0y\]) and (\[eq:one\_H\]) denotes the order in $\delta^{1/2}$ that the term enters (harmonic being zeroth order). The subprescripts denote the rank of the tensors.
In general, $\bar{H}_{n}$ is of order $n+2$ in the elements and derivatives of ${\bar{\bm{y}}'}$ ($2^{\rm nd}$ order in the derivatives), and formed of either all even or all odd powers of the elements and derivatives of ${\bar{\bm{y}}'}$ when $n$ is even or odd respectively.
According to Eq. (\[eq:taylor1\]) the system localizes as $D \rightarrow \infty$ on a configuration centered about $\bar{r}_{i} = \bar{r}_{\infty}$ and $\gamma_{ij} = \overline{\gamma}_{\infty}$. This structure has the highest degree of symmetry where all particles are equidistant from the center of the trap and equiangular from each other (a configuration that’s only possible in higher dimensions). The point group of this structure is isomorphic to $S_N$ which in effect interchanges the particles in the large dimension structure. This together with the fact that the full $D$-dimensional Hamiltonian, $\hat{H}$, is invariant under particle exchange means the DPT expansion of Eq. (\[eq:dpt\_exp\]) is order-by-order invariant under this $S_N$ point group, i.e. the $\bar{H}_j$ are each invariant under the $S_N$ point group. This greatly restricts the $\bm{F}$ and $\bm{G}$ tensors of Eqs. (\[eq:harm\_H\]) and (\[eq:one\_H\]). In three dimensions a corresponding $N$-particle structure would have a point group of lower symmetry, i.e. one not isomorphic to $S_N$ despite the fact that all of the particles are identical. It is this profound restriction on the $\bm{F}$ and $\bm{G}$ tensors from the $S_N$ point group symmetry, which in itself is a direct consequence of developing a perturbation theory about the large-dimension limit, that allows for an essentially analytic solution of the problem at a given order in the perturbation theory for [*any*]{} $N$. For example, with a third-rank tensor, instead of $\left(N(N+1)/2\right)^3$ possible independent elements (a number which becomes quickly intractable since, for example, with only ten particles this would be more that a million elements), the $S_N$ point group symmetry restricts the number of independent elements to only twenty three, independent of the value of $N$.
The Reducibility of the $\bm{F}$ and $\bm{G}$ Tensors under $\bm{S}_{\bm{N}}$ {#subsec:RFGTS}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
The maximally symmetric point group $S_N$, together with the invariance of the full Hamiltonian under particle interchange, requires that the $F$ and $G$ tensors be invariant under the interchange of particle labels (the $S_N$ group). In fact the various blocks of the $F$ and $G$ tensors are themselves invariant under particle interchange induced by the point group. For example, $\stacklr{1}{3}{F}{rr\gamma}{i,j,(kl)}$ is never transformed into $\stacklr{1}{3}{F}{\gamma\gamma\gamma}{(ij),(kl)(mn)}$, i.e. the $r$ and $\gamma$ labels are preserved since the $S_N$ group does not transform an $\bar{r}'_i$ coordinate into a $\overline{\gamma}'_{(ij)}$ coordinate.
The various $r-\gamma$ blocks of the $F$ and $G$ tensors may be decomposed into invariant, and, this time irreducible, blocks. Thus for example, $\stacklr{0}{2}{Q}{}{}$ may be decomposed into the blocks $$\begin{array}{ll}
\stacklr{0}{2}{Q}{rr}{i,i} &
\hspace{2ex} \forall \hspace{2ex} i \\
\stacklr{0}{2}{Q}{rr}{i,j} &
\hspace{2ex} \forall \hspace{2ex} i \neq j \\
\stacklr{0}{2}{Q}{r\gamma}{i,(ik)} & \hspace{2ex} \forall
\hspace{2ex} i < k\,, \\
\stacklr{0}{2}{Q}{r\gamma}{i,(jk)} & \hspace{2ex} \forall \hspace{2ex}
i \neq j < k \\
\stacklr{0}{2}{Q}{\gamma\gamma}{(ij),(ij)} & \hspace{2ex}
\forall \hspace{2ex} i < j \\
\stacklr{0}{2}{Q}{\gamma\gamma}{(ij),(ik)} & \hspace{2ex}
\forall \hspace{2ex} i < j \neq k > i \\
\stacklr{0}{2}{Q}{\gamma\gamma}{(ij),(kl)} & \hspace{2ex} \forall
\hspace{2ex} \begin{array}[t]{l} i \neq j \neq k \neq l\,, \\ i <
j\,, \hfill k < l \end{array}
\end{array}$$ all of which remain disjoint from one another under the $S_N$ group. Significantly, invariance under particle interchange requires that tensor elements related by a label permutation induced by the point group must be equal. This requirement partitions the set of tensor elements for each block into disjoint subsets of identical elements. Consider the elements of the ${ \,{}^{(0)}_{\ 2}}Q^{rr}$ block. The element $\stacklr{0}{2}{Q}{rr}{1,1}$ belongs to a set of $N$ elements (of the form $\stacklr{0}{2}{Q}{rr}{i,i}$) which are related by a permutation induced by the point group, and therefore must have equal values. Likewise, the element $\stacklr{0}{2}{Q}{rr}{1,2}$ belongs to a set of $N-1$ elements related by a permutation induced by the point group and sharing a common value. Proceeding in this fashion, we observe that the blocks of the lowest-order tensors are partitioned into the following set of identical elements which remain disjoint under particle interchange: $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:Q0partition}
\stacklr{0}{2}{Q}{rr}{i,i} & = & \stacklr{0}{2}{Q}{rr}{k,k}
\hspace{2ex} \forall \hspace{2ex} i \mbox{ and } k \\
\stacklr{0}{2}{Q}{rr}{i,j} & = & \stacklr{0}{2}{Q}{rr}{k,l}
\hspace{2ex} \forall \hspace{2ex} i \neq j \mbox{ and } k \neq l \\
\stacklr{0}{2}{Q}{r\gamma}{i,(ik)} & = &
\stacklr{0}{2}{Q}{r\gamma}{l,(lm)} =
\stacklr{0}{2}{Q}{r\gamma}{n,(pn)} \hspace{2ex} \forall
\hspace{2ex} i < k\,, \hspace{2ex} l < m\,, \mbox{ and } n
> p \\
\stacklr{0}{2}{Q}{r\gamma}{i,(jk)} & = &
\stacklr{0}{2}{Q}{r\gamma}{l,(mn)} \hspace{2ex} \forall \hspace{2ex}
i \neq j < k \mbox{ and } l
\neq m < n \\
\stacklr{0}{2}{Q}{\gamma\gamma}{(ij),(ij)} & = &
\stacklr{0}{2}{Q}{\gamma\gamma}{(kl),(kl)} \hspace{2ex}
\forall \hspace{2ex} i < j \mbox{ and } k < l \\
\stacklr{0}{2}{Q}{\gamma\gamma}{(ij),(ik)} & = &
\stacklr{0}{2}{Q}{\gamma\gamma}{(lm),(ln)} \hspace{2ex}
\forall \hspace{2ex} i < j \neq k > i \mbox{ and } l < m \neq n >l \\
\stacklr{0}{2}{Q}{\gamma\gamma}{(ij),(kl)} & = &
\stacklr{0}{2}{Q}{\gamma\gamma}{(mn),(pq)} \hspace{2ex} \forall
\hspace{2ex} \begin{array}[t]{l} i \neq j \neq k \neq l \\ i <
j\,, \hfill k < l \end{array} \mbox{ and }
\begin{array}[t]{l} m \neq n \neq p \neq q \\ m < n\,, \hfill p < q \end{array}
\label{eq:Q0partitiongg}\end{aligned}$$ The lowest-order block matrices contain the sets of elements in Eqs. (\[eq:Q0partition\])-(\[eq:Q0partitiongg\]) arranged in an intricate pattern. A similar, but more involved partitioning occurs for higher rank $\bm{F}$ and $\bm{G}$ tensors.
In Paper it was shown that this decomposition could be expressed in terms of binary tensors which are invariant under $S_N$ and are labelled by graphs. We term these binary tensors, binary invariants.
Binary Invariants {#app:Bin}
=================
Introducing Graphs {#sec:IntroGraph}
------------------
A *graph* $\mathcal{G} =(V,E)$ is a set of vertices $V$ and edges $E$. Each edge has one or two associated vertices, which are called its *endpoints*[@gross:04].
For example,
(2.5,.75)(-0.25,-0.25) (1,-0.25)[(1,0)[1]{}]{} (1,-0.25)[(-1,0)[1]{}]{}
(1,-0.25) (0,-0.25) (2,-0.25) (1,0.25)
is a graph $\mathcal{G}$ with three vertices and three edges. We allow our graphs to include loops and multiple edges[@multigraph]. A graph contains information regarding the connectivity of edges and vertices only: the orientation of edges and vertices is insignificant.
We introduce a mapping which associates each tensor element with a graph as follows:
1. draw a labeled vertex ($\bm{\cdot}$ $i$) for each distinct index in the set of indices of the element
2. draw an edge (${
\setlength{\unitlength}{1.8ex}
\begin{picture}(2,.75)(-0.2,0)
\linethickness{1pt}
\put(0.25,0){\circle*{.2}}
\put(0.25,0){${}^{i}$}
\put(1.25,0){\circle*{.2}}
\put(1.25,0){${}^{j}$}
\linethickness{.5pt}
\put(0.25,0){\line(1,0){1}}
\end{picture}
}$) for each double index $(ij)$
3. draw a “loop” edge (${
\setlength{\unitlength}{1.8ex}
\begin{picture}(2,.75)(0,0.25)
\linethickness{1pt}
\put(1,.5){\circle*{.2}}
\put(1.5,0.25){\scriptsize{$i$}}
\linethickness{1pt}
\put(0.5,0.5){\circle{1}}
\end{picture}
}$) for each distinct single index $i$
For example, the graph corresponding to the tensor element $\stacklr{0}{2}{Q}{r\gamma}{i,(ij)}$ under this mapping is ${
\setlength{\unitlength}{1.8ex}
\begin{picture}(2.5,1)(0,0)
\linethickness{1pt}
\put(0.5,1){\circle*{.2}}
\put(-0.5,1.5){\scriptsize $i$}
\put(1.5,1){\circle*{.2}}
\put(2,0.25){\scriptsize $j$}
\put(0.5,0.5){\circle{1}}
\linethickness{.5pt}
\put(0.5,1){\line(1,0){1}}
\end{picture}
}$.
Two graphs with the same number of vertices and edges that are connected in the same way are called *isomorphic*. The elements of the $S_N$ group are permutation operations which interchange particle labels. Two elements with graphs that are not isomorphic are never related by a permutation of $S_N$ group. We label each set of isomorphic graphs by a graph with no vertex labels. Denoting the set of unlabeled graphs for each block as $\mathbb{G}_{X_1X_2\ldots X_n}$, where $n$ is the rank of the tensor block (and therefore the number of edges in each graph in the set) and $X$ is $r$ or $\gamma$, we have $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:GXX}
\mathbb{G}_{rr}&=&\{{
\setlength{\unitlength}{1.8ex}
\begin{picture}(2,.5)(-.5,-0.25)
\put(0.5,0){\circle*{.2}}
\linethickness{.5pt}
\put(0,0){\circle{1}}
\put(1,0){\circle{1}}
\end{picture}
},{
\setlength{\unitlength}{1.8ex}
\begin{picture}(3,.5)(-0.25,.1)
\linethickness{1pt}
\put(0.50,0.00){\circle*{.2}}
\put(0.50,0.50){\circle{1}}
\put(2,0.00){\circle*{.2}}
\put(2,0.50){\circle{1}}
\end{picture}
}\}
\nonumber\\
\mathbb{G}_{\gamma r}&=&\{{
\setlength{\unitlength}{1.8ex}
\begin{picture}(2.5,.5)(-0.25,-0.25)
\put(1,0){\circle*{.2}}
\put(2,0){\circle*{.2}}
\linethickness{1pt}
\put(0.5,0){\circle{1}}
\linethickness{.5pt}
\put(1,0){\line(1,0){1}}
\end{picture}
},{
\setlength{\unitlength}{1.8ex}
\begin{picture}(3.5,.5)(-0.25,-0.25)
\linethickness{1pt}
\put(1,0){\circle*{.2}}
\put(2,0){\circle*{.2}}
\put(3,0){\circle*{.2}}
\put(0.5,0){\circle{1}}
\linethickness{.5pt}
\put(2,0){\line(1,0){1}}
\end{picture}
}\}
\\
\mathbb{G}_{\gamma \gamma}
&=&\{{
\setlength{\unitlength}{1.8ex}
\begin{picture}(1.5,.5)(-0.25,-0.25)
\linethickness{.5pt}
\put(0,0){\circle*{.2}}
\put(1,0){\circle*{.2}}
\linethickness{1pt}
\put(0.5,0){\circle{1}}
\end{picture}
},{
\setlength{\unitlength}{1.8ex}
\begin{picture}(1.5,.5)(-0.25,-0.25)
\linethickness{.5pt}
\put(0,-0.5){\circle*{.2}}
\put(0,-0.5){\line(1,0){1}}
\put(1,-.5){\circle*{.2}}
\put(1,-0.5){\line(0,1){1}}
\put(1,0.5){\circle*{.2}}
},{
\put(0,0.5){\line(1,0){1}}
\put(0,-0.5){\line(1,0){1}}
\linethickness{.5pt}
\put(0,0.5){\circle*{0.2}}
\put(0,-0.5){\circle*{0.2}}
\put(1,0.5){\circle*{0.2}}
\put(1,-0.5){\circle*{0.2}}
\end{picture}
}\}
\nonumber\end{aligned}$$ $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:GXXX}
\mathbb{G}_{r}&=&\{{
\setlength{\unitlength}{1.8ex}
\begin{picture}(1.05,1)
\linethickness{1pt}
\put(.5,0){\circle*{.2}}
\put(0.5,.5){\circle{1}}
\end{picture}
}\}
\nonumber\\
\mathbb{G}_{\gamma}&=&\{{
\setlength{\unitlength}{1.8ex}
\begin{picture}(1,1)(0,-0.25)
\linethickness{.5pt}
\put(0,0){\line(1,0){1}}
\put(0,0){\circle*{.2}}
\put(1,0){\circle*{.2}}
\end{picture}
}\}
\nonumber\\
\mathbb{G}_{rrr}&=&\{{
\setlength{\unitlength}{1.5ex}
\begin{picture}(3,1.5)(-1.5,-0.5)
\linethickness{0.001em}
\put(0,0){\circle*{0.5}}
\qbezier(0.00,0.00)(0.281,1.875)(1.125,0.750)
\qbezier(1.125,0.750)(1.969,-0.375)(0.00,0.00)
\qbezier(0.00,0.00)(-1.406,-1.125)(0.00,-1.125)
\qbezier(0.00,-1.125)(1.406,-1.125)(0.00,0.00)
\qbezier(0.00,0.00)(-1.969,-0.375)(-1.125,0.750)
\qbezier(-1.125,0.750)(-0.281,1.875)(0.00,0.00)
\end{picture}},{
\setlength{\unitlength}{1.8ex}
\begin{picture}(3,1)(-0.25,-0.25)
\linethickness{1pt}
\put(0.5,0){\circle*{.2}}
\linethickness{1pt}
\put(2,0){\circle*{.2}}
\put(0.5,-0.5){\circle{1}}
\put(0.5,0.5){\circle{1}}
\put(2,0.5){\circle{1}}
\end{picture}
},{
\setlength{\unitlength}{1.8ex}
\begin{picture}(4.50,1)(-0.25,0)
\put(3.50,0.00){\circle*{.2}}
\put(3.50,0.50){\circle{1}}
\end{picture}
}\}
\\
\mathbb{G}_{\gamma rr}
&=&\{{
\setlength{\unitlength}{1.8ex}
\begin{picture}(2,1)(-0.25,-0.25)
\linethickness{1pt}
\put(0.5,0){\circle*{.2}}
\put(1.5,0){\circle*{.2}}
\put(0.5,-0.5){\circle{1}}
\put(0.5,0.5){\circle{1}}
\linethickness{0.02em}
\put(0.5,0){\line(1,0){1}}
\end{picture}
},{
\setlength{\unitlength}{1.8ex}
\begin{picture}(3.5,.75)(-0.25,-0.25)
\linethickness{1pt}
\put(1,0){\circle*{.2}}
\put(2,0){\circle*{.2}}
\put(0.5,0){\circle{1}}
\put(2.5,0){\circle{1}}
},{
\begin{picture}(4,1)(-0.25,-0.25)
\put(3,0.5){\circle{1}}
},{
\begin{picture}(2.5,1)(-0.25,-0.25)
\linethickness{1pt}
\put(1,0.5){\circle*{.2}}
\put(0.5,-0.5){\circle*{.2}}
\put(1.5,-0.5){\circle*{.2}}
\put(0.5,0.5){\circle{1}}
\put(1.5,0.5){\circle{1}}
\linethickness{.5pt}
\put(0.5,-0.5){\line(1,0){1}}
},{
\put(2,0){\circle*{.2}}
\put(0.75,-0.5){\circle*{.2}}
\put(1.75,-0.5){\circle*{.2}}
\put(0.5,0.5){\circle{1}}
\put(2,0.5){\circle{1}}
\linethickness{.5pt}
\put(0.75,-0.5){\line(1,0){1}}
\end{picture}
}\}
\nonumber\\
\mathbb{G}_{\gamma \gamma r}
&=&\{{
\setlength{\unitlength}{1.8ex}
\begin{picture}(2.5,.75)(-0.25,-0.25)
\linethickness{1pt}
\put(0,0){\circle*{.2}}
\put(1,0){\circle*{.2}}
\put(0.5,0){\circle{1}}
\put(1.5,0){\circle{1}}
\end{picture}
},{
\setlength{\unitlength}{1.8ex}
\begin{picture}(3,.75)(-0.25,-0.25)
\linethickness{1pt}
\put(0,0){\circle*{.2}}
\put(1,0){\circle*{.2}}
\put(2,-0.5){\circle*{.2}}
\put(0.5,0){\circle{1}}
\put(2,0){\circle{1}}
\end{picture}
},{
\setlength{\unitlength}{1.8ex}
\begin{picture}(2.5,.75)(-0.25,-0.25)
\linethickness{.5pt}
\put(1,-0.25){\line(1,0){1}}
\put(1,-0.25){\line(-1,0){1}}
\put(1,-0.25){\circle*{.2}}
\put(0,-0.25){\circle*{.2}}
\put(2,-0.25){\circle*{.2}}
\linethickness{1pt}
\put(1,0.25){\circle{1}}
},{
\put(0,0.75){\circle*{.2}}
\put(0,0.75){\line(0,-1){1}}
\put(0,-0.25){\circle*{.2}}
\put(0,-0.25){\line(1,0){1}}
\put(1,-0.25){\circle*{.2}}
\linethickness{1pt}
\put(1.5,-0.25){\circle{1}}
\end{picture}
},{
\setlength{\unitlength}{1.8ex}
\begin{picture}(3,.75)(-0.25,-0.25)
\linethickness{.5pt}
\put(0,0.5){\circle*{.2}}
\put(0,0.5){\line(0,-1){1}}
\put(0,-0.5){\circle*{.2}}
\put(0,-0.5){\line(1,0){1}}
\put(1,-0.5){\circle*{.2}}
\put(2,-0.5){\circle*{.2}}
\linethickness{1pt}
\put(2,0){\circle{1}}
\end{picture}
},{
\setlength{\unitlength}{1.8ex}
\begin{picture}(2.5,1.25)(-0.25,-0.25)
\put(1.5,0.5){\circle{1}}
},{
\put(1.5,0){\circle*{0.2}}
\put(2,0){\circle{1}}
\end{picture}
}\}
\nonumber\\
\mathbb{G}_{\gamma \gamma \gamma}
&=&\{{
\setlength{\unitlength}{1.8ex}
\begin{picture}(1.5,1)(-0.25,-0.25)
\linethickness{.5pt}
\put(0,0){\circle*{.2}}
\put(0,0){\line(1,0){1}}
},{
\setlength{\unitlength}{1em}
\begin{picture}(1.5,.75)(-0.25,-0.25)
\linethickness{.5pt}
\put(0,-0.5){\circle*{.2}}
\put(0,-0.5){\line(1,1){1.0142}}
},{
\begin{picture}(2.5,.5)(-0.25,-0.25)
\linethickness{.5pt}
\put(0,0){\circle*{.2}}
\put(1,0){\circle*{.2}}
\put(1,0){\line(1,0){1}}
\put(2,0){\circle*{.2}}
},{
\put(0,-0.5){\circle*{.2}}
\put(0,-0.5){\line(1,0){1}}
\put(1,-0.5){\circle*{.2}}
\put(1,-0.5){\line(1,0){1}}
\put(1,-0.5){\line(0,1){1}}
\put(1,0.5){\circle*{.2}}
\put(2,-0.5){\circle*{.2}}
\end{picture}
},{
\setlength{\unitlength}{1.8ex}
\begin{picture}(1.5,1)(-0.25,-0.25)
},{
\put(0,-0.5){\circle*{.2}}
\put(1,0.5){\circle*{.2}}
\put(0,-0.5){\line(1,0){1}}
\put(1,-0.5){\circle*{.2}}
\linethickness{1pt}
\put(0.5,0.5){\circle{1}}\end{picture}
},{
\setlength{\unitlength}{1.8ex}
\begin{picture}(1.5,1)(-0.25,-0.25)
\linethickness{.5pt}
\put(0,0.75){\circle*{.2}}
\put(0,0.75){\line(1,0){1}}
\put(1,0.75){\circle*{.2}}
\put(1,0.75){\line(0,-1){1}}
\put(1,-0.25){\circle*{.2}}
\put(0,-0.75){\circle*{.2}}
\put(0,-0.75){\line(1,0){1}}
\put(1,-0.75){\circle*{.2}}
},{
\put(0,0){\circle*{.2}}
\put(0,0){\line(1,0){1}}
\put(1,0){\circle*{.2}}
\put(0,-0.5){\circle*{.2}}
\put(0,-0.5){\line(1,0){1}}
\put(1,-0.5){\circle*{.2}}
\end{picture}
}\}
\nonumber\end{aligned}$$ Now consider a tensor, for which all of the elements labeled by a a single isomorphic set of graphs are equal to unity, while all of the other elements labeled by graphs heteromorphic to this single set of isomorphic graphs are equal to zero. We term this tensor a binary invariant, $[B ({\mathcal G})]_{\nu_1, \nu_2, \ldots}$ since it is invariant under the $S_N$ group, and we label it by the graph $\mathcal{G}$, sans particle labels at the vertices, for the non-zero elements all of which are equal to unity. Thus each of the above graphs denotes a binary invariant, $[B ({\mathcal G})]_{\nu_1, \nu_2, \ldots}$. Explicit expressions for these binary invariants for arbitrary $N$ may be found in the EPAPS document [@JMPEPAPS].
Binary invariants are a basis
-----------------------------
That the small number of binary invariants are a complete basis with which to represent any $S_N$ invariant tensor in the $N(N+1)/2$-dimensional $\bar{\bm{r}}'$-$\bar{\bm{\gamma}}'$ space can be seen as follows.
The set of binary invariants, $[B ({\mathcal G})]_{\nu_1, \nu_2, \ldots}$, for all $\mathcal{G}\in\mathbb{G}$ are linearly independent
Proof
: This follows from the fact that no binary invariant shares a non-zero element with another binary invariant for a different graph.
The set of binary invariants for all $\mathcal{G}\in\mathbb{G}$ spans the invariant tensor space.
Proof
: From the mapping of Sec. \[sec:IntroGraph\] above, relating graphs to tensor elements in the $\bar{\bm{r}}'$-$\bar{\bm{\gamma}}'$ space, every tensor element is related to an unlabeled graph, and so the binary invariants for all possible unlabeled graphs span the invariant tensor subspace.
The set of binary invariants $\{ B\left(\mathcal{G}\right):\mathcal{G} \in \mathbb{G}\}$ forms a basis for the DPT Hamiltonian coefficient tensors.
Proof
: This result follows from the definition of a basis and that the set of binary invariants for all $\mathcal{G}\in\mathbb{G}$ is linearly independent and spans the vector space.
As shown in Reference [@kellecapstone] this result generalizes to any group with any set of tensors invariant under that group.
Therefore, we may resolve the $Q$ tensors at any order as a finite linear combination of binary invariants:
$$\label{eq:graphresolution}
\stacklr{O}{R}{Q}{block}{\nu_1,\nu_2,\ldots,\nu_R} = \sum_{\mathcal{G}\in
\mathbb{G}_{block}}Q^{block}(\mathcal{G}) \, \left[B^{block}(\mathcal{G})\right]_{\nu_1,\nu_2,\ldots,\nu_R}$$
where $\mathbb{G}_{block}$ represents the set of graphs present in the order-$O$, rank-$R$ tensor block $\stacklr{O}{R}{Q}{block}{}$, and the binary invariant $B^{block}(\mathcal{G})$ has the same dimensions as the original $Q$ tensor block. The scalar quantity $Q^{block}(\mathcal{G})$ is the expansion coefficient.
The resolution of symmetric tensor blocks in the basis of binary invariants in Eq. (\[eq:graphresolution\]) represents a generalization of a technique used at lowest order in Refs. and to arbitrary order. This equation also separates the specific interaction dynamics present in $Q^{block}(\mathcal{G})$ from the point group symmetry embodied in $B^{block}(\mathcal{G})$.
The Wave Function Through First Order {#sec:WFTFO}
=====================================
Lowest-Order Ground State Wavefunction
--------------------------------------
Since the Hamiltonian of the lowest-order wave function (Eq. (\[eq:H0y\])) has the form of a $N(N+1)/2$-dimensional coupled harmonic oscillator, the lowest-order wave function will be a product of one-dimensional, harmonic-oscillator, normal-mode functions.
The lowest-order DPT wave function, ${}_g \hspace{-0.25em} \Phi_0 (\mathbf{q'})$, for the ground state is given by $$\label{eq:groundWF}{}_g \hspace{-0.25em} \Phi_0 (\mathbf{q'}) = \prod_{\nu = 1}^{P}
\hspace{0.25em} \hspace{0.25em} \phi_0
\left( \sqrt{\bar{\omega}_{\nu}} \,
\hspace{0.25em} q'_{\nu} \right),$$ where $$\label{eqphi0} \phi_0
\left(
\sqrt{\bar{\omega}_{\nu}} \,q'_{\nu} \right) = \left(
\frac{\bar{\omega}_{\nu}}{\pi} \right)^{\frac{1}{4}}\exp \left( - \frac{1}{2} \bar{\omega}_{\nu}\,{q'_{\nu}}^2 \right)\,.$$ There are $N(N+1)/2$ normal modes and up to $N(N+1)/2$ distinct frequencies, a number which would become impossibly large to solve for if it weren’t for the $S_N$ point group symmetry expressed in the invariance of the $\bm{F}$ and $\bm{G}$ tensors, and the small, $N$-independent number of binary invariants spanning the invariant tensor spaces. In Refs. , and we have used this $S_N$ point group symmetry to derive both the frequencies and normal modes of the lowest-order, Jacobian-weighted wave function for arbitrary $N$. This analysis results in only five distinct frequencies, associated with center-of-mass and breathing modes, radial and angular singly-excited state modes, and phonon modes. Each of these frequencies is associated with a set of normal modes which transforms under an irreducible representation of the $S_N$ point group.
First-Order Wave Function
-------------------------
Using the $S_N$ point group symmetry expressed in the invariance of the $\bm{F}$ and $\bm{G}$ tensors, and the small, $N$-independent number of binary invariants spanning the invariant tensor spaces, in Paper we have also derived the first-order correction to the lowest-order, harmonic wavefunction. If we write $$\label{eq:Phi1hat}
\Phi (\mathbf{q'}) = (1 + \delta^{\frac{1}{2}} \hat{\Delta})
\Phi_0 (\mathbf{q'}) + O(\delta) \,,$$ then $\hat{\Delta}$ satisfies the commutator eigenvalue equation $$\label{eq:deltahatcommute}
[\hat{\Delta},\hat{H}_0]\Phi_0=\hat{H}_1\Phi_0.$$ To solve this equation, we note that since $\Phi_0 (\mathbf{q'})$ is a Gaussian function, the derivatives in $\hat{H}_1$ and $\hat{H}_0$ written in normal coordinates “bring down” normal coordinates from the exponent so that $\hat{H}_1$ effectively becomes a 3rd-order polynomial of only odd powers in $\mathbf{q'}$. Then from Eq. (\[eq:deltahatcommute\]) $\hat{\Delta}$ is a cubic polynomial and of only odd powers in the normal modes. When $\hat{\Delta}$ is re expressed in terms of internal displacement coordinates, $\bm{r}'$ and $\bm{\gamma}'$, it is cubic and of only odd powers in these internal displacement coordinates.
The ground-state wave function is also scalar under $S_N$, and so when it is expressed in terms of internal displacement coordinates it involves binary invariants which take powers of the internal displacement coordinates and couple them together to produce a scalar under $S_N$.
A Test of the Theory: The Harmonically Confined, Harmonically Interacting System {#sec:Test}
================================================================================
The general theory developed in Paper and and Ref. , and briefly reviewed in this paper, is extensive, and we test it on a non-trivial, interacting, analytic solvable model: the harmonically-interacting system of $N$ particles under harmonic confinement: $$H = \frac{1}{2} \, \left( \sum_i^N \left[ - \frac{\partial^2}{\partial \bm{r}_i^2} + \omega_t^2 \bm{r}_i^2 \right] + \sum_{i<j}^{N} \omega_p^2 \bm{r}_{ij}^2 \right) \,.$$
The Wavefunction Through First Order
------------------------------------
In Appendix \[sec:HarmIntWF\] we solve the harmonically-confined, harmonically-interacting system of $N$ particles exactly for the ground-state wave function (see Eq. (\[eq:WFNJ\])), and then from this derive the exact analytic perturbation series for the $N$-body wavefunction (weighted by a Jacobian) through first order: $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:wf1storder}
\Psi_J &=& \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt[4]{\pi}} \right)^{\frac{N(N+1)}{2} } \left( 1 + \frac{1}{2}\delta^{\frac{1}{2}} \Delta_{\mathbf{\bar{y}}^\prime}+O(\delta)\right) \exp{ \left( -\left[\mathbf{\bar{y}}^\prime\right]^T\,\mathbf{\bar{\Omega }}_{\mathbf{\bar{y}}^\prime}\,\mathbf{\bar{y}}^\prime \right)}\,.\end{aligned}$$
where $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:psiJ1}
\Delta_{\mathbf{\bar{y}}^\prime} &=&
\triangle({
}) \, \left[B({
})\right]_i {\bar{r}'}_i
+ \triangle({
}) \, \left[B({
})\right]_{(ij)} {\bar{\gamma }' }_{(ij)}
+\triangle({
\, \left[B({
\end{picture}})\right]_{i,j,k} {\bar{r}' }_i {\bar{r}' }_j {\bar{r}' }_k
\nonumber\\&&
+ \triangle({
}) \, \left[B({
})\right]_{(ij),k,l} {\bar{\gamma }' }_{(ij)}{\bar{r}' }_k {\bar{r}' }_l
+\left( \triangle({
}) \,\left[B({
})\right]_{(ij),(kl),(mn)}+
\right.\nonumber\\&&\left.
+ \triangle({
}) \,\left[B({
}) \right]_{(ij),(kl),(mn)}
+ \triangle({
}) \,
}) \, \left[B({
}) \,
}) \,
+
}) \,
}) \right]_{(ij),(kl),(mn)}
\vphantom{\triangle({
})} \right) {\bar{\gamma }' }_{(ij)} {\bar{\gamma }' }_{(kl)} {\bar{\gamma }' }_{(mn)}
\\[1ex]
\left[ \mathbf{\bar{y}}^\prime\right]^T\,\mathbf{\bar{\Omega }}_{\mathbf{\bar{y}}^\prime}\,\mathbf{\bar{y}}^\prime
&=&
\left( \triangle({
}) \, \left[B({
})\right]_{i,j} + \triangle({
}) \, \left[B({
})\right]_{i,j} \right) \, {\bar{r}' }_i {\bar{r}' }_j+
\nonumber\\&&
+ \triangle({
})\right]_{(ij),k} {\bar{\gamma }' }_{(ij)}{\bar{r}' }_k
+ \left( \triangle({
})\right]_{(ij),(kl)}
+
\right.\nonumber\\&&\left.
+\triangle({
})\right]_{(ij),(kl)}
})\right]_{(ij),(kl)}
\right) {\bar{\gamma }' }_{(ij)} {\bar{\gamma }' }_{(kl)}\,.\end{aligned}$$
Repeated indices $i$, $j$, …imply summation from 1 to $N$, while repeated index pairs $(ij)$ etc imply the ordered sum $1 \leq i \leq j \leq N$. For example, $\left[B({
\end{picture}})\right]_{i,j,k} {\bar{r}' }_i {\bar{r}' }_j {\bar{r}' }_k = \mbox{$\bar{r}'_1$}^3 + \mbox{$\bar{r}'_2$}^3 + \cdots \mbox{$\bar{r}'_N$}^3$. In the above expressions for $\Delta_{\mathbf{\bar{y}}^\prime}$ and $\left[ \mathbf{\bar{y}}^\prime\right]^T\,\mathbf{\bar{\Omega }}_{\mathbf{\bar{y}}^\prime}\,\mathbf{\bar{y}}^\prime$, we are building up the invariant polynomials in ${\bar{r}'}_i$ and ${\bar{\gamma }' }_{(kl)}$ using the binary invariants as our building blocks. The scalar coefficients, $\triangle(\mathcal{G})$ are (derived in the Appendix) $$\begin{aligned}
\end{picture}}) & = & \frac{ 1 }{3 \bar{r}^3_\infty} \\
}) & = & \frac{\lambda-1}{N} \\
\renewcommand{{0em}}{0.5em}\end{aligned}$$ $$\begin{aligned}
}) & = & - \frac{1 }{\bar{r}_\infty} \\
}) & = & \mathcal{A} \, 6\, (N+1) \gamma_\infty \\
}) & = & \mathcal{A} \, \mathcal{ \left( B + C\, D \right) } \\
}) & = & \mathcal{A} \, \mathcal{ \left( B + C\, E + F \right) } \\
}) & = & \mathcal{A} \, \left( \mathcal{B} + \mathcal{C} \left( \frac{\mathcal{D}}{3} + \frac{ 2 \mathcal{E}}{3} \right) \right) \\
}) & = & \mathcal{A} \, \mathcal{ \left( B + C\, E \right) } \\
}) & = & \mathcal{A} \, \left( \mathcal{B} + \frac{2 \mathcal{C E}}{3} -\mathcal{G} \right) \\
}) & = & \mathcal{A} \, \left( \mathcal{B} + \frac{ \mathcal{C D}}{3} + 2\mathcal{G} \right) \\
}) & = & \mathcal{A} \, \left( \mathcal{B} + \frac{ \mathcal{C E}}{3} \right) \\
}) & = & \mathcal{A} \, \mathcal{B} \\
\triangle({
}) & = & \lambda_\textrm{eff} + \frac{\lambda - 1}{2N} (\lambda_\textrm{eff} -1) \end{aligned}$$ $$\begin{aligned}
\triangle({
}) & = & \frac{\gamma_\infty}{2} \\
}) & = & \bar{r}_\infty \\
}) & = & \mathcal{H} \, ( \mathcal{I} + \mathcal{J} ) \\
}) & = & \mathcal{H} \, \left( \mathcal{I} - \frac{\gamma_\infty}{2} \right) \\
}) & = & \mathcal{H}\,.\end{aligned}$$
In the above equations, we have defined
$$\begin{aligned}
\lambda & = & \sqrt{1+N \lambda_p^2} \\
\lambda_p & = & \frac{\omega_p}{\omega_t} \\
\gamma_\infty & = & \frac{(\lambda -1)}{(N+(\lambda-1))} \\
\bar{r}_\infty^2 & = & \frac{1}{2(1+(N-1)\gamma_\infty)} = \frac{N+(\lambda-1)}{2 \lambda N} \\
\lambda_\textrm{eff} & = & \frac{N \lambda}{N+\lambda -1}
$$
$$\begin{aligned}
\mathcal{A} & = & \frac{1}{6 (1-\gamma_\infty) (1+(N-1) \gamma_\infty)} \\
\mathcal{B} & = & - \frac{8 \gamma_\infty^3}{ (1-\gamma_\infty)^2 (1+(N-1) \gamma_\infty)^2 } \\
\mathcal{C} & = & - \frac{6 \gamma_\infty}{ (1-\gamma_\infty)^2 (1+(N-1) \gamma_\infty) } \\
\mathcal{D} & = & (1+(N-3) \gamma_\infty) \\[-1ex]
\mathcal{E} & = & - \gamma_\infty \\
\mathcal{F} & = & \frac{(1+(N-4) \gamma_\infty)}{(1-\gamma_\infty)^2} \\
\mathcal{G} & = & \frac{\gamma_\infty }{(1-\gamma_\infty)^2} \\
\mathcal{H} & = & \frac{1}{ 2 (1-\gamma_\infty)^2 (1+(N-1) \gamma_\infty)} \\
\mathcal{I} & = & \frac{\gamma_\infty^2}{(1+(N-1) \gamma_\infty)} \\
\mathcal{J} & = & \frac{1+(N-3) \gamma_\infty}{2}\,.\end{aligned}$$
This analytic solution through first order is then compared with the DPT wavefunction derived from the general formalism of Paper (see Eqs. (33) and (117)) and implemented in <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Mathematica</span>[@mathematica] code. For the case of the general DPT formalism, from Eqs. (\[eq:groundWF\]) and (\[eqphi0\]) we find that $$\begin{aligned}
\mathbf{\bar{\Omega }}_{\mathbf{\bar{y}}^\prime}&=&\mathbf{V}^T\mathbf{\bar{\Omega }_{q'}}\mathbf{V} \,,
\\
\mbox{} [\bar{\Omega }_{q'}]_{\nu_1,\nu_2}&=&\delta_{\nu_1,\nu_2}\bar{\omega}_{\nu_1} \,,\end{aligned}$$ and $\mathbf{V}$ is the matrix transforming from the internal displacement coordinate vector $\mathbf{\bar{y}}^\prime$ to the normal mode coordinate vector $\mathbf{q'}$. The polynomial $\Delta$ of Eq. (\[eq:Phi1hat\]) is similarly transformed from a normal coordinate basis to $\Delta_{\mathbf{\bar{y}}^\prime}$ of Eq. (\[eq:wf1storder\]) in the internal coordinate basis.
In Tables \[tbl:st3diff\]–\[tbl:wk3\] we compare the binary invariant coefficients, $\triangle(\mathcal{G})$, from the general theory of Papers and Ref. with the above results derived from the full analytical solution above for $N=10,000$ particles and two different interparticle interaction strengths, $\lambda$. One value of $\lambda$ features strongly attractive harmonic interparticle interactions, while the other is for weakly-bound system with repulsive interparticle interactions (negative $\lambda$) for $\lambda$ just above the dissociation threshold at $\lambda = - 1/\sqrt{N}$.
In both cases, to within round-off-error determined by the machine precision, exact agreement is found, confirming the correctness of the general formalism of Paper , and its implementation in <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Mathematica</span>[@mathematica] coding.
Summary and Conclusions
=======================
In this paper we performed the first test of a general formalism from Paper for a fully-interacting $N$-body wave function through first order in a perturbation expansion. This formalism was verified by comparison to a fully-interacting, exactly-solvable model problem.
The resources required for a solution to a general $N$-body problem are understood to scale at least exponentially with $N$, making it very challenging to solve for large-$N$ systems.[@liu:2007; @montina2008] The present perturbation series will scale exponentially in $N$ if summed to all orders. However at first order, the number of terms scale as $N^6,$ a scaling, while greatly improved, still remains challenging. Nonetheless, this $N^6$ scaling is tamed by expanding the perturbation series about a point where the $N$-body system has a highly symmetric structure. In the process, the $N$-scaling aspect also effectively separates away from the rest of the physics allowing the $N$ scaling to be treated as a straight mathematical problem.
This highly symmetric structure for arbitrary $N$ is obtained as the number of spatial dimensions approaches infinity, resulting in a configuration whose point group is isomorphic to the $S_N$ group. All terms in the perturbation series for the Hamiltonian are then invariant under the $N!$ elements of the $S_N$ group, allowing an expansion in a basis that is also invariant under these $N!$ operations. This restriction results in a comparatively small basis at each order which is independent of $N$. There are only seven binary invariants at lowest order for any value of $N$, and twenty-three at next order independent of $N$ (except when $N$ is quite small when the number is even lower). In this paper we demonstrated the completeness of this basis at all orders. Thus order-by-order the wave function, along with other properties, may be derived essentially analytically.
Since the perturbation parameter is the dimensionality of space and not the interaction, this approach is equally applicable to weakly-interacting systems for which the mean-field approach is valid, and, perhaps more interestingly, strongly-interacting systems for which the mean-field approach breaks down. Paper extends previous work[@GFpaper; @energy; @normalmode; @density0] which derived energies, frequencies, normal-mode coordinates, wave functions, and density profiles at lowest order for quantum systems of confined, interacting particles of any number, $N$.
The general formalism set forth in Paper for the wave function through first order, while essentially analytic, has many moving parts, and so this paper sets out to verify the formalism by applying it to the harmonically-confined system of $N$ particles interacting via harmonic potentials which may be attractive or repulsive. This system is exactly soluble in $D$ dimensions, from which we directly derived the dimensional expansion for the wave function through first order in terms of the binary invariants. This expansion, directly from the exact wave function, has been compared with the wave function through first order from the general formalism of Paper . Since at each order there are only a finite number of binary invariants to consider, there are only a finite number of coefficients to the binary invariant terms that have to be compared. Exact agreement is found between the coefficients obtained directly from the analytic solution and those derived using the general formalism of Paper , confirming this general formalism.
The formalism of Paper is not limited to the harmonic interactions discussed in this paper, and indeed is quite general. In previous papers we have examined other potentials, in particular the hard-sphere potential in relation to Bose-Einstein condensates, at lowest order. While the lowest-order formalism adequately captures the behavior of the system in a range of scattering length, $a$, and particle number $N$ at which the mean field fails, for large enough $a$ and/or $N$ the lowest-order wave function no longer has the flexibility to adequately represent the actual system. It is thus desirable to apply the general formalism of Paper for the wave function, through first-order and verified in this paper, to other systems such as the Bose-Einstein condensate for interaction strengths and particle number at which the mean field breaks down.
In principle any observable quantity can be obtained from the wave function and as an illustration in Ref. we derived the density profile at lowest order from the lowest-order wave function. With the next-order wave function available from the formalism of Paper we can now derive any observable quantity, such as the density profile, to next order in the perturbation theory.
It is also important to note that while Paper derives the $N$-particle wave function to next order in perturbation theory, the same basic approach can, in principle, be used to derive yet higher-order terms in the perturbation series.
Confined, Harmonically Interacting, Analytically Solvable Model System {#sec:HarmIntWF}
======================================================================
In this appendix we derive the exact ground-state wave function for a harmonically-confined, harmonically-interacting system of $N$ particles in $D$ dimensions, and from it derive the wave function through first order in $\delta^{1/2}$ exactly, where $\delta = 1/D$.
The Hamiltonian of the harmonically interacting model system of identical particles is $$H = \frac{1}{2} \, \left( \sum_i^N \left[ - \frac{\partial^2}{\partial \bm{r}_i^2} + \omega_t^2 \bm{r}_i^2 \right] + \sum_{i<j}^{N} \omega_p^2 \bm{r}_{ij}^2 \right) \,.$$ Making the orthogonal transformation to center of mass and Jacobi coordinates $$\begin{aligned}
\bm{R} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}} \sum_{k=1}^N \bm{r}_k & \hspace{1ex} \mbox{and} \hspace{1ex} & \bm{\rho}_i = \frac{1}{\sqrt{i(i+1)}} \left( \sum_{j=1}^i \bm{r}_j- i \bm{r}_{i+1} \right) \,,\end{aligned}$$ where $1 \leq i \leq N-1$, the Hamiltonian becomes $$H = \frac{1}{2} \, \left( - \frac{\partial^2}{\partial \bm{R}^2} + \omega_t^2 \bm{R}^2 \right)
+ \frac{1}{2} \, \sum_{i=1}^{N-1} \left( - \frac{\partial^2}{\partial \bm{\rho }_i^2} + \omega_{\rm int}^2 \bm{\rho}^2 \right) \,,$$ the sum of $N$, $D$-dimensional harmonic-oscillator Hamiltonians, where $$\omega_{\rm int} = \sqrt{\omega_t^2 + N\, \omega_p^2}\,.$$ Notice two things about the Hamiltonian: it is separable and each component has the form of a $D$-dimensional harmonic oscillator. Therefore the ground-state solution to the wave function in the Schrödinger equation $$H \, \Psi = E \, \Psi$$ is the product of harmonic-oscillator wavefunctions $$\label{eq:WFNJ}
\Psi(\bm{R}, \, \{\bm{\rho}_i\}; \, D) = \psi(R;\, \omega_t, \, D) \, \prod_{i=1}^{N-1} \psi(\rho_i; \, \omega_{\rm int }, \, D) \,,$$ where $\psi(\rho_i; \, \omega_{\rm int }, \, D)$ is the $D$-dimensional, harmonic-oscillator, ground-state wave function $$\label{eq:DHarmWF}
\psi(r; \, \omega, \, D) = \sqrt{\frac{2 \omega^{\frac{D}{2}}}{\Gamma(\frac{D}{2})}} \,\, \exp{\left( - \frac{\omega}{2} r^2 \right) }$$ satisfying the normalization condition $$\int_0^\infty [\psi(r; \, \omega, \, D)]^2 \,r^{D-1}\,dr = 1 \,.$$ The Jacobian-weighted, $L=0$ wave function $\Psi_J$ is obtained by folding into the wavefunction, the square root of that portion of the Jacobian which depends on the internal coordinates, i.e. the square root of $$\Gamma^{(D-N-1)/2} \prod_{j=1}^N r_j^{(D-1)}\,,$$ where $\Gamma$ is the Grammian determinant, so that $$\label{eq:PsiJ}
\Psi_J = \mathcal{N} \, \Gamma^{(D-N-1)/4} \prod_{j=1}^N r_j^{(D-1)/2} \, \psi(R;\, \omega_t, \, D) \, \prod_{i=1}^{N-1} \psi(\rho_i; \, \omega_{\rm int }, \, D) \,,$$ where $\mathcal{N}$ is a normalization constant ensuring that $$\int [\Psi_J(\{r_i\}, \, \{\gamma_{jl} \}; D)]^2 \prod_i dr_i \prod_{j < k} d\gamma_{jk} = 1 \,.$$
A perturbation series in $1/\sqrt{D}$ for the exact wavefunction
----------------------------------------------------------------
### Dimensional scaling
Now consider transforming to dimensionally-scaled oscillator coordinates
$$\begin{array}{rcl@{\hspace{2em}}c@{\hspace{2em}}rcl@{\hspace{2em}}c@{\hspace{2em}}rcl}
r & = & D^2 \, \bar{a}_t \bar{r} & & \rho & = & D^2 \, \bar{a}_t \bar{\rho} & & R & = & D^2 \, \bar{a}_t \bar{R} \\
& = & {\displaystyle \frac{D^2 \, \bar{r}}{\sqrt{\bar{\omega}_t}}} & & & = & {\displaystyle \frac{D^2 \, \bar{\rho }}{\sqrt{\bar{\omega}_t}}} & & & = & {\displaystyle \frac{D^2 \, \bar{R}}{\sqrt{\bar{\omega}_t}}} \\
& = & {\displaystyle \frac{D^{1/2} \, \bar{r}}{\sqrt{\omega_t}}} & & & = & {\displaystyle \frac{D^{1/2} \, \bar{\rho }}{\sqrt{\omega_t}}}
& & & = & {\displaystyle \frac{D^{1/2} \, \bar{R}}{\sqrt{\omega_t}}} \,, \end{array}$$
where the $\omega_t = \frac{\bar{\omega}_t}{D^3}$, and $\bar{a}_t$ is the dimensionally-scaled oscillator length of the trap. Both $\bar{r}$ and $\bar{\rho}$ are dimensionless. From Eq. (\[eq:PsiJ\]) we obtain $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:all_order_Jacobian-weighted_Psi}
\Psi_J &=& \mathcal{N} \, \Gamma^{(D-N-1)/4} \prod_{j=1}^N \bar{r}_j^{(D-1)/2} \,
\sqrt{ \frac{2}{\Gamma(\frac{D}{2} ) } } \, D^{\frac{D}{4}} \, \exp{\left(- \frac{D}{2} \, \bar{R}^2 \right)} \nonumber \\ && \times
\left( \frac{2}{\Gamma(\frac{D}{2} ) } \right)^{\frac{N-1}{2} } \, [(\lambda D)^{\frac{D}{2}}]^{\frac{N-1}{2} }
\, \prod_{i=1}^{N-1} \exp{\left(- \frac{\lambda D}{2} \, \bar{\rho }^2_i \right)} \,, \label{eq:psiJ}\end{aligned}$$ where $$\lambda =\frac{\omega_{\rm int}}{\omega_t} \,.$$
### The large-dimension limit
To test the general formalism of Paper we need to expand Eq. (\[eq:all\_order\_Jacobian-weighted\_Psi\]) about the large-dimension limit through first order in $\delta^{1/2}$. In the large-dimension limit the system localizes about a structure where all the radii are equal to $\bar{r}_\infty$ and angle cosines are equal to $\gamma_\infty$. To derive $\bar{r}_\infty$ and $\gamma_\infty$ one applies the condition $$\label{eq:wfmax}
\left. \frac{\partial \Psi_J }{\partial \bar{r}_i } \right|_{D=\infty} = \left. \frac{\partial \Psi_J }{\partial \gamma_{jk} } \right|_{D=\infty} = 0 \,.$$ In this endeavor the following results are useful:
$$\begin{aligned}
\left. \Gamma \right|_{D=\infty} & = & (1+(N-1)\gamma_\infty) (1-\gamma_\infty)^{N-1} \label{eq:GammaInf0} \\
\left. \frac{\partial \Gamma}{\partial \gamma_{jk}} \right|_{D=\infty} & = & -2 \gamma_\infty (1-\gamma_\infty)^{N-2} \label{eq:GammaInf1} \\
\left. \bar{R}^2 \right|_{D=\infty} & = & \bar{r}_\infty^2 (1+(N-1) \gamma_\infty) \\
\left. \frac{\partial \bar{R}^2}{\partial \bar{r}_i} \right|_{D=\infty} & = & 2 \bar{r}_\infty \frac{(1+(N-1) \gamma_\infty)}{N} \\
\left. \frac{\partial \bar{R}^2}{\partial \gamma_{jk}} \right|_{D=\infty} & = & 2 \, \frac{ \bar{r}_\infty^2}{N} \\
\sum_{i=1}^{N-1} \bar{\rho}_i^2 & = & \sum_{j=1}^N \bar{\rho}_j^2 - \bar{R}^2 \\
\left. \sum_{i=1}^{N-1} \bar{\rho}_i^2 \, \right|_{D=\infty} & = & (N-1) \bar{r}_\infty^2 (1-\gamma_\infty) = (N-1) \bar{\rho}_\infty \\
\left. \frac{ \partial \sum_{i=1}^{N-1} \bar{\rho}_i^2 }{\partial r_k} \right|_{D=\infty} & = & \frac{2 (N-1)}{N} \bar{r}_\infty (1-\gamma_\infty) \\
\left. \frac{ \partial \sum_{i=1}^{N-1} \bar{\rho}_i^2 }{\partial \gamma_{jk} } \right|_{D=\infty} & = & - \frac{2}{N} \bar{r}_\infty^2\,.\end{aligned}$$
>From Eq. (\[eq:wfmax\]) we obtain the parameters $\bar{r}_\infty$ and $\gamma_\infty$ $$\begin{aligned}
\gamma_\infty & = & \frac{(\lambda -1)}{(N+(\lambda-1))} \label{eq:ginf} \\
\bar{r}_\infty^2 & = & \frac{1}{2(1+(N-1)\gamma_\infty)} = \frac{N+(\lambda-1)}{2 \lambda N} \label{eq:rinf} \,.\end{aligned}$$ Equations (\[eq:ginf\]) and (\[eq:rinf\]) define the $D \rightarrow \infty$ structure about which the system oscillates at finite dimension.
### A series expansion about the large-$D$ limit
To derive the wave function through order $\delta^{1/2}$ we perform a series expansion of each of the $D$-dependent terms in Eq. (\[eq:all\_order\_Jacobian-weighted\_Psi\]). $$\label{eq:sqrtoneOGamma}
\sqrt{\frac{1}{\Gamma\left(\frac{D}{2}\right)} } = \frac{2^{\frac{D-2}{4}}\exp{(\frac{D}{4}}) }{\sqrt[4]{\pi} D^{\frac{D-1}{4}} }
+ O(\delta) \,,$$ $$\label{eq:prodr}
\renewcommand{{1}}{2}
\begin{array}{rcl}
{\displaystyle \prod_{i=1}^N \bar{r}_i^{\frac{D-1}{2}} = } & & {\displaystyle \bar{r}_\infty^{\frac{N(D-1)}{2}} \exp{ \left( \sum_{i=1}^N
\frac{D^\frac{1}{2} \bar{r}'_i }{2 \bar{r}_\infty} \right) } \, \exp{ \left( - \frac{1}{4 \bar{r}^2_\infty} \sum_{i=1}^N
\bar{r}^{\prime \, 2}_i \right) } } \\
& \times & {\displaystyle \left( 1 + \frac{ \delta^{ \frac{1}{2}} } {2} \sum_{i=1}^N \left(
\frac{\bar{r}^{\prime \, 3}_i }{3 \bar{r}^3_\infty} - \frac{\bar{r}'_i}{\bar{r}_\infty} \right) + O(\delta) \right) \,. }
\end{array}
\renewcommand{{1}}{1}$$ We also have
$$\begin{aligned}
\bar{R}^2 & = & \bar{R}^2_\infty + \delta^{1/2} \, \bar{R}_2^{\prime}(\delta^{1/2}) \\
\sum_{i=1}^{N-1} \bar{\rho }^2_i & = & (N-1) \, \bar{\rho }^2_\infty + \delta^{1/2} \, _{{}_{\sum}}\bar{\rho }_2^{\prime}(\delta^{1/2})\,,\end{aligned}$$
where
$$\begin{aligned}
\left. \bar{R}^2 \right|_{D \rightarrow \infty} & \equiv & \bar{R}^2_\infty = \bar{r}_\infty^2 (1+(N-1) \gamma_\infty) \\
\left. \sum_{i=1}^{N-1} \bar{\rho }^2_i \right|_{D \rightarrow \infty} & \equiv & (N-1) \, \bar{\rho }^2_\infty =
(N-1) \, \bar{r}_\infty^2 (1- \gamma_\infty)\end{aligned}$$
and
$$\begin{aligned}
\bar{R}_2^{\prime}(\delta^{1/2}) & = & \begin{array}[t]{rl} & {\displaystyle \frac{2 \bar{r}_\infty}{N}
\left( (1+(N-1) \gamma_\infty) \sum_{i=1}^N \bar{r}'_i + \sum_{i<j=1}^N \bar{r}_\infty \bar{\gamma}'_{ij}\right) }\\
+ & {\displaystyle\frac{\delta^{1/2}}{N} \left( \sum_{i=1}^N (\bar{r}'_i )^2
+ 2 \gamma_\infty \!\! \sum_{i<j=1}^N \bar{r}'_i \bar{r}'_j +2 \bar{r}_\infty \!\! \sum_{i<j=1}^N (\bar{r}'_i + \bar{r}'_j) \bar{\gamma}'_{ij} \right) } \\
+ & {\displaystyle \delta \frac{2}{N} \sum_{i<j=1}^N \bar{r}'_i \bar{r}'_j \bar{\gamma}'_{ij} }
\end{array} \\
_{{}_{\sum}}\bar{\rho }_2^{\prime}(\delta^{1/2}) & = & \begin{array}[t]{rl} & {\displaystyle \frac{2 \bar{r}_\infty}{N}
\left( (N-1) (1-\gamma_\infty) \sum_{i=1}^N \bar{r}'_i - \sum_{i<j=1}^N \bar{r}_\infty \bar{\gamma}'_{ij}\right) }\\
+ & {\displaystyle\frac{\delta^{1/2}}{N} \left( (N-1) \sum_{i=1}^N (\bar{r}'_i )^2
- 2 \gamma_\infty \!\! \sum_{i<j=1}^N \bar{r}'_i \bar{r}'_j - 2 \bar{r}_\infty \!\! \sum_{i<j=1}^N (\bar{r}'_i + \bar{r}'_j) \bar{\gamma}'_{ij} \right) } \\
- & {\displaystyle \delta \frac{2}{N} \sum_{i<j=1}^N \bar{r}'_i \bar{r}'_j \bar{\gamma}'_{ij} } \,,
\end{array}\end{aligned}$$
so that
$$\begin{aligned}
\lefteqn{\exp{\left(- \frac{D}{2} \, \bar{R}^2 \right)} \, \prod_{i=1}^{N-1} \exp{\left(- \frac{\lambda D}{2} \, \bar{\rho }^2_i \right)}} \nonumber \\
& = & \renewcommand{{1}}{2}\begin{array}[t]{@{}rl} & {\displaystyle \exp{ \left( - \frac{D\, N}{4} \right) } \, \exp{ \left( - \sum_{i=1}^N
\frac{D^\frac{1}{2} \bar{r}'_i }{2 \bar{r}_\infty} \right) } \,
\exp{ \left( - \frac{D^{\frac{1}{2}} \bar{r}^2_\infty}{N} \, (1-\lambda) \sum_{i<j=1}^N \bar{\gamma}'_{ij} \right) } } \\
\times & {\displaystyle \exp{ \left( - \frac{1}{2} \left( \vphantom{\sum_{i<j=1}^N} \right. \right. } \renewcommand{{1}}{2} \begin{array}[t]{@{}l}
{\displaystyle \left( \lambda - \frac{\lambda-1}{N} \right) \sum_{i=1}^N \bar{r}_i^{\prime \, 2}
-\frac{2(\lambda-1)}{N} \, \bar{\gamma}_\infty \!\! \sum_{i<j=1}^N \bar{r}'_i \bar{r}'_j } \\
{\displaystyle \left. \left. -\frac{2(\lambda-1)}{N} \, \bar{r}_\infty \!\! \sum_{i<j=1}^N (\bar{r}'_i + \bar{r}'_j) \bar{\gamma}'_{ij} \right) \right) } \,
\end{array} } \\
\times & {\displaystyle \left( 1 + \delta^{\frac{1}{2}} \left( \frac{\lambda -1}{N} \right) \sum_{i<j=1}^N \bar{r}'_i \bar{r}'_j \bar{\gamma }'_{ij} + O(\delta) \right) }
\end{array} \label{eq:expRexprho}\,.\end{aligned}$$
The final bit of the puzzle in the dimensional expansion of Eq. (\[eq:psiJ\]) is the dimensional expansion of $\Gamma^{(D-N-1)/4}$. For this we need Eqs. (\[eq:GammaInf0\]), (\[eq:GammaInf1\]), and
$$\begin{aligned}
\left. \frac{\partial^2 \Gamma}{\partial \gamma_{ij} \, \partial \gamma_{kl}} \right|_{D=\infty} & = & 0 \\
\left. \frac{\partial^2 \Gamma}{\partial \gamma_{ij} \, \partial \gamma_{jk}} \right|_{D=\infty} & = & 2 \gamma_\infty (1-\gamma_\infty)^{N-3} \\
\left. \frac{\partial^2 \Gamma}{\partial \gamma_{ij}^2} \right|_{D=\infty} & = & -2 (1+(N-3)\gamma_\infty) (1-\gamma_\infty)^{N-3} \\
\left. \frac{\partial^3 \Gamma}{\partial \gamma_{ij} \, \partial \gamma_{kl} \, \partial \gamma_{mn} } \right|_{D=\infty} & = & 0 \\
\left. \frac{\partial^3 \Gamma}{\partial \gamma_{ij} \, \partial \gamma_{jk} \, \partial \gamma_{lm} } \right|_{D=\infty} & = & 0 \\
\left. \frac{\partial^3 \Gamma}{\partial \gamma_{ij} \, \partial \gamma_{jk} \, \partial \gamma_{kl} } \right|_{D=\infty} & = & - 2 \gamma_\infty (1-\gamma_\infty)^{N-4} \\
\left. \frac{\partial^3 \Gamma}{\partial \gamma_{ij} \, \partial \gamma_{jk} \, \partial \gamma_{jl} } \right|_{D=\infty} & = & 0 \\
\left. \frac{\partial^3 \Gamma}{\partial \gamma_{ij} \, \partial \gamma_{jk} \, \partial \gamma_{ik} } \right|_{D=\infty} & = & 2 (1+(N-4)\gamma_\infty) (1-\gamma_\infty)^{N-4} \\
\left. \frac{\partial^3 \Gamma}{\partial \gamma_{ij}^2 \, \partial \gamma_{kl} } \right|_{D=\infty} & = & 4 \gamma_\infty (1-\gamma_\infty)^{N-4} \\
\left. \frac{\partial^3 \Gamma}{\partial \gamma_{ij}^2 \, \partial \gamma_{jk} } \right|_{D=\infty} & = & 0 \\
\left. \frac{\partial^3 \Gamma}{\partial \gamma_{ij}^3 } \right|_{D=\infty} & = & 0 \,,\end{aligned}$$
from which we obtain
$$\begin{aligned}
\lefteqn{
\Gamma^{(D-N-1)/4} = \left( (1-\gamma_\infty)^{N-1} \, (1+(N-1) \gamma_\infty) \right)^{\frac{D-N-1}{4} } } \nonumber \\
&& \times \left( 1 + \frac{\delta^{\frac{1}{2}}}{12 (1-\gamma_\infty)(1+(N-1)\gamma_\infty)}
\left( - \frac{8 \gamma_\infty^3}{ (1-\gamma_\infty)^2(1+(N-1)\gamma_\infty)^2} [ B({
}) \bm{\bar{\gamma }' } ]^3 \right. \right. \nonumber \\
&& - \frac{6 \gamma_\infty}{ (1-\gamma_\infty)^2(1+(N-1)\gamma_\infty)} [ B({
}) \bm{\bar{\gamma }' } ]
\{ (1+(N-3)\gamma_\infty) B({
}) - \gamma_\infty B({
}) \} \bm{\bar{\gamma }' } \bm{\bar{\gamma }' } \hphantom{xxxxxx}
\nonumber \\
&& + \frac{1}{(1-\gamma_\infty)^2} \{(1+(N-4) \gamma_\infty) B({
}) - \gamma_\infty B({
}) + 2 \gamma_\infty B({
}) \} \bm{\bar{\gamma }' } \bm{\bar{\gamma }' } \bm{\bar{\gamma }' }
\nonumber \\
&& \left. \left. + \, 6(N+1) \gamma_\infty [ B({
}) \bm{\bar{\gamma }' } ] \vphantom{\frac{8 \gamma_\infty^3}{ (1-\gamma_\infty)^2(1+(N-1)\gamma_\infty)^2}} \right) + O(\delta) \vphantom{\frac{\delta^{\frac{1}{2}}}{12 (1-\gamma_\infty)(1+(N-1)\gamma_\infty)} } \right)
\,\, \exp{\left( - D^{\frac{1}{2}} \, \frac{(\lambda-1) \bar{r}_\infty^2 }{N} \sum_{i < j = 1}^N \bar{\gamma}'_{ij}
\right) } \nonumber \\
&& \times \exp{\left(-\frac{1}{2 (1-\gamma_\infty)^2 (1+(N-1)\gamma_\infty)} \left( - \frac{ \gamma_\infty^2}{ (1+(N-1)\gamma_\infty)} [ B({
}) \bm{\bar{\gamma }' } ]^2 \right. \right. } \nonumber \\
&& \left. \left. + \left[ \frac{ (1+(N-3)\gamma_\infty ) }{ 2 } B({
}) - \frac{\gamma_\infty}{2} B({
})
\right] \bm{\bar{\gamma }' } \bm{\bar{\gamma }' }
\right)
\right) \,, \label{eq:gamma_exp}\end{aligned}$$
where the $[B ({\mathcal G})]_{\nu_1, \nu_2, \ldots}$ are the binary invariants introduced in Paper (briefly reviewed in Appendix \[app:Bin\]) and $\mathcal{G}$ is the graph labeling the binary invariant. The expression $B(\mathcal{G}) \bm{\bar{X}'_1 } \bm{\bar{X_2 }' } \bm{\bar{X_3}' }$ is shorthand for $[B(\mathcal{G})]_{\nu_1, \nu_2, \nu_3} \, [\bm{\bar{X}'_1 }]_{\nu_1} [\bm{\bar{X_2 }' }]_{\nu_2} [\bm{\bar{X_3}' }]_{\nu_2}$ where repeated indices $\nu_i$ are summed over, $\bm{\bar{X }' }$ is the $\bm{\bar{r }' }$ or $\bm{\bar{\gamma }' }$ vector from Eq. (\[eq:ytransposeP\]), likewise for $B(\mathcal{G}) \bm{\bar{X}'_1 } \bm{\bar{X_2 }' }$ and $B(\mathcal{G}) \bm{\bar{X}'_1 }$. Using Eqs. (\[eq:sqrtoneOGamma\]), (\[eq:prodr\]), (\[eq:expRexprho\]), and (\[eq:gamma\_exp\]), along with $$\begin{aligned}
B({
}) \otimes B({
}) & = & B({
}) \\
})
}) ) \nonumber \\ && + B({
}) \\[1.5ex]
}) + \frac{B({
})}{3} + \frac{B({
})}{3} \\
}) \otimes \frac{B({
})}{2} & = & \frac{B({
})}{2}
+ \frac{B({
})}{2} + \frac{B({
}) \vphantom{\begin{array}[t]{c}
x \end{array} } }{6}\end{aligned}$$ in Eq. (\[eq:psiJ\]), with $$\mathcal{N} = \frac{1}{ \bar{r}_\infty^{\frac{N(D-1)}{2}} \, \left( (1-\gamma_\infty)^{N-1} \, (1+(N-1) \gamma_\infty) \right)^{\frac{D-N-1}{4} } } + O(\delta) \,,$$ we obtain the Jacobian-weighted $N$-body wavefunction in Eq. (\[eq:psiJ1\]) for a system of identical particles under harmonic confinement with harmonic interactions.
[99]{} W. Laing, M. Dunn, and D. Watson, Arxiv preprint math-ph/0808.2949v1; J. Math. Phys., submitted . Y. Liu, M. Christandl, and F. Verstraete, Phys. Rev. Lett. [**98**]{}, 110503 (2007). A. Montina, Phys. Rev. A [**77**]{}, 22104 (2008). D. Masiello, S. McKagan, and W. Reinhardt, Phys. Rev. A [**72**]{}, 63624 (2005). L. S. Cederbaum, O. E. Alon, and A. I. Streltsov, Phys. Rev. A [**73**]{}, 043609 (2006). A. Streltsov, O. Alon, and L. Cederbaum, Phys. Rev. A [**73**]{}, 063626 (2006). D. Landau and K. Binder, , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2001. M. Holzmann, W. Krauth, and M. Naraschewski, Phys. Rev. A [**59**]{}, 2956 (1999). J. K. Nilsen, J. Mur-Petit, M. Guilleumas, M. Hjorth-Jensen, and A. Polls, Phys. Rev. A [**71**]{}, 053610 (2005). D. Blume and C. H. Greene, Phys. Rev. A [**63**]{}, 63061 (2001). A. Minguzzi, S. Succi, F. Toschi, M. Tosi, and P. Vignolo, Phys. Rep. [**395**]{}, 223 (2004). G. S. Nunes, J. Phys. B [**32**]{}, 4293 (1999). A. Banerjee and M. P. Singh, Phys. Rev. A [**64**]{}, 063604 (2001). T. Gasenzer, J. Berges, M. Schmidt, and M. Seco, Phys. Rev. A [**72**]{}, 63604 (2005). M. Dunn, D. Watson, and J. Loeser, Ann. Phys. (NY) [**321**]{}, 1939 (2006). W. B. Laing, M. Dunn, and D. K. Watson, Phys. Rev. A [**74**]{}, 063605 (2006). J. L. Gross and J. Yellen, editors, , CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2004. Strictly speaking, this is a “loop multigraph”. The definition of a graph does not allow for multiple edges between a pair of vertices nor a “loop” edge with common endpoints. W.B. Laing, M. Dunn, and D.K. Watson, http://nhn.ou.edu/$\sim$watson/papers/jmp08/EPAPSlaing08.pdf; Submitted to the EPAPS electronic depository, see http://www.aip.org/pubservs/epaps.html. D. Kelle, Binary invariants are a basis, Unpublished, 2008. B. McKinney, M. Dunn, D. Watson, and J. Loeser, Ann. Phys. (NY) [**310**]{}, 56 (2003). B. McKinney, M. Dunn, and D. Watson, Phys. Rev. A [**69**]{}, 053611 (2004). Wolfram , <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Mathematica</span> edition: Version 6.0, 2007.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$\mathcal{G}$ $\Delta\left[\triangle(\mathcal{G})\right]$
-------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------
${ $7.0\times 10^{-16}$
${ $2.3\times 10^{-11}$
}$
${ $-4.1\times 10^{-16}$
}$
${ $-1.3\times 10^{-16}$
}$
${ $-6.1\times 10^{-16} $
}$
${ $1.2\times 10^{-16}$
}$
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: Fractional difference, $\Delta\triangle(\mathcal{G}) =( \triangle_{analytic}(\mathcal{G}) -\triangle_{DPT}(\mathcal{G}) ) /\triangle_{analytic}(\mathcal{G}) $, between the analytic and DPT rank-three, rank-two, and rank-one binary invariant coefficients when $N=10,000$ and $\lambda = 10$.[]{data-label="tbl:st3diff"}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$\mathcal{G}$ $\Delta\left[\triangle(\mathcal{G})\right]$
---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------
${ $-1.5\times 10^{-16} $
}$
${ $-6.0\times 10^{-13} $
}$
${ $ 3.7\times 10^{-16}$
}$
${ $ -2.1\times 10^{-13}$
}$
${ $ -8.4\times 10^{-7} $
}$
${ $8.4\times 10^{-10}$
}$
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: Fractional difference, $\Delta\triangle(\mathcal{G}) =( \triangle_{analytic}(\mathcal{G}) -\triangle_{DPT}(\mathcal{G}) ) /\triangle_{analytic}(\mathcal{G}) $, between the analytic and DPT rank-three, rank-two, and rank-one binary invariant coefficients when $N=10,000$ and $\lambda = 10$.[]{data-label="tbl:st3diff"}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$\mathcal{G}$ $\Delta\left[\triangle(\mathcal{G})\right]$
-------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------
${ $-3.6\times 10^{-16} $
}$
${ $-5.1\times 10^{-11} $
}$
${ $9.6\times 10^{-15}$
}$
${ $-3.7\times 10^{-16} $
}$
${ $-2.2\times 10^{-16} $
}$
${ $ 2.5\times 10^{-14}$
}$
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: Fractional difference, $\Delta\triangle(\mathcal{G}) =( \triangle_{analytic}(\mathcal{G}) -\triangle_{DPT}(\mathcal{G}) ) /\triangle_{analytic}(\mathcal{G}) $, between the analytic and DPT rank-three, rank-two, and rank-one binary invariant coefficients when $N=10,000$ and $\lambda = 10$.[]{data-label="tbl:st3diff"}
-----------------------------------------------------------------
$\mathcal{G}$ $\triangle(\mathcal{G})$
-------------------------------------- --------------------------
${ $2.3\times 10^{-11} $
}$
${ $ 1.1\times 10^{-11}$
}$
${ $ 2.4\times 10^{-15} $
}$
${ $ 2.2\times 10^{-15}$
}$
${ $ 2.0\times 10^{-15}$
}$
${ $ 8.2\times 10^{-16}$
}$
${ $
\setlength{\unitlength}{1.8ex} -1.2\times 10^{-17}$
}$
-----------------------------------------------------------------
: Rank-three and rank-two binary invariant coefficient, $\triangle_{DPT}(\mathcal{G}) $, from the general *Mathematica* code when $N=10,000$ and $\lambda = 10$. All of these coefficients are exactly zero in the exactly soluble analytic solution.[]{data-label="tbl:st3"}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
$\mathcal{G}$ $\triangle(\mathcal{G})$
---------------------------------------- --------------------------
${ $-2.9\times 10^{-15} $
}$
${ $ 7.8\times 10^{-19} $
}$
${ $4.1\times 10^{-19} $
}$
${ $9.8\times 10^{-17} $
}$
${ $ 1.0\times 10^{-19}$
}$
${ $6.2\times 10^{-20} $
}$
${ $2.1\times 10^{-20}$
}$
-------------------------------------------------------------------
: Rank-three and rank-two binary invariant coefficient, $\triangle_{DPT}(\mathcal{G}) $, from the general *Mathematica* code when $N=10,000$ and $\lambda = 10$. All of these coefficients are exactly zero in the exactly soluble analytic solution.[]{data-label="tbl:st3"}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$\mathcal{G}$ $\Delta\left[\triangle(\mathcal{G})\right]$
-------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------
${ $ 1.6\times 10^{-11}$
${ $-3.8\times 10^{-8} $
}$
${ $2.5\times 10^{-8} $
}$
${ $-3.8\times 10^{-8} $
}$
${ $2.5\times 10^{-8} $
}$
${ $ 2.2\times 10^{-5}$
}$
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: Fractional difference, $\Delta\triangle(\mathcal{G}) =( \triangle_{analytic}(\mathcal{G}) -\triangle_{DPT}(\mathcal{G}) ) /\triangle_{analytic}(\mathcal{G}) $, between the analytic and DPT rank-three, rank-two and rank-one binary invariant coefficients when $N=10,000$ and $\lambda^2 = -1/10,000 + 10^{-10}$.[]{data-label="tbl:wk3diff"}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$\mathcal{G}$ $\Delta\left[\triangle(\mathcal{G})\right]$
---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------
${ $-2.0\times 10^{-8}$
}$
${ $ 1.7\times 10^{-13}$
}$
${ $ 2.1\times 10^{-11} $
}$
${ $ -3.0\times 10^{-14}$
}$
${ $1.7\times 10^{-3} $
}$
${ $-1.7\times 10^{-10}$
}$
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: Fractional difference, $\Delta\triangle(\mathcal{G}) =( \triangle_{analytic}(\mathcal{G}) -\triangle_{DPT}(\mathcal{G}) ) /\triangle_{analytic}(\mathcal{G}) $, between the analytic and DPT rank-three, rank-two and rank-one binary invariant coefficients when $N=10,000$ and $\lambda^2 = -1/10,000 + 10^{-10}$.[]{data-label="tbl:wk3diff"}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$\mathcal{G}$ $\Delta\left[\triangle(\mathcal{G})\right]$
-------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------
${ $-2.6\times 10^{-11} $
}$
${ $ -1.1\times 10^{-9}$
}$
${ $6.8\times 10^{-13}$
}$
${ $-1.6\times 10^{-7}$
}$
${ $ 1.6\times 10^{-10}$
}$
${ $ -3.8 \times 10^{-13}$
}$
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: Fractional difference, $\Delta\triangle(\mathcal{G}) =( \triangle_{analytic}(\mathcal{G}) -\triangle_{DPT}(\mathcal{G}) ) /\triangle_{analytic}(\mathcal{G}) $, between the analytic and DPT rank-three, rank-two and rank-one binary invariant coefficients when $N=10,000$ and $\lambda^2 = -1/10,000 + 10^{-10}$.[]{data-label="tbl:wk3diff"}
-----------------------------------------------------------------
$\mathcal{G}$ $\triangle(\mathcal{G})$
-------------------------------------- --------------------------
${ $-4.8\times 10^{-20} $
}$
${ $ 7.9\times 10^{-24}$
}$
${ $1.9\times10^{-12}$
}$
${ $-1.9\times10^{-16}$
}$
${ $-2.6\times10^{-19}$
}$
${ $3.8\times10^{-20}$
}$
${ $8.1\times 10^{-20}$
}$
-----------------------------------------------------------------
: Rank-three and rank-two binary invariant coefficient, $\triangle_{DPT}(\mathcal{G}) $, from the general *Mathematica* code when $N=10,000$ and $\lambda^2 = -1/10,000 + 10^{-10}$. All of these coefficients are exactly zero in the exactly soluble analytic solution.[]{data-label="tbl:wk3"}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
$\mathcal{G}$ $\triangle(\mathcal{G})$
---------------------------------------- --------------------------
${ $2.8\times 10^{-10}$
}$
${ $ -1.7\times 10^{-14}$
}$
${ $ -2.8\times 10^{-14}$
}$
${ $5.3\times 10^{-14} $
}$
${ $-1.2\times 10^{-17}$
}$
${ $ -5.0\times 10^{-18} $
}$
${ $3.3\times 10^{-20}$
}$
-------------------------------------------------------------------
: Rank-three and rank-two binary invariant coefficient, $\triangle_{DPT}(\mathcal{G}) $, from the general *Mathematica* code when $N=10,000$ and $\lambda^2 = -1/10,000 + 10^{-10}$. All of these coefficients are exactly zero in the exactly soluble analytic solution.[]{data-label="tbl:wk3"}
[^1]: Current Address: Department of Physics, Kansas State University
[^2]: Current Address: Department of Mathematics, Florida State University
| |
This is the command invgeod that can be run in the OnWorks free hosting provider using one of our multiple free online workstations such as Ubuntu Online, Fedora Online, Windows online emulator or MAC OS online emulator
PROGRAM:
NAME
geod - direct geodesic computations
invgeod - inverse geodesic computations
SYNOPSIS
geod +ellps=<ellipse> [ -afFIlptwW [ args ] ] [ +args ] file[s]
invgeod +ellps=<ellipse> [ -afFIlptwW [ args ] ] [ +args ]
file[s]
DESCRIPTION
geod (direct) and invgeod (inverse) perform geodesic ("Great
Circle") computations for determining latitude, longitude and
back azimuth of a terminus point given a initial point
latitude, longitude, azimuth and distance (direct) or the
forward and back azimuths and distance between an initial and
terminus point latitudes and longitudes (inverse). The results
are accurate to round off for |f| < 1/50, where f is
flattening. invgeod may not be available on all platforms; in
this case call geod with the -I option.
The following command-line options can appear in any order:
-I Specifies that the inverse geodesic computation is to be
performed. May be used with execution of geod as an
alternative to invgeod execution.
-a Latitude and longitudes of the initial and terminal
points, forward and back azimuths and distance are
output.
-ta A specifies a character employed as the first character
to denote a control line to be passed through without
processing.
-le Gives a listing of all the ellipsoids that may be
selected with the +ellps= option.
-lu Gives a listing of all the units that may be selected
with the +units= option.
-[f|F] format
Format is a printf format string to control the output
form of the geographic coordinate values (f) or distance
value (F). The default mode is DMS for geographic
coordinates and "%.3f" for distance.
-[w|W]n
N is the number of significant fractional digits to
employ for seconds output (when the option is not
specified, -w3 is assumed). When -W is employed the
fields will be constant width with leading zeroes.
-p This option causes the azimuthal values to be output as
unsigned DMS numbers between 0 and 360 degrees. Also
note -f.
The +args command-line options are associated with geodetic
parameters for specifying the ellipsoidal or sphere to use.
See proj documentation for full list of these parameters and
controls. The options are processed in left to right order
from the command line. Reentry of an option is ignored with
the first occurrence assumed to be the desired value.
One or more files (processed in left to right order) specify
the source of data to be transformed. A - will specify the
location of processing standard input. If no files are
specified, the input is assumed to be from stdin.
For direct determinations input data must be in latitude,
longitude, azimuth and distance order and output will be
latitude, longitude and back azimuth of the terminus point.
Latitude, longitude of the initial and terminus point are input
for the inverse mode and respective forward and back azimuth
from the initial and terminus points are output along with the
distance between the points.
Input geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) and
azimuthal data must be in decimal degrees or DMS format and
input distance data must be in units consistent with the
ellipsoid major axis or sphere radius units. The latitude must
lie in the range [-90d,90d]. Output geographic coordinates
will be in DMS (if the -f switch is not employed) to 0.001"
with trailing, zero-valued minute-second fields deleted.
Output distance data will be in the same units as the ellipsoid
or sphere radius.
The Earth's ellipsoidal figure may be selected in the same
manner as program proj by using +ellps=, +a=, +es=, etc.
Geod may also be used to determine intermediate points along
either a geodesic line between two points or along an arc of
specified distance from a geographic point. In both cases an
initial point must be specified with +lat_1=lat and +lon_1=lon
parameters and either a terminus point +lat_2=lat and
+lon_2=lon or a distance and azimuth from the initial point
with +S=distance and +A=azimuth must be specified.
If points along a geodesic are to be determined then either
+n_S=integer specifying the number of intermediate points
and/or +del_S=distance specifying the incremental distance
between points must be specified.
To determine points along an arc equidistant from the initial
point both +del_A=angle and +n_A=integer must be specified
which determine the respective angular increments and number of
points to be determined.
EXAMPLE
The following script determines the geodesic azimuths and
distance in U.S. statute miles from Boston, MA, to Portland,
OR:
geod +ellps=clrk66 <<EOF -I +units=us-mi
42d15'N 71d07'W 45d31'N 123d41'W
EOF
which gives the results:
-66d31'50.141" 75d39'13.083" 2587.504
where the first two values are the azimuth from Boston to
Portland, the back azimuth from Portland to Boston followed by
the distance.
An example of forward geodesic use is to use the Boston
location and determine Portland's location by azimuth and
distance:
geod +ellps=clrk66 <<EOF +units=us-mi
42d15'N 71d07'W -66d31'50.141" 2587.504
EOF
which gives:
45d31'0.003"N 123d40'59.985"W 75d39'13.094"
Note: lack of precision in the distance value compromises the
precision of the Portland location. | https://www.onworks.net/os-distributions/programs/invgeod-online |
Monday, May 19, 5-7 pm (CDT), The community is invited to a going-away party for Executive Director, Carolyn Saxton. Carolyn has been at LCA for nearly nine years and has set LCA on an upward trajectory for success in the community. She brought the organization from its new beginnings at 101 W. 2nd Street, to a pillar of the arts in Northwest Indiana. Wish Carolyn well as she takes on the position as President of Legacy Foundation, a community foundation in Lake County, IN. Announcements will be made at 5:45 pm. Free event, refreshments will be served.
Anyone wishing to make a contribution to honor Carolyn can do so by making checks payable to LCA (mailed to LCA, 101 W. 2nd St., Michigan City, IN 46360) or online at lubeznikcenter.org. Gifts may also be made by phone at 219-874-4900.
Under Saxton's leadership LCA was instrumental in community initiatives that include: initiating the First Friday Art Walk and encouraging the development of the Uptown Arts District; chairing the Michigan City Public Art Committee and the SculptFusion public art project that brought eight works to downtown Michigan City; recommending Artspace, that will provide nearly 50 affordable live/work spaces for artists on historic Franklin Street in downtown Michigan City; and growing the LCA Lakefront Art Festival to an event that draws over 5000 visitors to Michigan City's Washington Park every August.
LCA now reaches a total of 25,000 people annually, including visitors, those attending exhibitions, programs and events, as well as children and adults who receive direct experiences in art, music and dance - many of whom might not otherwise have a creative outlet.
Lubeznik Center for the Arts is located at 101 W. 2nd St., at the lakefront in Michigan City, IN. Gallery weekday hours are from 10:00 AM to 5:00 PM (CDT). Weekend hours are from 11:00 AM to 4:00 PM (CDT). Extended hours until 7pm on Thursdays between Memorial Day and Labor Day . For more information please visit www.lubeznikcenter.org or call 219-874-4900. | https://portage.life/article/goodbye-party-for-lca-executive-director-carolyn-saxton/ |
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No: 60/650,491, filed Feb. 7, 2005, entitled “Methods And Apparatus For Facilitating A Secure Processor Functional Transition,” the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No.: 60/650,755, filed Feb. 7, 2005, entitled “Methods And Apparatus For A Secure Session Between A Processor And An External Device,” the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for facilitating a transition from a trusted decryption function to a content authentication function in a secure processing environment, which may include a multi-processing capability.
In recent years, there has been an insatiable desire for faster computer processing data throughputs because cutting-edge computer applications are becoming more and more complex, and are placing ever increasing demands on processing systems. Graphics applications are among those that place the highest demands on a processing system because they require such vast numbers of data accesses, data computations, and data manipulations in relatively short periods of time to achieve desirable visual results. Real-time, multimedia applications also place a high demand on processing system; indeed, they require extremely fast processing speeds, such as many thousands of megabits of data per second.
While some processing systems employ a single processor to achieve fast processing speeds, others are implemented utilizing multi-processor architectures. In multi-processor systems, a plurality of sub-processors can operate in parallel (or at least in concert) to achieve desired processing results. It has also been contemplated to employ a modular structure in a multi-processing system, where the computing modules are accessible over a broadband network (such as the Internet) and the computing modules may be shared among many users. Details regarding this modular structure may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,526,491, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
A problem arises, however, when a processing system is used over a network or is part of a shared resource. In particular, the processor and its associated software (such as application programs) are subject to outside influences such as intentional hacking and the like. Another problem involves the unauthorized or outright malicious effects that may be introduced by software that is not authenticated in some way prior to execution. Unfortunately, the conventional process of executing software applications (or other types of digital content) prescribes reading the software from a memory and executing same using a processor. Even if the processing system in which the software is executed employs some type of security feature, the software might be tampered with or may not be authorized for execution in the first place. Thus, any later invoked security measures cannot be fully trusted and may be usurped.
Accordingly, there are needs in the art for new methods and apparatus for providing security features to authenticate digital content, such as providing a transition from a trusted decryption function to a content authentication function in a secure processing environment.
In accordance with one or more aspects of the present invention, it is desirable to establish a secure processing environment. This may involve triggering a state in which no externally-initiated data access request into the processor will be responded to. In other words, the secure processor will not respond to any outside request for data (e.g., a request to read contents on a local memory or registers). Thus, when the processor enters a secure mode, it creates a trusted environment in which to launch further security measures, such as authentication of software applications and content.
Preferably, trusted decryption code (and a trusted decryption key) is stored in a secure memory (e.g., a flash ROM) that is associated with a particular processor. The trusted decryption code and decryption key are preferably only available from the flash ROM when the processor has entered a secure mode. This decryption capability is preferably hardware-implemented (e.g., software that is burned into the flash ROM or any other suitable hardware device). Once the trusted decryption code is invoked, it may be used to decrypt a public key authentication program (which was encrypted using the trusted key) and stored in a system memory (outside the secure processing environment). The public key authentication program may be used to decrypt and authenticate other application programs and content.
Once the trusted decryption code has served it purpose, the function of the secure processor preferably transitions to the public key authentication program. In an alternative embodiment, the secure processor may pass the authenticated application program and/or data to another processor (which may or may not be secure) in a multi-processor system.
By way of example, the public key authentication program may be operable to decrypt and authenticate an application program and/or data (content) that has been encrypted using a trusted key (e.g., a private key of a private/public key pair). The secure processor may use a public key (e.g., the public key of the private/public key pair) to decrypt and verify the application program and/or data. The application program and/or data may also be signed by an electronic signature (e.g., a hash result), which may also be verified by the public key authentication program running the hash algorithm and cross-checking the result.
It is noted that as used herein, the term “data” is broadly construed to include any type of program code, application software, system level software, any type of data, a data stream, etc.
Once the data have been decrypted and verified, the secure processor may execute and/or otherwise utilize the data in a secure fashion without concern about hacking or other security violations. Without such verification, however, any subsequent program execution and/or data manipulation cannot be fully trusted.
In accordance with one of more embodiments of the present invention, methods and apparatus provide for employing a processor and associated local memory to achieve desirable results, where the processor is capable of operative connection to a main memory such that data may be read from the main memory for use in the local memory.
The methods and apparatus preferably provide for: entering a secure mode of operation where externally initiated requests to read data from or write data into the processor are not serviced but internally initiated data transfers are serviced; reading a decryption program from a storage medium into the local memory of the processor; reading an encrypted authentication program into the local memory of the processor; decrypting the encrypted authentication program using a decryption program; and transitioning functionality of the processor from the decryption program to the authentication program.
The storage medium containing the decryption program is preferably secure such that the decryption program may not be tampered with by external software manipulation.
The authenticity of the authentication program may be verified prior to transitioning functionality of the processor. The step of verifying the authenticity of the authentication program may include executing a hash function on the decrypted authentication program to produce a hash result and comparing the hash result with a predetermined hash value.
In accordance with one or more further embodiments of the present invention, a multi-processing system may be employed and after the authentication program is verified, the authentication program may be transferred from the at least one processor to another processor of the system.
Irrespective of whether a single processor or a multi-processor system is employed, the encrypted content is preferably read from the system memory into the local memory, the content having been encrypted using a private key of a private/public key pair; and the authentication program is preferably used to authenticate the content. The encrypted content may be decrypted using the authentication program and the public key of the private/public key pair. The authenticity of the content may be verified by executing a hash function thereon to produce a hash result and comparing the hash result with a predetermined hash value.
Thereafter, the functionality of the processor may be transitioned from the authentication program to the content if the content is authentic.
Other aspects, features, advantages, etc. will become apparent to one skilled in the art when the description of the invention herein is taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
For the purposes of illustrating the various aspects of the invention, there are shown in the drawings forms that are presently preferred, it being understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown.
FIG. 1
is a diagram illustrating a processing system in accordance with one or more aspects of the present invention;
FIG. 2
FIG. 1
is a flow diagram illustrating functional transitions of the processing system of in accordance with one or more aspects of the present invention;
FIG. 3
FIG. 1
is a flow diagram illustrating process steps that may be carried out by the processing system of in accordance with one or more further aspects of the present invention;
FIG. 4
FIG. 1
is a flow diagram illustrating further process steps that may be carried out by the processing system of in accordance with one or more further aspects of the present invention; and
FIG. 5
FIG. 1
is a diagram illustrating the structure of a multi-processing system having two or more sub-processors, one or more of which may include a processor having the capabilities of the processor of in accordance with one or more further aspects of the present invention.
FIG. 1 a
FIG. 1
100
100
100
102
104
106
108
With reference to the drawings, wherein like numerals indicate like elements, there is shown in processing system suitable for employing one or more aspects of the present invention. For the purposes of brevity and clarity, the block diagram of will be referred to and described herein as illustrating an apparatus , it being understood, however, that the description may readily be applied to various aspects of a method with equal force. The apparatus preferably includes a processor , a local memory , a system memory (e.g., a DRAM), and a bus .
102
106
102
102
The processor may be implemented utilizing any of the known technologies that are capable of requesting data from the system memory , and manipulating the data to achieve a desirable result. For example, the processor may be implemented using any of the known microprocessors that are capable of executing software and/or firmware, including standard microprocessors, distributed microprocessors, etc. By way of example, the processor may be a graphics processor that is capable of requesting and manipulating data, such as pixel data, including gray scale information, color information, texture data, polygonal information, video frame information, etc.
104
102
104
104
104
106
102
106
108
104
Notably, the local memory is preferably located in the same chip as the processor ; however, the local memory is preferably not a hardware cache memory in that there are preferably no on chip or off chip hardware cache circuits, cache registers, cache memory controllers, etc. to implement a hardware cache memory function. In alternative embodiments, the local memory may be a cache memory and/or an additional cache memory may be employed. As on chip space is often limited, the size of the local memory may be much smaller than the system memory . The processor preferably provides data access requests to copy data (which may include program data) from the system memory over the bus into the local memory for program execution and data manipulation. The mechanism for facilitating data access may be implemented utilizing any of the known techniques, such as direct memory access (DMA) techniques.
100
102
108
110
104
102
110
110
110
100
The apparatus also preferably includes a storage medium, such as a read only memory (ROM) that is operatively coupled to the processor , e.g., through the bus . The storage medium preferably contains a trusted decryption program that is readable into the local memory of the processor and operable to decrypt information using a secure decryption key. Preferably, the storage medium is a permanently programmable device (e.g., a flash ROM) a level of security is achieved in which the decryption program yields a trusted function and cannot be tampered with by external software manipulation. The security of the storage medium is preferably such that the decryption program and/or other information (such as a trusted decryption key) may not be accessed by unauthorized entities. For example, the decryption program is preferably established and stored in the storage medium during the manufacture of the apparatus .
102
104
102
110
It is preferred that the processor and the local memory , are disposed on a common integrated circuit. Thus, these elements may be referred to herein as “the processor .” In an alternative embodiment, the storage medium may also be disposed on the common integrated circuit with one or more of the other elements.
FIGS. 1 and 2
102
102
102
202
102
102
204
102
206
206
102
102
208
Reference is now made to both , where in general the processor is operable to change status in order to achieve various conditional states. These states will be briefly introduced and then discussed in more detail hereinbelow. In a first state, the processor is in a normal mode. The processor is preferably operable to transition (action ) to a second state, where the processor is in a secure mode of operation. The processor is also preferably operable to transition (action ) to a third state in which trusted decryption code may be invoked and executed within the processor . As will be discussed in more detail herein below, the decryption code may be utilized to invoke further functionality, such as an authentication program, by transitioning (action ) to a fourth state in which the authentication program is invoked. It is noted that the transition of action changes the functionality of the processor from the decryption program to the authentication program. The authentication program may be utilized to validate content prior to its execution by the processor . In this regard, the processor is preferably operable to transition (action ) to a fifth state in which the functionality of the authentication program is discarded in favor of executing the content.
102
100
300
102
104
102
102
106
104
104
106
102
FIGS. 3 and 4
Further details regarding the transitions of the processor to the various states will be discussed in more detail herein with reference to , which are flow diagrams illustrating process steps that may be carried out by the apparatus in accordance with one or more aspect of the present invention. At action , the processor is preferably operable to enter a secure mode of operation. In this secure mode of operation, no requests for data stored in the local memory (or any other memory devices, registers, etc.) of the processor will be serviced, thereby insuring a trusted environment in which to carry out sensitive operations. Despite being in a secure mode, the processor may request the transfer of data from the system memory into the local memory , or may request the transfer of data from the local memory to the system memory . Still further, the processor may initiate the transfer of data into and out of the trusted environment irrespective of the source or destination while in the secure mode of operation.
102
110
104
110
104
304
104
102
106
104
106
Once the trusted environment provided by the secure mode of operation is achieved, the processor is preferably operable to read the decryption program from the storage medium into the local memory . Preferably, a trusted decryption key is also stored within the storage medium and is read into the local memory for later use. At action , an encrypted authentication program is preferably read into the local memory of the processor . As the authentication program is preferably encrypted, it may be stored in a less secure storage medium, such as the system memory . Thus, the action of reading the encrypted authentication program into the local memory preferably entails obtaining the encrypted authentication program from the system memory .
306
102
308
At action , the encrypted authentication program is preferably decrypted using the decryption program and the trusted decryption key. This action assumes that the authentication program was encrypted utilizing a key that is associated with the trusted decryption key. As the decryption of the authentication program takes place within the trusted environment of the secure processor , it may be assumed that the authentication program cannot be tampered with after decryption. Therefore, at action the functionality of the processor may be transitioned from the decryption program to the authentication program.
102
106
106
In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the authenticity of the authentication program may be verified prior to transitioning functionality of the processor . In this regard, the step of verifying the authenticity of the authentication program may include executing a hash function on the decrypted authentication program to produce a hash result. Thereafter, the hash result may be compared with a predetermined hash value, which may be a digital signature or the like. By way of example, the hash function may be executed on the authentication program by a trusted entity to produce the predetermined hash value. The predetermined hash value may be encrypted with the authentication program itself and provided by the trusted entity to the system memory . Those skilled in the art will appreciate that one or more intervening entities may be employed to complete the transmission of the encrypted authentication program from the trusted entity to the system memory .
110
100
As discussed above, the decryption program is preferably established and stored in the storage medium during manufacture of the apparatus . Thus, the decryption program- may include the ability to execute the same hash function that was used by the trusted entity to produce the predetermined hash value. The decryption program may be operable to execute the hash function on the authentication program to produce the hash result and to compare the hash result with the predetermined hash value. If the hash result and the predetermined hash value match, then it may be assumed that the authentication program has not been tampered with and is authentic.
FIG. 4
102
104
102
310
106
312
With reference to , once the functionality of the processor has transitioned to the authentication program, encrypted content is preferably read into the local memory of the processor (action ). As the content is encrypted, it may be stored in a relatively un-secure location, such as the system memory . It is preferred that the content has been encrypted using a private key of a private/public key pair. Thus, no unauthorized entity can decrypt the content without having the public key of the pair. At action , the authentication program is preferably privy to the public key of the private/public key pair and is operable to decrypt the encrypted content using such key.
314
102
106
106
At action , an authentication routine is preferably executed on the decrypted content. The authentication routine preferably verifies the authenticity of the content prior to its execution by the processor . In this regard, the step of verifying the authenticity of the content may include executing a hash function on the decrypted content to produce a hash result. Thereafter, the hash result may be compared with a predetermined hash value, which may be a digital signature or the like. By way of example, the hash function may be executed on the content by a trusted entity to produce the predetermined hash value. The predetermined hash value may be encrypted with the content itself and provided by the trusted entity to the system memory . Again, those skilled in the art will appreciate that one or more intervening entities may be employed to complete the transmission of the encrypted content from the trusted entity to the system memory .
The authentication program may include the ability to execute the same hash function that was used by the trusted entity to produce the predetermined hash value for the content. The authentication program may be operable to execute the hash function on the content to produce the hash result and to compare the hash result with the predetermined hash value. If the hash result and the predetermined hash value match, then it may be assumed that the content has not been tampered with and is authentic.
316
100
316
318
102
102
At action , a determination is preferably made as to whether the content is authentic. If the result of the determination is negative, then the process flow preferably advances to a failed state where appropriate actions are taken. For example, the authentication process may be retried, a message may be delivered to an operator of the apparatus indicating the failure to authenticate the content, or other such actions may be taken. If the result of the determination at action is in the affirmative, then the process flow preferably advances to action , where the functionality of the processor is preferably transitioned from the authentication program to content execution. In particular, the processor is preferably operable to execute the content, which may be an application program, some data, etc.
FIG. 5
FIGS. 1-4
100
102
100
102
104
106
102
104
106
108
102
102
is a diagram illustrating the structure of a multi-processing system A having two or more sub-processors . The concepts discussed hereinabove with respect to may be applied to the multi-processing system A, which includes a plurality of processors A-D, associated local memories A-D, and a main memory . At least the processors , the local memories , and the shared memory are preferably (directly or indirectly) coupled to one another over a bus system that is operable to transfer data to and from each component in accordance with suitable protocols. Although four processors are illustrated by way of example, any number may be utilized without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. The processors may be implemented with any of the known technologies, and each processor may be of similar construction or of differing construction.
102
102
102
102
106
102
102
FIG. 1
One or more of the processors preferably includes the capabilities and elements of the processor of . Others of the processors need not include such capabilities, although having such capabilities would not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Each of the processors may be of similar construction or of differing construction. The processors may be implemented utilizing any of the known technologies that are capable of requesting data from the shared (or system) memory , and manipulating the data to achieve a desirable result. For example, the processors may be implemented using any of the known microprocessors that are capable of executing software and/or firmware, including standard microprocessors, distributed microprocessors, etc. By way of example, one or more of the processors may be a graphics processor that is capable of requesting and manipulating data, such as pixel data, including gray scale information, color information, texture data, polygonal information, video frame information, etc.
102
100
One or more of the processors of the system may take on the role as a main (or managing) processor. The main processor may schedule and orchestrate the processing of data by the other processors.
106
102
106
106
The system memory is preferably a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) coupled to the processors through a memory interface circuit (not shown). Although the system memory is preferably a DRAM, the memory may be implemented using other means, e.g., a static random access memory (SRAM), a magnetic random access memory (MRAM), an optical memory, a holographic memory, etc.
102
104
Each processor preferably includes a processor core and an associated one of the local memories in which to execute programs. These components may be integrally disposed on a common semi-conductor substrate or may be separately disposed as may be desired by a designer. The processor core is preferably implemented using a processing pipeline, in which logic instructions are processed in a pipelined fashion. Although the pipeline may be divided into any number of stages at which instructions are processed, the pipeline generally comprises fetching one or more instructions, decoding the instructions, checking for dependencies among the instructions, issuing the instructions, and executing the instructions. In this regard, the processor core may include an instruction buffer, instruction decode circuitry, dependency check circuitry, instruction issue circuitry, and execution stages.
104
102
104
106
Each local memory is coupled to its associated processor core via a bus and is preferably located on the same chip (same semiconductor substrate) as the processor core. The local memory is preferably not a traditional hardware cache memory in that there are no on-chip or off-chip hardware cache circuits, cache registers, cache memory controllers, etc. to implement a hardware cache memory function. As on chip space is often limited, the size of the local memory may be much smaller than the shared memory .
102
106
108
104
The processors preferably provide data access requests to copy data (which may include program data) from the system memory over the bus system into their respective local memories for program execution and data manipulation. The mechanism for facilitating data access may be implemented utilizing any of the known techniques, for example the direct memory access (DMA) technique. This function is preferably carried out by the memory interface circuit.
102
102
10
306
102
100
102
310
318
100
FIG. 3
FIG. 4
FIG. 5
In accordance with one or more further aspects of the present invention, the transition of functionality to the decryption program to the authentication program in the processor may take place as between two or more of the processors in the multiprocessor system A. In particular, after the authentication program is decrypted using the decryption program (action , ), the authentication program may be transferred from the secure processor in which the authentication program was decrypted to another of the processors of the system A. It is noted that the processor receiving the authentication program need not be in a secure mode of operation because the authentication program was decrypted (and possibly verified) within a trusted environment and, therefore, the transfer for such authentication program to another processor that is not in a secure mode of operation may still provide a level of confidence that the authentication program may be utilized to decrypt and authenticate content. Thus, actions - of may also be carried out in connection with the multi-processor system A of .
In accordance with at least one further aspect of the present invention, the methods and apparatus described above may be achieved utilizing suitable hardware, such as that illustrated in the figures. Such hardware may be implemented utilizing any of the known technologies, such as standard digital circuitry, any of the known processors that are operable to execute software and/or firmware programs, one or more programmable digital devices or systems, such as programmable read only memories (PROMs), programmable array logic devices (PALs), etc. Furthermore, although the apparatus illustrated in the figures are shown as being partitioned into certain functional blocks, such blocks may be implemented by way of separate circuitry and/or combined into one or more functional units. Still further, the various aspects of the invention may be implemented by way of software and/or firmware program(s) that may be stored on suitable storage medium or media (such as floppy disk(s), memory chip(s), etc.) for transportability and/or distribution.
As discussed above, trusted decryption code (and a trusted decryption key) is stored in a secure memory that is associated with a particular processor. Once the trusted decryption code is invoked, it may be used to decrypt a public key authentication program (which was encrypted using the trusted key) and stored in a system memory. The public key authentication program may be used to decrypt and authenticate other application programs and content. Once the trusted decryption code has served it purpose, the function of the secure processor preferably transitions to the public key authentication program. In an alternative embodiment, the secure processor may pass the authenticated application program and/or data to another processor (which may or may not be secure) in a multi-processor system.
Advantageously, various aspects of the methods and apparatus of the present invention provide may be used to achieve useful results. For example, once the data have been decrypted and verified, the secure processor may execute and/or otherwise utilize the data in a secure fashion without concern about hacking or other security violations. Without such verification, however, any subsequent program execution and/or data manipulation cannot be fully trusted.
Although the invention herein has been described with reference to particular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and applications of the present invention. It is therefore to be understood that numerous modifications may be made to the illustrative embodiments and that other arrangements may be devised without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims. | |
Filing a Freedom of Information Act Request in Florida
In 1967, Congress passed The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), which gives the public the right to request access to government records from any federal agency. However, certain types of documents are unavailable to the public and the process of filing a request can be difficult, so if you have questions or concerns about obtaining access to the records of a federal agency, it is important to contact an experienced attorney who can help explain walk you through the process.
Published Records
Under the FOIA, federal agencies are required to make certain information available to the public by publishing it in the Federal Register, including:
- Descriptions of their central and field organizations and the established places at which the public can obtain information and submit requests;
- Statements of the method by which their functions are determined, including the requirements of all formal and informal procedures;
- Rules of procedure, descriptions of available forms, and instructions as to the contents of their reports, papers, and examinations;
- Substantive rules and statements of general policy; and
- All repeals and amendments of rules and procedures.
In 2016, the FOIA was further amended to require that agencies make certain documents available for public inspection in an electronic format, including:
- Final opinions and orders made during the adjudication of cases;
- Statements of policy and interpretations adopted by the agency that are not published elsewhere;
- Administrative staff manuals and instructions that affect members of the public; and
- A general index of available records.
Additionally, copies of all records that satisfy the following criteria must be published:
- Documents that have been released as a result of a previous request;
- Records that, because of their subject matter, are more likely to become the subject of subsequent requests; and
- Documents that have been requested three or more times.
Filing a Request
If the information that a person is seeking is not available on an agency website, he or she must submit an official request in writing to the agency’s FOIA Office. The document must also fall under the FOIA’s definition of a record, which means any information that is under the control of an agency, including information:
- Created;
- Stored; and
- Retrievable by electronic means.
It also includes all documents made in or received by the agency and preserved as evidence of its:
- Organization;
- Functions;
- Policies;
- Decisions;
- Procedures; and
- Operations.
It is also important to keep in mind that the FOIA does not require agencies to create new records, to conduct research, to analyze data, or to answer questions in response to a request. Those seeking information can submit a request either electronically through FOIAonline or through the mail. To send a request through the mail, however, a requester must take certain steps, including:
- Writing the words Freedom of Information Act Request at the top of the letter and on the outside of the envelope;
- The date of the request;
- Providing his or her telephone number or email address; and
- Providing as much information as possible about the document he or she is seeking.
Fee Waivers
FOIA requests also require the payment of a fee, which varies depending on the type of request. Those submitting a request can indicate how much they are willing to pay in search fees. Alternatively, if an agency estimates that a search will cost more than $25, it will notify the requester prior to doing the search. Fees can be waived in situations where the disclosure of the information would likely contribute to public understanding of government activities. To establish this, a person must satisfy certain requirements, including that:
- The records are being sought for their informative value regarding government operations;
- The records are meaningfully informative in relation to the subject matter of the request;
- The disclosure contributes to public understanding and not just to the individual understanding of the requester; and
- The disclosure significantly contributes to public understanding.
If an agency determines that these factors are satisfied, it then ensures that disclosure is not being made for the commercial interest of the requester. If there is a commercial component, the agency weighs that interest against the public interest factors listed above. If no commercial interest exists, a fee waiver or reduction will be granted.
The amount of time it takes for the request to be fulfilled depends on the backlog of pending requests as well as the complexity of each individual submission. Generally, simple requests that are more targeted and seek fewer pages of records are processed faster by agencies.
Exempt Records
Federal agencies are required to allow public access to many types of records. There are, however, nine exempt categories where the government can withhold information, including:
- Classified information for national defense or foreign policy;
- Internal personnel rules or practices;
- Information that is exempt under other laws;
- Medical and personnel files;
- Trade secrets and confidential business information;
- Agency memoranda protected by legal privilege;
- Law enforcement records;
- Bank supervision records; and
- Geological information.
However, only certain types of law enforcement and national security records are excluded, namely those that fall under one of the following categories:
- Information related to an existence of an ongoing criminal investigation when the subject is unaware that a case is pending and disclosure could interfere with enforcement proceedings;
- Informant records when the informant’s status hasn’t been confirmed; or
- Classified FBI foreign intelligence, counterintelligence, or international terrorism records.
If a requested record falls under one of these categories, it can be denied in whole or in part. If denied, the agency that made the decision must notify the requester of the denial and of his or her right to file an administrative application for review. These applications must be filed within one month of the date of the agency’s written denial. If the request is denied a second time, the person who submitted the request can seek judicial review of the decision in a U.S. District Court.
Contact Pike & Lustig, LLP Today
The FOIA grants Americans access to important agency documents. Making a request, however, is not always easy, so if you live in Florida and have questions about a FOIA request, please contact our experienced legal team at Pike & Lustig, LLP at 561-291-8298 to schedule an initial consultation. | https://www.turnpikelaw.com/filing-a-freedom-of-information-act-request-in-florida/ |
In Lucy in the Sky, Natalie Portman plays astronaut Lucy Cola, who becomes increasingly moved by the transcendent experience of seeing her life from space. But back on earth, as her world suddenly feels too small, her connection with reality slowly unravels. Debbie Lincoln reports.
Jon Hamm as Mark and Natalie Portman as Lucy in a scene from
Lucy in the Sky
IN THE Fox Searchlight Pictures movie Lucy in the Sky, Natalie Portman plays Lucy Cola who, against some odds, has earned herself a place in the tight-knit boys’ club at NASA. But after realizing her dream of going to space, Lucy’s everyday existence on earth starts to feel stiflingly small. Her life slowly falls apart as she loses touch with reality, and the small, but important things in life.
Best-known for the TV series Fargo and Legion, the film is the feature debut of director Noah Hawley who, along with producers Reese Witherspoon, Bruna Papandrea and John Cameron, tells the story of a woman whose professional success turns her personal life upside-down.
“By 34, Lucy has achieved her every dream and has to find a new dream,” Hawley says. “None of this stuff is easy to navigate. And, you know, she spirals out a bit, which is human.”
“To be an astronaut, you obviously have to be the best of the best — the brightest, the hardest working, the most physically fit, the most mentally capable, the most socially adept,” Portman says. “And then she just kind of falls apart. I think it’s so human to see someone who’s so high-functioning be fallible.”
The three most prominent relationships in Lucy’s life change dramatically after she returns from space. She begins an affair with a colleague, leaves her loyal husband, and then loses her grandmother, the strong maternal figure in her life, played by Ellen Burstyn.
Lucy, played by Natalie Portman, at NASA headquarters in a scene from Lucy in the Sky
Jon Hamm plays Mark Goodwin, the recently divorced astronaut whose friendship with Lucy becomes an affair. “Much more than the story being about a love triangle or a relationship, it’s really more about how we, as human beings — and especially as people that have seen the Earth from a different perspective — have to adapt to that in our daily lives and how difficult that is,” Hamm says. “It’s sort of a philosophical drama.”
Mark’s first-hand experience of space is important to the story, Hawley says. “Jon Hamm’s character is very much on his own journey. He’s about to go back up into space and he has his fears and doubts about it. I mean, how many times can you ride the rocket and survive? So there’s a certain self-destructiveness that he’s going through as well.”
“One of the big challenges was the scale of everything at NASA – the test facilities, the hangars – you just need sheer size” - Jennifer Dunne
Key to telling Lucy’s story was to allow the audience to feel the difference between her two lives – in space and on Earth. As Lucy the character explains: “I was only a couple hundred miles up, but every day I looked down and — well, there it is. All of it. Everyone you know. Everyone you could ever know. On a tiny blue ball. Floating in nothing.”
Hawley employed experimental visual techniques to get that message across on the screen – for example by using aspect ratio as a storytelling device, shrinking the frame when Lucy is on Earth and broadening it when she’s in space.
“That’s some of the fun of this,” Hawley says. “When she’s in space, we’re in our widest aspect ratio. But when she comes down, her world shrinks. And literally we use the screen as a tool. We go down to a smaller aspect ratio, so suddenly she’s in a box. The story’s in a box.”
“Magical realism is what we’re calling it — that the subjective experience that Lucy goes through on her return to Earth is embodied in the filmmaking,” producer John Cameron says.” The techniques and approach that Noah is using give us that visceral feel of what she’s experiencing.”
Hawley adds: “The idea of magical realism is you have to create reality in a way that’s completely realistic and familiar to people. Then when you take these magical turns, these slightly surreal turns, they have real impact.”
Natalie Portman (as Lucy) with Zazie Beetz (as Erin) on location for Lucy in the Sky
Director of photography Polly Morgan and production designer Stefania Cella, were key to getting the look right for the film’s three distinct environments: space, NASA and Lucy’s home life.
“We really talked about the color palette, the feel, textures, the mood of the film,” Morgan says. “Just everything related to Lucy’s journey and how we could represent that in a painterly way.”
They went for distinct color schemes for the three settings: blue and white to denote space; bright red and yellow for NASA; and a more natural look – green and brown – for Lucy’s home life. The setting was 2007, so not a great deal of period work was required.
For NASA and the Johnson Space Center the movie used a combination of locations including the California State university campus at Dominguez Hills, College of the Canyons in Valencia and Burbank Airport. “Because we were trying to match actual locations in Texas and Florida, it took a little bit more scouting than it might usually,” says location manager Jennifer Dunne, who shared location duties with Mandi Dillin. “One of the big challenges was the scale of everything at NASA — the test facilities, the hangars — so even before you get into the aesthetics, and what the director and designer are looking for, you just need sheer size.”
And while Hawley and Cella did visit actual facilities in Washington and Houston to get the right look and feel for these institutions, filming stayed within the Los Angeles Thirty Mile Studio Zone. “Even though we had a lot of research on these NASA training facilities and the Johnson Space Center,” art director Samantha Avila says, “we took a little license and aesthetic liberty in order to create the perspective from Lucy’s eyes.”
“I think it’s so human to see someone who’s so high-functioning be fallible” - Natalie Portman
For the scenes shot at Lucy’s Texas home, the crew was on location for some six weeks. “To have a film crew in a neighborhood for that long can get tiring for anyone,” Dunne says. “Just making sure that the neighbors are happy to have us there is important. And so much of the story took place at the house so that is a pivotal location.”
The owners of the real-life house that the production chose as Lucy’s home had lived there for forty years, and it had never before been used for filming. “We moved them out for the length of time that we were there — and the money we paid them they used to pay off their son’s college loans. So that was exciting for us to know that they were pleased to have us use their place,” Dunne says. “And it’s always nice to find a place that hasn’t been over-shot, and in Los Angeles that can be a challenge. There are so many places around the city that have filmed on a regular basis.”
The house was in Northridge, 25 miles from Los Angeles in the San Fernando Valley, and a considerable amount of art direction was required to get the right period feel. “It was a California ranch-style house so they had to alter it to make it more like a Texas ranch. The house we were using had quite a lot of wood so we had to cover quite a lot of that to get the look that the director wanted,” Dunne says.
As the neighborhood had not been used for filming before Lucy in the Sky’s visit, the crew took care to communicate regularly with the neighbors, inviting them to join them for food and drinks on a number of occasions. “The fact that the house’s owners knew everyone in the area and had lived there for so long, really worked in our favor,” Dunne says. “You want to leave a location and the people, in the same condition as when you found them, if not better.”
Key production team members were female, something Hawley wanted in order to express properly Lucy’s character and her situation.
“I felt it was very important to have a female cinematographer and to have a female production designer — and to have as many women on the movie as possible to help me explore Lucy’s mindset,” the filmmaker says. | https://www.locationmagazines.com/post/a-life-turned-upside-down-making-a-scene-in-the-sky |
Three bedrooms 1 bath. Central heat. Has very large utility room. Carport and small shed. Fenced front and back.
Amenities
- Site Link
- Style Traditional
Commute
Related Listings
Single Family Detached
10 Pictures
Three bedrooms one bath, Garage, nice fenced backyard. Roof over covered patio replaced in 2013. This home has a covered porch and covered patio for leisure enjoyment. Located in Austin School District. Seller may be willing to carry financing.
MLS ID 19-11902
3 beds, 1 baths, $45,000
Single Family Detached
16 Pictures
Check out this cute house has had some upgrades that offer tremendous value for the price. Central heat and air. Newer windows, extra insulation, shop with electricity, and storm cellar are just some of them. Front has large covered porch for relaxing in the eve. Exterior has siding, fenced yard...
MLS ID 19-11900
3 beds, 1 baths, $45,000
Single Family Detached
8 Pictures
Check out this great little house, that has central heat and air with single garage. All hardwood floors. Great investment or first home.
MLS ID 19-11915
3 beds, 1 baths, 1,070 sqft, $45,000
Courtesy of: CENTURY 21 Boston & Company
Office Phone: +18063539878
Listing Agent: Gary Winton
Updated: 22nd July, 2019 1:28 AM. | http://realestate.elpasotimes.com/property/tx/pampa/79065/-/528-n-doucette-st/5cf0f114a78e9208ca00009b/ |
AbstractHydroxyurea is the standard treatment in high-risk patients with polycythemia vera. However, estimates of its effect in terms of clinical outcomes (thrombosis, bleeding, hematologic transformations and mortality) are lacking. We performed a meta-analysis to determine the absolute risk of events in recent cases of patients under hydroxyurea treatment. We searched for relevant articles or abstracts in the following databases: Medline, EMBASE, clinicaltrials.gov, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry, LILACS. Sixteen studies published from 2008 to 2018 reporting number of events using World Health Organization diagnosis for polycythemia vera were selected. Through a random effect logistic model, incidences, study heterogeneity and confounder effects were estimated for each outcome at different follow ups. Overall, 3,236 patients were analyzed. While incidences of thrombosis and acute myeloid leukemia were stable over time, mortality and myelofibrosis varied depending on follow-up duration. Thrombosis rates were 1.9%, 3.6% and 6.8% persons/year at median ages 60, 70 and 80 years, respectively. Higher incidence of arterial events was predicted by previous cardiovascular complication. Leukemic transformation incidence was 0.4% persons/year. Incidence of transformation to myelofibrosis and mortality were significantly dependent on age and follow-up duration. For myelofibrosis, rates were 5.0 at five years and 33.7% at ten years; overall mortality was 12.6% and 56.2% at five and ten years, respectively. In conclusion, we provide reliable risk estimates for the main outcomes in polycythemia vera patients under hydroxyurea treatment. These findings can help design comparative clinical trials with new cytoreductive drugs and prove the feasibility of using critical end points for efficacy, such as major thrombosis.
Introduction
Polycythemia vera (PV) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) characterized by clonal proliferation of the erythroid, myeloid, and megakaryocyte lineages. This disease is recognized for its distinct molecular profile (JAKV 617F mutation) and has a characteristic natural history marked by high frequency of thrombosis and a tendency to transform into acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) or myelofibrosis (MF). The first step in approaching an individual patient with PV is to identify the potential risk of developing major thrombotic or hemorrhagic complications. In patients under 60 years of age, carrying only reversible or controllable cardiovascular risk factors and without prior history of thrombosis, phlebotomy (PHL) or low-dose aspirin are recommended. Cytoreductive therapy with either hydroxyurea (HU), a ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor considered non-mutagenic, or interferon-alfa (IFN) are appropriate first-line drugs to prevent vascular complications in high-risk patients (age >60 years and/or prior thrombosis).1
Hydroxyurea was recommended in the treatment of high-risk PV based on the results of the Polycythemia Vera Study Group (PVSG) protocol 08 in which this drug was found to be effective in reducing the rate of thrombotic events in 51 patients compared to historical controls treated with PHL alone.2 Very few studies were designed to confirm these conclusions. Recently, a propensity score analysis of patients enrolled in the European Collaboration on Low-dose Aspirin in Polycythaemia Vera (ECLAP) trial documented superiority of HU in reducing thrombosis compared with well-matched control patients treated with PHL only.3 In three recent randomized controlled trials (RCT) in PV,64 HU was compared to IFN; unfortunately, the primary end point was not the reduction of vascular complications but included only hematologic response that cannot be considered a surrogate of vascular events.7 The only demonstration of an antithrombotic efficacy results from two RCT in essential thrombocythemia (ET) in which the drug was superior to chemotherapy-free and to anagrelide control arms.98 Therefore, the lack of a solid demonstration of thrombosis prevention or survival advantage in PV, and the concern that HU may increase the risk of leukemia led to this drug being under-used in clinical practice10 and to suggest that the first-line cytoreductive therapy in PV should be PHL only, irrespective of patient risk category.11
However, even in the absence of a clear demonstration of benefit, there is a consensus among European LeukemiaNet (ELN) and National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) experts of HU use in high-risk cases and the drug is currently the first-line therapy in clinical practice. We have now several observational studies reporting single or multicenter experience regarding the risk-estimates of clinical events associated with HU. We, therefore, considered it useful to provide a summary of these results in order to help clinical decision-making and to offer estimates for a more realistic sample calculation in future comparative clinical trials. Responding to the unmet need for such knowledge requires a huge input of energy and expertise in order to retrieve and analyze data. Based on these premises, we carried out a literature review aimed at systematically assessing and performing a meta-analysis of the incidence rate and absolute risk of events in patients treated with HU.
Methods
Inclusion criteria
The protocol of the original review was registered in PROS-PERO (n. CRD4201811781412).
Inclusion criteria were:
- studies in English language published in the period 2008-2018 using WHO diagnostic criteria for PV;
- studies on adult (aged ≥18 years) non-pregnant patients;
- RCT, prospective and retrospective cohort studies reporting frequency of outcomes of interests (thrombotic and/or hemorrhagic events and/or hematologic transformations in adult patients) stratified by HU therapy, as reported by authors;
- studies with at least 20 participants.
The following studies were excluded: case reports, cross-sectional studies, editorials, and narrative reviews. Studies aimed specifically at HU-resistant patients were excluded.
In the case of duplicate studies on the same sample, the most numerous, or most informative, or most recent study was taken into consideration. Studies not reporting follow-up duration were excluded.
Search strategy
We searched for articles or abstracts published between 2008 and 2018 in the following databases: Medline, EMBASE, clinicaltrials.gov, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry (for unpublished or ongoing trials), LILACS.
Terms used in research for primary end points were polycythemia vera and hydroxyurea/hydroxycarbamide and thrombosis and myelofibrosis. Research was focused on primary outcomes, although we also collected data on secondary outcomes (survival, leukemia, bleeding). Whenever possible, specific filters were used to exclude case reports, reviews, animal studies and studies on very young patients (aged < 18 years) or pregnant women. Conference abstracts and posters reporting relevant data were not excluded from consideration. Duplicate records were individually checked and merged using reference managing software.
Data extraction
The following data were extracted from selected studies: type of study, mean (or median) follow-up duration, number of HU treated patients in the study, incidence of myelofibrotic and/or leukemic transformations, number of patients with at least one incident or recurrent episode of thrombosis or one bleeding, mortality, median/mean age, gender of patients, number of patients with cardiovascular risk factors, number of patients with history of thrombosis, number of patients undergoing antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy. Whenever possible, the number of patients with major arterial or venous thrombosis was also extracted.
Quality assessment
Quality assessment of eligible studies was performed independently by two reviewers (TB and AF) according to the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tool for studies reporting prevalence data.13 The tool evaluates methodological quality of studies according to a 9-object scale accounting for representativeness of the sample, accuracy of reporting, adequacy of diagnostic criteria, and statistical analysis.
Statistical analysis
Incidence of each outcome was calculated and is reported as number of events per 100 persons/year. Forest plots show punctual estimates with exact binomial 95% confidence intervals for each study and globally. Persons/year were estimated by multiplying mean follow-up duration by number of HU-treated patients; when mean follow-up duration was not available, median duration was deemed to be a reasonable approximation.
In order to obtain global adjusted incidence estimates, a logistic Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) was used for meta-regression of outcomes on study-specific confounders. The model included follow-up duration and known risk factors for the outcome as fixed effects; the random component of the model included a random slope for follow-up duration in studies. The method assumes that probability of displaying the event at time zero is the same across the studies, but it increases as a function of follow-up duration at a study-specific rate under the effect of selected covariates. The advantage of this model is that it uses an exact binomial likelihood and error structure, and naturally accounts for heterogeneity in sample sizes.1614 For meta-regression, missing data about confounders were imputed to the sample size-weighted mean of the other studies. For reasons of interpretability and estimability of the model, predictor variables were all centered on their weighted mean. Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) were calculated conditional on fixed effects = 0 (i.e. the mean) and reported as heterogeneity measure.
To evaluate whether results could depend on model choice, a sensitivity analysis was conducted by fitting a negative-binomial regression on events count, with persons/year as exposure variable. As opposed to the GLMM, such a model assigns the same weight to each study regardless of sample size and assumes a constant yearly event rate with no upper boundary.
Results
Literature search and study characteristics
The study selection process is detailed in Figure 1. The search on Medline and EMBASE retrieved a total 420 results; nine additional results were retrieved from different sources (clinicaltrials.gov, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry, references from relevant articles) for a total 429 results, which were reduced to 340 after removing duplicates. Abstract and full-text screening allowed for the exclusion of 291 articles, as they fell into the following categories: reviews, case reports, animal studies, patients aged <18 years or pregnant. Other studies were not considered as they had a total sample size < 20 patients, and/or they did not report incidence data or follow-up duration.
Consequently, a total 49 studies were selected for methodological evaluation. Thirty-three were excluded. Eleven had unclear reporting of data (e.g. it was impossible to distinguish data due to HU-treated patients from those due to other cytoreductive treatments, or PV from other myeloproliferative neoplasms). Seven did not meet the number of 20 HU-treated patients as required by our study protocol. Seven studies referred to cases diagnosed outside the time window (2008-2018) and not with WHO 2008-2016 criteria. In one, follow-up data were missing. One was specifically aimed at HU-resistant patients. In case of multiple studies from the same author(s), we inquired whether they referred to overlapping populations, by questioning authors when necessary, and excluded duplicates (6 studies) from review. The final selection comprised 14 full text articles and two conference abstracts to be included in the meta-analysis.
Table 1 summarizes the main characteristics of the 16 eligible articles and abstracts. The selection included three reports on two RCT18174 (one comparing HU and IFN therapy, and one comparing HU to ruxolitinib), one RCT in which HU was not a comparator,19 and 12 observational retrospective cohort studies.33207 The great majority of the studies were conducted in Europe and some involved multiple countries; only one study in our selection32 was conducted in the US.
Number of HU-treated patients ranged from 25 to 890 across studies; the final meta-analysis was conducted on a total of 3,236 patients in whom HU therapy was consistently administered. Follow-up duration ranged from 0.3 to 12.4 years.
Quality of studies was judged using the JBI critical appraisal tool for prevalence studies considering sample size, representativeness of the sample, sampling methods, objectively measured outcomes, and adequate information on follow-up duration and potential confounders.
Only two studies in our review, both by Alvarez-Larràn et al.,217 were specifically aimed at obtaining incidence estimates under HU treatment, and thus fully met these criteria. The other studies, not addressing the same specific question about outcomes of HU treatment, often missed some of the above information; the most frequent issue was lack of stratification by HU treatment. For six of these studies, original databases were readily available, allowing us to fully extract data about HU treatment, outcomes and potential confounders. We were unable to retrieve full information from two additional reports294 but, in spite of this, we were able to extract incidence of at least one of the outcomes of interest. In eight studies, we were able to univocally distinguish arterial and thrombotic events in 2,048 patients.3331282623197
Overall, demographics were incomplete or not stratified by HU treatment (6 studies), cardiovascular risk factors were missing (10 studies), and history of thrombosis was not reported (6 studies), antithrombotic drug therapy was not mentioned in ten studies. However, in spite of missing data, in each of these studies we were able to retrieve the number of events for at least one outcome.
Two studies referred to the same population174 but reported different outcomes; therefore, we did not consider it as a duplicate for the aims of our analysis.
While most studies referred to events after first-line therapy, three focused on recurrent thromboses.
Hydroxyurea and risk of outcomes
Figure 2 shows forest plots of the study-specific and pooled yearly incidence of each outcome of interest as % person/years with 95% binomial Confidence Interval (CI). The incidence of outcomes shows remarkable variability across studies. In particular, with the exception of AML, for the other outcomes, 95% confidence intervals do not always overlap between studies.
A mixed effect logistic model was applied to the data in order to obtain incidence estimates adjusted for heterogeneity and study-specific confounders, including followup duration. Confounding effects that were verified in meta-regression were age (for all outcomes), percent of patients under antiplatelet/anticoagulant therapy (for mortality and thrombosis), percent of patients with history of thrombosis (mortality, thrombosis), percent of patients with cardiovascular risk factors (mortality, thrombosis). Overall, regression analysis of MF and AML was only adjusted for age. Results from logistic regression are detailed in Online Supplementary Table S1. Diagnostics of model fit were performed by visual inspection of observed versus fitted plots (Online Supplementary Figure S1).
Figure 3 shows probability of each outcome in follow up as predicted by regression models when all confounders are kept fixed at their weighted mean value, with estimated ICC and relative statistical tests of heterogeneity. Since all predictor variables were centered on the mean, predictions are to be interpreted as incidence in the presence of confounding factors equal to the (weighted) mean.
No evidence of excess heterogeneity was found in meta-regression for MF (P=0.281) or AML (P=1.000) once adjusted for potential confounders, as opposed to mortality and thrombosis, where a small but non-zero amount of heterogeneity was observed despite adjustment. The distribution of events during follow up as carried out by meta-regression highlighted a significant effect of age on probability of MF and thrombosis (and obviously on mortality), but not of AML (Figure 2 and Online Supplementary Table S1). This effect is particularly strong for thrombosis. Remarkably, history of thrombosis was not a significant predictor of thrombosis risk in meta-regression.
A logistic model allows for incidence rates to change over time. To confirm that our results do not heavily depend on this assumption, we carried out a sensitivity analysis comparing the logistic GLMM to a negative binomial regression. In a negative binomial regression, yearly incidence is assumed constant over time. Results from the two models were fundamentally in agreement for thrombosis and AML outcomes, whereas for MF and overall mortality, they started diverging after five years of follow up. This indicates that, for practical purposes, thrombosis incidence rate can be assumed to be constant over time, at least up to a 10-year observation period.
Adjusted estimates for annual incidence of thrombosis are reported in Table 2, globally and stratified by median age and previous thrombosis. Average incidence rate was 3.3% persons/year, ranging from 1.9% at 60 years of age with no history of thrombosis to 6.8% at a median age of 80 years. Estimates increase with median age and are higher in presence of history of thrombosis, but the latter difference is not statistically significant. On the other hand, in a sub-analysis on arterial and venous thrombotic events, previous thrombosis was a highly significant (P<0.001) predictor of incidence of arterial thrombosis, but not of venous.
Interestingly, incidence of MF and overall mortality increases steeply after five years of follow up according to the logistic GLMM. Estimates of myelofibrosis risk at a median age of 68 years are 0.9%, 5.0% and 33.7% at 1, 5 and 10 years respectively, whereas mortality under the same conditions was 2.4%, 12.6% and 56.2%, but these estimates increase or decrease with age at the start of follow up. Specifically, the odds of MF transformation increase on average 6% (95%CI: 1-11%) for each year of age, while those of mortality increase by 21% (95%CI: 9-33%).
Acute myeloid leukemia evolution, on the other hand, showed a stable incidence over time. According to the negative binomial model, the annual rate of AML transformation was 0.4%, although the logistic model suggests a slight tendency to increase after around eight years.
The number of major bleedings was considered too small for reliable inference. Based on 88 events over 1,485 patients, pooled incidence of bleeding was 1% per year, independently of follow-up duration or antithrombotic therapy, as shown by meta-regression. This estimate was quite consistent, since no evidence of study heterogeneity was found for this outcome, but the small sample size may have limited accurate detection of these effects.
The number of second cancers was too small and between-study heterogeneity too high to allow for reliable inference on this outcome. Based on 59 events on 755 patients, pooled incidence of second cancer was 1.7% persons/year (95%CI: 1.3-2.2%), mainly comprising non-melanoma skin cancer.
Only two studies in our selection reported HU-associated adverse events, which does not allow reliable estimates to be made.
Discussion
We systematically collected literature on the benefit-risk profile of HU treatment in patients diagnosed with PV published in the 2008-2018 period. Out of 429 records, we selected 16 reports which allowed retrieval of incidence of specific clinical outcomes in these patients: namely major thrombosis, bleeding, evolution into MF and/or AML, mortality.
Concerning thrombosis, in previous studies, the incidence of thrombosis in high-risk PV patients candidates to cytoreductive treatment was estimated from large patient cohorts including both patients under HU and patients not receiving cytoreduction or taking drugs other than HU,3534 so that the effect of HU was not clearly evidenced. Overall incidence of thrombosis in our population was approximately 3% per year, obtained by pooling together event rates from each study. This estimate does not account for heterogeneity across studies, yet a meta-regression analysis accounting for study-specific confounders, such as median age, antithrombotic therapy, CV risk factors and history of thrombosis, provides a slightly lower estimate (2.8%). This rate does not seem to change over follow-up time, as shown by a comparison between a logistic and a negative binomial model, and depends on age. Based on 2,552 patients and 469 events, estimates of thrombosis incidence rate in patients with a median age of 60, 70 and 80 years under HU treatment are 1.6%, 3.6% and 6.8%, respectively.
Contrary to the commonly held view, we did not find a statistically significant effect of history of thrombosis on incidence of new vascular events. However, this is not surprising in meta-regression analysis, since it is prone to the “ecological bias”, i.e. the loss of information that follows from dealing with aggregate data.36 This mirrors the effect of increasing age on the thrombotic risk of the general population observed either for arterial or thrombotic events.3837 However, we highlight the fact that the residual incidence of thrombosis in HU-treated PV patients is still elevated, corresponding to approximately 3-fold higher than that estimated in the general population.37 It is, therefore, advisable to promote new pharmacological strategies and to consider our reported thrombosis rate as a benchmark for future comparative studies.
With regard to hematologic transformations, we observed that annual incidence of AML is fairly constant and the cumulative 10-year incidence is approximately 4% (0.4% patients/year).
In contrast, annual incidence of evolution into MF, as predicted by meta-regression, increases steeply after five years of follow up. Therefore, in the 0-5/5-10 years of observation periods, the average annual rate of MF evolution was 1.0% and 5.7%, respectively. Mortality followed a similar pattern as MF, although the divergence between the two meta-regression models was much less remarkable, with an overlap in 95%CI. We retrieved an incidence of second cancer of 1.7% patients per year. However, this may not be a reliable estimate given the limited number of events and the very large between-study heterogeneity for this outcome.
The first major strength of our work is the remarkable sample size we were able to put together, which allowed us to obtain robust estimates for the most relevant outcomes in PV. However, a possible limitation of our analysis is that most reports did not specifically address our study questions, and consequently the relative estimates are based on raw frequency data extracted from descriptive tables or text. Furthermore, we cannot exclude bias in reporting events in individual studies, since most of these were not specifically designed to answer our primary questions. On the other hand, the fact that the studies did not address our question makes publication bias in favor of certain results very unlikely.
A second strength of our approach is that we managed to greatly reduce the issue of study heterogeneity by using adequate statistical methods, namely a logistic GLMM. In this way we mitigated any possible distortion. Furthermore, by adjusting for study-specific covariates, we were able to account for the effect of the most relevant confounders, which for some outcomes (namely MF and AML) allowed us to reduce heterogeneity to negligible values. Interestingly, for most studies, we were able to extract data on study-specific confounders stratified by treatment; this was to be expected to greatly reduce the effect of “ecological bias”, which is a common issue in meta-analysis of aggregated data. Another limitation is that while our methods supposedly reduce “ecological bias”, it is probably impossible to entirely remove its effect in a meta-regression on aggregate data. Some known predictors of clinical outcomes, such as history of thrombosis (which is a well-known risk factor for recurrences) turned out to be not significant in meta-regression. This may suggest that, under HU treatment, history of thrombosis is no longer a risk factor for recurrences; but it may also be a byproduct of using aggregate data as predictors, with subsequent loss of information on individual patients.36
A third strength is that by extracting data on follow-up duration and integrating them in the analysis, we were able to model the time-dependent evolution of outcome risk, thus overcoming a common bias in meta-analysis of binary outcomes, i.e. lack of temporal information. A potential source of bias in this respect is our decision to use median follow-up time when the mean was not available, which can lead to biased risk estimates when the actual distribution of follow-up times in the study is very skewed. However, using the median as an estimator of mean has been shown to be reliable in most cases.39
In conclusion, this meta-analysis provides reliable risk estimates for thrombosis, hemorrhage, evolution to MF and AML, and mortality in PV patients under standard treatment with HU. This can be a valid point of reference for the clinician. It can support the information given to the patient and counseling, and can also help calculate sample size in future comparative clinical trials by providing a reference value. We also prove the feasibility of clinical trials adopting critical efficacy end points such as frequency of cardiovascular events in selected populations. Lastly, we underline the value of a cheap, old and safe molecule as a reliable and accessible resource for those settings where there is a need to reconcile economic sustainability with the right to a qualitative-quantitative life advantage.
Acknowledgments
We wish to thank Franca Boschini (Ospedale Papa Giovanni XIII, Bergamo, Italy), for help with database searches and Gianni Tognoni (FROM research foundation, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XIII, Bergamo, Italy), for useful discussion of the results.
Footnotes
- Check the online version for the most updated information on this article, online supplements, and information on authorship & disclosures: www.haematologica.org/content/104/12/2391
- Received March 7, 2019.
- Accepted May 20, 2019. | https://haematologica.org/article/view/9163 |
Polk City Expects Housing Swell
The city will add 2,500 to 3,000 homes over the next five years.
POLK CITY -- In the next five years, this small city in north Polk County is expected to see its population expand rapidly.
But city officials say they are cautious about the growth wave.
"Controlled growth is a good thing," City Manager Cory Carrier said. "(City officials) are trying to do it in a manner that will benefit the city."
A total of 2,500 to 3,000 homes will be added to the city limits over a five-year period, Carrier said, basing her expectations on projects that have either been approved or are in the planning stages. Polk City now has about 1,720 residents inside its 3.5 square miles of territory.
"In place we have approximately six new neighborhoods," Carrier said. "That is quite a number."
The prices for homes being built will range from $125,000 to $500,000.
The issue of growth took center stage at the June 7 City Council meeting, when council members approved two annexations to the city limits.
The areas will include new phases of Sandy Pointe, a residential community at the east side of Berkley Road.
At least 42 additional homes will be built in these new phases, Carrier said.
Another project, one of the most ambitious planned for the city, involves the annexation of King Development. The annexation of the 67-acre parcel faced no opposition in the City Council during the first ordinance reading. An ordinance must be passed twice before becoming law.
"It's a huge piece of property inside our city limits," Carrier said. "There is nothing on it (now) besides orange trees."
City officials have not yet discussed future use of the land with the developers, Carrier said.
Mayor Donald Penton said that to him, being cautious about the city's growth means taking the steps to continue providing the residents with the services they need.
"We are committed to giving more stability to the residents, supplying more fire and police protection, water and sewer," Penton said.
Penton said the growth will also have a tremendous economic impact.
"It will probably quadruple the taxes coming into the city," he said.
Iza Montalvo can be reached at [email protected] or at 863-401-6967. | https://www.theledger.com/story/news/2005/06/23/polk-city-expects-housing-swell/26162533007/ |
Time reviewing code is time well spent.
Consider the following scenario:
Bob the product owner slacks the team of three developers – Alice, Caithe, Duke – about urgent modifications needed for the report they just delivered. There is a client meeting the next day at 10am, and changes have to be live so that Bob can demo. It is 6pm. Alice is commuting home, Caithe is on the way to a cottage (she took some time off). Duke however happens to be at his laptop.
Here’s what happens next:
- Duke sees Bob’s message and lets Bob know that, no problem, he can make the changes. However he won’t be available starting 9pm and all morning tomorrow as he has family commitments. Thus he may not be able to push the changes live or support in the morning.
- Caithe, being the passenger in the back seat, sees this on Slack, and says “no problem, I’ll be there in the morning if anything needs finishing”.
- Duke starts writing some code and opens a pull request (PR).
- At 8pm, Alice gets home, looks at Slack, and lets the team know she can help out now. She takes a look at Duke’s PR, realizes there are no tests as this is a rush job, and decides to add tests. Since requirements are on Slack and they can collaborate on each other’s forks, this is not a problem.
- Duke drops off at 9pm.
- At 10pm, Alice finishes the tests, by which time Caithe is online and able to review. Caithe catches a bug (Alice reversed some requirements in her head, as she’s pretty sleepy), and after Alice tweaks the code, they push it live.
- Come morning, Caithe makes a few more changes due to some very last minute additional requirements from Bob, and pushes them live. Duke approves the second PR from his phone (he was worried and was checking in). Client meeting is a smashing success.
Reverse the genders, and this is basically what happened on my team one late Thursday night. I felt very proud. Unusually though, it wasn’t that silly pride I used to feel when I was 24 and pulling all-nighters for a startup: Look at me, my job is very important and if I don’t work 24h straight the world will end.
This time my pride was fuelled by different things:
- All three developers on my team were equally familiar with the code and equally equipped to make modifications and review the work.
- The entire team rose to the occasion, not leaving any one person to work late night.
- Because there were 3 of us, we could do a high quality job even when rushed
As result:
- There was full test coverage, even though it was an urgent piece of work. Thus no dev-debt.
- All the bugs were caught by reviews.
- Team camaraderie and confidence in each other was at an all-time high!
I am coming up to a year now on the same team, and by this time you get a bit too familiar with the code, so you start having thoughts: should I switch teams? Now, there are different reasons to consider: are you being challenged? What’s on the roadmap? What are your career plans? I will not go into any of that here. What I want to talk about is why I love working on this team in particular, so much so that I don’t want to switch.
Having thought about it, I realized I love working on my team not because of who is on it or what the team works on. I love how we work:
- The entire team knows most of the codebase we own, so we do all discussions / design & architecture together. This leads to a very good variety of ideas and robust technical designs (we happen to have a pretty diverse team, luckily for us).
- We can swap out in emergencies when some of us are unavailable.
- We refactor and experiment often — and feel safe doing it.
How did we get there? The Pull Request review rules and guidelines we established for our team.
When the team was formed, we were just 3 developers, a product owner and half a manager (the other half of our manager was much too busy managing a bigger team). We decided that since there are so few of us, we might as well function as one. So we came up with a PR review rule: Whatever one of us writes, the other 2 have to be cool with. Then, as we kept reviewing each other’s PRs consistently, we expanded the ruleset to a few guidelines.
I am writing down these rules and guidelines here, as I realized maybe some people will find them useful for their teams. Or maybe these will give you some food for thought and you come up with completely different ideas.
Rule 1
Each PR review must have at least 2 same-team developer approvals. Manager approval does not count.
The first thing to note here is since we started off as a team of 3, this was ideal. All 3 developers were in-the-know 100% of the time. With larger teams this could be different. What you are aiming for is a Dumbledore-Horcruxes situation, where if you die, at least 2 or 3 people know about Horcruxes. Our team is 5 developers now, with 2 old timers, 1 new comer, and 2 in-the-middle. We are still trying to stick to a model where everyone reviews everyone’s PRs, but it might make sense to switch to 1 old timer + 1 other developer minimum.
“Manager approval does not count” — maybe this made you think “WHAT? I am a manager, and an amazing coder, and my review totally counts, how dare you.” Manager review does help. We have amazing managers who happen to be great coders, and when they do have time to review, they often have great tips or ideas to help us out with.
But you have to consider how much time your manager spends coding. Is it more than 50%? Then they are also a developer, so okay, let’s count them. At our company, however, dev managers do very occasional coding. At the end of the day, it is the developers who have to live with the code that’s being written. Therefore developers get the final say. I really dislike seeing a manager-developer infinite approval cycle where a manager keeps approving one developer’s PRs even though there are 3 other developers on the team who haven’t had a chance to look at it yet.
Rule 2
Each PR must have a good description. From reading the description, the reviewer should be able to understand what the code is meant to do. This has to be true even if there is a Jira ticket or a requirements page.
PRs without a description — on my team this will never go through. Best case, they didn’t write it because the Jira ticket has a good description. Worst case: Jira ticket has nothing.
The reviewer of a PR without a description has 2 jobs:
- Understanding what the code does from reading the code changes in the PR
- Trying to decide if the code does what it’s supposed to do based on… the reviewer’s general views on the universe and the current geopolitical climate?
If there’s no statement that clearly explains what the code is meant to do, reviewing it for correctness is not possible. You simply don’t know what is correct. You operate on assumptions of what you think is correct.
Rule 3
PR must have sufficient unit test and integration test coverage.
Ideally the reviewer has an easy way to see the list of test cases covered.
If test coverage already exists, or for whatever reason test coverage is not complete (work split off into another ticket, dependencies), PR description should mention this.
Giving good PR reviews is hard and time consuming. That’s because once you understand what the code is supposed to do, you have to stop reviewing and jot down what test coverage you’d want for this. You make your own test cases list and decide what kind they are: unit test/integration/end-to-end.
You also have to think if there are possible production implications, and if any testing on live data is needed pre-deploy.
Now that you know all this, you go back to reviewing the PR and check if they covered everything you thought of. Ideally it’s a mix — you thought of something they didn’t, and they thought of something you didn’t, and together you do a good job. This is where being able to easily see a list of test cases covered in PR comes in handy (vs having to read 100s or 1000s of lines of tests and have to figure out what cases are actually being tested).
Note that if Rule 2 has been followed, you can tell what the code is supposed to do just from reading the description. So you can do the step of reviewing test coverage before you’ve reviewed any actual code!
I personally like to keep all this — mention of tests, any live data testing, any live client implications/prod config changes needed — on the PR description: That way it’s in one place. Could be a linked Jira ticket. As long as it’s somewhere and has been considered.
Rule 4
If the PR is a bug fix, it must contain a test such that, should the bug fix be reverted, this test would fail.
I thought this was obvious, but as with most obvious things — it’s not.
Say there’s a typo bug where you went != instead of ==. It was 10pm and you shouldn’t have been coding anyway, but you felt like going the extra mile that night. So you open a bug fix PR and change != to ==. Some kind soul, also working, approves it, and off it goes to the master branch.
Three days later your buddy Duke is finally ready with his PR that got out of control: he thought it was a small feature and didn’t break it into smaller tickets, but that didn’t turn out to be the case and now he has a 2000 line PR he is begging his team to review.
Duke merges from upstream, the code conflicts where you swapped == in for !=. Duke is tired, he doesn’t notice what’s up, != is back.
Since there’s no test to catch it, the bug’s back.
This is a contrived example, but if you pay attention over longer periods — this happens all the time. Lay out the bugs over 3 years, you’ll see those not trapped by a test reappearing.
That’s it! Three rules, and fourth one that’s more of a common sense item.
These rules, I realized, led to our team producing some pretty good quality code. I am very happy about that, and by no means take the credit.
Again, these rules might feel wrong to you, or maybe they happen to be helpful. If they sparked any thoughts or ideas, I’m happy with that! | https://zoneface.com/how-one-code-review-rule-turned-my-team-into-a-dream-team/ |
This page lists any significant actions or consultations that people might wish to engage with:
Actions
e-bike Action – write to your MP! The government has pledged to ‘create a new era for cycling and walking’ but we need an incentive scheme for e-bikes to really make this happen (it is planning one for e-cars and similar schemes already exist in other countries). This is a national campaign started by Oxford Friends of the Earth, so please find a few spare moments to write to your MP today using their template letter. Please promote this through your networks and organisations. With your help this could become a reality. More info on their website.
Open Consultations
National
Transport Decarbonisation Plan: The Department for Transport is consulting about ideas on how to reduce carbon emissions from transport. The consultation is open until 31 August, 2020 and will be important in shaping future Government policy so please encourage others to respond. You can view the full set of questions here. If you don’t want to fill in their questionnaire you can email your comments to: [email protected]. We have provided some guidance for people responding in case it can be of assistance.
Comprehensive Spending Review: The Treasury is currently asking for ideas on future spending. It’s a chance to say what you’d like to see invested in and and what you don’t want to see money wasted on (new roads for example). It has produced guidance on how to respond and the deadline for submissions is 24th September 2020
Highway Code Review: The Government is currently consulting on a review of the Highway Code to improve safety for cyclists, pedestrians and horse riders. The consultation ends at midnight on 27 October, 2020
Planning for the future: Government consultation on changing the planning system. The consultation ends at 11:45pm on 29 October 2020
Regional / Scheme
England’s Economic Heartland draft Transport Strategy: EEH is holding a 12 week consultation running from 14 July – 6 October 2020. Well put our thoughts here once we’ve had a read of the documents.
Lower Thames Crossing further consultation: Highways England is holding a further consultation from 14 July – 12 August 2020 after making further changes to the design
Transport for West Midlands: TfWM is holding a consultation on an enhanced bus partnership for the West Midlands. The consultation closes midnight, 13 September, 2020
Please get in touch if you think there is a major consultation we should have listed here. Thanks. | https://transportactionnetwork.org.uk/take-action/ |
Ingredients:
- 24 Baby Carrots with Tops
- 2 cups Water
- 2 tablespoons Brown Sugar
- 1 tablespoon Salt
- ¼ teaspoon Cayenne Powder
- ¼ cup Apple Cider Vinegar
- 3 Small Russet Potatoes
- 3 tablespoons Melted Butter or Coconut Oil
- 1 tablespoon Plain Yogurt
Dipping Sauce:
- 1 cup Plain Yogurt
- 3 tablespoons Chopped Carrot Leaves or Parsley
- 1 tablespoon Apple Cider Vinegar
- 1 teaspoon Sugar
- 1 teaspoon Brown Mustard
- Salt and Pepper
Directions:
- Preheat oven to 425°F. Line a baking tray with parchment paper. Set aside.
- Cut the tops off the carrots. Set aside. Wash and peel carrots.
- In a large pot bring the water, brown sugar, salt and cayenne powder to a boil. Add the carrots and cook for 10-12 minutes. Remove the carrots and allow to cool.
- Fill a large bowl with water and add the apple cider vinegar. Wash and peel the potatoes. Use a spiralizer to make long strands of the potatoes. Once cut place all of the potatoes into the water.
- Twist the strands of potato around each carrot starting from the top. Tuck in any loose ends into the overlapping potato strands. Place the carrots on the prepared baking tray seam side down if possible.
- Once all the carrots are wrapped, brush with melted butter and bake for 15 minutes or until golden brown. Allow to cool slightly.
- Fill a piping bag with a tablespoon of yogurt. Cut a small tip off the bag and pipe tiny eyes on each mummy.
- Mix all of the ingredients for the dipping sauce. Pour into a serving bowl. Keep cold until ready to serve.
- Place carrot mummies on a serving platter along side the dipping sauce. Enjoy!
Equipment: | https://twiceasgoodshow.com/print-recipe-template/?recipe=5430 |
The bun is tender and fluffy, the filling is sweet and spicy, and the glaze is sinful, encouraging even the well-bred to lick the gooey remnants from their fingers.
Melted butter is used in both the filling and the dough and to grease the pan; melt the total amount (8 tablespoons) at once and measure it out as you need it. The buns are best eaten warm, but they hold up well for up to two hours.
Ingredients
1 tablespoon unsalted butter, melted, for greasing the pan
Cinnamon Sugar Filling
¾ cup packed (5 ¼ ounces) dark brown sugar
¼ cup (1 ¾ ounces) granulated sugar
2 teaspoons ground cinnamon
1/8 teaspoon ground cloves
1/8 teaspoon salt
1 tablespoon unsalted butter, melted
Dough
2 ½ cups (12 ½ ounces) unbleached all-purpose flour,
plus additional flour for work surface
2 tablespoons granulated sugar
1 ¼ teaspoons baking powder
½ teaspoon baking soda
½ teaspoon salt
1 ¼ cups buttermilk
6 tablespoons (3/4 stick) unsalted butter, melted and cooled
Icing
2 tablespoons cream cheese, softened
2 tablespoons buttermilk
1 cup (4 ounces) confectioners’ sugar
Directions
Adjust an oven rack to the upper-middle position and heat the oven to 425 degrees. Pour 1 tablespoon of the melted butter into a 9-inch nonstick cake pan; brush to coat the pan. Spray a wire cooling rack with nonstick cooking spray.
- FOR THE CINNAMON SUGAR FILLING: Combine the sugars, spices, and salt in a small bowl. Add 1 tablespoon of the melted butter and stir with a fork until the mixture resembles wet sand; set the filling mixture aside.
- FOR THE DOUGH: Whisk the flour, sugar, baking powder, baking soda, and salt in a large bowl. Whisk the buttermilk and 2 tablespoons of the melted butter in a measuring cup or small bowl. Add the liquid to the dry ingredients and stir with a wooden spoon until the liquid is absorbed (the dough will look very shaggy), about 30 seconds. Transfer the dough to a lightly floured work surface and knead until just smooth and no longer shaggy.
- Pat the dough with your hands into a 12 by 9-inch rectangle. Brush the dough with 2 tablespoons of the melted butter. Sprinkle evenly with the filling, leaving a ½ inch border of plain dough around the edges. Following the illustrations, press the filling firmly into the dough. Using a bench scraper or metal spatula, loosen the dough from the work surface. Starting at the long side, roll the dough, pressing lightly, to form a tight log. Pinch the seam to seal. Roll the log seam-side down and cut it evenly into 8 pieces. With your hand, slightly flatten each piece of dough to seal the open edges and keep the filling in place. Place 1 roll in the center of the prepared nonstick pan, then place the remaining 7 rolls around the perimeter of the pan. Brush with the remaining 2 tablespoons melted butter.
- Bake until the edges of the buns are golden brown, 23 to 25 minutes. Use an offset metal spatula to loosen the buns from the pan. Wearing oven mitts, place a large plate over the pan and invert the buns onto the plate. Place a greased cooling rack over the plate and invert the buns onto the rack. Cool about 5 minutes before icing.
- FOR THE ICING AND TO FINISH THE BUNS: While the buns are cooling, line a rimmed baking sheet with parchment paper (for easy cleanup); set the rack with the buns over the baking sheet. Whisk the cream cheese and buttermilk in a large nonreactive bowl until thick and smooth (the mixture will look like cottage cheese at first). Sift the confectioners’ sugar over the mixture; whisk until a smooth glaze forms, about 30 seconds. Spoon the glaze evenly over the buns; serve immediately. | https://katedeveneycaffrey.com/cinnamon-buns/ |
Category Index | Alphabetic Index | Forums | Search by Keyword | About Us
Mammalian hair is composed of a protein, keratin. It is the same protein that makes horn, fingernails, claws, skin epithelium, and dander.
Mammalian hair consists of three distinct morphological units, the cuticle, the cortex and the medulla. The distinctive pattern shown by these
units varies over the length of the hair in a way that can be very characteristic. The patterns exhibited by these units
in any given hair are often sufficient to identify the genus, the species, or even the individual that the hair came from.
Human whiskers tend to be ribbon to elliptical in cross-section. The scale count may be from 8 to 15 per hundred micrometers. The major
axis of the cross-section may be in excess of 120 micrometers. The medulla may be 3/4 of the width but generally is around 1/3 or less. The
medulla may not be easily discernible or appear intermittent but will be evident under polarized light. Pigment bodies and areole vesicles may be present. | http://microlabgallery.com/gallery/HumanWhisker.aspx |
Kwik Trip Convenience Store Looks to Build in Sartell
SARTELL -- Another Kwik Trip is looking to build in the area, this time in Sartell.
Planning and Community Development Director Anita Rasmussen says the convenience store wants to build a 9,000 square foot gas station and car wash on the site near the intersection of County Road 78 and 2nd Street South, next to Sartell Pediatrics.
During tonight's (Tuesday) Sartell Planning Commission meeting, the board will look to approve a Conditional Use Permit for the building.
Because of zoning requirements on the site a CUP needs to be approved for the car wash to be built.
If the request is approved by the Planning Commission, a public hearing would need to be held before final action is taken by the City Council, which should happen at their next scheduled meeting.
Rasmussen says Kwik Trip hopes to be in operation by the end of 2016.
This would be the fourth Kwik Trip store in the St. Cloud Metro area. Kwik Trip plans to open two stores in St. Cloud and one in Waite Park within the next year. | https://wjon.com/latest-kwik-trip-convenience-store-looks-to-build-in-sartell/ |
Harold Camping has announced that this new date corrects his previous incorrect prediction that the world would end in 1994. He acknowledges that the previous prediction was based on a "mathematical error." The new prediction has, however, a much more fundamental theological basis:
The number 5, Camping concluded, equals "atonement." Ten is "completeness." Seventeen means "heaven."
"Christ hung on the cross April 1, 33 A.D.," he began. "Now go to April 1 of 2011 A.D., and that's 1,978 years." Camping then multiplied 1,978 by 365.2422 days - the number of days in each solar year, not to be confused with a calendar year. Next, Camping noted that April 1 to May 21 encompasses 51 days. Add 51 to the sum of previous multiplication total, and it equals 722,500.
Camping realized that (5 x 10 x 17) x (5 x 10 x 17) = 722,500. Or put into words: (Atonement x Completeness x Heaven), squared.
"Five times 10 times 17 is telling you a story," Camping said. "It's the story from the time Christ made payment for your sins until you're completely saved. "I tell ya, I just about fell off my chair when I realized that," Camping said.
Squared, mind you. How can you argue with such mathematical precision? And please ignore the shape of his head in the shadow...
Link.
I thought the 2012 date was the end of the long count, nothing more, nothing less. It might be the end of a lot of the BS we have going on. Maybe it will be the dawning of a new age.
If it's gonna end, why worry.
..what you were planning to hide somewhere????
You are putting out the wrong information, because the Bible states, Only God knows that date. I hope Father makes, all that are putting out dates, look like the fool's that they are.
From One-Being, that is a part of the real, Body of Jesus Christ. | https://www.neatorama.com/2010/01/02/the-world-will-not-end-in-2012/ |
Climber:
Mark Vinar
Others in Party:
Miles Vinar
Date:
Monday, March 24, 2008
Ascent Type:
Successful Summit Attained
Peak:
Mount Tasman
Location:
New Zealand
Elevation:
11473 ft / 3496 m
Ascent Trip Report
Long and difficult route to Marcel Col (up extreme right of route with high rockfall hazard area, leading to short but steep ice traverse and then the upper glacier with extensive and often very wide crevasse formation - only reached col because of a single remaining thin crevasse bridge. Bivvied overnight at Marcel Col - left at 0200 hrs. Most of early climb straigthforward but difficult traverse of the final ridge/north shoulder - unable to walk ridge line due to it being a knife edge consisting of crappy crumbly ice on one side and soft/weak dry snow on other side. Long process to reach the summit - leapfrogged each other on opposite sides of ridge with rope over ridgeline as protection. Long trip back to pioneer hut after descent via above, with similar descent in moonless dark and convoluted return over extensively crevassed Upper Fox glacier.
Summary Total Data
Total Elevation Gain:
2851 ft / 868 m
Total Elevation Loss:
4353 ft / 1325 m
Route Conditions:
Exposed Scramble, Rock Climb, Snow Climb, Glacier Climb, Ice Climb
Gear Used:
Ice Axe, Crampons, Rope, Hut Camp, Tent Camp
Weather:
Cool, Breezy, Clear
Ascent Statistics
Gain on way in:
2523 ft / 769 m
Gain Breakdown:
Net: 1867 ft / 569 m; Extra: 656 ft / 199m
Loss on way in:
656 ft / 199 m
Route:
via Ledenfeld
Start Trailhead:
Marcel Col 9606 ft / 2927 m
Time:
8 Hours
Descent Statistics
Loss on way out:
3697 ft / 1126 m
Loss Breakdown:
Net: 3369 ft / 1026 m; Extra: 328 ft / 99m
Gain on way out:
328 ft / 99 m
Route:
as above plus marcel col to hut
End Trailhead:
Pioneer Hut 8104 ft / 2470 m
Time:
16 Hours
Ascent Part of Trip:
Complete Trip Sequence:
Order
Peak/Point
Date
Gain
1
Mount Tasman
2008-03-24
2851 ft / 869 m
Total Trip Gain: 2851 ft / 869 m Total Trip Loss: 4353 ft / 1327 m
This page has been served 817 times since 2005-01-15.
Copyright © 1987-2022 by Peakbagger.com. All Rights Reserved. | https://peakbagger.com/climber/ascent.aspx?aid=26518 |
3 Florida Teenagers Were Linked to 46 High-End Car Thefts
Over the past several years, Palm Beach County has ranked highly for thefts of all sorts. So, it comes as little surprise that many pricey vehicles are liberated from their Florida owners every year. In weird car news, what you might not know is that almost 50 ultra-expensive cars were stolen by a group of Palm Beach teenagers in 2018.
Most victims made their expensive vehicles easy to steal
It’s hard to believe that anyone would leave their key fob in the ignition these days, but that’s precisely how the ring of underage car thieves was able to steal millions of dollars worth of cars in Palm Beach, Florida. According to WPTV News, most of the vehicles stolen by 17-year-old Gregory Yearty Jr, 17-year-old Arthur Morgan, and 16-year-old Daron Thurston required no “hot wiring” because the owners left their keys in the ignition.
Upscale neighborhoods and pricey purloined car theft targets
Occurring primarily in affluent neighborhoods, the car thefts in the spring of 2018 affected dozens of central and south Palm Beach vehicle owners. In Wellington, the teenage thieves made off with a Porsche and a Mercedes 550S from the same driveway, while in the Polo Club neighborhood, the ripoff artists absconded with an Audi A8, a Porsche Macan, a Mercedes C300, and another Mercedes 550S.
One of the first cars stolen by the treacherous teens was a Chrysler 300 valued at around $35,000. The car was seen several times during the car theft spree, often with four or five people inside. One such instance occurred when a near-victim in the Broken Sound area of Boca Raton spied a young male exit the Chrysler and attempt to take his neighbor’s Jaguar. Once he noticed that he was being watched, the young man hopped back into the Chrysler and sped away. That was not the end of the car capers, however.
Hours after an observant neighbor thwarted the Jaguar theft in Boca Raton, the Chrysler and its passengers were seen on surveillance video at the Royal Palm Yacht and Country Club right around the time that two cars were stolen. On March 4th, two suspects crashed another Mercedes they were trying to steal in Boca Raton. That still didn’t stop the spree.
Three days later, a Cadillac Escalade was stolen from a private garage in the Boca burbs. This time, the car was tracked to Miami-Dade County with the Chrysler 300 in proximity. Ultimately, the stolen Caddie was found in the driveway of 17-year-old Gregory Yearty.
The car thieves tried to escape into a gator-infested swamp
On March 10th, police were notified that the Chrysler 300 had been spotted on the road between Broward County and Palm Beach. This time, a police helicopter got involved and watched from above as the teens drove into the Saturnia subdivision, where the teens tried to steal a BMW, a Jaguar, and Porsche Cayenne. Locked doors and empty ignitions thwarted their efforts.
The teens attempted to leave the subdivision, but the police had other ideas. As agents moved in, the teen thieves drove through a yard, at which time the cops were advised to let the helicopter handle the pursuit. The errant teenagers ditched the Chrysler and fled into an alligator-infested canal. Within minutes, cops on the ground caught up with the teens and arrested them on the spot. According to detectives, the car thieves showed “a level of organization and planning” that indicated the thefts were more than crimes of opportunity. In fact, each teen had an extensive criminal record, and all were tried as adults.
Sometimes, stolen cars come home
We’re not sure what became of all the teenage-stolen cars in Palm Beach, but ripped-off vehicles do come home once in a while.
HotCars explains that in 1969, a one-year-old Corvette C3 was stolen from Alan Poster’s parking garage. Over 37 years later, customs agents intercepted the stolen ‘Vette as it was on the verge of being shipped to Sweden. In 1970, Robert Russel’s 1967 Austin-Healey 3000 Mk III was stolen in Philadelphia. Then, 42 years later, he found the car for sale on eBay. In 1981, a 1968 Camaro 327 V8 was stolen from Ron Reolfi in Jackson Township, New Jersey, and returned by the police 24 years later.
These happy endings are far from the norm. For this reason, it’s wise to follow the common-sense recommendation of the National Insurance Crime Bureau and never, ever leave your keys in the ignition. | https://www.motorbiscuit.com/3-florida-teenagers-linked-46-high-end-car-thefts/ |
Found: Peggy Wable
We have 2 records for Peggy Wable ranging in age from 40 years old to 67 years old. Peggy has been found in 3 states including Maryland, Missouri, Georgia. Possible related people for Peggy Wable include Vincent Paul Cooper, Josephine Sarah Flynn, Carole Mae Hackett, Christopher Lee Hackett, James Edward Hackett, and many others. On file we have 8 emails for Peggy including peggy*****@hotmail.com, hoop****@gmail.com, thatcraz********@live.com, and 5 other email addresses. On record we show 6 phone numbers associated with Peggy in area codes such as 410, 706. You can view more information on Peggy Wable below.
2 results found for Peggy Wable in 10 cities.
Peggy Ann Wable
Huntingtown, Maryland
Locations
Peggy Ann Wable has lived in Huntingtown, MD 20639; Great Mills, MD 20634; Lusby, MD 20657; Owings, MD 20736; Lothian, MD 20711; Dunkirk, MD 20754; Des Arc, MO 63636
Peggy Ann Wable Addresses8310 Mount Harmony Ln, Owings, MD 20736-34355892 Pindell Rd, Lothian, MD 20711-9743Po Box 612, Dunkirk, MD 20754-0612Po Box 210, Des Arc, MO 63636-0210
Phone Number
- (410) 394-****
Email Addresses
- peggy*****@hotmail.com
- hoop****@gmail.com
- thatcraz********@live.com
- watta*****@gmail.com
Peggy Ann Wable Relatives
alert!
Court Records
Find out if Peggy Wable has any important court records including felonies, misdemeanors, and traffic tickets. You may also uncover Civil Judgments against Peggy Wable as well as if Peggy Wable is on a Government Watchlist.
Peggy Eileen Wable
Calhoun, Georgia
Location
Peggy Eileen Wable has lived in Calhoun, GA, in zip codes 30701, 30703, and 50701
Peggy Eileen Wable AddressesPo Box 2448, Calhoun, GA 30703-2448440 Sunrise Cir Se, Calhoun, GA 50701
Phone Numbers
- (706) 331-4520
- (706) 383-8199
Email Addresses
- wabl****@comcast.net
- peggy*****@ecoutlook.com
- wble****@comcast.net
- non***@iname.com
Peggy Eileen Wable Relatives
public records summary
Peggy Wable
Peggy Wable’s full report may contain information on how to contact them such as phone numbers, addresses, and email addresses.
The personal information that is included in the full report could contain schools that they attended, degrees earned, and possible dates they attended the institutions.
Peggy's Social Media profile section may have links to their Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, and dating app profiles.
The Finances section of Peggy's report may have a history of bankruptcies, liens, judgments, evictions, and UCC filings entered against Peggy.
If you suspect Peggy Wable has a criminal record, you could find more information in the Criminal Records section of the report.
The report may contain details on possible charges/offenses, the date the charges were filed, the court system used (civil or criminal), and where Peggy may have been charged and convicted. | https://www.instantcheckmate.com/people/peggy-wable/ |
The fire at 4969 E. 84th Street occurred at around 9:30 p.m. June 3 after the home was broken into, according to a news release. Footage obtained from a Ring doorbell camera shows two suspects fleeing the scene on foot after setting fire to the interior of the home. To see the Ring doorbell camera footage of the crime, click here.
The investigation is being conducted by the State Fire Marshal’s office. A reward of up to $7,500 is being offered for information leading to the arrest and conviction of the suspects responsible for the fire – $5,000 from the Blue Ribbon Arson Committee and $2,500 from the Crime Stoppers of Cuyahoga County.
Anyone with information is encouraged to call the State Fire Marshal’s tip line at 800-589-2728. | https://www.daltonkidronnews.com/2021/06/09/investigators-seek-tips-in-cuyahoga-county-arson-case/ |
Finding New Rochelle's new normal in coronavirus 'containment area'
All of lohud's coverage of coronavirus is being provided free to our readers. Please consider supporting local journalism by subscribing to lohud and The Journal News at offers.lohud.com.
NEW ROCHELLE - On the surface, this sunny late-winter Wednesday was like countless ones before.
Kids in shirtsleeves rode their bikes past million-dollar homes on tree-lined North Avenue toward the high school while, at Ward Acres dog park on Quaker Ridge Road — the Wykagyl neighborhood’s other main thoroughfare — ball-launchers sent hounds hurtling in every direction.
There were no outward signs that these small moments were taking place in a coronavirus “containment area” — within a one-mile radius of Young Israel of New Rochelle synagogue — set by Gov. Andrew Cuomo one day earlier.
Or that the National Guard was on its way to this prototypical suburban spot, amid world-class golf courses, a 38-minute train ride from Grand Central Terminal.
Cuomo’s plan, which he said was recommended by state Health Commissioner Dr. Howard Zucker, will shut schools, houses of worship and places where large groups of people gather in the zone from March 12 to 25.
New Rochelle High School, Albert Leonard Middle School and William B. Ward Elementary School are in the "containment area," along with several private schools. The other New Rochelle public schools will remain open.
Also in the zone are three schools in the Tuckahoe school district: Tuckahoe High School, Tuckahoe Middle School and William E. Cottle School.
The National Guard troops will help deliver food to the thousand or so people who are quarantined, and will help to clean public spaces.
New Rochelle’s new normal
Even before Thursday’s arrival of the National Guard, there were plenty of signs of New Rochelle’s new normal elsewhere.
• Graffiti on the Pinebrook Road overpass just west of the dog park read “COVID-19,” with an arrow pointing down Quaker Ridge Road.
• In the ACME supermarket in the Quaker Ridge Shopping Center, some patrons wore masks over their noses and mouths.
• Around the corner, television reporters tugged an aproned pizza chef out onto North Avenue to talk about how business is amid the coronavirus scare. (Business is off.)
Annie Rubio is a bit unnerved by the new normal — and the unknown — that awaits her on Thursday when the governor’s plan swings into action.
Rubio is a single mother of four. Two of her children — Gabriel, 18, and Jayden, 14 — attend New Rochelle High School. Daughter Jaybriella, 11, attends Albert Leonard.
Her youngest son, Sebastian, 6, has special needs and attends Davis Elementary, which won’t be closed for the next two weeks.
“My little one is the one I’m most concerned about,” Rubio said, as she started her shopping in the produce section of the ACME store on Quaker Ridge Road. “The older ones are more aware of what’s going on with the virus, but Sebastian is clueless. Is he getting the right tools to make sure his hands are clean at school? And what about cross-contamination?”
Contamination after contamination after contamination
Rubio lives outside the containment area, but she works as a teacher’s aide at a nursery school across North Avenue from Young Israel of New Rochelle synagogue, the epicenter of Westchester County’s outbreak where one infected lawyer triggered dozens of positive tests for the virus.
Westchester now has 121 confirmed cases.
Like any mom, Rubio has been talking to friends in similar circumstances: One home, one zone, some kids out of school, some kids in.
“A lot of my friends said that they were going to keep them all home to make sure, because we already know that the virus is around,” she said. “Sebastian takes a bus. How do we know what’s going on on that bus? I feel like it’s contamination after contamination after contamination.”
“As a mom, I'm freaking out,” she said.
Rubio didn’t have a lot of time to talk. She was food shopping, another one of those small moments that have somehow taken on a larger role in the new New Rochelle.
“We've got to think about making sure we have the adequate supplies at home. Two weeks is two weeks with four kids. It’s a lot," she said. "Teenagers eat like every hour, so here I am at the supermarket. I was just praying that the supermarket was open.”
And supermarkets will stay open.
That is one worry down for Rubio, but there are more worries to go around.
“Everybody is worried,” she said. “We don’t know exactly what we’re dealing with. We know it's a virus. But at the end of the day, all I can say is ‘Wash your hands, keep things clean.’ We have hand sanitizer everywhere.”
Peter D. Kramer is a 32-year staffer at The Journal News. He can be reached at [email protected] or on Twitter at @PeterKramer. Read his latest stories. This coverage is only possible with support from our readers. Sign up today for a digital subscription. | https://www.lohud.com/story/news/local/westchester/new-rochelle/2020/03/11/new-rochelle-inside-coronavirus-containment-area/5023737002/ |
1. Describe the likely behavior total product and marginal product when for increasing production only one inkpot is increased while all other inputs are kept constant.
- What is difference between an inferior good and a normal good? Define the effect of change in income on each giving suitable examples.
- What do you mean by consumer’s equilibrium? Define the conditions of consumer’s equilibrium assuming that the consumer consumes only two goods.
- A consumer buys 100 units of a good at a price of Rs. 5 per unit. When price changes he buys 140 units. What is the price if price elasticity of demand is – 2?
- What is increasing returns to a factor and increasing returns to scale? Explain with suitable reason.
5. Draw a suitable diagram and show the following diagram on it.
- Economic growth
- Under utilization of resources.
- Full employment of resources
- What is the causes of shift in a demand?
- Write the explanation about law of demand? Explain with the help of a demand schedule.
- Calculate the price elasticity of demand for a commodity when its price increases by 25% and quantity demands falls from 150 units to 120 units.
- How does the nature of a commodity influence its price elasticity of demand?
- How can be differentiated between macro economics and Micro?
- Write the definition of saturation point.
- What is AP falls? What is relation between AP and MP?
- A rise in the price of a good result in an increase in expenditure on it. Is its demand elastic and inelastic?
- How can we define change in demand? Explain.
- What is the solution of an economic problem? | https://indiagol.com/sample-paper-26/ |
Ferm Living’s braided basket set includes three baskets which help to organize the children’s room, hall and other rooms of the house. The baskets are made by hand of recycled, twined paper and they fit easily to many different decors, thanks to their characterful but gentle color palette. The baskets can be placed on the floor, shelves or tables.
Low: height 30 cm, diameter 38 cm.
Medium: height 37 cm, diameter 34 cm. | https://www.lambdesign.ie/accessories/braided-basket-set-of-3 |
By the end of this week, the prevent plant final planting dates for corn will have passed in the Corn Belt. While the forecast continues to improve, farmers are still faced with tough decisions about filing a prevent plant claim. On rented land, it’s critical to ensure proper communication about prevented plant with the landowner, says Chris Barron, farmer and CEO of Ag View solutions and a Top Producer columnist. He shares these eight tips for making that conversation easier.
- Talk to your agent first. Before you have a conversation with the landowner, it is critical to have had a sufficient conversation with your crop insurance agent. “You need communicate to a landowner factual and correct information with the specifics of the prevent plant scenario that you have,” Barron says.
- Plant the prevent plant seed early. If it’s looking like a probable situation, communicate with your landlord about it as soon as possible. “Say, ‘Hey I want you to know that we are considering prevent plant. We are analyzing the situation, and we will keep you up to date as this develops,’” he says. “That way they aren't shocked or surprised.”
- Know your rental agreement and understand how that influences available options. Do you have any rental agreements that aren’t a straight rent? If you have a share rent, crop share, profit sharing or variable lease, you’ll need to have a special type of discussion, he says. “For example, a farmer has 50/50 crop share with a landowner. Landowner says, ‘Well, I don't have any insurance, so I can't prevent plant.’ Therein lies a pretty big issue.” Understand what the land owner has for coverage. Is it equivalent to what you have on your portion? Landowners in these kinds of agreements have skin in the game and will want to be included in the decision, according to Barron. “Having that conversation early, even if you're not 100% sure, is really important, so that the scenarios are being thought through from both parties along the way,” he says.
- Know your landlord. Not all landowners are the same. Landowner A might be one who really doesn't need to see the numbers and is probably going to be OK with whatever you recommend, Barron explains. “Those are the easy ones. Probably start there first because that'll get you warmed up,” he says. Landowner B might say, ‘Well, why? What's going on? I don't know why I've always had corn on my field, why is there not corn? Why is it not soybeans? Are you just giving up? “For that type of response, I think it's really critical to have the numbers present,” he says. Need help comparing several prevent plant scenarios side by side? Barron has a tool you can use; send him an email at: [email protected]
- Know the numbers. Regardless of the tool used, producers need to establish what their cost of production is, and how that relates to their yield estimate, Barron says. “Once they know what their prevent claim payment is, then in our tool they can plug that number in from the insurance agent, plug in their costs production by line item, and play with price and yield,” he says. “It gives them a scenario side by side of the economics.”
- Seeing is believing. Go pick up your landowner and take them to see the field(s) in question, Barron advises. “Physically go out and show them what you're dealing with, because it's easy to sit at the kitchen table and wonder why? But if you see something with your own eyes, it has more impact,” he says. “Not that they don't believe you but seeing is believing.” Have an absentee landlord? Barron recommends sending them photos and videos with the conditions, situation and date.
- Be prepared for Plan B. Landowners want to know what you’re going to do if you’re not going to plant corn or soybeans. “The Plan B communication should be in numbers, but also it needs to be a conversation of the why behind the numbers,” he says. “That will help with the buy in as far as understanding, ‘OK, what are you going to do since this is going to be a weedy mess?”
- Make the most of the situation. “Every challenge or issue is a huge opportunity,” he says. “This is a huge opportunity for some of these farms to go in this summer and do some land maintenance: maybe fix a waterway, maybe add some additional tile, maybe take out some fence lines or remove some trees or repair some areas of the field that may have been neglected just because of time.” Investing time in doing land improvements for the landowner this summer could be quite valuable in really solidifying that relationship.
More AgWeb.com coverage on 2019 prevent plant information:
Answers to Common Prevent Plant Questions
How Many Prevent Plant Acres Will The Market Allow?
A Comprehensive Look: Should Farmers Use Prevent Plant
How to Weigh Your Prevent Plant Decision
MFP 2.0 Makes Prevent Plant Decisions Even More Difficult
Planting Delayed? Here Are Your Prevent Plant Options
Is Prevent Plant the Most Profitable Option in 2019? | https://www.agprofessional.com/article/how-talk-your-landlord-about-prevent-plant |
We live in interesting times. A segment of the general public is quick to forgive the killing of two young men in Slinger, Wisconsin and Sanford, Florida as the unavoidable consequence of the exercise of a constitutional right. Yet at the same time, state court judges who have exercised their constitutional right of self-governance by signing a recall petition are being publicly called out by both special interest groups and the media, as if by signing the petition they have transgressed some moral boundary. These are interesting times, indeed.
The signing of a recall petition is a right guaranteed by Article XIII of the Wisconsin Constitution. It is a procedure whereby any voter can request that the continuation in office of an elected official in the State of Wisconsin should be put to the vote of the full electorate. If a sufficient number of voters sign the petition, a recall election is held. A recall can only succeed in removing the officeholder if both a sufficient number of recall signatures are filed and a majority of the electorate votes in favor of removal. The Recall is democratic self-governance in its purest form, and along with the Initiative and the Referendum it is one of the three structural vehicles by which Progressive Era voters sought to bypass the influence that special interests hold on elected bodies.
The Wisconsin GOP has filed an official complaint against Dane County Circuit Court Judge David Flanagan with the Judicial Commission on the grounds that the judge should have recused himself in a case challenging the constitutionality of the Wisconsin Voter ID law. Must judges who have signed a recall petition subsequently recuse themselves from sitting on any case in which the Governor, or Republican legislators, or the Republican Party of Wisconsin asserts that the signing of the petition evidences a bias against them? The answer is “no.” There is no explicit provision that prohibits judges from signing a recall petition or that mandates that they recuse themselves from any politically charged case if they have done so.
A judge’s disqualification is required by law under the circumstance set forth in Wis. Stat. 757.19, which generally lists instances in which a judge has a personal or financial connection to the case before the court. However, one section of the statute, Wis. Stat. 757.19(2)(g), also requires disqualification “[w]hen a judge determines that, for any reason, he or she cannot, or it appears he or she cannot, act in an impartial manner.” This particular ground of mandatory disqualification is broad, however the Wisconsin Supreme Court has made it clear that the determination of whether the general provision of this subsection applies is to be left solely to the subjective determination of the judge. Donohoo v. Action Wisconsin, Inc., 754 N.W.2d 480 (Wis. 2008).
In the Donohoo case, Justice Butler, while still a Circuit Court judge, had appeared at a fundraiser benefitting a gay rights organization and had accepted the endorsement of an attorney who worked for the organization. The Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled that then-Judge Butler could decide that he was capable of being impartial in a subsequent case involving gay rights, and that he was not required to disqualify himself. The Court made it clear that the majority agreed with the Judicial Commission’s dismissal of a complaint arising out of the same facts: “As to Donohoo’s claim that Justice Butler acted improperly in attending the fund raiser, the Judicial Commission noted that ‘[j]udges and candidates for judicial office can announce their views on political and legal issues as long as they are not pledges or promises to decide cases in a certain way.’” Therefore, the relevant precedent in Wisconsin leads to the conclusion that the mandatory disqualification rule would not apply to the signing of a recall petition, unless the judge who signed the petition doubted their ability to decide the case before them in an impartial manner.
Because the disqualification grounds of Wis. Stat. 757.19 would not mandate the disqualification of Judge Flanagan in the Voter ID case, so long as he subjectively believed that he could continue on the case in an impartial manner, the question next turns to whether the Code of Judicial Conduct, as reflected in the Rules of the Wisconsin Supreme Court, is somehow violated when a state judge signs a recall petition. Once again, the answer is “no.” There is no provision of the Code of Judicial Conduct that prohibits a sitting judge from signing a recall petition.
For example, SCR 60.04(4) states that a judge should recuse herself when the facts and circumstances reveal a personal bias against a party or a lawyer involved in the case before her, an economic interest in the case before her, or where the judge has previously made a public statement on the merits of the legal issue involved in the case before her. None of these grounds apply to Judge Flanagan’s handling of the Voter ID case. Governor Walker is not a real party of interest in the Voter ID case. The Governor is named as a defendant in his official capacity as the highest Executive Branch official charged with enforcing an allegedly unconstitutional law. None of Scott Walker’s personal actions are at issue in the case and he faces no personal liability.
Naming a government official as a defendant in their official capacity is a common practice. It does not make Judge Flanagan’s personal opinion of Governor Walker relevant to the Voter ID case any more than Justice Scalia’s personal opinion of President Obama is relevant to the case challenging the constitutionality of the Affordable Care Act (one of the lawsuits challenging the Act named President Obama as a defendant). Constitutional Law textbooks are filled with cases with names like Perry v. (Arnold) Schwarzenegger, which challenged California’s law prohibiting same sex marriage. Even though Governor Schwarzenegger publicly opposed the law being challenged by the plaintiffs, and he joined the plaintiffs in calling for the law to be struck down, the lawsuit that the plaintiffs filed still names him as a defendant in his official capacity as Governor. SCR 60.04(4) does not apply.
Another potentially relevant rule is SCR 60.06, which is directed at “inappropriate political activity” by sitting judges and candidates for the judiciary. For example, SCR 60.06(2) prohibits judges from participating in the activities of a political party or a political candidate, or from endorsing the candidates of a political party. However, the plain language of this rule does not include the signing of a recall petition among the identified instances of “inappropriate political activity.”
Moreover, the nature of the political activity identified as prohibited suggests that the Rule is focused on public actions by judges that would undermine the public’s perception of the judiciary as a non-partisan institution. Many of the rule’s provisions specify the prohibition of public endorsements and publicly expressed opinions, as distinguished from privately expressed opinions. Think of a judge who appears in a television ad for another political candidate, while wearing judicial robes and being identified as a judge.
In contrast, the signing of a recall petition is not an action that is publicized by the judge, and the petition itself does not identify the signer as a member of the judiciary. It is true that the recall petition is an official document that is subject to public review. However, it is the supporters of Governor Walker who chose to turn the signing of the petition into a public act and to identify the signer as a member of the judiciary. None of the judges who signed a petition publicized the act or their judicial position.
Note that the rules do not prohibit all political activity, only “inappropriate” political activity. The comment to SCR 60.06(2)(e) states the following:
Although the rule contemplates the continuance of nonpartisanship on the part of Wisconsin judges and those seeking judicial office, judges are not expected to lead lives of seclusion. As members of the public and as public officeholders, judges may attend public events, even those sponsored by political parties or candidates, so long as the attendance does not constitute the kind of partisan activity prohibited by this rule. The judge, judicial candidate or judge-elect is responsible for so conducting herself or himself that her or his presence at the sponsored event is not made to appear as an endorsement or other prohibited political activity.
In other words, a judge may attend a partisan political event as a member of the public, without violating the Code of Judicial Conduct, so long as he or she does not call attention to themselves or to their official position. If a newspaper reporter recognized the judge at the event, and wrote a story publicizing the judge’s attendance, that would not transform the judge’s attendance at the event into a violation of the Rule. This comment further illustrates that SCR 60.06(2) is primarily focused towards political conduct that is intended for public consumption.
Could the literal language of SCR 60.06(2) nonetheless be interpreted to reach the signing of a recall petition? Yes, it could, if one takes the view that the words of any statute have the quality of Play-Doh, and are susceptible to being formed into whatever shape one desires. This seems to be the position of Rick Esenberg, who has argued in a blog post that the words of SCR 60.06(2) could be construed to apply to the signing of a recall petition without managing to articulate a reason why we should choose to interpret the words in such a fashion.
The last provision of the Judicial Code of Conduct that is arguably relevant to the signing of a recall petition is the general command contained in SCR 60.05(1)(a), wherein a judge is admonished to conduct their extra-judicial activity so as not to “cast reasonable doubt on the judge’s capacity to act impartially as a judge.” Should this very general language be interpreted so as to apply to the signing of a recall petition?
Of course the language is capable of being applied to this situation – the language is so broad as to potentially apply to anything. When applying such broad language to a particular factual scenario, it is wise to reflect on the overall purpose of the broad prohibition.
In my opinion, the issue of judicial recusal has become muddied as both political parties seek to use it for their advantage. If the judge has received something of value from a party or an attorney, then they should recuse themselves because they are presumed to be in that person’s debt. This is the situation where Justice Gableman admittedly received free legal services from a law firm appearing before him.
However, campaign contributions received by a judge from a party or their lawyer don’t count as something of value unless the contributions are disproportionately large. See Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Company, 556 U.S. 868 (2009). This is a tricky distinction to make, as campaign contributions can also create the perception that the judge is in the donor’s debt, but it is a necessary distinction if we are going to elect judges.
Finally, judges should not feel obligated to recuse themselves because of previously expressed political opinions that are unrelated to the case before the judge. In contrast to the situation where they receive something of value, here the judge is entitled to the presumption that they can decide the case in good faith. This latter situation includes not only the signing of a recall petition but also attendance at conferences and events sponsored by liberal or conservative groups.
There are two problems with interpreting the broad language of SCR 60.05(1)(a) to reach the signing of a recall petition. First, it would then be impossible to distinguish the signing of a recall petition from other actions that might be perceived as expressing a generalized political view, such as speaking at a Federalist Society event or accepting an award from the American Civil Liberties Union. In particular, the general language of SCR 60.05(1)(a) should not be construed to require mandatory recusal in situations where the expression of a general political opinion would not lead to mandatory disqualification under Wis. Stat. 757.19(2)(g). In the Donohoo case, the Wisconsin Supreme Court interpreted both provisions in a parallel fashion. If the attendance at a fundraiser for a special interest group is not sufficient to create an automatic perception of bias requiring disqualification under the statute, then it should not require recusal under the Code of Judicial Conduct, and vice versa.
Second, the signing of the recall petition is a constitutional right, and we should not interpret the broad language of SCR 60.05(1)(a) so as to force judges to forego their constitutional rights absent a compelling reason. The need to identify some compelling state interest in policing a judge’s expression of general political opinions is grounded in the recognition that all expressions of political opinion are the exercise of a constitutional right. The rights guaranteed under the First Amendment of the federal Constitution prevent a state from mandating the recusal of a sitting judge who declares “I am a Democrat.” Seifert v. Alexander, 608 F.3d 974 (7th Cir. 2010). Similarly, the Wisconsin Constitution gives every voter who resides in this state the right to sign a recall petition. We ask our judges to comport themselves with integrity and to maintain an impartial attitude, but we do not demand that our state judges abandon all of their constitutional rights after being elected to the bench. The signing of a petition, without any attempt to draw attention to the act or to identify oneself as a judge, is not an effort to sway voters for partisan ends. There is therefore no compelling interest that would justify state regulation over this expression of opinion. This interpretation of the general requirement of impartiality in SCR 60.05(1)(a) is in accord with the general view of Justice Roggensack, who wrote for four members of the Wisconsin Supreme Court that recusal rules must be “narrowly tailored to meet a compelling interest.” In the Matter of Amendment of the Code of Judicial Conduct’s Rules on Recusal, 2010 Wis. 73, Para. 11.
Therefore, I conclude that the Code’s regulation of extra-judicial political activity should not extend to prohibit the signing of recall petitions. Interpreting the recusal rules in ways that seek to police the expression of generalized ideology on the part of state court judges is a fool’s game. We should not mandate the recusal of a judge unless their actions reveal a particular bias in relation to the actual parties, counsel or facts in the case before them. In a separate context, Rick Esenberg has noted, “[h]aving a view on a legal or political issue is not the type of bias with which the state may concern itself.” If You Speak Up, Must You Stand Down: Caperton and Its Limits, 45 Wake Forest L. Rev. 1287, 1327 (2010). If this statement is true as a matter of general principle (and I believe that it is), then the belief that Scott Walker should be subject to a recall election has no relevance to the ability of a judge to be impartial in a case challenging the Voter ID law.
My colleague Janine Geske, a former member of the Wisconsin Supreme Court, believes that Judge Flanagan and the others should have refrained from signing the recall petitions so as to avoid any possible perception of partiality. I have the utmost respect for Janine Geske, and I would sleep better at night if she were still a member of the Court. I certainly cannot criticize her for encouraging judges to avoid activity that creates even the slightest perception of partisan activity. However, I do not understand her to contend that the Code of Judicial Conduct as currently written prohibits the signing of recall petitions by judges. Clearly, it does not.
Judges should not be expected to conduct themselves so as to satisfy every unrealistic expectation of an oversensitive minority. After joining the United States Supreme Court, Justice William Brennan was stung by criticism that his attendance at a legal conference might be perceived by some as endorsing the views of the conference organizers. As a result, he declined every subsequent speaking invitation that he received, no matter what the group. His biographers Seth Stern and Stephen Wermiel note that this gregarious person maintained few professional friendships outside of his colleagues on the Supreme Court, and that having reached the pinnacle of the legal profession he became isolated from the practicing bar. Justice Brennan’s strict refusal to attend any legal conferences may have been scrupulous, but it was sadly unnecessary.
In the future, should we amend the recusal rules so that the rules explicitly mandate the recusal of judges who have expressed general political views that one of the parties finds objectionable?
There are two schools of thought. One group argues that after Caperton it would be useful to draft more explicit provisions setting forth the grounds for recusal in a wide variety of situations where the public may perceive the existence of bias. These commentators argue that a general “impartiality” standard is insufficient to protect litigants from judicial bias, but that more focused rules would be more successful. Among the exponents of this view are Dmitry Bam, Making Appearances Matter: Recusal and the Appearance of Bias, 2011 B.U.U. L. Rev. 943 and Tobin A. Sparling, Keeping up Appearances: The Constitutionality of the Model Code of Judicial Conduct’s Prohibition of Extrajudicial Speech Creating the Appearance of Bias, 19 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 441 (2006).
A second school of thought argues that this approach is folly. Judges have the same opinions, beliefs and pre-dispositions as anyone else, and it is impossible to guarantee any litigant a judge for their case who has never previously expressed any political, social or economic point of view. Among the exponents of this view are Erwin Chemerinsky, Restrictions on the Speech of Judicial Candidates Are Unconstitutional, 35 Ind. L. Rev. 735 (2002) and James Bopp, Jr. & Anita Woudenberg, An Announce Clause by Any Other Name: The Unconstitutionality of Disciplining Judges Who Fail to Disqualify Themselves for Exercising Their Freedom to Speak, 55 Drake L. Rev. 723 (2007).
I agree with the second school of thought. Parties have a reasonable expectation that their judge will not be biased towards their particular case; parties have no reasonable basis to expect that their judge is a blank slate who has never formed a political opinion on any issue nor adopted any religious or moral points of view. Rather than policing the expression of general ideology by members of the judiciary, the bar and the public should instead scrutinize the written opinions of judges to ensure that those opinions fairly discuss and resolve the arguments of counsel. The role of the judge is to put their ideology aside and to give the legal arguments of the parties a fair hearing, not to divest themselves of any vestiges of ideology in their personal life.
I suspect that even the drafters of the complaint filed against Judge Flanagan with the Judicial Commission are aware of the tenuous nature of their legal argument. The Complaint filed by the Wisconsin GOP relies primarily upon a 2006 Court of Appeals decision named State v. Gudgeon that involves neither Section 757.19 nor SCR 60.05. Nowhere does the Complaint by the Wisconsin GOP discuss the 2008 Donohoo opinion of the Wisconsin Supreme Court which is directly on point. Perhaps the Wisconsin GOP views their complaint as nothing more than a bargaining chip, whereby the Judicial Commission might be inspired to drop the complaint against Justice Prosser in order to avoid deciding the complaints against Judge Flanagan and the other state judges who have signed recall petitions against the Governor. If so, then they fail to appreciate how absurd it is to equate charges of physical assault (subject to the separate provisions of SCR 60.03) with the lawful exercise of a constitutional right.
More likely, the drafters of the Complaint fully expect that the Judicial Commission will reject their complaint against Judge Flanagan while at the same time continuing the investigation of Justice Prosser. This eminently foreseeable result would serve their broader purpose of undermining the public’s confidence in the Judicial Commission, by giving Judge Flanagan’s critics an excuse to make unfounded claims of partisan bias. Other attacks on the integrity of the Judicial Commission by the group Media Trackers have proven groundless, but that is unlikely to deter the steady drumbeat of criticism that various groups have directed at the Judicial Commission. The goal of these critics is to influence public opinion through the vehicle of inflammatory allegations, and not to raise issues of legitimate concern relating to the administration of justice. | https://law.marquette.edu/facultyblog/2012/03/signing-a-recall-petition-does-not-require-judicial-recusal/ |
Off Road Registration
Voluntary Registration for Off Road Vehicles has been extended until November 1, 2015. After this date you will be required to now register all off-road vehicles.
You can wait to register until the process gets smoother Highlights of the announcement
- The voluntary registration period has been extended until November 1
- Decals will be provided OR you can fasten a license plate
- If you already have a license plate you will be able to exchange it at no charge for a decal
- It remains your responsibility to remove the decal or license plate if you sell your vehicle
“BC introduces simple, Low Cost ORV vehicle registration in an effort to reduce theft”
"Key components of the ORV Management Framework include:
- Expanded definition of ORVs:
- ORV laws apply to a wide range of vehicles operated on Crown land and other public lands.
- ORVs are used for work, leisure and commuting purposes and include snowmobiles, all-terrain vehicles (aka “Quads”), off-road motorcycles (i.e. dirt bikes) and side-by-sides (e.g. “Pioneer”).
- Registration:
- Effective November 17, 2014, off-road vehicle owners can obtain a one-time registration for off-road vehicles that is integrated within the pre-existing structure of the Insurance Corporation of British Columbia’s (ICBC) motor vehicle registry.
- The registration fee is one-time and user-pay; it will be $48 for an ORV owner to register their ORV and the same applies for subsequent transfers of ownership. | https://www.vihonda.ca/off-road-registration |
The sharpest fight in this year’s budget battle: Whether to renew the income tax surcharge on the highest-paid New Yorkers.
Taxing the rich is overwhelmingly popular with voters. A February Siena poll found that renewing the current surcharge was favored by a 2-to-1 margin, 65% to 33%, and other polls have found similar results. But the measure faces an uphill battle in Albany.
Enacted in 2009, the surcharge will expire at the end of 2011 unless action is taken to extend it. Latest figures from the State Division of the Budget estimate that it brings in about $4.5 billion per year. With the State facing a $10 billion budget gap, giving up the surcharge will mean deeper cuts in public services – in order to give a tax break to the highest-paid 3% in the state.
The surcharge applies to taxable income above $200,000 for individuals and above $300,000 for married couples. It adds an additional 1% to the tax rate, and another 1.12% for taxable incomes above $500,000.
While these higher rates affect about 3% of New York taxpayers, not all of their income is affected. The surcharge is paid only above the threshold – for example, a married couple with taxable income of $320,000 would pay the additional 1% on only $20,000. And the thresholds are set in terms of taxable income – in other words, after subtracting all personal exemptions, deductions and adjustments.
Taxpayers affected by New York’s surcharge “just received a four percentage point decrease in their federal income taxes for 2011 and 2012, thanks to the extension of the Bush tax cuts,” the Fiscal Policy Institute (FPI) points out. Supporters of the surcharge question whether the richest New Yorkers need to get a State tax break, too – especially when such deep cuts in public services are under consideration.
Other progressive revenue measures proposed this year include a “bonus recapture tax,” proposed by FPI and the Center for Working Families (CWF), which note that the current high bonuses and profits on Wall Street were made possible by a taxpayer bailout of historic size. The bonus recapture tax would provide between $9.5 and $14 billion in revenue, making most of this year’s budget cuts unnecessary.
But even though total compensation at Wall Street firms is up 6%, Albany has little appetite for taxes that would be paid by the rich. Despite strong public support for the current surcharge, Gov. Cuomo and the State Senate are opposed to renewing it, and the Assembly has proposed scaling it back so that a higher rate applies only to taxable income above $1 million. It’s a change that would bring in about 70% of the revenue that the current surcharge provides.
After two decades of tax cuts favoring the wealthy, it’s no surprise that New York has been running out of money to fund basic public services. But it’s a sign of wealthy New Yorkers’ outsized political influence (see p.4) that the biggest revenue fight in Albany this year is simply whether to keep today’s tax rates in place. | https://psc-cuny.org/clarion/april-2011/super-rich-have-tax-cut-itch |
The main parks of the west are Katavi, an interesting area for safaris, and Gombe and
Mahale, which are both set on the shores of Lake Tanganyika and homes to chimpanzees.
Domestic flights to Kigoma connect the west with Arusha and Dar es Salaam. Going there
by road is not feasible for most visitors.
Katavi National Park
Katavi is a select destination for safari-goers prepared to pay more to visit a remote
wildlife area of good quality, far from the crowds.
The park is a land of open plains, forests, bushlands, lakeshores and wetlands, known
for its huge herds of African buffalos, many hippos and crocodiles, and generally good
wildlife. The dry seasons from June to October are especially good, as the animals congregate
around the few permanent water sources. The herbivores are represented by elephants,
giraffes, zebras, impalas, reedbucks, roans, sables and others, the large predators
by lions, leopards and spotted hyaenas.
The park has a few small camps and lodges offering good comfort. A normal stay is at
least two days, preferably more if Katavi is the only savanna park in your itinerary.
The only realistic way of getting there is by chartered flight an interesting
combination is a fly-in safari to both Katavi and Ruaha.
More about Katavi
Gombe Stream National Park
Gombe is the smallest national park in Tanzania, and may be best known as the site for
Jane Goodall's research on chimpanzees. The park is set on the eastern shore of Lake
Tanganyika, and is covered by woodlands, forests and steep valleys. The chimpanzees
are the main attraction, but there are also many species of monkeys and some herbivore
wildlife.
Gombe has one small tented lodge on the shore of Lake Tanganyika, accessed by boat from
Kigoma. A stay is minimum two nights to allow time for chimpanzee trekking, but more
time can be spent exploring the forests, relaxing, swimming and snorkelling.
More about Gombe Stream
Mahale Mountains National Park
Mahale is, like Gombe, set on the shore of Lake Tanganyika. It's a hilly park, featuring
mountains peaks up to 2,462 m/8,077 ft. Much of Mahale is covered in miombo woodland,
but there are also forests, mountain forests and bamboo forests. Most visitors come
for the chimpanzees, but there are also many monkeys, and the eastmost part of the park
has safari wildlife such as lions, giraffes, elephants, wild dogs and roan antelopes.
The park has two lodges, both situated on the shore. The reasonable length of a stay
depends much on your interests. You may want to spend one or two days exploring the
park, and add more time for swimming, fishing, snorkelling or boating.
More about Mahale Mountains
Other parks/areas
In addition to the above, there are a number of game reserves that receive very few
visitors, for example Uwanda,
Ugalla, Kigosi
and Moyowosi
Game Reserves. These parks are mainly poor as to infrastructure for tourism, park management,
wildlife conservation etc, and should only be considered by safari-goers prepared to
trade comfort for experiences way off the beaten track. | http://andersons.co.za/tanzania_west.shtml |
Life is filled with amazing possibilities. It’s up to you to find one, grab it and hold on. My friend Tom Tran found one. It’s incredible! His goal is to create a space where people can meet and create awesomeness. He and his friends from Cobri want to make a hackerspace unlike anything Hanoi has ever seen. If the word hacker frightens you, please continue reading. I hope you won’t be afraid when you’re done reading this post.
Tom is German and spent much of his youth curious about computers. His parents didn’t understand the value of a computer so he never had one. During his high school years he’d often spend time at a hackerspace in Berlin. One weekend there’d be a LAN party. Another weekend he’d learn how to make a computer or a website.
Tom and I were both curious about technology at a young age. As a kid I’d be in my basement surrounded by the glow of the computer screen. I thought…how does this thing work? I took it completely apart. Then I put everything back together. It still worked! Even with a few parts missing. I asked myself…why? This question led me to building a computer from scratch. I would order parts from New Egg. I’d get a graphics card, a motherboard, RAM, and everything. Then I just started building. I didn’t have a manual or a teacher. This was before the Web became popular so there wasn’t a lot of information online. My friends and I would read 2600. We’d listen to Emmanuel Goldstein talk about Kevin Mitnick on Off The Hook. We even went to a HOPE conference in NYC. I read Gibson and Stephenson. I watched WarGames and Sneakers. I continued asking why and teaching myself about technology.
When you were young would you ask your parents a lot of questions? I certainly did. A hacker isn’t someone to be afraid of. They’re curious. They ask questions. They figure out how something works by taking it apart. Hackers are people who never stop asking questions.
It’s strategically located in a prime area in Hanoi, near business districts, research labs, and Bach Khoa University (HUST). He has all kinds of cool ideas. Some of them are: speakers from all over the world, members sharing knowledge, access granted to economically challenged individuals, hands on workshops, and monthly hackathons.
Tom plans to open Hackanoi before the end of November. To learn more you can contact Tom on LinkedIn or Facebook.
I am an currently working on an undergraduate architecture thesis on the subject of the internet and technology in Vietnam and would appreciate it very much if you can help me with more further information on this hacker-space. | http://seanlaurence.com/2015/10/04/hackanoi-has-landed-in-vietnam/ |
German Exchange Brings New Faces to the Halls
Hang on for a minute...we're trying to find some more stories you might like.
Email This Story
To many students, the town we live in is nothing too interesting. A mall, high school, university, theater… Enough to do that we can entertain ourselves, but certainly not a âdestination.â However, to the many students who participate in the Ames-Wülfrath exchange, Ames is anything but boring. On Sept. 27, 19 students will arrive from Gymnasium Wülfrath in Germany to spend 2 weeks immersed in the American culture we take for granted. Students taking German at Ames will host them while they stay in Ames so they can observe normal family life. Before arriving in Ames, the exchange group is going to New York and San Francisco to experience some of what Americaâs big cities have to offer. Many students say that this is the part of the trip they most look forward to, and who can blame them? Experiencing the blending of cultures in these metropolises can be overwhelming, even for Americans, with a different experience waiting around every corner. After the visits here, students will be ready to settle down for their time in Ames. Upon their arrival, exchange students will be provided with a schedule of available classes that they can use to build a schedule to follow during their stay. While they wonât be graded or have to actually do homework, many will still learn a lot and all will participate in class like every other student. Some may choose to follow a schedule similar to their host studentâs in order to know someone in their classes, while some may have a particular interest they want to know more about. If you see someone new in a class when October rolls around, they may be one of our visitors! Most of the students have had English classes for around six years, so getting to know them wonât be too limited by the language barrier. âI am excited because of the really big school in Ames and getting to know new people,â said Sarah Aurand, a 15-year-old student making the trip this year. âThe students should know that we are open minded,â meaning they are ready to experience all that America has to offer- whether we think it boring, uninteresting, or mundane, it will likely be new and exciting to them! Other students making the trip want us to know much simpler things- â(The students should know) that Germans donât just eat potatoes and sauerkrautâ Marcel Michna said. Most students donât have that in mind… Usually meat is included in the diet! When the beginning of October rolls around, keep an eye (and ear!) out in the halls, and help welcome our visitors from the sister city with a friendly âguten tag!â
Jamie Steyer is one of the terrific trio of Editors-In-Chief. In addition to writing for the WEB, she also writes news stories for the Ames Community School... | https://www.ameshighweb.com/archives/2012/09/14/german-exchange-brings-new-faces-to-the-halls/ |
Welcome during this Advent season!
Thanks for joining us for today’s worship service for Sunday, Dec. 12, 2021, the third Sunday in Advent. We are back in the sanctuary if you’d like to join us! Please see our bulletin if you’d like to follow along and participate in this online service.
If you’d like to join us in person, we do require masks and social distancing, and we will provide excellent ventilation to help prevent the spread of Covid-19 and other viruses.
In the meantime, we continue to record online worship services for those who are unable to attend our in-person services, held at 10 a.m. each Sunday. Today’s online worship service was recorded at different times and places in order to observe social distancing restrictions. *To receive our weekly newsletter, send a request to [email protected] with your email information.
Staying connected: Are you looking for a way to feel more connected with Holy Trinity or need a little extra support right now? Please fill out our online connection card and let us know you were here! | https://holytrinityfremont.org/dec-12-2021-worship-service/ |
This old-fashioned brownies recipe dates back to 1932, but it's definitely withstood the test of time. Mixed up all in one bowl and ready to eat within an hour!
Prep Time
15
mins
Cook Time
30
mins
Total Time
45
mins
Course:
Dessert
Cuisine:
American
Keyword:
old recipes
Servings:
16
slices
Calories:
256
kcal
Cost:
$0.25 per slice
Ingredients
2 1/3
cups
pastry flour
250 g; all purpose flour is fine too
2
teaspoons
baking powder
10 g
2
cups
sugar
400 g
1
tsp
vanilla extract
1
cup
grated chocolate or 3/4 cup cocoa powder
60 g
1/2
cup
melted butter
110 g
4
eggs
large or extra large
1/2
cup
chopped nuts
60 g; optional
Instructions
Mix sugar, chocolate and melted butter; add eggs and beat.
Add flour, baking powder, and chopped nuts.
Spread 1/2 inch thick on a lightly greased 8×8 baking pan. (An 8" round pan also works.)
Bake 30 minutes at 350 degrees. Cut into squares while still warm. | http://realordinaryfood.com.dream.website/wprm_print/recipe/2618 |
Analytical expressions for the breakage rate as functions of mill charge, mill speed, particle size, ball diameter, and ball load are derived, using idealized models for probability of breakage (Gaudin and Meloy), energy distribution (Mempel), and arithmetic mean of effective ball energy (Langemanns).
Milling Transfer Function Ball Mill Automatic Control System Dynamic Link These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
2 Figure 2 Tube Ball Mill Structure II. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF TUBE-BALL MILL The procedure for coal mill modelling can be broken down into the following steps: 1) ΔTo derive the basic mill model dynamic equations through analyzing the milling process, applying physics and
Modeling and Analysis of Ball End Milling Parameters of Inconel 718 Cantilevers Using RSM Nandkumar N. Bhopale1, ... The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that the proposed mathematical models have been carried out to ensure the validity of the developed model. ... Solid carbide Ti-Al-N coated ball end mill cutters of 10mm ...
The mathematical model is transparent with the respect to engineering process as all the parameters of the model have their specified physics meaning. The mathematical model has been implemented on-line and is used for condition monitoring. II. DEVELOPMENT OF A TUBE-BALL MILL MATHEMATICAL MODEL A tube-ball mill structure is illustrated in Figure 1.
The Bond ball mill work index test is thought to be additive because of its units of energy; nevertheless, experimental blending results show a non-additive behavior. The SPI(R) value is known not to be an additive parameter, however errors introduced by block kriging are not thought to be significant .
pressure in the system of any ball mills. From the figure, the physically meaningful region is between 0 < T < 1/(2m kB), and T > Tth where the threshold temperature is always greater than 1/(2m kB) respectively. 7. CONCLUSION We have considered a model for communution processes in ball mills using hamiltonian approach.
Ball mills are among the most variable and effective tools when it comes to size reduction of hard, brittle or fibrous materials. The variety of grinding modes, usable volumes and available grinding tool materials make ball mills the perfect match for a vast range of applications.
PDF | The combination of a grinding circuit simulator with a model of ball wear in a grinding mill leads to a method to calculate, with a preselected accuracy, the make-up ball charge that ...
uence of the suspension. We model the dynamics inside the ball mill in dependence of the lling volumes of suspension and balls by rst considering only balls without suspension and then modeling the suspensions' in uence. From this we get estimates for the energy of balls hitting their surface, which is an important value for the company.
DEVELOPMENT OF A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR SIMULATION OF COAL CRUSHING. 345 i1 j1 f(fp)bijj pi 1ri − = +− = +τ ∑ i,j (8) where, τ = H/F, is known as the mean residence time of coal particles in the mill.
May 01, 2014· A mathematical model for simulating and manufacturing ball end mill A mathematical model for simulating and manufacturing ball end mill Nguyen, Hien; Ko, Sung-Lim 2014-05-01 00:00:00 The performance of ball end mill cutters in cutting operations is influenced by the configuration of the rake and clearance faces in the ball component. . From the mathematical design .
Identification and control of wet grinding processes - Application to the Kolwezi concentrator December 2013 Ecole Polytechnique de Bruxelles Thèse présentée par Moïse MUKEPE KAHILU en vue de l'obtention du grade de Docteur en Sciences de l'Ingénieur Promoteur : Prof. Michel KINNAERT Co-promoteurs : Prof. Pierre KALENGA NGOY M.
A Mathematical Model is an abstraction of a real-life scenario, system or event that uses mathematical language to describe and predict the behavior, dynamics and evolution of said scenario, system or event. Mathematical Modelling is thus the step...
This paper presents the mathematical model of helical groove of the end mill according to the differential geometry and meshing principle based on the grinding wheel attitude. The profile of the helical groove can be precisely calculated using a given wheel attitude and the relative motion between the workpiece and the grinding wheel.The relation between the grinding wheel attitude and the ...
Radial and Axial Mixing of Particles in a Dry Batch Ball Mill _____ ii Abstract Mixing is an important operation that is carried out in food, paint, pharmaceutical and mineral processing industries. Ball mills are one of the many mixing vessels used in a mineral processing industry. During grinding, the mill's efficiency depends on
A new mathematical model for grinding the ball part of a ball end mill is proposed. The complete process for manufacturing a ball end mill is formulated, including processes such as modeling the rake and clearance faces. The helical flute surface of the ball end mill is analytically calculated and verified by means of simulation and experiment.
Mathematical models, which link the external signals of ball mill with its internal parameters, were established to predict the internal parameters of ball mill. Experimental results showed that the mathematical models could directly predict the internal parameters of ball mill .
ball mill start up and shut down proceedures . ball mill start up and shut down proceedures A new modelbased approach for power plant Tubeball mill This is the first mathematical model of power plant Tubeball mills to cover the . raw coal to the mill which is specified in .
The glycemic system model in Simulink ® is a high-level, functional model that can be used to simulate the closed-loop behavior of an insulin infusion pump in conjunction with a body's insulin absorption mechanism. The principals are based on the mathematical models derived by Dr. Roman Havorka.
A detailed mathematical analysis is presented to advance the current understanding of the mechanics of milling operation in a planetary ball mill in terms of a global Cartesian reference space. The ab initio calculations have identified the role of milling parameters in determining the condition of detachment of the ball from the vial wall.
in modeling and control of the grinding process in industrial ball mills. Basic kinetic and energy models of the grinding process are described and the most commonly used control strategies are analyzed and discussed. Keywords: ... mathematical models and control methods are .
standard Bond ball mills (Kaya et al., 2003). Therefore there is need for development of a more general and standard model to measure the performance of the ball mill. II. PREVIOUS WORK Comminution in a mineral processing plant or, mill involves a sequence of .
Some simple mathematical models Some simple mathematical models July 1, 2011 Some simple mathematical models. Some simple mathematical models The birth of modern science Philosophy is written in this grand book the universe, which stands ... Some simple mathematical models Galileo's falling stone Ball rolling on an inclined plane: mg cos mg sin ... | https://www.tkd.com.pl/2020_Dec_25+34045.html |
CHILLICOTHE, Ohio — The Mayor and councilmembers of Chillicothe are voting on a raise to their paychecks at Monday night’s regularly scheduled council meeting.
According to the agenda of the meeting, the council will vote on a raise for themselves and other elected officials including the mayor. By city statute, the council and mayor already receive a 3% “cost of living” raise every four years.
Council will vote on the measure — which is proposed as an emergency piece of legislation — tonight at 7 p.m.
An Ordinance amending SEctions 111.01, 111.10, 114.01, 116.01, 118.01, and 120.01 of the Codified Ordinances of the City of Chillicothe regarding pay provisions for the Elected City Officials, and declaring an emergency.The proposed agenda for December 13, 2021.
The Guardian asked the city last week for copies of the proposed raises to see how much more money the council and mayor are asking, or if it’s merely the statutory 3% raise, but the city has not provided the records as of Monday morning. Currently, Mayor Luke Feeney receives a city salary of $55,000, while councilmembers are paid $5,100 with outgoing President, Bruce Arnold making $6,500. Interestingly enough, the majority of members who will vote on the legislation lose their seats in January when new members take over after losing the election in November.
UPDATE 2:45 P.M.:
The city replied to the Guardian after the publication of this article with the numbers for the raises.
Council members would receive a 62% pay raise going from $5,100 to $8,300; the mayor would go from $54,000 to $57,000; and the city auditor, who is having her designation changed from part-time to full-time will see the largest increase in pay, going from $51,500 to $77,500. The city treasurer will see his pay boosted to $12,400 from his previous $8,900.
A previous version of this article stated that council receives a 3% pay raise annually, when in actuality, it’s every four years. | https://sciotovalleyguardian.com/2021/12/13/chillicothe-city-council-mayor-asking-for-raises/ |
This Week in Frailty – The Alphabet Soup of Care Models
Today, older adults have many choices on where to live but their choice will be impacted by a number of factors. However, their fitness or frailty, independence or dependence, assets or deficits will be the primary factors dictating their future residence. with the finances close behind. Each setting in the alphabet soup of care models – from NHs and CCRCs to AL and from PACE to MA to I-SNFs — accommodates the needs of some older adults, but not others; and most models lack innovative approaches to healthcare while falling short of creating an atmosphere to improve outcomes and satisfy residents and beneficiaries. These challenges were magnified during the pandemic; and the lessons learned must be re-examined and incorporated into future healthcare for the entire population of older adults and those with chronic illness and frailty.
Undesirable and Unsustainable
This is how one writer characterized the current state of nursing home care. She further added “and no one wants to live there.” The pandemic exposed many gaps and shortcomings in this care setting, despite the best efforts of heroic practitioners and care teams. It has become painfully clear that the status quo must be changed not only to accommodate the deficiencies in the current facilities but also those in our understanding of what it will take to meet needs, avoid another crisis, and provide more than one vision of aging well, accompanied by living arrangements to accommodate those different aging trends.
Hard Truths from the Pandemic
#1 The traditional American nursing homes are designed for a medicalized approach to aging modeled basically as a small hospital. During the pandemic, the current medical care model was not sufficient to stem the flow of Covid-19 deaths where more than 1 in 5 of the nation’s pandemic fatalities occurred. Residents left facilities to live with their families, and the reluctance to return continues. Many influential organizations are diligently examining the findings and failures of the nursing home industry and sweeping change is anticipated. Modernizing the design is required and models exist for improvement.
#2 The pandemic highlighted how little we accommodate for the Social determinants of health in the nursing home setting. According to the World Health Organization, “Social determinants of health are the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age.” Data on the impact of social determinants on health vary but one recent notes that as much as 80% of health outcomes are related to social factors. We witnessed frailty deficits increasing as a result of the psychosocial factors, imposed by the pandemic, that weren’t (and aren’t) adequately addressed:
- Social exclusions or isolation Environmental factor related to mobility
- Lack of control or autonomy Food – lack of culturally relevant choices
- Not feeling safe Lack of understanding of plan of care
- Loneliness from lack of social supports
Going forward, no matter the setting, these factors need to be addressed. Their impact on health outcomes is too great to ignore and so when we plan for environmental change we also need to plan for all the factors we can change, setting the stage for a less medicalized model where frailty is mitigated and managed and decline is slowed.
#3 Another concept mentioned more during the pandemic was that of Population Health Management. This is likewise an area of focus related to the health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the group. It is an approach to health that aims to improve the health of a broader population-based on defining characteristics or geographies and recognizes that disparities often exist within groups based on race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status (or social gradient), geography, gender, other characteristics. Population Health Management recognizes the social determinants and incorporates them into programs in order to improve outcomes.
FRAILTY and The Alphabet Soup of Care Models
As the number of older adults increase, as models of care are revised, as degrees of physiological decline vary, we will benefit from considering the needs of all populations and plan care that is both satisfactory and sustainable. With the industry in crisis, many options are on the table; and the time to act is now. There is a need for aging in place, assisted living, home care and nursing home care, and we owe it to the entire population needing or anticipating a need for services, to make every setting the best possible. The science behind Population Health principles and the Social Determinants of Health are real and carry consequences to millions.
Our Takeaway Message
-
- A virus has thrown healthcare for older adults into chaos, especially in nursing homes.
- Innovative change is required and underway across the continuum of care.
- New models of aging need to move away from the medicalized model for many.
- An alphabet soup of care models will always need to exist for a heterogeneous group.
- Accommodating Social Determinants of Health and Population Health must be considered.
- Wherever we practice professionally we owe it to the setting to work towards change.
Immediacy and Precision
At Patient Pattern the proprietary algorithm for our Frailty Risk Score incorporates Social Determinants of Health, to complete a Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment. The analytics incorporate population health measures while the care plans follow the guidance of best practices in geriatric medicine and population health management. Our risk stratification, based on frailty, provides an immediacy in the assessment of vulnerability and supports timely person-centered decision making, framed by risk, designed to avoid harm. The precision in predicting adverse outcomes is unique and beneficial for incorporating interventions to manage and mitigate frailty and improve outcomes for the population residing in any of the alphabet soup of care models. Contact us today for more information or a demonstration of our cutting-edge products. | https://patientpattern.com/this-week-in-frailty-august-19-2021/ |
Oblivion Order
The point at which the future becomes the present is known as the Frontier. A precipice overlooking the unknown future, it holds a strange fascination for the younger members of the Oblivion Order who are drawn to the temporal forces that weave the possible into reality. They travel through the past to hang out near the edge […]
The main timeline is commonly referred to as the Continuum, but in reality, the Continuum is the Order’s mathematical model, a complex algorithmic formula that is used to manage the past and calculate possible futures. I was inspired by Asimov’s Second Foundation and their Prime Radiant. This was a holographic cube that recorded every change and […]
Lensing is a Draconian technique which uses specially treated mirrors to refract different versions of the time stream. It allows the user to look at alternative paths, see how their current time could have been. Lensmen spend years learning how to interpret the many-layered multiverse that the Lens exposes, an experience which is known to induce […]
Outside the Continuum lies the Maelstrom. As the name suggests it is a place where anarchy reigns: a chaotic null space where time holds no dominion. It is believed by some to be the home of the Elder Gods and a myriad of dark and malevolent creatures such as the Strzyga, Monad and many other nameless horrors. The […]
The Protectorate’s role is to ensure the safety of the Order itself – a section that answers to no one but the Prime. Operating as a kind of secret police, they are both hated and revered by other members of the Order. They work in the shadows, mostly on intelligence gathering, surveillance and covert operations […]
Johannes Belsarus was a 13th-century watchman who thought he had discovered a way into the future. Obsessed with the idea of being the first man to break through the frontier, he spent many years working on various hair-brained schemes and machines to try and manipulate the timelines – everything from extraordinary electrical experiments to arcane […]
Lord John Dee, otherwise known as the Founder, is the leader of the Oblivion Order. As head of the Council, his role is to ensure that all factions and guilds of the Order adhere to the preservation of the Continuum. Dee is Astrologer Royal to Queen Elizabeth I and spends most of his time in the […]
No one knows they exist and that is how they like to keep it. They are a secret society of time travellers dedicated to the preservation of the Continuum – a timeline that leads to the best future for humanity. The Order of Oblivion were created to stop the end of the world, or at […]
Seers are the mystics of the Order. They are born with a natural ability to read the timelines of others; allowing them to ‘know’ you from a simple touch. They are usually quite eccentric and sometimes find the responsibility of their gift too much to bear. Bedlam is full of Seers who couldn’t handle the […]
The Antiquarians are the curators of artefacts, warehousemen and general quartermasters of the Oblivion Order. Their vaults contain precious objects, art and curiosities that span the last 12,000 years. Antiquarians are generally an eccentric bunch, like archaeologists they tend to work within specific periods of time, obsessive to the point of OCD on their era of […]
| |
We are located just 14 Miles from Fort Leonard Wood, in the Heart of the Missouri Ozarks. Use our easy driving directions below, we look forward to seeing you!
Travel I-44 West to exit # 163 (Dixon Exit) to highway 28 East. Continue on Highway 28 approximately 6 miles to PP Highway. Turn right on to PP highway, travel 3 miles on blacktop then continue on gravel road for 1/2 mile to the Campground (look for our signs).
Travel I-70 East to exit # 128A (Columbia Exit) to highway 63 South. Travel on Highway 63 South approximately 65 miles to Highway 28 West. Continue on Highway 28 West approximately 25 miles to PP Highway. Turn left on to PP highway, travel 3 miles on blacktop then continue on gravel road for 1/2 mile to the Campground (look for our signs).
Travel on Highway 63 South to Highway 28 West. Continue on Highway 28 West approximately 25 miles to PP Highway. Turn left on to PP highway, travel 3 miles on blacktop then continue on gravel road for 1/2 mile to the Campground (look for our signs).
Travel I–44 East to Exit # 163 (Dixon Exit) to Highway 28 East. Continue on Highway 28 East approximately 6 miles to PP Highway. Turn right on to PP highway, travel 3 miles on blacktop then continue on gravel road for 1/2 mile to the Campground (look for our signs). | https://www.bscoutdoors.com/campground-info/driving-directions/ |
How to Cook Perfect Creamy Prosciutto Pasta
Creamy Prosciutto Pasta. The pasta is wonderful and through my searches on zaar I haven't found one just like it. Add prosciutto and vegetables to the sauce, as well as the drained pasta. Creamy Prosciutto Pasta, or as I like to call it - my 'creamy SPRING pasta' dish!
This creamy, cheesy pasta is coated in a creamy, white cheese sauce and dotted with asparagus, sweet peas and. Healthy Ingredients for Creamy Prosciutto Pasta. I love quick, simple and healthy pasta recipes like this. You can cook Creamy Prosciutto Pasta using 7 ingredients and 6 steps. Here is how you achieve that.
Ingredients of Creamy Prosciutto Pasta
- Prepare 9 oz of refrigerated fettuccine or linguine.
- It's 1/2 pound of fresh sliced mushrooms.
- Prepare 1 of small onion chopped.
- It's 1 tablespoon of butter.
- You need 1 package (10 ounces) of fresh baby spinach.
- Prepare 1 jar (16 ounces) of alfredo sauce.
- You need 1/3 pound of thinly sliced proscuitto chopped.
To make this pasta with prosciutto and zucchini, you will be needing sliced zucchini, halved. Asparagus and ham are a classic combination and paired with pasta it makes a delicious quick midweek dinner. Reviews for: Photos of Creamy Pasta with Asparagus and Prosciutto. Home » Dinner » Creamy Parmesan Prosciutto Pasta.
Creamy Prosciutto Pasta step by step
- Cook pasta according to package directions..
- In a large saucepan, saute the mushroom and onions in butter until tender..
- Add the spinach and bring to a boil..
- Reduce heat and cook just until spinach is wilted..
- Stir in alfredo sauce and proscuitto, cook for 1-2 minutes or until heated through..
- Drain pasta combine with sauce, toss to coat and serve..
A delicious pasta recipe that is quick to prepare. This recipe calls for ditaloni pasta, but any short pasta shape can be used. Learn how to make a favorite Italian-style pasta dish with creamy mascarpone and prosciutto. Creamy Chicken, Prosciutto And Asparagus Pasta. This creamy chicken and asparagus pasta with prosciutto is light, fresh and comforting - not to mention quick, easy and delicious! | https://www.elogrecipes.com/2020/03/how-to-cook-perfect-creamy-prosciutto.html |
*Prices have been offered for round trips within the last 48 hours and might not be currently available. Not all Star Alliance Member Airlines or all fares/options are shown. Additional baggage fees, payment fees and fees for other optional services may apply. When booking, please check for restrictions on refunds, rebooking and baggage allowance that may apply. Prices may vary depending on the route and flights selected. Routings may include stopovers. Terms and conditions apply.
Weather in Omaha
Thursday
moderate rain
22/10/2020
17°C
22/10/2020
moderate rain
Friday
overcast clouds
23/10/2020
4°C
23/10/2020
overcast clouds
Saturday
overcast clouds
24/10/2020
4°C
24/10/2020
overcast clouds
Sunday
light snow
25/10/2020
-0°C
25/10/2020
light snow
Monday
snow
26/10/2020
-5°C
26/10/2020
snow
Tuesday
light snow
27/10/2020
-3°C
27/10/2020
light snow
Wednesday
sky is clear
28/10/2020
2°C
28/10/2020
sky is clear
Flight schedules from Mexico City to Omaha with Star Alliance member carriers
Please note that due to the current global situation of COVID-19 some of the flight schedules from our member carriers are subject to change on short notice. We recommend using our Member Airlines' Information Page. for the latest flight updates, details on booking flexibility as well as brspecific Frequent Flyer Program information. | https://flights.staralliance.com/en/flights-from-mexico-city-to-omaha |
The interior population of least tern was listed as endangered in 1985. Populations along the East and West coasts are not endangered. The interior population, which once inhabited all the major river systems in the middle of the country, evolved to take advantage of constantly changing rivers and fish concentrated in pools by retreating summer flows. When river impoundment, channelization, and levee construction altered natural flow regimes and prevented flow into oxbows and backwaters, least terns rapidly declined.
Following their listing as endangered, least terns were first documented in Montana at Fort Peck Reservoir in 1987. To date, almost all the least terns in Montana have been found in three areas: the eastern end of Fort Peck Reservoir above Fort Peck Dam along the Big Dry Arm; the Missouri River below Fort Peck Dam; and the Yellowstone River below Miles City.
In 1994, eight nests were found at Fort Peck Reservoir, all on a small island within sight of Fort Peck Dam. The eight nests were initiated by six pairs of least terns and were near the nests of some common terns. Only three nests were successful and, of six young produced, only two birds fledged. Nest and chick loss was probably due to gull predation. This was the third year least tern production was observed at Fort Peck Reservoir, and the most nests seen since surveys began in 1987.
In the Missouri River below Fort Peck Dam, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is trying to minimize impacts on least terns by reducing flows during the May-through-August nesting period. In 1994, biologists surveying a 126-mile stretch of the Missouri below Fort Peck Dam found 23 least tern nests in five locations, all in one 31-mile reach. Fourteen of the nests were successful; of 28 young produced, at least 19 fledged. This is the largest number of least terns produced in the lower Missouri since surveys began in 1988.
In 1994 a study of least tern and piping plover reproduction was begun on the Yellowstone River between Miles City and Crane, Montana (143 miles). That year, 17 tern nests on nine islands in a 98-mile stretch produced 45 young. In all, 40 adults were observed.
Delisting the least tern can be considered when the interior population reaches 7,000 and is stable for 10 years, as verified by four censuses. The goal for the Missouri River system is 2,100 birds. Montana, which is at the western edge of the range, has a recovery goal of 50 birds. This was exceeded in 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, and again in 1994, when a record 51 pairs produced 81 young. | http://fwp.mt.gov/fishAndWildlife/species/endangered/leastTern/ |
Kerala Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan on Thursday night also held a meeting with government and State Disaster Management Authority officials, and said a serious situation prevails in parts of the state, especially in Wayanad. (Representational Image)
A year after the devastating deluge, Kerala is once again being battered by heavy rains with landslips and floods wreaking havoc. A massive landslide has been reported to have occurred in Wayanad’s Poothumala area where a temple, a church, a few houses and some vehicles have been buried under the mud and several people are feared missing.
Advertising
Kerala Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan on Thursday night held a meeting with government and State Disaster Management Authority officials, and said a serious situation prevails in parts of the state, especially in Wayanad.
Taking to Twitter, Vijayan wrote: “The landslide in Meppadi, Wayanad was a major one. We are looking at all possible means to rescue. Most parts of the State are witnessing heavy rainfall. All arrangements have been put in place to deal with the disaster.”
The landslide in Meppadi, Wayanad was a major one. We are looking at all possible means to rescue. Most parts of the State are witnessing heavy rainfall. All arrangements have been put in place to deal with the disaster.
Meanwhile, Congress leader Rahul Gandhi who represents the Wayanad constituency also expressed concern over the flood situation and urged his party workers to help the affected people.
“The people of Wayanad, my Lok Sabha constituency, are in my thoughts and prayers as they battle raging floodwaters. I was to travel to Wayanad, but I’ve now been advised by officials that my presence will disrupt relief operations. I’m awaiting their OK to travel,” the Congress leader said in a tweet.
Advertising
“I will be reaching out to Prime Minister Narendra Modi as well to brief him and request Central Govt. assistance,” he added.
The flood situation in my parliamentary constituency, #Wayanad is grim. I’m monitoring the situation closely & have spoken to the Kerala CM and key Govt officials to expedite relief.
Water level is rising in most of the rivers and dams across the state with Kannur, Wayanad, Idukki, Malappuram, Kozhikode and Kasaragod districts facing a flood-like situation, news agency PTI reported. NDRF has deployed several boats and workers who are engaged in rescue operations across the state.
A total of 122 relief camps are operating across the state, the highest in Wayanad (71). At these camps, as many as 2,337 families consisting of 8,110 individuals are present. Nearly 6,000 people are housed in relief camps in Wayanad alone. | |
The Lady Bugg House is about the Church (body of believers) coming together to use each individuals gifts and talents to serve those in need. We know that God has gifted each one us uniquely and that serving God effectively requires the Church working together to accomplish His Will. Not one person can do the work alone.
The Lady Bugg House is looking for Volunteers who share the same faith in God and are Pro-Life regardless of denomination.
We have a variety of projects from yard work to cleaning to putting furniture together.
We need skilled labor to cut down trees, repair rotted wood on the exterior, replace/repair guttering, paint, plumbing, replace vinyl flooring and more. If you have skills in these areas and would be willing to volunteer or know of a person or company who does please contact us at 316.440.2844 or email us at [email protected].
To volunteer for these work days for general projects please email us at [email protected] or just show up! We could use rakes, trash bags and cleaning supplies.
To volunteer at the Lady Bugg House in other roles please see our Volunteer Link for complete details. | http://walkinginthereign.com/?post_type=post&p=1269 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.