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Do you want to know when is the best time to travel to Nuremberg? You can determine the best time to travel to a destination based on the weather and climate. In addition, there are other factors that are not directly related to the weather and that can influence the best travel periods for a travel destination. Think, for example, of holidays or festive periods, which makes traveling more interesting or not, because daily life comes to a standstill as a result. For many Dutch people, Nuremberg is mainly a name that appears on road signs along routes to the Czech Republic, Austria and the countries in the Balkans. Anyone driving on the Autobahn A3 towards the Alps will pass Nuremberg at some point. If you’re smart, you won’t drive through here, but make a stopover. The location of Nuremberg in relation to the Netherlands makes this city a perfect place to plan an overnight stay. That is something that is done quite often: just a day in Nuremberg on the way to the holiday destination or on the way home. Those who do so will be rewarded with a beautiful historic city center, which is partly walled with the original city walls. Other attractions include Nuremberg Castle and the Germanisches Nationalmuseum. In front of the museum is the ‘Straße der Menschenrechte’,
The best months for Nuremberg
According to Watchtutorials.org, although Nuremberg is exciting enough every month of the year, the city is at its best when the sun is shining. At pleasant temperatures it is best to stay in this fascinating city. That is why the period from May to September is the best time to travel to Nuremberg. As far as the temperature is concerned, you are almost certainly right. In the summer months of June, July and August you can count on average maximum temperatures of about 20 to 26 degrees, with the occasional peak. May and September are on average slightly cooler with about 19 to 20 degrees, but certainly pleasant.
Christmas market
If there is another travel period that is recommended for Nuremberg, it is from the end of November to December 24. Then the local Christmas market is held in Nuremberg, which is called Christkindlesmarkt here. The Nürnberger Christkindlesmarkt is considered one of the best Christmas markets in Germany. If you want to visit Nuremberg during this period, you have to count on higher hotel room prices. Booking your room in time can avoid disappointment. | https://www.campingship.com/best-time-to-visit-nuremberg-germany/ |
Pulverförderpumpe zur Förderung eines Pulvers (3), insbesondere in einer Pulverbeschichtungsanlage, mit einer Förderkammer (7, 8) mit einer Förderkammerwandung, einem in die Förderkammer (7, 8) mündenden Einlass (23) zur Zuführung des Pulvers (3) in die Förderkammer (7, 8), einem aus der Förderkammer (7, 8) ausmündenden Auslass (24) zur Abgabe des Pulvers (3) aus der Förderkammer (7, 8), einem in die Förderkammer (7, 8) mündenden Unterdruckanschluss zur Erzeugung eines Unterdrucks in der Förderkammer (7, 8) zum Einsaugen des Pulvers (3) in die Förderkammer (7, 8) sowie mit einem in die Förderkammer (7, 8) mündenden Überdruckanschluss zum Ausblasen des in der Förderkammer (7, 8) befindlichen Pulvers (3) durch den Auslass (24). Es wird vorgeschlagen, dass die Förderkammerwandung im Wesentlichen gasdicht ist. <IMAGE>
The powder feed pump (1) feeds powder (3). It includes a feed chamber (7, 8) with an outlet and a vacuum connection in the feed chamber to suck the powder in. There is also a vacuum connection to blow the powder out of the feed chamber through the outlet. The feed chamber wall is basically made gas tight. The vacuum connection inside the feed chamber comes out at the feed chamber wall with a spacing. | |
This task will allow users to manually add 'offline' contributions, as well as edit existing contribution records. All features described here should be conditonally available based on the site's config->enableComponents setting (array must include CiviContribute).
For this phase, users will be allowed to ADD an (offline) contribution from the scope of an existing contact record only. The UPDATE option will be available from contact/view/contribution AND from the Find Contribution search results. (This limitation is due to the fact that we need to have a contact 'handle' in order to create a new contribution record.)
1. If CiviContribute is enabled, add tab (local task)/page to civicrm/contact scope - 'Contributions'
1.1 Contributions page contains selector table with browsable list of Contributions linked to this contact.
NOTE: We should share the browse/selector code for this page with the 'Find Contributions' results selector (
CRM-564). In this case the record set would be filtered on contact_id. The table display columns and actions can be the same as in the search EXCEPT the 'Name' (contributor contact display name) column would be suppressed in this 'view'. CRM-564 specifies the columns and actions for this selector table.
1.2 Include a Contributions Summary section below the selector table with the following elements (this section is hidden if the contact has not made any contributions):
Total Contributed YTD: $x,xxx.xx
Total Contributed (since inception): $x,xxx.xx
Avg Contribution Amount: $xxx.xx
1.3 This page includes a link "» Record New Contribution" which invokes the add contribution form.
1.4 Add a new collapsed section to the Contact Summary page which shows the last 3 contributions made by this contact in date order descending. Include a link to 'View All Contributions..." in this table if there are more than 3 for this contact. Include the same totals as 1.2 above, and a link for "» Record New Contribution" below the table. [This new section mirrors the existing Relationships section in layout/elements. Columns and actions should match the selector table on the dedicated Contribution tab (above).]
2. Form: Add/Update Contribution
2.1 This form can be invoked from the Find Contributions results selector (action=update), and from contact/view contributions selectors. In either case, use the same 'path' but make sure the userContext is stored so that the user is taken back to where they came from after completing an add or update operation.
2.2. Form contains all defined core Contribution fields plus any custom_group fields where civicrm_custom_group.extends = 'Contribution'.
2.3 In update mode, most fields are frozen IF the contribution was originally made 'online'. We can determine this by checking for the existence of one or more financial_trxn records where entity_table = 'civicrm_contribution' and entity_id = this ID. For this case, the only editable fields are:
- Receipt Date
- Cancel Date
- Cancel Reason
- Thank-you Date
2.4 Post process code needs to insert or update a contribution record. We also need to insert an activity_history for some cases. Insert_contribution code has already been implemented by Piotr for the Import Contributiions functionality. We should invoke the same function(s) for this insert case.
Update contribution logic also needs to insert an activity history record (linked to the same contribution record/callback) if any of the following fields are modified:
- If a Cancel Date is set -> insert activity history record with the following elements:
- module = CiviContribute
- activity_type = "Contribution Cancelled"
- activity_summary = "Contribution of $amount cancelled." + "$cancel_reason" [append cancel reason if one is entered by the user]
- If a Thank-you Date is set -> insert activity history as follows:
- module = CiviContribute
- activity_type = "Contribution Thank-you Sent"
- activity_summary = "For contribution of $amount." | https://issues.civicrm.org/jira/browse/CRM-585 |
If you are looking for what is the reciprocal of 8 ? Then, this is the place where you can find some sources that provide detailed information.
what is the reciprocal of 8
Reciprocal - Math Is Fun
Web Reciprocal; 5 = 51 : 1 5: 8 = 81 : 1 8: 1000 = 10001 : 1 1000: For Fractions, Flip the Whole Fraction Over. Example: the reciprocal of 3 / 4 is 4 / 3. Read more at Reciprocal of a Fraction. Flipping a Flip. The reciprocal of a reciprocal takes us …
Reciprocal In Algebra - Math Is Fun
Web Reciprocal In Algebra. Turn it upside down! Reciprocal of a Number. To get the reciprocal of a number, we divide 1 by the number: Examples: Number Reciprocal As a Decimal; 2: 1 / 2 = 0.5: 8: 1 / 8 = 0.125: 1,000: 1 / 1,000 = 0.001: Reciprocal of a Variable. Likewise, the reciprocal of a variable "x" is "1/x".
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Web A visa (from the Latin charta visa, meaning "paper that has been seen") is a conditional authorization granted by a polity to a foreigner that allows them to enter, remain within, or leave its territory. Visas typically include limits on the duration of the foreigner's stay, areas within the country they may enter, the dates they may enter, the number of permitted …
Newton's Laws Of Motion - Wikipedia
Web Wheeler himself thought of this reciprocal relationship as a modern, generalized form of Newton's third law. The relation between matter distribution and spacetime curvature is given by the Einstein field equations, which require tensor calculus to express.: 43
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Web December 8, 2022 / 8:00 PM - 9:00 PM CUT. Pre-Conference Institutes. What If? The Classroom Behavior Road Map. March 31, 2023. Pre-Conference Institutes. Curriculum and Assessment for 21st Century Learning. March 31, 2023. Pre-Conference Institutes. Seven Success Factors for Great Instructional Coaching.
I hope the above sources help you with the information related to what is the reciprocal of 8 . If not, reach through the comment section. | https://socialmediacommando.com/what-is-the-reciprocal-of-8/ |
“Don’t stand too close!” warns Pete Chantler, looking over his troupe of dromedaries (one-hump camels) as a crisp desert dawn breaks in Marree, 685 kilometres north of Adelaide where the outback anecdotally begins.
An impressive two or more metres high at the hump, Chantler’s 10 charges seem placid enough, but he is adamant they’re not to be trusted – and perhaps he’s right.
Since arriving in Australia in 1860 to serve as the main mode of transport for the ill-fated Burke and Wills’ expedition into Terra Australis’ vast inland, they’ve gone feral. More than a million roam wild in our arid regions, and occasionally, Chantler and his best mate Greg Emmett catch one and race it in the Marree Camel Cup, held annually in July. It’s this sleepy desert town’s busiest weekend, and the first in a chain of camel races peppered throughout the Outback in the temperate winter months.
I take Chantler’s advice on getting too cosy with the camels, and take in the magnificent gibber plain desert surrounding us instead. It stretches out like a great ochre canvas, broken only by scrubby outcrops of acacia and clusters of corrugated iron and stone buildings, like the Marree Hotel. Built in 1883, it’s the oldest stone building in town and a remnant of Marree’s heyday between 1860 and 1930 when Marree was home to the hundreds of Afghan settlers – and their camels – who carried supplies between towns, stations and rail workers on the old Ghan rail route.
Hailing mostly from northern Indian and modern-day Pakistan, they laboured to open up the Outback from Marree’s pivotal point at the juncture of the Birdsville and Oodnadatta Tracks. They also built Australia’s first official mosque, and a sturdy mud brick replica sits in the middle of modern day Marree.
Visitors to this part of the country are often on long, self-catering road trips through the arid Simpsons and Sturts Stony Deserts. No need to ask which way they’re travelling – just take a look at their 4WD. If it’s clean, they’re just starting out; if it’s caked in red dust, they’re near the end. Most come via a visit to scenic Lake Eyre 90 km north along the Oodnadatta Track and many time their visit to take in the famous Marree Camel Cup.
Around noon when the sun sits high in the clear blue sky, things kick off. The ladies in the roller-shuttered cafe alongside the racetrack throw the first batch of chips in the fryer, the bookie sets up shop in the shade, and race caller David Bell gets busy on the mike. Bell comperes the entire day’s events: the camel races, tug-of-war, children’s donkey races, dog and foot races and a fashion in the field contest. Bell has been coming to the Cup from the nearby family station since he was a kid. “It’s a great day for catching up and saying g’day,” explains the farmer, whose closest neighbours are 25 km away. There’s even an el fresco after dark disco, when the bar opens and the sound system cranks up.
Bell’s cadent drawl focuses the Akubra-hatted crowd of festive country folk, city folk on safari, tourists, locals and Afghan descendents on the dusty racetrack, where the first batch of camels are being led 400 metres to the starting point and “hooshed down” (made to kneel) by their handlers. The starter pops the pistol, propelling the camels to lumber to their hoofed feet and take off in the general direction of the finish line at speeds of up to 65 km an hour.
“What will you get if you win on her?” I ask one of the jockeys, Brett Scott. “A sore back and a sore arse,” he answers, and he’s not joking. Scott and his fellow jockeys cling valiantly on behind the jiggling humps of their charges; grace is not the camels’ strong point. They’re hard to control too; today’s event is strictly spectator-only.
In fact, the idea of a jockey being able to steer a camel is a joke. “If they run in a straight line, it’s a bonus,” says Chantler, recalling the years one of his camels, Dish Dash, took a short cut through the middle of the race track to the finish line, or all the camels – his, and his competitors’ – turned around in the middle of a race and went back the way they’d come. Then there’s Roxy’s bad habit of running towards the crowd and stopping just short of the finish to be admired, and Trigger’s penchant for “going stupid” and zigzagging his way to the finish line.
The Cup is an important day for the town since the Ghan was redirected away from Marree in 1980 reckons Sister June Andrews, Marree’s community nurse for the past 25 years. Marree doesn’t have a local council, so the community – 70 per cent mixed Afghan/Aboriginal (Dieri) descent – use it to raise funds for special projects, like street lighting. The Cup is also a way of reminding people that camels were once a major part of life in Marree. “I rode one once,” she confides. “I thought I was going to topple over its head!”
Fast facts
Getting there: Marree is 685 km north of Adelaide, and 79 km (by dirt road) from Lyndhurst. Air access to Marree is by charter flight only.
Staying there: Accommodation in Marree is limited, so book ahead. The Marree Hotel offers double/twin self contained units for $130 per night; singles $85; triple $150. Double/twin hotel rooms are $100 per night; single $80 per night; triple $135 per night, with continental breakfast included. Call (08) 8675 8344, or see www.marreehotel.com.au. The Oasis Town Centre Caravan Park offers motel units $100 double/twin; singles $80, breakfast included, and campsites for $10 per person/night, power $5, call (08) 8675 8352 [no website], or simply bring a swag to roll out under the stars. Indulge in an Outback adventure at the self-catering Clayton Station $220/night for two and $33 for each extra person, call (08) 8675 8311, see www.claytonstation.com.au, or the Coward Springs Camping Ground for $10 per person/night (children under 15 half price) call (08) 8675 8336, or see www.cowardsprings.com.au.
When to go: Between November and March the days are often 40C+, so between April and October is best; daily temperatures average 16-20C.
Camel races: The 19th Marree Camel Cup will take place on 9th July 2011. See www.marree.com.au. Outback camel races also happen in Alice Springs, NT on 9th July www.camelcup.com.au, Bedourie, Qld on 9th July 2011 www.diamantina.qld.gov.au; Boulia from 15th to 17th July www.boulia.qld.gov.au; Winton, Qld on 23rd July www.experiencewinton.com.au; Tara, Qld from 5th to 7th August www.tarafestivalncamels.org.au. | https://www.vanessa-murray.com/speed_humps |
Q:
How to solve this ordinary differential equations?
How to solve the following O.D.E.s? I find it in a published paper, but the author doesn't mention how to solve it.
$$\frac{dq}{dt}=-y$$
$$\frac{dx}{dt}=-\frac{2xy}{q}$$
$$\frac{dy}{dt}=-\frac{y^2}{q}+\frac{2x}{q}$$
with initial conditions $q(0)=1/2,x(0)=1,\quad \text and \quad y(0)=0.$
I know the solutions are $q(t)=\frac{e^{-4t^2}}{2},x(t)=e^{-8t^2}\quad \text and \quad y(t)=4te^{-4t^2}.$ But I have no idea how it comes.
A:
A method consists in eliminating $t$ in order to find the relationships between $x,y$ and $q$. Then express $\frac{dq}{dt}$ as a function of $q$ only. Integration this last ODE leads to $q(t)$. Bringing it back into the equations of $x(q)$ and $y(q)$ leads to the expected result.
| |
Freezing baking powder won’t keep it fresh. It is more probable that the baking powder will become stained as a result of this. You shouldn’t put the powder in the pantry since there is a risk of it being tainted. Instead, put it in the freezer or the refrigerator. However, the frozen baking powder will not keep for very long since it is unable to return to its powdered condition after being frozen.
Can you freeze baking powder to make it last longer?
You should under no circumstances ever attempt to keep your baking powder in the refrigerator or freezer. Baking powder’s shelf life can actually be greatly shortened by keeping it in the refrigerator or freezer, in contrast to many other foods and household items.
How do you make baking powder last longer?
Keep baking powder in the container it came in, which should be sealed. Keep packets of yeast, baking soda, and salt in their original containers and store those containers inside of another, more durable container. For this purpose, bags made of Mylar function quite well. Oxygen absorbers are used to hermetically seal food products inside of bags.
What is the best way to store baking soda long term?
If you want your baking soda to last as long as possible once you’ve opened a new box, you should store it in a container that doesn’t let air in. Due to the lack of a resealable flap, we do not advise storing it in the original cardboard box it came in. Because one of baking soda’s most useful properties is the ability to neutralize smells, storing it in an open container in your cupboard is not the greatest choice.
How long does baking powder last in refrigerator?
After being opened, baking powder has a shelf life of around six months. It is useful to maintain track of freshness, and many packages offer a space on the lid where you may record the date that you opened the item.
Does freezing ruin baking soda?
Yes, freezing baking powder spoils it. Baking powder must first be dissolved in liquid before it can be frozen, but this process ruins the powder. The formation of moisture inside the container is what leads to spoilage.
How Long Can baking powder be stored?
Baking powder does not stay forever. Because it is susceptible to damage from exposure to high levels of moisture and humidity, its shelf life is often anything from six months to one year. Baking powder needs to be stored in a location that is cold and dry, such the interior of a cabinet, and it needs to be thrown away once its active life has passed.
Is expired baking powder OK to use?
Baking powder loses its effectiveness after it has passed its use-by date, which is typically between 18 and 24 months after the day it was manufactured. The main risk associated with using baking soda or baking powder that has expired is that it will be unable to properly rise, which will result in baked goods that are unrisen and dense.
Do you refrigerate baking powder?
Baking Powder Baking powder should be kept in the pantry or another cold and dark cabinet if it is to be kept in its original container. Just ensure sure the cover is completely and securely closed. It is not suggested to keep these foods in a refrigerator or freezer. The moisture in the refrigerator has the potential to cause the powder in the can to react.
Can you use flour 2 years out of date?
On the packaging of most pre-packaged flours, you’ll see an expiration date that also may be referred to as a “best-by” date. These dates indicate how long the flour will remain fresh. However, these labels are not required, nor do they indicate safety in any way. Therefore, it’s possible that you can continue to consume your flour even after the best-by date has passed (9).
How do I know if my baking powder is still good?
How to check if baking powder is still active
- Place Small bowl with 1/2 teaspoon baking powder.
- Add 1/4 cup (65ml) of the boiling water.
- Still acceptable – If it bubbles vigorously as you pour, it is still acceptable.
- Dead – Baking powder is dead if it doesn’t foam.
Can you freeze powder?
Powders, in general, are able to withstand the freezing process, and you may easily store an unopened bag of powder in your freezer until you are ready to use it. You may also store an unsealed bag in the freezer, but if you’ve compromised the airtightness of the package, you should be careful to squeeze out as much air as you can before restocking it in the cold storage area.
How long does flour last in freezer?
The rate of oxidation is sped up by both heat and light, thus the best place to store anything is in the freezer. If you want the best results, store the flour in a location that is as far away from the freezer door as you can go to minimize accidental exposure to light and heat from the kitchen. When properly frozen, whole grain flour can maintain its quality for as long as six months after purchase.
Can you substitute anything for baking powder?
In place of the baking powder called for in the recipe, substitute 1/4 teaspoon (1 gram) of baking soda and 1/2 teaspoon (2.5 grams) of vinegar for each teaspoon (5 grams) of baking powder. It is possible to use one-fourth of a teaspoon (1 gram) of baking soda and one-half of a teaspoon of vinegar for one teaspoon (5 grams) of baking powder.
What can you use instead of baking powder?
Combine half a teaspoon of vinegar with a quarter of a teaspoon of baking soda to make a replacement for one teaspoon of baking powder. Molasses does not have a high acidity level, but when combined with baking soda, it can have leavening effects that are comparable to those of baking powder.
Does salt expire?
Iodized salt has a shelf life of around five years, although regular table salt does not expire. This is due to the fact that the stability of iodized salt declines with time with exposure, particularly in the presence of moisture or metal ions.
Why is flour sold in paper bags?
The purpose of packaging flour in paper bags (either 1 kilogram or 2 lb bags sold in grocery stores, or 25 kg bags used in bakeries) is to allow the flour to “breath” and get oxidized. When you view an antique (vintage) bag, you’ll notice that it’s composed of a net that allows a significant amount of air to enter.
How do you store flour without bugs?
Moving your flour to a plastic or glass jar that has a tight-fitting lid will ensure that it stays fresh for a longer period of time and will stop any insects from making their way into the jar. According to Chef Sarah House of Bob’s Red Mill, “Bugs love food, especially healthy whole grain foods, and if they can find a way in, they’re going for it!”
How long does brown sugar last?
Although brown sugar may be stored indefinitely without losing its flavor, you’ll get the most out of it if you use it within two years of when you bought it. Keep in mind that brown sugar shouldn’t be kept in the fridge. On the other hand, you might want to freeze it if you live in an extremely arid region or if you plan to store it for a very long period.
Why does baking powder expire?
As was to be expected, baking powder does lose its freshness. Or, to put it another way, its sheen is diminished. The chemical composition, which is often made up of baking soda, cream of tartar, and cornstarch, is only expected to remain stable for a period of time ranging from six months to one year. Due to the fact that it is sensitive to moisture, any unexpected dampness might cause the can to get ruined.
Does freezing protein powder make it last longer?
No. The protein in protein powder is not compromised when the powder is frozen; nevertheless, protein powder does not react properly when it is exposed to moisture. Condensation on the interior of your storage container may form if you repeatedly place and remove a container from a refrigerator or freezer, which may result in the spoilage of your powder.
Can I keep powdered sugar in the freezer?
A container of powdered sugar that has not been opened has a lengthy shelf life and can remain usable for several years after its expiration date. After it has been opened, confectioner’s sugar can be kept in the refrigerator for approximately one week. It is not a problem to freeze the sugar as long as it is stored in a freezer bag. It is possible to keep it frozen for up to two years.
Can dry milk be frozen?
If the powdered milk has already been opened, can it be stored in the freezer? If you want to further prolong the shelf life of powdered milk that has already been opened, you may freeze it. To do so, store the powdered milk that has already been opened in sealed, airtight containers or heavy-duty freezer bags.
How do you preserve flour for years?
You can keep your flour in the bag it came in, but the best way to store it for an extended period of time is to transfer it to an airtight container that will shield it from odors (flour has the ability to absorb odors) and liquids that may be absorbed from the walls of the freezer.
Why does my flour have bugs?
If you find bugs in your flour, you probably already had them when you bought the product. Eggs are laid in the wheat kernel by the female weevil, which can sometimes make it through the milling process unscathed. If the eggs are in an environment that is warm and humid, or if they have developed to their full potential, they will hatch. The grain is consumed by the flour bugs, who then search for a partner…
CAN expired flour make you sick?
Knauer states that the only thing that typically occurs is that the baked goods that you make do not have a pleasant flavor. However, there is a slight danger that consuming outdated flour can get you sick. “If rancid flour contains large amounts of mycotoxins, it can make you sick,” explains Knauer.
How do I make my own baking powder?
To make your own baking powder – some claim with less metallic undertones than the commercial sort – combine one part baking soda to one part cornstarch and two parts cream of tartar. Take, for instance: 1/4 teaspoon baking soda + 1/2 teaspoon cream of tartar + 1/4 teaspoon cornstarch = 1 teaspoon homemade baking powder.
What happens if you dont put baking powder in a cake?
Baking a pound cake without baking powder can result in a heavy, grainy cake with an unappealing texture. The flavor will not change, but you’ll lose the traditional high, cracked top. Very careful mixing can prevent this, but the baking powder acts as an insurance policy for your pound cake.
How can you make baking powder?
To produce baking powder, use one part baking soda and two parts cream of tartar. So, if you recipe asks for 1 tablespoon of baking powder, use 1 teaspoon of baking soda, mixed in with 2 tablespoons of cream of tartar.
Can cakes be made without baking powder?
Even though your cake recipe asks for baking powder, you may still bake a delicious and light cake by substituting baking soda and an acid for the baking powder. According to the University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension, some examples of acids that can assist in the production of gas bubbles are molasses, brown sugar, buttermilk, sour cream, lemon juice, cream of tartar, and brown sugar.
Can I bake without baking powder?
It is possible to create cookies without using baking soda or baking powder; however, the texture of the finished product will be more on the dense side. This is due to the fact that a chemical reaction that would normally take place when baking soda or powder is present in the cookie mixture does not take place. As a result, carbon dioxide is not created.
What happens if I use baking soda instead of baking powder?
If you replace baking powder in baked products with an equivalent amount of baking soda, the baked goods will not have any lift to them, and your pancakes will be flatter than, well, pancakes. Baking soda, on the other hand, can be used in place of baking powder to produce baked goods.
Does water expire?
In short, no. Bottled water doesn’t “go bad.” In fact, the FDA doesn’t even mandate expiration dates on water bottles. Although water itself doesn’t expire, the bottle it arrives in can expire, in a way. Over time, chemicals from the plastic container might begin to leach into the water it carries.
What foods dont expire?
13 Foods That Will Never Expire
- Honey. Honey won’t actually go bad or start to crystallize over time, despite the fact that it may do so.
- Sugar. If kept out of light and heat in an airtight container, both white and brown sugar can be used indefinitely.
- Rice, white.
- Salt.
- Cornstarch.
- Vinegar.
- Authentic vanilla extract
- molasses syrup
Does honey expire?
The only way your honey will expire is if your honey has been polluted by moisture, therefore make sure to never get water into your honey pot. Granulation and crystallization can lead to increased moisture. The honey may, therefore, become more prone to spoiling through fermentation.
Can you eat old flour?
If it looks yellow or gray; exhibits symptoms of mold; if it’s grown firm moisture lumps, or if you find evidence of insects, throw it. In addition, if the flour smells terrible (sour, musty, or just plain awful), don’t use it.
How do you know when flour goes bad?
Flour is one of those essential mainstays in any kitchen. And while it may appear like they may stay forever, flour does – in fact – have a shelf life and will go rancid over time. The tell-tale indicators that flour has gone bad are an unattractive odor, change in color, unusual flavor, or the presence of clumpiness or bugs.
What are the little white worms in my flour?
Flour bugs — sometimes called pantry weevils, rice bugs, wheat bugs, or flour worms — are actually small beetles that feed on the dry goods in your pantry. Flour, cereal, rice, cake mixes, and spaghetti are all favorites of these little foodies.
Should I throw out flour with weevils?
Discard any food that has weevils.
If you don’t see weevils, you can store and use the flour or food. You should avoid eating any food that even has a remote chance of containing live weevils. You are free to consume the baked goods that you made by accident with flour that contained weevils because the weevils have since perished.
What are the tiny black insects in my flour?
Even though they behave in somewhat comparable ways, weevils and flour mites belong to entirely different families of pests. Mites found in flour are so small that they are difficult to see with the naked eye. These insects are known as flour mites.
Can brown sugar get bugs?
Like all sugars, the sugary deliciousness of brown sugar can attract ants and other bugs. If you find any traces of insect life, living or dead, you should dispose of and replace your brown sugar. The second occurrence is mold. Although rare, brown sugar can grow mold if left in a humid environment for a long period of time.
Does cornstarch go bad?
Similar to another product derived from corn that is corn syrup, cornstarch has an indefinite shelf life. Unless bugs or moisture enters into the container, the powder won’t go bad. What is this, exactly? Since cornstarch is mainly used as a thickening agent, many people want to know if it loses its effectiveness with time.
Why does my brown sugar smell like alcohol?
Brown Sugar doesn’t really “expire.” However, it can absorb excess water if stored in a humid environment and lead to bacteria fermenting it (It would have an alcohol style smell and turn goopy) or pick up odors from its packaging or things that are nearby.
How do you preserve baking powder?
Baking powder, soda or corn starch should be stored in a dry cupboard away from heat and excess moisture. You should only measure with a dry utensil and replace the lid promptly after each use.
How do you store baking powder long term?
Store baking powder in its original sealed can. Store salt, baking soda, and yeast packets in their original containers placed inside another stronger packaging. Mylar-type bags work well for this use. Seal food packages inside bags using oxygen absorbers.
Does baking powder deteriorate with age?
Baking powder usually has a shelf life of about 9 to 12 months. Testing it is super easy. Just stir about half a teaspoon of baking powder into a cup of hot water. It will immediately start to fizz and release carbon dioxide gas if it’s still fresh enough to use.
What happens if you freeze protein powder?
We’ve learnt that freezing a protein powder is fine and won’t change the potential benefits for you and this goes for pretty much all smoothie ingredients.
Does baking protein powder destroy it?
To sum everything up… cooking with protein powder doesn’t destroy it, it does denature it, and it is 100% safe! So go bake some protein bars, cheesecake, cookies, make some protein oatmeal, or anything else your sweet tooth desires.
Is it OK to freeze whey?
Freeze for later – You can always freeze your whey for later. I recommend splitting it into smaller, manageable batches and freezing separately. It will keep in the freezer for up to 6 months, possibly longer.
How do you store powdered sugar long term?
How to Store Powdered Sugar Long-Term
- Fill a freezer bag with powdered sugar. Take out as much air as you can.
- Put the freezer bag inside of a container that is airtight.
- Put the bagged powdered sugar away from moisture in a cool, dry place.
- As long as there are no lumps in the powdered sugar, store it here.
What is the best way to store powdered sugar?
The best way to store powdered sugar is to keep it in the pantry at room temperature, away from moisture and any odors. For unopened containers of powdered sugar, there’s no need for any fancy containers or anything like that. The original package will do just fine, even for long term storage.
How long does sugar last in freezer?
On the packaging, you will see that it is recommended that you use it within six months of purchase. That recommendation is based on the package being opened, and not put into an airtight container. I have never thrown brown sugar out. | https://itscookchef.com/baking/does-baking-powder-last-longer-if-it-is-frozen.html |
A team of Japanese researchers from Keio University in Tokyo have demonstrated that an amoeba is capable of generating approximate solutions to a remarkably difficult math problem known as the “traveling salesman problem.”
The traveling salesman problem goes like this: Given an arbitrary number of cities and the distances between them, what is the shortest route a salesman can take that visits each city and returns to the salesman’s city of origin. It is a classic problem in computer science and is used as a benchmark test for optimization algorithms.
The traveling salesman problem is considered “NP hard,” which means that the complexity of calculating a correct solution increases exponentially the more cities are added to the problem. For example, there are only three possible solutions if there are four cities, but there are 360 possible solutions if there are six cities. It continues to increase exponentially from there.
Despite the exponential increase in computational difficulty with each city added to the salesman’s itinerary, computer scientists have been able to calculate the optimal solution to this problem for thousands of cities since the early 90s and recent efforts have been able to calculate nearly optimal solutions for millions of cities.
Amoebas are single-celled organisms without anything remotely resembling a central nervous system, which makes them seem like less than suitable candidates for solving such a complex puzzle. Yet as these Japanese researchers demonstrated, a certain type of amoeba can be used to calculate nearly optimal solutions to the traveling salesman problem for up to eight cities. Even more remarkably, the amount of time it takes the amoeba to reach these nearly optimal solutions grows linearly, even though the number of possible solutions increases exponentially.
As detailed in a paper published this week in Royal Society Open Science, the amoeba used by the researchers is called Physarum polycephalum, which has been used as a biological computer in several other experiments. The reason this amoeba is considered especially useful in biological computing is because it can extend various regions of its body to find the most efficient way to a food source and hates light.
To turn this natural feeding mechanism into a computer, the Japanese researcher placed the amoeba on a special plate that had 64 channels that it could extend its body into. This plate is then placed on top of a nutrient rich medium. The amoeba tries to extend its body to cover as much of the plate as possible and soak up the nutrients. Yet each channel in the plate can be illuminated, which causes the light-averse amoeba to retract from that channel.
To model the traveling salesman problem, each of the 64 channels on the plate was assigned a city code between A and H, in addition to a number from 1 to 8 that indicates the order of the cities. So, for example, if the amoeba extended its body into the channels A3, B2, C4, and D1, the correct solution to the traveling salesman problem would be D, B, A, C, D. The reason for this is that D1 indicates that D should be the first city in the salesman’s itinerary, B2 indicates B should be the second city, A3 that A should be the third city and so on.
To guide the amoeba toward a solution to the traveling salesman problem, the researchers used a neural network that would incorporate data about the amoeba’s current position and distance between the cities to light up certain channels. The neural network was designed such that cities with greater distances between them are more likely to be illuminated than channels that are not.
Read More: Scientists Build a Biological Computer Inside a Cell
When the algorithm manipulates the chip that the amoeba is on it is basically coaxing it into taking forms that represent approximate solutions to the traveling salesman problem. As the researchers told Phys.org, they expect that it would be possible to manufacture chips that contain tens of thousands of channels so that the amoeba is able to solve traveling salesman problems that involve hundreds of cities.
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The n-queens puzzle is the problem of placing n queens on an n×n chessboard such that no two queens attack each other.
Given an integer n, return all distinct solutions to the n-queens puzzle.
Each solution contains a distinct board configuration of the n-queens’ placement, where
'Q' and
'.' both indicate a queen and an empty space respectively.
For example,
There exist two distinct solutions to the 4-queens puzzle:
[ [".Q..", // Solution 1 "...Q", "Q...", "..Q."], ["..Q.", // Solution 2 "Q...", "...Q", ".Q.."] ]
NOTE: You only need to implement the given function. Do not read input, instead use the arguments to the function. Do not print the output, instead return values as specified. Still have a question? Checkout Sample Codes for more details. | https://www.interviewbit.com/old/problems/nqueens/ |
Thinking Probabilistically
Whenever you come up with a new investment idea - whether it's a new security to buy, a new factor to consider, or a new strategy to implement - you naturally ask yourself whether this new idea will increase your portfolio returns or cause you to lose money (and, of course, how much). Thinking probabilistically involves assessing the probabilities and coming up with a reasoned answer. In this article I'll tackle strategies and factors first before dealing with individual securities.
Assessing the Odds of a New Factor or Strategy
If you're assessing the new factor or strategy on the basis of past performance, this involves three steps: assessing how well it would have worked in the past; assessing how correlative past results are to future (out-of-sample) results in general; and assessing whether the new factor or strategy will have better odds than the factor or strategy it is replacing (assuming you have to take the money from one in order to implement another).
If, on the other hand, you think that past performance is irrelevant to assessing future success, or that the correlation between past performance and future performance is unknowable, negative, or minimal, then you have to come up with another way of assessing future performance. But even in this case, you should also factor in your estimate of the correlation between your ideas and their future performance.
So let's take a concrete example. Let's say I want to replace a microcap-only strategy with a similar strategy that invests in stocks of all sizes, and that I believe that backtesting its past performance will give me some relevant results.
The first step is to test using robust methods. Test both systems on subsets of the universes you're going to be investing in and on subsets of the time period you're backtesting. Try to make the tests as similar as possible to each other.
So, for this example, I'm going to backtest my strategies using Portfolio123. I'm going to make the two strategies as similar to each other as possible except that one will emphasize microcaps and the other won't. In addition, I'll program my slippage costs for the microcap model to be more than double my costs for the other.
It turns out that in 14 out of 16 tests, my new strategy (all caps) gives worse results than my old one (microcaps). That gives me only a 12.5% chance that my new strategy is an improvement.
Now I estimate that the correlation between past performance and out-of-sample performance of stock strategies is around 0.2 (using Kendall's tau; 0.3 using Pearson's r). To get at that number I took 50 strategies that I had not backtested that were loosely based on screening rules that were written by others. I did so in order to minimize the chance of using factors that I had already developed or tested, since those might contaminate the experiment. I tested and compared these strategies' performance over various time periods.
This 0.2 correlation translates to a 40% chance that the past relative performance of any two strategies will reverse. (Here's the math, if you're interested; if not skip to the next paragraph. Kendall's tau is calculated by looking at every possible pair in the two series and classifying them as concordant or discordant, depending on whether they're in the same order or not. You then take the number of concordant pairs, subtract the number of discordant pairs, and divide by the total number of pairs. For example, let's calculate the correlation between 1 2 3 4 5 and 1 3 5 2 4. Each series has 10 pairs. 1 2 is concordant, 1 3 is concordant, 1 4 is concordant, 1 5 is concordant, 2 3 is discordant, 2 4 is concordant, 2 5 is discordant, 3 4 is concordant, 3 5 is concordant, and 4 5 is discordant. The correlation is thus (7 - 3)/10 = 0.4, and the chance that the relative position of a pair will reverse - a discordant pair, in other words - is three out of ten, or 30%. If the correlation had been 0.2, that would have been the result of (6 - 4)/10, and the chance of a discordant pair would be 40%).
To calculate the chance of an event occurring with a certain level of confidence (or a certain correlation), you multiply the chance that the event will occur by the chance that you're right, multiply the chance that it won't occur by the chance that you're wrong, and add them up. (The weird corollary is that if you're right precisely half the time - a correlation or confidence level of zero - the probability of an event occurring will always be 50%, no matter how likely or unlikely it is).
The probability that my new system will work better than my old one, then, is actually 42.5%. (The formula is 12.5%*60%+87.5%*40%.) This is still not high enough to bank on...
Now let's say you consider past performance a completely unreliable measure of the success of a strategy. And let's say you think your new strategy has a 70% chance of performing better than your old strategy. Well, the other number to take into account is the correlation between your predictions and what actually happens in the future.
In other words, how good a strategy designer are you? Let's say you design 10 strategies, and you judge one of those to be better than another. What is the chance that if you invest in both those strategies you'll be right? Try to be as objective as you can here.
So let's say that you think that this chance is about 60% (again, this represents a correlation of 0.2). Do the math again (70%*60%+30%*40%). It turns out you have a 54% chance of outperforming, not a 70% chance. So you might want to balance your investment between the two strategies, or combine them into one somehow.
So far, we've been discussing new strategies, but we can apply the same line of thinking to new factors. With factors, we have additional tools at our disposal because we can combine them using ranking and weighting. (We can combine strategies too, of course, but it's not as easy to do).
There are lots of ways to assess the effectiveness of a factor. The most traditional is to rank stocks in terms of the factor and see how well each quantile performed in the past. Many scholars simulate shorting the bottom quintile or decile and going long the top quintile or decile, but with some factors the middle quantiles may have performed the best.
Let's look, once again, at a concrete example. I have a four-factor ranking system and I'm considering adding a fifth factor to it. The decile returns for my four-factor system over the universe of stocks that I invest in, with a one-month holding period over the last 10 years, looks like this:
If I add my new factor, I get a chart like this:
Clearly, the second system, with five factors, works better than the first.
But if you look at probability, there's a problem with this way of thinking. You could keep adding factors and varying their weights ad infinitum until you had a system that was perfectly optimized according to the tests that you run on it. Your system will look something like this:
Or, taking a more granular view with 30 quantiles rather than 10:
Your system will be optimized precisely for the time period that you are testing it for.
What is the probability that a system optimized for a specific period of time will outperform a non-optimized system in a different time period?
I'm not sure. But I want to offer an analogy.
Let's say you're designing a robot to play poker. In order to do so, you want the robot to play against real poker players so that it can learn from practicing the game. So you collect the five best poker players in your hometown and the robot plays poker with them. It soon gets so good that it can beat them at any game any time. Now what would happen if you sat it down with five different poker players? It would probably fail miserably. Why? Because it would have learned how to beat the first five players based on their reactions to the cards and to each other, on their tells and on their strategies. On the other hand, if you had simply taught the robot the rules of playing poker and had fed it a variety of different examples and made it think about things more abstractly, it probably wouldn't have won nearly as handily against the first five players, but would probably have performed better against the second five.
The analogy is imperfect, I admit. Poker doesn't change as much as the stock market. A stock-market strategy or factor that worked really well in the 1960s may not have as much relevance in the 2020s as one that worked well in the 2010s.
At any rate, I recently ran an experiment. Remember those 50 strategies I told you about earlier? I took the ones that had performed best over a certain time period and tested them over a subsequent time period. Some of them did well, others did not. When I combined the ones that had done best in the first period into one comprehensive system, it did quite well in the second-better than most of those that had performed best in the first. When I optimized the one that had done best in the first period, fiddling with the factor weights until its performance was greatly improved, it didn't do as well as the combined system in the second period. When I optimized the combined system to improve its performance in the first period, its performance in the second period got worse. Now this is a very small and limited experiment, and my results are hardly representative. It would take me many months to optimize dozens of systems over different time periods and test them all. But this does indicate that optimization may not be the best idea.
The other reason to be wary of optimization is the fact that with low correlations, what outperforms in one period is likely to suffer from mean regression and underperform in another period. In my previous article, "How to Bet," I published the following correlation table.
Let's say seven players play a tournament and player 1 wins, player 2 comes in second, and so on. The top row lists Kendall's correlation; the other rows list the chance of each player winning in a second tournament. (I created the table by taking every possible order of seven players and grouping them according to their correlation with the first order). You'll see that with a correlation of 0.333 or higher, the top player has the best chance of winning; with a correlation of 0.238, the top two players have an equal chance of winning; with a correlation of 0.143, the top player has a lower chance of winning than the second- and third-place winners; and with a correlation of 0.048, the top player has an equal chance of winning as the sixth player, with the second, third, fourth, and fifth all having a better chance. This is due to the fact that absent a perfect correlation, there will always be some element of mean regression.
Assessing the Odds of a Security's Future Price Increase
Let me start out by saying forthrightly that I believe that there is no way to do this. If there were, stock picking would be simple and profitable. And it's definitely not. Instead, your best bet is to think about your strategy's odds rather than the odds of an individual stock or ETF.
Mauboussin has a few pointed words about this:
"When probability plays a large role in outcomes, it makes sense to focus on the process of making decisions rather than the outcome alone. The reason is that a particular outcome may not be indicative of the quality of the decision. Good decisions sometimes result in bad outcomes and bad decisions lead to good outcomes. Over the long haul, however, good decisions portend favorable outcomes even if you will be wrong from time to time. ... Learning to focus on process and accept the periodic and inevitable bad outcomes is crucial."
Allow me to add a few words about stock-return odds in general.
I recently took tens of thousands of random samples of one-year returns of stocks over the last 20 years (with a minimum market cap of $50 million and a minimum price of $1.00, and with no survivor bias). For such stocks, here are the decile median returns:
In other words, a randomly chosen stock out of this group will have a 10% chance of a 93% gain, a 10% chance of a 78% loss, and a 10% chance of each of the other numbers in between.
Here is a graph of the returns distribution (the rightmost bar represents stocks with a return greater than 250%).
The median stock gets a 5.35% return and the average stock gets an 8.12% return. If you were to randomly choose 20 stocks a year and then do so again and again thousands of times, your compounded annualized return would likely be between 3.9% and 8.7%. (This is significantly lower than what you'd get from simply investing in the S&P 500, since that index is made up of large-cap stocks with positive earnings, and those stocks are usually the least risky ones). On the other hand, if you were to randomly choose just one stock a year and then do so again and again thousands of times, your compounded annualized return would likely be a 100% loss, because at some point you're going to choose a stock that goes bankrupt. (This is the key to understanding why some small amount of diversification is essential: you need to minimize the probability of losing all your money. Because of this risk, I would advise you to never put all your money into fewer than four stocks).
The best you can hope for when you choose a stock is a returns distribution that is somewhat better than that of the average stock. Some writers, when they talk about choosing stocks, discuss "expected return." But doing so without considering the entirety of the returns distribution can lead to gross errors such as the one Harry Markowitz made at the outset of his seminal 1952 paper "Portfolio Selection," the foundation of Modern Portfolio Theory, in which he incorrectly "proved" that to maximize the expected return of a portfolio you should put all your money into the one security with the highest expected return. Markowitz ignored the laws of probability, as does MPT in general.
But that will be the subject of a future article...
My marketplace service, The Stock Evaluator, takes dozens of sensible factors into account in its weekly comprehensive ranking of over 4,000 stocks. It will definitely help you build a strong portfolio.
Disclosure:I/we have no positions in any stocks mentioned, and no plans to initiate any positions within the next 72 hours.I wrote this article myself, and it expresses my own opinions. I am not receiving compensation for it. I have no business relationship with any company whose stock is mentioned in this article. | |
Product features:
Product features:
- Without system jaws
- Jaw quick-change system
- To match VERO-S
- Dimensions: 90 x 260 x 45 mm
- Rail width: 90 mm
- Max. clamping force: 30 kN
- Max. torque: 50 Nm
- Weight: 5 kg
Technical data KSM2 90-260
|Rail width [mm]||90|
|Max. clamping force [kN]||30|
|Max. torque [Nm]||50|
|Weight [kg]||5|
Scope of delivery
Clamping rail including operating manual; without system jaws
Product reviews KSM2 90-260
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Accessory KSM2 90-260
The following components make the product KSM2 90-260 even more productive – the right addition for maximum functionality, flexibility, reliability and process safety. | https://schunk.com/de/en/workpiece-clamping-technology/manual-clamping-systems/multi-clamping-vises/ksm2/ksm2-90-260/p/000000000000490723 |
Octagonal prism vase
0.7 l of water can be poured in an octagonal prism vase. What is the height of the vase, if the bottom has a area of 25 cm square and a thickness of 12 mm?
Correct answer:
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The invention relates to a method of fabricating a multilayer film comprising one or more ultrathin layers of crystalline silicon, the film being fabricated from a substrate having a crystalline structure.
The multilayer film, based on crystalline silicon (c-Si), is for depositing on a flexible or rigid support in order to fabricate solar cells or microelectronic devices.
The term “ultrathin layer” is used to mean a layer of thickness lying in the range 0.1 micrometers (μm) to 5 μm.
Solar cells of high efficiency and microelectronic devices are fabricated using crystalline silicon.
The problem with solar cells and microelectronic devices based on crystalline silicon is their high cost of fabrication due to the large quantities of silicon used in fabricating them.
Methods exist that seek to reduce the quantities of crystalline silicon needed for fabricating solar cells and microelectronic devices.
More particularly, such methods enable heterojunction solar cells to be obtained that are fabricated on crystalline silicon substrates that are thin (50 μm to 100 μm) and that provide very high efficiencies (17% to 22%).
+
Other methods also exist such as the method of cutting by implanting H ions (the “smart cut” method), and the method of cutting by using ions that makes it possible to obtain films of crystalline silicon having small thicknesses.
FIG. 1
The smart cut method, as shown in , is known from the document by M. Bruel, “Separation of silicon wafers by the smart cut method”, Mat. Res. Innovat. (1999), 3, 9-13.
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+
2
17
+
2
Those techniques implant H ions in crystalline silicon substrates at doses lying in the range 10H ions per square centimeter (H/cm) to 10H/cmin order to create defects (microcavities) at a certain distance from the surface of the silicon substrate.
A substrate is obtained that has a layer of crystalline silicon that is very thin (0.3 μm to 1 μm) and that has a large quantity of defects.
Thereafter, a hydrophilic bond is established with a second crystalline silicon substrate. The second crystalline silicon substrate is put into contact with the defect-containing surface of the first substrate. Heat treatment is performed at a temperature higher than 1000° C.
During the first stage of the heat treatment, the very thin film of crystalline silicon separates from the first substrate and bonds to the second substrate. During a second stage, the chemical bonds between the very thin film of crystalline silicon and the second substrate are consolidated.
+
The drawback of those methods is that they involve steps of implanting H ions and of performing heat treatment at high temperature (>1000° C.), which steps are complicated to implement and expensive. High temperature annealing also limits the methods to substrates made of crystalline silicon or refractory materials.
Furthermore, with those prior art methods, it is not possible to obtain crystalline silicon films having a thickness of less than 0.3 μm or greater than 1 μm, nor it is possible to make junctions or devices directly.
Thus, an object of the invention is to propose a method of fabricating a multilayer film comprising at least one ultrathin layer of crystalline silicon, which method is simpler, less burdensome, and enables crystalline silicon films to be obtained that present thickness lying in the range 0.1 μm to 5 μm.
To this end, the invention provides a method of fabricating a multilayer film comprising at least one ultrathin layer of crystalline silicon, the film being fabricated from a substrate having a crystalline structure and including a previously-cleaned surface.
According to the invention, the method comprises the following steps:
4
4
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
a) exposing said cleaned surface to a radiofrequency plasma generated in a gaseous mixture of SiF, hydrogen, and argon, the power density of the radiofrequency plasma lying in the range 100 milliwatts per square centimeter (mW/cm) to 650 mW/cm, the pressure of the gaseous mixture in the range 200 pascals (Pa) to 400 Pa, the temperature of the substrate lying in the range 150° C. to 300° C., the flow rate of SiFlying in the range 1 cubic centimeter per minute (cm/min) to 10 cm/min, the flow rate of hydrogen lying in the range 1 cm/min to 60 cm/min, the flow rate of argon lying in the range 1 cm/min to 80 cm/min, so as to form on said cleaned surface an ultrathin layer of crystalline silicon comprising a plurality of sublayers including an interface sublayer in contact with the substrate and containing microcavities;
b) depositing at least one layer of material on said ultrathin layer of crystalline silicon so as to co-operate with said ultrathin layer of crystalline silicon to form a multilayer film, said multilayer film including at least one mechanically strong layer so as to form a multilayer film having sufficient strength to enable said multilayer film to be separated without damaging the ultrathin layer of crystalline silicon; and
c) annealing the substrate covered in said multilayer film at a temperature higher than 400° C., thereby enabling said multilayer film to be separated from the substrate.
A self-supporting multilayer film is thus obtained. The multilayer film may then be transferred onto a mechanical support that is flexible or rigid, and not crystalline, and the crystalline substrate may be reused.
In various possible implementations, the present invention also relates to the following characteristics, which may be considered in isolation or in any technically feasible combination, each of which provides its own specific advantages:
the duration of step a) lies in the range 1 minute (min) to 5 hours (h);
2
during step a), the power density of the radiofrequency plasma is 500 mW/cm, the pressure of the gaseous mixture is 293 Pa, and the temperature of the substrate covered in said multilayer film is 200° C.;
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3
3
3
during step a), the gaseous flow rate of SiFis 3 cm/min, the gaseous flow rate of hydrogen is 5 cm/min, and the gaseous flow rate of argon is 80 cm/min;
the mechanically strong layer is a layer of chromium deposited on one of the layers of the mechanically strong multilayer film by a vacuum evaporation method;
during step c) the substrate covered in said mechanically strong multilayer film is heated up to 800° C.;
in step b), said layer of chromium is covered in a layer of polyamide, and in step c), the substrate covered in the multilayer film is heated up to a temperature lying in the range 300° C. to 500° C.;
the surface of the substrate is initially covered in a layer of silicon oxide and the fabrication method includes, prior to step a), a step a′) of cleaning the surface of the substrate that is initially covered in silicon oxide;
said step a′) comprises an operation of exposing said surface to a radiofrequency plasma generated from a fluorine-containing gas, thereby etching the layer of silicon oxide, and an operation of exposing said surface to a radiofrequency plasma of hydrogen;
the steps a′) and a) are performed in the same reaction chamber of a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) reactor;
step a′) comprises a standard cleaning operation using a wet method based on deionized water and HF;
step b) includes an operation of depositing a passivation layer (nitride or silicon oxide) prior to depositing the mechanically strong layer;
in step b), the deposited material is crystalline silicon or germanium, which may be intrinsic or doped; and
during step b), a first layer of P- or N-doped material is deposited on said ultrathin crystalline silicon layer, said first layer of P- or N-doped material being covered in a second layer of N- or P-doped material in order to obtain a P-N or an N-P junction.
Thus, the invention provides a multilayer film fabrication method that is more simple, less onerous, and more flexible, and that enables films of crystalline silicon to be obtained having thickness lying in the range 0.1 μm to 5 μm, while presenting a high degree of crystallinity.
+
It is no longer necessary to use a method of cutting by implanting H ions, which method is complicated to implement and expensive. The method of the invention is an alternative to that method of cutting.
The method of the invention is implemented in part in a PECVD reactor, unlike methods of the prior art (e.g. the “smart cut” method), thereby enabling the ultrathin layer of crystalline silicon to be deposited at low temperature. The substrate is not consumed.
Furthermore, unlike prior art methods, the invention makes it possible to use lower annealing temperatures (in the range approximately 400° C. to 600° C.) as compared with approximately 1000° C. in prior art methods.
The invention also makes it possible to make stacks of doped and non-doped layers so as to form P-N or N-P junctions. In prior art methods, doping is determined by the substrate, which is limiting.
In the invention, it is also possible to incorporate other elements such as germanium, and thus to make Si/Ge multilayer films, for example. In the prior art (“smart cut”) methods, it is not possible to deposit materials other than the material of the substrate.
FIG. 1
shows a prior art method of cutting by implanting ions.
+
16
+
2
17
+
2
1
The method comprises a first step 1) of implanting H ions in a first silicon substrate S that is covered in a thin layer of silicon oxide, at a dose rate lying in the range 10H/cmto 10H/cm, in order to create defects (microcavities) at a certain distance from the surface of the silicon substrate.
1
A substrate is obtained that includes a crystalline silicon layer that is very thin (thickness lying in the range 0.3 μm to 1 μm) and that is full of defects.
1
2
2
2
1
Thereafter, a second step 2) is provided that consists in cleaning the first crystalline silicon substrate S and a second crystalline silicon substrate S, and in establishing hydrophilic bonds with said second crystalline silicon substrate S at ambient temperature. The second crystalline silicon substrate S is put into contact with the surface of the first substrate S that has the defects.
1
1
2
1
2
A third step 3) of heat treatment is performed at a temperature higher than 1000° C. During an initial stage of heat treatment (400° C. to 600° C.), the very thin crystalline silicon film separates from the first substrate S while remaining bonded to the second substrate S. During a second stage of heat treatment (T>1000° C.), the chemical bonds between the very thin crystalline silicon film and the second substrate S are consolidated.
1
2
A fourth step 4) consists in polishing the surface of the very thin crystalline silicon film on the second substrate S.
+
The drawback of that method is that it involves steps of implanting H ions, and of performing heat treatment at high temperature (higher than 1000° C.), which steps are very complicated to implement and expensive.
Furthermore, with that prior art method, it is not possible to obtain crystalline silicon film at thicknesses of less than 0.3 μm, nor more than 1 μm.
FIG. 2
2
2
shows a method of fabricating a multilayer film ′ including an ultrathin layer of crystalline silicon from a substrate S of crystalline structure, in a first implementation of the invention.
The substrate S has a surface that has previously been cleaned, i.e. a surface without oxide. The cleaning method is described below.
The substrate S may be a substrate of crystalline silicon or of crystalline germanium, for example.
The substrate S may be a <100> FZ, CZ, etc. substrate. It may be polished on both faces, for example. It may have any resistivity. In the examples below, it presents resistivity lying in the range 1 ohm-centimeter (Ωcm) to 5 Ωcm.
The method of the invention may be applied to one or both opposite faces of the silicon substrate.
In the examples below, the substrate S is a substrate of crystalline silicon.
2
2
4
The method of fabricating a multilayer film ′ comprises a step a) of exposing the cleaned surface of the substrate S to a radiofrequency plasma generated in a gaseous mixture comprising SiF, hydrogen, and argon, so as to form on the surface of the substrate S an ultrathin layer of crystalline silicon including microcavities. These microcavities contain hydrogen.
2
2
The power of the radiofrequency plasma lies in the range 10 watts (W) at a power density of 100 mW/cmto 60 W at a power density of 600 mW/cm. The pressure of the gaseous mixture lies in the range 200 Pa to 400 Pa.
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
The temperature of the substrate lies in the range 150° C. to 300° C., the flow rate of SiFlies in the range 1 cm/min to 10 cm/min, the flow rate of hydrogen lies in the range 1 cm/min to 60 cm/min, and the flow rate of argon lies in the range 1 cm/min to 80 cm/min.
2
The duration of the step a) preferably lies in the range 1 min to 5 h. It may also be less than that or greater than that. For example, when step a) is performed over 10 min, an ultrathin layer of crystalline silicon is obtained that presents a thickness of 0.15 μm.
2
4
The thickness of the ultrathin layer of crystalline silicon depends on the duration of step a) and on the flow rate of SiF.
2
For example, for a deposition speed of about 0.3 nanometers per second (nm/s), a duration of 10 min for step a) may correspond to an ultrathin layer of crystalline silicon having a thickness of 0.18 μm. A duration of 5 h for step a) may correspond to an ultrathin layer of crystalline silicon having a thickness of 5.4 μm.
2
2
In preferred manner, during step a), the power of the radiofrequency plasma is 50 W at a power density of 500 mW/cm, the pressure of the gaseous mixture is 293 Pa, the duration of the exposure to the radiofrequency plasma is 30 min (in order to deposit an ultrathin layer of crystalline silicon having a thickness of 0.5 μm), and the temperature of the substrate S is 200° C.
4
3
3
3
3
In still more preferred manner, the gaseous flow rate of SiFis set at 3 cm/min, the gaseous flow rate of hydrogen lies in the range 1 cm/min to 60 cm/min, and the gaseous flow rate of argon is 80 cm/min.
4
2
4
3
3
3
In still more preferred manner, the gaseous flow rate of SiFis set at 3 cm/min, the gaseous flow rate of hydrogen is set at 5 cm/min, and the gaseous flow rate of argon is 80 cm/min. This obtains an H/SiFratio of 1.66.
2
4
2
19
20
21
After this step a) of exposing a surface of the substrate S to a radiofrequency plasma of H/SiF/Ar for a duration of 30 min under the above optimum conditions, an ultrathin layer of crystalline silicon is obtained that is made up of three sublayers comprising an interface sublayer , an epitaxial core sublayer , and a surface sublayer .
2
FIG. 5
The ultrathin layer of crystalline silicon is shown in detail in .
19
19
20
The interface sublayer includes a large fraction of microcavities and a small fraction of crystalline silicon. This interface sublayer is in direct contact with the surface of the substrate. It is positioned between the substrate S and the epitaxial core sublayer . It presents thickness lying in the range 0 to 9 nm, which thickness depends on the hydrogen fraction used.
20
20
The epitaxial core sublayer is made up of a monocrystalline silicon fraction, a fraction having large grains of crystalline silicon, and a fraction having small grains of crystalline silicon. The epitaxial core sublayer presents thickness lying in the range 90 nm to 170 nm (for 10 min of plasma).
21
2
The surface sublayer is made up of a fraction having large grains of crystalline silicon, a fraction having small grains of crystalline silicon, and a fraction of SiO. It presents thickness lying in the range 0 to 5 nm.
4
The thicknesses of all of these sublayers depend on the hydrogen fraction used for diluting the SiF.
FIG. 4
a
20
2
3
3
shows the deposition speed of the fine epitaxial core sublayer of the ultrathin silicon layer and also the composition thereof as a function of the hydrogen flow rate (for flow rates in the range 1 cubic centimeter per second (cm/s) to 60 cm/s).
4
3
3
FIGS. 4
a
c.
4
The flow rate of SiFis 3 cm/s and the flow rate of Ar is 80 cm/s in the examples of to
3
5
7
20
6
FIG. 4
a
Hydrogen flow rate is plotted in cm/s along the abscissa axis . In , the left-hand ordinate axis represents the deposition speed of the epitaxial core sublayer , and the right-hand ordinate axis represents the composition thereof (in percentage).
8
20
2
Curve representing the deposition speed of the epitaxial core sublayer as a function of the hydrogen flow rate shows that at low Hdilution, the deposition speed is low, lying in the range 0.1 nm/s to 0.3 nm/s.
2
4
2
3
However, as the Hdilution increases, the deposition speed also increases, with a maximum close to 0.3 nm/s (when the SiFflow rate is equal to the Hflow rate, i.e. 3 cm/s).
2
Any subsequent increase in the Hdilution has the consequence of a lower deposition rate.
9
Curve represents the fraction of monocrystalline silicon (c-Si) as a function of the hydrogen flow rate.
10
Curve represents the fraction of small grains of silicon as a function of the hydrogen flow rate.
11
Curve represents the fraction of large grains of silicon as a function of the hydrogen flow rate.
9
11
20
2
4
2
3
3
The curves to show that the epitaxial core sublayer has a fraction of crystalline silicon that is large (about 80% to 95%), a fraction of small grains of silicon lying in the range about 5% to 20%, and a fraction of large grains lying in the range about 1% to 5%. The greatest crystalline silicon fraction (approximately 95%) is obtained for a crystalline silicon film deposited with identical flow rates of SiFand H(3 cm/min) and an argon flow rate of 80 cm/min.
FIG. 4
b
19
3
3
shows the thickness of the interface sublayer and its composition as a function of the hydrogen flow rate (rates in the range 1 cm/min to 60 cm/min).
12
19
Curve represents the thickness of the interface sublayer as a function of the hydrogen flow rate.
13
Curve represents the microcavity fraction as a function of the hydrogen flow rate.
14
Curve represents the crystalline silicon fraction as a function of the hydrogen flow rate.
2
2
2
2
3
3
19
19
19
2
At a low Hflow rate (1 cm/min), there is no interface sublayer at all. As the Hflow rate increases, the interface sublayer appears and it reaches a thickness maximum at 10 cm/min. An increase in the Hflow rate gives rise to a decrease in the thickness of the interface sublayer . The reason for such behavior is that at a low Hflow rate the deposition speed is low and thus hydrogen can be desorbed from the thin film of silicon that develops.
2
2
19
When the Hflow rate is greater, the deposition speed increases, and the hydrogen is trapped in the interface with the crystalline silicon substrate. At an even higher Hflow rate, the deposition speed decreases once more. A certain quantity of hydrogen is trapped in the interface sublayer and another portion is desorbed, having the result of decreasing the thickness of the interface layer.
13
14
19
2
Curves and show that the interface sublayer is made up mainly of microcavities (about 80%) and a little crystalline silicon (about 20%). Its composition is almost independent of the Hdilution.
FIG. 4
c
21
3
3
shows the roughness of the surface sublayer and its composition as a function of the hydrogen flow rate (flow rate in the range 1 cm/min to 60 cm/min).
15
21
Curve represents the roughness of the surface sublayer as a function of the hydrogen flow rate.
16
Curve represents the fraction of large grains of silicon as a function of the hydrogen flow rate.
17
Curve represents the fraction of small grains of silicon as a function of the hydrogen flow rate.
18
2
Curve represents the SiOfraction as a function of the hydrogen flow rate.
15
2
2
3
3
Curve shows that the roughness of the ultrathin layers of silicon increases with the Hflow rate from about 0.9 nm for a flow rate of 1 cm/min up to about 4.5 nm for a flow rate of 60 cm/min.
17
18
2
From the curves to , the SiOfraction is almost independent of the hydrogen flow rate.
19
20
19
The interface sublayer presents quantities of oxygen, hydrogen, and fluorine that are greater than those of the epitaxial core sublayer . This is due to the fact that the interface sublayer presents many defects (about 80% microcavities).
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
The method of fabricating a multilayer film ′ also comprises a step b) of depositing at least one layer of material on the ultrathin layer of crystalline silicon in order to cooperate with the ultrathin layer of crystalline silicon to form a multilayer film ′. The multilayer film ′ has at least one mechanically strong layer so as to form a multilayer film ′ that is mechanically strong and mechanically stable.
3
2
The mechanically strong layer is the last layer that is deposited on the multilayer film ′.
3
2
2
2
The mechanically strong layer is preferably a layer of metal. It may be made of some other material such as glass or a polymer. The term “mechanically strong multilayer film ′” is used to designate a multilayer film ′ presenting sufficient strength to enable the multilayer film to be separated during a subsequent step as described below without damaging the ultrathin layer of crystalline silicon .
3
2
3
2
The mechanically strong layer is preferably made of chromium. It is deposited on one of the layers of the multilayer film ′ by a vacuum evaporation method. The thickness of the chromium layer is greater than 100 nm. Chromium at a thickness of 150 nm ensures that the multilayer film ′ has sufficient mechanical strength to enable it subsequently to be separated from the substrate S.
FIG. 2
2
In the embodiment of , during the step b), only one chromium layer is deposited on the ultrathin layer of crystalline silicon .
2
2
2
3
In another possible implementation, during deposition step b), one or more epitaxial layers of semiconductor materials are deposited on the ultrathin layer of crystalline silicon in order to form a multilayer film ′ having one or more layers of semiconductor materials between the ultrathin layer of crystalline silicon and the mechanically strong layer .
2
The layers of semiconductor materials may be based on silicon, germanium, or SiGe, for example. They may be intrinsic, P-doped, or N-doped. The multilayer film ′ may form a PIN or NIP, P-N, or N-P junction. It is possible to form junctions directly on the substrate S.
3
In a possible implementation, step b) includes an operation of depositing a passivation layer before depositing the mechanically strong layer . This passivation layer may be a layer of silicon nitride serving to obtain a low density of surface defects.
2
2
2
The method of fabricating a multilayer film ′ also includes a step c) of annealing the substrate S covered in the multilayer film at a temperature that is higher than 400° C. and that preferably lies in the range 400° C. to 900° C., thereby enabling the multilayer film ′ to be separated from or peeled off the substrate S, and consequently enabling the ultrathin layer of crystalline silicon to be separated therefrom.
2
2
2
During step c), as the temperature is rising, the hydrogen atoms recombine in the microcavities of the ultrathin layer of crystalline silicon so as to form microbubbles of H, thereby increasing the volume of the microcavities in the ultrathin layer of crystalline silicon .
FIG. 2
In the implementation of , during the step c), the substrate S covered in the multilayer film is heated up to 800° C. in an oven.
The temperature of the oven is then lowered to ambient temperature.
2
The oven may optionally be opened at about 250° C. in order to improve the separation of the multilayer film ′ from the surface of the substrate S.
FIG. 3
3
4
2
In another implementation, as shown in , during step b), the chromium layer is subsequently covered in a polyamide layer . The substrate S covered in the multilayer film ′ is then heated in an oven to a temperature in the range 250° C. to 350° C.
2
Thereafter, during step c), the substrate S covered in the multilayer film ′ is heated up to a temperature in the range 300° C. to 500° C. in the oven.
The temperature of the oven is then lowered down to ambient temperature.
2
The oven may optionally be opened at about 250° C. in order to improve separation of the multilayer film ′ from the surface of the substrate S.
In alternative manner, annealing step c) may be performed in a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) oven that has heater lamps enabling a very fast temperature rise to be achieved. It is possible to reach 900° C. in a few minutes.
2
2
The method of fabricating a multilayer film ′ may include, prior to step a), a step a′) of cleaning the surface of the substrate that is initially covered in silicon oxide (SiO), as described in document FR 09/55766.
In a possible implementation, this step a′) comprises an operation of exposing the surface to a radiofrequency plasma generated from a fluorine-containing gas, thereby etching the layer of silicon oxide, and an operation of exposing the surface to a radiofrequency plasma of hydrogen.
4
6
The fluorine-containing gas (or a gas based on fluorine) is preferably SiFgas. Other fluorine-containing gases may be used, such as SF, for example.
In another possible implementation, cleaning step a′) may be performed using a wet method with a standard solution of hydrofluoric acid diluted with deionized water.
The advantage of using the RF plasma method is that steps a′) and a) can then be performed in the same reaction chamber of a PECVD reactor, operating at a frequency of 13.56 megahertz (MHz).
The method of the invention may thus be implemented in a single PECVD chamber. The steps a′) and a) are performed in the same PECVD chamber, thus making it possible to avoid breaking the vacuum, to avoid contaminating the substrate with external pollutants, to increase the speed of the fabrication method, and to reduce fabrication costs.
2
2
This cleaning step a′) using a dry method is performed for a duration lying in the range 60 seconds (s) to 900 s. The power of the plasma lies in the range 1 W to 30 W, corresponding to a power density lying in the range 10 mW/cmto 300 mW/cm. The pressure of the fluorine-containing gas lies in the range 1.33 Pa to 26.66 Pa.
This step a′) causes fluorine-containing elements to be fixed or adsorbed on the surface of the silicon substrate, thereby giving rise to surface defects, in particular broken Si bonds.
These fluorine-containing elements are subsequently eliminated by the operation of exposing the surface of the silicon substrate that includes fluorine-containing elements to a radiofrequency hydrogen plasma.
2
2
This operation of exposing the surface of the silicon substrate that includes fluorine-containing elements to a radiofrequency hydrogen plasma is performed for a duration lying in the range 5 s to 120 s, with a plasma at a power lying in the range 1 W to 30 W (power density lying in the range 10 mW/cmto 30 mW/cm). The hydrogen pressure lies in the range 1.33 Pa to 133.32 Pa. This operation of exposure to a radiofrequency hydrogen plasma is optional.
The invention provides a method of fabricating ultrathin films of crystalline silicon that is simpler, less burdensome, and that makes it possible to obtain crystalline silicon films having a thickness lying in the range 0.1 μm to 5 μm with a high degree of crystallinity.
The invention is described in greater detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1
shows a prior art method of cutting by implanting ions;
FIG. 2
shows a method of fabricating a multilayer film including an ultrathin layer of crystalline silicon, in a first implementation of the invention;
FIG. 3
shows a method of fabricating a multilayer film having an ultrathin layer of crystalline silicon, in a second implementation of the invention;
FIG. 4
a
is a graph plotting the deposition rate of the fine epitaxial core sublayer of the ultrathin layer of silicon and the composition thereof as a function of the flow rate of hydrogen;
FIG. 4
b
is a graph plotting the thickness of the interface sublayer and the composition thereof as a function of the hydrogen flow rate;
FIG. 4
c
is a graph plotting the roughness of the surface sublayer and the composition thereof as a function of the hydrogen flow rate; and
FIG. 5
is a detail view of the ultrathin layer of crystalline silicon. | |
Q:
How do you count the number of rows that meet a numerical condition in AWK?
I have a 2 column text file that is sorted on column 2 (numbers, ascending) that I am trying to summarise by counting the number of lines that fall within a set region. This is set to 1000. In essence the text file will be read and if the number in column 2 lies between 0 and 1000 then in the output file there will be a new line that tallies this up, then the second line of the output file I will have the 1000-2000 region and so on until the end of the file is read.
Unfortunately the code I have been passed misses the first output line 0-1000 and doesn't output the maths correctly... I think it is ignoring the first line of the INPUT file? I don't know how easy it is to change or whether a more elegant way of writing it is available...
From my understanding the AWK command says
let x=0 and y=1000
if $2 >=0 && $2 < y, then +1 to x
print when y is reached
repeat for y+1000
but my first region of 1000 is missing
INPUT FILE: sorted & tab-delimited
aaaaa 675
aaaaa 678
aaaaa 989
aaaaa 1001
aaaaa 1500
aaaaa 2020
...
awk -F'\t' 'BEGIN{x=0;y=1000;}{
if ($2 >= 0 && $2 < y) {x=x+1;}
else {OFS="\t"; $2=y; $3=y+1000; $4=x; print$1,$2,$3,$4; x=0; y=y+1000}
}' INput.txt > OUTput.txt
So, I was expecting:
aaaaa 0 1000 3
aaaaa 1000 2000 2
aaaaa 2000 3000 1
...
but what I am getting is
aaaaa 1000 2000 3
aaaaa 2000 3000 1
aaaaa 3000 4000 0
...
which isn't correct given the input files.
(... denotes the rest of the file)
A:
In addition to @JamesBrown's answer, here is a working edition:
awk '
BEGIN {
FS=OFS="\t"
}
{
while(c<$2) {
if(c)
print $1,c-1000,c,n
n=0
c+=1000
}
n++
}
END {
print $1,c-1000,c,n
}' file
Given your sample its output:
aaaaa 0 1000 3
aaaaa 1000 2000 2
aaaaa 2000 3000 1
| |
Q:
Thread concurrency issue even within one single command?
I am slightly surprised by what I get if I compile and run the following (horrible non-synchronized) Java SE program.
public class ThreadRace {
// this is the main class.
public static void main(String[] args) {
TestRunnable tr=new TestRunnable(); // tr is a Runnable.
Thread one=new Thread(tr,"thread_one");
Thread two=new Thread(tr,"thread_two");
one.start();
two.start(); // starting two threads both with associated object tr.
}
}
class TestRunnable implements Runnable {
int counter=0; // Both threads can see this counter.
public void run() {
for(int x=0;x<1000;x++) {
counter++;
}
// We can't get here until we've added one to counter 1000 times.
// Can we??
System.out.println("This is thread "+
Thread.currentThread().getName()+" and the counter is "+counter);
}
}
If I run "java ThreadRace" at the command line, then here is my interpretation
of what happens. Two new threads are created and started. The threads have
the same Runnable object instance tr, and so they see the same tr.counter .
Both new threads add one to this counter 1000 times, and then print the value
of the counter.
If I run this lots and lots of times, then usually I get output of the form
This is thread thread_one and the counter is 1000
This is thread thread_two and the counter is 2000
and occasionally I get output of the form
This is thread thread_one and the counter is 1204
This is thread thread_two and the counter is 2000
Note that what happened in this latter case was that thread_one finished
adding one to the counter 1000 times, but thread_two had started adding
one already, before thread_one printed out the value of the counter.
In particular, this output is still comprehensible to me.
However, very occasionally I get something like
This is thread thread_one and the counter is 1723
This is thread thread_two and the counter is 1723
As far as I can see, this "cannot happen". The only way the System.out.println() line
can be reached in either thread, is if the thread has finished counting to 1000.
So I am not bothered if one of the threads reports the counter as being some
random number between 1000 and 2000, but I cannot see how both threads can
get as far as their System.out.println() line (implying both for loops have finished,
surely?) and counter not be 2000 by the time the second statement is printed.
Is what is happening that both threads somehow attempt to do counter++ at exactly
the same time, and one overwrites the other? That is, a thread can even be
interrupted even in the middle of executing a single statement?
A:
The "++" operator is not atomic -- it doesn't happen in one uninterruptible cycle. Think of it like this:
1. Fetch the old value
2. Add one to it
3. Store the new value back
So imagine that you get this sequence:
Thread A: Step 1
Thread B: Step 1
Thread A: Step 2
Thread B: Step 2
Thread A: Step 3
Thread B: Step 3
Both threads think they've incremented the variable, but its value has only increased by one! The second "store back" operation effectively cancels out the result of the first.
Now, truth is, when you add in multiple levels of cache, far weirder things can actually happen; but this is an easy explanation to understand. You can fix these kinds of issues by synchronizing access to the variable: either the whole run() method, or the inside of the loop using a synchronized block. As Jon suggests, you could also use some of the fancier tools in java.util.concurrent.atomic.
A:
It absolutely can happen. counter++ isn't an atomic operation. Consider it as:
int tmp = counter;
tmp++;
counter = tmp;
Now imagine two threads executing that code at the same about time:
Both read the counter
Both increment their local copy (0 to 1)
Both write 1 into counter
This sort of thing is precisely why java.util.concurrent.atomic exists. Change your code to:
class TestRunnable implements Runnable {
private final AtomicInteger counter = new AtomicInteger();
public void run() {
for(int x=0;x<1000;x++) {
counter.incrementAndGet();
}
System.out.println("This is thread "+
Thread.currentThread().getName()+" and the counter is " + counter.get());
}
}
That code is safe.
| |
Should you happen to live in the United Kingdom, Matt Parker -- a.k.a. @StandUpMaths on Twitter -- probably needs no introduction. He's a former math teacher from Australia, relocated to London, who combines his love of math with stand-up comedy. Parker is regular on the hugely popular BBC Radio4's Infinite Monkey Cage (hosted by physicist Brian Cox and Robin Ince), for starters, and has sold out comedy shows at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, in addition to appearing in countless other media venues over the years.
And now he's the author of a fantastic new book, Things To Make and Do in the Fourth Dimension, released this week in the US, wherein he guides the reader on a magical math-y tour, with tips on the fastest way to tie your shoes, how to make a working computer out of dominoes, and the fairest way to slice a pizza -- all useful life skills, I'm sure you'll agree. Jen-Luc Piquant chatted with Parker via Skype during his whirlwind stateside book tour about the challenges of communicating abstract mathematical concepts to popular audiences, what knitting patterns and sheet music have in common with math, and what he thought about that tesseract scene in Christopher Nolan's blockbuster sci-fi film, Interstellar.
JLP: Your book is an intriguing mix of clear explication, hands-on activities, and fascinating historical nuggets. Out of curiosity -- since we're science history buffs here at the cocktail party -- who is your favorite historical mathematician?
MP: I wanted to find mathematicians who aren't as well known, but did amazing things. I talk a lot in the book about Edouard Lucas. On the one hand, he was an amazing mathematician, and on the other, he was an incredible communicator. Without him, we wouldn't know about the Fibonacci numbers. Fibonacci counted some rabbits and disappeared off the face of history, and Lucas noticed this later on, generalized them, and named them Fibonacci numbers. Encryption is based on prime numbers.
My favorite story I discovered while writing the book. I don't speak French and I couldn't find an English translation of Lucas's math book, but the diagrams are the same. If I see a diagram, I know what he's doing. I saw one, and even with my rudimentary French, I realized Lucas was talking about electronic computers. This was in the 1800s. I got that passage translated, and it was Lucas talking about what Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace had done, theoretically coming up with how computers might work well before it was possible to build them. He even made the link to how it might be possible to build them with electronics. I had no idea anyone else had said, "Hey, we could make these things out of electrical circuits." It's a shame he never lived to see any of it happen.
JLP: For some of the hands-on activities in the book, you draw on your background in magic and card tricks, many of which you've used in your public appearances and standup routines. What was the thinking behind that?
MP: That comes out of having to teach teenagers math. One of the problems with math is that it can be very boring, very easily. Math teachers have to be creative people because you've got to find a way to bring a very dry subject to life. There's all sorts of fantastic things you can do with mathematics, but we're forced to learn the repetitive skills and then we never let them out onto the field to play. If you want to motivate an adolescent to learn something, you've got to give him/her a very good reason. Normally we threaten them: one day you'll have a mortgage or need to pass an exam. But if you can show them something immediately that they can use it for, they're much more enthusiastic. If a teenager thinks that by learning some math they can do a card trick to annoy their friends and family, they suddenly go, "Yeah, we're gonna learn this."
A huge number of magicians are closet math nerds. They deliberately hide their mathematical techniques because that's the whole culture in magic: you find a way to make it seem as non-mathematical as possible. I do the opposite, showing the math going on behind the scenes. But I was careful [not to reveal carefully guarded secrets]. Everything I talk about is already in the public domain.
JLP: It's interesting that you mention the repetition. I took piano lessons as a child, and the first thing I was taught was practicing scales. I practiced dutifully, but the music never really came alive for me until I heard the intricate chromatic scales in Chopin. It made me want to practice harder, so that I could one day attempt to play Chopin.
MP: People have compared mathematics to sheet music, because if you had never heard music, and all you'd ever seen was sheet music, and people writing down the notes, it looks like meaningless manipulation of symbols. People may say, "Oh, but look at the patterns, they're so beautiful," but if you hadn't heard the music, you'd think, "These guys are bonkers." It's the same thing in math. There's this amazing beauty behind it, but there's no equivalent of listening to it, so for non-mathematicians, it's just meaningless symbols. Part of what I wanted to do [in this book] was to give people a glimpse into why mathematicians get so excited about all these symbols. There is a logic and unexpected connections going on behind them.
My mom knits. She's knitted me a few mathematical objects, including a hat [pictured in the book]. I watched her work out the knitting pattern and I had a moment of insight into what it's like being a mathematician talking to a non-mathematician. I thought, "You could be writing anything, it's just random symbols, this doesn't make any sense!" Yet she was so engrossed and excited about how it all fit together; she could visualize it. When I finally saw the hat, I got some sense of what she was doing. So that's what I'm trying to do with math in this book. I'm trying to show people the hat.
JLP: I noted you used a few examples of hyperbolic crocheting in the book. That's another popular means of grasping abstract topological concepts, championed by the Institute for Figuring, for example.
MP: Crocheting is the best way of showing a hyperbolic surface, even better than 3D printing, which is expensive. With a hyperbolic surface, the further you travel along it, the more surface area you get. But any one local bit, if you flatten it out, you're just pushing the wrinkles somewhere else. With crocheting, you can do that [for real]. You can pick it up and flatten one bit and the rest clumps somewhere else.
JLP: You explore higher dimensional shapes in more depth in one of the later chapters. How did you approach the challenge of visualizing shaped in higher dimensions?
MP: Anything past five dimensions, you no longer have any intuitive grasp of higher spaces. Mathematicians are as lost as we are. It's not like they can visualize a 6D shape and then imagine plugging it into a 7D shape. What I wanted to get across was that mathematicians are people who enjoy the fact that it's difficult. They love the fact that you can't really visualize these objects, but if you're very careful and meticulous with the mathematics, you can still understand and manipulate them, investigate how they behave. They just delight in the difficulty.
I deliberately placed a chapter earlier in the book on graph theory and networks. When you can no longer visualize the shapes, all you are left with is the way the corners or the vertices are connected. You can draw that as a network. So even though you can't picture how it would pop out into higher dimensions, you can still see the network with all its corners stuck together, and you can marvel at the beauty of the structure and all the patterns. They never tell the full story, though. You're seeing a glimpse, one particular angle on these amazing shapes. We can put just a little bit on a flat page.
JLP: Finally, we have to talk about the tesseract in Interstellar. Sure, there were plenty of quibbles about the physics in the film, but I thought it was an interesting visual depiction of something that's very difficult for most of us to visualize.
MP: I'm married to a physicist and I think she got more annoyed by the physics than I did. I've seen worse. Their representation of time as a spatial dimension I thought was very nice. As always, you can imagine things in a dimension lower. If you had a cube and you wanted to show it to someone who is flat, one thing you could do is slice it up into squares and then put them next to each other -- kind of smear out the cube, like butter, into a very long rectangle, effectively making slices of the cube.
[The film] had cubes stacked one after each other to show that smearing out of time. It's actually a very nice way to visualize time as a dimension, although I prefer my fourth dimension to be spatial. Whether or not the fifth dimension is love is still very much an open area of mathematical research.
For more on how to visualize higher dimensions, check out the excerpt below!
Visualizing A Higher-Dimension Sphere
OK, so what is a higher-dimension sphere? On the surface, it might seem simple: a sphere is all the points which are a certain distance – the radius – from a fixed center point. A circle is a 2D sphere. A sphere is a 3D sphere. (OK, that one’s obvious.) A 4D sphere is all the points which are the same distance from a center, and so on. Unfortunately, these spheres are much more slippery than you would expect. Which is why, for safety reasons, we need to keep them locked in hypercubes so they cannot get away. We’ll pack the rest of the hypercube full of padding spheres so that the sphere at the focus of our attention cannot move around inside its box.
All these precautions to keep our hypersphere under control may seem disproportionate. Well, let’s find out if they are or not.
We’ll start in 2D and work our way up. Our 2D cube is a square, and I’m going to use one with sides which are 4 units long. This is because it neatly fits four circles of radius 1 unit into it. The center of each of these circles will sit a quarter of the way in from two of the edges.
We’re now going to carefully put our specimen circle (a 2D sphere) in the very middle of this box full of other circles. Unlike the padding circles, which remain a fixed radius of 1, we’ll let the middle circle expand to be as big as the space in the middle of the box allows.
We can now calculate exactly how big this middle circle can be. The box-length of 4 makes sense now, as it means that the distance from the middle of each padding circle to the center of the box can easily be calculated using Pythagorean theorem. For our 2D square, this diagonal length is 2 ≈ 1.414; the first 1 of this is used up by the padding circle, so our middle circle can only have a radius of up to 0.414 before it touches the padding. It’s not a very big circle, but at least we know exactly how big it is, where it is and what’s containing it.
We can fit eight padding spheres into our 4 × 4 × 4 3D box. The number of unit spheres is going to double as we go up each dimension, and they’ll always be centered one unit from all their nearby edges so that they’re just kissing them. The diagonal from the center of each padding sphere to the center of the cube is 3 ≈ 1.732, which allows our specimen sphere to expand to a radius of 0.732: not a big leap.
It makes sense that, as this sphere has more directions to move in, it can grow slightly bigger. However, as we go up each dimension, we’re adding more and more padding spheres to keep the specimen sphere/hypersphere/and so on, trapped, so surely it will not be able to escape. Its growth should tail off.
However, as you may have guessed, the center sphere is not going to behave itself: somehow, it will escape, even though, by definition, it will remain centered in the middle of the cube and be surrounded by other spheres holding it in place. Checking the numbers for 4D shows us that everything continues to line up for a 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 tesseract, with sixteen padding unit spheres. The distance from the center of each padding 4-sphere to the center of the 4D box is a very exact and tidy 2 (i.e. 4 ), giving our center specimen sphere a radius of 1. It seems that four dimensions have given it enough freedom to expand out to be the same size as the padding spheres around it.
Onwards to five dimensions, and things start to get a bit strange: our specimen sphere has continued growing and now has a radius of 1.236, bigger than the padding spheres around it (from now on, I’ll just call it a sphere, regardless of how many dimensions it’s in). What started as a small gap in the middle when we were in 2D is now a large chasm in 5D. Originally, we expected the middle specimen sphere to get a bit bigger as it gains more dimensions but that this 331 expansion would eventually, and rapidly, tail off. It doesn’t. Our center specimen sphere continues to get bigger and bigger at an alarming pace as more dimensions are added.
The big surprise is when the box enters ten dimensions and the inner sphere’s radius hits 2.162, which means that it is actually reaching outside the box. Not only has this sphere managed to expand despite the padding spheres around it, it has now escaped the box entirely. In nine dimensions, it manages just to touch the box, with a radius of 2, and then, for any dimensional space beyond that, it sticks out through the sides of the hyper-box (or hypercube). From twenty-six dimensions onwards, the sphere is more than twice as big as the box it’s inside. And it shows no sign of slowing down. The size of this center sphere does not converge as the dimensions get higher: it continues to diverge off into the distance.
The numbers do not lie, but we still need to explain how the sphere reaches out of the box. The box doesn’t change shape – it’s always 4 units long in all directions. Importantly, the other spheres are a fixed radius of 1. We do not let them expand as much as they could; we just arrange them all so they touch the outside wall of the box and the other spheres next to them. As the number of dimensions goes up, the gaps between these packing spheres get bigger and the center sphere somehow grows spikes which can reach through those gaps and out of the box. It was mathematician Colin Wright who first gave me this puzzle and, in his words, it’s best to think of higher-dimensional spheres as being spiky. It seems these spheres are covered in multi-dimensional bristles. Now that I didn’t see coming.
Excerpted from Things To Make and Do in the Fourth Dimension by Matt Parker, to be published in December 2014 by Farrar, Straus and Giroux, LLC. Copyright © 2014 by Matt Parker. All rights reserved. Used with permission. | https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/cocktail-party-physics/explore-magical-dimensions-and-more-with-matt-parker/ |
We developed a sampling plan to help beekeeper monitor Varroa destructor mite infestations in honey bee colonies. From a sample of 245 adult bees, beekeepers can estimate the total mite density in a colony (mites on adults and those reproducing on pupae) using a simple chart we developed. Guidelines will be developed to help beekeepers make educated treatment decisions. Our line of bees bred for both Hygienic Behavior and Suppression of Mite Reproduction had significantly lower mite levels compared to an unselected line of bees demonstrating that this line can reduce mite loads and thus the frequency of pesticide application.
Objectives/Performance Targets
Objective 1. Develop a simple and standardized sampling plan for commercial beekeepers to help them determine the economic treatment level for Varroa destructor mites (short-term outcome).
Objective 2. Compare mite levels between our line of bees bred for both Hygienic Behavior (HYG) and Suppression of Mite Reproduction (SMR) with an unselected, commercial line of bees (short-term outcome), to demonstrate that the use of resistant bees can reduce mite loads and thus, the frequency of pesticide application (intermediate-term outcome).
Objective 3. Develop published guidelines for migratory beekeepers on making educated treatment decisions for the mite based on the sampling plan (intermediate- to long-term outcome).
Accomplishments/Milestones
Objective 1: It is relatively common for growers to sample insect pest populations in a field crop to help them make an educated treatment decision. Our goal is to encourage beekeepers to sample their bee colonies for mite pest populations in a standardized way to help them make wise treatment decisions. Such a sampling plan for a mite pest in an insect colony has never been attempted. We sampled bees from 548 colonies to obtain sufficient data to develop the sampling plan. In June and September 2005, Katie Lee, graduate student funded on this project, sampled colonies of bees for mite infestation on adult bees in 12 apiaries in MN and ND. In 2006, she sampled 10 apiaries in CA, MN and ND. In 2007, she sampled 9 apiaries in TX, MN and ND, bringing the total to 31 apiaries. She first analyzed the distribution of mites within colonies and within apiaries to determine the sample unit and sample unit size. A nested analysis of variance revealed that the colony is the largest source of variation in mite infestation level within an apiary. The sampling approach, Resampling for Validation of Sampling Plans, was used to determine the optimal number of adult bees to sample from each colony and the number of colonies to sample within an apiary. Results showed that the best method is to sample 245 bees per colony and eight colonies per apiary to achieve a precision level of 0.25. The next step was to factor in the number of mites parasitizing the brood (developing pupae) to estimate total mite loads within a colony. To achieve this, 60 colonies were sampled from eight commercial apiaries and 18 colonies from the University of Minnesota. The density of mites on a sample of adult bees was compared to the density of mites on all bees within a colony (adult and pupae) using a analysis of covariance. From this analysis, a statistical inference was drawn about the total colony mite density. In application, this analysis will allow beekeepers to sample mites on adult bees and using a conversion factor, estimate the total colony density of mites. Finally, we are developing a novel sampling device to collect the adult bees from colonies. From our talks to beekeepers at association meetings throughout the US, in South America and Europe, beekeepers are anxious to implement this sampling plan to help them make educated treatment decisions, and ultimately, realistic treatment thresholds (see Objective 3).
Objective 2. We compared colonies selectively bred for both hygienic behavior and Suppression of Mite Reproduction (HYG/SMR) with colonies bred solely for hygienic behavior (HYG) and unselected control colonies. Colonies were evaluated for strength, brood viability, removal of freeze-killed brood, honey production, mite loads on adult bees and within worker brood, and mite reproductive success on worker brood for two years in two locations (MN and ND). By autumn in both years, the HYG/SMR colonies had significantly fewer mites on adult bees and in worker brood compared to the control colonies and the HYG colonies had intermediate mite populations. Contrary to expectation, there were no differences among the lines in mite reproductive success. Further studies are required to determine if the genes and neural mechanisms that regulate the SMR trait are the same or different from those regulating hygienic behavior. We have just published a paper on these results:
Ibrahim, A., Reuter, GS, Spivak, M. 2007. Field trial of honey bee colonies bred for mechanisms of resistance against Varroa destructor. Apidologie 38: 67-76
Objective 3. When we have completed all the sampling and analysis for Objective 1, we are currently preparing guidelines for migratory beekeepers to help them make educated treatment decisions to control mites based on the sampling plan. Also, at every beekeeping association meeting Spivak, Reuter, and Lee attend, we talk to beekeepers about the importance of sampling plans and how they will improve the profit margins of their operations by not having to treat as often or extensively. We have received very favorable feedback and many say they are anxiously anticipating our results.
In 2008, Katie Lee presented her findings to the American Bee Research Conference (Sacramento, CA, January, 2008), the MN Hobby Beekeeping Association (March 2008), the International Union for the Study of Social Insects in Puerto Rico (September 2008).
Marla Spivak presented these findings to over 25 different professional and public meetings of beekeepers, scientists and the general public in 11 states across the US including 12 talks to groups within MN. She also presented in Peru, Chile, Argentina, and Nordic-Baltic countries (including Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania).
Impacts and Contributions/Outcomes
The North Central region of the US, particularly MN, ND and SD are the top honey producing states based on yield per colony, together producing over 30% of the total honey production for the nation. The reduction in pesticide use by beekeepers will increase the profitability of beekeeping, which is based on small and moderate-scale owner-operated farms, improve the quality of honey, a wholesome food product, and improve environmental quality by promoting honey bees, vital pollinators of our agro- and natural ecosystem.
The immediate goal of this research was to develop a sampling plan for mites within bee colonies based on well-documented sampling statistics. The long-term goal is to help beekeepers use the sampling plan to make educated treatment decisions so they can reduce pesticide application to avoid unnecessary costs, pesticide residues, and evolution of resistance of the mites to chemicals.
Collaborators: | https://projects.sare.org/sare_project/lnc05-264/?ar=2008 |
Interested applicants can get the Indian Army Exam Syllabus and Exam Pattern 2020 on this page. Using the Syllabus, you can obviously get to know the topics to read. Moreover, you can also check www.indianarmy.nic.in to be clear about the Indian Army Exam Pattern, Exam Dates, and so on. It’s true that countless numbers of candidates are applied for the Indian Army Exam. So, check both the Indian Army Syllabus and Exam Pattern 2020 before preparing for the written test.
The Selection process for Indian Army JCO Recruitment 2020 is having three rounds. Where the Candidates are shortlisted for Screen Test and allowed to attend for written Examination. The applicants who passed in written Exams are allowed for personal Interviews. However, have a look at the Indian Army Exam Pattern for JCO Recruitment 2020 below. Also, check the Indian Army Syllabus details in the following sections.
|Paper||Subject Details||No of Question||Marks|
|1||General Awareness||50||100|
|2||Specific to Religion Denominations as applied by the Candidates||50||100|
|Total||100||200|
- Questions will be Objective type MCQ’s.
- Pass Mark: 40/100
- Each Question Carries 02 marks.
- 0.5 Negative for wrong answer Questions.
Indian Army JCO Physical Test
|Category||Minimum Standard|
|Height (cm)||160 (157 for Gorkhas & Ladakhi Region Candidates)|
|Chest (cm)||77|
|Weight (kg)||50 (48 for Gorkhas)|
|Physical Fitness Test||Able to run 1600 Metres in 05 Minutes 45 Seconds|
Note: Provisions for extra time for 1.6 Km run in Hilly Terrain Areas:-
- Between 5000 ft to 9000 ft – Additional 30 Secs
- Between 9000 ft to 12000 ft – Additional 120 Secs
Indian Army CEE Exam Pattern 2020
Check the Indian Army Common Entrance Examination (CEE) 2020 Exam Pattern in the following table. However, clearly, check the Exam Pattern and sections completely and Start preparation for the exam. Also, make note of all the sections and other details clearly and check the complete syllabus details in the section below.
|Papers||Subjects||No of Questions||Marks|
|I||General Knowledge||05||20|
|General Science||05||20|
|Maths||10||40|
|Computer Science||05||20|
|II||English||25||100|
|Total||50||200|
- The questions will be Objective Type only.
- Minimum Pass Marks in both the papers is 32.
- The Aggregate Pass Mark for the Examination is 80. | https://www.gurukuldefencekuchaman.com/blog/army/indian-army/ |
GEIST RESERVOIR, Ind. (WISH) — A male victim has died following a “tragic incident” at Geist Reservoir, Fishers Fire Department said Saturday.
Authorities were called to Geist Cove Way just before midnight on reports of a male victim in the water near the dock.
FFD said emergency crews got to the scene within four minutes and the victim was located three minutes after the first diver got in the water.
The male victim later died at the hospital. His identity has not been released. | https://www.wishtv.com/news/local-news/male-victim-dies-in-tragic-incident-at-geist-reservoir/ |
CROSS REFERENCE TO THE RELATED APPLICATION
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the Invention
Description of Related Art
RELATED DOCUMENT
Patent Document
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
REFERENCE NUMERALS
This application is a continuation application, under 35 U.S.C. § 111(a), of international application No. PCT/JP2017/012149, filed Mar. 24, 2017, which claims priority to Japanese patent application Nos. 2016-068285, 2016-068286, and 2016-068287, each filed Mar. 30, 2016, the disclosure of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety into this application.
The present invention relates to a state monitoring system that monitors a state of a gear device by using a plurality of sensors in, for example, a wind power generator or a large-scale plant.
To date, a state of a rotary component has been monitored, in a wind power generator, a large-scale plant, and the like, by measuring physical quantities using various sensors. In particular, in a state monitoring system of a rotary machine, a rotational frequency and a frequency of vibration caused by abnormality of a rotary component are determined and monitored according to design specifications of a bearing and a gear which are rotary components, thereby diagnosing abnormality for each component.
For example, technology in which, when a component that has caused abnormality can be determined as a rolling bearing, focus is placed on only a frequency, due to the abnormality, which can be calculated according to design specifications of the bearing, is suggested (see, for example, Patent Document 1). Also in the case of a gear, technology in which focus is placed on a frequency, due to meshing, which can be calculated according to design specifications of the gear, to estimate an abnormal state of the gear, is suggested (see, for example, Patent Document 2).
[Patent Document 1] JP Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2006-234785
[Patent Document 2] JP Laid-open Patent Publication No. H02-240536
However, in general, since manufacturers of rotary machines do not make the design specifications public, the characteristic frequency of vibration as described above cannot be determined. Therefore, the abnormality is often determined as having occurred in a case where, when various feature values such as an effective value and a maximum value of data are calculated, a greater change is found as compared to a normal state. In this case, since an abnormal portion cannot be determined and an abnormal state cannot be estimated, adjustment of maintenance time and inspection for the cause of the abnormality are made difficult.
When an object including a gear of which design specifications are unknown is monitored for its state, abnormality of the gear cannot be sufficiently diagnosed according to feature values such as an effective value and a maximum value of data. Technology in which a frequency caused by the gear is determined according to data of a normal value is required for more specifically performing diagnosis.
An object of the present invention is to provide a state monitoring device and a state monitoring method that can determine a meshing frequency or the number of teeth which is useful for diagnosing abnormality of a gear, in a gear device having a plurality of gear pairs of which gear design specifications are unknown.
A state monitoring system of the present invention is directed to a state monitoring system for monitoring a state of a gear device including a plurality of gear pairs, and the state monitoring system includes a meshing frequency determination device configured to determine a meshing frequency of the plurality of gear pairs in one or both of a speed increaser and a speed reducer each of which is the gear device.
a sensor configured to detect a meshing vibration occurring in each gear pair,
a harmonic region setting unit configured to perform setting of an upper limit of a multiple of an estimated frequency of the meshing frequency to be inspected as a harmonic region,
an inspection frequency range setting unit in which a plurality of estimated frequency ranges to be inspected for the meshing frequency are set,
a maximum-peak-amplitude calculation unit configured to calculate a maximum peak amplitude from the meshing vibration detected by the sensor, in the estimated frequency ranges set by the inspection frequency range setting unit and in the harmonic region set by the harmonic region setting unit, and configured to select such estimated frequencies that a difference in the maximum peak amplitude between the plurality of estimated frequency ranges, is less than or equal to a predetermined multiple, and
a meshing frequency determination unit configured to determine an estimated frequency having a total value of maximum peak amplitudes calculated in the plurality of estimated frequency ranges, within a predetermined time, being k-th (k is a natural number) greatest among the estimated frequencies selected by the maximum-peak-amplitude calculation unit, as a meshing frequency of a gear pair having the k-th highest tooth surface speed.
The meshing frequency determination device includes
The predetermined multiple and the predetermined time are a multiple and a time, respectively, which are optionally determined by designing or the like. For example, appropriate multiple and time are obtained and determined according to one or both of a test and a simulation (the same applies to a state monitoring method for a gear device which is described below).
In this configuration, the harmonic region setting unit performs setting of an upper limit of a multiple of an estimated frequency of the meshing frequency to be inspected as a harmonic region. For example, the harmonic region is set based on up to what multiple of the estimated frequency often occurs as a harmonic due to meshing vibration of a normal gear pair. The inspection frequency range setting unit sets a plurality of estimated frequency ranges which are to be inspected for a meshing frequency.
The maximum-peak-amplitude calculation unit calculates a maximum peak amplitude from meshing vibration detected by the sensor, in the estimated frequency ranges, and the harmonic region having been set. Furthermore, the maximum-peak-amplitude calculation unit selects such estimated frequencies that a difference in the maximum peak amplitude between a plurality of estimated frequency ranges, is less than or equal to a predetermined multiple.
Such estimated frequencies that a difference in the maximum peak amplitude between the adjacent ranges is less than or equal to a predetermined multiple are selected, whereby discrimination between a self-induced vibration of an actual machine and a forced vibration such as a meshing frequency can be made. The meshing frequency determination unit determines an estimated frequency having a total value of maximum peak amplitudes calculated in the plurality of estimated frequency ranges, within a predetermined time, being k-th (k is a natural number) greatest among the estimated frequencies selected as discussed above, as a meshing frequency of a gear pair having the k-th highest tooth surface speed. The meshing frequency determination unit uses such a phenomenon that the higher the tooth surface speed is, the higher meshing vibration is, in a normal gear pair. Therefore, the meshing frequency, of each gear pair, which is useful for gear abnormality diagnosis can be determined.
The state monitoring system of the present invention may include a teeth number determination device configured to determine the number of teeth of a single-pinion type planetary gear device having one or both of a speed increaser and a speed reducer each of which has a plurality of gear pairs and each of which is the gear device.
the meshing frequency determination device, and
a planetary gear teeth number determination unit configured to determine the number of teeth, of the planetary gear device, with which a speed ratio is maximum, from the meshing frequency determined by the meshing frequency determination unit, by using a predetermined teeth number conditional expression for a planetary gear mechanism.
The teeth number determination device may include
The planetary gear teeth number determination unit determines the number of teeth, of the planetary gear device, with which a speed ratio becomes maximum, by using a predetermined teeth number conditional expression for a planetary gear mechanism, from the determined meshing frequency. Therefore, a frequency useful for gear abnormality diagnosis can be calculated.
In the state monitoring system, the teeth number determination device may be a teeth number determination device configured to determine the number of teeth of a speed increaser for a wind turbine including a planetary single-pinion type planetary gear device having one gear pair and a two-stage parallel shaft gear device having two gear pairs.
determine an estimated frequency having total value of the maximum peak amplitudes calculated in the plurality of estimated frequency ranges, within the predetermined time, being the greatest, as a parallel-shaft-gear intermediate-high speed shaft meshing frequency in the two-stage parallel shaft gear device;
determine an estimated frequency having the total value being the second greatest, as a parallel-shaft-gear low-intermediate speed shaft meshing frequency in the two-stage parallel shaft gear device; and
determine an estimated frequency having the total value being the third greatest, as a planetary gear meshing frequency in the planetary gear device.
the meshing frequency determination unit may be configured to:
The teeth number determination device may further include a two-stage-parallel-shaft-gear teeth number determination unit configured to determine the numbers of teeth, of the two-stage parallel shaft gear device, with which a difference in speed ratios between the two gear pairs is less than or equal to 1.5, by using the parallel-shaft-gear intermediate-high speed shaft meshing frequency and the parallel-shaft-gear low-intermediate speed shaft meshing frequency both determined by the meshing frequency determination unit, and a speed increasing ratio of the planetary gear device calculated from the number of teeth determined by the planetary gear teeth number determination unit.
45
16
45
47
The meshing frequency determination unit determines an estimated frequency having total value of the maximum peak amplitudes calculated in the plurality of estimated frequency ranges, within the predetermined time, being the greatest, as a parallel-shaft-gear intermediate-high speed shaft meshing frequency in the two-stage parallel shaft gear device; determines an estimated frequency having the total value being the second greatest, as a parallel-shaft-gear low-intermediate speed shaft meshing frequency in the two-stage parallel shaft gear device ; and determines an estimated frequency having the total value being the third greatest, as a planetary gear meshing frequency in the planetary gear device. As described above, the meshing frequency determination unit uses such a phenomenon that the higher the tooth surface speed is, the higher meshing vibration is, in a normal gear pair. Therefore, the meshing frequency, of each gear pair, which is useful for gear abnormality diagnosis can be determined. The two-stage-parallel-shaft-gear teeth number determination unit determines the numbers of teeth, of the two-stage parallel shaft gear device, with which a difference in speed ratios between the two gear pairs is less than or equal to 1.5, by using the parallel-shaft-gear intermediate-high speed shaft meshing frequency and the parallel-shaft-gear low-intermediate speed shaft meshing frequency both determined by the meshing frequency determination unit, and a speed increasing ratio of the planetary gear device calculated from the number of teeth determined by the planetary gear teeth number determination unit. The two-stage-parallel-shaft-gear teeth number determination unit sets the difference in the speed ratio between the gear pairs to be less than or equal to 1.5 in order to prevent uneven wear of the tooth surfaces of the two gear pairs. Therefore, the number of teeth, of the gear of the speed increaser for a wind turbine, which is useful for gear abnormality diagnosis can be determined.
The harmonic region setting unit may perform setting so as to determine whether or not a harmonic region up to three times an estimated frequency of the meshing frequency is to be inspected. This is because a harmonic up to three times the estimated frequency often occurs due to meshing vibration of a normal gear pair.
The state monitoring system of the present invention may include a mesh frequency determination device for any of the gear pairs, and may include a monitoring unit configured to monitor occurrence of one or both of: increase and reduction of a harmonic component; and a side band, based on the determined meshing frequency. In this configuration, the meshing frequency is known, and, for example, the monitoring unit monitors occurrence of: increase and reduction of a harmonic component; or a side band, whereby an accurate state monitoring such as calculation of an amount of wear on a tooth surface or a gear abnormality state can be performed.
A gear pair meshing frequency determining method of the present invention is a method for monitoring a state of a gear device having a plurality of gear pairs, and including a meshing frequency determining process of determining a meshing frequency of each of the plurality of gear pairs in one or both of a speed increaser and a speed reducer each of which is the gear device.
a step of detecting a meshing vibration occurring in each gear pair using a sensor,
a harmonic region setting step of performing setting an upper limit of a multiple of an estimated frequency of the meshing frequency to be inspected as a harmonic region,
an inspection frequency range setting step of setting a plurality of estimated frequency ranges to be inspected for the meshing frequency,
a maximum-peak-amplitude calculation step of calculating a maximum peak amplitude from the meshing vibration detected by the sensor, in the estimated frequency ranges set by the inspection frequency range setting step and in the harmonic region set by the harmonic region setting step, and configured to select such estimated frequencies that a difference in the maximum peak amplitude between the plurality of estimated frequency ranges, is less than or equal to a predetermined multiple, and
a meshing frequency determining step of determining an estimated frequency having a total value of maximum peak amplitudes calculated in the plurality of estimated frequency ranges, within a predetermined time, being k-th (k is a natural number) greatest among the estimated frequencies selected by the maximum-peak-amplitude calculation step, as a meshing frequency of a gear pair having the k-th highest tooth surface speed.
The meshing frequency determining process includes
In this configuration, in the harmonic region setting step, setting is performed for an upper limit of a multiple of an estimated frequency of the meshing frequency to be inspected as a harmonic region. For example, the harmonic region is set based on up to what multiple of the estimated frequency often occurs as a harmonic due to meshing vibration of a normal gear pair. In the inspection frequency range setting step, a plurality of estimated frequency ranges which are to be inspected for a meshing frequency are set.
In the maximum-peak-amplitude calculation step, a maximum peak amplitude is calculated from the meshing vibration detected by the sensor, in the estimated frequency ranges and in the harmonic region, set as discussed above. Furthermore, in the maximum-peak-amplitude calculation step, such estimated frequencies that a difference in the maximum peak amplitude between the plurality of estimated frequency ranges, is less than or equal to a predetermined multiple, are selected. Such estimated frequencies that a difference in the maximum peak amplitude is less than or equal to a predetermined multiple are selected, whereby discrimination between a self-induced vibration of an actual machine and a forced vibration such as a meshing frequency can be made.
In the meshing frequency determining step, an estimated frequency having a total value of maximum peak amplitudes calculated in the plurality of estimated frequency ranges, within a predetermined time, being k-th (k is a natural number) greatest among the estimated frequencies selected by the maximum-peak-amplitude calculation step, is determined as a meshing frequency of a gear pair having the k-th highest tooth surface speed. In the meshing frequency determining step, such a phenomenon that the higher the tooth surface speed is, the higher meshing vibration is, in a normal gear pair, is used. Therefore, the meshing frequency, of each gear pair, which is useful for gear abnormality diagnosis can be determined.
The state monitoring method of the present invention may include a teeth number determining process of determining the number of teeth of a single-pinion type planetary gear device having one or both of a speed increaser and a speed reducer each of which has a plurality of gear pairs and each of which is the gear device.
the meshing frequency determining process, and
a planetary gear teeth number determining step of determining the number of teeth, of the planetary gear device, with which a speed ratio is maximum, from the meshing frequency determined by the meshing frequency determining process, by using a predetermined teeth number conditional expression for a planetary gear mechanism.
The teeth number determining process may include
In the planetary gear teeth number determining step, the number of teeth, of the planetary gear device, with which a speed ratio becomes maximum is determined by using the teeth number conditional expression from the determined meshing frequency. Therefore, a frequency useful for gear abnormality diagnosis can be calculated.
In the state monitoring method of the present invention, the teeth number determining process may be a process of determining the number of teeth of a speed increaser for a wind turbine including a planetary single-pinion type planetary gear device having one gear pair and a two-stage parallel shaft gear device having two gear pairs.
determining an estimated frequency having total value of the maximum peak amplitudes calculated in the plurality of estimated frequency ranges, within the predetermined time, being the greatest, as a parallel-shaft-gear intermediate-high speed shaft meshing frequency in the two-stage parallel shaft gear device;
determining an estimated frequency having the total value being the second greatest, as a parallel-shaft-gear low-intermediate speed shaft meshing frequency in the two-stage parallel shaft gear device; and
determining an estimated frequency having the total value being the third greatest, as a planetary gear meshing frequency in the planetary gear device.
The meshing frequency determining process may include:
a two-stage-parallel-shaft-gear teeth number determining step of determining the numbers of teeth, of the two-stage parallel shaft gear device, with which a difference in speed ratios between the two gear pairs is less than or equal to 1.5, by using the parallel-shaft-gear intermediate-high speed shaft meshing frequency and the parallel-shaft-gear low-intermediate speed shaft meshing frequency both determined by the meshing frequency determining process, and a speed increasing ratio of the planetary gear device calculated from the number of teeth determined by the planetary gear teeth number determining step.
The teeth number determining process may further include
In the meshing frequency determining step, such an estimated frequency that the total value of the maximum peak amplitudes calculated in the plurality of estimated frequency ranges, within a predetermined time, is greatest, is determined as a parallel-shaft-gear intermediate-high speed shaft meshing frequency by the two-stage parallel shaft gear device. Such an estimated frequency that the total value is the second greatest is determined as the parallel-shaft-gear low-intermediate speed shaft meshing frequency by the two-stage parallel shaft gear device. Such an estimated frequency that the total value is the third greatest is determined as the planetary gear meshing frequency by the planetary gear device. As described above, in the meshing frequency determining step, such a phenomenon that the higher the tooth surface speed is, the higher meshing vibration is, in a normal gear pair, is used. In the two-stage-parallel-shaft-gear teeth number determining step, the numbers of teeth, of the two-stage parallel shaft gear device, with which a difference in speed ratio between the two gear pairs is less than or equal to 1.5, is determined by using the parallel-shaft-gear intermediate-high speed shaft meshing frequency and the parallel-shaft-gear low-intermediate speed shaft meshing frequency, and a speed increasing ratio, of the planetary gear device, which can be calculated from the number of teeth determined in the planetary gear teeth number determining step. Therefore, the number of teeth, of the gear of the speed increaser for a wind turbine, which is useful for gear abnormality diagnosis can be determined.
Any combination of at least two constructions, disclosed in the appended claims and/or the specification and/or the accompanying drawings should be construed as included within the scope of the present invention. In particular, any combination of two or more of the appended claims should be equally construed as included within the scope of the present invention.
FIG. 1
FIG. 8
FIG. 1
FIG. 3
FIG. 3
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A state monitoring system according to one embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to to . As shown in , a state monitoring system Stm is a system that monitors a state of a gear device such as a speed increaser in a wind power generator (hereinafter, may be simply referred to as “wind turbine”) , and includes a monitoring device , a data server , and a monitoring terminal . The monitoring device has a plurality of sensors Sa, Sb (), and has a function of calculating necessary measurement data from detected values by the sensors Sa, Sb () and transmitting the data to the data server . The data server and the monitoring terminal are connected to each other by, for example, a corporate LAN (LAN: Local Area Network). The measurement data received by the data server is outputted by the monitoring terminal described below. The monitoring terminal displays specific analysis of the measurement data, change of setting of the monitoring device , and a state of each device in the wind power generator .
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FIG. 2
FIG. 3
FIG. 3
The wind power generator will be described. As shown in , the wind power generator includes a main shaft , a blade , a speed increaser which is a gear device, a generator , and a main bearing . The wind power generator includes the plurality of sensors Sa, Sb () and the monitoring device . The speed increaser , the generator , the main bearing , the plurality of sensors Sa, Sb (), and the monitoring device are accommodated in a nacelle , and the nacelle is supported by a tower . The main shaft is connected to an input shaft of the speed increaser , and rotatably supported by the main bearing . The blade is disposed at the leading end of a main shaft , and receives wind. The main shaft transmits rotational torque generated by the blade that has received wind, to the input shaft of the speed increaser . The main bearing is implemented as a rolling bearing such as a self-aligning roller bearing, a tapered roller bearing, a cylindrical roller bearing, and a ball bearing.
FIG. 3
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As shown in , two kinds of sensors, that is, an acceleration sensor Sa and a rotation speed sensor Sb are disposed as the plurality of sensors Sa, Sb. The acceleration sensor Sa is fixed to a casing of the speed increaser . The acceleration sensor Sa detects meshing vibration generated from each gear pair. The rotation speed sensor Sb measures a rotation speed (main shaft rotation speed) of a carrier described below.
FIG. 2
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As shown in , the speed increaser is disposed between the main shaft and the generator . The speed increaser increases a rotation speed of the main shaft for output to the generator . The generator is connected to an output shaft (high speed shaft) of the speed increaser , and generates power by the rotational torque received from the speed increaser . As the generator , for example, an induction generator is used.
FIG. 3
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As shown in , the speed increaser for a wind turbine includes a planetary single-pinion type planetary gear device including one gear pair, and a two-stage parallel shaft gear device including two gear pairs. The planetary gear device and the two-stage parallel shaft gear device are disposed in the same casing . The planetary gear device increases rotation speed of an input shaft , and transmits the rotation to a low speed shaft .
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The low speed shaft is disposed so as to be concentric with the input shaft . The two-stage parallel shaft gear device further increases rotation speed of the low speed shaft and transmits the rotation to a high speed shaft that is an output shaft.
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The planetary gear device includes a sun gear , planetary gears , and an internal gear . Each planetary gear meshes with the sun gear and the internal gear . The internal gear is disposed on the inner circumferential surface of the casing . The low speed shaft is rotatably supported by the low speed bearings and . The sun gear is fixed to the outer circumferential surface of the low speed shaft .
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The planetary gears are supported by the carrier . The carrier is an input portion of the planetary gear device , and is disposed integrally and concentrically with the input shaft . The carrier is supported by the casing via planetary carrier bearings and so as to turn. The planetary carrier bearing is disposed on the rotor side in the casing , and the planetary carrier bearing is disposed on the generator side in the casing . The carrier has a plurality of planetary shafts spaced at regular intervals around the circumference. The planetary gears are rotatably supported by the planetary shafts via planetary bearings .
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The two-stage parallel shaft gear device includes a low-speed-shaft large gear and an intermediate-speed-shaft small gear of a first gear pair, and an intermediate-speed-shaft large gear and a high-speed-shaft small gear of a second gear pair. The low-speed-shaft large gear is fixed to the outer circumference of the low speed shaft . In the casing , bearings and are supported in a portion radially outward of the low speed shaft , and an intermediate speed shaft is rotatably supported via the bearings and . The intermediate-speed-shaft small gear is fixed to the outer circumference of the intermediate speed shaft , and the intermediate-speed-shaft small gear and the low-speed-shaft large gear are disposed so as to mesh with each other.
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In the casing , the high speed shaft is disposed in a portion radially outward of the intermediate speed shaft . The high speed shaft is rotatably supported via bearings and supported in the casing . The high speed shaft , the intermediate speed shaft , and the low speed shaft are disposed so as to be parallel to the input shaft . The intermediate-speed-shaft large gear is fixed to the outer circumference of the intermediate speed shaft . The intermediate-speed-shaft large gear meshes with the high-speed-shaft small gear fixed to the outer circumference of the high speed shaft . The lower portion of the casing forms an oil bath of lubricating oil.
FIG. 2
FIG. 3
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As shown in and , when the blade receives wind and the input shaft rotates, the carrier turns. Thus, the planetary gears revolve. Each planetary gear revolves while meshing with the internal gear , and thus rotates. The planetary gear that rotates while revolving meshes with the sun gear , so that the speed of the sun gear is increased and the sun gear rotates relative to the input shaft . The speed of rotation of the sun gear is further increased by the two-stage parallel shaft gear device , and the rotation is transmitted to the high speed shaft that is the output shaft. A high speed rotation that enables power generation can be obtained by the high speed shaft .
FIG. 4
FIG. 2
FIG. 2
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is a block diagram illustrating a control system of the state monitoring system Stm. The state monitoring system Stm includes a teeth number determination device for determining the number of teeth of the speed increaser (). The teeth number determination device includes the monitoring device , the data server , and a controller of the monitoring terminal . The teeth number determination device includes a meshing frequency determination device . The meshing frequency determination device determines a meshing frequency of each of a plurality (three in this example) of gear pairs. The following description also includes description of a teeth number determining method for determining the number of teeth of the speed increaser (), and description of a meshing frequency determining method for determining a meshing frequency of the gear pair.
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The monitoring terminal includes the controller that is a monitoring unit, and a display unit . The controller includes a computer such as a microcomputer and a program executed by the computer, and an electronic circuit and the like. The controller includes a harmonic region setting unit , an inspection frequency range setting unit , a maximum-peak-amplitude calculation unit , a meshing frequency determination unit , a planetary gear teeth number determination unit , and a two-stage-parallel-shaft-gear teeth number determination unit .
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FIG. 3
The harmonic region setting unit performs setting of an upper limit of a multiple of an estimated frequency of a meshing frequency of each gear pair of the speed increaser () to be inspected as a harmonic region. In this example, setting is performed so as to determine whether or not the harmonic region up to three times an estimated frequency of a meshing frequency is to be inspected. This is because a harmonic up to three times the estimated frequency often occurs due to meshing vibration of a normal gear pair.
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The inspection frequency range setting unit sets a plurality of estimated frequency ranges which are to be inspected for a meshing frequency. The estimated frequency ranges to be inspected are as follows.
Range (1) estimated frequency±½ of rotational frequency
Range (2) estimated frequency×2±½ of rotational frequency
Range (3) estimated frequency×3±½ of rotational frequency
The ranges (1) to (3) are set as a set of inspection frequency ranges. A rotational frequency of a lower-speed gear is preferably used in order to prevent influence of a side band.
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FIG. 3
The maximum-peak-amplitude calculation unit calculates a maximum peak amplitude from meshing vibration detected by a predetermined acceleration sensor Sa (), in the estimated frequency ranges as described above, and the harmonic region having been set as described above. The maximum-peak-amplitude calculation unit calculates the maximum peak amplitude in each of the ranges (1) to (3), and selects such estimated frequencies that a difference in the maximum peak amplitude between a plurality of estimated frequency ranges, is less than or equal to a predetermined multiple.
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Specifically, the maximum-peak-amplitude calculation unit selects such estimated frequencies that a difference in the maximum peak amplitude between the range (1) and the range (2) is less than or equal to ten times, and a difference in the maximum peak amplitude between the range (2) and the range (3) is less than or equal to ten times. Thus, comparison between the maximum peak amplitudes of the estimated frequency and the harmonic up to at least three times the estimated frequency is performed, and such estimated frequencies that a difference in the maximum peak amplitude between the adjacent ranges is less than or equal to ten times are selected, whereby discrimination between a self-induced vibration of an actual machine and a forced vibration such as a meshing frequency can be made.
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The meshing frequency determination unit determines an estimated frequency having a total value of maximum peak amplitudes calculated in the plurality of estimated frequency ranges, within a predetermined time, being k-th (k is a natural number) greatest among the estimated frequencies selected as described above, as a meshing frequency of a gear pair having the k-th highest tooth surface speed.
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FIG. 3
Specifically, the meshing frequency determination unit determines an estimated frequency having total value of the maximum peak amplitudes calculated in the plurality of estimated frequency ranges, within a predetermined time (in this example, for 10 seconds), being greatest among the estimated frequencies selected by the maximum-peak-amplitude calculation unit , as a parallel-shaft-gear intermediate-high speed shaft meshing frequency by the two-stage parallel shaft gear device ().
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FIG. 3
FIG. 3
The meshing frequency determination unit determines an estimated frequency having total value being the second greatest, as the parallel-shaft-gear low-intermediate speed shaft meshing frequency in the two-stage parallel shaft gear device (). The meshing frequency determination unit determines an estimated frequency having total value being the third greatest, as the planetary gear meshing frequency in the planetary gear device ().
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When the gear is normal, a meshing vibration waveform is close to a sinewave, and the peak amplitude at the frequency corresponds to the meshing frequency. However, in the case of an actual machine, the sinewave is distorted into a rectangular waveform due to an error in mounting the gears and eccentricity of the gears, and a peak amplitude at a higher-order meshing frequency occurs. The meshing frequency determination unit uses such a phenomenon, inspects for a frequency at which harmonic occurs, and can determine a meshing frequency based on the FET analysis result. Furthermore, the meshing frequency determination unit uses such a phenomenon that the higher the tooth surface speed is, the higher meshing vibration is, in a normal gear pair. The meshing frequency determination device includes the harmonic region setting unit , the inspection frequency range setting unit , the maximum-peak-amplitude calculation unit , and the meshing frequency determination unit in the controller .
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FIG. 3
The planetary gear teeth number determination unit determines the number of teeth, of the planetary gear device (), with which a speed ratio becomes maximum, by using a predetermined teeth number conditional expression for a planetary gear mechanism, from the determined planetary gear meshing frequency. The teeth number calculation expression using the planetary gear meshing frequency and the teeth number conditional expression for the planetary gear mechanism are as follows.
FIG. 3
FIG. 4
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Expression for calculating the number of teeth of the internal gear by using a planetary gear meshing frequency
As shown in and , np represents a carrier rotation speed of the planetary gear device , GMFp represents a planetary gear meshing frequency, Zr represents the number of teeth of the internal gear , Zp represents the number of teeth of the planetary gear , and Zs represents the number of teeth of the sun gear . The number of the planetary gears is represented as N, and is known in the present embodiment. In order to prevent a cutting phenomenon in which a part of a tooth profile curve of a tooth root of the gear is cut by an edge straight portion of a tool, the number of teeth is greater than “17” for all the gears.
Zr=GMFp/np
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Coaxial state condition: condition to be satisfied in order to make the internal gear , the planetary gear , and the sun gear coaxial with each other
Expression (1)
Zr=Zs+
Zp
Adjacency condition: condition to be satisfied in order to prevent the planetary gears from interfering with each other due to striking
2 Expression (2)
Zp+
Zr−Zp
N
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Assembly condition: condition to be satisfied in order to dispose the planetary gears at regular intervals
2<()sin(180°/) Expression (3)
Zr+Zs
N
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Interference prevention: condition to be satisfied in order to prevent the tooth root of the planetary gear and the tooth tip of the internal gear from interfering with each other
Integer=()/ Expression (4)
Zp>
19 Expression (5)
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The planetary gear teeth number determination unit calculates the number Zr of teeth of the internal gear according to Expression (1) by using the planetary gear meshing frequency GMFp determined by the meshing frequency determination unit , and a carrier rotation speed (main shaft rotation speed) np obtained by the rotation speed sensor Sb. The planetary gear teeth number determination unit restricts a possible range for the number Zp of teeth of the planetary gear , according to Expression (3) and Expression (5) by using the number Zr of teeth, of the internal gear , having been calculated.
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The planetary gear teeth number determination unit calculates a combination (Zp, Zs) of the number of teeth of the planetary gear and the number of teeth of the sun gear , by using Expression (2), in the restricted range for the number Zp of teeth. Furthermore, the planetary gear teeth number determination unit determines a combination, among the calculated combinations (Zp, Zs) of the numbers of teeth, which satisfies Expression (4) and has the greatest speed increasing ratio Zr/Zs+1. Therefore, the numbers (Zr, Zp, Zs) of teeth of the internal gear , the planetary gear , and the sun gear , respectively, of the planetary gear device can be determined.
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The two-stage-parallel-shaft-gear teeth number determination unit determines the numbers of teeth, of the two-stage parallel shaft gear device , with which a difference in speed ratio between the two gear pairs is less than or equal to 1.5, by using the parallel-shaft-gear intermediate-high speed shaft meshing frequency and the parallel-shaft-gear low-intermediate speed shaft meshing frequency which have been determined by the meshing frequency determination unit , and a speed increasing ratio, of the planetary gear device , which can be calculated from the number of teeth determined by the planetary gear teeth number determination unit .
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Expression for calculating the number of teeth of the high-speed-shaft small gear by using the parallel-shaft-gear intermediate-high speed shaft meshing frequency
An expression for calculation with the parallel-shaft-gear intermediate-high speed shaft meshing frequency and the parallel-shaft-gear low-intermediate speed shaft meshing frequency which are used by the two-stage-parallel-shaft-gear teeth number determination unit , and an expression for calculating the teeth number ratio between intermediate-speed-shaft small gear and large gear by using a speed increasing ratio are as follows. GMFmh represents a parallel-shaft-gear intermediate-high speed shaft meshing frequency, GMFlm represents a parallel-shaft-gear low-intermediate speed shaft meshing frequency, Zlg represents the number of teeth of the low-speed-shaft large gear , Zmp represents the number of teeth of the intermediate-speed-shaft small gear , Zmg represents the number of teeth of the intermediate-speed-shaft large gear , and Zhp represents the number of teeth of the high-speed-shaft small gear . I represents the entire speed increasing ratio which is known. Ip represents a planetary gear speed increasing ratio Zr/Zs+1 by the planetary gear teeth number determination unit .
Zhp
np×I
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Expression for calculating the number of teeth of the low-speed-shaft large gear by using the parallel-shaft-gear low-intermediate speed shaft meshing frequency
=GMFmh/() Expression (6)
Zlg
np×Ip
Expression for calculating a teeth number ratio between intermediate-speed-shaft small gear and large gear
=GMFlm/() Expression (7)
Zmg/Zmp
I/Ip
Zhp/Zlg
=()×() Expression (8)
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The two-stage-parallel-shaft-gear teeth number determination unit calculates Zhp and Zlg according to Expression (6) and Expression (7) by using GMFmh and GMFlm determined by the meshing frequency determination unit . The teeth number ratio Zmg/Zmp is calculated according to Expression (8) by using the calculated Zhp and Zlg. A combination (Zmg, Zmp) with which a difference between the speed ratios Zlg/Zmp and Zmg/Zhp of the gear pairs of the parallel shaft gear is less than or equal to 1.5 is determined, whereby Zlg, Zmg, Zmp, and Zhp can be determined. The two-stage-parallel-shaft-gear teeth number determination unit sets the difference in the speed ratio between the gear pairs to be less than or equal to 1.5 in order to prevent uneven wear of the tooth surfaces of the two gear pairs.
FIG. 5
FIG. 4
FIG. 5
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illustrates a meshing frequency, of each gear pair, determined by the meshing frequency determination unit. As shown in and , the controller controls the display unit so as to display the meshing frequency of each gear pair. The meshing frequency determination unit can determine, for example, the planetary gear meshing frequency GMFp as 36.47 Hz, the parallel-shaft-gear low-intermediate speed shaft meshing frequency GMFlm as 203.1 Hz, and the parallel-shaft-gear intermediate-high speed shaft meshing frequency GMFmh as 968.2 Hz.
FIG. 6
FIG. 4
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A specific example of a meshing frequency determining algorithm will be described below. is a flow chart showing a meshing frequency determining process, by the meshing frequency determination unit, which is included in the state monitoring method, for a gear device, according to the present embodiment. The following description will be made also with reference to as appropriate. The meshing frequency determining process according to the present embodiment includes a harmonic region setting process step (step a1), an inspection frequency range setting process step (step a2), a maximum-peak-amplitude calculation process step (step a3), and a meshing frequency determining process step (step a4). The process steps described in order starting from the smallest step number are controlled by the harmonic region setting unit , the inspection frequency range setting unit , the maximum-peak-amplitude calculation unit , and the meshing frequency determination unit , respectively.
Step a1: After the start of the process, setting is performed so as to determine an upper limit of a multiple of an estimated frequency is to be inspected as a harmonic. In the present embodiment, a harmonic up to three times the estimated frequency is set to be inspected.
Step a2: An inspection frequency range is set. The inspection frequency range is as follows.
Range (1) estimated frequency±½ of rotational frequency
Range (2) estimated frequency×2±½ of rotational frequency
Range (3) estimated frequency×3±½ of rotational frequency
The ranges (1) to (3) are set as a set of inspection frequency ranges. A rotational frequency of a lower-speed gear is preferably used in order to prevent influence of a side band.
Step a3: A maximum peak amplitude is calculated in each of the inspection frequency ranges (1) to (3). At this time, such estimated frequencies that a difference in the maximum peak amplitude between the range (1) and the range (2) is less than or equal to ten times, and a difference in the maximum peak amplitude between the range (2) and the range (3) is less than or equal to ten times, are selected.
Step a4: Such an estimated frequency that the total value of the maximum peak amplitudes in the inspection frequency ranges (1) to (3) is greatest among the estimated frequencies having been selected in step a3, is determined as GMFmh, such an estimated frequency that the total value is the second greatest is determined as GMFlm, and such an estimated frequency that the total value is the third greatest is determined as GMFp. Thereafter, the process is ended.
FIG. 7
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An example of an algorithm for determining the numbers (Zr, Zp, Zs) of teeth of the planetary gear device from GMFp, np, and N will be described below. is a flow chart showing a process step (planetary gear teeth number determining process step) of determining the number of teeth of the planetary gear device. This process step is controlled by the planetary gear teeth number determination unit .
FIG. 3
Step b1: After the start of the process, np measured by the rotation speed sensor Sb () (step b0) and the determined GMFp are substituted into Expression (1), to obtain Zr=110.515. By this being rounded up, “111” is determined as Zr.
Step b2: 19<Zp<50 is obtained according to Expression (3) and Expression (5) by using Zr=111 having been determined, whereby a range for the number Zp of teeth can be restricted.
Step b3: In 19<Zp<50, a combination (Zp, Zs), of the number of teeth of the planetary gear and the number of teeth of the sun gear, which satisfies Expression (2) is calculated. The calculated combinations (Zp, Zs) are indicated below. A combination in which at least one of the numbers of teeth is less than or equal to 17 is excluded.
Zp,Zs
()=(20,71)(21,69)(22,67)(23,65)(24,63)(25,61)(26,59)(27,57)(28,55)(29,53)(30,51)(31,49)(32,47)(33,45)(34,43)(35,41)(36,39)(37,37)(38,35)(39,33)(40,31)(41,29)(42,27)(43,25)(44,23)(45,21)(46,19)
Step b4: Combinations (Zp, Zs) in step b3 which satisfy Expression (4) are determined. The determined combinations (Zp, Zs) are indicated below.
Zp,Zs
()=(21,69)(24,63)(27,57)(30,51)(33,45)(36,39)(39,33)(42,27)(45,21)
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Step b5: The combination in step b4 which has the greatest speed ratio Zr/Zs+1 is (Zp, Zs)=(45, 21). Therefore, the numbers of teeth (Zr, Zp, Zs)=(111, 45, 21) can be determined. The controller controls the display unit so as to display the numbers (Zr, Zp, Zs) of teeth.
FIG. 8
47
An example of an algorithm for determining the numbers (Zlg, Zmp, Zmg, Zhp) of teeth of the two-stage parallel shaft gear device from GMFlm and GMFmh will be described below. is a flow chart showing a process step (two-stage-parallel-shaft-gear teeth number determining process step) of determining the number of teeth of the two-stage parallel shaft gear device. The process step is controlled by the two-stage-parallel-shaft-gear teeth number determination unit .
After the start of the process, a high speed shaft rotation speed np×I and a low speed shaft rotation speed np×Ip are calculated from the measured main shaft rotation speed np (step c0), I, and Ip (step c1).
The calculated high speed shaft rotation speed np×I and the low speed shaft rotation speed np×Ip, and the determined GMFmh and GMFlm are substituted into Expression (6) and Expression (7) to obtain Zhp=31.866 and Zlg=97.913. By these being rounded up, (Zhp, Zlg)=(32, 98) can be determined (step c2). The values obtained in step c2 are substituted into Expression (8) to calculate the teeth number ratio Zmg/Zmp. 17<Zmp<98 is obtained as the range for Zmp according to the cutting prevention condition and Zlg (step c3). Zing is calculated from the integer Zmp in the range by using the teeth number ratio Zmg/Zmp (step c4). At this time, Zmg is not obtained as an integer due to measurement accuracy for the rotational frequency and the speed increasing ratio in many cases.
When Zmg which is closest to an integer and which satisfies a condition that a difference between the speed ratios Zlg/Zmp and Zmg/Zhp is less than or equal to 1.5 is determined among (Zmg, Zmp) obtained in step c4, (Zmg, Zmp)=(109.981, 23) is obtained. By this being rounded up, (Zmg, Zmp)=(110, 23) can be determined (step c5).
Testing was performed so as to confirm whether or not the meshing frequency and the number of teeth which were determined by using the algorithms were equal to values for a speed increaser including therein gears having known design specifications.
FIG. 2
FIG. 2
Meshing frequency of planetary gear: acceleration sensor Sc () for speed increaser input bearing and acceleration sensor Sd () for speed increaser planetary bearing
FIG. 2
FIG. 2
Meshing frequency of parallel-shaft-gear low/intermediate speed shaft: acceleration sensor Se () for speed increaser low speed bearing and acceleration sensor Sf () for speed increaser intermediate speed bearing
FIG. 2
FIG. 2
Meshing frequency of parallel-shaft-gear intermediate/high speed shaft: acceleration sensor Sf () for speed increaser intermediate speed bearing and acceleration sensor Sg () for speed increaser high speed bearing
In the testing, the sensor for the determined meshing frequency of each gear pair is as follows.
In this testing, vibration was measured for 10 seconds by each of the plurality of acceleration sensors Sc to Sg. N, np, and I as preconditions, and GMFp, GMFlm, GMFmh, Zr, Zp, Zs, Zlg, Zmp, Zmg, and Zhp which are to be determined are indicated below. The units for np, GMFp, GMFlm, and GMFmh are Hz.
TABLE 1
Precondition
N
3
np
0.33
I
92.07
Determined
GMFp
36.5
GMFlm
202.4
GMFmh
968.8
Zr
111
Zp
45
Zs
21
Zlg
98
Zmp
23
Zmg
110
Zhp
32
FIG. 9
FIG. 9
Thus, it was confirmed that the meshing frequency and the number of teeth determined by the algorithms of the present embodiment were equal to the values indicated above. shows the frequency range for the measurement data by each sensor during a rated operation in this testing. In , although a myriad of peaks can be confirmed, a peak representing the meshing frequency cannot be identified.
45
45
39
In the state monitoring system Stm and the state monitoring method using the same, the meshing frequency determination unit determines an estimated frequency having total value of the maximum peak amplitudes calculated in the plurality of estimated frequency ranges, within a predetermined time, being the k-th (k is a natural number) greatest among the selected estimated frequencies, as a meshing frequency of a gear pair having the k-th highest tooth surface speed. The meshing frequency determination unit uses such a phenomenon that the higher the tooth surface speed is, the higher meshing vibration is, in a normal gear pair. Therefore, the meshing frequency, of each gear pair, which is useful for gear abnormality diagnosis can be determined. The controller monitors occurrence of one or both of: increase and reduction of a harmonic component; and a side band, according to the determined meshing frequency, whereby an accurate state monitoring such as calculation of an amount of wear on a tooth surface or a gear abnormality state can be performed.
22
21
20
15
29
30
31
32
16
In the state monitoring system Stm and the state monitoring method using the same, the number of teeth of each of the internal gear , the planetary gear , and the sun gear of the planetary gear device can be determined from the measurement data. Furthermore, the number of teeth of each of the low-speed-shaft large gear , the intermediate-speed-shaft small gear , the intermediate-speed-shaft large gear , and the high-speed-shaft small gear of the two-stage parallel shaft gear device can be determined. Therefore, a frequency useful for gear abnormality diagnosis can be calculated and a diagnosis accuracy of the state monitoring system Stm can be enhanced.
The state monitoring system Stm may monitor one or both of states of a speed increaser and a speed reducer as a gear device used in, for example, a large-scale plant.
An acceleration sensor is used as each sensor. However, the sensor is not limited only to an acceleration sensor. As each sensor, for example, a speed sensor, a displacement sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, or an acoustic sensor may be used.
Although the modes for carrying out the present invention have been described on the basis of the embodiments, the embodiments disclosed herein are illustrative in all aspects and not restrictive. The scope of the present invention is indicated by the claims, rather than by the above description, and is intended to include any modifications within the scope and meaning equivalent to the claims.
1
. . . Wind power generator (Wind turbine)
7
. . . Speed increaser (Gear device)
38
. . . Teeth number determination device
39
. . . Control device (Monitoring unit)
40
. . . Meshing frequency determination device
42
. . . Harmonic region setting unit
43
. . . Inspection frequency range setting unit
44
. . . Maximum-peak-amplitude calculation unit
45
. . . Meshing frequency determination unit
46
. . . Planetary gear teeth number determination unit
47
. . . Two-stage-parallel-shaft-gear teeth number determination unit
Sa . . . Acceleration sensor (sensor)
Stm . . . State monitoring system
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
In any event, the present invention will become more clearly understood from the following description of preferred embodiments thereof, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. However, the embodiments and the drawings are given only for the purpose of illustration and explanation, and are not to be taken as limiting the scope of the present invention in any way whatsoever, which scope is to be determined by the appended claims. In the accompanying drawings, like reference numerals are used to denote like parts throughout the several views, and:
FIG. 1
schematically illustrates the entire configuration of a state monitoring system according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2
schematically illustrates a wind power generator to be monitored by the state monitoring system;
FIG. 3
is a cross-sectional view of a speed increaser of the wind power generator;
FIG. 4
is a block diagram illustrating a control system of the state monitoring system;
FIG. 5
illustrates a meshing frequency, of each gear pair, determined by the meshing frequency determination unit of the state monitoring system;
FIG. 6
is a flow chart showing a meshing frequency determining method performed by the meshing frequency determination unit;
FIG. 7
is a flow chart showing a process step of determining the number of teeth of a planetary gear device of the speed increaser;
FIG. 8
is a flow chart showing a process step of determining the number of teeth of a two-stage parallel shaft gear device of the speed increaser; and
FIG. 9
shows a frequency range for measurement data by each sensor during a rated operation in testing. | |
Days Pass, Years Vanish, and we walk sightless among miracles. (Jewish Sabbath Prayer)
Sabbath is a time of glorious reorientation! The Divine order and rhythm of our lives is reestablished. The scales on our eyes of faith fall off and our vision is restored. We are enabled to embrace infinity and all of the wonder and mystery it entails. The smallness of our world is replaced through our glimpsing of Infinity in all of its glory.
We no longer walk sightless among miracles! | https://sherrirene.com/sabbath-keeping-6/ |
Q:
Is 'acceptance' going to be any use at all here?
I'm seeing a trend, but perhaps others won't agree.
Most questions benefit from multiple answers.
Here's an example.
My proposal, which perhaps needs to go to the main meta site, is that cooking should allow multiple acceptance. That's right, if the OP thinks that three people have contributed useful responses, the OP should be able to accept-em-all.
Another option is for us to largely ignore the accept button on this site. What I really don't want to start seeing is 'acceptance ratio harassment' spreading here from stackoverflow.
A:
If "accept" still means "this is the answer that answered my question", then I don't see a problem with the way it works today. Plenty of questions on other sites with multiple, helpful answers and only one accepted - just because the OP found one answer particularly helpful doesn't mean others won't find other answers useful.
I do think the "compile portions of disparate answers into a single, comprehensive answer" strategy should be encouraged though: I suspect many questions will find themselves collecting multiple valid answers, with each pertaining to a very specific scenario - getting someone to come along and make sense of all these would be nice to see...
A:
Having now had a little experience with the site here, (and almost none with SO), I find the acceptance idea to be less compelling here.
I've been going through peoples old questions and giving better answers than their 'accepted' ones.
Is this sensible? I don't know if it will benefit my reputation here, but a lot of the 'accepted' answers for 1 answer questions are, frankly, shoddy work. Either uninformed, or lazy writing or some combination. Assuming that they will be searched and found in the future, the answers should be better than they currently are.
That said, the nature of these questions and answers are very different than "Is there an O(n log n) solution to Y problem?"
One HUGE difference here as I think about this is it's highly likely that the questioner may be totally unable to validate the correctness of an answer given. That's very different from programming, where essentially our compilers/interpreters validate the correctness of an answer.
I may know exactly why your hollandaise breaks, or your ragu is bad, but that doesn't mean you will be able to fix it based on my advice.
I'm less sure about solutions -- I can think of some possibilities -- abolishing correctness, or just giving a 'correctness' bonus to the highest rated comment, in effect crowd-sourcing the 'correct answer', or possibly 'correct answer' is voted on so that everyone can choose their own correct answer and keep it different from the ratings. Here is where my lack of knowledge of SO hurts -- I'm not sure what analogous situations have come up already elsewhere.
Another possibility is to encourage people to 'try out' answers before accepting, and then you could always mail them periodically to come back and accept. This could be a sort of community solution to the opportunities / problems the software presents.
| |
The History Colorado Center is a museum in Denver, Colorado, USA dedicated to the history of the state of Colorado. Construction on the $111 million building started on 19 August 2009. The museum opened on 28 April 2012 at 1200 Broadway, one block south of the site of its predecessor, the Colorado History Museum, which closed in 2010. The center is administered by History Colorado, formerly the Colorado Historical Society.
|Monday||10:00 AM – 5:00 PM|
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|Wednesday||10:00 AM – 5:00 PM|
|Thursday||10:00 AM – 5:00 PM|
|Friday||10:00 AM – 5:00 PM|
|Saturday||10:00 AM – 5:00 PM|
|Sunday||10:00 AM – 5:00 PM|
The History Colorado Center is a pretty museum with a bunch of interactive exhibits where you can let your kids pretty much run free. It does have 4 floors of exhibits so it can take several hours. It covers everything from farming in the east to mining in the west to native peoples. I wish it had a few more exhibits and a little more depth to some subjects, but I really liked it.
Great museum all about colorado. Great for older kids but adults can have a great time as well. I learned something! Plan on spending 2+ hours there. Parking garage located next door. If you get a membership it's almost the cost of the ticket plus you get passes to Georgetown railroad that are valued more than the membership!
My expectations were met and then some. Was very pleased to see how much interaction was available. We had a really good time!
Want to know when Colorado became a territory? Want to know who settled the state? Want to know what was the first National Park? Want to know who first explored Colordo? Want to know about the Gold Rush or why the Mint is based in Denver? Who was Pike? Look on Wikipedia I guess. You won’t find history here. Instead you will find experiential and topic based exhibits aimed at Elementary/Junior High Students. The exhibits could be condensed to one floor of this massive building. The Dust Bowl exhibit was good. So was the exhibit on the Red Rocks amphitheater. Overall the museum was a disappointment. We did it an about an hour.
I learned a lot about the State of Colorado that I did not know. The exhibits were relevant and gave me a lot to think about after I left. We will be going back again as the exhibits change. Great place to visit
I was pleasantly surprised by how great this place is. It's beautiful, clean, friendly and on the day we went, quiet! It was a Saturday! It's interactive too so my 6 year old loved it. She went 2 days in a row! Loved all the Colorado info
Great for young school-aged kids. Some of the recreated settings with audio narration were really good for all ages, especially the Japanese internment camp and the dust bowl.
History Colorado's great museum with plenty of revolving exhibits to interest anyone interested in colorado. 4 floors of exhibits and a really helpful staff along with guides curators and support. Located next to the Denver art museum and other relevant places in the heart of Denver, It's a great place to make a day of museums.
I am amazed at the videos about the Japanese internment camps and the video on the sand Creek massacre. The down stairs is a fun interactive trip into the 1920s life in colorado upstairs there are many different things to do, a mine, Bents fort native Americans and so much more. I love the new space and it's changing!
You can think of the museum as a social studies class rather than a history class on Colorado. It contains a series of vignettes of life in Colorado rather than an attempt at a unifying historical narrative. Perhaps it’s just as well that the building owners have chosen the rather strange jumble of words for its name (History Colorado Center) rather than more gramerically satisfying titles like the Colorado History Center or, perhaps more appropriately, the Colorado Social Studies Center. The word jumbled title is indicative the hodgepodge nature of the center’s perspective on Colorado history.
Fairly interesting museum, but somewhat sparse. We enjoyed the museum but it seemed like they were struggling to fill the space. Most of the exhibits seemed a bit chaotic -- even when we tried, we couldn't follow the sequence. All in all -- nice museum, but a bit pricey for the content.
As a Wisconsin visitor to Denver with my 86 yo mother, I was very pleased to see they had a ramp and free use of a wheelchair. Price was reasonable, staff pleasant, helpful and seemed to enjoy their job. The baseball exhibit was awesome. It was nice to have someone their so knowledgeable about everything. Really enjoyed the 100 room too! Highly recommend.
My wife works right next door and had been to the museum and suggested we go as a family. We decided to support the facility and got a family annual pass since there were a few upcoming exhibits we wanted to see. When you become a member, you get unlimited access to the museum, early access to exhibits, and lots of other perks like Georgetown Loop tickets.The early access is nice because exhibits can be very busy once open to the public. Parking can be tricky, but we've always managed to find a meter someone on the block, and it's only $2 for 2 hours which is perfect. The exhibits can be quite spread out throughout the museum on different floors, but it's not too difficult to navigate among wide staircases or elevators.
History Colorado is a fun place to bring the kids and grandparents. There are hands on exhibits throughout the museum and it’s fun to learn more about Colorado. I found the Dust Bowl exhibit an interesting, informative and fun experience. The 100 Items showing the history of Colorado was also a cool way to show history and there are some wonderful pieces in the collection including Molly Browns Opera cloak and Baby Doe Tabors bedroom vanity! My son was disappointed that the time machines weren’t there anymore. Overall, we enjoyed exploring the museum!
Great history museum with high-production exhibitions. Particularly liked the thoughtful interactivity in the Destination Colorado exhibit about Keota--great for kids. LOVED the a/v production on the Dust Bowl in Living West. Also liked the Play Ball! exhibit. The exhibit text is well written throughout. We only had about 50 minutes to spend and definitely could have spent 3+ hours to look at all of the exhibits in great detail. They give a deep discount if you arrive late, which is nice. No museum professionals discount, though. Also gave us a pass to visit an historic site, but that was our last day in Denver.
The Museum has done a wonderful job of curating a collection that is engaging and fun for all ages. The collection reflects a variety of topics and interests, which I love about a good museum. Bonus is the other floors - great exhibits on the history of Colorado and Native Americans. Highly recommend.
Great museum with a great range of exhibits on four floors. Reasonable entry fee ($14 when I went). I thought the 100 items and A-Z of Denver the highlights. Two hours wasn't quite enough for me to get to everything I wanted to see, which is a good sign. | https://www.wander.am/travel/denver-322/places/history-colorado-center-4324.en.html |
America and Americans: The World's Warmonger(s)
Facts (from the Business Insider):
15 Facts About Military Spending That Will Blow Your Mind
America spends more on its military than THE NEXT 15 COUNTRIES COMBINED
The total known land area occupied by U.S. bases and facilities is 15,654 square miles -- bigger than D.C., Massachusetts, and New Jersey combined.
By 2033 the U.S. will be paying $59 billion a year to its veterans injured in the wars
In 2007, the amount of money labeled 'wasted' or 'lost' in Iraq -- $11 billion -- could pay 220,000 teachers salaries
Defense spending is higher today than at any time since the height of World War II
America's defense spending doubled in the same period that its economy shrunk from 32 to 23 percent of global output*
The yearly cost of stationing one soldier in Iraq could feed 60 American families.
Each day in Afghanistan costs the government more than it did to build the entire Pentagon
In 2008, the Pentagon spent more money every five seconds in Iraq than the average American earned in a year
The pentagon budget consumes 80% of individual income tax revenue
Two decades after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Defense Department still has more than 40 generals, admirals or civilian equivalents based in Europe
The Pentagon spends more on war than all 50 states combined spend on health, education, welfare, and safety
The amount the government has spent compensating radiation victims of nuclear testing ($1.5 billion) could fully educate 13,000 American kids
The U.S. has 5% of the world's population -- but almost 50% of the world's total military expenditure__________________________________________________
The point?
It needs changing. We need to cut defense spending, at least by half. We'd still outspend the rest of the world--and heavily, even wildly. Contact your member of Congress, both the House and your 2 members in the Senate and tell them we need to cut defense spending. And as soon as possible. | https://en.paperblog.com/america-and-americans-the-world-s-warmongers-953155/ |
By default, the taskbar is at the bottom of the screen. If your taskbar appears on the right of the screen and you want to move it to the bottom, please follow the steps below. With the same steps, you can also move the taskbar to the top or left.
Step 1: Right click the taskbar where there is no icon;
Step 2: A window appears, select "Taskbar settings" from the drop-down list;
Step 3: In the "Taskbar" window, move down and find the "Taskbar location on screen" box. Click and select "Bottom" from the drop-down list;
Step 4: You will notice the taskbar moves down to the bottom. | https://excelnotes.com/taskbar-from-right-to-bottom/ |
This report describes and interprets a collection of faunal remains from the Posey Site (18CH281) in Charles County, Maryland. In 1996, archaeologists from the Jefferson Patterson Park and Museum excavated more than 500 shovel test pits and 37 1.5 x 1.5 meter test excavation units to delimit site boundaries and determine the integrity and significance of the site. These excavations recovered a large artifact collection and approximately 4000 faunal remains. This report covers a subset of the total faunal collection, comprising 3459 specimens from selected excavation lots. The lots selected for analysis are concentrated in the central core area of the site, with the material from the outlying shovel tests excluded. Shell beads, shell bead blanks, and worked shell, all of which were recovered at the site, are not included in this analysis. This report is not intended to stand entirely alone, but is written as a supplement to the overall site report (Harmon 1996), providing a more detailed analysis of the faunal collection. | https://core.tdar.org/document/393590/analysis-of-faunal-remains-from-the-posey-site-18ch281 |
Preheat oven to 400º F and spray a 9×13-inch baking dish with non-stick spray.
Set a large pot of salted water to boil and cook pasta according to package directions, or until al dente.
Take your steak and season both sides generously with salt and pepper.
Heat 2 tablespoons olive oil in a large skillet or saute pan over medium-high heat.
Once hot, cook steak for 5-6 minutes, flipping in the middle and making sure to brown both sides, but not cooking through completely. Remove from heat.
In the same pan, heat 1 tablespoon olive oil and cook onions until transparent. Then add in sliced mushrooms and garlic, stirring occasionally.
Season with salt and pepper and add 2 tablespoons heavy cream. Stir until thickened, then set aside.
Add 1 tablespoon olive oil and spinach to the pan, cover and reduce heat to medium-low. Cook for 5-7 minutes, or until spinach is wilted.
Pour 1-1/4 cup heavy cream into a medium saucepan over medium heat and bring to a boil.
Add in parmesan and blue cheese and reduce heat to a simmer, stirring until cheese is completely melted and sauce is smooth. Add pinch of nutmeg.
Continue to simmer 10 minutes, or until sauce has thickened.
Return garlic, mushrooms and onions to the spinach, and stir well.
Slice steak on the diagonal and add to the vegetables. Pour in pasta and cheese sauce and mix until everything is coated with sauce and well incorporated.
Pour mixture carefully into baking dish and top with blue cheese crumbles. Bake for 20 minutes, or until cheese is bubbly.
Remove from oven and let cool 5 minutes. Serve hot. | https://poshtulsa.com/blogs/news/71408325-steakhouse-mac-and-cheese-bake |
In my last post, Tangrams: A World of Geometry, Part Two, I talked about the thirteen convex polygon shapes that can be formed with the seven tangram pieces. In the video, I showed how to make five of them, and then I left a challenge for you to look for the remaining eight convex shapes. By way of encouragement, I provided downloads of two of the eight shapes, but left it to you to put the puzzle pieces together to form these two shapes.
In the following video, I review putting together the five shapes. You’ll see that I’ve made the tangram pieces in two different colors. I think it makes it easier to notice patterns and relationships between the shapes and the way the pieces go together to form the shapes.
Now we’ve reviewed putting the five shapes together, and you’ve seen how the colors help us think about the different ways the pieces can be put together. The next video will start by showing those two shapes for which I provided you with downloads in my previous post. Then we follow that up with finding the remaining six shapes. For some of these shapes, there may be multiple ways they can be put together. I don’t claim to have exhausted all of those ways.
Below are several attachments that you can download. The first shows all of the convex polygon shapes that are possible; the second shows one way to put the pieces together to form each shape. Then, there are three pages that have templates for all 13 of the shapes, and finally there are two pages of multiple copies of the tangram pieces in case you want to run them off on two different colors of cardstock.
It is my hope that many of you will find ways to use the tangrams as way to challenge students to look at composing and decomposing shapes. Each of these quadrilaterals, pentagons, and hexagons are composed of the same pieces and so have the same area.
For students in seventh and eighth grade it might be interesting to look at the perimeters of these thirteen shapes. If we took a side of the square tangram piece as the unit of length measure, what would be the lengths of the sides of each of the pieces? Then we could ask about the perimeters of each of the shapes.
Well, maybe that will be a future post.
Do Comics Have a Place in Your Classroom? | https://www.aimsedu.org/tag/math/ |
This makes calculating terminal velocity of a falling object especially difficult, as the density of the air will change as the object loses altitude. Velocity has a magnitude speed and a direction. At a terminal velocity, velocity is not changing, so all the forces must be balanced. This number depends on the shape of the object. This means that it would no longer accelerate and the speed of the fall would stay the same. Article Summary To calculate terminal velocity, start by multiplying the mass of the object by 2. In this example, a speed of 50% of terminal velocity is reached after only about 3 seconds, while it takes 8 seconds to reach 90%, 15 seconds to reach 99% and so on.
Calculating Terminal Velocity When an object reaches terminal velocity, the force of gravity acting down on it is exactly balanced by the air drag force acting upon it. Thus the rock would accelerate longer and experience a terminal velocity greater than the feather. What is the difference between speed and velocity? At the same time, air resistance would create a slowing force called drag. Keeping in mind that Captain Kittinger claimed not to sense any appreciable loss of acceleration until reaching 90,000 feet 27,430 m it is now possible to project the next world record skydiving speed. Speed is a measurement of how fast an object moves relative to a reference point. In a fantastic irony, people have started using the word factoid to mean a fact that can be stated briefly.
If he pulls it off, he will become only the second man to break the sound barrier by merely falling through the air. The ball moves up to a maximum point, then reverses and falls to the ground. The density of air at 30 km is roughly 1. Paragon Space Development Corporation, 2015. No wind whistles or billows my clothing. At such extreme altitudes the acceleration due to gravity is not the standard 9. At nine-tenths the speed of sound, Captain Kittinger also holds the record for the greatest speed attained by a human without the use of an engine.
The chemistry of the atmosphere and the gravitational constant of a planet affects the terminal velocity. Upon inspection, it got a bloody nose, but no bone or organ damage. The bullet will then free fall just as if it had been dropped from a stationary balloon or helicopter. Let's see an example of this: If a 100 kg man jumps from an airplane without a parachute, what will his terminal velocity be if the air density d is 1. Drag also depends on the. Some content of the original page may have been edited to make it more suitable for younger readers, unless otherwise noted. I have experimented quite a lot with falling objects, including small animals and bugs.
In classical mechanics, free fall describes the motion of a body when the only force acting upon it is gravity. You can calculate this from the above formula where velocity is meters per second and time is in seconds. If we have two objects with the same area and drag coefficient, like two identically sized spheres, the lighter object falls slower. So be very careful when interpreting results with large terminal velocities. Small Grasshoppers are not injured by free fall, but large Grasshoppers can sustain leg injuries. Plug the following values into that formula to solve for v, terminal velocity.
Sponsors are required to complete this exciting project. Then explain terminal velocity to them and ask them how fast do they think they could go before wind resistance stopped them going any faster. Introduction Goal: To explain how mass and terminal velocity impact momentum Age: High school and up Safety concerns: None Time: 1 hour Picture dropping a water balloon out a third story window. The parachute has a very large surface area and drag coefficient and a relatively small mass, so it experiences much higher air drag forces than you would without a parachute. The air drag force depends on the velocity, surface area, the drag coefficient of the falling object and the density of the air it is falling through.
Unfortunately it is a very complex number to compute, and involves making certain scientific assumptions. The constant vertical velocity is called the terminal velocity. Terminal velocity happens at the moment in time that the , because of , called , is the same as the opposite force of or. You will see that although the baseball weighs much more, they hit the ground at about the same time. .
This is about the same as the terminal velocity achieved by a peregrine falcon diving for prey or for a bullet falling down after having been dropped or fired upward. Worksheet will open in a new window. It will fall slower the more it has. Average Acceleration The average acceleration is the total change in velocity divided by the total time. If you were to measure the distance an object fell, each second it would fall further because it is constantly picking up speed. Tape the three meter sticks to the wall so you can measure the height as the coffee filters fall.
Use MathJax to format equations. The magnitude of terminal velocity depends on the weight of the falling body. This in no way detracts from his truly amazing accomplishment. Later, Isaac Newton 1643-1727 demonstrated that the Earth exerts a force on all objects near it, which causes falling objects to speed up as they fall. Velocity is the rate of change in an object's position. The last variable you need to know is the sectional area being presented by the object to the medium. This is a much more noticeable effect.
Instead look up an approximation based on a similarly shaped object. Mice can fall from any height without any injury, while an animal of similar design, a rat, will be killed. This is the standard symbol used by aeronautical engineers. The updraft created by the Empire State building would drastically slow down the penny. As of the writing of this supplement 39 years later, his record remains unbroken. Density of the medium will rise as the object gets down deeper into the medium. | http://wingle.jp/what-is-terminal-velocity-for-kids.html |
In 1918, German engineer Arthur Scherbius applied for a patent for a machine that coded and decoded secret messages quickly and easily. Scherbius’s Enigma shifted letters similarly to a Caesar cipher, but Enigma constantly changed the order in which the letters were shifted. Such pattern changes mask the nature of the cipher by appearing random. Without knowledge of the algorithms generating the cipher patterns, code breaking methods require enormous amounts of computation. With around possible configurations, the Enigma seemed a cryptographically safe bet.
The Enigma worked quickly and accurately. While the Enigma had only modest commercial success, it became widely adopted by the German military. From the mid- until the end of World War II, Germany and its allies encrypted and decrypted important communications using various versions of the Enigma.
During World War II, many of the world’s best problem solvers considered cracking Enigma to be an insurmountable task. British mathematician Alan Turing viewed it as a challenge. Until the war, Turing lived in obscurity, working out the connections between logic and computing–work that laid the foundation for the design of modern computers. War provided Turing with a chance to prove the practical value of his work.
Using an understanding of cryptography, Turing went to work conquering Enigma. Polish experts who had built Enigma replicas furnished British intelligence with enough information to give Turing a much-needed starting point. But even armed with knowledge of Enigma’s design, Turing and other cryptographers required information about the way Enigma machines were configured. A few clues were needed to cut down on the enormity of the task of checking Enigma’s possible arrangements. British and Polish forces helped obtain those clues by capturing a few Enigma machines and in some cases observed the ways in which they were used.
Part of Turing’s brilliance was his ability to apply logic to machines. Turing designed an electromechanical device (based partially on a machine designed by Polish cryptographers) known as the bombe to help crack Enigma. With the number of possible configurations reduced, the bombe checked remaining possibilities until the right configuration was uncovered and Enigma’s messages deciphered.
The German military’s confidence in the invulnerability of Enigma played right into the hands of Allied intelligence. British cryptographers deciphered messages relating to German troop deployment and training in Russia and elsewhere. The information was so valuable that some historians speculate that conquering Enigma shortened the war in Europe by two years. For his wartime services, Turing was awarded the Order of the British Empire.
Turing is sometimes called the founder of modern computer science. Using an understanding of logic and practical engineering, Turing devised methods for data input and output, memory, and programming computers. His theoretical work brought him to the point of speculating that computers could be built that think for themselves. The themes of his work drive the study of artificial intelligence. | https://www.makeageek.com/Anecdotes/Enigma-and-Cryptography/22 |
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
USE EXAMPLES
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/992,096, filed Nov. 11, 2010, the entire contents of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. U.S. application Ser. No. 12/992,096 is a National Stage application of PCT/EP2009/056105, filed May 20, 2009, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/055,040, filed May 21, 2008; U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/056,622, filed May 28, 2008; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/118,895, filed Dec. 1, 2008, the entire contents of each are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates to a herbicidal composition which comprises at least one herbicide A selected from glyphosate, glufosinate and their salts. The composition is particularly useful for preplant burndown.
Burndown, i.e. the complete removal of weeds from the soil by application of herbicides prior to planting or emergence of a crop, is an important tool of modern weed management. Weeds present at planting will generally grow much quicker than crop plants and thus compete very early in the growing season thereby damaging the crop plants and reducing crop yield. Thus, it is desirable to plant the crop in a weed-free seed bed or to assure that essentially no weeds are present when the crop emerges.
Glyphosate and its salts are non-selective systemic herbicides having a good post-emergence activity against numerous grass weeds. So far, glyphosate is one of the most commonly used burndown herbicides. Likewise, glufosinate and its salts are non-selective systemic herbicides having a good post-emergence activity against numerous grass weeds and thus can be used in burndown programs. However, solo application of glyphosate or glufosinate often yields unsatisfactory weed control, and several applications and/or high dosage rates are often required. Moreover, the effectiveness of glyphosate and glufosinate against difficult-to-control broadleaf species (hereinafter broadleaves) and rhizomatous grasses is poor. Therefore, it is frequently recommended to apply glyphosate or glufosinate in combination with at least one second herbicide, such as 2,4-D, dicamba, triazines such as atrazine or metribuzin, chloroacetanilides such as metholachlor or dimethenamid (including dimethenamid-P), linuron and/or pendimethalin. However, the effectiveness of such combinations is often not satisfactory and high application rates are still required to achieve an acceptable control of grass weeds and broadleaves. Moreover, the reliability of such combinations depends strongly on the weathering conditions and certain difficult to control weed species may escape. In addition, the herbicidal activity of these compositions persists only for a short time, which allows effective burndown only within a small timeframe prior to planting a crop. Moreover, the persistence of the herbicidal activity strongly depends upon the weathering conditions.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,413,909 suggests a composition comprising ametryn, atrazin and paraquat for burndown treatment. Paraquat, however is rather toxic to mammals and thus its use is restricted by legal regulations.
US 2005/0256004 discloses a herbicidal composition comprising an isoxazoline derivatives and at least one further herbicide. Neither the combination of glyphosate and pyroxasulfone nor the use of such compositions in a burndown program have been described therein.
Thus, it is an object of the present invention to provide a herbicidal composition, which allows efficient and reliable control of grass and broadleaf weeds in a burndown program. Moreover, the persistence of the herbicidal activity of the composition should be sufficiently long in order to achieve control of the weeds over a sufficient long time period thus allowing a more flexible application. The composition should also have a low toxicity to humans or other mammals. The compositions should also show an accelerated action on harmful plants, i.e. they should effect damaging of the harmful plants more quickly in comparison with application of the individual herbicides.
These and further objects are achieved by the compositions described hereinafter.
a) at least one herbicide A selected from glyphosate, glufosinate and their salts, and
b) a herbicide B which is 3-[5-(difluoromethoxy)-1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazol-4-ylmethylsulfonyl]-4,5-dihydro-5,5-dimethyl-1,2-oxazole [common name: pyroxasulfone].
Therefore the present invention relates to a herbicidal composition comprising:
C.1 herbicides of the group of acetolactate synthase inhibitors (ALS inhibitors),
C.2 herbicides of the group of protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors (PPO inhibitors),
C.3 herbicides of the group of auxins,
C.4 herbicides of the group of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase inhibitors (HPPD inhibitors),
C.5 herbicides of the group of phytoene desaturase inhibitors (PDS inhibitors),
C.6 herbicides of the group of photosystem II inhibitors (PSII inhibitors),
C.7 herbicides of the group of microtubulin inhibitors, and
C.8 herbicides of the group of inhibitors of the synthesis of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA inhibitors).
It has been proven particular advantageous to combine the herbicides A and B with at least one further herbicide C, which is selected from
a) at least one herbicide A selected from glyphosate, glufosinate and their salts,
b) a herbicide B which is 3-[5-(difluoromethoxy)-1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazol-4-ylmethylsulfonyl]-4,5-dihydro-5,5-dimethyl-1,2-oxazole [common name: pyroxasulfone], and
c) at least one further herbicide C, which is selected from the herbicide groups C.1 to C.8 as defined herein.
Therefore, the present invention relates in particular to a herbicidal composition comprising:
The invention furthermore relates to the use of a composition as defined herein for controlling undesirable vegetation. When using the compositions of the invention for this purpose the at least one herbicide A and the herbicide B and optionally C can be applied simultaneously or in succession, where undesirable vegetation may occur.
The invention furthermore relates to the use of a composition as defined herein for controlling undesirable vegetation for burndown, i.e. for controlling undesirable vegetation in a locus, e.g. a field, where crops will be planted, before planting or emergence of the crop.
The invention furthermore relates to the use of a composition as defined herein for controlling undesirable vegetation in crops which, by genetic engineering or by breeding, are resistant to one or more herbicides and/or pathogens such as plant-pathogenous fungi, and/or to attack by insects; preferably resistant to glyphosate or glufosinate, and optionally resistant to the one or more optional herbicides C.
The invention furthermore relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation, which comprises applying an herbicidal composition according to the present invention to the undesirable vegetation. Application can be done before, during and/or after, preferably during and/or after, the emergence of the undesirable vegetation. The at least one herbicide A, the herbicide B and the optional at least one herbicide C can be applied simultaneously or in succession.
a) at least one herbicide A selected from glyphosate, glufosinate and their salts, and optionally
b) a herbicide B which is 3-[5-(difluoromethoxy)-1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazol-4-ylmethylsulfonyl]-4,5-dihydro-5,5-dimethyl-1,2-oxazole,
c) one or more herbicides C, selected from the herbicides of the groups C.1 to C.8 as defined herein,
to a locus of planted crops where undesirable vegetation occurs or might occur or to a locus where crops will be planted before planting or emergence of the crop.
The invention in particular relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in crops, which comprises applying
In the methods of the present invention it is immaterial whether the at least one herbicide A and the herbicide B and the one or more optional herbicides C are formulated jointly or separately and applied jointly or separately, and, in the case of separate application, in which order the application takes place. It is only necessary, that the at least one herbicide A and the herbicide B and the one or more optional herbicides C are applied in a time frame, which allows simultaneous action of the active ingredients on the undesirable plants.
The invention also relates to an herbicide formulation, which comprises a herbicidally active composition as defined herein and at least one carrier material, including liquid and/or solid carrier materials.
Alopecurus myosuroides, Avena fatua, Bromus
Echinocloa
Ipomea
Lolium
Phalaris
Setaria
Digitaria
Brachiaria
Amaranthus
Chenopodium
Abutilon theophrasti, Galium aparine, Veronica
Solanum
The compositions of the present invention have several advantages over solo application of either glyphosate/glufosinate or pyroxasulfone. The composition of the present invention show enhanced herbicide action in comparison with the herbicide action of solo action glyphosate or pyroxasulfone against undesirable vegetation, in particular against difficult to control species such as spec., spec. spec., spec., spec., spec., spec., spec., spec., spec., spec., or spec. Moreover, the compositions of the invention show a persistent herbicidal activity, even under difficult weathering conditions, which allows a more flexible application in burndown applications and minimizes the risk of weeds escaping. The compositions are generally non-toxic or of low toxicity against mammals. Apart form that, the compositions of the present invention show superior crop compatibility with certain conventional crop plants and with herbicide tolerant crop plants, i.e. their use in these crops leads to a reduced damage of the crop plants and/or does not result in increased damage of the crop plants. Thus, the compositions of the invention can also be applied after the emergence of the crop plants. The compositions of the present invention may also show an accelerated action on harmful plants, i.e. they may effect damage of the harmful plants more quickly in comparison with solo application of the individual herbicides.
Although, these advantages may be achieved by combining glyphosate and/or glufosinate with pyroxasulfone, it is particularly beneficial to further combine these herbicides A and B with at least one further herbicide C of the herbicide groups C.1 to C.8. These compositions show enhanced herbicide action in comparison with the herbicide action of combinations of herbicides A+B against undesirable vegetation, in particular against difficult to control species, and/or show superior crop compatibility with certain conventional crop plants and with herbicide tolerant crop plants, i.e. their use in these crops leads to a reduced damage of the crop plants and/or does not result in increased damage of the crop plants. Apart from that, these compositions may also show an accelerated action on harmful plants, i.e. they may effect damage of the harmful plants more quickly in comparison with solo application of the individual herbicides.
As used herein, the terms “controlling” and “combating” are synonyms.
As used herein, the terms “undesirable vegetation”, “undesirable species”, “undesirable plants”, “harmful plants”, “undesirable weeds”, or “harmful weeds” are synonyms.
Glyphosate [common name of N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] is a well known non-selective systemic herbicide, which has been described e.g. in U.S. Pat. No. 3,799,758 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,4505,531. Glyphosate is commercially available e.g. from Monsanto under the tradenames Roundup™ and Touchdown™. Glyphosate is also available and marketed in the form of its agriculturally acceptable salts such as glyphosate-diammonium [69254-40-6], glyphosate-isopropylammonium [38641-94-0], glyphosate-monoammonium [40465-66-5], glyphosate-potassium [70901-20-1], glyphosate-sesquisodium [70393-85-0], glyphosate-trimesium [81591-81-3]. Preferably, glyphosate is used in the form of its monoammonium, diammonium, isopropylammonium or trimesium salt.
Glufosinate [common name of DL-4-[hydroxyl(methyl)phosphinoyl]-DL-homoalaninate] and its salts such as glufosinate ammonium and its herbicidal activity have been described e.g. by F. Schwerdtle et al. Z. Pflanzenkr. Pflanzenschutz, 1981, Sonderheft IX, pp. 431-440. Glufosinate and its salts are commercially available, e.g. from Bayer CropScience under the tradenames Basta™ and Liberty™.
3-[5-(Difluoromethoxy)-1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazol-4-ylmethylsulfonyl]-4,5-dihydro-5,5-dimethyl-1,2-oxazole [common name: pyroxasulfone] has been described as a preemergent herbicide in EP-A 1364946.
In the compositions of the invention the weight ratio of herbicide A to herbicide B is preferably from 2000:1 to 1:10, in particular from 500:1 to 1:6 and more preferably from 100:1 to 1:2.
In the compositions of the invention, wherein at least one herbicide C is present, the weight ratio of herbicide A to herbicide B+C is preferably from 1500:1 to 1:100, in particular from 1000:1 to 1:50 and more preferably from 500:1 to 1:20.
If the compounds of herbicide compounds mentioned as herbicides A, herbicides C and safeners D (see below) have functional groups, which can be ionized, they can also be used in the form of their agriculturally acceptable salts. In general, the salts of those cations are suitable whose cations have no adverse effect on the action of the active compounds (“agricultural acceptable”).
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
In general, the salts of those cations are suitable whose cations have no adverse effect on the action of the active compounds (“agricultural acceptable”). Preferred cations are the ions of the alkali metals, preferably of lithium, sodium and potassium, of the alkaline earth metals, preferably of calcium and magnesium, and of the transition metals, preferably of manganese, copper, zinc and iron, furthermore ammonium and substituted ammonium (hereinafter also termed as organoammonium) in which one to four hydrogen atoms are replaced by C-C-alkyl, hydroxy-C-C-alkyl, C-C-alkoxy-C-C-alkyl, hydroxy-C-C-alkoxy-C-C-alkyl, phenyl or benzyl, preferably ammonium, methylammonium, isopropylammonium, dimethylammonium, diisopropylammonium, trimethylammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, tetrabutylammonium, pentylammonium, hexylammonium, heptylammonium, 2-hydroxyethylammonium, 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)eth-1-ylammonium, (diglycolamine salts), di(2-hydroxyeth-1-yl)ammonium (diolamine salts), tris((2-hydroxyeth-1-yl)ammonium (trolamine salts), tris(3-propanol)ammonium, benzyltrimethylammonium, benzyltriethylammonium, furthermore phosphonium ions, sulfonium ions, preferably tri(C-C-alkyl)sulfonium such as trimethylsulfonium, and sulfoxonium ions, preferably tri(C-C-alkyl)sulfoxonium.
1
6
1
10
1
10
1
6
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
10
In the compositions according to the invention, the compounds C or D that carry a carboxyl group can also be employed in the form of agriculturally acceptable derivatives, for example as amides such as mono- or di-C-C-alkylamides or arylamides, as esters, for example as allyl esters, propargyl esters, C-C-alkyl esters or alkoxyalkyl esters, and also as thioesters, for example as C-C-alkyl thioesters. Preferred mono- and di-C-C-alkylamides are the methyl- and the dimethylamides. Preferred arylamides are, for example, the anilidines and the 2-chloroanilides. Preferred alkyl esters are, for example, the methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, mexyl (1-methylhexyl) or isooctyl (2-ethylhexyl) esters. Preferred C-C-alkoxy-C-C-alkyl esters are the straight-chain or branched C-C-alkoxyethyl esters, for example the methoxyethyl, ethoxyethyl or butoxyethyl esters. An example of the straight-chain or branched C-C-alkyl thioesters is the ethyl thioester. Preferred derivatives are the esters.
According to a first preferred embodiment of the invention (embodiment 1), the herbicidal compositions of the invention additionally comprise at least one further herbicide C selected from the group of acetolactate synthase inhibitors, also termed as ALS inhibitors (also termed AHAS inhibitors or inhibitors of acetohydroxy acid synthase). ALS inhibitors are compounds, which have a mode of action comprising the inhibition of a step of the branched chain amino acids biosynthesis in plants and which belong to the group B of the HRAC classification system (see HRAC, Classification of Herbicides According to Mode of Action, http://www.plantprotection.org/hrac/MOA.html).
According to the present invention the ALS inhibitor is preferably selected from the group consisting of:
C.1.1 imidazolinone herbicides;
C.1.2 sulfonylurea herbicides;
C.1.3 triazolopyrimidine herbicides;
C.1.4 pyrimidinylbenzoate herbicides; and
C.1.5 sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides.
Imidazolinone herbicides (C.1.1) include e.g. imazapic, imazamethabenz-methyl, imazamox, imazapyr, imazaquin, and imazethapyr and the salts thereof.
Sulfonylurea herbicides (C.1.2) include e.g. amidosulfuron, azimsulfuron, bensulfuron, chlorimuron, chlorsulfuron, cinosulfuron, cyclosulfamuron, ethametsulfuron, ethoxysulfuron, flazasulfuron, flupyrsulfuron, foramsulfuron, halosulfuron, imazosulfuron, iodosulfuron, mesosulfuron, metsulfuron, nicosulfuron, oxasulfuron, primisulfuron prosulfuron, pyrazosulfuron, rimsulfuron, sulfometuron, sulfosulfuron, thifensulfuron, triasulfuron, tribenuron, trifloxysulfuron, triflusulforon and tritosulfuron and the salts, and esters thereof.
Triazolopyrimidine herbicides (C.1.3) include e.g. cloransulam-methyl, diclosulam, florasulam, flumetsulam, metosulam, penoxsulam and pyroxsulam.
Pyrimidinylbenzoate herbicides (C.1.4) include e.g. bispyribac, pyribenzoxim, pyriftalid, pyrithiobac and pyriminobac and the salts and esters thereof such as bispyribac-sodium, pyrithiobac-sodium and pyriminobac-methyl.
Sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides (C.1.5) include e.g. flucarbazone, propxycarbazone and thiencarbazone, and the salts and esters thereof such as flucarbazone-sodium, propxycarbazone-sodium and thiencarbazone-methyl.
In the compositions of this preferred embodiment 1 the relative weight ratio of pyroxasulfone to herbicide C.1 is preferably in the range from 1:500 to 500:1, in particular in the range from 1:250 to 250:1 and more preferably from 100:1 to 1:100. The relative weight ratio of herbicide A to herbicide B+herbicide C.1 is preferably in the range from 1500:1 to 1:20, in particular from 1000:1 to 1:10 and more preferably from 500:1 to 1:5.
According to a particular preferred embodiment of the invention, the component c) comprises at least one imidazolinone herbicide (embodiment 1.1). Imidazolinone herbicides (group C.1.1) are known e.g. from Shaner, D. L. O'Conner, S. L The Imidazolinone Herbicides, CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, Fla. 1991 and also from The Compendium of Pesticide Common Names http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides/.
1
8
1
8
Imidazolinone herbicides include imazamethabenz, imazamox, imazapic, imazapyr, imazaquin and imazethapyr, their salts, in particular their sodium salts, potassium salts, ammonium salts or substituted ammonium salts as defined above, in particular mono-, di and tri-C-C-alkylammonium salts such as isopropylammonium salts and their esters, in particular their C-C-alkyl esters, such as methylesters, ethylesters, iso propyl esters. Suitable examples of such salts include imazamox-ammonium, imazapic-ammonium, imazapyr-isopropylammonium, imazaquin-ammonium, imazaquin-sodium and imazethapyr-ammonium. Suitable examples of such esters include imazamethabenz-methyl and imazaquin-methyl.
Preferred imidazolinone herbicides include imazamox, imazapic, imazapyr, imazaquin, imazethapyr, their salts and their esters, as well as mixtures thereof, in particular imazamox, imazapic, imazapyr and imazethapyr, their salts and their esters, as well as mixtures thereof, in particular mixtures of imazamox with imazapyr and/or imazethapyr and mixtures of imazapic with imazapyr and/or imazethapyr.
The imidazolinones may be present in the form of their racemate or in the form of the pure R- or S-enantiomers (including salts and esters as defined above). Very suitable Imidazolinones are the R-isomers, e.g. R-imazamethabenz-methyl, R-imazamox, R-imazapic, R-imazapyr, R-imazaquin, R-imazethapyr, in particular R-imazamox. These compounds are known e.g. from U.S. Pat. No. 5,973,154 B (American Cyanamid Company) and U.S. Pat. No. 6,339,158 B1 (American Cyanamid Company).
In particular preferred compositions of the embodiment 1.1, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is imazamox or a salt thereof such as imazamox-ammonium.
In other particular preferred compositions of the embodiment 1.1, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is imazapic or a salt thereof such as imazapic-ammonium.
In further particular preferred compositions of the embodiment 1.1, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is imazapyr or a salt thereof such as imazapyr-ammonium or imazapyr-isopropylammonium.
In further particular preferred compositions of the embodiment 1.1, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is imazethapyr or a salt thereof such as imazethapyr-ammonium.
In further particular preferred compositions of the embodiment 1.1, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is imazaquin or a salt or ester thereof such as imazaquin-ammonium, imazaquin-sodium or imazaquin-methyl.
In further particular preferred compositions of the embodiment 1.1, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of imazamox and imazethapyr or salts thereof.
In further particular preferred compositions of the embodiment 1.1, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of imazapic and imazethapyr or salts thereof.
In further particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 1.1, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of imazamox and imazapyr or salts thereof.
In a further particular preferred compositions of the embodiment 1.1, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of imazapic and imazapyr or salts thereof.
In the embodiment 1.1 the relative weight ratio of pyroxasulfone and imidazolinone herbicide is preferably from 1:500 to 500:1, in particular in the range from 1:250 to 250:1 and more preferably from 100:1 to 1:100. The relative weight ratio of herbicide A to herbicide B+herbicide C.1.1 is preferably in the range from 1500:1 to 1:20, in particular from 1000:1 to 1:10 and more preferably from 500:1 to 1:5.
According to a second preferred embodiment of the invention (embodiment 2), the herbicidal compositions of the invention additionally comprise at least one further herbicide C.2 which is an inhibitor of protoporphyrinogen-IX-oxidase (PPO inhibitor). PPO inhibitors are compounds, which have a mode of action comprising the inhibition of a step of the chlorophyll biosynthesis in plants and which belong to the group E of the HRAC classification system (see HRAC, Classification of Herbicides According to Mode of Action, http://www.plantprotection.org/hrac/MOA.html).
According to the present invention the PPO inhibitor of the group C.2 is preferably selected from the group consisting of:
C.2.1 phenyluracil herbicides;
C.2.2 dicarboximide herbicides;
C.2.3 triazolone and oxadiazolone herbicides;
C.2.4 nitrophenylether herbicides;
C.2.5 pyrazole herbicides;
C.2.6 triazindione herbicides; and
C.2.7 dicarboxamide herbicides.
Phenyluracil herbicides, which are also termed as pyrimidinedione herbicides (group C.2.1) include benzfendizone and compounds of the formula C.2.1 and the salts thereof,
wherein
1
1a
1b
1a
1b
1a
1c
1e
1a
1c
1e
1b
1c
1a
1b
1a
1b
1a
1b
1d
1e
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
1a
1
4
Ris hydrogen or C-C-alkyl;
1b
1
4
Ris C-C-alkyl;
1c
1
4
Ris hydrogen or C-C-alkyl;
1d
1
4
Ris hydrogen or C-C-alkyl or a agriculturally acceptable cation; and
1e
1
4
Ris C-C-alkyl, propargyl or allyl;
Ris selected from the group consisting of the radicals propargyloxy, allyloxy, isopropyloxy, C(═O)NHSONRR, C(═O)N—NRR, O—CRR—C(═O)—OR, C(═O)O—CRR—C(═O)—OR, C(═O)O—R, C(═O)O—CHR—C(═O)NHSONRR, NHSONRR, SONHC(═O)NRR, CH—CH(Cl)CO—Rand the radical of the formula OC(CH)—C(═O)—OR; where
2
Ris hydrogen, fluorine or chlorine;
3
1
3a
3b
3a
3b
3a
3b
3a
3b
1
6
1
6
3
6
3
6
3
6
3
6
1
6
3
6
1
2
3
6
1
4
1
2
1
2
3
6
where Rand Rare selected, independently of each other, from hydrogen, C-C-alkyl, C-C-haloalkyl, C-C-alkenyl, C-C-haloalkenyl, C-C-alkylnyl, C-C-haloalkylnyl, C-C-alkoxy, C-C-cycloalkyl and C-C-alkyl substituted by a C-C-cycloalkyl radical; with Rand Rpreferably being selected, independently of each other, from C-C-alkyl, C-C-haloalkyl, and C-C-alkyl substituted by a C-C-cycloalkyl radical with Rand Rmore preferably being selected, independently of each other, from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isoprobly, n-butyl, 2-methylpropyl, trifluoromethyl and cyclopropylmethyl;
Ris hydrogen or together with Rforms a moiety —O—C(R)═N— or —N═C(R)—NH—
4
Ris halogen or cyano, in particular chlorine or fluorine;
and
5
5
Ris selected from hydrogen amino, methyl or propargyl and wherein Ris preferably methyl.
n
m
The organic moieties mentioned in the above definitions of the variables are—like the term halogen—collective terms for individual listings of the individual group members. The prefix C-Cindicates in each case the possible number of carbon atoms in the group.
The term halogen denotes in each case fluorine, bromine, chlorine or iodine, in particular fluorine, chlorine or bromine.
The term “alkyl” as used herein denotes in each case a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having usually from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, more preferably from 1 to 3 carbon atoms. Examples of an alkyl group are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, 2-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, 1-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, 1-ethylpropyl, n-hexyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, 1-methylpentyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 4-methylpentyl, 1,1-dimethylbutyl, 1,2-dimethylbutyl, 1,3-dimethylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, 3,3-dimethylbutyl, 1-ethylbutyl, 2-ethylbutyl, 1,1,2-trimethylpropyl, 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl, 1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl and 1-ethyl-2-methylpropyl.
1
4
1
2
1
2
The term “haloalkyl” as used herein denotes in each case a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having usually from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, wherein the hydrogen atoms of this group are partially or totally replaced with halogen atoms. Preferred haloalkyl moieties are selected from C-C-haloalkyl, more preferably from C-C-haloalkyl, in particular from C-C-fluoroalkyl such as fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 1-fluoroethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, pentafluoroethyl and the like.
The term “alkoxy” as used herein denotes in each case a straight-chain or branched alkyl group which is bound via an oxygen atom at any position in the alkyl group and has usually from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Examples of an alkoxy group are methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, iso-propoxy, n-butyloxy, 2-butyloxy, iso-butyloxy, tert.-butyloxy and the like.
1
4
1
2
The term “haloalkoxy” as used herein denotes in each case a straight-chain or branched alkoxy group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms, wherein the hydrogen atoms of this group are partially or totally replaced with halogen atoms, in particular fluorine atoms. Preferred haloalkoxy moieties include C-C-haloalkoxy, in particular C-C-fluoroalkoxy, such as fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, 1-fluoroethoxy, 2-fluoroethoxy, 2,2-difluoroethoxy, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy, 2-chloro-2-fluoroethoxy, 2-chloro-2,2-difluoro-ethoxy, 2,2dichloro-2-fluoroethoxy, 2,2,2-trichloroethoxy, pentafluoroethoxy and the like.
The term “cycloalkyl” as used herein and in the cycloalkyl moieties of cycloalkyl-alkyl denotes in each case a monocyclic saturated carbocyclic radical having usually from 3 to 6 carbon atoms, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.
The term “alkenyl” as used herein denotes in each case a singly unsaturated hydrocarbon radical having usually 3 to 6, or preferably 3 to 4 carbon atoms, such as vinyl, allyl (2-propen-1-yl), 1-propen-1-yl, 2-propen-2-yl, methallyl (2-methylprop-2-en-1-yl),
2-buten-1-yl, 3-buten-1-yl, 2-penten-1-yl, 3-penten-1-yl, 4-penten-1-yl, 1-methylbut-2-en-1-yl, 2-ethylprop-2-en-1-yl and the like.
The term “haloalkenyl” as used herein denotes in each case a straight-chain or branched alkenyl group, as defined above, having usually from 3 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably from 3 to 4 carbon atoms, wherein the hydrogen atoms of this group are partially or totally replaced with halogen atoms.
The term “alkynyl” as used herein denotes in each case a singly unsaturated hydrocarbon radical having usually from 3 to 6 carbon atoms, such as ethynyl, propargyl (2-propyn-1-yl), 1-propyn-1-yl, 1-methylprop-2-yn-1-yl), 2-butyn-1-yl, 3-butyn-1-yl, 1-pentyn-1-yl, 3-pentyn-1-yl, 4-pentyn-1-yl, 1-methylbut-2-yn-1-yl, 1-ethylprop-2-yn-1-yl and the like.
The term “haloalkynyl” as used herein denotes in each case a straight-chain or branched alkynyl group, as defined above, having usually from 3 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably from 3 to 4 carbon atoms, wherein the hydrogen atoms of this group are partially or totally replaced with halogen atoms.
2
3
2
2
5
2
3
2
2
3
3
The term “alkyl substituted by an alkoxy radical” as used herein refers to linear or branched alkyl having usually 1 to 4 carbon atoms, wherein 1 of those carbon atoms carries an alkoxy radical usually having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Examples are CHOCH, CH—OCH, n-propoxymethyl, CH—OCH(CH), n-butoxymethyl, (1-methylpropoxy)-methyl, (2-methylpropoxy)methyl, CH—OC(CH), 2-(methoxy)ethyl, 2-(ethoxy)ethyl, 2-(n-propoxy)-ethyl, 2-(1-methylethoxy)-ethyl, 2-(n-butoxy)ethyl, 2-(1-methylpropoxy)-ethyl, 2-(2-methylpropoxy)-ethyl, 2-(1,1-dimethylethoxy)-ethyl, 2-(methoxy)-propyl, 2-(ethoxy)-propyl, 2-(n-propoxy)-propyl, 2-(1-methylethoxy)-propyl, 2-(n-butoxy)-propyl, 2-(1-methylpropoxy)-propyl, 2-(2-methylpropoxy)-propyl, 2-(1,1-dimethylethoxy)-propyl, 3-(methoxy)-propyl, 3-(ethoxy)-propyl, 3-(n-propoxy)-propyl, 3-(1-methylethoxy)-propyl, 3-(n-butoxy)-propyl, 3-(1-methylpropoxy)-propyl, 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-propyl, 3-(1,1-dimethylethoxy)-propyl, 2-(methoxy)-butyl, 2-(ethoxy)-butyl, 2-(n-propoxy)-butyl, 2-(1-methylethoxy)-butyl, 2-(n-butoxy)-butyl, 2-(1-methylpropoxy)-butyl, 2-(2-methyl-propoxy)-butyl, 2-(1,1-dimethylethoxy)-butyl, 3-(methoxy)-butyl, 3-(ethoxy)-butyl, 3-(n-propoxy)-butyl, 3-(1-methylethoxy)-butyl, 3-(n-butoxy)-butyl, 3-(1-methylpropoxy)-butyl, 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-butyl, 3-(1,1-dimethylethoxy)-butyl, 4-(methoxy)-butyl, 4-(ethoxy)-butyl, 4-(n-propoxy)-butyl, 4-(1-methylethoxy)-butyl, 4-(n-butoxy)-butyl, 4-(1-methylpropoxy)-butyl, 4-(2-methylpropoxy)-butyl, 4-(1,1-dimethylethoxy)-butyl and the like.
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
The term “alkyl substituted by cycloalkyl radical” as used herein refers to linear or branched alkyl having usually 1 to 2 carbon atoms, wherein 1 of those carbon atoms carries a cycloalkyl radical usually having 3 to 6 carbon atoms. Examples are CH-cylcopropyl (=cyclopropylmethyl), CH-cyclobutyl (=cyclobutylmethyl), CH-cylcopentyl (=cyclopentylmethyl), CH-cyclohexyl (=cyclohexylmethyl), CHCH-cylcopropyl (=2-cyclopropylethyl), CHCH-cyclobutyl (=2-cyclobutylethyl), CHCH-cylcopentyl (=2-cyclopentylethyl), CHCH-cyclohexyl (=2-cyclohexylethyl), CH(CH)-cylcopropyl (=1-cyclopropylethyl), CH(CH)-cyclobutyl (=1-cyclobutylethyl), CH(CH)-cylcopentyl (=1-cyclopentylethyl) or CH(CH)-cyclohexyl (=1-cyclohexylethyl).
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the phenyluracil herbicides (group C.2.1) are selected from benzfendizone and compounds of the formula C.2.1a and the salts thereof,
1
1a
1b
1a
1b
1a
1c
1e
1b
1c
1a
1b
1a
1b
1a
1b
1d
1e
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
1a
1
4
Ris hydrogen or C-C-alkyl;
1b
1
4
Ris C-C-alkyl;
1c
1
4
Ris hydrogen or C-C-alkyl;
1d
1
4
Ris hydrogen or C-C-alkyl or a agriculturally acceptable cation; and
1e
1
4
Ris C-C-alkyl, propargyl or allyl; and
Ris selected from the group consisting of the radicals propargyloxy, allyloxy, isopropyloxy, C(═O)NHSONRR, C(═O)N—NRR, C(═O)O—CRR—C(═O)—OR, C(═O)O—R, C(═O)O—CHR—C(═O)NHSONRR, NHSONRR, SONHC(═O)NRR, CH—CH(Cl)CO—Rand the radical of the formula OC(CH)—C(═O)—OR; where
2
Ris hydrogen, fluorine or chlorine.
wherein
1
2
3
2
2
2
butafenacil (R═C(═O)O—C(CH)—C(═O)—OCHCH═CH, R═H),
1
2
3
2
flupropacil (R═C(═O)O—CH(CH), R═H), and
1
2
2
3
3
2
saflufenacil (R═C(═O)NHSON(CH)(CH(CH)), R═F),
with a particular preference given to saflufenacil.
Examples of particularly preferred compounds of formula C.2.1a include
According to another preferred embodiment of the invention the phenyluracil herbicides (group C.2.1) are selected from compounds of the formula C.2.1b and the salts thereof,
2
3a
4
5
2
3a
4
5
2
4
5
3a
3a
1
4
1
2
1
2
3
6
wherein R, R, Rand Rare as defined herein, and wherein R, R, Rand R, independently of each other, and more preferably in combination have one of the following meanings
Ris preferably fluorine or chlorine,
Ris preferably chlorine,
Ris preferably methyl and
Ris preferably selected from C-C-alkyl, C-C-haloalkyl, and C-C-alkyl substituted by a C-C-cycloalkyl radical with Rbeing more preferably selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isoprobly, n-butyl, 2-methylpropyl, trifluoromethyl and cyclopropylmethyl.
2
4
5
3a
Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris cyclopropylmethyl,
2
4
5
3a
Ris chlorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris cyclopropylmethyl,
2
4
5
3a
Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris methyl,
2
4
5
3a
Ris chlorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris methyl,
2
4
5
3a
Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris ethyl,
2
4
5
3a
Ris chlorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris ethyl,
2
4
5
3a
Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris trifluoromethyl or
2
4
5
3a
Ris chlorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris trifluoromethyl.
Examples of particularly preferred compounds of formula C.2.1b are selected from the group of compounds of the formula C.2.1b, wherein
2
4
5
3a
An especially preferred compound of this embodiment is a compound of the formula C.2.1b, wherein Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris cyclopropylmethyl.
According to another preferred embodiment of the invention the phenyluracil herbicides (group C.2.1) are selected from compounds of the formula C.2.1c and the salts thereof,
2
3b
4
5
2
3a
4
5
2
4
5
3b
3b
1
4
1
2
1
2
3
6
wherein R, R, Rand Rare as defined herein, and wherein R, R, Rand R, independently of each other, and more preferably in combination have one of the following meanings
Ris preferably fluorine or chlorine,
Ris preferably chlorine,
Ris preferably methyl and
Ris preferably selected from C-C-alkyl, C-C-haloalkyl, and C-C-alkyl substituted by a C-C-cycloalkyl radical with Rbeing more preferably selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isoprobly, n-butyl, 2-methylpropyl, trifluoromethyl and cyclopropylmethyl.
2
4
5
3b
Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris cyclopropylmethyl,
2
4
5
3b
Ris chlorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris cyclopropylmethyl,
2
4
5
3b
Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris methyl,
2
4
5
3b
Ris chlorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris methyl,
2
4
5
3b
Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris ethyl,
2
4
5
3b
Ris chlorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris ethyl,
2
4
5
3b
Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris trifluoromethyl or
2
4
5
3b
Ris chlorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris trifluoromethyl.
Examples of particularly preferred compounds of formula C.2.1c are selected from the group of compounds of the formula C.2.1c, wherein
2
4
5
3b
An especially preferred compound is a compound of the formula C.2.1c, wherein Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris trifluoromethyl.
Phenyluracil herbicides herbicides (group C.2.1) are known from e.g. G. Theodoridis “Protoporphyrinogen-IX-oxidase Inhibitors” in “Modern Crop Protection Compounds” Vol. 1, Wiley-VHC 2007, pp 153-186; C. D. S. Tomlin, “The Pesticide Manual”, 13th Edition, BCPC (2003), and also from The Compendium of Pesticide Common Names http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides/.
Dicarboximide herbicides (C.2.2) include compounds of the formula C.2.2,
13
Ris hydrogen, fluorine or chlorine;
14
16
16
2
2
2
Ris selected from the group consisting of propargyloxy, allyloxy, 1-methyl-2-propinyloxy, O—CHCO—R, CH═C(Cl)CO—Rand isopropyloxy;
15
Ris fluorine or chlorine; or
14
15
17
17
13
2
Rand Rtogether form a moiety O—CH—C(═O)—NR, where Ris a propargyl radical and where the oxygen atom is meta with regard to the position of R;
16
1
6
Ris hydrogen, C-C-alkyl or an agriculturally acceptable cation.
wherein
1
8
1
8
Examples of compounds of formula C.2.2 include cinidon, flumioxazin, flumiclorac and flumipropyn. Also included are the salts of cinidon and flumiclorac, in particular their sodium salts, potassium salts, ammonium salts or substituted ammonium salts as defined above, in particular mono-, di and tri-C-C-alkylammonium salts such as isopropylammonium salts, and the esters of cinidon and flumiclorac, in particular their C-C-alkyl esters, such as methylesters, ethylesters, iso propyl esters. Suitable examples of such esters are cinidon-ethyl and flumiclorac-pentyl.
Dicarboximide herbicides (group C.2.2) are known from e.g. G. Theodoridis “Protoporphyrinogen-IX-oxidase Inhibitors” in “Modern Crop Protection Compounds” Vol. 1, Wiley-VHC 2007, pp 153-186; C. D. S. Tomlin, “The Pesticide Manual”, 13th Edition, BCPC (2003), and also from The Compendium of Pesticide Common Names http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides/.
Triazolone and oxadiazolone herbicides (C.2.3) include in particular compounds of the formula C.2.3 and their salts,
11
X is O or NR,
8
12
2
2
2
3
Ris selected from the group consisting of propargyloxy, allyloxy, isopropyloxy, the radical of the formula CH—CH(Cl)CO—Rand the radical of the formula NH—SO—CH;
9
Ris fluorine or chlorine;
10
3
Ris CH, tert.-butyl;
11
10
2
Ris CHF, or together with Rmay for 1,4-butandiyl;
12
1
6
Ris hydrogen, C-C-alkyl or a agriculturally acceptable cation.
wherein
1
8
1
8
Examples of the compounds of formula C.2.3 include azafenidin, carfentrazone, sulfentrazone, oxadiazon and oxadiargyl. Also included are the salts of carfentrazone, in particular its sodium salt, potassium salt, ammonium salt or substituted ammonium salts as defined above, in particular mono-, di and tri-C-C-alkylammonium salts such as isopropylammonium salts and the esters of carfentrazone, in particular its C-C-alkyl esters, such as methylesters, ethylesters, iso propyl esters. A suitable example of such an ester is carfentrazone-ethyl.
Triazolone and oxadiazolone herbicides (group C.2.3) are known from e.g. G. Theodoridis “Protoporphyrinogen-IX-oxidase Inhibitors” in “Modern Crop Protection Compounds” Vol. 1, Wiley-VHC 2007, pp 153-186; C. D. S. Tomlin, “The Pesticide Manual”, 13th Edition, BCPC (2003), and also from The Compendium of Pesticide Common Names http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides/.
Nitrophenylether herbicides (C.2.4) include furyloxyphen and compounds of the formula C.2.4,
18
Ris chlorine or trifluoromethyl;
19
21
21
21
22
1
4
2
2
2
3
2
2
Ris selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C-C-alkoxy, CO—R, C(═O)O—CHCO—R, C(═O)O—CH(CH)CO—R, C(═O)NH—SO—R;
20
Ris hydrogen, fluorine or chlorine;
21
1
6
Ris hydrogen, C-C-alkyl or a agriculturally acceptable cation; and
22
1
4
Ris C-C-alkyl.
wherein
1
8
1
8
Examples of compounds of formula C.2.4 include nitrofen, bifenox, oxyfluorfen, acifluorfen, fluoroglycofen, fluorodifen, fomesafen, lactofen, halosafen, chlornitrofen, fluornitrofen, chlomethoxyfen and nitrofluorfen and their salts and esters. In particular included are the salts of acifluorfen and fluoroglycofen, in particular the sodium salts, potassium salts, ammonium salts or substituted ammonium salts as defined above, in particular mono-, di and tri-C-C-alkylammonium salts such as isopropylammonium salts and the esters of acifluorfen and fluoroglycofen, in particular their C-C-alkyl esters, such as methylesters, ethylesters, iso propyl esters. A suitable example of such a salt is acifluorfen-sodium. Suitable examples of such esters are acifluorfen-methyl and fluoroglycofen-ethyl.
Nitrophenylether herbicides (group C.2.4) are known from e.g. G. Theodoridis “Protoporphyrinogen-IX-oxidase Inhibitors” in “Modern Crop Protection Compounds” Vol. 1, Wiley-VHC 2007, pp 153-186; C. D. S. Tomlin, “The Pesticide Manual”, 13th Edition, BCPC (2003), and also from The Compendium of Pesticide Common Names http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides/.
Pyrazole type herbicides (group C.2.5) include compounds of the formula C.2.5 and the salts thereof,
1
2
3
4
6
7
wherein R, R, Rand Rare as defined for formula C.2.1 and wherein
Ris selected from difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethyl and methylsulfonyl;
Ris selected from halogen or methyl, in particular from chlorine or bromine.
According to another preferred embodiment of the invention the pyrazole type herbicides (group C.2.5) are selected from compounds of the formula C.2.5a and the salts thereof,
2
3a
4
6
7
2
3a
4
6
7
2
4
6
7
3a
3a
1
4
1
2
1
2
3
6
wherein R, R, R, Rand Rare as defined herein, and wherein R, R, R, Rand R, independently of each other, and more preferably in combination have one of the following meanings
Ris preferably fluorine or chlorine,
Ris preferably chlorine,
Ris preferably difluoromethoxy,
Ris preferably chlorine or bromine and
Ris preferably selected from C-C-alkyl, C-C-haloalkyl, and C-C-alkyl substituted by a C-C-cycloalkyl radical with Rbeing more preferably selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isoprobly, n-butyl, 2-methylpropyl, trifluoromethyl and cyclopropylmethyl.
2
4
5
6
7
3a
Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris chlorine and Ris ethyl,
2
4
5
6
7
3a
Ris chlorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris chlorine and Ris ethyl,
2
4
5
6
7
3a
Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris bromine and Ris ethyl, or
2
4
5
6
7
3a
Ris chlorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris bromine and Ris ethyl.
Examples of particularly preferred compounds of formula C.2.5 are selected from the group of compounds of the formula C.2.5a, wherein
According to a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the pyrazole type herbicides (group C.2.5) are selected from compounds of the formula C.2.5b and the salts thereof,
1
1a
1b
1a
1b
1a
1c
1e
1a
1c
1e
1b
1c
1a
1b
1a
1b
1a
1b
1d
1e
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
1a
1
4
Ris hydrogen or C-C-alkyl;
1b
1
4
Ris C-C-alkyl;
1c
1
4
Ris hydrogen or C-C-alkyl;
1d
1
4
Ris hydrogen or C-C-alkyl or a agriculturally acceptable cation; and
1e
1
4
Ris C-C-alkyl, propargyl or allyl;
Ris selected from the group consisting of the radicals propargyloxy, allyloxy, isopropyloxy, C(═O)NHSONRR, C(═O)N—NRR, O—CRR—C(═O)—OR, C(═O)O—CRR—C(═O)—OR, C(═O)O—R, C(═O)O—CHR—C(═O)NHSONRR, NHSONRR, SONHC(═O)NRR, CH—CH(Cl)CO—Rand the radical of the formula OC(CH)—C(═O)—OR; where
2
Ris hydrogen, fluorine or chlorine;
6
Ris selected from difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethyl and methylsulfonyl; and
7
Ris selected from halogen or methyl, in particular from chlorine or bromine.
wherein
1
2
6
7
3
2
fluazolate (R═C(═O)O—CH(CH), R═F, R=trifluoromethyl, R=bromine), and
1
2
6
7
2
2
3
pyraflufen-ethyl (R═O—CH—C(═O)O—CHCH, R═F, R=difluoromethoxy, R=chlorine).
Examples of particularly preferred compounds of formula C.2.5b include
Triazinedione type herbicides (group C.2.6) include e.g. compounds of the formula C.2.6 and the salts thereof,
23
Ris hydrogen, fluorine or chlorine;
24
1
6
1
6
3
6
3
6
3
6
3
6
1
6
3
6
1
2
3
6
Ris selected from hydrogen, C-C-alkyl, C-C-haloalkyl, C-C-alkenyl, C-C-haloalkenyl, C-C-alkynyl, C-C-haloalkynyl, C-C-alkoxy, C-C-cycloalkyl and C-C-alkyl substituted by a C-C-cycloalkyl radical;
25
Ris selected from hydrogen, amino, methyl and propargyl;
26
Ris selected from hydrogen and methyl;
and Y is O or S.
wherein
23
24
25
26
Preference is given to compounds of the formula C.2.6, wherein Y, R, R, Rand R, independently of each other, and more preferably in combination have one of the following meanings:
Y is S,
23
Ris preferably fluorine or chlorine,
24
3
6
3
6
3
6
3
6
Ris preferably C-C-alkyl, C-C-alkenyl, or C-C-alkynyl, in particular C-C-alkynyl, and especially propargyl,
25
Ris preferably methyl, and
26
Ris preferably methyl.
23
24
26
26
In a particular preferred compound of the formula C.2.6 the variable Y is S, Ris fluorine, Ris propargyl, Ris methyl and Ris methyl.
Dicarboxamide type herbicides (group C.2.7) include e.g. compounds of the formula C.2.7 and the salts thereof,
m is 0, 1, 2, or 3, in particular 1 or 2;
is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, in particular 1 or 2;
27
1
6
1
6
3
6
3
6
3
6
3
6
3
6
1
4
1
4
1
2
3
6
Ris selected from C-C-alkyl, C-C-haloalkyl, C-C-alkenyl, C-C-haloalkenyl, C-C-alkylnyl, C-C-haloalkylnyl, C-C-cycloalkyl, C-C-alkyl substituted by a C-C-alkoxy radical, and C-C-alkyl substituted by a C-C-cycloalkyl radical;
28
28
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
Ris selected from halogen, C-C-alkyl, C-C-haloalkyl, C-C-alkoxy, and C-C-alkyl substituted by a C-C-alkoxy radical, it being possible for m=2 or 3 that the radicals Rare identical or different from each other,
29
30
29
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
2
3
6
2
Ris selected from halogen, cyano, nitro, C-C-alkyl, C-C-haloalkyl, C-C-alkylsulfonyl, C-C-alkoxy, C-C-alkyl substituted by a C-C-alkoxy radical, C-C-alkyl substituted by a C-C-cycloalkyl radical and a radical COR, it being possible for n=2, 3 or 4 that the radicals Rare identical or different from each other;
30
1
6
1
6
3
6
3
6
3
6
3
6
3
6
1
4
1
4
1
2
3
6
Ris selected from C-C-alkyl, C-C-haloalkyl, C-C-alkenyl, C-C-haloalkenyl, C-C-alkylnyl, C-C-haloalkylnyl, C-C-cycloalkyl, C-C-alkyl substituted by a C-C-alkoxy radical and C-C-alkyl substituted by a C-C-cycloalkyl radical.
wherein
27
27
29
30
m is 1;
is 1, 2 or 3;
27
1
6
3
6
1
2
3
6
Ris selected from C-C-alkyl, C-C-cycloalkyl, and C-C-alkyl substituted by a C-C-cycloalkyl radical, in particular cyclopropylmethyl;
28
1
3
Ris selected from halogen and C-C-alkyl, in particular methyl;
29
39
29
1
4
2
Ris selected from halogen, C-C-alkyl and a radical COR, it being possible for n=2 or 3 that the radicals Rare identical or different from each other;
30
1
6
Ris C-C-alkyl.
Preference is given to compounds of the formula C.2.7, wherein m, n, R, R, Rand R, independently of each other, and more preferably in combination have one of the following meanings:
A particular preferred compound of the formula C.2.7 is the compound of the following formula C.2.7a:
pyrimidinedione herbicides (also termed as phenyluracil herbicides), in particular benzfendizone and compounds of the formula C.2.1a such as butafenacil, flupropacil and saflufenacil,
triazolinones such as azafenidin, carfentrazone and the salts and esters thereof such as carfentrazone-ethyl and sulfentrazone,
oxadiazoles such as oxadiazon and oxadiargyl,
thiadiazoles such as fluthiazet and thidiazimin,
N-phenylphthalimide herbicides (also termed as dicarboximide herbicides) such as cinidon, flumioxazin, flumiclorac, and flumipropyn,
nitrobiphenylethers such as nitrofen, bifenox, oxyfluorfen, acifluorfen, fluoroglycofen, fluorodifen, fomesafen, lactofen, halosafen, chlornitrofen, fluornitrofen, chlomethoxyfen and nitrofluorfen and the salts and esters of the aforementioned compounds.
Preferred PPO inhibitors include
2
4
5
3a
Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris cyclopropylmethyl,
2
4
5
3a
Ris chlorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris cyclopropylmethyl,
2
4
5
3a
Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris methyl,
2
4
5
3a
Ris chlorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris methyl,
2
4
5
3a
Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris ethyl,
2
4
5
3a
Ris chlorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris ethyl,
2
4
5
3a
Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris trifluoromethyl or
2
4
5
3a
Ris chlorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris trifluoromethyl; and
pyrimidinedione herbicides of the formulae C.2.1b and C.2.1c, in particular compounds of the formula C.2.1b, wherein
2
4
5
3b
Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris cyclopropylmethyl,
2
4
5
3b
Ris chlorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris cyclopropylmethyl,
2
4
5
3b
Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris methyl,
2
4
5
3b
Ris chlorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris methyl,
2
4
5
3b
Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris ethyl,
2
4
5
3b
Ris chlorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris ethyl,
2
4
5
3b
Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris trifluoromethyl or
2
4
5
3b
Ris chlorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris trifluoromethyl.
compounds of formula C.2.1c, wherein
Preferred PPO inhibitors also include
2
4
5
6
7
3a
Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris chlorine and Ris ethyl,
2
4
5
6
7
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Ris chlorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris chlorine and Ris ethyl,
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Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris bromine and Ris ethyl, or
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Ris chlorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris bromine and Ris ethyl, and
compounds of the formula C.2.5a, wherein
compounds of the formula C.2.5b, which are selected from fluazolate and pyraflufen-ethyl.
Preferred PPO inhibitors also include pyrazole type herbicides, in particular
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Preferred PPO inhibitors also include triazinedione type herbicides, in particular compounds of the formula C.2.6 and more preferably those, wherein the variable Y is S, Ris fluorine, Ris propargyl, Ris methyl and Ris methyl.
Preferred PPO inhibitors also include dicarboxamide type herbicides, in particular compounds of the formula C.2.7 and more preferably the compound of the formula C.2.7a.
C.2.1 pyrimidinedione herbicides (also termed as phenyluracil herbicides), in particular compounds of the formulae C.2.1a, C.2.1b and C.2.1c and
C.2.2 N-phenylphthalimide herbicides (also termed as dicarboximide herbicides), in particular compounds of the formula C.2.2.
The PPO inhibitor is more preferably selected from the group consisting of:
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Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris chlorine and Ris ethyl,
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Ris chlorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris chlorine and Ris ethyl,
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Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris bromine and Ris ethyl, or
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Ris chlorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris bromine and Ris ethyl;
C.2.5 pyrazole herbicides, in particular of the formula C.2.5 and most preferably of the formula C.2.5a, especially compounds of the formula C.2.5a, wherein
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C.2.6 triazinedione herbicides, in particular compounds of the formula C.2.6, and most preferably a compound of the formula C.2.6, wherein the variable Y is S, Ris fluorine, Ris propargyl, Ris methyl and Ris methyl;
C.2.7 dicarboxamide herbicides, in particular of the formula C.2.7 and most preferably of the formula C.2.7a.
Likewise, the PPO inhibitor is more preferably selected from the group consisting of:
In this embodiment 2, the relative weight ratio of pyroxasulfone to herbicide C.2 is preferably in the range from 1:500 to 500:1, in particular in the range from 1:250 to 250:1 and more preferably from 100:1 to 1:100. The relative weight ratio of herbicide A to herbicide B+herbicide C.2 is preferably in the range from 1500:1 to 1:20, in particular from 1000:1 to 1:10 and more preferably from 500:1 to 1:5.
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According to a particular preferred embodiment of the invention, the component c) comprises at least one pyrimidindione herbicide C.2.1 (embodiment 2.1). Preferred pyrimidindione herbicides C.2.1 are butafenacil and saflufenacil. Likewise preferred pyrimidindione herbicides C.2.1 are compounds of the formula C.2.1b, wherein Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris cyclopropylmethyl. Likewise preferred pyrimidindione herbicides C.2.1 are compounds of the formula C.2.1c, wherein Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris trifluoromethyl.
In particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 2.1, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is butafenacil.
In other particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 2.1, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is saflufenacil.
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In other particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 2.1, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a compound of the formula C.2.1 b, wherein Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris cyclopropylmethyl.
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In other particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 2.1, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a compound of the formula C.2.1c, wherein Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris trifluoromethyl.
In this embodiment 2.1 the relative weight ratio of pyroxasulfone and an herbicide of the group C.2.1 is preferably from 1:100 to 100:1 and more preferably from 50:1 to 1:50. The relative weight ratio of herbicide A to herbicide B+herbicide C.2.1 is preferably in the range from 1000:1 to 1:10 and more preferably from 500:1 to 1:5.
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According to another particular preferred embodiment of the invention, the component c) comprises at least one dicarboximide herbicide of the group C.2.2 (embodiment 2.2). Preferred dicarboximide herbicides include cinidon, flumioxazin, flumiclorac, and flumipropyn. Also included are the salts of cinidon and flumiclorac, in particular their sodium salts, potassium salts, ammonium salts or substituted ammonium salts as defined above, in particular mono-, di and tri-C-C-alkylammonium salts such as isopropylammonium salts, and the esters of cinidon and flumiclorac, in particular their C-C-alkyl esters, such as methylesters, ethylesters, iso propyl esters. Suitable examples of such esters are cinidon-ethyl and flumiclorac-pentyl.
In preferred compositions of this embodiment 2.2, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is cinidon, flumioxazin, flumiclorac, or flumipropyn, or a salt or an ester of cinidon or flumiclorac.
In a particular preferred composition of this embodiment 2.2, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is flumioxazin.
In another particular preferred composition of this embodiment 2.2, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is flumiclorac.
In a further particular preferred composition of this embodiment 2.2, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is flumipropyn.
In this embodiment 2.2 the relative weight ratio of pyroxasulfone and an herbicide of the group C.2.2 is preferably from 100:1 to 1:100, in particular from 50:1 to 1:50. The relative weight ratio of herbicide A to herbicide B+herbicide C.2.2 is preferably in the range from 1000:1 to 1:10 and more preferably from 500:1 to 1:5.
According to another particular preferred embodiment of the invention, the component c) comprises at least one pyrazole herbicide of the group C.2.5 (embodiment 2.5). Preferred pyrazole herbicides include compounds of the formula C.2.5a and compounds of the formula C.2.5b, which are preferably selected from fluazolate and pyraflufen-ethyl
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Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris chlorine and Ris ethyl,
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Ris chlorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris chlorine and Ris ethyl,
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Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris bromine and Ris ethyl, or
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Ris chlorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris bromine and Ris ethyl.
In preferred compositions of this embodiment 2.5, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is compound of the formula C.2.5a, which is selected from the compounds, wherein
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In a particular preferred composition of this embodiment 2.5, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a compound of the formula C.2.5a, wherein Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris chlorine and Ris ethyl,
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In another particular preferred composition of this embodiment 2.5, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a compound of the formula C.2.5a, wherein Ris chlorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris bromine and Ris ethyl.
In this embodiment 2.5 the relative weight ratio of pyroxasulfone and an herbicide of the group C.2.5 is preferably from 100:1 to 1:100, in particular from 50:1 to 1:50. The relative weight ratio of herbicide A to herbicide B+herbicide C.2.5 is preferably in the range from 1000:1 to 1:50 and more preferably from 500:1 to 1:10.
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According to another particular preferred embodiment of the invention, the component c) comprises at least one triazindione herbicide of the group C.2.6 (embodiment 2.6). Preferred triazindione herbicides include compounds of the formula C.2.6, wherein wherein the variable Y is S, Ris fluorine, Ris propargyl, Ris methyl and Ris methyl.
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In a particular preferred composition of this embodiment 2.6, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a compound of the formula C.2.6 wherein the variable Y is S, Ris fluorine, Ris propargyl, Ris methyl and Ris methyl.
In this embodiment 2.6 the relative weight ratio of pyroxasulfone and an herbicide of the group C.2.6 is preferably from 100:1 to 1:100, in particular from 50:1 to 1:50. The relative weight ratio of herbicide A to herbicide B+herbicide C.2.6 is preferably in the range from 1000:1 to 1:50 and more preferably from 500:1 to 1:10.
According to another particular preferred embodiment of the invention, the component c) comprises at least one triazindione herbicide of the group C.2.7 (embodiment 2.7). Preferred triazindione herbicides include the compound of the formula C.2.7a.
In a particular preferred composition of this embodiment 2.7, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a compound of the formula C.2.7a.
In this embodiment 2.7 the relative weight ratio of pyroxasulfone and an herbicide of the group C.2.7 is preferably from 100:1 to 1:100, in particular from 50:1 to 1:50. The relative weight ratio of herbicide A to herbicide B+herbicide C.2.7 is preferably in the range from 1000:1 to 1:50 and more preferably from 500:1 to 1:10.
According to a third preferred embodiment of the invention (embodiment 3), the herbicidal compositions of the invention additionally comprise at least one further herbicide C.3 which is a synthetic auxin. Synthetic auxins are compounds which act like the phytohormones auxins such indole-3-acetic acid. Synthetic auxins belong to the group 0 of the HRAC classification system (see HRAC, Classification of Herbicides According to Mode of Action, http://www.plantprotection.org/hrac/MOA.html).
Herbicide compounds belonging to the group of synthetic auxins include e.g.
C.3.1 benzoic acid herbicides;
C.3.2 quinolinecarboxylic acid herbicides;
C.3.3 pyridine carboxylic acid herbicides;
C.3.4 phenoxycarboxylic acid herbicides;
Benzoic acid herbicides herbicides (C.3.1) include e.g. dicamba, tricamba, chloramben and 2,3,6-TBA (2,3,6-trichlorobenzoic acid) and the salts and esters thereof.
Quinolinecarboxylic acid herbicides herbicides (C.3.2) include e.g. quinclorac and quinmerac and the salts and esters thereof.
Pyridinecarboxylic acid herbicides herbicides (C.3.3) include e.g. aminopyralid, clopyralid, picloram, triclopyr and fluroxypyr and their salts and their esters.
Phenoxycarboxylic acid herbicides (C.3.4) include, e.g. phenoxyacetic acid herbicides such as 2,4-D, 3,4-DA, MCPA, 2,4,5-T, phenoxypropionic acid herbicides such as 2,4-DP (dichlorprop), 2,4-DP-P, 4-CPP, 3,4-DP, fenoprop, CMPP (mecoprop), CMPP-P, and phenoxybutyric acid herbicides such as 4-CPB, 2,4-DB, 3,4-DB, 2,4,5-TB, MCPB, their salts and their esters. Phenoxycarboxylic acid herbicides (b4) include 2,4-D, MCPA, 2,4-DP (dichlorprop), 2,4-DP-P, CMPP (mecoprop), CMPP-P, MCPB, their salts and their esters.
In this embodiment 3, the relative weight ratio of pyroxasulfone to herbicide of the group C.3 is preferably in the range from 1:500 to 500:1, in particular in the range from 1:250 to 250:1 and more preferably from 100:1 to 1:100. The relative weight ratio of herbicide A to herbicide B+herbicide C.3 is preferably in the range from 1500:1 to 1:20, in particular from 1000:1 to 1:10 and more preferably from 500:1 to 1:5.
According to a particular preferred embodiment of the invention, the component c) comprises at least one benzoic acid herbicide C.3.1 (embodiment 3.1).
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Preferred benzoic acid herbicides C.3.1 include dicamba, tricamba, chloramben and 2,3,6-TBA (2,3,6-trichlorobenzoic acid) and the salts the esters thereof, in particular their sodium salt, potassium salt, ammonium salt or substituted ammonium salts as defined above, in particular mono-, di- and tri-C-C-alkylammonium salts such as methylammonium, dimethylammonium and isopropylammonium, mono-, di- and tri-hydroxy-C-C-alkylammonium salts such as hydroxyethylammonium, di(hydroxyl-ethylammonium, tri(hydroxyethyl)ammonium, hydroxypropylammonium, di(hydroxypropyl)ammonium and tri(hydroxypropyl)ammonium salts and their esters, in particular its C-C-alkyl esters and C-C-alkoxy-C-C-alkyl esters, such as methylesters, ethylesters, iso-propyl, butyl, hexyl, heptyl, iso-heptyl, isooctyl, 2-ethylhexyl and butoxyethyl esters. Suitable examples of such salts are dicamba-sodium, dicamba-potassium, dicamba-methylammonium, dicamba-isopropylammonium, dicamba-olamine, dicamba-diolamine, dicamba-trolamine, tricamba-sodium, tricamba-potassium, tricamba-methylammonium, tricamba-isopropylammonium, tricamba-olamine, tricamba-diolamine, tricamba-trolamine, chloramben-ammonium, chloramben-methylammonium, chloramben-sodium, chloramben-diolamine, 2,3,6-T-sodium, 2,3,6-dimethylammonium. Suitable examples of such esters are dicamba-methyl and chloramben-methyl.
In particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 3.1, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is dicamba or a salt thereof.
In this embodiment 3.1 the relative weight ratio of pyroxasulfone and a benzoic acid herbicide is preferably from 1:250 to 250:1, in particular from 100:1 to 1:100. The relative weight ratio of herbicide A to herbicide B+herbicide C.3.1 is preferably in the range from 1000:1 to 1:10 and more preferably from 500:1 to 1:5.
According to another particular preferred embodiment of the invention, the component c) comprises at least one quinolinecarboxylic acid herbicide C.3.2 (embodiment 3.2). Quinolinecarboxylic acid herbicides (group C.2.2) are known e.g. from C. D. S. Tomlin, “The Pesticide Manual”, 13th Edition, BCPC (2003), and also from The Compendium of Pesticide Common Names, http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides/.
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Preferred quinolinecarboxylic acid herbicides include quinclorac, quinmerac, their salts and their esters, in particular their sodium salt, potassium salt, ammonium salt or substituted ammonium salts as defined above, in particular mono-, di- and tri-C-C-alkylammonium salts such as methylammonium, dimethylammonium and isopropylammonium, mono-, di- and tri-hydroxy-C-C-alkylammonium salts such as hydroxyethylammonium, di(hydroxyethyl)ammonium, tri(hydroxyethyl)ammonium, hydroxypropylammonium, di(hydroxypropyl)ammonium and tri(hydroxypropyl)ammonium salts and their esters, in particular its C-C-alkyl esters and C-C-alkoxy-C-C-alkyl esters, such as methylesters, ethylesters, iso-propyl, butyl, hexyl, heptyl, iso-heptyl, isooctyl, 2-ethylhexyl and butoxyethyl esters.
In particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 3.2, the herbicide B comprises or in particular is quinclorac or a salt or ester thereof.
In other particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 3.2, the herbicide B comprises or in particular is quinmerac or a salt or ester thereof.
In this embodiment 3.2 the relative weight ratio of pyroxasulfone and quinolinecarboxylic acid herbicide is preferably from 1:250 to 250:1, in particular from 100:1 to 1:100. The relative weight ratio of herbicide A to herbicide B+herbicide C.3.2 is preferably in the range from 1000:1 to 1:10 and more preferably from 500:1 to 1:5.
According to another particular preferred embodiment of the invention, the component c) comprises at least one pyridinecarboxylic acid herbicide C.3.3 (embodiment 3.3). Pyridinecarboxylic acid herbicides (group C.3.3) are known e.g. fC. D. S. Tomlin, “The Pesticide Manual”, 13th Edition, BCPC (2003), and also from The Compendium of Pesticide Common Names, http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides/.
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Pyridinecarboxylic acid herbicides include aminopyralid, clopyralid, picloram, triclopyr and fluroxypyr and their salts and their esters, in particular their sodium salt, potassium salt, ammonium salt or substituted ammonium salts as defined above, in particular mono-, di- and tri-C-C-alkylammonium salts such as methylammonium, dimethylammonium and isopropylammonium, mono-, di- and tri-hydroxy-C-C-alkylammonium salts such as hydroxyethylammonium, di(hydroxyethyl)ammonium, tri(hydroxyethyl)ammonium, hydroxypropylammonium, di(hydroxypropyl)ammonium and tri(hydroxypropyl)ammonium salts and their esters, in particular its C-C-alkyl esters and C-C-alkoxy-C-C-alkyl esters, such as methylesters, ethylesters, iso-propyl, butyl, hexyl, heptyl, iso-heptyl, isooctyl, 2-ethylhexyl and butoxyethyl esters. Suitable examples of such salts and esters are aminopyralid-potassium, aminopyralid-tris(2-hydroxypropyl)ammonium, clopyralid-potassium, clopyralid-olamine, clopyralid-tris(2-hydroxypropyl)ammonium, clopyralid-methyl, picloram-potassium, picloram-triethylammonium, picloram-tris(2-hydroxypropyl)ammonium, picloram-methyl, picloram-2-ethylhexyl, picloram-isooctyl, fluroxypyr-meptyl, fluroxypyrbutomethyl, triclopyr-triethylammonium, triclopyr-ethyl and triclopyr-butotyl.
In particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 3.3, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is fluroxypyr or a salt or ester thereof.
In this embodiment 3.3 the relative weight ratio of pyroxasulfone and pyridinecarboxylic acid herbicide is preferably from 250:1 to 1:250, in particular from 100:1 to 1:100. The relative weight ratio of herbicide A to herbicide B+herbicide C.3.3 is preferably in the range from 1000:1 to 1:10 and more preferably from 500:1 to 1:5.
According to a further embodiment of the invention, the component c) comprises at least one phenoxycarboxylic acid herbicide C.3.4 (embodiment 3.4). Phenoxycarboxylic herbicides (group C.3.4) are known e.g. from C. D. S. Tomlin, “The Pesticide Manual”, 13th Edition, BCPC (2003), and also from The Compendium of Pesticide Common Names, http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides/.
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Preferred phenoxycarboxylic acid herbicides include 2,4-D, 2,4-DP (dichlorprop), 2,4-DP-P, CMPP (mecoprop), CMPP-P, MCPA, MCPB, their salts and their esters, in particular their sodium salt, potassium salt, ammonium salt or substituted ammonium salts as defined above, in particular mono-, di- and tri-C-C-alkylammonium salts such as methylammonium, dimethylammonium and isopropylammonium, mono-, di- and tri-hydroxy-C-C-alkylammonium salts such as hydroxyethylammonium, di(hydroxyethyl)ammonium, tri(hydroxyethyl)ammonium, hydroxypropylammonium, di(hydroxypropyl)ammonium and tri(hydroxypropyl)ammonium salts and their esters, in particular its C-C-alkyl esters and C-C-alkoxy-C-C-alkyl esters, such as methylesters, ethylesters, iso-propyl, butyl, hexyl, heptyl, iso-heptyl, isooctyl, 2-ethylhexyl and butoxyethyl esters. Suitable examples of such salts and esters are When this substance is used as an ester or a salt, its identity should be stated, for example 2,4-D-ammonium, 2,4-D-butotyl, 2,4-D-2-butoxypropyl, 2,4-D-3-butoxypropyl, 2,4-D-butyl, 2,4-D-diethylammonium, 2,4-D-dimethylammonium, 2,4-D-diolamine, 2,4-D-dodecylammonium, 2,4-D-ethyl, 2,4-D-2-ethylhexyl, 2,4-D-heptylammonium, 2,4-D-isobutyl, 2,4-D-isoctyl, 2,4-D-isopropyl, 2,4-D-isopropylammonium, 2,4-D-lithium, 2,4-D-meptyl, 2,4-D-methyl, 2,4-D-octyl, 2,4-D-pentyl, 2,4-D-propyl, 2,4-D-sodium, 2,4-D-tefuryl, 2,4-D-tetradecylammonium, 2,4-D-triethylammonium, 2,4-D-tris(2-hydroxypropyl)ammonium, 2,4-D-trolamine, MCPA-butotyl, MCPA-butyl, MCPA-dimethylammonium, MCPA-diolamine, MCPA-ethyl, MCPA-2-ethylhexyl, MCPA-isobutyl, MCPA-isoctyl, MCPA-isopropyl, MCPA-methyl, MCPA-olamine, MCPA-potassium, MCPA-sodium, MCPA-trolamine, dichlorprop-butotyl, dichlorprop-dimethylammonium, dichlorprop-ethylammonium, dichlorprop-2-ethylhexyl, dichlorprop-isoctyl, dichlorprop-methyl, dichlorprop-potassium, dichlorprop-sodium, dicloprop-P-dimethylammonium, mecoprop-dimethylammonium, mecoprop-diolamine, mecoprop-ethadyl, mecoprop-isoctyl, mecoprop-methyl, mecoprop-potassium, mecoprop-sodium, mecoprop-trolamine, mecoprop-P-dimethylammonium, mecoprop-P-isobutyl, mecoprop-P-potassium, MCPB-methyl, MCPB-ethyl and MCPB-sodium.
In particular preferred compositions of this embodiment, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is 2,4-D or a salt or ester thereof.
In particular preferred compositions of this embodiment, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is MCPA or a salt or ester thereof.
In particular preferred compositions of this embodiment, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is dicloprop, dicloprop-P or a salt or ester thereof.
In particular preferred compositions of this embodiment, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is mecoprop, mecoprop-P or a salt or ester thereof.
In particular preferred compositions of this embodiment, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is MCPB or a salt or ester thereof.
In this embodiment 3.4 the relative weight ratio of pyroxasulfone and phenoxycarboxylic acid herbicide is preferably from 500:1 to 1:500, in particular from 250:1 to 1:250. The relative weight ratio of herbicide A to herbicide B+herbicide C.3.4 is preferably in the range from 1000:1 to 1:10 and more preferably from 500:1 to 1:5.
According to a fourth preferred embodiment of the invention (embodiment 4), the herbicidal compositions of the invention additionally comprise at least one further herbicide C.4 which is an inhibitor of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD inhibitor). HPPD inhibitors belong to the group F2 of the HRAC classification system (see HRAC, Classification of Herbicides According to Mode of Action, http://www.plantprotection.org/hrac/MOA.html).
Herbicide compounds belonging to the group of HPPD inhibitors include topramezone, tembotrione, isoxaflutole, mesotrione and sulcotrione.
Isoxaflutole is a well known herbicide and commercially available, e.g. under the trade name BALANCE® and MERLIN®. Mesotrione is a well known herbicide and commercially available, e.g. under the trade name CALLISTO®. Sulcotrione is a well known herbicide and commercially available, e.g. under the trade name MIKADO®. Tropramzeone is a well known herbicide and commercially available, e.g. under the trade names IMPACT® and CLIO®.
In a particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 4, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is isoxaflutole.
In another particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 4, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is mesotrione.
In a further particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 4, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is sulcotrione.
In a further particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 4, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is tembotrione.
In another particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 4, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is topramezone.
In the compositions of this embodiment 4, the relative weight ratio of pyroxasulfone to herbicide C.4 is preferably in the range from 1:100 to 100:1 and more preferably from 50:1 to 1:50. The relative weight ratio of herbicide A to herbicide B+herbicide C.4 is preferably in the range from 1500:1 to 1:20, in particular from 1000:1 to 1:10 and more preferably from 500:1 to 1:5.
According to a fifth preferred embodiment of the invention (embodiment 5), the herbicidal compositions of the invention additionally comprise at least one further herbicide C.5 which is an inhibitor of the phytoene desaturase (PDS inhibitor). PDS inhibitors are compounds which have a mode of action comprising the inhibition of the carotenoid biosynthesis in plants at the phytoene desaturase step and which belong to the group F1 of the HRAC classification system (see HRAC, Classification of Herbicides According to Mode of Action, http://www.plantprotection.org/hrac/MOA.html).
Suitable PDS inhibitors of the group C.5 are known from e.g. G. Hamprecht et al. “Phytoene Desaturase Inhibitors” in “Modern Crop Protection Compounds” Vol. 1, Wiley-VHC 2007, pp 187-211; from EP 723960 [C. D. S. Tomlin, “The Pesticide Manual”, 13th Edition, BCPC (2003) and also from The Compendium of Pesticide Common Names http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides/.
Suitable PDS inhibitors of the group C.5 include e.g. pyridazinone herbicides, such as norflurazon, pyridinecarboxamide herbicides, such as flufenican, diflufenican and picolinafen, as well as herbicides not belonging to a common group, such as beflubutamid, fluridone, flurochloridone and flurtamone. Preferred PDS inhibitors according to the present invention are selected from the group consisting of pyridinecarboxamide herbicides, such as flufenican, diflufenican and picolinafen.
In particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 5, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is picolinafen. This compound is known e.g. from EP 447004 (Shell Int. Res.).
In other particular preferred compositions of this embodiment, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is diflufenican. This compound is known e.g. from EP 53011 (May & Baker Ltd.).
In the compositions of the embodiment 5 the relative weight ratio of pyroxasulfone to herbicide C.5 is preferably in the range from 1:200 to 200:1 and more preferably from 100:1 to 1:100. The relative weight ratio of herbicide A to herbicide B+herbicide C.5 is preferably in the range from 1500:1 to 1:20, in particular from 1000:1 to 1:10 and more preferably from 500:1 to 1:5.
According to a sixth preferred embodiment of the invention (embodiment 6), the herbicidal compositions of the invention additionally comprise at least one further herbicide C.6 which is an inhibitor of electron transfer in photosynthesis in plants. These compounds have a mode of action comprising the inhibition of the electron transfer in photosystem II of the photosynthesis in plants (PSII inhibitors). They belong to the groups C1 to C3 of the HRAC classification system (see HRAC, Classification of Herbicides According to Mode of Action, http://www.plantprotection.org/hrac/MOA.html).
Suitable PSII inhibitors are selected from the group consisting of:
C.6.1 arylurea herbicides;
C.6.2 triazin(di)one herbicides;
C.6.3 chlorotriazine herbicides;
C.6.4 pyridazinone herbicides;
C.6.5 phenylcarbamate herbicides;
C.6.6 nitrile herbicides;
C.6.7 bentazone and its salts such as bentazone sodium; and
C.6.8 methylthiotriazine herbicides.
PSII inhibitors are known e.g. from K.-W. Winks and K.-H. Müller “Photosynthesis Inhibitors” in “Modern Crop Protection Compounds” Vol. 1, Wiley-VHC 2007, pp 359-400; C. D. S. Tomlin, “The Pesticide Manual”, 13th Edition, BCPC (2003) and also from The Compendium of Pesticide Common Names, http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides/.
Arylurea herbicides herbicides (C.6.1) include e.g. chlorbromuron, chlorotoluron, chloroxuron, dimefuron, diuron, ethidimuron, fenuron, fluometuron, isoproturon, isuron, linuron, methabenzthiazuron, metobromuron, metoxuron, monolinuron, neburon, siduron, tetrafluron and thebuthiuron. Preferred arylurea herbicides herbicides (C.6.1) include chlortoluron, diuron, linuron, isoproturon and tebuthiuron.
Triazin(di)one herbicides (C.6.2) (i.e. triazinone and triazindione herbicides) include e.g. ametridione, amibuzin, hexazinone, isomethiozin, metamitron and metribuzin. Preferred triazin(di)one herbicides (C.6.2) include hexazinon, metamitron and metribuzin.
Chlorotriazine herbicides (C.6.3) include e.g. atrazine, chlorazine, cyanazine, cyprazine, eglinazine, ipazine, mesoprazine, procyazine, proglinazine, propazine, sebuthylazine, simazine, terbuthylazine and trietazine. Preferred chlorotriazine herbicides (C.6.3) include atrazine, terbuthylazine and simazine.
Pyridazinone herbicides (C.6.4) include e.g. brompyrazon, chloridazon, dimidazon, metflurazon, norflurazon, oxapyrazon and pydanon. A preferred pyridazinone herbicide is chloridazon.
Phenylcarbamate herbicides (C.6.5) include e.g. desmedipham, phenisopham, phenmedipham and phenmedipham-ethyl.
Nitrile herbicides (C.6.6) include e.g. bromobonil, bromoxynil, chloroxynil, dichlobenil, iodobonil and ioxynil and their salts and esters, in particular in case of bromoxynil, chloroxynil and ioxynil. A preferred nitrile herbicide is bromoxynil.
Benzothiadiazinone herbicides (C.6.7) include bentazone and its salts, in particular its alkalimetal salts such as bentazone-sodium.
Methylthiotriazine herbicides (C.6.8) include e.g. ametryn, aziprotryne, cyanatryn, desmetryn, dimethametryn, methoprotryne, prometryn, simetryn and terbutryn. A preferred methylthiotriazine herbicide is ametryn.
In the compositions of the embodiment 6 the relative weight ratio of pyroxasulfone to herbicide C.6 is preferably in the range from 1:500 to 500:1, in particular in the range from 1:250 to 250:1 and more preferably from 100:1 to 1:100. The relative weight ratio of herbicide A to herbicide B+herbicide C.16 is preferably in the range from 1500:1 to 1:20, in particular from 1000:1 to 1:10 and more preferably from 500:1 to 1:5.
C.6.1, in particular chlortoluron, diuron, linuron, isoproturon and/or tebuthiuron
C.6.2, in particular hexazinon, metamitron and/or metribuzin,
C.6.3, in particular atrazine and/or terbuthylazine and
C.6.8, in particular ametryn,
and mixtures thereof.
Particular preference is given to PSII inhibitors of the herbicide groups
More preference is given to compostions of the embodiment 6, where the PSII inhibitor is selected from the group of atrazine, terbuthylazin, ametryn, hexazinone, metribuzin, diuron, isoproturon and their agriculturally acceptable salts and mixtures thereof.
In particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 6, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is hexazinone.
In other particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 6, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is metribuzin.
In other particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 6, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is diuron.
In other particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 6, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is isoproturon.
In other particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 6, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is atrazine.
In other particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 6, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is ametryn.
In other particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 6, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is terbuthylazin.
In other particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 6, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of atrazine and ametryn.
In other particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 6, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of atrazine and metribuzin.
According to a seventh preferred embodiment of the invention (embodiment 7), the herbicidal compositions of the invention additionally comprise at least one further herbicide C.7 which is an inhibitor of microtubule assembly (MTA inhibitor). MTA inhibitors are compounds which have a mode of action comprising the inhibition of the microtubule assembly in plants and which belong to the group K1 of the HRAC classification system (see HRAC, Classification of Herbicides According to Mode of Action, http://www.plantprotection.org/hrac/MOA.html).
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MTA inhibitors include e.g. dinitroanilide herbicides, such as benfluralin, butralin, dinitramine, ethalfluralin, oryzalin, pendimethalin, and trifluralin, phosphoroamidate herbicides, such as amiprophos-methyl and butamiphos, pyridine herbicides, such as dithiopyr and thiazopyr, benzamide herbicides, such as propyzamide and tebutam, and benzoic acid herbicides, such as chlorthal. The term “MTA inhibitor” is meant herein to also include the respective salts, isomers and esters of the above mentioned compounds. Suitable salts are e.g. salts of alkaline or earth alkaline metals or ammonium or organoammonium salts, for instance, sodium, potassium, ammonium, isopropyl ammonium etc. Suitable isomers are e.g. stereo isomers such as the enantiomers. Suitable esters are e.g. C-C-(branched or non-branched) alkyl esters, such as methylesters, ethylesters, iso propyl esters.
Preferred MTA inhibitors according to the present invention are selected from the group consisting of dinitroaniline herbicides, in particular benfluralin, butralin, dinitramine, ethalfluralin, fluchloralin, isopropalin, methalpropalin, nitralin, oryzalin, pendimethalin, prodiamine, profluralin and trifluralin, more preferably oryzalin, pendimethalin and trifluralin. Dinitroaniline herbicides are known e.g. from U.S. Pat. No. 3,257,190: U.S. Pat. No. 3,321,292; U.S. Pat. No. 3,367,949; C. D. S. Tomlin, “The Pesticide Manual”, 13th Edition, BCPC (2003) and also from The Compendium of Pesticide Common Names, http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides/.
In the compositions of the embodiment 7 the relative weight ratio of pyroxasulfone to herbicide C.7 is preferably in the range from 1:500 to 100:1 and more preferably from 50:1 to 1:300. The relative weight ratio of herbicide A to herbicide B+herbicide C.7 is preferably in the range from 1500:1 to 1:100, in particular from 1000:1 to 1:80 and more preferably from 500:1 to 1:50.
In particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 7, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is oryzalin.
In further particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 7, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is pendimethalin.
In the particular preferred compositions of embodiment 7 the relative weight ratio of pyroxasulfone and dinitroaniline herbicide is preferably from 100:1 to 1:500 and more preferably from 50:1 to 1:300. The relative weight ratio of herbicide A to herbicide B+herbicide C.7 is preferably in the range from 1500:1 to 1:100, in particular from 1000:1 to 1:80 and more preferably from 500:1 to 1:80.
According to a eighth preferred embodiment of the invention (embodiment 8), the herbicidal compositions of the invention additionally comprise at least one further herbicide C.8 which is an inhibitor of the VLCFA synthesis (VLCFA inhibitor). VLCFA inhibitors are compounds which have a mode of action comprising the inhibition of the VLCA synthesis and/or the inhibition of cell division in plants and which belong to the group K3 of the HRAC classification system (see HRAC, Classification of Herbicides According to Mode of Action, http://www.plantprotection.org/hrac/MOA.html).
C.8.1 chloroacetamide herbicides, such as acetochlor, alachlor, butachlor, dimethachlor, dimethenamid, dimethenamid-P, metazachlor, metolachlor, S-metolachlor, pethoxamid, pretilachlor, propachlor, propisochlor and thenylchlor,
C.8.1 oxyacetamide herbicides, such as flufenacet and mefenacet,
C.8.3 acetamide herbicides, such as diphenamid, napropamide and naproanilide,
C.8.3 tetrazolinone herbicides, such as fentrazamide as well as
C.8.4 VLCFA-herbicides not belonging to a common group, such as anilofos, cafenstrole and piperophos.
VLCFA inhibitors include e.g.
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The term “VLCFA inhibitor” is meant herein to also include the respective salts, isomers and esters of the above mentioned compounds. Suitable salts are e.g. salts of alkaline or earth alkaline metals or ammonium or organoammonium salts, for instance, sodium, potassium, ammonium, isopropyl ammonium etc. Suitable isomers are e.g. stereo isomers such as the enantiomers. Suitable esters are e.g. C-C-(branched or non-branched) alkyl esters, such as methylesters, ethylesters, iso propyl esters.
Preferred VLCFA inhibitors according to the embodiment 8 are selected from the group consisting of chloroacetamide herbicides (embodiment 8.1), in particular acetochlor, dimethachlor, dimethenamid, dimethenamid-P, metazachlor, propisochlor, pethoxamide, metolachlor, and metolachlor-S and oxyacetamide herbicides (embodiment 8.2), in particular flufenacet.
In the compositions of the embodiment 8 (and likewise in embodiments 8.1 and 8.2) the relative weight ratio of pyroxasulfone to herbicide C.8 is preferably in the range from 1:250 to 250:1, in particular in the range of 1:200 to 200:1 and more preferably from 150:1 to 1:150. The relative weight ratio of herbicide A to herbicide B+herbicide C.8 is preferably in the range from 1500:1 to 1:20 and more preferably from 1000:1 to 1:10.
In particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 8.1, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is acetochlor.
In other particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 8.1, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is dimethachlor.
In further particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 8.1, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is dimethenamid.
In further particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 8.1, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is dimethenamid-P.
In further particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 8.1, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is metazachlor.
In further particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 8.1, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is propisochlor.
In further particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 8.2, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is flufenacet.
In further preferred compositions of this embodiment 8, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of at least one VLCFA inhibitor herbicide, in particular at least one chloroacetamide herbicide and/or at least one oxyacetamide, with at least one herbicides of the group C.3, in particular of the group C.3.1 such as dicamba or a salt thereof, or of the group C.3.2 such as quinmerac or a salt thereof (embodiment 8.3) and/or with clomazone (embodiment 8.4). In these preferred compositions of the embodiments 8.3 and 8.4 the chloroacetamide herbicide is preferably selected from acetochlor, dimethachlor, dimethenamid, dimethenamid-P, metazachlor, metolachlor, S-metolachlor, pethoxamide and propisochlor. In these preferred compositions the oxyacetamide herbicide is preferably flufenacet.
In further particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 8.3, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of quinmerac or a salt thereof and metazachlor.
In further particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 8.3, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of dicamba or a salt thereof and metazachlor.
In further particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 8.3, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of dicamba or a salt thereof and flufenacet.
In further particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 8.3, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of dicamba or a salt thereof and dimethenamid-P, optionally comprising a PSII inhibitor herbicide such as atrazine or metribuzin.
In further particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 8.4, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of clomazone and metazachlor.
In further particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 8.4, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of clomazone and dimethenamid-P.
In the embodiment 8.3 the relative weight ratio of pyroxasulfone and herbicide C.8+C.3 is preferably from 500:1 to 1:500 and more preferably from 250:1 to 1:250. The relative weight ratio of herbicide A to herbicide B+herbicide C.3+herbicide C.8 is preferably in the range from 1000:1 to 1:50 and more preferably from 500:1 to 1:30.
In the embodiment 8.4 the relative weight ratio of pyroxasulfone and herbicide C.8+clomazone is preferably from 500:1 to 1:500 and more preferably from 250:1 to 1:250. The relative weight ratio of herbicide A to herbicide B+clomazone+herbicide C.8 is preferably in the range from 1000:1 to 1:50 and more preferably from 500:1 to 1:30.
In further preferred compositions of the invention, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of an VLCFA inhibitor, in particular an oxyacetamide and/or a chloroacetamide, and at least one PSII inhibitor, in particular selected from the groups C.6.1, C.6.2, C.6.3 and C.6.8 (embodiment 8.5).
In the preferred compositions of the embodiment 8.5 the chloroacetamide herbicide is preferably selected from acetochlor, dimethachlor, dimethenamid, dimethenamid-P, metazachlor, metolachlor, S-metolachlor, pethoxamide and propisochlor. In these preferred compositions the oxyacetamide herbicide is preferably flufenacet.
In the preferred compositions of the embodiment 8.5 the PSII-inhibitor is preferably selected from atrazine, terbuthylazin, ametryn, hexazinone, metribuzin, diuron, isoproturon.
In particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 8.5, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of dimethenamid-P and at least one PSII inhibitor selected from atrazine, metribuzine and terbuthylazine.
In further particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 8.5, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of metazachlor and at least one PSII inhibitor selected from atrazine, metribuzine and terbuthylazine.
In further particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 8.5, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of alachlor and at least one PSII inhibitor selected from atrazine, metribuzine and terbuthylazine.
In further particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 8.5, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of flufenacet and at least one PSII inhibitor selected from atrazine, metribuzine and terbuthylazine.
In the embodiment 8.5 the relative weight ratio of pyroxasulfone and herbicide C.8+C.6 is preferably from 500:1 to 1:500 and more preferably from 250:1 to 1:250. The relative weight ratio of herbicide A to herbicide B+herbicide C.6+herbicide C.8 is preferably in the range from 1000:1 to 1:50 and more preferably from 500:1 to 1:30.
In further preferred compositions of the invention, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of an VLCFA inhibitor, in particular an oxyacetamide and/or a chloroacetamide, at least one auxin herbicide C.3, in particular a herbicide of the groups C.3.1, C.3.2 and/or C.3.4, and at least one PSII inhibitor, in particular selected from the groups C.6.1, C.6.2, C.6.3 and C.6.8 (embodiment 8.6).
In the preferred compositions of the embodiment 8.6 the auxin herbicide C.3 is at least one benzoic acid herbicide of the group C.3.1, such as dicamba or a salt thereof, or quinolinecarboxylic acid herbicide of the group C.3.2 such as quinmerac or a salt thereof.
In the preferred compositions of the embodiment 8.6 the chloroacetamide herbicide is preferably selected from acetochlor, dimethachlor, dimethenamid, dimethenamid-P, metazachlor, metolachlor, S-metolachlor, pethoxamide and propisochlor. In these preferred compositions the oxyacetamide herbicide is preferably flufenacet.
In the preferred compositions of the embodiment 8.6 the PSII-inhibitor is preferably selected from atrazine, terbuthylazin, ametryn, hexazinone, metribuzin, diuron, isoproturon.
In particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 8.6, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of dimethenamid-P, at least one PSII inhibitor selected from atrazine, metribuzine and terbuthylazine, and an auxin herbicide, in particular a benzoic acid herbicide such as dicamba.
In particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 8.6, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of metazachlor, at least one PSII inhibitor selected from atrazine, metribuzine and terbuthylazine, and an auxin herbicide, in particular a benzoic acid herbicide such as dicamba.
In particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 8.6, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of alachlor, at least one PSII inhibitor selected from atrazine, metribuzine and terbuthylazine, and an auxin herbicide, in particular a benzoic acid herbicide such as dicamba.
In particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 8.6, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of flufenacet, at least one PSII inhibitor selected from atrazine, metribuzine and terbuthylazine, and an auxin herbicide, in particular a benzoic acid herbicide such as dicamba.
In the embodiment 8.6 the relative weight ratio of pyroxasulfone and herbicide C.8+C.6+C.3 is preferably from 500:1 to 1:500 and more preferably from 250:1 to 1:250. The relative weight ratio of herbicide A to herbicide B+herbicide C.3+herbicide C.6+herbicide C.8 is preferably in the range from 1000:1 to 1:50 and more preferably from 500:1 to 1:30.
In further preferred compositions of the invention, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of an VLCFA inhibitor, in particular an oxyacetamide and/or a chloroacetamide, and at least one protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor which is in particular selected from the groups C.2.1 and C.2.2 (embodiment 8.7).
In the preferred compositions of the embodiment 8.7 the PPO inhibitor herbicide is select from the group of pyrimidinedione herbicides, in particular saflufenacil or a salt thereof.
In the preferred compositions of the embodiment 8.7 the chloroacetamide herbicide is preferably selected from acetochlor, dimethachlor, dimethenamid, dimethenamid-P, metazachlor, metolachlor, S-metolachlor, pethoxamide and propisochlor. In these preferred compositions the oxyacetamide herbicide is preferably flufenacet.
In the embodiment 8.7 the relative weight ratio of pyroxasulfone and herbicide C.2+C.8 is preferably from 200:1 to 1:200 and more preferably from 100:1 to 1:100. The relative weight ratio of herbicide A to herbicide B+herbicide C.2+herbicide C.8 is preferably in the range from 1000:1 to 1:10 and more preferably from 500:1 to 1:10.
In further preferred compositions of the invention, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of an VLCFA inhibitor, in particular an oxyacetamide and/or a chloroacetamide, and at least one HPPD inhibitor (embodiment 8.8).
In the preferred compositions of the embodiment 8.8 the HPPD inhibitor herbicide is select from the group of topramezone, tembotrione, isoxaflutole, mesotrione and sulcotrione or a salt thereof.
In the preferred compositions of the embodiment 8.8 the chloroacetamide herbicide is preferably selected from acetochlor, dimethachlor, dimethenamid, dimethenamid-P, metazachlor, metolachlor, S-metolachlor, pethoxamide and propisochlor. In these preferred compositions the oxyacetamide herbicide is preferably flufenacet.
In the embodiment 8.8 the relative weight ratio of pyroxasulfone and herbicide C.4+C.8 is preferably from 200:1 to 1:200 and more preferably from 100:1 to 1:100. The relative weight ratio of herbicide A to herbicide B+herbicide C.4+herbicide C.8 is preferably in the range from 1500:1 to 1:20 and more preferably from 1000:1 to 1:10.
In further preferred compositions of the invention, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of an VLCFA inhibitor, in particular an oxyacetamide and/or a chloroacetamide, at least one HPPD inhibitor herbicide C.4 and at least one PSII inhibitor, in particular selected from the groups C.6.1, C.6.2, C.6.3 and C.6.8 (embodiment 8.9).
In the preferred compositions of the embodiment 8.9 the HPPD inhibitor herbicide is select from the group of topramezone, tembotrione, isoxaflutole, mesotrione and sulcotrione or a salt thereof.
In the preferred compositions of the embodiment 8.9 the chloroacetamide herbicide is preferably selected from acetochlor, dimethachlor, dimethenamid, dimethenamid-P, metazachlor, metolachlor, S-metolachlor, pethoxamide and propisochlor. In these preferred compositions the oxyacetamide herbicide is preferably flufenacet.
In the preferred compositions of the embodiment 8.9 the PSII-inhibitor is preferably selected from atrazine, terbuthylazin, ametryn, hexazinone, metribuzin, diuron, isoproturon and terbuthiuron.
In particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 8.9, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of dimethenamid-P, at least one PSII inhibitor selected from atrazine, metribuzine and terbuthylazine, and a HPPD inhibitor herbicide, in particular topramezone.
In particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 8.9, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of metazachlor, at least one PSII inhibitor selected from atrazine, metribuzine and terbuthylazine, and a HPPD inhibitor herbicide, in particular topramezone.
In particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 8.9, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of alachlor, at least one PSII inhibitor selected from atrazine, metribuzine and terbuthylazine, and a HPPD inhibitor herbicide, in particular topramezone.
In particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 8.9, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of flufenacet, at least one PSII inhibitor selected from atrazine, metribuzine and terbuthylazine, and a HPPD inhibitor herbicide, in particular topramezone.
In the embodiment 8.9 the relative weight ratio of pyroxasulfone and herbicide C.8+C.6+C.4 is preferably from 200:1 to 1:500 and more preferably from 100:1 to 1:250. The relative weight ratio of herbicide A to herbicide B+herbicide C.4+herbicide C.6+herbicide C.8 is preferably in the range from 1500:1 to 1:50 and more preferably from 500:1 to 1:30.
In further preferred compositions of the invention, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of an VLCFA inhibitor, in particular an oxyacetamide and/or a chloroacetamide, and at least one herbicide of the group of microtubulin inhibitors (embodiment 8.10).
In the preferred compositions of the embodiment 8.10 the MTA inhibitor herbicide (herbicide C.7) is select from the group of dinitroanilines, in particular pendimethalin.
In the preferred compositions of the embodiment 8.10 the chloroacetamide herbicide is preferably selected from acetochlor, dimethachlor, dimethenamid, dimethenamid-P, metazachlor, metolachlor, S-metolachlor, pethoxamide and propisochlor. In these preferred compositions the oxyacetamide herbicide is preferably flufenacet.
In the embodiment 8.10 the relative weight ratio of pyroxasulfone and herbicide C.7+C.8 is preferably from 500:1 to 1:500 and more preferably from 250:1 to 1:250. The relative weight ratio of herbicide A to herbicide B+herbicide C.7+herbicide C.8 is preferably in the range from 1500:1 to 1:50 and more preferably from 1000:1 to 1:30.
In further preferred compositions of the invention, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of an imidazolinone herbicide or a salt thereof and at least one PSII inhibitor, in particular selected from the groups C.6.1, C.6.2, C.6.3 and C.6.8 (embodiment 9).
In the preferred compositions of the embodiment 9 the imidazolinone herbicide is preferably selected from imazamox, imazapic, imazapyr, imazaquin, imazethapyr, their salts and their esters, as well as mixtures thereof, in particular imazamox, imazapic, imazapyr and imazethapyr, their salts and their esters, as well as mixtures thereof, in particular mixtures of imazamox with imazapyr and/or imazethapyr and mixtures of imazapic with imazapyr and/or imazethapyr.
In the preferred compositions of the embodiment 9 the PSII-inhibitor is preferably selected from atrazine, terbuthylazin, ametryn, hexazinone, metribuzin, diuron, isoproturon.
In the embodiment 9 the relative weight ratio of pyroxasulfone and herbicide C.1.1+C.6 is preferably from 500:1 to 1:500 and more preferably from 250:1 to 1:250. The relative weight ratio of herbicide A to herbicide B+herbicide C.1.1+herbicide C.6 is preferably in the range from 1000:1 to 1:50 and more preferably from 500:1 to 1:30.
In further preferred compositions of the invention, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of an HPPD-inhibitor herbicide or a salt thereof and at least one PSII inhibitor, in particular selected from the groups C.6.1, C.6.2, C.6.3 and C.6.8 (embodiment 10).
In the preferred compositions of the embodiment 10 the HPPD-inhibitor herbicide is preferably selected from isoxaflutole, mesotrione, tembotrione, sulcotrione and tropamezone, their salts, as well as mixtures thereof.
In the preferred compositions of the embodiment 9 the PSII-inhibitor is preferably selected from atrazine, terbuthylazin, ametryn, hexazinone, metribuzin, diuron, isoproturon.
In the embodiment 10 the relative weight ratio of pyroxasulfone and herbicide C.4+C.6 is preferably from 500:1 to 1:500 and more preferably from 250:1 to 1:250. The relative weight ratio of herbicide A to herbicide B+herbicide C.4+herbicide C.8 is preferably in the range from 1000:1 to 1:50 and more preferably from 500:1 to 1:30.
In further preferred compositions of the invention, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of an ALS-inhibitor herbicide, in particular an imidazolinone herbicide or a salt thereof and at least one protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, in particular selected from the groups C.2.1 and C.2.2, C.2.5, C.2.6 and C.2.7 (embodiment 11).
In the preferred compositions of the embodiment lithe imidazolinone herbicide is preferably selected from imazamox, imazapic, imazapyr, imazaquin, imazethapyr, their salts and their esters, as well as mixtures thereof, in particular imazamox, imazapic, imazapyr and imazethapyr, their salts and their esters, as well as mixtures thereof, in particular mixtures of imazamox with imazapyr and/or imazethapyr and mixtures of imazapic with imazapyr and/or imazethapyr.
In the preferred compositions of the embodiment lithe PPO inhibitor herbicide is select from the group of pyrimidinedione herbicides, in particular saflufenacil or a salt thereof.
2
4
5
3a
2
4
5
3a
In other preferred compositions of the embodiment lithe PPO inhibitor herbicide is select from the group of pyrimidinedione herbicides of the formulae C.2.1b or C.2.1c, in particular the compound of the formula C.2.1b, wherein Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris cyclopropylmethyl, and the compound of the formula C.2.1c, wherein Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris trifluoromethyl
2
4
5
6
7
3a
Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris chlorine and Ris ethyl,
2
4
5
6
7
3a
Ris chlorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris chlorine and Ris ethyl,
2
4
5
6
7
3a
Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris bromine and Ris ethyl, or
2
4
5
6
7
3a
Ris chlorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris bromine and Ris ethyl.
In other preferred compositions of the embodiment lithe PPO inhibitor herbicide is select from the group of pyrazole herbicides of the formulae C.2.5, in particular compounds of the formula C2.5a, and more preferably the compounds of the formula C.2.5a, wherein
23
24
25
26
In other preferred compositions of the embodiment lithe PPO inhibitor herbicide is select from the group of triazindione herbicides of the formulae C.2.6, in particular the compound of the formula C.2.6, wherein the variable Y is S, Ris fluorine, Ris propargyl, Ris methyl and Ris methyl.
In other preferred compositions of the embodiment lithe PPO inhibitor herbicide is select from the group of dicarboxamide herbicides of the formulae C.2.7, in particular the compound of the formula C.2.7a.
In the embodiment lithe relative weight ratio of pyroxasulfone and herbicide C.1.1+C.2 is preferably from 500:1 to 1:500 and more preferably from 250:1 to 1:250. The relative weight ratio of herbicide A to herbicide B+herbicide C.1.1+herbicide C.2 is preferably in the range from 1000:1 to 1:50 and more preferably from 500:1 to 1:30.
In further preferred compositions of the invention, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of an auxin herbicide or a salt thereof (herbicide C.3) and at least one protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, in particular selected from the groups C.2.1, C.2.2, C.2.5, C.2.6 and C.2.7 (embodiment 12).
In the preferred compositions of the embodiment 12 the auxin herbicide is a benzoic acid herbicide of the group C.3.1 such as dicamba or a salt thereof, or of the group C.3.2 such as quinmerac or a salt thereof.
In the preferred compositions of the embodiment 12 the PPO inhibitor herbicide is select from the group of pyrimidinedione herbicides, in particular saflufenacil or a salt thereof.
2
4
5
3a
2
4
5
3a
In other preferred compositions of the embodiment 12 the PPO inhibitor herbicide is select from the group of pyrimidinedione herbicides of the formulae C.2.1b or C.2.1c, in particular the compound of the formula C.2.1b, wherein Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris cyclopropylmethyl, and the compound of the formula C.2.1c, wherein Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris trifluoromethyl
2
4
5
6
7
3a
Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris chlorine and Ris ethyl,
2
4
5
6
7
3a
Ris chlorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris chlorine and Ris ethyl,
2
4
5
6
7
3a
Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris bromine and Ris ethyl, or
2
4
5
6
7
3a
Ris chlorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris bromine and Ris ethyl.
In other preferred compositions of the embodiment 12 the PPO inhibitor herbicide is select from the group of pyrazole herbicides of the formulae C.2.5, in particular compounds of the formula C2.5a, and more preferably the compounds of the formula C.2.5a, wherein
23
24
25
26
In other preferred compositions of the embodiment 12 the PPO inhibitor herbicide is select from the group of triazindione herbicides of the formulae C.2.6, in particular the compound of the formula C.2.6, wherein the variable Y is S, Ris fluorine, Ris propargyl, Ris methyl and Ris methyl.
In other preferred compositions of the embodiment 12 the PPO inhibitor herbicide is select from the group of dicarboxamide herbicides of the formulae C.2.7, in particular the compound of the formula C.2.7a.
In the embodiment 12 the relative weight ratio of pyroxasulfone and herbicide C.1.1+C.2 is preferably from 500:1 to 1:500 and more preferably from 250:1 to 1:250. The relative weight ratio of herbicide A to herbicide B+herbicide C.1.1+herbicide C.2 is preferably in the range from 1000:1 to 1:50 and more preferably from 500:1 to 1:30.
In further preferred compositions of the invention, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of an PPO inhibitor, in particular of the groups C.2.1 and/or C.2.2 and/or C.2.5 and/or C.2.5 and/or C.2.7 and at least one PSII inhibitor, in particular selected from the groups C.6.1, C.6.2, C.6.3 and C.6.8 and optionally one or more auxin herbicides C.3, in particular a herbicide of the groups C.3.1, C.3.2 and/or C.3.4, (embodiment 13).
In the preferred compositions of the embodiment 13 the PPO inhibitor herbicide is select from the group of pyrimidinedione herbicides, in particular saflufenacil or a salt thereof.
2
4
5
3a
2
4
5
3a
In other preferred compositions of the embodiment 13 the PPO inhibitor herbicide is select from the group of pyrimidinedione herbicides of the formulae C.2.1b or C.2.1c, in particular the compound of the formula C.2.1b, wherein Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris cyclopropylmethyl, and the compound of the formula C.2.1c, wherein Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris trifluoromethyl
2
4
5
6
7
3a
Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris chlorine and Ris ethyl,
2
4
5
6
7
3a
Ris chlorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris chlorine and Ris ethyl,
2
4
5
6
7
3a
Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris bromine and Ris ethyl, or
2
4
5
6
7
3a
Ris chlorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris bromine and Ris ethyl.
In other preferred compositions of the embodiment 13 the PPO inhibitor herbicide is select from the group of pyrazole herbicides of the formulae C.2.5, in particular compounds of the formula C2.5a, and more preferably the compounds of the formula C.2.5a, wherein
23
24
25
26
In other preferred compositions of the embodiment 13 the PPO inhibitor herbicide is select from the group of triazindione herbicides of the formulae C.2.6, in particular the compound of the formula C.2.6, wherein the variable Y is S, Ris fluorine, Ris propargyl, Ris methyl and Ris methyl.
In other preferred compositions of the embodiment 13 the PPO inhibitor herbicide is select from the group of dicarboxamide herbicides of the formulae C.2.7, in particular the compound of the formula C.2.7a.
In the preferred compositions of the embodiment 13 the PSII-inhibitor is preferably selected from atrazine, terbuthylazin, ametryn, hexazinone, metribuzin, diuron, isoproturon.
In the preferred compositions of the embodiment 13 the optional auxin herbicide C.3 is at least one benzoic acid herbicide of the group C.3.1, such as dicamba or a salt thereof, or quinolinecarboxylic acid herbicide of the group C.3.2 such as quinmerac or a salt thereof.
In particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 13, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of saflufenacil, at least one PSII inhibitor selected from atrazine, metribuzine and terbuthylazine, and an auxin herbicide, in particular a benzoic acid herbicide such as dicamba.
In the embodiment 13 the relative weight ratio of pyroxasulfone and herbicide C.2+C.6 or C.2+C.6+C.3 is preferably from 500:1 to 1:500 and more preferably from 250:1 to 1:250. The relative weight ratio of herbicide A to herbicide B+herbicide C.2+herbicide C.6 or herbicide C.2+herbicide C.3+herbicide C.6 is preferably in the range from 1000:1 to 1:50 and more preferably from 500:1 to 1:30.
In further preferred compositions of the invention, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of an PDS inhibitor, in particular an pyridinecarboxamide herbicide, and at least one herbicide of the group of microtubulin inhibitors (embodiment 14).
In the preferred compositions of the embodiment 14 the MTA inhibitor herbicide (herbicide C.7) is select from the group of dinitroanilines, in particular pendimethalin.
In the preferred compositions of the embodiment 14 the PDS herbicide is selected from the group of pyridinecarboxamide herbicides, in particular from flufenican, diflufenican and picolinafen, more preferably picolinafen.
In the embodiment 14 the relative weight ratio of pyroxasulfone and herbicide C.5+C.7 is preferably from 200:1 to 1:200 and more preferably from 100:1 to 1:100. The relative weight ratio of herbicide A to herbicide B+herbicide C.7+herbicide C.5 is preferably in the range from 1000:1 to 1:50 and more preferably from 500:1 to 1:30.
In further preferred compositions of the invention, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of HPPD-inhibitor herbicide and at least one protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, in particular selected from the groups C.2.1 and C.2.2, C.2.5, C.2.6 and C.2.7 (embodiment 15).
In the preferred compositions of the embodiment 15 the HPPD-inhibitor herbicide is selected from the group of topramezone, tembotrione, isoxaflutole, mesotrione and sulcotrione and the salts thereof.
In the preferred compositions of the embodiment 15 the PPO inhibitor herbicide is select from the group of pyrimidinedione herbicides, in particular saflufenacil or a salt thereof.
2
4
5
3a
2
4
5
3a
In other preferred compositions of the embodiment 15 the PPO inhibitor herbicide is select from the group of pyrimidinedione herbicides of the formulae C.2.1b or C.2.1c, in particular the compound of the formula C.2.1b, wherein Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris cyclopropylmethyl, and the compound of the formula C.2.1c, wherein Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris trifluoromethyl
2
4
5
6
7
3a
Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris chlorine and Ris ethyl,
2
4
5
6
7
3a
Ris chlorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris chlorine and Ris ethyl,
2
4
5
6
7
3a
Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris bromine and Ris ethyl, or
2
4
5
6
7
3a
Ris chlorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris bromine and Ris ethyl.
In other preferred compositions of the embodiment 15 the PPO inhibitor herbicide is select from the group of pyrazole herbicides of the formulae C.2.5, in particular compounds of the formula C2.5a, and more preferably the compounds of the formula C.2.5a, wherein
23
24
25
26
In other preferred compositions of the embodiment 15 the PPO inhibitor herbicide is select from the group of triazindione herbicides of the formulae C.2.6, in particular the compound of the formula C.2.6, wherein the variable Y is S, Ris fluorine, Ris propargyl, Ris methyl and Ris methyl.
In other preferred compositions of the embodiment 15 the PPO inhibitor herbicide is select from the group of dicarboxamide herbicides of the formulae C.2.7, in particular the compound of the formula C.2.7a.
In the embodiment 15 the relative weight ratio of pyroxasulfone and herbicide C.4+C.2 is preferably from 500:1 to 1:500 and more preferably from 250:1 to 1:250. The relative weight ratio of herbicide A to herbicide B+herbicide C.1.1+herbicide C.2 is preferably in the range from 1000:1 to 1:50 and more preferably from 500:1 to 1:30.
In further preferred compositions of the invention, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of microtubulin-inhibitor herbicide and at least one protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, in particular selected from the groups C.2.1 and C.2.2, C.2.5, C.2.6 and C.2.7 (embodiment 16).
In the preferred compositions of the embodiment 16 the microtubulin-inhibitor herbicide is selected from the group of dinitroaniline herbicides, in particular selected from the group of benfluralin, butralin, dinitramine, ethalfluralin, fluchloralin, isopropalin, methalpropalin, nitralin, oryzalin, pendimethalin, prodiamine, profluralin and trifluralin, more preferably selected from the group of oryzalin, pendimethalin and trifluralin.
In the preferred compositions of the embodiment 16 the PPO inhibitor herbicide is select from the group of pyrimidinedione herbicides, in particular saflufenacil or a salt thereof.
2
4
5
3a
2
4
5
3a
In other preferred compositions of the embodiment 16 the PPO inhibitor herbicide is select from the group of pyrimidinedione herbicides of the formulae C.2.1b or C.2.1c, in particular the compound of the formula C.2.1b, wherein Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris cyclopropylmethyl, and the compound of the formula C.2.1c, wherein Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris trifluoromethyl.
2
4
5
6
7
3a
Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris chlorine and Ris ethyl,
2
4
5
6
7
3a
Ris chlorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris chlorine and Ris ethyl,
2
4
5
6
7
3a
Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris bromine and Ris ethyl, or
2
4
5
6
7
3a
Ris chlorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris bromine and Ris ethyl.
In other preferred compositions of the embodiment 16 the PPO inhibitor herbicide is select from the group of pyrazole herbicides of the formulae C.2.5, in particular compounds of the formula C2.5a, and more preferably the compounds of the formula C.2.5a, wherein
23
24
25
26
In other preferred compositions of the embodiment 16 the PPO inhibitor herbicide is select from the group of triazindione herbicides of the formulae C.2.6, in particular the compound of the formula C.2.6, wherein the variable Y is S, Ris fluorine, Ris propargyl, Ris methyl and Ris methyl.
In other preferred compositions of the embodiment 16 the PPO inhibitor herbicide is select from the group of dicarboxamide herbicides of the formulae C.2.7, in particular the compound of the formula C.2.7a.
In the embodiment 16 the relative weight ratio of pyroxasulfone and herbicide C.7+C.2 is preferably from 500:1 to 1:500 and more preferably from 250:1 to 1:250. The relative weight ratio of herbicide A to herbicide B+herbicide C.1.1+herbicide C.2 is preferably in the range from 1000:1 to 1:50 and more preferably from 500:1 to 1:30.
In further preferred compositions of the invention, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of VLCFA inhibitor herbicide and at least one protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, in particular selected from the groups C.2.1 and C.2.2, C.2.5, C.2.6 and C.2.7 (embodiment 16).
In the preferred compositions of the embodiment 17 are selected from the group consisting of chloroacetamide herbicides (embodiment 17.1), in particular acetochlor, dimethachlor, dimethenamid, dimethenamid-P, metazachlor, propisochlor, pethoxamide, metolachlor, and metolachlor-S and oxyacetamide herbicides (embodiment 17.2), in particular flufenacet.
In the compositions of the embodiment 17 (and likewise in embodiments 17.1 and 17.2) the relative weight ratio of pyroxasulfone to herbicide C.8 is preferably in the range from 1:250 to 250:1, in particular in the range of 1:200 to 200:1 and more preferably from 150:1 to 1:150. The relative weight ratio of herbicide A to herbicide B+herbicide C.8 is preferably in the range from 1500:1 to 1:20 and more preferably from 1000:1 to 1:10.
In particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 17.1, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is acetochlor.
In other particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 17.1, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is dimethachlor.
In further particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 17.1, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is dimethenamid.
In further particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 17.1, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is dimethenamid-P.
In further particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 17.1, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is metazachlor.
In further particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 17.1, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is propisochlor.
In further particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 17.2, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is flufenacet.
In the preferred compositions of the embodiment 17 the PPO inhibitor herbicide is select from the group of pyrimidinedione herbicides, in particular saflufenacil or a salt thereof.
2
4
5
3a
2
4
5
3a
In other preferred compositions of the embodiment 17 the PPO inhibitor herbicide is select from the group of pyrimidinedione herbicides of the formulae C.2.1b or C.2.1c, in particular the compound of the formula C.2.1b, wherein Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris cyclopropylmethyl, and the compound of the formula C.2.1c, wherein Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl and Ris trifluoromethyl.
2
4
5
6
7
3a
Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris chlorine and Ris ethyl,
2
4
5
6
7
3a
Ris chlorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris chlorine and Ris ethyl,
2
4
5
6
7
3a
Ris fluorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris bromine and Ris ethyl, or
2
4
5
6
7
3a
Ris chlorine, Ris chlorine, Ris methyl, Ris difluoromethoxy, Ris bromine and Ris ethyl.
In other preferred compositions of the embodiment 17 the PPO inhibitor herbicide is select from the group of pyrazole herbicides of the formulae C.2.5, in particular compounds of the formula C2.5a, and more preferably the compounds of the formula C.2.5a, wherein
23
24
25
26
In other preferred compositions of the embodiment 17 the PPO inhibitor herbicide is select from the group of triazindione herbicides of the formulae C.2.6, in particular the compound of the formula C.2.6, wherein the variable Y is S, Ris fluorine, Ris propargyl, Ris methyl and Ris methyl.
In other preferred compositions of the embodiment 17 the PPO inhibitor herbicide is select from the group of dicarboxamide herbicides of the formulae C.2.7, in particular the compound of the formula C.2.7a.
In the embodiment 17 the relative weight ratio of pyroxasulfone and herbicide C.7+C.2 is preferably from 500:1 to 1:500 and more preferably from 250:1 to 1:250. The relative weight ratio of herbicide A to herbicide B+herbicide C.1.1+herbicide C.2 is preferably in the range from 1000:1 to 1:50 and more preferably from 500:1 to 1:30.
In further preferred compositions of this embodiment 17, the composition additionally contains at least one herbicides of the group C.3, in particular of the group C.3.1 such as dicamba or a salt thereof, or of the group C.3.2 such as quinmerac or a salt thereof (embodiment 17.3) and/or clomazone (embodiment 17.4). In these preferred compositions of the embodiments 17.3 and 17.4 the VLCFA-inhibitor is preferably selected from chloroacetamide herbicides, in particular selected from acetochlor, dimethachlor, dimethenamid, dimethenamid-P, metazachlor, metolachlor, S-metolachlor, pethoxamide and propisochlor. In these preferred compositions the oxyacetamide herbicide is preferably flufenacet.
In further particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 17.3, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of PPO inhibitor, quinmerac or a salt thereof and metazachlor.
In further particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 17.3, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of PPO inhibitor, dicamba or a salt thereof and metazachlor.
In further particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 17.3, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of PPO inhibitor, dicamba or a salt thereof and flufenacet.
In further particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 17.3, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of PPO inhibitor, dicamba or a salt thereof and dimethenamid-P, optionally comprising a PSII inhibitor herbicide such as atrazine or metribuzin.
In further particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 17.4, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of PPO inhibitor, clomazone and metazachlor.
In further particular preferred compositions of this embodiment 8.4, the herbicide C comprises or in particular is a mixture of PPO inhibitor, clomazone and dimethenamid-P.
Examples of suitable compositions are given in the following table 1:
No.
Herbicide A*
Herbicide B
Herbicide C*
B:C w/w
A:(B + C) w/w
1
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
—
—
2000:1-1:10
2
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
—
—
2000:1-1:10
3
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazamox
500:1-1:500
1500:1-1:20
4
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazamox
500:1-1:500
1500:1-1:20
5
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazapyr
500:1-1:500
1500:1-1:20
6
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazapyr
500:1-1:500
1500:1-1:20
7
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazapic
500:1-1:500
1500:1-1:20
8
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazapic
500:1-1:500
1500:1-1:20
9
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazethapyr
500:1-1:500
1500:1-1:20
10
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazethapyr
500:1-1:500
1500:1-1:20
11
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazamox +
500:1-1:500
1500:1-1:20
imazethapyr
12
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazamox +
500:1-1:500
1500:1-1:20
imazethapyr
13
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazamox +
500:1-1:500
1500:1-1:20
imazapyr
14
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazamox +
500:1-1:500
1500:1-1:20
imazapyr
15
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazapic +
500:1-1:500
1500:1-1:20
imazethapyr
16
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazapic +
500:1-1:500
1500:1-1:20
imazethapyr
17
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazapic +
500:1-1:500
1500:1-1:20
imazapyr
18
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazapic +
500:1-1:500
1500:1-1:20
imazapyr
19
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
saflufenacil
100:1-1:100
1000:1-1:10
20
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
saflufenacil
100:1-1:100
1000:1-1:10
21
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
butafenacil
100:1-1:100
1000:1-1:10
22
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
butafenacil
100:1-1:100
1000:1-1:10
23
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
flumioxazin
100:1-1:100
1000:1-1:10
24
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
flumioxazin
100:1-1:100
1000:1-1:10
25
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
flumiclorac
100:1-1:100
1000:1-1:10
26
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
flumiclorac
100:1-1:100
1000:1-1:10
27
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
flumipropyn
100:1-1:100
1000:1-1:10
28
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
flumipropyn
100:1-1:100
1000:1-1:10
29
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
dicamba
250:1-1:250
1000:1-1:10
30
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
dicamba
250:1-1:250
1000:1-1:10
31
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
2,4-D
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:10
32
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
2,4-D
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:10
33
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
topramezone
100:1-1:100
1500:1-1:20
34
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
topramezone
100:1-1:100
1500:1-1:20
35
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
isoxaflutole
100:1-1:100
1500:1-1:20
36
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
isoxaflutole
100:1-1:100
1500:1-1:20
37
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
mesotrione
100:1-1:100
1500:1-1:20
38
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
mesotrione
100:1-1:100
1500:1-1:20
39
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
sulcotrione
100:1-1:100
1500:1-1:20
40
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
sulcotrione
100:1-1:100
1500:1-1:20
41
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
flufenican
100:1-1:100
1500:1-1:20
42
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
flufenican
100:1-1:100
1500:1-1:20
43
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
diflufenican
100:1-1:100
1500:1-1:20
44
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
diflufenican
100:1-1:100
1500:1-1:20
45
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
picolinafen
100:1-1:100
1500:1-1:20
46
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
picolinafen
100:1-1:100
1500:1-1:20
47
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
atrazine
500:1-1:500
1500:1-1:20
48
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
atrazine
500:1-1:500
1500:1-1:20
49
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
metribuzin
500:1-1:500
1500:1-1:20
50
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
metribuzin
500:1-1:500
1500:1-1:20
51
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
terbuthylazine
500:1-1:500
1500:1-1:20
52
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
terbuthylazine
500:1-1:500
1500:1-1:20
53
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
ametryn
500:1-1:500
1500:1-1:20
54
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
ametryn
500:1-1:500
1500:1-1:20
55
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
hexazinone
500:1-1:500
1500:1-1:20
56
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
hexazinone
500:1-1:500
1500:1-1:20
57
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
diuron
500:1-1:500
1500:1-1:20
58
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
diuron
500:1-1:500
1500:1-1:20
59
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
isoproturon
500:1-1:500
1500:1-1:20
60
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
isoproturon
500:1-1:500
1500:1-1:20
61
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
atrazine + ametryn
500:1-1:500
1500:1-1:20
62
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
atrazine + ametryn
500:1-1:500
1500:1-1:20
63
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
atrazine + metribuzin
500:1-1:500
1500:1-1:20
64
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
atrazine + metribuzin
500:1-1:500
1500:1-1:20
65
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
pendimethalin
100:1-1:500
1500:1-1:100
66
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
pendimethalin
100:1-1:500
1500:1-1:100
67
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
oryzalin
100:1-1:500
1500:1-1:100
68
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
oryzalin
100:1-1:500
1500:1-1:100
69
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
acetochlor
250:1-1:250
1500:1-1:20
70
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
acetochlor
250:1-1:250
1500:1-1:20
71
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
dimethenamid
250:1-1:250
1500:1-1:20
72
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
dimethenamid
250:1-1:250
1500:1-1:20
73
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
dimethenamid-P
250:1-1:250
1500:1-1:20
74
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
dimethenamid-P
250:1-1:250
1500:1-1:20
75
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
dimethachlor
250:1-1:250
1500:1-1:20
76
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
dimethachlor
250:1-1:250
1500:1-1:20
77
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
metazachlor
250:1-1:250
1500:1-1:20
78
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
metazachlor
250:1-1:250
1500:1-1:20
79
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
propisochlor
250:1-1:250
1500:1-1:20
80
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
propisochlor
250:1-1:250
1500:1-1:20
81
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
flufenacet
250:1-1:250
1500:1-1:20
82
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
flufenacet
250:1-1:250
1500:1-1:20
83
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
quinmerac +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
metazachlor
84
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
quinmerac +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
metazachlor
85
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
quinmerac +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
flufenacet
86
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
quinmerac +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
flufenacet
87
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
dicamba +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
flufenacet
88
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
dicamba +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
flufenacet
89
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
metribuzin +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
flufenacet
90
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
metribuzin +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
flufenacet
91
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
atrazine +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
flufenacet
92
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
atrazine +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
flufenacet
93
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
metribuzin +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
metazachlor
94
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
metribuzin +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
metazachlor
95
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
atrazine +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
metazachlor
96
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
atrazine +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
metazachlor
97
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
metribuzin +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
alachlor
98
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
metribuzin +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
alachlor
99
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
atrazine +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
alachlor
100
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
atrazine +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
alachlor
101
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
metribuzin +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
atrazine +
flufenacet
102
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
metribuzin +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
atrazine +
flufenacet
103
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
metribuzin +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
flufenacet +
dicamba
104
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
metribuzin +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
flufenacet +
dicamba
105
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
atrazine +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
flufenacet +
dicamba
106
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
atrazine +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
flufenacet +
dicamba
107
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
metribuzin +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
atrazine +
metazachlor
108
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
metribuzin +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
atrazine +
metazachlor
109
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
metribuzin +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
metazachlor +
dicamba
110
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
metribuzin +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
metazachlor +
dicamba
111
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
atrazine +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
metazachlor +
dicamba
112
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
atrazine +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
metazachlor +
dicamba
113
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
metribuzin +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
alachlor +
dicamba
114
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
metribuzin +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
alachlor +
dicamba
115
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
atrazine +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
alachlor +
dicamba
116
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
atrazine +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
alachlor +
dicamba
117
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
metribuzin +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
atrazine +
flufenacet +
dicamba
118
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
metribuzin +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
atrazine +
flufenacet +
dicamba
119
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
flufenacet +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
metribuzin +
dicamba
120
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
flufenacet +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
metribuzin +
dicamba
121
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
dimethenamid +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
dicamba
122
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
dimethenamid +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
dicamba
123
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
dimethenamid +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
atrazine
124
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
dimethenamid +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
atrazine
125
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
dimethenamid +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
dicamba +
atrazine
126
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
dimethenamid +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
dicamba +
atrazine
127
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazamox +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
atrazine
128
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazamox +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
atrazine
129
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazapyr +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
atrazine
130
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazapyr +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
atrazine
131
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazapic +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
atrazine
132
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazapic +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
atrazine
133
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazethapyr +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
atrazine
134
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazethapyr +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
atrazine
135
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazamox +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazethapyr +
atrazine
136
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazamox +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazethapyr +
atrazine
137
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazamox +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazapyr +
atrazine
138
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazamox +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazapyr +
atrazine
139
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazapic +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazethapyr +
atrazine
140
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazapic +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazethapyr +
atrazine
141
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazapic +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazapyr +
atrazine
142
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazapic +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazapyr +
atrazine
143
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazamox +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
ametryne
144
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazamox +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
ametryne
145
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazapyr +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
ametryne
146
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazapyr +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
ametryne
147
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazapic +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
ametryne
148
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazapic +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
ametryne
149
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazethapyr +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
ametryne
150
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazethapyr +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
ametryne
151
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazamox +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazethapyr +
ametryne
152
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazamox +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazethapyr +
ametryne
153
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazamox +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazapyr +
ametryne
154
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazamox +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazapyr +
ametryne
155
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazapic +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazethapyr +
ametryne
156
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazapic +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazethapyr +
ametryne
157
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazapic +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazapyr +
ametryne
158
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazapic +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazapyr +
ametryne
159
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazamox +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
metribuzin
160
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazamox +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
metribuzin
161
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazapyr +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
metribuzin
162
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazapyr +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
metribuzin
163
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazapic +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
metribuzin
164
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazapic +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
metribuzin
165
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazethapyr +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
metribuzin
166
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazethapyr +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
metribuzin
167
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazamox +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
iazethapyr +
metribuzin
168
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazamox +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazethapyr +
metribuzin
169
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazamox +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazapyr +
metribuzin
170
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazamox +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazapyr +
metribuzin
171
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazapic +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazethapyr +
metribuzin
172
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazapic +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazethapyr +
metribuzin
173
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazapic +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazapyr +
metribuzin
174
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazapic +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazapyr +
metribuzin
175
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazamox +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
diuron
176
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazamox +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
diuron
177
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazapyr +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
diuron
178
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazapyr +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
diuron
179
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazapic +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
diuron
180
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazapic +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
diuron
181
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazethapyr +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
diuron
182
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazethapyr +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
diuron
183
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazamox +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazethapyr +
diuron
184
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazamox +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazethapyr +
diuron
185
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazamox +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazapyr +
diuron
186
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazamox +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazapyr +
diuron
187
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazapic +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazethapyr +
diuron
188
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazapic +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazethapyr +
diuron
189
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazapic +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazapyr +
diuron
190
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazapic +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazapyr +
diuron
191
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazamox +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
terbuthylazine
192
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazamox +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
terbuthylazine
193
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazapyr +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
terbuthylazine
194
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazapyr +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
terbuthylazine
195
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazapic +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
terbuthylazine
196
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazapic +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
terbuthylazine
197
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazethapyr +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
terbuthylazine
198
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazethapyr +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
terbuthylazine
199
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazamox +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazethapyr +
terbuthylazine
200
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazamox +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazethapyr +
terbuthylazine
201
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazamox +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazapyr +
terbuthylazine
202
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazamox +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazapyr +
terbuthylazine
203
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazapic +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazethapyr +
terbuthylazine
204
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazapic +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazethapyr +
terbuthylazine
205
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
imazapic +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazapyr +
terbuthylazine
206
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
imazapic +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazapyr +
terbuthylazine
207
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
isoxaflutole +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
atrazine
208
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
isoxaflutole +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
atrazine
209
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
sulcotrione +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
atrazine
210
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
sulcotrione +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
atrazine
211
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
topramezone +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
atrazine
212
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
topramezone +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
atrazine
213
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
mesotrione +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
atrazine
214
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
mesotrione +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
atrazine
215
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
tembotrione +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
atrazine
216
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
tembotrione +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
atrazine
217
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
isoxaflutole +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
metribuzin
218
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
isoxaflutole +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
metribuzin
219
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
sulcotrione +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
metribuzin
220
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
sulcotrione +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
metribuzin
221
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
topramezone +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
metribuzin
222
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
topramezone +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
metribuzin
223
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
mesotrione +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
metribuzin
224
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
mesotrione +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
metribuzin
225
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
tembotrione +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
metribuzin
226
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
tembotrione +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
metribuzin
227
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
isoxaflutole +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
ametryn
228
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
isoxaflutole +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
ametryn
229
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
sulcotrione +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
ametryn
230
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
sulcotrione +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
ametryn
231
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
topramezone +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
ametryn
232
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
topramezone +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
ametryn
233
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
mesotrione +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
ametryn
234
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
mesotrione +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
ametryn
235
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
tembotrione +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
ametryn
236
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
tembotrione +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
ametryn
237
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
dimethenamid-P +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
terbuthylazine
238
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
dimethenamid-P +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
terbuthylazine
239
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
dimethenamid-P +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
pendimethaline
240
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
dimethenamid-P +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
pendimethalin
241
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
dimethenamid-P +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
dicamba
242
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
dimethenamid-P +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
dicamba
243
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
dimethenamid-P +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
atrazine
244
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
dimethenamid-P +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
atrazine
245
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
dimethenamid-P +
200:1-1:200
1000:1-1:10
saflufenacil
246
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
dimethenamid-P +
200:1-1:200
1000:1-1:10
saflufenacil
247
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
dimethenamid-P +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
atrazine + dicamba
248
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
dimethenamid-P +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
atrazine + dicamba
249
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
dimethenamid-P +
200:1-1:200
1500:1-1:20
topramezone
250
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
dimethenamid-P +
200:1-1:200
1500:1-1:20
topramezone
251
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
dimethenamid-P +
200:1-1:500
1500:1-1:50
topramezone +
dicamba
252
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
dimethenamid-P +
200:1-1:500
1500:1-1:50
topramezone +
dicamba
253
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
dimethenamid-P +
200:1-1:500
1500:1-1:50
atrazine +
topramezone
254
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
dimethenamid-P +
200:1-1:500
1500:1-1:50
atrazine +
topramezone
255
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
dimethenamid-P +
200:1-1:500
1500:1-1:50
topramezone +
terbuthylazine
256
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
dimethenamid-P +
200:1-1:500
1500:1-1:50
topramezone +
terbuthylazine
257
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
saflufenacil +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazethapyr
258
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
saflufenacil +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
imazethapyr
259
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
saflufenacil +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
dicamba
260
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
saflufenacil +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
dicamba
261
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
terbuthylazin +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
isoxaflutole
262
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
terbuthylazin +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
isoxaflutole
263
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
terbuthylazin +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
sulcotrione
264
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
terbuthylazin +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
sulcotrione
265
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
terbuthylazin +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
topramezone
266
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
terbuthylazin +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
topramezone
267
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
terbuthylazin +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
mesotrione
268
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
terbuthylazin +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
mesotrione
269
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
terbuthylazin +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
tembotrione
270
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
terbuthylazin +
500:1-1:500
1000:1-1:50
tembotrione
271
glyphosate
pyroxasulfone
pendimethalin +
200:1-1:200
1000:1-1:50
picolinafen
272
glufosinate
pyroxasulfone
pendimethalin +
200:1-1:200
1000:1-1:50
picolinafen
*may be applied in the form of its salt
continuation of table 1 (herbicide A is glyphosate, herbicide B is pyroxasulfone)
A:(B + C)*
No.
Herbicide C1
Herbicide C2
Herbicide C3
Herbicide C4
B:C* w/w
B:C1
B:C2
B:C3
B:C4
w/w
273
saflufenacil
—
—
—
500:1-1:500
500:1-1:500
—
—
—
1000:1-1:10
274
saflufenacil
dmta-P
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
275
saflufenacil
dmta-P
atrazine
dicamba
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
1000:1-1:50
276
saflufenacil
imazethapyr
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
277
saflufenacil
dicamba
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
278
saflufenacil
atrazine
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
279
saflufenacil
pendimethalin
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
280
saflufenacil
flumioxazin
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
281
saflufenacil
sulfentrazone
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
282
saflufenacil
imazaquin
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
283
saflufenacil
imazapic
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
284
saflufenacil
imazapic
imazapyr
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
285
saflufenacil
flufenaceet
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
286
saflufenacil
chloransulam
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
287
saflufenacil
diclosulam
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
288
saflufenacil
flumetsulam
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
289
saflufenacil
diuron
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
290
saflufenacil
metribuzin
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
291
saflufenacil
hexazinone
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
292
saflufenacil
mesotrione
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
293
saflufenacil
ametryn
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
294
saflufenacil
terbuthylazine
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
295
saflufenacil
metazachlor
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
296
saflufenacil
terbuthiuron
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
297
saflufenacil
clomazone
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
298
saflufenacil
hexazinone
diuron
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
299
saflufenacil
isoxaflutole
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
300
saflufenacil
atrazine
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
301
saflufenacil
pendimethalin
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
302
saflufenacil
flumioxazin
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
303
saflufenacil
sulfentrazone
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
304
saflufenacil
imazaquin
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
305
saflufenacil
imazapic
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
306
saflufenacil
imazapic
imazapyr
dicamba
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
1000:1-1:50
307
saflufenacil
flufenaceet
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
308
saflufenacil
chloransulam
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
309
saflufenacil
diclosulam
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
310
saflufenacil
flumetsulam
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
311
saflufenacil
diuron
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
312
saflufenacil
metribuzin
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
313
saflufenacil
hexazinone
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
314
saflufenacil
mesotrione
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
315
saflufenacil
ametryn
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
316
saflufenacil
terbuthylazine
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
317
saflufenacil
metazachlor
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
318
saflufenacil
terbuthiuron
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
319
saflufenacil
clomazone
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
320
saflufenacil
hexazinone
diuron
dicamba
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
1000:1-1:50
321
saflufenacil
isoxaflutole
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
322
compound A
—
—
—
500:1-1:500
500:1-1:500
—
—
—
1000:1-1:10
323
compound A
dmta-P
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
324
compound A
dmta-P
atrazine
dicamba
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
1000:1-1:50
325
compound A
imazethapyr
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
326
compound A
dicamba
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
327
compound A
atrazine
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
328
compound A
pendimethalin
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
329
compound A
flumioxazin
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
330
compound A
sulfentrazone
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
331
compound A
imazaquin
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
332
compound A
imazapic
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
333
compound A
imazapic
imazapyr
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
334
compound A
flufenaceet
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
335
compound A
chloransulam
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
336
compound A
diclosulam
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
337
compound A
flumetsulam
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
338
compound A
diuron
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
339
compound A
metribuzin
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
340
compound A
hexazinone
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
341
compound A
mesotrione
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
342
compound A
ametryn
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
343
compound A
terbuthylazine
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
344
compound A
metazachlor
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
345
compound A
terbuthiuron
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
346
compound A
clomazone
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
347
compound A
hexazinone
diuron
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
348
compound A
isoxaflutole
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
349
compound A
atrazine
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
350
compound A
pendimethalin
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
351
compound A
flumioxazin
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
352
compound A
sulfentrazone
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
353
compound A
imazaquin
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
354
compound A
imazapic
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
355
compound A
imazapic
imazapyr
dicamba
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
1000:1-1:50
356
compound A
flufenaceet
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
357
compound A
chloransulam
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
358
compound A
diclosulam
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
359
compound A
flumetsulam
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
360
compound A
diuron
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
361
compound A
metribuzin
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
362
compound A
hexazinone
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
363
compound A
mesotrione
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
364
compound A
ametryn
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
365
compound A
terbuthylazine
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
366
compound A
metazachlor
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
367
compound A
terbuthiuron
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
368
compound A
clomazone
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
369
compound A
hexazinone
diuron
dicamba
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
1000:1-1:50
370
compound A
isoxaflutole
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
371
compound B
—
—
—
500:1-1:500
500:1-1:500
—
—
—
1000:1-1:10
372
compound B
dmta-P
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
373
compound B
dmta-P
atrazine
dicamba
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
1000:1-1:50
374
compound B
imazethapyr
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
375
compound B
dicamba
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
376
compound B
atrazine
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
377
compound B
pendimethalin
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
378
compound B
flumioxazin
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
379
compound B
sulfentrazone
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
380
compound B
imazaquin
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
381
compound B
imazapic
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
382
compound B
imazapic
imazapyr
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
383
compound B
flufenaceet
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
384
compound B
chloransulam
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
385
compound B
diclosulam
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
386
compound B
flumetsulam
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
387
compound B
diuron
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
388
compound B
metribuzin
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
389
compound B
hexazinone
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
390
compound B
mesotrione
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
391
compound B
ametryn
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
392
compound B
terbuthylazine
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
393
compound B
metazachlor
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
394
compound B
terbuthiuron
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
395
compound B
clomazone
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
396
compound B
hexazinone
diuron
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
397
compound B
isoxaflutole
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
398
compound B
atrazine
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
399
compound B
pendimethalin
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
400
compound B
flumioxazin
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
401
compound B
sulfentrazone
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
402
compound B
imazaquin
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
403
compound B
imazapic
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
404
compound B
imazapic
imazapyr
dicamba
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
1000:1-1:50
405
compound B
flufenaceet
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
406
compound B
chloransulam
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
407
compound B
diclosulam
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
408
compound B
flumetsulam
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
409
compound B
diuron
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
410
compound B
metribuzin
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
411
compound B
hexazinone
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
412
compound B
mesotrione
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
413
compound B
ametryn
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
414
compound B
terbuthylazine
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
415
compound B
metazachlor
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
416
compound B
terbuthiuron
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
417
compound B
clomazone
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
418
compound B
hexazinone
diuron
dicamba
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
1000:1-1:50
419
compound B
isoxaflutole
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
420
compound C
—
—
—
500:1-1:500
500:1-1:500
—
—
—
1000:1-1:10
421
compound C
dmta-P
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
422
compound C
dmta-P
atrazine
dicamba
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
1000:1-1:50
423
compound C
imazethapyr
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
424
compound C
dicamba
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
425
compound C
atrazine
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
426
compound C
pendimethalin
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
427
compound C
flumioxazin
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
428
compound C
sulfentrazone
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
429
compound C
imazaquin
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
430
compound C
imazapic
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
431
compound C
imazapic
imazapyr
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
432
compound C
flufenaceet
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
433
compound C
chloransulam
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
434
compound C
diclosulam
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
435
compound C
flumetsulam
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
436
compound C
diuron
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
437
compound C
metribuzin
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
438
compound C
hexazinone
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
439
compound C
mesotrione
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
440
compound C
ametryn
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
441
compound C
terbuthylazine
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
442
compound C
metazachlor
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
443
compound C
terbuthiuron
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
444
compound C
clomazone
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
445
compound C
hexazinone
diuron
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
446
compound C
isoxaflutole
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
447
compound C
atrazine
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
448
compound C
pendimethalin
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
449
compound C
flumioxazin
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
450
compound C
sulfentrazone
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
451
compound C
imazaquin
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
452
compound C
imazapic
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
453
compound C
imazapic
imazapyr
dicamba
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
1000:1-1:50
454
compound C
flufenaceet
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
455
compound C
chloransulam
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
456
compound C
diclosulam
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
457
compound C
flumetsulam
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
458
compound C
diuron
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
459
compound C
metribuzin
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
460
compound C
hexazinone
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
461
compound C
mesotrione
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
462
compound C
ametryn
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
463
compound C
terbuthylazine
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
464
compound C
metazachlor
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
465
compound C
terbuthiuron
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
466
compound C
clomazone
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
467
compound C
hexazinone
diuron
dicamba
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
1000:1-1:50
468
compound C
isoxaflutole
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
469
compound D
—
—
—
500:1-1:500
500:1-1:500
—
—
—
1000:1-1:10
470
compound D
dmta-P
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
471
compound D
dmta-P
atrazine
dicamba
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
1000:1-1:50
472
compound D
imazethapyr
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
473
compound D
dicamba
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
474
compound D
atrazine
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
475
compound D
pendimethalin
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
476
compound D
flumioxazin
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
477
compound D
sulfentrazone
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
478
compound D
imazaquin
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
479
compound D
imazapic
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
480
compound D
imazapic
imazapyr
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
481
compound D
flufenaceet
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
482
compound D
chloransulam
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
483
compound D
diclosulam
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
484
compound D
flumetsulam
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
485
compound D
diuron
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
486
compound D
metribuzin
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
487
compound D
hexazinone
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
488
compound D
mesotrione
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
489
compound D
ametryn
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
490
compound D
terbuthylazine
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
491
compound D
metazachlor
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
492
compound D
terbuthiuron
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
493
compound D
clomazone
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
494
compound D
hexazinone
diuron
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
495
compound D
isoxaflutole
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
496
compound D
atrazine
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
497
compound D
pendimethalin
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
498
compound D
flumioxazin
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
499
compound D
sulfentrazone
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
500
compound D
imazaquin
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
501
compound D
imazapic
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
502
compound D
imazapic
imazapyr
dicamba
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
1000:1-1:50
503
compound D
flufenaceet
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
504
compound D
chloransulam
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
505
compound D
diclosulam
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
506
compound D
flumetsulam
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
507
compound D
diuron
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
508
compound D
metribuzin
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
509
compound D
hexazinone
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
510
compound D
mesotrione
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
511
compound D
ametryn
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
512
compound D
terbuthylazine
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
513
compound D
metazachlor
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
514
compound D
terbuthiuron
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
515
compound D
clomazone
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
516
compound D
hexazinone
diuron
dicamba
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
1000:1-1:50
517
compound D
isoxaflutole
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
518
compound E
—
—
—
500:1-1:500
500:1-1:500
—
—
—
1000:1-1:50
519
compound E
dmta-P
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
520
compound E
dmta-P
atrazine
dicamba
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
1000:1-1:50
521
compound E
imazethapyr
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
522
compound E
dicamba
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
523
compound E
atrazine
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
524
compound E
pendimethalin
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
525
compound E
flumioxazin
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
526
compound E
sulfentrazone
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
527
compound E
imazaquin
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
528
compound E
imazapic
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
529
compound E
imazapic
imazapyr
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
530
compound E
flufenaceet
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
531
compound E
chloransulam
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
532
compound E
diclosulam
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
533
compound E
flumetsulam
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
534
compound E
diuron
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
535
compound E
metribuzin
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
536
compound E
hexazinone
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
537
compound E
mesotrione
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
538
compound E
ametryn
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
539
compound E
terbuthylazine
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
540
compound E
metazachlor
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
541
compound E
terbuthiuron
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
542
compound E
clomazone
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
543
compound E
hexazinone
diuron
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
544
compound E
isoxaflutole
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
545
compound E
atrazine
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
546
compound E
pendimethalin
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
547
compound E
flumioxazin
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
548
compound E
sulfentrazone
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
549
compound E
imazaquin
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
550
compound E
imazapic
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
551
compound E
imazapic
imazapyr
dicamba
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
1000:1-1:50
552
compound E
flufenaceet
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
553
compound E
chloransulam
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
554
compound E
diclosulam
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
555
compound E
flumetsulam
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
556
compound E
diuron
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
557
compound E
metribuzin
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
558
compound E
hexazinone
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
559
compound E
mesotrione
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
560
compound E
ametryn
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
561
compound E
terbuthylazine
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
562
compound E
metazachlor
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
563
compound E
terbuthiuron
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
564
compound E
clomazone
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
565
compound E
hexazinone
diuron
dicamba
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
1000:1-1:50
566
compound E
isoxaflutole
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
567
sulfentrazone
—
—
—
500:1-1:500
—
—
—
—
1000:1-1:50
568
sulfentrazone
dmta-P
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
569
sulfentrazone
dmta-P
atrazine
dicamba
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
1000:1-1:50
570
sulfentrazone
imazethapyr
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
571
sulfentrazone
dicamba
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
572
sulfentrazone
atrazine
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
573
sulfentrazone
pendimethalin
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
574
sulfentrazone
flumioxazin
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
575
sulfentrazone
imazaquin
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
576
sulfentrazone
imazapic
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
577
sulfentrazone
imazapic
imazapyr
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
578
sulfentrazone
flufenaceet
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
579
sulfentrazone
chloransulam
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
580
sulfentrazone
diclosulam
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
581
sulfentrazone
flumetsulam
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
582
sulfentrazone
diuron
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
583
sulfentrazone
metribuzin
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
584
sulfentrazone
hexazinone
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
585
sulfentrazone
mesotrione
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
586
sulfentrazone
ametryn
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
587
sulfentrazone
terbuthylazine
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
588
sulfentrazone
metazachlor
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
589
sulfentrazone
terbuthiuron
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
590
sulfentrazone
clomazone
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
591
sulfentrazone
hexazinone
diuron
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
592
sulfentrazone
isoxaflutole
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
593
sulfentrazone
atrazine
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
594
sulfentrazone
pendimethalin
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
595
sulfentrazone
flumioxazin
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
596
sulfentrazone
imazaquin
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
597
sulfentrazone
imazapic
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
598
sulfentrazone
imazapic
imazapyr
dicamba
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
1000:1-1:50
599
sulfentrazone
flufenaceet
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
600
sulfentrazone
chloransulam
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
601
sulfentrazone
diclosulam
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
602
sulfentrazone
flumetsulam
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
603
sulfentrazone
diuron
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
604
sulfentrazone
metribuzin
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
605
sulfentrazone
hexazinone
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
606
sulfentrazone
mesotrione
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
607
sulfentrazone
ametryn
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
608
sulfentrazone
terbuthylazine
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
609
sulfentrazone
metazachlor
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
610
sulfentrazone
terbuthiuron
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
611
sulfentrazone
clomazone
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
612
sulfentrazone
hexazinone
diuron
dicamba
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
1000:1-1:50
613
sulfentrazone
isoxaflutole
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
614
flumioxazin
—
—
—
500:1-1:500
—
—
—
—
1000:1-1:10
615
flumioxazin
dmta-P
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
616
flumioxazin
dmta-P
atrazine
dicamba
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
1000:1-1:50
617
flumioxazin
imazethapyr
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
618
flumioxazin
dicamba
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
619
flumioxazin
atrazine
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
620
flumioxazin
pendimethalin
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
621
flumioxazin
imazaquin
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
622
flumioxazin
imazapic
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
623
flumioxazin
imazapic
imazapyr
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
624
flumioxazin
flufenaceet
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
625
flumioxazin
chloransulam
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
626
flumioxazin
diclosulam
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
627
flumioxazin
flumetsulam
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
628
flumioxazin
diuron
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
629
flumioxazin
metribuzin
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
630
flumioxazin
hexazinone
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
631
flumioxazin
mesotrione
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
632
flumioxazin
ametryn
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
633
flumioxazin
terbuthylazine
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
634
flumioxazin
metazachlor
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
635
flumioxazin
terbuthiuron
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
636
flumioxazin
clomazone
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
637
flumioxazin
hexazinone
diuron
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
638
flumioxazin
isoxaflutole
—
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
—
1000:1-1:50
639
flumioxazin
atrazine
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
640
flumioxazin
pendimethalin
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
641
flumioxazin
imazaquin
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
642
flumioxazin
imazapic
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
643
flumioxazin
imazapic
imazapyr
dicamba
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
1000:1-1:50
644
flumioxazin
flufenaceet
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
645
flumioxazin
chloransulam
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
646
flumioxazin
diclosulam
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
647
flumioxazin
flumetsulam
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
648
flumioxazin
diuron
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
649
flumioxazin
metribuzin
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
650
flumioxazin
hexazinone
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
651
flumioxazin
mesotrione
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
652
flumioxazin
ametryn
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
653
flumioxazin
terbuthylazine
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
654
flumioxazin
metazachlor
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
655
flumioxazin
terbuthiuron
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
656
flumioxazin
clomazone
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
657
flumioxazin
hexazinone
diuron
dicamba
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
1000:1-1:50
658
flumioxazin
isoxaflutole
dicamba
—
500:1-1:500
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
450:1-1:450
—
1000:1-1:50
C = C1 + C2 + C3
dmta-P = dimethenamid-P
<chemistry id="CHEM-US-00014" num="00014"><img id="EMI-C00014" he="36.58mm" wi="38.44mm" file="US09999223-20180619-C00014.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="CHEM-US-00015" num="00015"><img id="EMI-C00015" he="36.75mm" wi="38.52mm" file="US09999223-20180619-C00015.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="CHEM-US-00016" num="00016"><img id="EMI-C00016" he="38.27mm" wi="38.44mm" file="US09999223-20180619-C00016.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="CHEM-US-00017" num="00017"><img id="EMI-C00017" he="32.17mm" wi="37.85mm" file="US09999223-20180619-C00017.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="CHEM-US-00018" num="00018"><img id="EMI-C00018" he="41.06mm" wi="46.91mm" file="US09999223-20180619-C00018.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry>
continuation 2 of table 1:
Mixtures 659 to 1044: These mixtures correspond to mixtures 273 to 658, wherein glyphosate has been replaced by gluphosinate or a salt thereof.
The compositions of the invention may also comprise, as a component d), one or more safeners. Safeners, also termed as herbicide safeners are organic compounds which in some cases lead to better crop plant compatibility when applied jointly with specifically acting herbicides. Some safeners are themselves herbicidally active. In these cases, the safeners act as antidote or antagonist in the crop plants and thus reduce or even prevent damage to the crop plants. However, in the compositions of the present invention, safeners are generally not required. Therefore, a preferred embodiment of the invention relates to compositions which contain no safener or virtually no safener (i.e. less than 1% by weight, based on the total amount of herbicide A and herbicide B).
The Compendium of Pesticide Common Names (http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides/);
Farm Chemicals Handbook 2000 Vol. 86, Meister Publishing Company, 2000;
B. Hock, C. Fedtke, R. R. Schmidt, Herbizide, Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 1995;
th
W. H. Ahrens, Herbicide Handbook, 7Edition, Weed Science Society of America, 1994; and
th
K. K. Hatzios, Herbicide Handbook, Supplement to 7Edition, Weed Science Society of America, 1998.
Suitable safeners, which can be used in the compositions according to the present invention are known in the art, e.g. from
Safeners include benoxacor, cloquintocet, cyometrinil, cyprosulfamide, dichlormid, dicyclonon, dietholate, fenchlorazole, fenclorim, flurazole, fluxofenim, furilazole, isoxadifen, mefenpyr, mephenate, naphthalic anhydride, 2,2,5-trimethyl-3-(dichloracetyl)-1,3-oxazolidine, 4-(dichloroacetyl)-1-oxa-4-azaspiro[4.5]decane and oxabetrinil, as well as thereof agriculturally acceptable salts and, provided they have a carboxyl group, their agriculturally acceptable derivatives. 2,2,5-Trimethyl-3-(dichloroacetyl)-1,3-oxazolidine [CAS No. 52836-31-4] is also known under the name R-29148.4-(Dichloroacetyl)-1-oxa-4-azaspiro[4.5]decane [CAS No. 71526-07-03] is also known under the names AD-67 and MON 4660.
As safener, the compositions according to the invention particularly preferably comprise at least one of the compounds selected from the group of benoxacor, cloquintocet, cyprosulfamide, dichlormid, fenchlorazole, fenclorim, fluxofenim, furilazole, isoxadifen, mefenpyr, naphthalic anhydride, 2,2,5-trimethyl-3-(dichloroacetyl)-1,3-oxazolidine, and 4-(dichloroacetyl)-1-oxa-4-azaspiro[4.5]decane and oxabetrinil; and the agriculturally acceptable salt thereof and, in the case of compounds having a COOH group, an agriculturally acceptable derivative as defined below.
A preferred embodiment of the invention relates to compositions which contain no safener or virtually no safener (i.e. less than 1% by weight, based on the total amount of the at least one herbicide A and herbicide B and optionally herbicide C) is applied.
Echinochloa
Echinochloa crusgalli
crus
galli
Digitaria
Digitaria sanguinalis
Setaria
Setaria viridis
Setaria faberii
Sorghum
Sorghum halepense
Avena
Avena fatua
Cenchrus
Cenchrus echinatus, Bromus species, Lolium species, Phalaris species, Eriochloa
Panicum
Brachiaria
Poa annua
Alopecurus myosuroides
Aegilops cylindrica, Agropyron repens, Apera spica
venti, Eleusine indica, Cynodon dactylon
The compositions of the present invention are suitable for controlling a large number of harmful plants, including monocotyledonous weeds, in particular annual weeds such as gramineous weeds (grasses) including species such as barnyardgrass (var. -), species such as crabgrass (), species such as green foxtail () and giant foxtail (), species such as johnsongrass (Pers.), species such as wild oats (), species such as species, species, species, annual bluegrass (), blackgrass (), -and the like.
Polygonum
Polygonum convolvolus
Amaranthus
Amaranthus retroflexus
Chenopodium
Chenopodium album
Sida
sida
Sida spinosa
Ambrosia
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Acanthospermum
Anthemis
Atriplex
Cirsium
Convolvulus
Conyza
Cassia
Commelina
Datura
Euphorbia
Geranium
Galinsoga
Ipomoea
Lamium
Malva
Matricaria
Sysimbrium
Solanum
Xanthium
Veronica
Viola
Stellaria media
Abutilon theophrasti
Hemp sesbania
Sesbania exaltata
Anoda cristata, Bidens pilosa, Brassica kaber, Capsella bursa
pastoris, Centaurea cyanus, Galeopsis tetrahit, Galium aparine, Helianthus annuus, Desmodium tortuosum, Kochia scoparia, Mercurialis annua, Myosotis arvensis, Papaver rhoeas, Raphanus raphanistrum, Salsola kali, Sinapis arvensis, Sonchus arvensis, Thlaspi arvense, Tagetes minuta, Richardia brasiliensis
The compositions of the present invention are also suitable for controlling a large number of dicotyledonous weeds, in particular broad leaf weeds including species such as wild buckwheat (), species such as pigweed (), species such as common lambsquarters (L.), species such as prickly (L.), species such as common ragweed (), species, species, species, species, species, species, species, species, species, species, species, species, morningglory (species), species, species, species, species, species, species, species, species, common chickweed (), velvetleaf (), (Cory), -, and the like.
cyperus
Cyperus rotundus
Cyperus esculentus
Cyperus brevifolius
Cyperus microiria
Cyperus iria
The compositions of the present invention are also suitable for controlling a large number of annual and perennial sedge weeds including species such as purple nutsedge (L.), yellow nutsedge (L.), hime-kugu (H.), sedge weed (Steud), rice flatsedge (L.), and the like.
The compositions of the present invention are particularly useful in so-called burndown programs, in particular preplant burndown programs. i.e. the compositions of the invention are applied to a locus where crops will be planted before planting or emergence of the crop.
a) at least one herbicide A selected from glyphosate, glufosinate and their salts, and
b) a herbicide B which is 3-[5-(difluoromethoxy)-1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazol-4-ylmethylsulfonyl]-4,5-dihydro-5,5-dimethyl-1,2-oxazole,
to a locus where crops will be planted before planting or emergence of the crop.
Therefore, the present invention also relates to a method for burndown treatment of undesirable vegetation in crops, comprising applying
In the burndown treatment of the present invention, additionally at least one further herbicide C from the groups C.1 to C.8 as defined above can be applied together with the herbicides A and B. The term to apply together includes simultaneous and successive application. Likewise, applying the composition does not necessarily mean that the compounds A, B and optionally C must be applied as a single formulation or as a tank mix. Rather, the composition includes separate formulations of herbicides A and B and optionally C, which can be applied as a single tank-mix or via separate application means. In any case, the at least one herbicide A, the herbicide B and the one or more optional herbicides C can be applied simultaneously or in succession.
However, it is also possible to apply the herbicide C in the burndown treatment after seeding or even after emergence of the crop.
Though possible, it is not necessary to formulate the herbicides A, B and optionally C in a single formulation. Usually the herbicides A and B and optionally C are combined as a tank-mix prior to application. It is however also possible to provide a premix of the herbicide B and the optional herbicide C and to combine this premix with the at least one herbicide A.
The compositions of the present invention can be applied in conventional manner by using techniques as skilled person is familiar with. Suitable techniques include spraying, atomizing, dusting, spreading or watering. The type of application depends on the intended purpose in a well known manner; in any case, they should ensure the finest possible distribution of the active ingredients according to the invention.
The compositions are applied to locus mainly by spraying, in particular foliar spraying of an aqueous dilution of the active ingredients of the composition. Application can be carried out by customary spraying techniques using, for example, water as carrier and spray liquor rates of from about 10 to 2000 l/ha or 50 to 1000 l/ha (for example from 100 to 500 l/ha). Application of the herbicidal compositions by the low-volume and the ultra-low-volume method is possible, as is their application in the form of microgranules.
If the active ingredients are less well tolerated by certain crop plants, application techniques may be used in which the herbicidal compositions are sprayed, with the aid of the spray apparatus, in such a way that they come into as little contact, if any, with the leaves of the sensitive crop plants while reaching the leaves of undesirable plants which grow underneath, or the bare soil (post-directed, lay-by).
The compositions can be applied pre- or post-emergence, i.e. before, during and/or after emergence of the undesirable plants.
When the compositions are used in burndown programs, they can be applied prior to seeding (planting) or after seeding (or planting) of the crop plants but before the emergence of the crop plants. The compositions are preferably applied prior to seeding of the crop plants. For burndown, the compositions will generally be applied a date up to 9 month, frequently up to 6 month, preferably up to 4 month prior to planting the crop. The burndown application can be done at a date up to 1 day prior to emergence of the crop plant and is preferably done at a date prior to seeding/planting of the crop plant, preferably at a date of at least one day, preferably at least 2 days and in particular at least one 4 days prior to planting or from 6 month to 1 day prior emergence, in particular from 4 month to 2 days prior emergence and more preferably from 4 month to 4 days prior emergence. It is, of course, possible to repeat the burndown application once or more, e.g. once, twice, three times, four times or five times within that time frame.
In the burndown treatment according to the present invention, the at least one herbicide A and the herbicide B are applied to the field of the crop plants prior to the emergence of the crop plants, in particular prior to seeding within the above time frame. In a specific embodiment of this burndown treatment, the one or more herbicides C are also applied within this time frame. In this specific embodiment is also possible to additionally apply the one or more herbicides C and optionally further pyroxasulfone after the planting or seeding or even after emergence of the crop, preferably at a date until 12 weeks after emergence of the crop. In another specific embodiment of this burndown treatment, the one or more herbicides C and optionally further pyroxasulfone are only applied after the planting or seeding or even after emergence of the crop, preferably at a date until 12 weeks after emergence of the crop.
It is a particular benefit of the compositions according to the invention that they have a very good post-emergence herbicide activity, i.e. they show a good herbicidal activity against emerged undesirable plants. Thus, in a preferred embodiment of invention, the compositions are applied post-emergence, i.e. during and/or after, the emergence of the undesirable plants. It is particularly advantageous to apply the mixtures according to the invention post emergent when the undesirable plant starts with leaf development up to flowering. The compositions are particularly useful for controlling undesirable vegetation which has already developed to a state, which is difficult to control with conventional burndown compositions, i.e. when the individual weed is taller than 10 cm (4 inches) or even taller than 15 cm (6 inches) and/or for heavy weed populations.
In the case of a post-emergence treatment of the plants, the herbicidal mixtures or compositions according to the invention are preferably applied by foliar application.
Application may be effected, for example, by usual spraying techniques with water as the carrier, using amounts of spray mixture of usually from 10 to 2000 l/ha, in particular 50 to 1000 l/ha.
The required application rate of the composition of the pure active compounds, i.e. of pyroxasulfone, herbicide A and optionally herbicide C depends on the density of the undesired vegetation, on the development stage of the plants, on the climatic conditions of the location where the composition is used and on the application method. In general, the application rate of the composition (total amount of pyroxasulfone, herbicide A and optional further actives) is from 55 to 6000 g/ha, preferably from 100 to 5000 g/ha, from 200 to 4000 g/ha, and more preferably from 300 to 3000 g/ha of active ingredient (a.i.).
The rate of application of herbicide A is usually from 50 g/ha to 3000 g/ha and preferably in the range from 100 g/ha to 2000 g/ha or from 200 g/ha to 1500 g/ha of active substance (a.i.).
The rate of application of pyroxasulfone is usually from 1 g/ha to 500 g/ha and preferably in the range from 5 g/ha to 400 g/ha or from 20 g/ha to 300 g/ha of active substance (a.i.).
The application rates of the herbicide C (total amount of herbicide C) are generally in the range from 0.5 g/ha to 5000 g/ha and preferably in the range from 1 g/ha to 4000 g/ha or from 2 g/ha to 3000 g/ha of active substance.
The application rates of the herbicide C.1 (total amount of herbicide C.1) are generally in the range from 0.5 g/ha to 1000 g/ha and preferably in the range from 1 g/ha to 500 g/ha or from 2 g/ha to 250 g/ha of active substance. The application rates of the herbicide C.1.1 (total amount of herbicide C.1.1) are preferably in the range from 1 g/ha to 1000 g/ha and more preferably in the range from 5 g/ha to 500 g/ha or from 10 g/ha to 250 g/ha of active substance.
The application rates of the herbicide C.2 (total amount of herbicide C.2) are generally in the range from 1 g/ha to 5000 g/ha and preferably in the range from 5 g/ha to 2500 g/ha or from 10 g/ha to 2000 g/ha of active substance. The application rates of the herbicide C.2.1 (total amount of herbicide C.2.1) are preferably in the range from 1 g/ha to 500 g/ha and more preferably in the range from 5 g/ha to 500 g/ha or from 10 g/ha to 250 g/ha of active substance. The application rates of the herbicides C.2.2 (total amount of herbicide C.2.2) is preferably 1 to 1000 g/ha, more preferably 10 to 750 g/ha, most preferably 20 to 500 g/ha, of active substance (a.s.).
The application rates of the herbicide C.3 (total amount of herbicide C.3) are generally in the range from 1 g/ha to 3000 g/ha and preferably in the range from 5 g/ha to 2000 g/ha or from 10 g/ha to 1500 g/ha of active substance.
The application rates of the herbicide C.5 (total amount of herbicide C.5) are generally in the range from 5 g/ha to 4000 g/ha and preferably in the range from 10 g/ha to 2500 g/ha or from 20 g/ha to 1000 g/ha of active substance. The rate of application of pyridinecarboxamide herbicides is preferably from 5 to 500 g/ha, more preferably 10 to 400 g/ha, in particular 20 to 250 g/ha, of active substance (a.s.).
The required application rates of the herbicide C.6 (total amount of herbicide C.6) are generally in the range from 10 g/ha to 5000 g/ha and preferably in the range from 20 g/ha to 4000 g/ha or from 50 g/ha to 3000 g/ha of active substance.
The application rates of the herbicide C.7 (total amount of herbicide C.7) are generally in the range from 10 g/ha to 4000 g/ha and preferably in the range from 50 g/ha to 3000 g/ha or from 100 g/ha to 2500 g/ha of active substance. The rate of application of the dinitroanilines is preferably from 10 g/ha to 4000 g/ha and more preferably in the range from 50 g/ha to 3000 g/ha or from 100 g/ha to 2500 g/ha of active substance (a.i.).
The application rates of the herbicide C.8 (total amount of herbicide C.8) are generally in the range from 10 g/ha to 5000 g/ha and preferably in the range from 20 g/ha to 4000 g/ha or from 50 g/ha to 3000 g/ha of active substance.
The application rates of the safener, if applied, are generally in the range from 1 g/ha to 5000 g/ha and preferably in the range from 2 g/ha to 5000 g/ha or from 5 g/ha to 5000 g/ha of active substance. Preferably no safener or virtually no safener is applied and thus the application rates are below 5 g/ha, in particular below 2 g/ha or below 1 g/ha.
Triticum aestivum
T. durum
T. monococcum
T. dicoccon
T. spelta
Secale cereale
Tritiosecale
Hordeum vulgare
cereals (small grain crops) such as wheat () and wheat like crops such as durum (), einkorn (), emmer () and spelt (), rye (), triticale (), barley ();
Zea mays
maize (corn; );
sorghum
Sorghum bicolour
(e.g. );
Olyza
Oryza sativa
Oryza glaberrima
rice (spp. such as and ); and
sugar cane;
Grain crops, including e.g.
Glycine max
Arachis hypogaea
Pisum sativum
Vicia faba
Vigna
Phaseolus
Legumes (Fabaceae), including e.g. soybeans (), peanuts (and pulse crops such as peas including , pigeon pea and cowpea, beans including broad beans (), spp., and spp. and lentils (lens culinaris var.);
Brassica napus
Brassica napus
B. oleracea
B. juncea, B. campestris, B. narinosa, B. nigra
B. tournefortii
Brassica rapa
brassicaceae, including e.g. canola (), oilseed rape (OSR, ), cabbage (var.), mustard such as and ; and turnip (var.);
other broadleaf crops including e.g. sunflower, cotton, flax, linseed, sugarbeet, potato and tomato;
TNV-crops (TNV: trees, nuts and vine) including e.g. grapes, citrus, pomefruit, e.g. apple and pear, coffee, pistachio and oilpalm, stonefruit, e.g. peach, almond, walnut, olive, cherry, plum and apricot;
turf, pasture and rangeland;
onion and garlic;
narcissus;
bulb ornamentals such as tulips and
pinus
rhamnus
conifers and deciduous trees such as , fir, oak, maple, dogwood, hawthorne, crabapple, and (buckthorn); and
petunia
garden ornamentals such as roses, , marigold and snapdragon.
The compositions according to the present invention are suitable for combating/controlling common harmful plants in fields, where useful plants shall be planted (i.e. in crops). The compositions of the present invention are generally suitable for burndown of undesired vegetation in fields of the following crops:
sorghum
brassica
petunia
narcissus
pinus
rhamnus.
The compositions of the present invention are in particular suitable for burndown of undesired vegetation in fields of the following crop plants: small grain crops such as wheat, barley, rye, triticale and durum, rice, maize (corn), sugarcane, , soybean, pulse crops such as pea, bean and lentils, peanut, sunflower, sugarbeet, potato, cotton, crops, such as oilseed rape, canola, mustard, cabbage and turnip, turf, pasture, rangeland, grapes, pomefruit, such as apple and pear, stonefruit, such as peach, almond, walnut, pecans, olive, cherry, plum and apricot, citrus, coffee, pistachio, garden ornamentals, such as roses, , marigold, snap dragon, bulb ornamentals such as tulips and , conifers and deciduous trees such as , fir, oak, maple, dogwood, hawthorne, crabapple and
brassica
The compositions of the present invention are most suitable for burndown of undesired vegetation in fields of the following crop plants: small grain crops such as wheat, barley, rye, triticale and durum, rice, maize, sugarcane, soybean, pulse crops such as pea, bean and lentils, peanut, sunflower, cotton, crops, such as oilseed rape, canola, turf, pasture, rangeland, grapes, stonefruit, such as peach, almond, walnut, pecans, olive, cherry, plum and apricot, citrus and pistachio.
If not stated otherwise, the compositions of the invention are suitable for application in fields of any variety of the aforementioned crop plants.
The compositions according to the invention can also be used in crop plants which are resistant to one or more herbicides owing to genetic engineering or breeding, which are resistant to one or more pathogens such as plant pathogenous fungi owing to genetic engineering or breeding, or which are resistant to attack by insects owing to genetic engineering or breeding. Suitable are for example crop plants, preferably corn, wheat, sunflower, rice, canola, oilseed rape, soybeans, cotton and sugarcane, which are resistant or tolerant to glyphosate and/or glufosinate, crop plants which are resistant or tolerant to auxins such as dicamba, crop plants which are resistant or tolerant to HPPD inhibitors, crop plants which are resistant or tolerant to ALS inhibitors such as crop plants which are resistant or tolerant to imidazolinones, crop plants which are resistant or tolerant to PPO inhibitors or crop plants which, owing to introduction of the gene for Bt toxin by genetic modification, are resistant to attack by certain insects.
In a particular a specific embodiment, the compositions of the present inventions are used for controlling undesirable vegetation to crop plants, which are tolerant to herbicides, in particular in crop plants that are resistant or tolerant to glyphosate and/or glufosinate and which are stacked with further resistance or tolerance against at least one further herbicide, in particular at least one of the following herbicides: auxins such as dicamba, HPPD inhibitors, ALS inhibitors, in particular imidazolinones, PPO inhibitors.
In these herbicide resistant or tolerant crops, the compositions of the present invention can be used both for burndown and for control of undesired vegetation after emergence of the crops. Therefor, a particular embodiment of the invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in herbicide resistant or tolerant crops, in particular in crop plants which are resistant or tolerant to glyphosate and/or glufosinate and which are optionally stacked with further resistance or tolerance against at least one further herbicide, in particular at least one of the following herbicides: auxins such as dicamba, HPPD inhibitors, ALS inhibitors, in particular imidazolinones, PPO inhibitors. In this particular embodiment, the compositions can be used for burndown but also for the control of undesirable vegetation after the crop plants.
In this particular method of the invention, the composition of the invention can be applied at least once prior to planting or emergence of the herbicide resistant or tolerant crop plant to achieve effective burndown of the undesirable vegetation and the composition can also be applied after emergence of the herbicide resistant or tolerant crop plants.
If the compositions of the present invention are used in crop plants, i.e. if they are applied in fields of the crop plants after emergence of the crops, application methods and application rates as described for burndown can be applied. If the active ingredients are less well tolerated by certain crop plants, application techniques may be used in which the herbicidal compositions are sprayed, with the aid of the spray apparatus, in such a way that they come into as little contact, if any, with the leaves of the sensitive crop plants while reaching the leaves of undesirable plants which grow underneath, or the bare soil (post-directed, lay-by). However such methods are generally not necessary and the compositions can be simply applied over the top (OTT).
For example, a composition comprising glyphosate and/or glufosinate or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, pyroxasulfone and an imidazolinone herbicide is particularly useful for burndown in fields, where a glyphosate tolerant crop having imidazolinone tolerance shall be planted such as maize, canola, wheat, soybeans or sunflower, all of which having glyphosate and/or glufosinate tolerance and imidazolinone tolerance. Such compositions are also particularly useful for burndown in fields where sugarcane shall be planted, the sugarcane being conventional sugarcane or sugarcane being tolerant to glyphosate or glufosinate optionally stacked with tolerance against imidazolinones. These compositions can also used for controlling undesirable vegetation in crops having glyphosate and/or glufosinate resistance stacked with imidazolinone resistance after emergence of the crop.
For example, a composition comprising glyphosate and/or glufosinate or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, pyroxasulfone and an auxin herbicide is particularly useful for burndown in fields both of conventional crops such as maize, canola, wheat, soybeans, sunflower and sugarcane and crops having glyphosate and/or glufosinate tolerance, optionally stacked with auxin tolerance. These compositions can also used for controlling undesirable vegetation in crops having glyphosate tolerance optionally stacked with auxin resistance after emergence of the crop.
For example, a composition comprising glyphosate and/or glufosinate or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, pyroxasulfone and an PPO inhibitor herbicide is particularly useful for burndown in fields both of conventional crops such as maize, wheat, soybeans, sunflower and sugarcane and crops having glyphosate and/or glufosinate tolerance, optionally stacked with PPO inhibitor tolerance.
For example, a composition comprising glyphosate and/or glufosinate or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, pyroxasulfone and an PPO inhibitor herbicide is particularly useful for burndown in fields both of conventional crops of maize and sugarcane and such crops having glyphosate and/or glufosinate tolerance, optionally stacked with further herbicide tolerance. These compositions can also used for controlling undesirable vegetation in such crops after emergence of the crop.
For example, a composition comprising glyphosate and/or glufosinate or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, pyroxasulfone and an HPPD inhibitor herbicide is particularly useful for burndown in fields both of conventional crops of small grain cereals and crops of small grain cereals having glyphosate and/or glufosinate tolerance, optionally stacked with further herbicide tolerance. These compositions can also used for controlling undesirable vegetation in such crops after emergence of the crop.
For example, a composition comprising glyphosate and/or glufosinate or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, pyroxasulfone and an PSII inhibitor herbicide of the group C.6.2, C.6.3 or C.6.8 is particularly useful for burndown in fields both of conventional crops of maize or sugarcane and crops of maize or sugarcane having glyphosate and/or glufosinate tolerance, optionally stacked with further herbicide tolerance. These compositions can also used for controlling undesirable vegetation in such crops after emergence of the crop.
For example, a composition comprising glyphosate and/or glufosinate or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, pyroxasulfone and an PSII inhibitor herbicide of the group C.6.1 is particularly useful for burndown in fields both of conventional crops of small grain cereals or sugarcane and crops of small grain cereals or sugarcane having glyphosate and/or glufosinate tolerance, optionally stacked with further herbicide tolerance. These compositions can also used for controlling undesirable vegetation in such crops after emergence of the crop.
For example, a composition comprising glyphosate and/or glufosinate or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, pyroxasulfone and a microtubulin inhibitor herbicide is particularly useful for burndown in fields both of conventional crops of small grain cereals, maize, soybean, sunflower or sugarcane and crops of small grain cereals, maize, soybean, sunflower or sugarcane having glyphosate and/or glufosinate tolerance, optionally stacked with further herbicide tolerance. These compositions can also used for controlling undesirable vegetation in such crops after emergence of the crop.
For example, a composition comprising glyphosate and/or glufosinate or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, pyroxasulfone and a VLCFA inhibitor herbicide is particularly useful for burndown in fields both of conventional crops of small grain cereals, maize, soybean, sunflower or sugarcane and crops of small grain cereals, maize, soybean, sunflower or sugarcane having glyphosate and/or glufosinate tolerance, optionally stacked with further herbicide tolerance. These compositions can also used for controlling undesirable vegetation in such crops after emergence of the crop.
The active ingredients used in the compositions of the present invention are usually available as pure substances and as formulations.
The formulations contain, besides the active ingredient or the composition, at least one organic or inorganic carrier material. The formulations may also contain, if desired, one or more surfactants and, if desired, one or more further auxiliaries customary for crop protection compositions.
The formulation may be in the form of a single package formulation containing both the at least one herbicide A and the herbicide B and optionally the one or more herbicides C together with liquid and/or solid carrier materials, and, if desired, one or more surfactants and, if desired, one or more further auxiliaries customary for crop protection compositions. The formulation may be in the form of a two or multi (e.g. three, four or five) package formulation, wherein one package contains a formulation of pyroxasulfone while the other package contains a formulation of the at least one herbicide A and optionally one or more further formulations contains the at least one herbicide C, wherein all formulations contain at least one carrier material, if desired, one or more surfactants and, if desired, one or more further auxiliaries customary for crop protection compositions. In the case of two or multi package formulations the formulation containing pyroxasulfone and the formulation containing the herbicide A and optionally the one or more formulations containing the one or more herbicides C are mixed prior to application. Preferably the mixing is performed as a tank mix, i.e. the formulations are mixed immediately prior or upon dilution with water.
In the formulations the active ingredients and optional further actives are present in suspended, emulsified or dissolved form. The formulation can be in the form of aqueous solutions, powders, suspensions, also highly-concentrated aqueous, oily or other suspensions or dispersions, aqueous emulsions, aqueous microemulsions, aqueous suspo-emulsions, oil dispersions, pastes, dusts, materials for spreading or granules.
Depending on the formulation type, they comprise one or more liquid or solid carriers, if appropriate surfactants (such as dispersants, protective colloids, emulsifiers, wetting agents and tackifiers), and if appropriate further auxiliaries which are customary for formulating crop protection products. The person skilled in the art is sufficiently familiar with the recipes for such formulations. Further auxiliaries include e.g. organic and inorganic thickeners, bactericides, antifreeze agents, antifoams, colorants and, for seed formulations, adhesives.
Suitable carriers include liquid and solid carriers. Liquid carriers include e.g. non-aqueous solvents such as cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. paraffins, tetrahydronaphthalene, alkylated naphthalenes and their derivatives, alkylated benzenes and their derivatives, alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol and cyclohexanol, ketones such as cyclohexanone, strongly polar solvents, e.g. amines such as N-methylpyrrolidone, and water as well as mixtures thereof. Solid carriers include e.g. mineral earths such as silicas, silica gels, silicates, talc, kaolin, limestone, lime, chalk, bole, loess, clay, dolomite, diatomaceous earth, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium oxide, ground synthetic materials, fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, ureas, and products of vegetable origin such as cereal meal, tree bark meal, wood meal and nutshell meal, cellulose powders, or other solid carriers.
Suitable surfactants (adjuvants, wetting agents, tackifiers, dispersants and also emulsifiers) are the alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts and ammonium salts of aromatic sulfonic acids, for example lignosulfonic acids (e.g. Borrespers-types, Borregaard), phenolsulfonic acids, naphthalenesulfonic acids (Morwet types, Akzo Nobel) and dibutylnaphthalenesulfonic acid (Nekal types, BASF AG), and of fatty acids, alkyl- and alkylarylsulfonates, alkyl sulfates, lauryl ether sulfates and fatty alcohol sulfates, and salts of sulfated hexa-, hepta- and octadecanols, and also of fatty alcohol glycol ethers, condensates of sulfonated naphthalene and its derivatives with formaldehyde, condensates of naphthalene or of the naphthalenesulfonic acids with phenol and formaldehyde, polyoxyethylene octylphenol ether, ethoxylated isooctyl-, octyl- or nonylphenol, alkylphenyl or tributylphenyl polyglycol ether, alkylaryl polyether alcohols, isotridecyl alcohol, fatty alcohol/ethylene oxide condensates, ethoxylated castor oil, polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers or polyoxypropylene alkyl ethers, lauryl alcohol polyglycol ether acetate, sorbitol esters, lignosulfite waste liquors and proteins, denaturated proteins, polysaccharides (e.g. methylcellulose), hydrophobically modified starches, polyvinyl alcohol (Mowiol types Clariant), polycarboxylates (BASF AG, Sokalan types), polyalkoxylates, polyvinylamine (BASF AG, Lupamine types), polyethyleneimine (BASF AG, Lupasol types), polyvinylpyrrolidone and copolymers thereof.
Examples of thickeners (i.e. compounds which impart to the formulation modified flow properties, i.e. high viscosity in the state of rest and low viscosity in motion) are polysaccharides, such as xanthan gum (Kelzan® from Kelco), Rhodopol® 23 (Rhone Poulenc) or Veegum® (from R.T. Vanderbilt), and also organic and inorganic sheet minerals, such as Attaclay® (from Engelhardt).
Examples of antifoams are silicone emulsions (such as, for example, Silikon® SRE, Wacker or Rhodorsil® from Rhodia), long-chain alcohols, fatty acids, salts of fatty acids, organofluorine compounds and mixtures thereof.
Bactericides can be added for stabilizing the aqueous herbicidal formulations. Examples of bactericides are bactericides based on dichlorophen and benzyl alcohol hemiformal (Proxel® from ICI or Acticide® RS from Thor Chemie and Kathon® MK from Rohm & Haas), and also isothiazolinone derivates, such as alkylisothiazolinones and benzisothiazolinones (Acticide MBS from Thor Chemie).
Examples of antifreeze agents are ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, urea or glycerol.
Examples of colorants are both sparingly water-soluble pigments and water-soluble dyes. Examples which may be mentioned are the dyes known under the names Rhodamin B, C.I. Pigment Red 112 and C.I. Solvent Red 1, and also pigment blue 15:4, pigment blue 15:3, pigment blue 15:2, pigment blue 15:1, pigment blue 80, pigment yellow 1, pigment yellow 13, pigment red 112, pigment red 48:2, pigment red 48:1, pigment red 57:1, pigment red 53:1, pigment orange 43, pigment orange 34, pigment orange 5, pigment green 36, pigment green 7, pigment white 6, pigment brown 25, basic violet 10, basic violet 49, acid red 51, acid red 52, acid red 14, acid blue 9, acid yellow 23, basic red 10, basic red 108.
Examples of adhesives are polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol and tylose.
To prepare emulsions, pastes or oil dispersions, the active the components, as such or dissolved in an oil or solvent, can be homogenized in water by means of wetting agent, tackifier, dispersant or emulsifier. Alternatively, it is possible to prepare concentrates consisting of active substance, wetting agent, tackifier, dispersant or emulsifier and, if desired, solvent or oil, and these concentrates are suitable for dilution with water.
Powders, materials for spreading and dusts can be prepared by mixing or concomitant grinding of the active the herbicides A, B, optionally C and D with a solid carrier.
Granules, e.g. coated granules, impregnated granules and homogeneous granules, can be prepared by binding the active ingredients to solid carriers.
The formulations of the invention comprise a herbicidally effective amount of the composition of the present invention. The concentrations of the active the active ingredients in the formulations can be varied within wide ranges. In general, the formulations comprise from 1 to 98% by weight, preferably 10 to 60% by weight, of active ingredients (sum of pyroxasulfone, herbicide A and optionally further actives).
The active ingredients are employed in a purity of from 90% to 100%, preferably 95% to 100% (according to NMR spectrum).
The active compounds A, B and optionally C as well as the compositions according to the invention can, for example, be formulated as follows:
1. Products for Dilution with Water
A Water-Soluble Concentrates
10 parts by weight of active compound (or composition) are dissolved in 90 parts by weight of water or a water-soluble solvent. As an alternative, wetters or other adjuvants are added. The active compound dissolves upon dilution with water. This gives a formulation with an active compound content of 10% by weight.
B Dispersible Concentrates
20 parts by weight of active compound (or composition) are dissolved in 70 parts by weight of cyclohexanone with addition of 10 parts by weight of a dispersant, for example polyvinylpyrrolidone. Dilution with water gives a dispersion. The active compound content is 20% by weight.
C Emulsifiable Concentrates
15 parts by weight of active compound (or composition) are dissolved in 75 parts by weight of an organic solvent (eg. alkylaromatics) with addition of calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and castor oil ethoxylate (in each case 5 parts by weight). Dilution with water gives an emulsion. The formulation has an active compound content of 15% by weight.
D Emulsions
25 parts by weight of active compound (or composition) are dissolved in 35 parts by weight of an organic solvent (eg. alkylaromatics) with addition of calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and castor oil ethoxylate (in each case 5 parts by weight). This mixture is introduced into 30 parts by weight of water by means of an emulsifier (Ultraturrax) and made into a homogeneous emulsion. Dilution with water gives an emulsion. The formulation has an active compound content of 25% by weight.
E Suspensions
In an agitated ball mill, 20 parts by weight of active compound (or composition) are comminuted with addition of 10 parts by weight of dispersants and wetters and 70 parts by weight of water or an organic solvent to give a fine active compound suspension. Dilution with water gives a stable suspension of the active compound. The active compound content in the formulation is 20% by weight.
F Water-Dispersible Granules and Water-Soluble Granules
50 parts by weight of active compound (or composition) are ground finely with addition of 50 parts by weight of dispersants and wetters and made into water-dispersible or water-soluble granules by means of technical appliances (for example extrusion, spray tower, fluidized bed). Dilution with water gives a stable dispersion or solution of the active compound. The formulation has an active compound content of 50% by weight.
G Water-Dispersible Powders and Water-Soluble Powders
75 parts by weight of active compound (or composition) are ground in a rotor-stator mill with addition of 25 parts by weight of dispersants, wetters and silica gel. Dilution with water gives a stable dispersion or solution of the active compound. The active compound content of the formulation is 75% by weight.
H Gel Formulations
In a ball mill, 20 parts by weight of active compound (or composition), 10 parts by weight of dispersant, 1 part by weight of gelling agent and 70 parts by weight of water or of an organic solvent are mixed to give a fine suspension. Dilution with water gives a stable suspension with active compound content of 20% by weight.
2. Products to be Applied Undiluted
I Dusts
5 parts by weight of active compound (or composition) are ground finely and mixed intimately with 95 parts by weight of finely divided kaolin. This gives a dusting powder with an active compound content of 5% by weight.
J Granules (GR, FG, GG, MG)
0.5 parts by weight of active compound (or composition) are ground finely and associated with 99.5 parts by weight of carriers. Current methods here are extrusion, spray-drying or the fluidized bed. This gives granules to be applied undiluted with an active compound content of 0.5% by weight.
K ULV Solutions (UL)
10 parts by weight of active compound (or composition) are dissolved in 90 parts by weight of an organic solvent, for example xylene. This gives a product to be applied undiluted with an active compound content of 10% by weight.
Aqueous use forms can be prepared from emulsion concentrates, suspensions, pastes, wettable powders or water-dispersible granules by adding water.
It may furthermore be beneficial to apply the compositions of the invention alone or in combination with other herbicides, or else in the form of a mixture with other crop protection agents, for example together with agents for controlling pests or phytopathogenic fungi or bacteria. Also of interest is the miscibility with mineral salt solutions, which are employed for treating nutritional and trace element deficiencies. Other additives such as non-phytotoxic oils and oil concentrates may also be added.
The effect of the herbicidal compositions according to the invention of herbicides A and B and, if appropriate, safener on the growth of undesirable plants compared to the herbicidally active compounds alone was demonstrated by the following greenhouse experiments:
For the pre-emergence treatment, directly after sowing the active compounds, which had been suspended or emulsified in water, were applied by means of finely distributed nozzles. The containers were irrigated gently to promote germination and growth and subsequently covered with transparent plastic hoods until plant had rooted. This cover caused uniform germination of the tests plants, unless this was adversely affected by active compounds.
For the post-emergence treatment, the test plants were first grown to a height of 3 to 20 cm, depending on the plant habit, and only then treated. Here, the herbicidal compositions were suspended or emulsified in water as distribution medium and sprayed using finely distributing nozzles.
The respective herbicides B and/or safener were formulated as 10% by weight strength suspension concentrate and introduced to the spray liquor with the amount of solvent system used for applying the active compound. Herbicides A, C and/or safener were used as commercially available formulations and introduced to the spray liquor with the amount of solvent system used for applying the active compound. In the examples, the solvent used was water.
Glyphosate was used as a commercially available SL-formulation containing 360 g/l of glyphosate as its isopropylammonium salt.
Pyroxasulfone was used as an emulsifiable concentrate having an active ingredient concentration of 5% by weight.
Imazamox was used as a commercially available SL-formulation containing 120 g/l of imazamox.
Imazapic was used as a commercially available SL-formulation containing 120 g/l of imazapic.
Pendimethalin was used as an emulsifiable concentrate having an active ingredient concentration of 396 g/l.
Dimethenamid-P was used as an emulsifiable concentrate having an active ingredient concentration of 720 g/l.
Atrazin was used as an aqueous suspension concentrate having an active ingredient concentration of 500 g/l.
Dicamba was used as a commercially available SL-formulation having an active ingredient concentration of 480 g/l.
Picolinafen was used as a commercially available WG-formulation having an active ingredient concentration of 75% by weight.
Saflufenacil was used as an emulsifiable concentrate having an active ingredient concentration of 120 g/l.
Flumioxazin was used as a WG-formulation having an active ingredient concentration of 51% by weight.
Compound B was used as an emulsifiable concentrate having an active ingredient concentration of 5% by weight.
Compound D was used as an emulsifiable concentrate having an active ingredient concentration of 5% by weight.
Isoxaflutole was used as a WG-formulation having an active ingredient concentration of 75% by weight.
The test period extended over 21 days. During this time, the plants were tended, and their response to the treatments with active compound was evaluated.
The evaluation for the damage caused by the chemical compositions was carried out using a scale from 0 to 100%, compared to the untreated control plants. Here, 0 means no damage and 100 means complete destruction of the plants.
The plants used in the greenhouse experiments belonged to the following species:
Scientific Name
Code
Common Name
<i>Abutilon</i><i>theophrasti</i>
ABUTH
velvetleaf
<i>Agropyron</i><i>repens</i>
AGRRE
quackgrass
<i>Alopecurus</i><i>myosuroides</i>
ALOMY
blackgrass
<i>Amaranthus</i><i>retroflexus</i>
AMARE
pig weed
<i>Ambrosia</i><i>artemisifolia</i>
AMBEL
common ragweed
<i>Apera</i><i>spica</i>-<i>venti</i>
APESV
windgrass
<i>Avena</i><i>fatua</i>
AVEFA
wild oat
<i>Brachiaria</i><i>plantaginea</i>
BRAPL
alexandergrass
<i>Bromus</i><i>inermis</i>
BROIN
awnless brome
<i>Bromus</i><i>sterilis</i>
BROST
sterile brome
<i>Brassica</i><i>napus</i> spp. napus
BRSNW
winter oilseed-rape
<i>Capsella</i><i>bursa</i>-<i>pastoris</i>
CAPBP
sheperd's-purse
<i>Cenchrus</i><i>echinatus</i>
CCHEC
sandbur
<i>Chenopodium</i><i>album</i>
CHEAL
lambsquarter
<i>Commelina</i><i>benghalensis</i>
COMBE
tropical spiderwort
<i>Digitaria</i><i>sanguinalis</i>
DIGSA
large crabgrass
<i>Echinochloa</i><i>crus</i>-<i>galli</i>
ECHCG
barnyardgrass
<i>Eleusine</i><i>indica</i>
ELEIN
goosegrass
<i>Galium</i><i>aparine</i>
GALAP
cleaver
<i>Glycine</i><i>max</i>
GLXMA
soybean
<i>Gossypium</i><i>hirsutum</i>
GOSHI
cotton
<i>Helianthus</i><i>annuus</i>
HELAN
sunflower
<i>Hordeum</i><i>vulgare</i>
HORVW
winter barley
<i>Kochia</i><i>scoparia</i>
KCHSC
kochia
<i>Lamium</i><i>purpureum</i>
LAMPU
red deadnettle
<i>Lolium</i><i>multiflorum</i>
LOLMU
italian ryegrass
<i>Matricaria</i><i>inermis</i>
MATIN
scentless mayweed
<i>Mercurialis</i><i>annua</i>
MERAN
annual mercury
<i>Orysa</i><i>sativa</i>
ORYSA
rice
<i>Panicum</i><i>dichotomiflorum</i>
PANDI
fall panicum
<i>Panicum</i><i>milliaceum</i>
PANMI
proso millet
<i>Phalaris</i><i>canariensis</i>
PHACA
canarygrass
<i>Ipomoea</i><i>purpurea</i>
PHBPU
tall morningglory
<i>Poa</i><i>annua</i>
POAAN
annual bluegrass
<i>Polygonum</i><i>convolvulus</i>
POLCO
wild buckwheat
<i>Secale</i><i>cereale</i>
SECCW
winter rye
<i>Setaria</i><i>faberii</i>
SETFA
giant foxtail
<i>Setaria</i><i>italica</i>
SETIT
foxtail millet
<i>Setaria</i><i>lutescens</i>
SETLU
yellow foxtail
<i>Setaria</i><i>viridis</i>
SETVI
green foxtail
<i>Sinapis</i><i>arvensis</i>
SINAR
wild mustard
<i>Solanum</i><i>nigrum</i>
SOLNI
black nightshade
<i>Sorghum</i><i>halepense</i>
SORHA
johnsongrass
<i>Stellaria</i><i>media</i>
STEME
chickweed
<i>Thlaspi</i><i>arvense</i>
THLAR
field pennycress
<i>Triticum</i><i>aestivum</i>
TRZAS
spring wheat
<i>Triticum</i><i>aestivum</i>
TRZAW
winter wheat
<i>Veronica</i><i>persica</i>
VERPE
field speedwell
<i>Viola</i><i>arvensis</i>
VIOAR
field pansy
<i>Xanthium</i><i>strumarium</i>
XANST
cocklebur
<i>Zea</i><i>mays</i>
ZEAMX
corn
E=X+Y
X·Y/
Colby's formula was applied to determine whether the composition showed synergistic action. The value E, which is to be expected if the activity of the individual compounds is just additive, was calculated using the method of S. R. Colby (1967) “Calculating synergistic and antagonistic responses of herbicide combinations”, Weeds 15, p. 22 ff. For two component mixtures the value E was calculated by the following formula
−(100)
E=X+Y+Z
XY+XZ+YZ
X·Y Z/
X=effect in percent using herbicide A at an application rate a;
Y=effect in percent using herbicide B at an application rate b;
Z=effect in percent using herbicide C at an application rate c;
E=expected effect (in %) of A+B at application rates a+b.
or
E=expected effect (in %) of A+B+C at application rates a+b+c.
For three component mixtures the value E was calculated by the following formula
−()/100+(10000)
where
If the value observed in this manner is higher than the value E calculated according to Colby, a synergistic effect is present.
Tables 1 to 12 relate to the herbicidal activity of the individual actives and of their combinations in post-emergence application assessed 20 DAT.
TABLE 1
Application in Post-Emergence of Glyphosate, Pyroxasulfone and Imazamox
solo application
combination glyphosate + pyroxasulfone + imazamox
glyphosate (A)
pyroxasulfone (B)
imazamox (C)
Observed
expected
Synergism
% activity
% activity
% activity
% activity
% activity
Y/N
weed
g ai/ha
20 DAT
g ai/ha
20 DAT
g ai/ha
20 DAT
g ai/ha
20 DAT
20 DAT
20 DAT
ALOMY
100
40
25
50
10
30
100 + 25 + 10
98
79
Y
DIGSA
100
85
25
50
10
20
100 + 25 + 10
100
94
Y
LOLMU
100
75
25
50
10
60
100 + 25 + 10
98
95
Y
LOLMU
50
40
12.5
50
5
40
50 + 12.5 + 5
85
82
Y
ABUTH
50
0
12.5
40
5
50
50 + 12.5 + 5
90
70
Y
CHEAL
100
50
25
20
10
30
100 + 25 + 10
95
72
Y
CHEAL
50
40
12.5
20
5
15
50 + 12.5 + 5
90
59
Y
GALAP
100
15
25
80
10
30
100 + 25 + 10
95
88
Y
GALAP
50
10
12.5
70
5
20
50 + 12.5 + 5
90
78
Y
MATIN
50
65
12.5
0
5
25
50 + 12.5 + 5
80
74
Y
TABLE 2
Application in Post-Emergence of Glyphosate, Pyroxasulfone and Imazapic
solo application
combination glyphosate + pyroxasulfone + imazapic
glyphosate (A)
pyroxasulfone (B)
imazapic (C)
Observed
expected
Synergism
% activity
% activity
% activity
% activity
% activity
Y/N
weed
g ai/ha
20 DAT
g ai/ha
20 DAT
g ai/ha
20 DAT
g ai/ha
20 DAT
20 DAT
20 DAT
ALOMY
200
85
50
50
20
45
200 + 50 + 20
98
96
Y
DIGSA
50
70
12.5
40
5
50
50 + 12.5 + 5
95
91
Y
LOLMU
50
40
12.5
50
5
60
50 + 12.5 + 5
90
88
Y
ABUTH
50
0
12.5
40
5
60
50 + 12.5 + 5
85
76
Y
CHEAL
200
80
50
20
20
40
200 + 50 + 20
95
90
Y
GALAP
50
10
12.5
70
5
55
50 + 12.5 + 5
95
88
Y
TABLE 3
Application in Post-Emergence of Glyphosate, Pyroxasulfone and Pendimethalin
solo application
combination glyphosate + pyroxasulfone + pendimethalin
glyphosate (A)
pyroxasulfone (B)
pendimethalin (C)
Observed
expected
Synergism
% activity
% activity
% activity
% activity
% activity
Y/N
weed
g ai/ha
20 DAT
g ai/ha
20 DAT
g ai/ha
20 DAT
g ai/ha
20 DAT
20 DAT
20 DAT
ALOMY
200
85
50
50
400
40
200 + 50 + 400
98
96
Y
LOLMU
100
75
25
50
200
30
100 + 25 + 200
98
91
Y
SETVI
50
70
12.5
70
100
30
50 + 12.5 + 100
95
94
Y
AMARE
50
90
12.5
75
100
75
50 + 12.5 + 100
100
99
Y
MATIN
400
95
100
15
800
0
400 + 100 + 800
100
96
Y
MATIN
50
65
12.5
0
100
0
50 + 12.5 + 100
80
65
Y
TABLE 4
Application in Post-Emergence of Glyphosate, Pyroxasulfone and Dimethenamid-P
solo application
combination glyphosate + pyroxasulfone + dimethenamid-P
glyphosate (A)
pyroxasulfone (B)
dimethenamid-P (C)
Observed
expected
Synergism
% activity
% activity
% activity
% activity
% activity
Y/N
weed
g ai/ha
20 DAT
g ai/ha
20 DAT
g ai/ha
20 DAT
g ai/ha
20 DAT
20 DAT
20 DAT
ALOMY
200
85
50
50
540
30
200 + 50 + 540
100
95
Y
ALOMY
100
40
25
50
270
20
100 + 25 + 270
90
76
Y
DIGSA
100
85
25
50
270
50
100 + 25 + 270
100
96
Y
DIGSA
50
70
12.5
40
135
50
50 + 12.5 + 135
98
91
Y
LOLMU
50
40
12.5
50
135
60
50 + 12.5 + 135
95
88
Y
ABUTH
200
70
50
70
540
15
200 + 50 + 540
95
92
Y
ABUTH
50
0
12.5
40
135
15
50 + 12.5 + 135
70
49
Y
CHEAL
100
50
25
20
270
20
100 + 25 + 270
95
68
Y
MATIN
100
90
25
0
270
0
100 + 25 + 270
98
90
Y
MATIN
50
65
12.5
0
135
0
50 + 12.5 + 135
90
65
Y
SINAR
50
80
12.5
65
135
45
50 + 12.5 + 135
100
96
Y
TABLE 5
Application in Post-Emergence of Glyphosate, Pyroxasulfone and Atrazin
solo application
combination glyphosate + pyroxasulfone + atrazin
glyphosate (A)
pyroxasulfone (B)
atrazin (C)
Observed
expected
Synergism
% activity
% activity
% activity
% activity
% activity
Y/N
weed
g ai/ha
20 DAT
g ai/ha
20 DAT
g ai/ha
20 DAT
g ai/ha
20 DAT
20 DAT
20 DAT
ALOMY
200
85
50
50
250
50
200 + 50 + 250
100
96
Y
DIGSA
50
70
12.5
40
62.5
0
50 + 12.5 + 62.5
85
82
Y
CHEAL
100
50
25
20
125
60
100 + 25 + 125
98
84
Y
CHEAL
50
40
12.5
20
62.5
20
50 + 12.5 + 62.5
85
62
Y
TABLE 6
Application in Post-Emergence of Glyphosate, Pyroxasulfone and Dicamba
solo application
combination glyphosate + pyroxasulfone + dicamba
glyphosate (A)
pyroxasulfone (B)
dicamba (C)
Observed
expected
Synergism
% activity
% activity
% activity
% activity
% activity
Y/N
weed
g ai/ha
20 DAT
g ai/ha
20 DAT
g ai/ha
20 DAT
g ai/ha
20 DAT
20 DAT
20 DAT
ALOMY
50
20
12.5
30
25
10
50 + 12.5 + 25
55
50
Y
LOLMU
100
75
25
50
50
0
100 + 25 + 50
95
88
Y
ABUTH
100
60
25
40
50
50
100 + 25 + 50
95
88
Y
CHEAL
100
50
25
20
50
50
100 + 25 + 50
90
80
Y
MATIN
50
65
12.5
0
25
45
50 + 12.5 + 25
95
81
Y
TABLE 7
Application in Post-Emergence of Glyphosate, Pyroxasulfone and Picolinafen
solo application
combination glyphosate + pyroxasulfone + picolinafen
glyphosate (A)
pyroxasulfone (B)
picolinafen (C)
Observed
expected
Synergism
% activity
% activity
% activity
% activity
% activity
Y/N
weed
g ai/ha
20 DAT
g ai/ha
20 DAT
g ai/ha
20 DAT
g ai/ha
20 DAT
20 DAT
20 DAT
ALOMY
200
85
50
50
25
0
200 + 50 + 25
98
93
Y
ALOMY
50
20
12.5
30
6.25
0
50 + 12.5 + 6.25
55
44
Y
DIGSA
100
85
25
50
12.5
45
100 + 25 + 12.5
100
96
Y
DIGSA
50
70
12.5
40
6.25
30
50 + 12.5 + 6.25
95
87
Y
LOLMU
100
75
25
50
12.5
10
100 + 25 + 12.5
99
89
Y
ABUTH
200
70
50
70
25
60
200 + 50 + 25
98
96
Y
ABUTH
50
0
12.5
40
6.25
30
50 + 12.5 + 6.25
70
58
Y
CHEAL
100
50
25
20
12.5
30
100 + 25 + 12.5
90
72
Y
GALAP
50
10
12.5
70
6.25
30
50 + 12.5 + 6.25
90
81
Y
MATIN
400
95
100
15
50
60
400 + 100 + 50
100
98
Y
POLCO
400
90
100
65
50
80
400 + 100 + 50
100
99
Y
TABLE 8
Application in Post-Emergence of Glyphosate, Pyroxasulfone and flumioxazin
solo application
combination glyphosate + pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin
glyphosate (A)
pyroxasulfone (B)
flumioxazin (C)
Observed
expected
Synergism
% activity
% activity
% activity
% activity
% activity
Y/N
weed
g ai/ha
20 DAT
g ai/ha
20 DAT
g ai/ha
20 DAT
g ai/ha
20 DAT
20 DAT
20 DAT
ALOMY
100
30
25
70
12.5
20
100 + 25 + 12.5
95
83
Y
ALOMY
50
15
12.5
40
6.25
20
50 + 12.5 + 6.25
85
59
Y
AVEFA
100
45
25
75
6.25
35
100 + 25 + 6.25
98
91
Y
DIGSA
50
70
12.5
50
6.25
15
50 + 12.5 + 6.25
95
87
Y
CHEAL
100
85
25
45
12.5
30
100 + 25 + 12.5
100
94
Y
CHEAL
50
30
12.5
35
6.25
0
50 + 12.5 + 6.25
98
55
Y
GALAP
100
45
25
85
12.5
30
100 + 25 + 12.5
100
94
Y
GALAP
50
40
12.5
40
6.25
30
50 + 12.5 + 6.25
98
75
Y
MATIN
50
90
12.5
0
6.25
65
50 + 12.5 + 6.25
100
97
Y
TABLE 9
Application in Post-Emergence of Glyphosate, Pyroxasulfone and Saflufenacil
solo application
combination glyphosate + pyroxasulfone + saflufenacil
glyphosate (A)
pyroxasulfone (B)
saflufenacil (C)
Observed
expected
Synergism
% activity
% activity
% activity
% activity
% activity
Y/N
weed
g ai/ha
20 DAT
g ai/ha
20 DAT
g ai/ha
20 DAT
g ai/ha
20 DAT
20 DAT
20 DAT
ALOMY
100
30
25
70
3.13
0
100 + 25 + 3.125
90
79
Y
ALOMY
50
15
12.5
40
1.56
0
50 + 12.5 + 1.56
70
49
Y
DIGSA
50
70
12.5
50
1.56
0
50 + 12.5 + 1.56
90
85
Y
ECHCG
50
30
12.5
75
1.56
0
50 + 12.5 + 1.56
85
83
Y
ABUTH
50
0
12.5
60
1.56
45
50 + 12.5 + 1.56
95
78
Y
CHEAL
50
30
12.5
35
1.56
40
50 + 12.5 + 1.56
90
73
Y
GALAP
100
45
25
85
3.13
30
100 + 25 + 3.125
98
94
Y
MATIN
100
95
25
0
3.13
55
100 + 25 + 3.125
100
98
Y
MATIN
50
90
12.5
0
1.56
20
50 + 12.5 + 1.56
100
92
Y
POLCO
100
50
25
50
3.13
55
100 + 25 + 3.125
98
89
Y
POLCO
50
30
12.5
35
1.56
45
50 + 12.5 + 1.56
98
75
Y
TABLE 10
Application in Post-Emergence of Glyphosate, Pyroxasulfone and Compound B
solo application
combination glyphosate + pyroxasulfone + Compound B
glyphosate (A)
pyroxasulfone (B)
compound B (C)
Observed
expected
Synergism
% activity
% activity
% activity
% activity
% activity
Y/N
weed
g ai/ha
20 DAT
g ai/ha
20 DAT
g ai/ha
20 DAT
g ai/ha
20 DAT
20 DAT
20 DAT
ALOMY
100
30
25
70
12.5
35
100 + 25 + 12.5
95
86
Y
ALOMY
50
15
12.5
40
6.25
20
50 + 12.5 + 6.25
85
59
Y
DIGSA
50
70
12.5
50
6.25
50
50 + 12.5 + 6.25
95
93
Y
ABUTH
100
0
25
65
6.25
98
100 + 25 + 6.25
100
99
Y
CHEAL
50
30
12.5
35
6.25
85
50 + 12.5 + 6.25
100
93
Y
POLCO
50
30
12.5
35
6.25
90
50 + 12.5 + 6.25
100
95
Y
TABLE 11
Application in Post-Emergence of Glyphosate, Pyroxasulfone and Compound D
solo application
combination glyphosate + pyroxasulfone + compound D
glyphosate (A)
pyroxasulfone (B)
compound D (C)
Observed
expected
Synergism
% activity
% activity
% activity
% activity
% activity
Y/N
weed
g ai/ha
20 DAT
g ai/ha
20 DAT
g ai/ha
20 DAT
g ai/ha
20 DAT
20 DAT
20 DAT
ALOMY
100
30
25
70
6.25
40
100 + 25 + 6.25
98
87
Y
ALOMY
50
15
12.5
40
3.13
30
50 + 12.5 + 3.125
75
64
Y
AVEFA
100
45
25
75
6.25
75
100 + 25 + 6.25
98
97
Y
DIGSA
50
70
12.5
50
3.13
35
50 + 12.5 + 3.125
95
90
Y
LOLMU
50
45
12.5
55
3.13
40
50 + 12.5 + 3.125
95
85
Y
CHEAL
50
30
12.5
35
3.13
45
50 + 12.5 + 3.125
90
75
Y
GALAP
100
45
25
85
6.25
30
100 + 25 + 6.25
98
94
Y
GALAP
50
40
12.5
40
3.13
30
50 + 12.5 + 3.125
98
75
Y
POLCO
50
30
12.5
35
3.13
95
50 + 12.5 + 3.125
100
98
Y
TABLE 12
Application in Post-Emergence of Glyphosate, Pyroxasulfone and Isoxaflutole
solo application
combination glyphosate + pyroxasulfone + isoxaflutole
glyphosate (A)
pyroxasulfone (B)
isoxaflutole (C)
Observed
expected
Synergism
% activity
% activity
% activity
% activity
% activity
Y/N
weed
g ai/ha
20 DAT
g ai/ha
20 DAT
g ai/ha
20 DAT
g ai/ha
20 DAT
20 DAT
20 DAT
ALOMY
50
15
12.5
40
6.25
0
50 + 12.5 + 6.25
80
49
Y
DIGSA
50
70
12.5
50
6.25
15
50 + 12.5 + 6.25
90
87
Y
ABUTH
50
0
12.5
60
6.25
55
50 + 12.5 + 6.25
90
82
Y
CHEAL
50
30
12.5
35
6.25
75
50 + 12.5 + 6.25
95
89
Y
POLCO
200
50
50
50
25
45
200 + 50 + 25
98
86
Y | |
The shock image of Rory McIlroy’s ripped shirt stemming from the frustration of his DP World final round meltdown has led to his fellow major winning good friend Justin Thomas speaking out.
McIlroy let slip a third DP World victory trophy and also a third triumph this year in falling from one shot clear of the field at the start of the last day to posting a horror last day 74 to eventually share sixth place on the Earth course at Jumeirah Estates.
BREAKING NEWS .. @McIlroyRory raging post final round 74 @dpwtc @EuropeanTour
Frustration boils over with Rory tearing his @nikegolf shirt heading to scorer’s hut ??@IrishGolferMag @Record_Sport @Golf_Grinder pic.twitter.com/Qw7zYWuuw8
— Fatiha (@TOURMISS) November 21, 2021
For someone as passionate as McIlroy who has always worn his heart on his sleeve, it was a bitter end to his four-day campaign. His frustration was no more evident when he played a perfect shot into the 15th hole only for his ball to cannon off the flagstick and spin back into a bunker for a first of three bogeys in his closing four holes.
Though it was the sight of McIlroy’s torn shirt that shocked his followers.
It was my colleague Fatiha Betscher, a fellow correspondent to Irish Golfer Magazine, who was the only written media representative with a direct view into the scorer’s hut, so naturally she could not believe her eyes with the sight of McIlroy’s torn shirt hanging off his right shoulder.
McIlroy was on his mobile phone and in clear view to those outside the hut, and they were McIlroy’s manager, his caddy Harry Diamond, a Tour media officer, Fatiha and a Japanese photographer. There had been a small gathering of golf writers, mainly London newspaper representatives and also members of the Association of Golf Writers, who had followed Mcllroy from the back of the final green to the scorer’s hut. However, this group of writers did not follow McIlroy up the staircase that led directly to the scorer’s hut and instead walked around to the opposite side of the flash area to climb the second staircase to the raised area.
Fatiha was already located in the flash area and was quick to recognise the worth of a photograph of Rory standing there in his ripped shirt. McIlroy then emerged from the scorer’s hut with haste, avoiding any contact with SKY TV personnel and the group of media by heading back down the stairs he’d climbed to the scorer’s hut, and then briskly entering the close-by clubhouse through a side door, thus avoiding contact with anyone at all via the dedicated main entry in use for the past two weeks for players and caddies to the clubhouse and players’ lounge.
Fatiha has had strong twitter coverage in the past in posting tweets featuring Tiger Woods but the pictures of Rory and his torn shirt have generated unprecedented interest to her @TourMiss twitter page, so much so that in the 24-hours since posting the tweet, there has been some 530,000 impressions and close to 45,000 ‘total engagements’.
Once the tweet was posted, Fatiha was soon swamped by requests from our AGW colleagues working for those London papers this past week in Dubai along with news outlets across the UK and Ireland plus there was messages pouring in from the major US golf reporting outlets such as the Golf Channel, Golf Digest, ESPN and others seeking permission to use the photograph.
Of course, the tweet has generated plenty of comments with so many offering their opinion, which is the basis of social media. Some read:
- Beverly Barnes: That’s me !!! That’s how I feel sometimes, this game is madness…..but we always come back for more!
- Sham Wow: In all seriousness, if you rip your shirt off and you step in front a window, you want people to see it. He should have gone into the Locker room or something and change his shirt not make this public.
- Bill Allen: He’s snapped a club over his knee, helicoptered another into a pond at Doral and now it seems Rory McIlroy has taken his loss in Dubai out on his shirt (photo @TourMiss). Say what you will but the dude is passionate.
- Everyday Golfer: Wardrobe Malfunction
- Ronnie: Nike shirts…poor quality
- Bogey: We can all relate to Rory
Though there was one tweet from Thomas, fellow Tour player and good friend, that stood out: | https://irishgolfer.ie/latest-golf-news/2021/11/22/good-friend-jt-speaks-out-over-mcilroys-ripped-shirt/ |
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
EXAMPLES
Example 1
A Formulation of Clothianidin, Metofluthrin, and Piperonyl Butoxide was Prepared
Example 2
Example 3
Example 4
Example 5
Example 6
Example 7
The present invention is directed to a combination of clothianidin, metofluthrin, and piperonyl butoxide that provides superior insect knockdown and mortality rates, and is especially effective against bed bugs. This mixture of actives may be formulated with adjuvants, such as solvents, anti-caking agents, stabilizers, defoamers, slip agents, humectants, dispersants, wetting agents, thickening agents, emulsifiers, and/or preservatives which increase the long lasting activity of the actives.
The present mixture is generally directed to a safe and significantly more effective treatment for insect control. Additionally, the present mixture provides quick knockdown of insects, a high mortality rate, and long-lasting residual control.
Cimex lectularius
Staphylococcus aureus.
Synanthropic insect infestations are a persistent problem. Many insects are difficult to detect until the population is very large and poses a significant threat to human health and welfare. Bed bugs () are under investigation as biological and mechanical vectors of human disease and there have been documented cases of them carrying antibiotic resistant
Bed bugs are difficult to detect because they are small, cryptic pests and are usually nocturnal. Currently, there are a limited number of means for capturing and containing bed bugs. Often, use of insecticides is the only way to thoroughly treat an environment and provide effective, long-lasting control.
However, the insecticides currently registered are often reported to provide inadequate residual control of bed bugs. Residual control is in reference to control, mitigation and/or prevention of infestations after the date of initial treatment. True residual control provides protection against re-infestation for at least, if not exceeding, 30 days after treatment. Applicants' mixture surprisingly provided improved residual efficacy against pyrethroid resistant, pyrethroid susceptible, and wild-type, field strain bed bugs.
True residual control is difficult to achieve with currently registered insecticides due to resistance found amongst bed bug populations. Bed bug resistance to synthetic pyrethroids has been thoroughly documented in populations of bugs obtained from field sites. Therefore, efforts to enact bed bug control measures using traditional and available insecticides are often ineffective due to the inherent resistance profiles encountered by pest management professionals (PMPs) and consumers of household insecticides.
Resistance is a complex phenomenon arising from exposure to the same or similar insecticide class over a period of multiple insect generations. Resistance develops due to extinction of susceptible individuals within the population and survival with subsequent reproduction of individuals who are inherently “immune” to the effects of the insecticide. Resistance can be due to multiple factors to include target site mutations, selection of detoxification enzymes and decreased cuticular penetration. Resistance may arise in nave populations that have been previously identified as insecticide susceptible or those which have been exposed to insecticides of another or similar class or mode of action. Cross resistance can occur and in addition to physiological resistance, behavioral resistance mechanisms may also be present. The end result of current control measures is that available insecticides are often inadequate to provide the mortality rates necessary to completely eliminate or collapse then insect population. As the Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) has determined that pyrethroid-resistant colonies pose a significant human health risk, there is a need in the art for a safe and effective insect control formulation that provides superior bed bug control.
Applicants have discovered a mixture that provides improved insect control. Applicants' mixture controls pyrethroid-resistant, pyrethroid susceptible, and wild-type, field strain bed bugs. The mixture kills bed bugs of all life stages, and importantly, provides long lasting residual control.
In one aspect, the present invention is directed to a mixture comprising clothianidin, metofluthrin, and piperonyl butoxide, that can optionally be formulated with adjuvants, such as solvents, anti-caking agents, stabilizers, defoamers, slip agents, humectants, dispersants, wetting agents, thickening agents, emulsifiers, and preservatives.
In another aspect, the present invention is directed to a formulation comprising clothianidin, metofluthrin, and piperonyl butoxide, with adjuvants such as solvents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, anticaking agents, defoamers, thickening agents, and preservatives.
In a further aspect, the present invention is directed to methods of controlling insects by applying the mixture formulated with adjuvants to an environment. For example, the formulated mixture can be sprayed or brushed, onto a surface that is infested, or could be infested, with insects.
Finally, the present invention is directed to a mixture and methods of using the mixture to safely provide improved residual bed bug control.
The present invention is directed to a mixture of clothianidin, metofluthrin, and piperonyl butoxide (“PBO”) that works with adjuvants to quickly knockdown and kill insects during all life stages.
Clothianidin ((E)-1-(2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)-3-methyl nitroguanidine) (available from Sumitomo Chemical Co., Tokyo, JP) is a member of the nitroguanidine subgroup of nicotinoid insecticides. Clothianidin attacks the central nervous system of insects and the EPA considers clothianidin less harmful to humans, mammals and aquatic animals than organophophate and carbamate insecticide alternatives. Clothianidin has traditionally been used as a seed treatment to protect seeds from damage caused by chewing and sucking insects.
Metofluthrin (available from Sumitomo Chemical Co., Tokyo, JP) is fast-acting pyrethroid that is also vapor-active, Metofluthrin can penetrate an insect's exoskeleton via uptake through the spiracles and possibly by transport through dermal pores, along wax canals or through other mechanisms not yet known. Metafluthrin causes paralysis by attacking the insect's central nervous system. Metofluthrin has historically been used for mosquito knockdown and repellency.
PBO (available from Endura SPA, Bologna, IT) prevents insects from recovering from pyrethroid exposure by inhibition of metabolizing enzymes, Thus, PBO increases the effectiveness and toxicity of metofluthrin. However, PBO demonstrates little or no insecticidal effects if applied alone.
Mixtures of the present invention can generally contain a ratio of clothianidin:metofluthrin:PBO that is from 1:0.001:0.25 to 20:0.4:40. Preferably, this ratio is from 10:0.25:2.5 to 10:0.4:40. Most preferably, this ratio is 4:0.1:10.
Formulations of the present invention generally comprise clothianidin, metofluthrin, PBO, and may contain adjuvants, such as solvents, anti-caking agents, stabilizers, defoamers, slip agents, humectants, dispersants, wetting agents, thickening agents, emulsifiers, and preservatives which increase the long lasting activity of the actives. Other components that enhance the biological activity of these ingredients may optionally be included.
Formulations of the present invention preferably contain from about 0.001 to 12% weight clothianidin. More preferred is a formulation that contains from about 2 to 12% weight clothianidin. Presently, clothianidin is most preferred at about 4.0% weight of the formulation.
Formulations of the present invention preferably contain from about 0.0001 to 10% weight metofluthrin. More preferred is a formulation that contains from about 0.01 to 0.12% weight metoflutlarin. Presently, metofluthrin is most preferred at about 0.10% weight of the formulation.
Formulations of the present invention preferably contain from about 0.001 to 25% weight PBO. More preferred is a formulation that contains from about 1 to 20% weight PBO. Presently, PBO is most preferred at about 10.0% by weight.
Formulations of the present invention can contain a solvent. Examples of solvents include water, glycerol, and propylene glycol. The preferred total amount of the solvent is from about 75 to 90% weight of the formulation.
Formulations of the present invention can contain an anti-caking agent. An example of an anti-caking agent is hydrophilic fumed silica. The preferred total amount of the anti-caking agent is about 0.5 to 2.0% weight of the formulation.
Formulations of the present invention can contain a dispersion stabilizer. Examples of dispersion stabilizers include polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl pyrrolidone. The preferred total amount of the dispersion stabilizer is about 0.05 to 0.15% weight of the formulation.
Formulations of the present invention can contain a defoamer. Examples of defoamers include silicone emulsions. The preferred amount of the defoamer is about 0.005 to 0.15% weight of the formulation.
Formulations of the present invention can contain a slip agent. One example of a slip agent is carnauba wax emulsion. The preferred total amount of the slip agent is about 0.10 to 0.30% weight of the formulation.
Formulations of the present invention can contain a humectant. One example of a humectant is sorbitol. The preferred total amount of the humectant is about 0.25 to 0.5% weight of the formulation.
Formulations of the present invention can contain a dispersant. Acrylic graft copolymers are a type of dispersant. The preferred total amount of the dispersant is about 0.1 to 0.25 weight of the formulation.
Formulations of the present invention can contain a wetting agent. Examples of wetting agents include tristyrlphenol phosphates and polyalkoxylated buty ether. The preferred total amount of the wetting agent is about 0.050 to 3.0% weight of the formulation.
Formulations of the present invention can contain a thickening agent. Xanthan gum, bentonite, and colloidal magnesium aluminum silicate are examples of thickening agents. The preferred total amount of the thickening agent is about 0.15 to 0.25% weight of the formulation.
Formulations of the present invention can contain an emulsifier. Examples of emulsifiers include tristyrylphenol-polyglycolether and benzenesulfonic acid salts. The preferred amount of the total emulsifier is about 0.25 to 3.5% weight of the formulation.
Formulations of the present invention can contain a preservative. Examples of preservatives include isothiazolin-3-one preservative solutions. The preferred amount of the preservative is about 0.06 to 0.15% weight of the formulation.
Formulations of the present invention may be further diluted for use.
Applicants surprisingly discovered that a mixture of clothianidin, metofluthrin, and PBO allowed for a significantly improved insecticide that could be used safely in residential and commercials buildings. Applicants surprisingly discovered that this mixture when formulated was especially effective in killing be bugs during all life stages: eggs, nymphs and adults. Further, Applicants surprisingly found that the mixture of clothianidin, metofluthrin, and PBO worked against those insects that had been identified as having a pyrethroid resistance ratio of several hundred to several thousand times that of susceptible insects. The efficacy was most pronounced when quantitatively examined during residual contact activity. Additionally, insects succumbed to the effects of the formulated mixture after only a brief duration of exposure (5 min). Typically, exposures to insecticides will occur for longer than 5 minutes. Applicants also surprisingly discovered that the insects are not repelled by the formulated mixture and will remain in contact with treated surfaces, thus maximizing potential uptake of the insecticide by the insects.
Applicants surprisingly discovered that the mixture when formulated has many additional benefits besides being effective for insect control. For example, the formulation does not stain upholstery or fabrics and does not leave a visible residue. Because insects, and especially bed bugs, typically can be found on upholstered materials and on mattresses, it is important that the insect control formulation does not permanently damage the owner's belongings. Also, the formulation has a very low detectable odor following application. This reduces the inconvenience of waiting a long time before re-entering a space following treatment. These characteristics are desirable because without them, the product would not be suitable for residential or commercial use.
Applicants also surprisingly found that the mixture provided residual control for at least four weeks. This characteristic of the mixture reduces the frequency of treatments which provides increased cost savings and minimizes the inconveniences of frequent treatments.
Further, Applicants found that the mixture allowed for quick knockdown of the insects. Knockdown is the stage that proceeds death and is characterized by an insect's inability to right itself when on its dorsum or make coordinated forward movements. Because clothianidin and metofluthrin work on the insects' central nervous system, they immobilize and/or severely inhibit normal activity of the insects within minutes. Previously, insects treated with formulations of the prior art would continue to be mobile for up to a day or longer following contact with the formulation. Delayed knockdown allows for the insects to continue to bite, breed, and move to new locations prior to onset of noticeable effects. It also gives the appearance of ineffective insecticidal qualities and increases the time until human re-inhabitation and clean up can occur.
Another embodiment of the present invention is methods of using the formulations of the present invention for insect control. A preferred method of applying the formulations of the present invention is by spraying, brushing, or other application which distributes the liquid product to the environment in need of treatment. Presently, the most preferred methods of application are by spraying or brushing an effective amount of the formulation onto a surface.
The mixture of the present invention can be applied to any environment in need of insect control. The environment in need of insect control may include any area that is desired to be free of insect infestation. For example, the formulation can be applied to an environment such as residential or commercial buildings, including single family dwellings, hotels, daycares, libraries, multi-family residences, jails, hostels, wash rooms, hallways, including hotels, and hospitals, or transportation vehicles.
The disclosed, embodiments are simply exemplary embodiments of the inventive concepts disclosed herein and should not be considered as limiting, unless the claims expressly state otherwise.
As used herein, all numerical values relating to amounts, weight percentages and the like are defined as “about” or “approximately” each particular value, namely, plus or minus 10%. For example, the phrase “at least 5% by weight” is to be understood as “at least 4.5% to 5.5% by weight.” Therefore, amounts within 10% of the claimed values are encompassed by the scope of the claims.
The term “effective amount” means the amount of the formulation that will kill the insect. The “effective amount” will vary depending on the formulation concentration, the type of insect(s) being treated, the severity of the insect infestation, the result desired, and the life stage of the insects during treatment, among other factors. Thus, it is not always possible to specify an exact “effective amount.” However, an appropriate “effective amount” in any individual case may be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art.
The present invention includes concentrated formulations that can be easily prepared and then sold and distributed to an end user. Utilizing high concentrations for shipping and handling allows the use of smaller volumes of solvent, thus simplifying shipping and handling procedures and decreasing costs. The end user can apply formulations of the present invention to environments by diluting the formulation to a desired concentration prior to application of the formulation to an environment. Alternatively, the diluted solution could be prepared and provided to the end for application to an environment.
Examples of representative packaging formats include ready-to-use packages such as concentrates: non-pressurized containers such as liquids and gels; aerosols and various solid forms such as dusts, powders and granules. Examples of controlled-release formulations include paints, glue boards, baits, bait stations, blocks, pellets, time-release membranes, traps and strips.
The following examples are intended to illustrate the present invention and to teach one of ordinary skill in the art how to use the formulations of the invention. They are not intended to be limiting in any way.
First, a clothianidin premix was prepared by agitating clothianidin with water, polyvinyl alcohol, glycerol, sorbitol solution, a surfactant, tristyrylphenol phosphate, tetramethyl decyne diol, xanthan gum, carnauba wax emulsion, an isothiazolin-3-one preservative, and a defoamer. The clothianidin premix then passed through a bead mill to produce a finished base with a median particle size of <5 microns. A metofluthrin premix was prepared by charging propylene glycol in a stainless steel vessel and then adding metofluthrin, dodecyl benzene sulphonate salt, and tristyrylphenol-polyglycolether. Once the metofluthrin premix was homogeneous, water was added followed by a preservative.
Following preparation of the clothianidin premix and the metofluthrin premix, the final formulation was mixed. First, the clothianidin premix was charged in a stainless steel vessel. Then, the following ingredients were added in the following order PBO; xanthan gum premixed with water; hydrophilic fumed silica with agitation; the metofluthrin premix; and finally an isothiazoline-3-one preservative. The formulation was then mixed until homogeneous and stored until use. The formulation can be diluted to all appropriate amount prior to use.
A bioassay was performed to determine the repellency of the Formulation of Example 1 to bed bugs. Tent-like harborages were made by folding 4 cm×2.5 cm pieces of cardstock lengthwise. The harborages were treated with the Formulation of Example 1, deionized water, or no treatment. Treated harborages were allowed to dry for 72 hours and then the harborages were placed in Petri dishes (150×25 mm), and then the Petri dishes were placed in clear Pyrex dishes.
Twenty-two adult bed bugs, ½ males and ½ females, were placed in each treatment dish for 5 minutes to determine which harborage was the most attractive to the bed bugs. The following bioassays were completed: the Formulation of Example 1 and no treatment; and deionized water and no treatment. Using Chi-square analysis with SAS software v. 9.2, the following results were determined.
The bedbugs were marginally attracted to the Formulation of Example 1 compared to the untreated and deionized water controls (p=0.0881). Therefore, it has been found that the Formulation of Example 1 is non-repellent. This result was unexpected because the Formulation of Example 1 contains metofluthrin, a known insect repellent. This surprising result means that bed bugs will not be repelled and relocate to an untreated environment when exposed to the Formulation of Example 1. Therefore, the Formulation of Example 1 is an improvement over prior art insecticides that repel insects.
Another bioassay was performed to determine the knockdown and mortality rates of bed bugs exposed to the residual of the Formulation of Example 1. Two bed bug strains were used Jersey City-strain which is known to have 1000-fold resistance to deltamethrin, and Winston Salem-strain which is known to have a 500-fold resistance level to deltamethrin (a commonly used pyrethroid). In this bioassay, the Formulation of Example 1 was compared to a water control. All tests were done in 4 replicates (40 insects total per treatment).
Unpainted wood was cut into 6 inch square panels and a DeVries spray booth was used to deliver 1 ml of test substance in an even spray that provided approximately 1 gal/1000 sq. ft. delivery rate. A cone-jet nozzle was used approximately 12 inches directly above the wood panels. The panels were allowed to dry and then aged indoors for 1 day to 34 days in a climate controlled environment with temperatures ranging from approximately 65 to 72 degrees Fahrenheit.
Insects were fed a blood meal the day prior to testing. The inner walls of Petri dishes were treated with Fluon to prevent the insects from attaching to the sides of the dishes during treatment.
On the day of testing, 10 mixed-sex insects were placed in each Petri dish. The bed bugs were separated with tweezers and observed to be healthy and active before treatments. The Petri dishes were inverted onto the treated surface and gentle tapping was sometimes used to dislodge the insects from the dishes. After 5 minutes, the insects were returned to containers for knockdown and mortality observations. Observations were taken until untreated control mortality reached 10 percent.
50
90
50
90
For Jersey City-strain bed bugs at the 1 Day residual testing, the Formulation of Example 1 provided KTof less than 10 minutes; KTof less than 20 minutes; and 100 percent mortality by 24 hours. For the 34 Day residual testing, the Formulation of Example 1 provided KTof 15.5 minutes; KTof 1.4 hours; and 100 percent mortality by 3 days post treatment. Therefore, it was determined that the Formulation of Example 1 provided residual kill efficacy against pyrethroid-resistant Jersey City-strain bed bugs.
50
90
50
90
For the Winston Salem-strain bed bugs at the 1 Day residual testing, the Formulation of Example 1 provided KTof less 35 min; KTof less than 2 days; and 100 percent mortality by three days post treatment. For the 30 Day residual testing, the Formulation of Example 1 provided KTof 1.6 hours; KTof 1.4 days; and 100 percent mortality by 4 days post treatment. Therefore, it was determined that the Formulation of Example 1 provided residual kill efficacy against pyrethroid-resistant Winston Salem-strain bed bugs.
This bioassay was performed to determine the knockdown and mortality rates of bed bugs directly exposed to the Formulation of Example 1. Two bed bugs strains were used; Jersey City-strain, and Winston Salem-strain. In this bioassay, the Formulation of Example 1 was compared to a water control. All tests were done in 4 replicates (40 insects per treatment).
Ten mixed-sex bed bugs were placed into 8 ounce Fluon coated cups. One ml of the liquid formulation was applied using a compressed-air sprayer by holding the nozzle approximately 12 inches away from the bed bugs. Treated bugs were observed for knockdown at 15, 30, 45, and 60 seconds and 2, 3, 4, and 5 minutes after application. After 5 minutes, the bed bugs were transferred to clean containers.
50
90
For Jersey City-strain bed bugs, the Formulation of Example 1 provided KTof 13 seconds; Kof 1.4 minutes; and 100 percent mortality by 24 hours post treatment. Therefore, it has been determined that the Formulation of Example 1 provided direct contact kill efficacy against pyrethroid-resistant Jersey City-strain bed bugs.
50
90
For the Winston Salem-strain bed bugs, the Formulation of Example 1 provided KTof 57 seconds; KTof 2.9 minutes; and 100 percent mortality by 24 hours post treatment. Therefore, it has been determined that the Formulation of Example 1 provided direct contact kill efficacy against pyrethroid-resistant Winston Salem-strain bed bugs.
The Formulation of Example 1 was tested to determine its kill efficacy following direct application to bed bug eggs. Two bed bug strains were used; Harlan-strain and Winston Salem-strain.
Ten bed bug eggs were placed into 8 ounce Fluon coated cups. One ml of the liquid formulation was applied using a compressed-air sprayer by holding the nozzle approximately 12 inches away from the bed bug eggs. After 5 minutes, the eggs were transferred to clean containers. The control eggs were treated in the same way except the were sprayed with water. Treated eggs were kept in an incubator at 23-38 degrees Celsius and 25-70 percent relative humidity. The eggs were checked daily until the hatch rate in untreated controls reached 90 percent. Each test was done in 4 replicates (40 total eggs per treatment).
For Harlan-strain and Winston Salem-strain bed bug eggs exposed to the Formulation of Example 1, there were no hatchings and a 100% kill rate. The Harlan-strain water control reached a 92.5% hatch rate at 6 days post treatment and the Winston Salem-strain water control reached a 90% hatch rate at 9 days. Therefore, it has been determined that the Formulation of Example 1 is an effective bed bug egg control treatment.
This bioassay was also performed to determine the mortality rates of bed bugs directly exposed to the Formulation of Example 1. Two bed bug stains were used; a “Susceptible” strain; and a “Frank 1” wild type strain. “Frank 1” is known to be highly pyrethroid-resistant. There were four replicates for each substance with 10 bed bugs being tested in each replication (total of 40 bed bugs exposed to each substance). In this bioassay, the Formulation of Example 1 was compared to a water control.
The insects were immobilized and transferred into 1.75 inch diameter CPVC cartridges that were ½ inch thick. The cartridges were covered with BioQuip 7250NSW mesh that was secured in place. Once all of the insects were confirmed alive and mobile, the treatment began. For the water control and Formulation of Example 1 treatments, the spray applicator was placed approximately 12 inches from the cartridges and sprayed at a rate of approximately 1 gal/1000 square feet.
One hour following treatment, the insects were transferred to clean Petri Dishes each containing one 1 inch×1 inch cardboard harborage. Two drops of water were placed on the cardboard harborages to provide humidity. The insects were observed at 30 minutes, 1, 2, 4, and 24 hours, and each day post treatment for up to six days. The observed mortality rates are summarized below in Table 1.
TABLE 1
Average % Mortality of Bed Bugs When Exposed to Direct Spray
Strain
Treatment
30 min
1 hr
2 hr
4 hr
24 hr
2 DAT
3 DAT
4 DAT
5 DAT
6 DAT
Susceptible
Water
0
0
0
3
3
5
8
10
10
NA
control
Susceptible
Form. of
83
100
83
80
55
90
98
100
100
NA
Ex. 1
Frank 1
Water
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
control
Frank 1
Form. of
78
88
80
83
73
78
98
98
98
100
Ex. 1
Six days after treatment, the Formulation of Example 1 had 100% mortality on both strains of bed bugs. Therefore, it has been shown that the Formulation of Example 1 is effective against “Susceptible” strain and “Frank 1” wild type strain bed bugs.
Cimex lectularius
A bioassay was performed to determine the knockdown and mortality rates of bed bugs exposed to the residual of mixtures of clothianidin, metofluthrin, and PBO. Two bed bug () strains were used; Harlan-strain which is susceptible to pyrethroids, and Winston Salem-strain which is known to have a 500-fold resistance level to deltamethrin. In this bioassay, a mixture of clothianidin, metofluthrin, and PBO with fumed silica was compared to combinations of clothianidin and metofluthrin, clothianidin and PBO, and clothianidin.
Unpainted wood was cut into 6 inch square panels and a DeVries spray booth was used to deliver 1 ml of test substance in an even spray that provided approximately 1 gal/1000 sq. ft. delivery rate. A cone jet nozzle was used approximately 12 inches directly above the wood panels. The panels were allowed to dry and then aged indoors in a climate controlled environment with temperatures ranging from approximately 65 to 72 degrees Fahrenheit. All tests were done in 4 replicates (40 total insects per treatment).
Insects were fed a blood meal the day prior to testing. The inner walls of Petri dishes were treated with Fluon to prevent the insects from attaching to the sides of the dishes during treatment.
On the day of testing, 10 insects were placed in each Petri dish. The bed bugs were separated with tweezers and observed to be healthy and active before treatments. The Petri dishes were inverted onto the treated surface and gentle tapping was sometimes used to dislodge the insects from the dishes. After 5 minutes, the insects were returned to containers for mortality/morbidity and knockdown observations.
Mortality and Morbidity Results
Insects were considered moribund when they were knocked down and unable to right themselves when probed. Insects were considered dead when they had no body movement. Untreated controls were handled in the same manner except that they were exposed to water treated wood panels.
Insects were exposed to the wood panels on day 1 and day 30. Mortality and morbidity observations were taken until the untreated control mortality reached is than 10 percent (day 7 following exposure). Table 2 below provides the observed mortality and morbidity rates.
TABLE 2
Residual Efficacy at Day 1 on Winston-Salem-strain
% Mortality
% Morbidity
% Mortality + Morbidity
Treatment
1 day
2 day
3 day
1 day
2 day
3 day
1 day
2 day
3 day
Water control
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.4% Cloth. +
83
93
100
13
5
0
96
98
100
0.01% meto. +
1.0% PBO
0.4% Cloth. +
75
85
100
15
13
0
90
98
100
0.01% meto.
0.4% Cloth. +
85
85
100
10
15
0
95
100
100
1.0% PBO
0.4% Cloth.
60
60
87.5
18
18
12.5
78
78
100
During the day 1 evaluation, all of the treatments on Harlan-strain bed bugs provided 100% mortality at 1-day post treatment. As seen above in Table 1, the mixture of clothianidin, metofluthrin, and PBO provided improved mortality and morbidity rates when applied to Winston Salem-strain bed bugs.
Approximately 30 days later, bed bugs were again, exposed to the wood panels; the mortality and morbidity rates are below in Table 3.
TABLE 3
Residual Efficacy at Day 30
% Mortality/% Morbidity (Days after Treatment - DAT)
Strain
Treatment
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Harlan
Water
0/0
0/0
0/0 C
0/0
0/0
0/0
5/3 <sup> </sup>
control
Harlan
0.4% Cloth. +
20/80
55/45
100/0 A
NA
NA
NA
NA
0.01% meto.
1.0% PBO
Harlan
0.4% Cloth. +
20/80
48/53
100/0 A
NA
NA
NA
NA
0.01% meto.
Harlan
0.4% Cloth. +
15/73
48/48
93/87 A
100/0
NA
NA
NA
1.0% PBO
Harlan
0.4% Cloth.
23/75
68/33
100/0 A
NA
NA
NA
NA
Winston-
Water control
0/0
0/0
0/0
0/0
0/0
5/3
8/3 C
Salem
Winston-
0.4% Cloth. +
13/75
40/50
63/28
73/18
80/13
90/8
93/8 A
Salem
0.01% meto. +
1.0% PBO
Winston-
0.4% Cloth. +
8/55
18/45
35/33
35/33
45/25
55/15
63/13 AB
Salem
0.01% meto.
Winston-
0.4% Cloth. +
5/38
15/33
40/15
53/8
60/10
60/10
63/8 AB
Salem
1.0% PBO
Winston-
0.4% Cloth.
10/33
20/28
43/18
53/10
63/8
70/3
70/5 AB
Salem
* The different letters in the same column are significantly different (P < 0.05) for the same species when mortality and morbidity rates are added.
When applied to the Harlan-strain bed bugs, all of the treatments provided 100% mortality within 4 days. The mixture of clothianidin, metofluthrin, and PBO provided mortality or morbidity in 100% of bed bugs on Day 1, and 100% mortality by Day 3.
When applied to the Winston Salem-strain bed bugs, the mixture of clothianidin, metofluthrin, and PBO was the only treatment which provided a surprising 100% mortality and morbidity rate by 7 DAT. Applicants surprisingly discovered that the mixture of clothianidin, metofluthrin, and PBO provides high morbidity and mortality rates on pyrothroid-resistant and wild-type bed bug strains.
Knockdown Results
The bed bugs were observed and recordings were taken at 10, 20, 30, 60 and 240 minutes following exposure to the wood panels. Table 4 provides the percentage of bed bugs from all 4 replicates (40 total insects per treatment) that were knocked down 10 and 240 minutes after exposure to the wood panels.
TABLE 4
Knockdown at Day 1 and Day 30
Day 1
Day 1
Day 30
Day 30
@ 10
@ 240
@ 10
@ 240
Strain
Treatment
minutes
minutes
minutes
min
Harlan
Water control
0
0
0
0
Harlan
0.4% Cloth. +
75
100
63
100
0.01% meto. +
1.0% PBO
Harlan
0.4% Cloth. +
68
100
30
93
0.01% meto.
Harlan
0.4% Cloth. +
35
98
20
88
1.0% PBO
Harlan
0.4% Cloth.
48
95
20
95
Winston-
Water control
0
0
0
Salem
Winston-
0.4% Cloth. +
23
80
0
50
Salem
0.01% meto. +
1.0% PBO
Winston-
0.4% Cloth. +
13
65
0
28
Salem
0.01% meto.
Winston-
0.4% Cloth. +
0
65
0
25
Salem
1.0% PBO
Winston-
0.4% Cloth.
0
50
3
28
Salem
The mixture of clothianidin, metafluthrin, and PBO provided quick knockdown of both strains of bed bugs. One day after the wood panels were treated, 75% of Harlan-strain and 23% of Winston-Salem-strain bedbugs were knocked down within 10 minutes. Within four hours, 100% of Harlan-strain and 80% of Winston-Salem strain bed bugs were knocked down.
On the panels that were aged for 30 days, the mixture of clothianidin, metofluthrin, and PBO continued to have high knockdown rates at 240 minutes. This shows that the mixture of clothianidin, metofluthrin, and PBO is effective as a residual bed bug control. | |
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Solid Stakeholder skills
Running a large campaigns / Valuations / Value for money
A busy, pro-active role, the post holder will need to demonstrate real experience in delivering strong, content led material into national and regional broadcast, print and on-line media. With a strong campaign and media relations background as well as in-depth experience of marketing communications. | https://www.anglo.com/government-jobs/Senior-Campaign-Manager-23374 |
Our commitment to sustainability is based on our purpose and strategy, which along with our values, principles, and sustainable development objectives create the framework for our product development and responsible business practices. Our sustainability strategy is based on three closely interrelated pillars: economic, environmental, and social performance. We aim to be a profitable company that contributes towards the well-being of society by being a forerunner in sustainable solutions while demonstrating high ethical standards.
Because of our strong emphasis on decarbonising the marine and energy markets, innovative and efficient solutions play a central role in our positive contribution towards sustainable societies. Wärtsilä businesses focus on developing and providing solutions and services that maximise the environmental and economic performance of vessels, power plants and entire systems. This is further enhanced by utilising lifecycle data, analytics and artificial intelligence
The energy landscape is in transition towards more flexible and sustainable energy systems. We envision a 100% renewable energy future.
Emission reductions, and especially greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction, is the challenge of the century for the maritime industry. As a company with the most comprehensive portfolio at hand in the industry, we turn technology into solutions to enable a sustainable maritime industry.
Most popular tags
Climate change and scarcity of natural resources call for innovative and creative solutions.
Wärtsilä is a global leader in innovative technologies and lifecycle solutions for the marine and energy markets. We emphasise innovation in sustainable technology and services to help our customers continuously improve their environmental and economic performance. | https://www.wartsila.com/sustainability |
Meyer & Mortimer is located in Mayfair, at the centre of London’s bespoke tailoring heartland. With a highly skilled, highly trained and highly experienced team of specialists who ensure that our global reputation for bespoke tailoring excellence is maintained.
Surviving records show that Jonathan Meyer’s company was making clothes for the Prince Regent and his fashion mentor, Beau Brummell, as early as 1800. When the prince ascended the throne as George IV he awarded the company a royal warrant – the first of many through the years, right down to warrants awarded by the current monarch, Queen Elizabeth II.
Meyer pioneered the modern trouser design in the early 1800s, and two centuries later, the blend of innovation and tradition is still at the heart of this high quality tailoring company’s success.
In the 1830s the Meyers joined forces with John Mortimer to establish a new company, Meyer & Mortimer, which was advertised in Edinburgh under the title army contractors and tailors to His Majesty”. The new company was also known as the Royal Clan Tartan Warehouse, specialising in supplying Scottish military officers. Back in London the company was awarded further royal warrants by Queen Victoria, including outfitting the Military Knights of Windsor and supplying their ceremonial weapons.
The company was bombed out of its offices on London’s Conduit Street during the Second World War, with many decades of history lost amid the devastation. It subsequently relocated to its current headquarters at 6 Sackville Street. | https://www.mayfair-london.co.uk/listing/meyer-mortimer-ltd/ |
Composition of Functions Worksheets
How to Interpret Math Functions? Functions in mathematics refer to a value being related or linked to another value or variable. This linkage or relation depends upon the nature of the function. The linkage can be in proportionality or inverse of it. A numerical capacity comprises three sections: information, yield, and the connection between the two, which can be delineated on a chart. Deciphering a capacity implies changing over the images of a recipe or a brought diagram into important data that fits what you’re searching for. At the point when you’re deciphering a capacity, you’re responding to questions dependent on the incidentally secretive data accessible. For instance, maybe we need to address the accompanying inquiries regarding the three-locale diagram presented previously: What kind of function is it? What are the domain and range? At what focuses does it cross the x and y axes? At what parts it the 'y' value expanding as x increases (positive slant).
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Basic Lesson
Guides students solving equations that involve an Composition of Functions. Demonstrates answer checking. Using f(x)= x+1, g(x)= 2x Find f(g(x)) 1. Substitute the expression for function g(2x) in the composition. 2. Now, substitute this expression.View worksheet
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Intermediate Lesson
Demonstrates how to solve more difficult problems. f(x)=2x+k, g(x)= (x-6)/2 For what value of k is f(g(x)) = g(f(x)).View worksheet
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Independent Practice 1
A really great activity for allowing students to understand the concept of Composition of Functions.View worksheet
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Independent Practice 2
Students find the Composition of Functions in assorted problems. The answers can be found below.View worksheet
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Homework Worksheet
Students are provided with problems to achieve the concepts of Composition of Functions.View worksheet
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Skill Quiz
This tests the students ability to evaluate Composition of Functions.View worksheet
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Answer Key
Answers for math worksheets, quiz, homework, and lessons.View worksheet
Ever wonder where the word trigonometry came from? | https://www.mathworksheetscenter.com/mathskills/trigonometry/CompositionofFunctions/ |
This role is responsible for supporting the end-to-end accounting process in the country, including month and year end close, and ensures consistent, accurate and robust financial accounting processes in line with accounting practices and corporate policies. This is a supporting role in the Financial Controlling and Accounting process which is a key function in the new organisational structure emerging from the Financial Transparency recommendations.
Main Opportunities and Challenges
Support the team with end-to-end financial activities with tight deadlines
Ensure consistent and robust accounting processes is followed in line with corporate policies
Main Accountabilities
Complete all financial tasks required for the financial month-end pre-closing steps and provide support as required for the financial month-end closing steps
Complete all financial tasks required for the financial year-end pre-closing steps and provide support as required for the financial year-end closing steps
Maintain financial records as per corporate policy and internal audit
Provide support as required on accounting transactions and adjustments (accruals, deferrals and provisions), including Intercompany accounting
Provide support as required with manual journals and off-system payments requests ensuring accuracy and compliance with relevant policies
Assist with reconciliation of all relevant accounts and ensure that this is completed to corporate standards
Assist Senior Accountant with preparation of local Tax submissions and other statutory returns
Complete Travel & Expenses audits as per policy addressing issues in a promptly manner
Assist Senior Accountant / Financial Controller with provision of information to internal / external auditors
Assist in the implementation of audit recommendations
Responsible for ensuring integrity of cash collection process
Responsible for ensuring integrity of customers refund process
Support the income reconciliation process by extracting relevant reports
Ensure compliance with treasury policy
Prepare monthly local staff salaries calculation, report month to month reconciliation
Check overtime and TOIL claims in line with TACOS (local terms and conditions) and policy
Calculate Social Insurance, where applicable, and prepare payments
Control staff loans and advances on SAP and report offline month to month reconciliation
Calculate monthly terminal gratuity (TG) provision and quarterly record on SAP; keep TG GLs up to date on SAP and matching offline sheets
Ensure proper coding of the staff salaries to the correct WBS
Prepare final payments for leaving staff and ensure no unsettled commitments or eligibilities between the employee and the council or between the council and the bank
Provide Senior Accountant with the forecasted cash outflow related to payroll payments
Control Reimbursement of Operational Entitlements for UKA staff
Reconcile SAP payroll charges with HR on a monthly basis
Regional And Functional Team Working
Contribute to ensuring the policies, procedures and systems are delivered with integrity
Work closely and effectively as part of the regional and global finance teams
Actively support equality and diversity and work to the British Council’s EDI policy at all times
About You (essential Requirements For The Role)
3 years of accounting experience.
Experience working with SAP
Bachelor of commerce
Accounting Knowledge
Experience in Microsoft applications
Desirable Requirements
Fully or partially qualified CMA, ACCA
Further Information
Role: Accountant – Req 14785
Number of positions :1
Pay Band: H/4
Location: Flexible in Maghreb, Levant and North Africa
Contract type: 1 year Fixed term local contract
Closing date and time: 23 October 2021 (23.59 Gulf Standard Time). | https://www.jobzeg.com/2021/10/accountant_16.html |
In 2007 a dispute arose between Switzerland and the EU concerning specific cantonal corporate tax regimes. The EU Commission alleged that tax regimes in Switzerland – particularly cantonal arrangements for holding companies, so-called mixed companies and auxiliary companies – violated the 1972 free trade agreement. Switzerland disputed these accusations. Subsequently the EU Commission was charged by member states to initiate negotiations with Switzerland on the adoption of the EU Code of Conduct for business taxation. Switzerland initially responded with preliminary talks prior to embarking on dialogue. The EU increased the pressure, calling for sanctions if no concrete progress was made by mid-2013. In autumn 2012 the Swiss Federal Council issued an official mandate for negotiations to settle the tax dispute, and formed a project organisation to formulate Corporate Tax Reform III (CTR III). In 2013 the CTR III steering committee published its first interim report. At the same time, in February 2013, the OECD launched its 15-point action plan (see Figure 2) to prevent base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) at multinational companies. As part of Action 5, ‘Counter harmful tax practices more effectively, taking into account transparency and substance’, investigations into harmful tax regimes and practices in OECD countries commenced. According to the OECD’s assessment, five special tax regimes in Switzerland are distorting international competition:
On 1 July 2014, the bilateral tax dispute with the EU Commission was settled with the publication of a joint declaration of intent. Switzerland undertook to abolish the special tax regimes within the framework of CTR III. In return the EU promised to lift measures taken in various countries (including Italy) against companies benefiting from Swiss tax regimes. Added to this, Switzerland undertook to align any new tax-related measures to OECD standards and actively cooperate with the OECD in the development of international tax standards.
On the basis of a follow-up report published by the CTR III steering committee in December 2013 and the formal positions of the cantons submitted in response to this report, at the end of October 2014 the Federal Council published a consultation draft containing various reforms. The consultation ran until the end of January 2015. Based on the results of this consultation, at the beginning of April 2015 the Federal Council published its parameters for the reform and commissioned the drafting of the dispatch to amend the relevant legislation, the Federal Act on the Harmonisation of the Direct Taxes of Cantons and Municipalities (StHG). This package of reforms was published on 5 June 2015, and parliamentary debate will start this summer. The centre-right parties, at least, believe the reform is urgent. Even so, given that the legislation is subject to a referendum, it may not enter into force until 2017 or 2018. Not only that, but the cantons will be granted an additional two-year grace period to make the necessary amendments to their tax legislation, with cantonal referenda necessary in some cases. This means that the rules contained in CTR III are unlikely to become effective at cantonal level before 2019 or 2020.
CTR III will represent a major reworking of corporate tax law in Switzerland. The special tax regimes that are to be abolished have been a magnet for international business over the last thirty years, and alongside other locational advantages have helped drive the country’s economic development and prosperity.
Since the announcement that tax regimes for multinational companies were to be abandoned – exacerbated by uncertainty on how corporate tax rules will develop in the future – there has been a significant decline in companies moving to Switzerland from abroad. Other factors are also contributing to this trend, including the political debate on limiting the influx of foreign labour, the comparatively high costs in Switzerland, and the strength of the Swiss franc.
The abolition of special tax regimes in Switzerland will affect numerous Swiss-based companies with very mobile international activities. These privileged companies account for almost 50% of the Confederation’s revenues from direct federal tax. Add cantonal and municipal taxes to the equation, and more than CHF n sp;5 billion are at stake. Switzerland would be hard hit if the companies affected moved away. It is therefore vital for the abolition of the old tax regimes under CTR III to be accompanied by new, attractive taxation measures – measures that will not only have to preserve this country’s competitiveness, but also be internationally acceptable and affordable for Switzerland. The abolition of existing tax regimes entails clear risks. Despite this, Switzerland must view the reform as an opportunity that has to be seized.
The impact of the various reforms will vary from company to company in Switzerland. For example the implications for organisations that qualify for a patent box will differ from those for entities that currently benefit from a cantonal tax regime. Below the reforms are explained in more detail. They are ordered by significance in terms of Switzerland’s attractiveness as a location for businesses.
At present there is no nationwide corporate tax legislation in Switzerland comprehensively governing transitions from one system of taxation to another. This includes entry into or exit from tax liability on changes of location, transitions from tax exemption to ordinary taxation, or other transitions between privileged and ordinary tax status. CTR III aims to introduce explicit, uniform rules governing such cases across Switzerland.
Of particular interest in practical terms will be the rules governing the abolition of present tax regimes. The consultation draft contained proposals for allowing a so-called step-up. In the meantime a technical working party, including representatives of businesses, consultancies, the academic community and the tax authorities, has refined these proposals. In particular the reworked solution eliminates the undesired effects the consultation draft’s proposal would have led to in terms of recognising deferred taxes.
The new proposal is based on the constitutional imperative of mitigating the fiscal shock for companies that have so far been privileged. To this end the law on fiscal harmonisation will contain the following procedure:
On the one hand this rule will mean that the entire net profit will be taxable in the future. On the other hand the actual amount of tax will depend on the separate low tax rate set by each canton and the amount of goodwill carried forward, which was previously tax-free. This will enable the tax burden for companies that have hitherto enjoyed privileged tax status to be kept low – only slightly higher than previously – for a maximum of five years.
In the future there are to be patent boxes enabling a discount of up to 90% on cantonal and municipal taxation of income from patents and comparable qualifying intellectual property rights.
In line with the OECD standard, Switzerland has to adopt the so-called modified nexus approach. This means that the reductions in taxes on patent box income will be limited to the proportion of domestic R&D costs - plus an uplift of a maximum of 30% - compared with total R&D expenditures including R&D work sub-contracted abroad and depreciation of acquired technology. This means that patent box income − for example income from patents − from work contracted abroad by a Swiss company will not be privileged, even if the costs of this work were borne in Switzerland. Unfortunately this will limit the income privileged under the patent box and reduces the potential tax relief for companies taking advantage of Swiss patent boxes. However, the modified nexus approach equally limits patent box solutions in other countries besides Switzerland.
In view of these limitations, the idea is that the cantons will now be able to grant a special deduction for research and development costs via so-called R&D super-deduction. The actual design of these additional deductions for R&D, and their extent, will be up to the cantons to define.
The system of cantonal patent boxes and R&D input deductions is aimed at making Switzerland an even more attractive location for innovation. These tax measures are an appropriate way of mitigating the costs of locating innovation activities in Switzerland, which are high by international standards.
This measure, already implemented in other jurisdictions, is intended to preserve Switzerland’s attractiveness as a location for group financing and treasury functions. It will serve as a replacement for the existing privileged tax treatment of financing activities at Swiss finance branches and holding companies. In conjunction with the transition to the paying agent principle for withholding tax and the possible abolition of issuance stamp tax on equity capital, the deduction would consolidate Switzerland’s position as a location for capital market financing and international corporate finance.
The deduction, which aims to equate equity and debt financing for tax purposes, would apply to the so-called surplus equity (the equity exceeding the security equity defined for tax purposes). This would help counteract excessive corporate indebtedness, stimulate investment and provide an incentive for companies to rely more on their own resources. At the same time, the notional interest deduction would also work in favour of other core group functions such as treasury, regional or global head office and management functions, and procurement. This would encourage the creation of highly qualified jobs in Switzerland, which in turn would stimulate local demand.
Unfortunately the Federal Council has removed this measure from the reform package in conjunction with also dropping the idea of introducing a private capital gains tax. From our point of view it is key in terms of Swiss competitiveness for the notional interest deduction to be re-adopted in the parliamentary process.
This reform supplements those already described. Tax disadvantages arising from the abolition of current tax regimes would force companies with mobile activities to avoid Switzerland as a location or even leave the country. This would result in substantial tax losses for the cantons. A general reduction in corporate income tax rates should prevent this from happening.
Some cantons have announced reductions in cantonal tax rates. They include Geneva (rate down to 13%), Vaud (13.7%) and Zug (12%). Other cantons are non-committal or are waiting to see what happens in surrounding cantons. In the light of the OECD’s BEPS action plan, in the longer term international tax competition is likely to take place more within the framework of general corporate income tax rates. Given the fact that cantonal finances are comparatively robust, Switzerland is acting from a position of strength in this respect. Levels in the most attractive cantons are already comparable with or only slightly higher than low-tax Ireland with its corporate income tax rate of 12.5%.
The consultation draft proposed a number of further individual measures. While some of these were worthy of support from a taxation point of view, they would not have had any additional benefits in terms of Switzerland’s business attractiveness. Critical feedback from the consultation has promped the Federal Council to streamline the reform package. It has removed proposals to amend the participation relief and loss carryforward regulations and introduce a private capital gains tax. However, the following measures remain:
Dating back more than thirty years, the current rules on corporate taxation – particularly the tax regimes that are due to be abolished – have been a major factor in Switzerland’s success. Plans to do away with these rules have created a great deal of legal uncertainty, raising the question of how competitive Switzerland will remain in terms of attracting international businesses.
This uncertainty came to an end when the CTR III reform package was released for parliamentary debate on 5 June 2015. Provided that parliament re-adopts the notional interest deduction, the package will contain the reform elements necessary to ensure Switzerland remains among the most attractive tax jurisdictions for corporations.
Given that Swiss public finances are in relatively good shape by international standards and that the will exists on the part of parliamentarians and the general public to adopt and implement CTR III, Switzerland will be able to preserve its reputation as a reliable, long-term, business-friendly location and an attractive tax jurisdiction for international companies. The new corporate tax legislation will help ensure the continuing success of the Swiss model in the coming decades. | https://disclose.pwc.ch/22/en/swiss-corporate-tax-reform-3-how-switzerland-will-remain-attractive/ |
Do you have a favorite music selection you play when you’re on the road? Something you listen to on your way to work or when you have to make a long road trip? A heavy metal album or a compilation of classical works?
You may be surprised by how your music choice can affect your driving.
A recent study from Ben-Gurion University, which is located in Israel, explores the effects of music on driving performance.
The researchers in the study recruited a group of men and women around age eighteen. Multiple driving trips were made either with music of the driver’s choice, easy listening background music, or no music.
The results of the study show that when the participants drove while the calming music chosen by the researchers, they made the least amount of driving errors (compared to driving with their personal music or no music at all). For the “safe driving” music, the researchers chose easy listening pieces of “soft rock and light jazz.”
The choice music of most of the drivers was described as mostly “fast-paced vocals,” and the participants preferred to play their music loudly. When driving with the easy listening music, the participants tended to turn down the volume more.
If you want to drive your best, you may want to choose music that is calming but sufficiently upbeat so that you don’t become over-excited or drowsy at the wheel.
If you want to read more about the study and its implications, visit the link below. | https://drivingfearhelp.com/driven-to-distraction-music-can-affect-driving-performance/ |
4th Generation Equestrian Center! Glenn Acre Farms is a dream property with endless opportunities! Offering a total of 36 acres; 20 acres are zoned A1 and 16 acres are zoned Rec-P Commercial. The historical 1880's farmhouse offers 2,986 square foot, 4 bedrooms, and 4 full bathrooms. While keeping its classic charm the farm home was renovated in 2016. This property also features a 5,700 climate controlled space. Of that 5,700 sq ft, the barn portion is 35 x 60 and the studio is 60 x 60 with a kitchenette, and ADA-compliant bathrooms. Also including a 30 x 31 equipment building and a 30 x 24 climate controlled shop with concrete floors. On the back side of the shop, there are two 17 x 30 bays with 2 garage doors per side.
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Unfortunately, we don't have any similar listings at the moment. Please remove or change some of the selected filters. | https://www.brockmanteam.com/property/mo/65202/columbia/-/1801-rte-z/62f2682a509aeed615bdde74/ |
Trying to figure out what the different preschool and kindergarten reading curriculum are talking about? Aren’t phonics, phonology, and phonemics all the same thing? What if your child is struggling to just learn her alphabet?
Let’s discuss the differences between phonics, phonology, phonemic awareness and emergent literacy, and then see how to help your child in these areas.
Verbal language skills and reading skills are connected
Many of the kids I’ve worked with in speech and language therapy also have difficulties with spelling, reading, and writing. And it makes sense that there’s a connection between a child’s verbal speech and language skills and their reading and writing abilities.
Children need to have a solid foundation of spoken language (sounds, vocabulary, sentence structure) before they can successfully transfer those skills into written language.
In other words, if a child can’t use a prepositional phrase or subject-verb agreement when he is talking, he won’t have the skills to use it in writing either. Another example would be if a child has never seen or heard about a camel, she doesn’t have the background knowledge to know what a camel is, and therefore she won’t be able to make a lasting connection in her memory after sounding out the word while reading.
Also, for children with multiple articulation errors, they aren’t going to be able to “sound out” a word to spell it correctly. For example, if a child substitutes w for r and l and t for sh, they might spell marshmallow as motmowow.
Phonics, phonemics and phonology, oh my!
So, if speech and language delays are directly tied to delays in reading and writing, how can you help your child who is struggling? Let’s look at some of the different areas to focus upon. When checking out beginning reading and writing curriculum, you have probably seen and heard these four phrases thrown around: phonological skills, phonemic awareness, emergent literacy and phonics. Unless you have done a lot of research (seriously, who has time for THAT!) they probably all kind of seem to mean the same thing. Granted these skills are all related, but they are different.
Phonics
Many beginning reading programs either focus on “whole langauge” (very popular twenty years ago, however, is not as wonderful as it sounds; I don’t recommend those types of programs) or “phonics.” Phonics is simply learning that certain letter or letters stand for or symbolize sounds (the technical term for sounds is phonemes).
Phonology
Phonological skills are technically a subset of language skills even though it seems more like a speech skill. Check out this article from the American Speech Language Hearing Association for an explanation of the difference between phonology and articulation errors. Phonological skills fall mainly into these four areas.
- Phonemic awareness: phoneme means sound, so being aware that words are made up of separate sounds or phonemes.
- Rhyming/alliteration is enjoying listening to, matching and producing words that rhyme or all start with the same sound (alliteration).
- Syllables: being able to clap out and distinguish how many syllables are in a word (and along with that, separating compound words into two words).
- Words in sentences: understanding that language is made up of separate words
Phonemic awareness
Listening skills become really important when introducing phonemic awareness tasks. There are four main components of phonemic awareness. First, being able to add, delete or substitute a different phoneme in place of another. For example, many beginning words are “word families” like -at: bat, cat, hat and so on. The ability to take the first sound off and substitute a new sound is really necessary for learning the words in the word family.
Second, being able to sequence or distinguish and remember specific phonemes or sounds (not the letters) in the word, for example, d-ah-g for dog. Third, blending two or more phonemes or sounds together to make a word. The fourth main skill is isolating phonemes, such as finding all the words that start with the same sound or that have the same vowel sound. Phonemic awareness will naturally turn into phonics instruction as the child learns that certain alphabetic letters stand for the sounds in words.
Emergent literacy
Emergent literacy simply means beginning (or emerging) reading and writing; these are sometimes called “pre-reading” activities. An example of this would be your three year old, yelling “McDonalds!” everytime you drive past a McDonald’s He’s learned to associate the golden arches with eating happy meals. Understanding that brand shapes or symbols represent a place or thing is an emerging literacy skill, hence the name “emergent literacy.”
There are hundreds of free or nearly free games and activities to play with your preschooler to boost their blossoming skills in this area—just do a Google search or look on Pinterest.
One of my favorite games to play with preschoolers who can’t yet identify individual letters is to make a matching game out of the fronts of food boxes (like two each of crispy rice cereal, brownie mix, jello, mashed potatoes). They can “read” the box fronts by matching the pictures/words and if you teach them what each box front stands for, they will soon be able to fetch items from the pantry for you while you’re cooking!
A Speech language pathologist can help
If your child is struggling with reading and writing as well as speech and language delays, talk to your speech-language pathologist (SLP) about working on your child’s literacy skills at the same time as their speech and language. If you don’t know if your child’s speech or language is delayed, check out these articles: speech and language. Some of the areas that SLPs can target include:
- Phonological (and phonemic) Skills
- Spelling
- Reading and writing efficiently and fluently
- Knowing what to write about/organizing thoughts
- Dsylexia
What you can do to help your child
Regardless of whether or not you seek professional intervention for your child’s language and literacy skills, remember that the earlier you help your child with these skills, the more successful they will be with their reading and writing. Here are some specific steps to take at home that may help your child’s reading, spelling, and writing.
- Make sure your child understands that symbols can represent nouns through emergent literacy activities.
- Work on the four main skill areas of phonological awareness, then move onto the four areas of phonemic awareness.
- Use a good phonics based program such as Explode the Code.
- Discuss what they’ve read (or had read to them) and have them re-tell you (or a family member) the story. Act out the story in play. Fairy tales work fabulously for this!
- Read a book jointly three or four times a week.
- Have them create a story: use a wordless picture book or let them make up their own. A story should have a character, a setting, a problem, an emotional response, and a solution to the problem.
- Balance the amount of time you spend on reading with an equal amount of time spelling and writing. | https://wholechildhomeschool.com/spelled-out-phonics-phonemics-phonology-and-emergent-literacy/ |
Ancient water management, especially for irrigation purposes, has featured prominently in anthropological theories on the development of socio-political and economic complexity. Traditional approaches have assumed that centralized control was needed to meet the managerial requirements of water control on a large scale. However, recent ethnographic and archaeological studies have shown that centralized control is a choice rather than a necessity. To date, there has been no empirical study on the exact nature of state control (if any) in the organization of ancient water control and irrigation due to the lack of empirical data.
The only exception is ancient Mesopotamia with its extraordinarily rich archaeological and historical record on ancient water control. This talk will presents an analysis of the oldest and most comprehensive record on ancient water control from the archive of the Umma province of the Ur III state (2112–2004 B.C.). This rich provides a detailed insight into the technological and social aspects of ancient water control, which allows us to address larger theoretical questions regarding the role of the state in ancient water management and its importance for the functioning of an early state society.
This research is based on the analysis of cuneiform administrative documents, complimented by archaeological and comparative ethnographic/ethno-historical data. The results show that water courses in the Umma province were managed not only for irrigation but also for navigation and flood control. While irrigation was crucial for the production of agricultural surplus, it was waterborne transportation that allowed for its efficient distribution throughout the state and its urban centers. Moreover, given that peak flooding of the Euphrates and Tigris coincides with the harvest, flood control was as important as irrigation. The textual data also allowed a detailed description of the social aspects of the water management system, including labor organization, social inequality, gender relations, bureaucracy, and political centralization.
Stephanie Rost (2017-2019 Visiting Assistant Professor at the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World at NYU) earned her BA at the Free University of Berlin, her MA at Vienna University, and her PhD from the State University of New York at Stony Brook (2015). Her research interests focus on the investigation of early state economies with an emphasis on agricultural systems and political ecology. Her dissertation research was concerned with the technical and social aspects of water management of the late 3rd millennium B.C. southern Mesopotamia as a means to assess the degree of political centralization in early state societies. Her future research agenda focuses on the reconstruction of the historical geography of late 3rd millennium B.C. southern Mesopotamia to build a framework in which the rich data sets of economic documents from this period can be explored to their full potential. Her research will be based on remote sensing techniques, the collection of archaeological settlement data, textual and ethnographic data.
Admission to lecture closes 10 minutes after scheduled start time.
Reception to follow.
Please check isaw.nyu.edu for event updates.
On a limited, first-come, first-served basis, ISAW is able to provide assistive listening devices at public events in our Lecture Hall. To ensure an optimal listening experience, we recommend that guests bring their own headphones (with a standard 1/8-inch audio jack) to connect to our devices. Please direct questions, comments, or suggestions to [email protected]. | https://isaw.nyu.edu/events/archive/2017/water-in-sumer |
- The programme funding amounts to over 14 million Euros (excluding co-financing) and is funded entirely by the EEA Grants.
Why is the programme needed?
Although people in general live longer and healthier lives than before, inequalities in life expectancy, access to health services and burden of diseases remain – for both communicable and non-communicable diseases. Insufficient funding in certain medical fields can directly affect public health especially of vulnerable groups. The EEA Grants support equality in health by improving access to health care in deprived areas and for vulnerable groups such as Roma.
Mental health (in particular children’s mental health and well-being) is a major health challenge identified in the stakeholder consultation carried out in the Czech Republic in the preparation of this programme. Additional resources are needed to improve treatment, knowledge and skills and to support parental involvement in treatment. In addition, there is limited public awareness and understanding of mental health problems. This can result in social stigma and prejudice which prevents parents from seeking treatment for their children. The programme supports improved diagnosis and better care/rehabilitation systems for children with mental health issues, prevention programmes targeting children, and awareness raising. The programme also supports measures to empower civil society in the health sector to further stimulate participation of patient groups in policy and decision-making processes. It is expected that increased patient participation will contribute to a more effective allocation of resources and more efficient and sustainable health services.
Prevention of communicable and non-communicable diseases is also addressed in the programme as guidelines for general practitioners will be developed and secondary prevention measures of communicable and non-communicable diseases in deprived areas will be supported (with a focus on Roma access to health services). The programme includes support for measures to improve the treatment and conditions of people with dementia as well as awareness raising in this field.
What will the programme achieve and who are the beneficiaries?
To reduce inequalities in health, projects will be integrated and coordinated proportionally. Focus will be put on the needs of vulnerable groups and marginalized populations in deprived areas under three components: (1) support for children’s mental health and well-being; (2) measures for prevention of diseases; and (3) empowerment of civil society in the health sector.
Under the first component it is envisaged that 2000 children will benefit from improved mental health services. New training courses will be developed, and health professionals trained. A targeted programme supporting parenting interventions to improve the mental health of their children will be developed. Under the second component preventive measures, including universal action to combat antimicrobial resistance, will be supported and 700 health professionals will be trained in prevention, early detection and treatment of communicable- and non-communicable diseases. 300 family members or informal carers of patients with dementia will also receive training. Fifteen patient organisations will benefit from capacity building measures and a patient organisation hub will be established. The patient hub will handle approximately 75000 requests. The programme supports 25 awareness raising campaigns which are expected to have positive effects on health care across society.
How will the programme strengthen bilateral relations?
The programme will contribute to strengthening bilateral relations between the Czech Republic and the Donor States. Partnerships between Czech entities and the Donor countries will be encouraged at project level through matchmaking events and activities in conjunction with the launch of calls for proposals. These partnerships can result in mutually beneficial activities and long-lasting cooperation between involved partners.
Availability of funding through open calls
Funding in this programme will be made available in the following open calls. See blow for the tentative launch dates: | https://eeagrants.org/news/programme-agreement-signed-health-programme-czech-republic |
For up-to-date information on when online courses are offered, see https://campus.uwplatt.edu/distance-education/course-offerings-all-undergraduate-new.
ENERGY 2130 Energy, Environment, and Society 3 Credits
The course will provide the student with an overview of issues related to energy and renewable energy, including usage trends, historical patterns, social responses to energy changes, economic factors, market forces, geographical concerns, the various forms and sources of energy including renewable energy and bio-energy, how these sources may affect the environment, and recent developments in energy policies in the U.S. and the world. Energy, power, energy sources as well as usage patterns by societies over history will be presented. Field trips may be required in this course. | https://catalog.uwplatt.edu/undergraduate-distance-learning/course-descriptions/courses/energy/ |
Explain why theories need to be evaluated. Identify and justify the factors you would consider before deciding that a theory appears sound. Apply the factors you have identified to an accounting theory of your choice (e.g. Normative, Positive etc).
A theory could be defined as a consistent set of concepts that are aimed to explain and foresee a particular occurrence or “phenomena” (Kerlinger, cited in Mathews & Perera, 1996, p.51). Accounting theory could be described as a group of practical constructs that implementconjectures on accounting issues into accounting procedures (Sterling, cited in Mathews & Perera, 1996). This definition usefully relates accounting theory and practice.
In order to provide a pertinent explanation and expectation of phenomena theories need to be evaluated. The evaluation is crucial if one aims to determine whether a theory is valid for application in practice or research or in order to set preferences towards particular theory among the alternatives. For instance, some theories enable people to negotiate “ambiguity, contradiction or paradox” and “generate expectations about the world” (Llewlyn, 2003, p.665). That also could be said about accounting theories that attempt to “explain” and “predict” particular patterns and perspectives in accounting processes (Deegan, 2009, p.5). These particular theories are referred to as ‘positive’ theories (Deegan, 2009). They are destined to describe or explain a phenomenon and use inductive approach as their method of reasoning to picture things as they are (Deegan, 2009). As an alternative to positive theories researches distinguish normative theories that are based onprescriptive approach and deductive method of reasoning to provide an overview of how things should be organised (Deegan, 2009). Evaluation of theories against a set of certain criteria provides an insight into whether to apply a theory and which approach is more preferable in the given... | https://www.papercamp.com/essay/68277/Current-Development-In-Accounting-Thoughts |
The KT controversy and the Alvarez challenge
A paper published in 1980 in the journal Science revolutionized the science of geology. Coauthored by Nobel laureate in physics Luis Alvarez, his geophysicist son Walter, and two colleagues, the paper presented data from the esoteric field of neutron activation analysis. These data suggested that the Earth had been struck by a large extraterrestrial object (an asteroid or possibly a comet) some 65 million years ago, precisely at the moment in time that marked the boundary between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras (Figure 1.1). The time line, on a smaller scale also the boundary between the Cretaceous and Paleogene periods, was widely known as the K-T boundary ("K" being the internationally accepted abbreviation for Cretaceous and "T" being the corresponding abbreviation for either Tertiary or Paleogene, according to nomen-clatural preference). The paper (Alvarez et al. 1980) also proposed that this extraterrestrial impact had been responsible for one of the greatest episodes of extinction in Earth history. The K-T extinctions, which eradicated 70% or more of species on land and in the sea, ended the Mesozoic Era, the second of the three great subdivisions of life recognized by paleontologists. The cause of the K-T extinctions had long been argued in paleontology. The impact hypothesis had now been put forward as the explanation. | https://www.fossilhunters.xyz/fossil-plants/the-kt-controversy-and-the-alvarez-challenge.html |
- *Corresponding Author:
- Janine Charlotte
Department of Food Toxicology
University of Toronto
Toronto, Canada
E-mail: [email protected]
Received: 31-Oct-2022, Manuscript No. AACETY-22-81042; Editor assigned: 03-Nov-2022, PreQC No. AACETY-22-81042(PQ); Reviewed: 17-Nov-2022, QC No. AACETY-22-81042;Revised: 21-Nov-2022, Manuscript No. AACETY-22-81042(R); Published: 28-Nov-2022, DOI: 10.35841/2630-4570-6.6.129
Citation: Charlotte J. Major alteration in humans health caused by excess toxic substances in food. J Clin Exp Tox. 2022;6(6):129
Food contamination is, when dangerous chemicals or microbes are present in food. This can make people ill. Contrary to microbiological contamination, which is covered under foodborne disease, this article deals with chemical food contamination. As the origins of the food supply chain become more diverse, food toxicology is becoming more and more relevant since any contamination or toxic manifestation, whether natural or synthetic, might have substantial, widespread negative health implications.
The effects of chemical pollutants on consumer health and wellbeing frequently don't become apparent until many years after processing and protracted low-level exposure . Chemical pollutants contained in foods are frequently unaffected by heat processing, unlike food-borne microorganisms. Agrochemicals are substances used in farming and animal husbandry with the goal of boosting crop yields. Chemicals that are present in the environment where food is grown, harvested, transported, stored, packed, processed, and consumed are known as environmental pollutants. Food becomes contaminated when it physically interacts with its surroundings.
In most societies, eating food that contains hair is frowned upon severely. It has the potential of causing choking and vomiting, as well as being contaminated with harmful materials. In order to prevent food contamination, people who work in the food business are forced to cover their hair. There are several potential justifications for the opposition to hair in food, ranging from cultural taboos to the straightforward reality that it is unpleasant to consume and difficult to digest. It might also be seen as a sign of more pervasive hygiene issues. Process pollutants are created when food is processed. They are created after processing from food ingredients that are either naturally occurring or have been added; they are not present in the basic materials . It is impossible to completely prevent these pollutants in processed meals. However, technological processes can be modified or improved in order to lower the rates of contamination creation. Anyone who consumes contaminated food can become ill from a foodborne illness, although some groups are more prone to getting sick and having a more severe sickness. The spread of dangerous bacteria from uncooked food products is known as cross contamination.
Whenever preparing food without completely washing their hands, diseased persons can transfer pathogens into the food. Thus, these germs are spread from the food to the hands by minute amounts of faeces. Raw food products have the potential to contaminate food, kitchenware, and surfaces . By using the same knife, cutting board, or other utensil repeatedly without wiping the surface or item between uses, microbes can spread from one food to another. If a fully cooked item comes into contact with additional raw foods or drippings from raw foods that contain bacteria, it could become re-contaminated. Before enough germs are present in food to cause disease, many pathogens must grow to a greater quantity . Generally speaking, freezing or refrigeration stops almost all bacteria from developing. The majority of bacteria, viruses, and parasites die when food is heated to the proper temperature. Animals bred for food that are in good health have a lot of foodborne bacteria. Small amounts of intestinal fluids can infect meat and poultry during slaughter. Fresh produce can get infected if it is washed in water that has been contaminated by sewage or animal manure.
Bacteria are present in small amounts in all foods by nature. However, incorrect handling, preparation, cooking, or storage of food can increase bacterial growth and result in disease . Additionally, if cooked food is left out at room temperature for a prolonged period of time, bacteria can grow swiftly. Because they do not alter the colour, texture, or smell of food, the majority of bacteria spread unchecked. While freezing and refrigeration delay or stop bacterial growth, they do not totally eradicate it. When the meal is removed from the freezer and thawed, the microorganisms may reactivate.
References
- Taylor SL, Eitenmiller RR. Histamine food poisoning: toxicology and clinical aspects. Crit Rev Toxicol. 1986;17(2):91-128.
- Barzegar F, Kamankesh M, Mohammadi A. Heterocyclic aromatic amines in cooked food: A review on formation, health risk-toxicology and their analytical techniques. Food Chem. 2019;280:240-54.
- Kirkland DJ, Henderson L, Marzin D, et al. Testing strategies in mutagenicity and genetic toxicology: an appraisal of the guidelines of the European Scientific Committee for Cosmetics and Non-Food Products for the evaluation of hair dyes. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen. 2005;588(2):88-105.
- Abraham K, Wohrlin F, Lindtner O, et al. Toxicology and risk assessment of coumarin: focus on human data. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010;54(2):228-39.
- Branen AL. Toxicology and biochemistry of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 1975;52(2):59-63. | https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/major-alteration-in-humans-health-caused-by-excess-toxic-substances-in-food-22849.html |
The Visiola Foundation’s 1-week coding boot camp will be held at Lekki Peninsular College, Lagos, from Monday, April 10 – 14, 18 – 19, 2017. Participants will be taught how to code in various computer programming languages. The students will be introduced to the exciting field of Computer Science, will be given practical, hands-on activities to boost their understanding, and will be mentored to improve their self-confidence and public-speaking.
The specific objectives of the coding boot camp are:
- A stronger foundation in Computer Science.
- Increased knowledge and confidence in programming.
- Developed web applications and programs.
- Greater interest and would be well equipped to pursue high-wage technical careers
The camp targets students at Lekki Peninsular College. There is no fee for the coding boot camp, however all applicants are expected to take the Aptitude Test at 9:00 a.m. on Saturday, April 8, 2017.
For additional information, please contact us via e-mail. | https://www.visiolafoundation.org/uncategorized/1663/ |
Multi-objective optimization in development and operational planning of power systems becomes crucially important for system designers or operators. In addition, appropriate procedures increasingly involve comparison of scenarios, each with variables that have to be neither dimensionally nor qualitatively comparable. Selecting the best solution is usually performed posteriorly by comparing the results of different scenarios. In order to eliminate unnecessary calculations during the optimization, especially in the case of large number of scenarios, it is useful to eliminate the scenarios with bad indicators. This process can significantly reduce the computational time. It results in a timely elimination of all inferior scenarios, thus simplifying the decision-making. This paper analyses the methods and the efficiency of comparison of different scenarios being simultaneously processed using NSGA-II and MOPSO optimization procedures. The proposed procedures are discussed in the example of selecting the type, the size and the location of FACTS in transmission networks. Different scenarios consider the common types of these devices, wherein the number of devices depends on the system. The paper proposes the reduction of the optimization procedures. Having no significant influence on the final set of optimal solutions, the proposed modifications are significant and applicable. | http://psjd.icm.edu.pl/psjd/element/bwmeta1.element.bwnjournal-article-appv128n2b038kz |
Even as adults, we often are more attentive to the things we look at and miss out on details that we ignore or don’t see. This inherently suggests a choice in what we attend to, regardless of whether it is conscious or not. Visual attention is one critical tool that infants can use to learn about things in their immediate environment. A large number of studies have elegantly shown how adept infants are at using vision to build an increasingly sophisticated understanding of the world. In particular, some studies have reported that the way infants selectively look at certain facial features (e.g., a person’s eyes versus their mouth) during different points in infancy supports specific aspects of social and communicative development. This is believed to be because eyes and mouths convey different types of information. The adage that the eyes are the windows of the soul highlights the rich social information they depict; whereas, a talking mouth provides a wealth of linguistic information. Therefore, paying attention to either the eyes or the mouth can support the uptake of social and communicative information. Understandably, a balance in looking to the eyes or the mouth is important for normative development.
Something really interesting is that infants raised in monolingual versus bilingual households purportedly demonstrate different patterns of visual attention to talking faces. This appears especially evident between 6- to 12-months of age, which is around when infants start to make speech-like sounds and produce language themselves (e.g., babbling --> first word approximations). Studies have shown that infants from bilingual households persist in looking to the mouths of speakers past an age when infants from monolingual households do. This is hypothesized to help infants from bilingual households parse the multiple linguistic cues imparted to them. But how do these differences in looking patterns relate to actual language development?
This was a primary question in a recent study evaluating attention to facial features (e.g., mouths vs eyes) in 6- to 12-month-old infants from monolingual and bilingual households and its relation to their concurrent language skills. A secondary question this study examined was whether individual differences in attention to the mouth (vs the eyes) also affected aspects of social development, like discriminability of emotional expressions. The reason behind this second question was that if infants are more attentive to the mouth they might be missing relevant social cues from the eyes.
Tsang and colleagues found that attention to the mouth increased between 6- to 12-months of age in both monolingual and bilingual infants. Importantly, relative attention to the mouth was associated with language production skills (i.e., expressive language) but not language comprehension (i.e., receptive language). This was true in both monolingual and bilingual infants, which means that attention to the mouth is a general mechanism that supports language production. Moreover, relative attention to the mouth was more closely associated with language skill level than infant’s age, suggesting that we use age as a proxy measure of developmental skill level. Relative attention to the mouth was not associated with infants’ ability to discriminate emotional expressions, which means that attention to the mouth, and its association with language development, does not necessarily impede other aspects of social development.
6- to 12-month-old monolingual and bilingual infants who preferentially looked at the speaker's mouth had higher age-normed expressive language skills than infants who preferentially looked at the eyes.
This is the first study to show that relative attention to the mouth during a period of rapid language learning directly supports budding skills in language production. The consistency between monolingual and bilingual infants is also telling because it suggests that mouth-looking may be a general mechanism that infants can use to get relevant linguistic signals from others.
The findings of this study are also really interesting to consider within the context of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). There is some work showing that increased attention to the mouth in late toddlerhood may be particularly maladaptive for social cognitive development (however, in adults with ASD, mouth looking was a compensatory mechanism for better social functioning). This highlights the importance of developmental timing—the age of the individual and their developmental level—in understanding behavior. Certain behaviors are conducive for specific aspects of development at certain times. Given that, a noted caveat when reading about infant studies is that they shouldn’t be generalized across development. But that also makes infant research so exciting! Change is the constant and as infant researchers we are trying to figure out what those changes in behavior could mean for development. | https://psychology-inaction.squarespace.com/psychology-in-action-1/2018/2/10/qu8nw9q6blpq6529aov516k4uk2lmd |
This may be the simplest recipe I’ve ever posted, but just because it is simple doesn’t mean it isn’t good!
I had blistered and salted Shishito peppers for the first …
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Sweet corn straight off the cob, pan roasted and combined with tomatoes, peppers, lime, and salt combine to bring the flavors of chips and salsa in an awesome summer salad.
Super simple two ingredient recipe for making Paneer- (unaged fresh cottage / farmers cheese).
Sous Vide Short Ribs, glazed with Char Sui inspired BBQ sauce – ultra tender beef just in time for the Fourth of July!
Normally tough Kale becomes tender after a few minutes of massage. Perfect for raw salads.
Nothing says “Spring” like Asparagus or Morels. Celebrate the season by combining them!
Seven ingredient Lemon Potato salad. Easy and delicious! | http://www.gastronomicgardener.com/tag/homemade/ |
Used Building Materials and Much More!
Building materials should be environmentally friendly and energy saving in order to provide better quality of life for the occupants. Building material should be made from renewable, reused, recycled, and/or non-toxic sources, which results in better air quality in and outside the building, energy conservation, and water conservation, among other items. | http://redirectguide.com/portland_vancouver/search.asp?type=categ&keyword=building%20materials%20-%20retail&cattags=green,%20natural,%20recycled,%20reclaimed,%20salvaged,%20FSC |
Visiting the Tikal Ruins in Guatemala
Visiting the ancient Mayan ruins of Tikal was something we were both really looking forward to on our trip to Central America. Not only are they one of the most famous sets of ruins in the region, but they were also used in the filming of one of the Star Wars movies (though very briefly) which added to the excitement for Andy. After spending several days in Belize, Tikal in Guatemala was our next stop.
Tikal was built between 900 BC and 700 BC, and it wasn’t rediscovered until the mid 1800s when farmers were looking for gum trees. Today only 30% of the ancient city has been uncovered, but that was plenty for us to explore in one day.
>>For a different view, you can get up super early and take a sunrise tour of Tikal.
Star Wars and short people
Many of the ruins we saw were either pyramids or temples. The pyramids were flat on top, while the temples have other sections on the top. The pyramids were built for astronomical purposes and tracking dates, like the solstices and equinoxes. Sacrifices took place at the temples, but on the round stones on the ground in front of the temples, not on top of the temples.
We were able to climb a several of the ruins, starting with this pyramid that was still partly covered in vegetation.
The stairs tended to be rather large, and since the Mayans were short, we asked how they dealt with those huge stairs. Our guide told us they climbed the steps in a zigzag manner because it was easier for short legs. At only 5’1″ (155cm) with disproportionately short legs, I decided to test this out. It helped a little but those steps were still challenging.
Next in the Grand Plaza, we saw the Jaguar Temple and climbed the Masked Temple. It was around this point when our guide told us some interesting stories about the history of Tikal.
He told us about the rulers who controlled the city. One ruler in particular wasn’t even Mayan but came from a tribe in Teotihuacan, which is near present-day Mexico City, where today you can visit famous Aztec ruins. He also told us that the people of Tikal eventually left because the land, which is mainly limestone, isn’t very good for agriculture, and they couldn’t grow enough food.
We were able to climb the Masked Temple, which gave us a view of the plaza and the Jaguar Temple.
While exploring Tikal, our guide also pointed out that most, but not all, of the temples are Mayan. Because of the ruler from Teotihuacan, there are some temples that are actually Aztec. The Mayan ones had stairs going to the top, but the Aztec ones had flat sections next to the stairs, almost like banisters.
Then we followed our guide to Temple 4, which is the most famous one. It was used briefly in a scene in Star Wars Episode IV. You can’t actually see much of the temple though because it’s still heavily covered in vegetation. We climbed about 200 wooden stairs to reach the top and see the views of the area.
Another interesting temple we saw was Temple 5. Most temples were built facing either east (sunrise, birth) or west (sunset, death) but Temple 5 faces north. This was because it was built in honor of the rain god, and the rain comes from the north here.
It’s all fun and games until someone gets killed
Temples and pyramids were the bulk of what we saw, but our guide also showed us a field where teams competed in some kind of game in front of the rulers and other members of the community. Teams would come from other parts of the Mayan world, and the Tikal team would travel as well.
But instead of getting a trophy if your team won, one of the players on the winning team would be killed as a sacrifice. The idea was to offer up a good player, which is why the losing team’s players all continued breathing. I’m sure it was an honor, so they played their best, but I think the possibility of death would prevent me from excelling.
Toucans in Tikal
As our tour was wrapping up, our guide saw some toucans that live in the park. Apparently there are three different kinds, and the fact that we got to see all three of them, including the shy smallest ones, was really rare. He was super excited to see them all. They’re pictured here from biggest to smallest.
Visiting the Tikal ruins in Guatemala
Most people stay in Flores, which is an hour or so from Tikal, because there are more hotels and guest houses. Near Tikal itself there are some camping options and some expensive places but not much else, and it’s not really near a town with restaurants or anything.
Travel agents are all over Flores. You can book a Tikal tour at any one of them or through most hotels or guesthouses. Our tour picked us up from our hotel at 8am and arrived at the park somewhere between 9:15 and 9:30.
You can pay for the transport only if you want, but I highly recommend paying a little extra for a guided tour. The park looks easy to get lost in (guides have to go through serious training, including survival training, because apparently people really do get lost in there) and it’s really fascinating to hear the history while looking at the ruins. Our tour guide gave info in both English and Spanish. (This is when I realized I could still understand a lot of Spanish, and that my Spanish is still somehow better than my German.)
The tour ended around 1:30 or 2pm, and we had time for lunch at a little restaurant near where our shuttle dropped us off and was leaving from. We left at 3pm and got back to our hotel around 4pm or so.
Per person, the park entrance was GTQ150 (about US$20.50 or 18.50€) and another GTQ150 for the transport and tour guide. Sunrise or sunset tours are more expensive. Plus you have to leave obnoxiously early in the morning to do a sunrise tour.
If you want to book ahead, here’s an option from Flores and here’s an option that includes flying from Guatemala City for the day. Both of these tours include lunch and entrance fees.
You might also enjoy: | https://aliadventures.com/visiting-the-tikal-ruins-in-guatemala/ |
Shared parenting after an Ohio divorce
When Ohio parents decide to get divorced, one of the many issues they must settle is where their children will live and which of them will be responsible for making decisions regarding their kids. According to the Ohio Supreme Court’s guide for parents living apart, maintaining meaningful parent-child relationships is essential for kids after a divorce. Adults whose parents divorced when they were children often site conflict between their parents and losing contact with a parent as the most difficult parts of the experience for them.
Children best thrive when their parents work together to continue parenting them after a divorce. Having positive and ongoing relationships with both parents aids in children’s social and emotional development, as well as in their overall adjustment to the changes presented by divorce. To this end, the court may allocate people with shared parenting, meaning they and their children’s other parents both have the right to be involved in the making of important decisions about their children’s health, religious upbringing and education.
According to Ohio state law, to determine whether to allocate shared parenting, the court may consider several factors. These include the following:
- A history of child abuse, parental kidnapping, domestic violence or spouse abuse
- The recommendation of the child’s guardian ad litem
- The geographical vicinity of the parents’ residences
- The parents’ ability to make joint decisions regarding their child
- Each parent’s willingness and ability to encourage a healthy and loving relationship between the child and the other parent
In allocating parental rights and responsibilities, the court does not consider parents’ financial situations. Judges may, however, take into account other factors to help decide if shared parenting is in the child’s best interests. | https://www.attypiper.com/blog/2019/12/shared-parenting-after-an-ohio-divorce/ |
From the classic idea of humans finally getting out of their caves and searching for new land, the idea of exploration has fired the imagination. What will be over that next hill? Can we get there faster? What can we bring back home?
The love of space exploration has been a main theme in my life. I started young with model rockets and movies of space travel. I observed the planets of our solar system through telescopes. Later on, I watched shows like Star Trek. Voyager is my favorite series, but I like them all. Movies like Apollo 13 showed me some of the history of our journey outside the atmosphere. A visit to NASA in central Florida exposed me to the scope of what it takes. Gigantic buildings and machines that store or move the massive rockets. I remember reading an article in a science magazine about how many parts of the International Space Station were complete. The idea of the year 2010 blew my mind. How could we be so dedicated to a project that it takes so long? Obviously, I had not yet learned about the great cathedrals of Europe or the Great Wall of China.
Then, all of a sudden, there is a gap of time in my life where I didn’t even think about space. There were countless missions by any number of countries. Humans in space doing experiments to better understand our existence. Satellites hurtling towards the outer planets and around our Sun. I was stuck in a downward-facing mindset. I was struggling with my world changing around me. I was becoming an adult and my path was once again unclear.
The first clear sign of my return to my love of space exploration and related topics was when I moved out of my parent’s house to live in my first apartment. I was working my first full-time job and taking classes online through a local college. In my free time I was browsing the NASA website for new photos of far-off planets and watching on-going missions as they made new discoveries. I watched more TV shows and movies with space themes. Movies like The Martian and Interstellar brought together real-life science with science-fiction. Books like Artemis brought me back into the world of reading.
In the same time-frame, a new show, based on a series of novels called The Expanse arrived with a vivid view of a possible future for humanity. Set about one hundred years in our future, we have colonized our solar system and have created new ways to hate each other. A stark contrast to the various Star Trek iterations. The earliest time-frames used in the Star Trek television series are less than a century in the future from when The Expanse is set. Star Trek offers a United Federation of Planets and a Prime Directive. Most interactions between Federation members and new species are very civil. There are clear procedures about observing and interacting with newly discovered planets, depending on the level of technological and sociological advancement. The main focus of Star Fleet is to explore new worlds, seek out new life, and improve oneself. At least within the Federation, there is no hunger, poverty or war. Technology can provide for all the needs and wants. There is no currency. Resources are plentiful and everything is recycled. Everything. This is an idealistic dream of the future and I truly hope we reach some version of that someday.
The world of The Expanse is very different. Humans are spread out across the solar system. The main powers are the United Nations of Earth and Luna (Earth), Martian Congressional Republic (Mars), and Outer Planets Alliance (Asteroid Belt, Jupiter, and Saturn). There are clear divisions between the three main types of humans. Humans born on Earth, called “Earthers”, are considered lucky by those who were born on a station or under a dome. However, the reality of this Earth is much more complex than everyone thinks. Humans of Mars, called “Dusters”, are militaristic and long-term planners. Their main mission if to terraform Mars to create a viable living planet for the humans of the future. They are focused and might consider people of Earth spoiled and weak. Humans born on a station of the asteroid belt or further out, called “Belters”, are the obvious under-class of the system. They struggle just to survive. The rule of law is privatized and thus, money rules. Power usually means the biggest gun and with limited resources, everyone is looking for an angle. Tension is high between the three powers of the system and a series of events brings them to the brink of war. The idea of scientific discovery or exploration is purely for personal gain or to create a new weapon. Secrets, blackmail, and betrayal are the main themes of this dark view of the future.
Just like Star Trek, the social and political issues of our current life are reviewed through a futurist lens so that we can view them in a new light. Power struggles, caste systems, and moral decisions are part of our real lives and sometimes we don’t even notice it.
However, even with all that, we are still pushing forward missions of human space flight beyond low-Earth-orbit. Missions to the Moon and to Mars are already being prepared. We also have our first private companies working towards various missions that will bring new discoveries and resources to our species. A mission to the Moon would be an excellent first step towards Mars. It has been almost 50 years since we have sent humans to the Moon. We have made a lot of progress in that time, but the idea of getting people beyond the Earth is very inspirational. It brings our need to explore to the surface of our consciousness. There are even scientists working on spacecraft with massive solar sails that could be used in the future to reach other star systems.
What more could we ask for? What more would you demand? Vacations to the Moon could be a reality within my lifetime. Let’s not get stuck on the idea that space exploration doesn’t have immediate applications to human life. Imagine the technology that will be created to ensure these dreams are possible. Envision a better future for the human race. | https://thedeepthinkerweb.com/2021/01/24/exploring-the-stars/ |
Magnetars – the dense remains of dead stars that erupt sporadically with bursts of high-energy radiation – are some of the most extreme objects known in the Universe. A major campaign using NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and several other satellites shows magnetars may be more diverse – and common – than previously thought.
When a massive star runs out of fuel, its core collapses to form a neutron star, an ultradense object about 10 to 15 miles wide. The gravitational energy released in this process blows the outer layers away in a supernova explosion and leaves the neutron star behind.
Most neutron stars are spinning rapidly – a few times a second – but a small fraction have a relatively low spin rate of once every few seconds, while generating occasional large blasts of X-rays. Because the only plausible source for the energy emitted in these outbursts is the magnetic energy stored in the star, these objects are called "magnetars."
Most magnetars have extremely high magnetic fields on their surface that are ten to a thousand times stronger than for the average neutron star. New observations show that the magnetar known as SGR 0418+5729 (SGR 0418 for short) doesn't fit that pattern. It has a surface magnetic field similar to that of mainstream neutron stars.
"We have found that SGR 0418 has a much lower surface magnetic field than any other magnetar," said Nanda Rea of the Institute of Space Science in Barcelona, Spain. "This has important consequences for how we think neutron stars evolve in time, and for our understanding of supernova explosions."
The researchers monitored SGR 0418 for over three years using Chandra, ESA's XMM-Newton as well as NASA's Swift and RXTE satellites. They were able to make an accurate estimate of the strength of the external magnetic field by measuring how its rotation speed changes during an X-ray outburst. These outbursts are likely caused by fractures in the crust of the neutron star precipitated by the buildup of stress in a relatively strong, wound-up magnetic field lurking just beneath the surface.
"This low surface magnetic field makes this object an anomaly among anomalies," said co-author GianLuca Israel of the National Institute of Astrophysics in Rome. "A magnetar is different from typical neutron stars, but SGR 0418 is different from other magnetars as well."
The case of SGR 0418 may mean that there are many more elderly magnetars with strong magnetic fields hidden under the surface, implying that their birth rate is five to ten times higher than previously thought.
"We think that about once a year in every galaxy a quiet neutron star should turn on with magnetar-like outbursts, according to our model for SGR 0418," said Josè Pons of the University of Alacant in Spain. "We hope to find many more of these objects."
Another implication of the model is that the surface magnetic field of SGR 0418 should have once been very strong at its birth a half million years ago. This, plus a possibly large population of similar objects, could mean that the massive progenitor stars already had strong magnetic fields, or these fields were created by rapidly rotating neutron stars in the core collapse that was part of the supernova event.
If large numbers of neutron stars are born with strong magnetic fields then a significant fraction of gamma-ray bursts might be caused by the formation of magnetars rather than black holes. Also, the contribution of magnetar births to gravitational wave signals – ripples in space-time – would be larger than previously thought.
The possibility of a relatively low surface magnetic field for SGR 0418 was first announced in 2010 by a team with some of the same members. However, the scientists at that time could only determine an upper limit for the magnetic field and not an actual estimate because not enough data had been collected.
Thanks to Chandra X-ray Center for this article.
This press release has been viewed 1363 time(s). | http://www.labspaces.net/128390/A_hidden_population_of_exotic_neutron_stars |
Top 5% holds more than half of the country’s wealth
The distribution of wealth in the United States is even more unequal than the distribution of wages and income. The Figure, from EPI’s new paper, The State of Working America’s Wealth. shows how wealth is divided among American households. It merges survey data on household wealth with changes in aggregate asset prices to estimate how wealth has been affected by the bursting of the housing bubble and the Great Recession. It shows that in 2009, the top 5% of wealth holders claimed 63.5% of the country’s wealth. The bottom 80%, by contrast, held just 12.8% of the country’s wealth.
Wealth, or net worth, refers to total assets, such as bank account balances, savings, and real estate, minus total liabilities, such as mortgages, credit card and other debt, and outstanding medical bills. Wages and income are important measures of economic well-being, but wealth offers another valuable perspective on families’ financial security and ability to withstand job losses or other economic setbacks. The State of Working America’s Wealth notes that these large disparities in wealth explain, in part, why the economic recovery feels different to different people: “Typical families and workers continue to struggle against high rates of unemployment, stagnating wages, and foreclosure,” while “the wealthy have enjoyed significant gains in the stock market, and benefited from corporate profits.”
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Economic Policy Institute
EPI is an independent, nonprofit think tank that researches the impact of economic trends and policies on working people in the United States. EPI’s research helps policymakers, opinion leaders, advocates, journalists, and the public understand the bread-and-butter issues affecting ordinary Americans.
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The beginning of the year was expected to be quiet on the International scene. Last year the international community attention was unavoidably focused on a preoccupation with ISIL expansion of territory in the Levant. That crisis forced the coming together of an international diplomatic consensus to containing the infamous terrorist assemblage. The historic Iran nuclear deal that followed seventeen days of almost uninterrupted negotiations was heralded as a good thing .It involved foreign ministers from seven countries – Iran, US, UK, Russia, China, France and Germany – along with the EU’s foreign policy chief Federica Mogherini. The agreement was supposed have signalled a thawing of tense relationships within the Middle East. However, before the ink dried on the deal there were uncomfortable utterances from Israel and the Sunni influenced Saudi Arabia about the agreement. In fact Israel Prime Minister, Binyamin Netanyahu, moved pre-emptively to criticize the deal even before the final details had emerged.
While Saudi Arabia is one of the US major allies in the region, it has been a relationship purely of strategic necessity. It is for that reason why Saudi Arabia’s King Salman reluctantly sought assurances from U.S. President Barack Obama about the Iran nuclear deal shortly after it was inked. Historically, the relationship between Iran and Saudi Arabia has never been a peaceful one, mainly because of the ongoing Shia /Sunni ethnic spat that has divided the region for centuries. Most recently, Saudi Arabia accused Iran of sponsoring terrorism and using Hezbollah to interfere in the conflict in Yemen and Syria. Iran has always been uncomfortable with the cosy relationship that the Saudi’s share with the West. Especially, its expensive arms purchases from the US. Meanwhile, Iran has countered this relationship by forging strategic ties with Russia and President Assad in Syria.
The hatred between both Saudi Arabia and Iran recently deepened with the arrest and execution of prominent Iranian religious Cleric Nimr al-Nimr. He was among those put to death last week in Saudi Arabia on charges of terrorism. Recently, as an act of revenge an angry mob of Iranians vandalised the Saudi embassy in Tehran: it was set ablaze during the protests against the execution of the popular Iranian cleric. Members of the diplomatic mission hastily evacuated the Embassy and headed for the airport in Tehran as it became apparent that the Iranian security force had not done enough to protect them. At the Airport there were further allegations that they were temporarily held up before they were allowed to leave for Saudi Arabia- a claim that Iranian officials denied; in a hastily held press conference chaired by its Foreign Minister. On Sunday, the immediate severing of relations with Iran was announced by Saudi Arabia after the storming it’s Embassy in Tehran. The Saudi Government alleged in a press briefing that the Iranian Government was a behind the attack on their Embassy. Shortly after the press conference, the Iranian government put out a press release denying any involvement. In the Times of Israel they were quoted as saying that Iran had regretted the attacks on Saudi embassy. The conflict has thrown the region into a Geo-Political frenzy and by Monday Bahrain and Sudan both announced that they severed relations with Iran and the UAE had also downgraded its diplomatic mission to Iran.
The road to peace in the Middle East has always been a slippery diplomatic slope for the UN, US and Russia. It is worsened by Russia’s and the US involvement backing client states and correspondingly as a result several episodes of inaction by the UN. The ratcheting up of a divisive conflict between Saudi Arabia and Iran does not argue well for lasting peace in the Middle East, let alone the diffusion of two major civil wars in that region.. It is quite understandable therefore why the US, the UN and Russia have remained almost silent on the matter. As the diplomatic manoeuvres take place quietly behind the scene, one sobering narrative by the Saudi Foreign Minister emerged. Adel al-Jubeir was quoted by Al-Jazeera on Tuesday that the dispute will not hinder political negotiations over the Syrian conflict expected later this month.
The international community and the peaceful community of nations aligned to the UN await nervously a speedy diplomatic outcome before this international discord deepens. Central to the thawing of this is the bellicose relationship is President Obama- as he is still welling up his tears and mulling over the difficult but necessary US domestic gun control issue involving armed white ranchers- who have overtaken a federal wildlife building in Oregon.
The Middle East, for a long time, has stretched the interpretation margins of realist foreign policy analysts. The geopolitical manoeuvres in that region have led to an insolvable international security dilemma as it is a region where even political differences and alliances are difficult to describe. For example, the only thing that Iran and Saudi Arabia have in common is a hatred for Israel. We know too that theonly thing Israel and Saudi Arabia have in common is a dislike for Hezbollah and Iran. The picture becomes more of a conundrum when you factor in the Palestinian issue and the historical Shia/Sunni ethnic divide. It is a region where the three largest religions in the world coverage and battle over ideas and religious shrines. Making peace in the region is a never ending cat herding exercise. The idea that two of its most powerful actors could descend into war conjures up thoughts of an Armageddon that the world cannot afford to experience.
World War Two was a horrific reminder of how conflicts can damage the planet if left without a speedy resolve. It was estimated that during that period 40,000,000 – 72,000,000 persons died as a result of negligent dithering. The existing League of Nations at the time failed to live up to its mandate of preventing the Second World War atrocities from happening. It is for this reason that, in 1945, fifty one countries signed the UN’s charter to dedicate to maintain international peace and security. Currently the United Nations have 192 members and many peacekeeping operations across the globe. It has a 15 member security Councils in place which include five permanent members. Most of the five permanent members are involved in proxy wars in the Middle East and have client states that they protect and are beholden to. It is for this reason why it is difficult to have peace in the region as there is always a conflict of interest.
It is absurd to expect the permanent security members fighting proxy wars who have veto powers to adjudicate against their national interest, especially when large oil and arms deals are under the table. It is for this reason why we firmly believe that the Security Council needs to be reformed urgently. Rwanda was rude awakening for all of us and it is a strong reminder why we should have a credible UN security council. In 1994 the UN Security Council stood with its arms folded over half a million Rwandans that were killed within a hundred days in that country. More recently thousands have been killed in Syria and Yemen in the two current civil wars, and last year we saw the greatest flood of refugees arising from conflicts in the Middle East. The amount of refugees that could emerge as a result of an additional war in that region is unimaginable. This is why Kingston –Mouth, along with other Rights organisations, call for a speedy UN led diplomatic action on this very urgent and risky security matter. The idea that these two powerful oil rich nations in the Middle East could let slip the dogs of war is a scary proposition.
On a more sober note we at Kingston -Mouth expect that the members of the UN Security Council act speedily to resolve this matter. The UN should be reminded in this matter of its mandate under resolution A/53/243 which calls for the promotion of increased understanding, tolerance and cooperation among all peoples, inter alia, through appropriate use of new technologies and dissemination of information. In this regard, we urge that the UN should not remain silent. The resolution also calls for the supporting of actions that foster understanding, tolerance, solidarity and cooperation among peoples and within and among nations.
In closing, I would like to thank the many readers of Kingston –Mouth who have supported our blog over the past four years. It is our commitment to bring quality commentary on Political and international issues, focusing on themes of Human Rights and global Justice. Kingston-Mouth is a charitable publication committed to the adherence of principles of freedom, justice, democracy and tolerance. We promote solidarity, cooperation, pluralism, cultural diversity, dialogue and understanding at all levels of society and among nations. We are keen to spread the doctrine of Human Rights to non-traditional spheres and to bring understanding of Political issues facing Europe, North America, the Middle East and the Caribbean free of cost at the point of delivery. We are grateful for the invaluable contribution of our past editor Kevton Foster and our current editor Ann Smith; both editors have held us to a high standard of quality control and consistency. We wish all our readers a happy New Year as we aspire to broaden our audience and improve the quality of our service delivery.
This article was written by Donovan Reynolds CEO and edited by Ann Smith Managing Editor of Kingston-Mouth .com. Donovan Reynolds is an Independent Blogger and Human Rights Activists who is of a Jamaican descent and a legal academic that has an interest in Human Rights, Culture and International Development Issues. | http://kingstonmouth.com/2016/01/28/understanding-the-current-conflict-between-saudi-arabia-and-iran/ |
Cultural activities: The number and schedule of the cultural activities depend on the location; check the location webpage to discover more.
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Course Description
Requirements: Basic computer proficiency
The unprecedented pandemic has taken teachers and students through a digital leap in education around the world. By now, they are having more and more opportunities to learn, communicate, and collaborate in an online learning environment.
However, without proper understanding, distance learning and blended learning (e.g. flipped classroom) can generate huge stress for both teachers and students.
This course aims to help you relieve the burden by introducing you to many digital tools for flipped education and distance learning.
Finnish schools coped well with the transition to distance and blended learning. Finland has been developing national strategies for digital and ICT education during the last 35 years.
The significant investment in the digitalization of education with an emphasis on the values of equity and inclusion provides the strong foundation to facilitate student-centered learning, not only face-to-face but also in distance learning.
Through the course, you will find it worthy to learn from the Finnish experience specialized in integrating digital tools into learning and teaching.
As a participant, you will learn some of the best practices of Finnish teachers in distance learning/blended learning, and various EdTech tools that are commonly used in Finnish schools.
To gain a thorough understanding and to learn from the Finnish experience, you will also get to discover the challenges and drawbacks that Finnish schools and teachers are facing in distance learning.
Moreover, you will learn the guiding principles and practicalities of distance learning and flipped classrooms. You will be guided step-by-step to explore the various EdTech tools that help you manage distance learning and flipped classrooms.
You will also explore EdTech tools that promote collaborative and project-based learning, as well as gamification with fun activities and games. You will have the time to practice how to use the tools and to discuss different strategies to use them effectively in flipped classrooms and distance learning.
By the end of the course, you will gain much confidence in the use of a variety of EdTech tools in your online classroom. Moreover, you will master the most effective strategies for facilitating flipped classrooms and distance learning that have made Finland an excellence in world education.
Continue reading: Discover the learning outcomes and the tentative schedule of this course.
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Course categories: ICT and School Innovation
ICT: Today’s teachers have to be familiar with new technologies and digital media not only to understand their students’ world but also to update their way of teaching according to the new needs of their students. Thanks to our courses on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) you will learn how to manage a classroom online or remotely, by exploring the most relevant ICT tools for teaching. You will be able to use various forms of digital content, such as audio platforms, videos, and social media, to communicate with your students.
School Innovation: Both students’ needs and institutional demands nowadays change so quickly that is not always easy to keep up with the latest requirements. These courses provide school principals, managers, and teachers with new tools to face an ever-changing society. Our training courses about project management, entrepreneurship, team building, and mentoring will help you make the most of new trends in school administration. You also have the chance to get familiar with the most interesting educational systems in Europe, such as the German VET system, the Finnish school system, or the Italian preschool education. Finally, you can also explore innovative methodologies to foster a more creative and inclusive school environment.
Discover other courses on:
- National excellence
- Finnish Education Approach
- Flipped classroom
- Project-Based Learning (PBL)
- Remote teaching and learning
Europass Teacher Academy
The Largest Offer of Teacher Training Courses in Europe
Upcoming sessions
- 12.12.2022 > 17.12.2022
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- 09.01.2023 > 14.01.2023
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- 30.01.2023 > 04.02.2023
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- 13.02.2023 > 18.02.2023
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- 13.03.2023 > 18.03.2023
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- 10.04.2023 > 15.04.2023
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- 08.05.2023 > 13.05.2023
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- 29.05.2023 > 03.06.2023
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- 12.06.2023 > 17.06.2023
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- 10.07.2023 > 15.07.2023
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- 31.07.2023 > 05.08.2023
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- 14.08.2023 > 19.08.2023
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- 11.09.2023 > 16.09.2023
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- 09.10.2023 > 14.10.2023
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- 30.10.2023 > 04.11.2023
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- 13.11.2023 > 18.11.2023
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- 11.12.2023 > 16.12.2023
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Rate & review
Reviews only come from verified course participants via the European Commission's Mobility Tool+. If you participated in this course, use the Mobility Tool+ to submit a review. If the course is not listed in the Mobility Tool+ yet, please provide to your project coordinator the following course ID: 170994.
The title of the course was “Flipped classroom and distance learning: Following Finland”, so it was a introductory course to know the principles and tools for creating a flipped classroom, how to do a project based learning, how to use gammification in classes and we also went to see a finnish class where a teacher explained how education in Filand worked
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The course was about flipped classrooms and distance learning and it was well structured and carried out professionally. The course instructor did a great job in providing good material.
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We learned a lot about flipped classroom, procect base learning and digital tools and about finnish culture . The course peovider did a very good job. | https://www.schooleducationgateway.eu/en/pub/teacher_academy/catalogue/detail.cfm?id=170994 |
Manuscript Ecologies Symposium
Manuscript Ecologies: Art and Science in the Medieval Book is an interdisciplinary seminar dedicated to the past and present of medieval book history. Historians of science have long understood medieval books as valuable repositories for medieval scientific thought. Increasingly, however, these codices are moving out of the libraries and into the labs, as objects of scientific inquiry in their own right. This symposium brings together a group of literary scholars, historians, art conservators, and scientists for the purpose of thinking about future directions for interdisciplinary research into the medieval codex -- both as an artifact of the past and as a source for new knowledge.
Sarah Kay (French, NYU)
"Sacrifice or Slaughter?: Bestiaries, Parchment, and the Killing of Animals"
Respondent: Nancy Turner (Paper Conservation Department, Getty Museum)
Alain Touwaide (Institute for the Preservation of Medical Traditions)
"Manuscript Therapeutics"
In conversation with Scott Virgil (Center for Catalysis and Chemical Synthesis, Caltech)
Faith Wallis (Social Studies of Medicine, McGill University)
"Medieval Manuscripts of 'Practical' Medicine and the Mirage of 'Use'" | https://www.caltech.edu/campus-life-events/calendar/manuscript-ecologies-symposium |
IUCN’s work with the private sector is guided by the IUCN Business Engagement Strategy (BES) that outlines a vision of a sustainable global economy in which businesses are committed and effective partners in achieving a just world that values and conserves nature. Business relationships in Brazil and the region have grown in the past several years, and current business engagement is addressing some of the most pressing environmental issues at hand in the region.
The project BEFoRE (Benefits from Restoration) is an ambitious initiative leaded by IUCN, in partnership with University of Sao Paulo and Iceland University, that contributes to scaling up restoration. The project research the interactions between social and ecological context for assessing success of restoration projects in different socio-ecological context, and explore how to integrate those learnings into future restoration initiatives. The project also explore how restoration initiatives may be operationalized in context of mitigation hierarchy and biodiversity offsetting, and provide some practical suggestions on its application.
Additionally, IUCN manages several regional and global relationships with the private sector, that will be supported by this position. These include work with the mining sector (Anglo American, Newmont, Vale), oil sector (REPSOL), the cement and building materials sector (Holcim) and other activities with the no-extractive sector. This position will support the generation and application of tools and innovative approaches for biodiversity conservation for deployment with high impact sectors and will contribute to strengthen and increase the portfolio of work with the private sector.
SPECIFIC DUTIES
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
•Support project management including planning, budgeting, reporting and coordination, following IUCN´s tools and policies (Smartsheet, project portal, risk managements, among others)
•Facilitate the development and implementation of strategic planning and helping ensure the alignment of all products to the priorities identified of products according to the timeline;
•Organize documentation, including on project finance and reporting;
•Support the development of regular reporting to donors;
•Lead internal project coordination with external partners and IUCN units involved, and the preparation of regular meetings
•Support the organization of project workshops and meetings in consultation with the Project Manager, IUCN staff, and project partners.
•Participate with the national, regional and global team in the generation of new project proposals associated with the private sector.
TECHNICAL SUPPORT
•Coordinate with partners and external experts and researchers, the production of guidelines for application of mitigation hierarchy into restoration framework, and guidelines for application of offsetting policy of IUCN;
•Provide technical input to project outputs, products and deliverables, including reviewing and reference;
•Support the translation of research outputs into practical deliverables and tools useful for non-academic audience;
•In collaboration with the partners and IUCN Communications Officer, manage an online library of documentation relevant to partners and development of project products;
•Develop oral presentations on project results;
COMMUNICATIONS AND OUTREACH
•Support the Communication officers in dissemination and outreach activities, including the development of content for preparation of communication materials;
•Collaborate with the IUCN Regional team and the one in Brazil on a periodic basis on relevant projects, communicating with members and partners in Brazil and the region.
•Contribute to the review of communications materials and translations;
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• • At least 3-5 years of previous work experience in implementing projects with the private sector, with biodiversity and/or sustainable development issues, business engagement;
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• Bachelor’s degree required; Master’s degree preferred; Academic training in natural resource management;
• At least 3 years of project management experience;
• Excellent spoken and written Portuguese; Spanish and English is essential;
• Ability to rapid research, analyze and integrate diverse information from varied sources; knowledge of research protocols and information access and management;
• Strong research and writing skills;
• Proven ability to synthetize and communicate complex information, including reports and meeting minutes;
• Ability to deal with very diverse audiences and publics from high-level management to community based teams;
• Ability to manage different opinions, be respectful of different points of view and have a team player spirit;
• Demonstrated capacity to work well under pressure and successfully manage multiple deadlines and competing demands (must be very organized);
• Relevant IT skills, in particular with online communication platforms for video conferencing and other collaboration;
• Ability to deal with sensitive information;
• Availability for some travel required in Brazil, in South America and perhaps internationally.
The person will be contracted according to the Brazilian law (CLT), and it will include medical and life insurance.
Applicants are requested to apply online through the HR Management System, by opening the vacancy announcement and pressing the "Apply" button.
Applicants will be asked to create an account and submit their profile information. Applications will not be accepted after the closing date. The vacancy closes at midnight, Swiss time (GMT+1 / GMT+2 during Daylight Saving Time, DST). Please note that only selected applicants will be personally contacted for interviews.
Other job opportunities are published in the IUCN website: http://www.iucn.org/involved/jobs/
About IUCN
IUCN is a membership Union uniquely composed of both government and civil society organisations. It provides public, private and non-governmental organisations with the knowledge and tools that enable human progress, economic development and nature conservation to take place together.
Created in 1948, IUCN is now the world’s largest and most diverse environmental network, harnessing the knowledge, resources and reach of more than 1,400 Member organisations and some 15,000 experts. It is a leading provider of conservation data, assessments and analysis. Its broad membership enables IUCN to fill the role of incubator and trusted repository of best practices, tools and international standards.
IUCN provides a neutral space in which diverse stakeholders including governments, NGOs, scientists, businesses, local communities, indigenous peoples organisations and others can work together to forge and implement solutions to environmental challenges and achieve sustainable development.
Working with many partners and supporters, IUCN implements a large and diverse portfolio of conservation projects worldwide. Combining the latest science with the traditional knowledge of local communities, these projects work to reverse habitat loss, restore ecosystems and improve people’s well-being. | http://hrms.iucn.org/iresy/index.cfm?event=vac.show&vacId=10373&lang=en |
Ipswich Community Media (ICM) is a grassroots based organisation that delivers quality flexible learning, events, media engagement, and community based projects that are responsive to the needs of our local community.
ICM is staffed by a committed and skilled team of project managers, volunteers and assistants that have many years’ experience of delivering learning and community engagement to the most disenfranchised in our local community.
We focus on giving the community a voice and offer the opportunity to develop skills and help make a difference at a local level. We have a varied and engaging schedule of activities that aims to meet the needs of the hardest to reach in Ipswich and beyond.
Through learning courses and creative engagement ICM ensures a genuine inclusivity right to the heart of our wider, diverse community, meaning we can address crucial local issues through a range of innovative and engaging methods. All our projects are participant led.
ICM works in partnership with Ipswich Online (IO) Radio and offers a fresh and new approach to radio, based in the Ipswich area, with a brand new studio built for the 21st Century. We also work with Out Loud Music to provide exciting and innovative music and video based workshops utilising the latest technology to engage and develop young people from diverse and disadvantaged backgrounds. Through innovative and engaging methods we are able to boost self-esteem, interpersonal, social skills, group working and provide pathways to employment and volunteer opportunities. We do this via offering an equal access to media, music and learning regardless of ability, race, social and economic background.
Job: FEMALE MUSIC AND MEDIA FREELANCE TUTOR
Salary: Competitive
Hours: Variable
Overall purpose of the post
To deliver positive music and media sessions for young people between 11 and 25, who have previously had difficulties engaging. A female tutor is required due to some of the female beneficiaries who it wouldn’t be suitable for to work with males, although the successful candidate would also be working with male beneficiaries. This position requires an individual who is passionate about making a change to our local community, but in particular the lives of young people.
Accountability
The post holder will be accountable to the ICM Project Manager – Alicia Durbin (Lish)
Duties
- Teach on the required courses and projects delivered, by ICM, and contribute to the development of existing and new innovative provision.
- Maintain an open, non-judgemental view of the young people throughout.
- Deliver sessions which will develop the ideas and practical skills of the young person in such a way that it remains participant-centred.
- Support the participant to recognise and build on their sense of achievement through the work that is produced.
- Seek feedback on an ongoing basis both formally and informally, and using this feedback to further refine the session delivery.
- Positively challenge any negative words, thoughts, feelings or expressions around either the participant themselves or others.
- Complete the administrative work associated with tutoring efficiently and effectively, including completion of registers, ILPs, learner tracking and monitoring documentation and various forms of learner report.
- Keep abreast of developments in the specialist field/subject area of music and media, especially in the theory and practice of education, the use of ILT and other resources to stretch and challenge and meet learner’s individual needs.
- Participate fully in staff learning and development activities, including teaching, learning and assessment practices and lesson observation as part of coaching/tutoring for learners, and undertake training or re-training as required.
- Participate in any necessary induction activities for new learners
- Be an active course team member and participate fully in meetings, staff learning and development training sessions, conferences, seminars, open evenings and learner assessment/progression events and self-assessment in addition to teaching and administrative responsibilities
- Work flexibly, which may include teaching evening classes.
- Be available to assist in other events for schools, colleges, and other providers including extra enrolment activities, Open Events, which may require working some evenings and very occasional weekends.
- To have a duty of care to yourself and others regarding Safeguarding and Health and Safety issues and ensure that Policies and Procedures are implemented.
- To actively promote Equality & Diversity policies, ensuring promotion of E&D in all sessions and activities.
- To actively promote ICM’s Safeguarding policy and be aware of your responsibilities to report concerns.
The job description gives and outline of key duties and is not intended to be an exhaustive list. The post holder may be asked from time to time to take on other responsibilities as reasonably requested by the Project Manager.
Person Specification
Essential
- Proven experience of music and media teaching
- Proven ability and experience of working with young people, in particular hard to reach young people.
- Passion for working towards change in our local community
- An excellent understanding of Safeguarding. The successful candidate will be required to complete Level 2 Safeguarding training if not in receipt of an up to date certificate.
- Able to motivate and encourage young people to progress
- Excellent communication skills, encompassing compassion and empathy.
- To be flexible with availability for sessions including occasional evening work.
- An ability to service the travel requirements of the post
Desirable
- Music/Media qualification. | https://ipswichcm.org.uk/careers/ |
Many parents try to offer their healthy babies a rich sensory environment, full of new sights, sounds, smells, and tastes, to stimulate the developing brain to appreciate life’s delicious complexities to the fullest. And for vision and hearing, there is a solid foundation of research showing that there is a critical period early in life when adequate stimulation of those senses is essential for their healthy development.
Now, a pilot study conducted at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and published in the journal JAMA Otolaryngology provides some of the first-ever evidence for a critical period in developing the sense of smell, or olfaction, too. The findings have particular implications for rehabilitating young patients, including severely premature infants, who receive lifesaving medical interventions that temporarily prevent airflow through the nasal passages during this potentially critical period.
A group of such patients were the participants in the CHOP study. A third of the 18 participating children had undergone tracheostomy at or before age 4. At the time of testing they were still using that artificial airway, meaning that air did not flow past their nasal passages to expose them to scent stimuli as they breathed. Another third of the children had a past tracheostomy at or before age 4 for a period of at least six months, but at the time of testing they were breathing through their nasal passages. The remaining children were age-matched controls who were recruited from the otolaryngology clinic but never had a tracheostomy.
In smell tests, the children who had a current or past tracheostomy both performed poorly compared to controls — supporting the idea that the tracheostomy groups had missed a critical period for sensory development, and that later removal of the tracheostomy alone was not enough for a full recovery of olfaction.
“This was a little bit surprising,” said Will Kennedy, a medical student at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, who was first author of the study. “There have been studies in the past in adults that show when you give adults a tracheostomy, they do recover the sense of smell and have robust smell abilities. If there was not a critical or sensitive period, kids should also regain a robust sense of smell.”
Without early stimulation of the neurologic pathways in the olfactory system, there seems to be a permanent and persistent deficit in smelling ability that persists later in life, noted Steven Sobol, MD, MSc, a CHOP pediatric otolaryngologist and surgeon and associate professor at Penn, and the study’s senior author.
“When dealing with critically ill children early in life, quality-of-life senses such as smell and taste are understandably not considered,” Dr. Sobol said. “One of the take home messages for us was that physicians should be aware there is this potential for smell dysfunction later on in life.”
Decreased sense of smell also has important safety implications, Dr. Sobol noted. Children and adults with limited olfaction may face dangers from consuming spoiled food and drink or from failing to detect the smells of smoke or gas.
For that reason, the team is next working on developing protocols for a type of smell rehabilitation that they plan to test in future studies. The process will involve exposure to malodorous compounds, such as those in gas and rotten food, that would be most essential to detect for safety. However, if their preliminary evidence suggesting that some children may have missed out on a critical period for olfactory development is correct, then rehabilitation may not work. Prevention strategies may be a better future approach.
“Being aware this is something that needs to be addressed, even though we don’t have the solution at this point, will eventually lead to therapies that will improve the eventual quality of life in these patients once they get through the early challenges,” Dr. Sobol said.
The study team noted that while their findings are intriguing, additional studies that follow children longitudinally would help confirm the existence of a critical period for olfactory development. | https://btob.research.chop.edu/early-smell-exposure-may-be-critical-for-sensory-development/ |
Making separating couples wait six months before their divorce is finalised is an 'unacceptable delay' for those who do not have children, the bar's representative body has told the government.
The Ministry of Justice, which has just finished a consultation on reforming divorce, wants to test a minimum six-month wait to grant a decree absolute after the decree nisi has been granted. The ministry says: 'We think this allows a sufficient period for most couples to consider the implications of divorce and reach agreement on practical arrangements, while not being so long a period of uncertainty that it would have a long-term effect on children.'
However, the Bar Council, in its consultation response, questions the need to extend the minimum period, which is currently six weeks and one day.
The bar says six months would be too long for couples who do not have children or who have straightforward financial affairs: 'It is not clear whether there is empirical or anecdotal evidence that the current period of 6 weeks and 1 day is too short a period of time and what the reasoning is for extending it to 6 months. The period is a minimum and a decree absolute will not be made until the court is satisfied that to make a decree absolute will not cause hardship and, in the case of a marriage with dependant children, that satisfactory arrangements have been made for the children.'
The bar says the proposal 'may not give sufficient weight to the serious consideration that spouses give to petitioning for divorce at the outset rather than in the period between nisi and absolute decrees'.
Elsewhere, the bar says the government's proposal to get rid of the requirement for a divorcing spouse to evidence one or more of five facts will address an inconsistency between marriages and civil partnerships.
The bar points out that adultery is a ground of divorce in marriage but not for civil partnerships because adultery is defined as requiring sexual intercourse with someone of the opposite sex: 'A spouse or civil partner having sexual intercourse with someone of the same sex is not technically adultery although in many cases it would lead to the irretrievable breakdown of the marriage or civil partnership.'
The ministry's consultation closed on Monday amid widespread calls for reform. The Law Society has told the government it should restore legal aid so that separating couples can receive early advice. | https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/law/six-months-too-long-to-finalise-a-divorce-bar-warns/5068668.article |
Regardless of the mode of delivery, represent a guide to the relative teaching time and student effort required to successfully achieve a particular competency/module. This may include not only scheduled classes or workplace visits but also the amount of effort required to undertake, evaluate and complete all assessment requirements, including any non-classroom activities.
Pre-requisites and Co-requisites
None
Course Description
In this course you will develop skills and knowledge required to research, analyse and debate cultural history and theory. You will be able to gain insight into historical art movements that will support and develop your own approach to creative work.
National Codes, Titles, Elements and Performance Criteria
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National Element Code & Title:
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CUVRES502A Analyse cultural history and theory
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Element:
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1. Select a focus for cultural research
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Performance Criteria:
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1.1. Select a focus for research in consultation with others based on individual needs and perspectives
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Element:
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2. Conduct critical analysis
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Performance Criteria:
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2.1. Seek out and compare the critical views of others in chosen area of inquiry
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Element:
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3. Discuss cultural history and theory
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Performance Criteria:
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3.1. Develop substantiated opinions and ideas about cultural history and theory
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Element:
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4. Develop own practice from research
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Performance Criteria:
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4.1. Determine potential for integration of research findings into own work
Learning Outcomes
On successful completion of this course, you will be able to:
- Select an appropriate research focus
- Analyse cultural ideas and information
- Develop substantiated positions to support professional practice
- Participate in informed discussion of cultural history and theory.
In this course you will develop the following program capabilities:
- Recognise historical and theatrical contemporary cultural practices
- Develop opinions and ideas about cultural history and theory.
Details of Learning Activities
Learning activities will take place in a studio / class room using industry standard resources. You will complete exercises and industry relevant projects. You will also be required to undertake independent study to complete assignments outside class time.
In class activities may include:
• Presentations and demonstration
• teacher directed group activities/projects with individual input from students
• class exercises to practice and develop skills
• Analysis/critique of relevant material
• Student presentations with Teacher and Peer feedback and review
• Personal class time to discuss and develop own work for assessment/presentation
Out of class activities may include:
• practical work on projects
• investigation and research
• preparing of work for presentations
• project work
• independent research
• online research
You are expected to manage your learning and undertake an appropriate amount of out-of-class independent study and research.
Teaching Schedule
Semester 1 and 2 learning plans will be published on your blackboard online portal for this course
Learning Resources
Prescribed Texts
References
Other Resources
RMIT will provide you with resources and tools for learning in this course through our online systems. Learning resources include access to studios and computer laboratories and relevant software. You will also be expected to make use of the library resources.
Overview of Assessment
Assessment for this course is on going throughout the semester. Your will be assessed on how well you meet the course’s learning outcomes and on your development against the program capabilities. Assessment will incorporate a range of methids to assess performance and the applocation of knowledge and skills and will include:
- Written and or/oral questioning and discussion to assess knowledge and understanding
- Completion of an journal
- Design project
If you have a long term medical condition and/or disability it may be possible to negotiate to vary aspects of the learning or assessment methods. You can contact the program coordinator or the Disability Liaison Unit if you would like to find out more.
An assessment charter (http://mams.rmit.edu.au/kh6a3ly2wi2h1.pdf ) summarises your responsibilities as an RMIT student as well as those of your teachers.
Your course assessment conforms to RMIT assessment principles, regulations, policies and procedures which are described and referenced in a single document: http://www.rmit.edu.au/browse;ID=ln1kd66y87rc
Assessment Tasks
These are available from the course on your online Blackboard portal
To demonstrate competency in this course, you will need to complete the all pieces of assessment to a satisfactory standard. You will receive feedback on all assessment.
Assessment will be holistically combined with Develop self as artist CUVPRP404A
Graded assessment applies for courses within the Diploma of Product Design
CHD Competent with high distinction 80 - 100 Highly developed
CDI Competent with distinction 70 - 79 Well developed
CC Competent with credit 60 - 69 Developed
CAG Competent achieved - graded 50 - 59 Sound
NYC Not Yet Competent
DNS Did not submit for assessment
Assessment Matrix
The assessment matrix demonstrates alignment of assessment tasks with the relevant Unit of Competency. These are available from the course on your online Blackboard portal.
Other Information
Feedback
You will receive verbal and written feedback by teacher on your work. This feedback also includes suggestions on how you can proceed to the next stage of developing your projects.
Feedback will be given on all assessment tasks.
Plagiarism
RMIT has a strict policy on plagiarism. Please refer to the website for more information on this policy.
Special consideration policy (late submission)
All assessment tasks are required to be completed to a satisfactory level. If you are unable to complete any piece of assessment by the due date, you will need to apply for an extension.
Please refer to the following URL for extensions and special consideration:
http://www.rmit.edu.au/browse;ID=qkssnx1c5r0y;STATUS=A;PAGE_AUTHOR=Andrea%20Syers;SECTION=1;
Please note
While your teacher will cover all the material in this schedule, the weekly order is subject to change depending on class needs and availability of resources and student progression. | http://www1.rmit.edu.au/browse;ID=C5329HUSO5207C1505tafecombined |
The Metro Technology Centers - Business Development Center's mission is to prepare entrepreneur minded people for successful business by developing, promoting and protecting businesses in the greater Oklahoma City area and to support the advancement, education and economic growth of the community.
The key objectives for the Business Development Center are based on the principle of generating wealth and employment that facilitate reinvestment in the community through new and/or existing business. Therefore, the success of our business clients is the key. The Business Development Center (BDC) will provide one-on-one business counseling, training programs, and other resources that promote the information and advancement of small business. The following objectives are cornerstones to BDC:
Our main objectives are based on the need to provide entrepreneurs the utmost level of support to ensure that business growth is feasible. It's important for the businesses to grow and to succeed. This is an intricate part of Metro Technology Centers - Business Development Center's success, as is business retention for those companies that are located in the Oklahoma City area,
The key long-term objective is to promote new businesses that will create new employment opportunities for the citizens in and around the Oklahoma City area. This will be realized through the development of innovation and exposing innovators to individuals in similar circumstances. This means developing relationships and strategic partners with those who enable entrepreneurship, including the local chambers of Oklahoma City, government agencies, local businesses and academia to maximize resources. | https://www.metrotech.edu/business-training/small-business-management/mission |
Regional Employment Projections from the State of Oregon Employment Market Information System indicate that restaurant management and culinary occupations are expected to grow somewhat faster than the statewide average. Total job openings are projected to be much higher than the statewide average.
Receive American Culinary Federation Certification
The Cascade Culinary Institute (CCI) Culinary Arts Program is accredited by the American Culinary Federation Education Foundation Accrediting Commission (ACFEFAC), which is recognized by the Council for Higher Education Accreditation. This accreditation assures our curriculum is industry-relevant, current, and delivering the appropriate skills required for successful careers in the field of culinary arts. As an added value as a CCI graduate, students in either AAS degree program are eligible to qualify for the prestigious American Culinary Federation Certified Culinarian or Certified Pastry Culinarian certification. Graduates with this certificate have distinguished themselves by meeting high benchmarks in culinary techniques, nutrition, food safety, sanitation and supervisory management. Students must apply for this certification, and hold membership with the American Culinary Federation. | https://www.cocc.edu/departments/cascade-culinary-institute/culinary-career-pathways.aspx |
Can a system achieve intelligence by combining the control of a flexible structure with the properties of an active material? The answer is Yes, and you will discover it at the “Smart Flexibility: Advanced Materials and Technologies” exhibition, with 28 projects developed by universities and firms from 10 different countries (USA, Germany, Denmark, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Switzerland, Canada, China, Australia and Spain).
The “Smart Flexibility: Advanced Materials and Technologies” exhibition seeks to explore the current capabilities provided by certain structures and materials to raise awareness and adapt architecture to its environment.
From this perspective the exhibition is situated on the borderline between matter and structure, investigating the flexibility and intrinsic reactivity of specific materials and advanced technologies. In order to do so, this event should not only bring together architects, designers and construction engineers but also creators from other sectors (sports, fashion, automotive, etc.), whose projects and products are focused on smart flexibility. These contemporary works and projects involving materials, sensitive systems and articulated supports enable us to imagine the functionalities an intelligent and flexible architecture may provide.
The harvesting of wind and solar power, electrical and thermal energy generation, perception and adaptation to climatic conditions, to acoustics and lighting environment, user detection and modification of the space through their body, their movements or even their emotions, are the challenges of tomorrow’s spaces and are thus the guidelines of the exhibition. | http://buoy-a.com/?/interactive/smart-flexibility/ |
TMFPostOfTheDay (< 20)
Are Stagnant Wages Really a Problem?
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The previous post by LorenCobb comments on the "American Crisis of the Middle Class" and provides the following statistics on stagnating wages: "Median male wage income was a little over $33,000 in 1969 and, adjusted for inflation, stayed stagnant with minor ups and downs to be about $32,000 in 2010.
I have seen similar numbers quoted frequently and the authors all seem to imply that such "stagnant wages" are a major problem. Certainly at first glance it sounds depressing that median wages (when adjusted for inflation) have not grown for 30 years. But I always have this nagging question whenever I hear this stat: "why is it bad?" In 1969, the United States was by most measures the wealthiest and most prosperous nation on earth, with perhaps the highest standard of living. The above statistic implies that over a 30 year period the median wage earner has maintained his purchasing power despite inflation. Hence, the average American has retained his ability to enjoy an incredibly high standard of living (compared with the rest of the world) for three decades - despite the major wage pressures created by globalization over that period.
In these discussions, is it really the starting premise that wages should indefinitely continue to rise beyond the rate of inflation? How can that type of exponential growth be expected to continue forever? To me, that creates the same theoretical problems seen in other exponential growth situations such as populations or money supply. In most systems, be they biological or financial, exponential growth cannot last forever and eventually a steady state must be achieved or a systemic collapse will occur. Now, in this era of globalization, I would expect individuals in poorer countries to continue with wage growth in excess of inflation until their standard of living is roughly on par with the first world nations. At that point, labor would be compensated equally across the globe and a "steady state" would be achieved. Of course, the alternate path to that "steady state" is declining wages and standards of living in the US (and other prosperous nations). Given those two paths, merely having stagnant wages in the US seems like a good outcome.
The next problem often identified as being caused by "stagnant wages" has been the requirement of the average wage earner to take on increasing amounts of debt to maintain their standard of living. But is that really the case? I would argue that the "standard of living" has actually increased over the last 30 years. The average square footage of homes has increased by about 20%; a standard car of 1970 pales in comparison to a 2010 model; computers, HD TVs, cell phones, high speed internet, and cable TV are common in many/most households. Clearly our standard of living has increased ,and it is that increase that has required the average wage earner to become so indebted. So. this of course brings up my next question: "can we really expect our standard of living to increase forever?". Once again, it seems as though a "steady state" must be obtained; hence, either poorer nations will increase their standard of living or ours will decline. But, until the rest of the world starts to catch up, I don't see how it is realistic (again in the context of globalization) to expect our standard of living to continually increase. What would be so tragic with the average US wage earner owning a smaller home (large by international standards), driving a car for more than 5 years, choosing between a smart phone or cable TV, staying out of debt, and enjoying the same standard of living (amongst the highest in the world) that his parents did?
Certainly at first glance it sounds depressing that median wages (when adjusted for inflation) have not grown for 30 years. But I always have this nagging question whenever I hear this stat: "why is it bad?"
I suppose it depends on what class you are in. Top 1% are clicking their heels.
I could really right a 20,000 word essay quite easily on this and not do it justice, but i'll try to hit a few talking points and hopefully come up with something coherent.
You have discovered what is probably the most important flag for our economy's doom.
1) The stagnation of wages - Imagine an economy where inflation is at zero and prices are stable and you are a maker of widgets. As you continue to make widgets, you get better at it. You gain technology and you gain efficiency. In a perfect world you make more widgets for the same cost. Your widgets are cheaper for others to buy and they have the same amount to spend on them as they had before your productivity increase. The widgets are therefore cheaper and the supply/demand curve suggests that people will demand more of them since they are less expensive to buy. To keep up with the extra demand you hire more employees at the same set wage. Because more people are employed, they are less dependent on the government. The government therefore gets more revenue from the people that are employed and spends less money on the people that are unemployed. This scenario is only complicated by inflation. I'll explain below.
2) In steps government - Some of the most prevelant economic theories depend on a sane government to be an economic compass. The government needs to spend when times are hard and be thrifty when times are booming. I totally disagree with those theories and believe that markets are more effective without government control, but even if they were true, our democratic system ensures that no politician will ever be thrifty. Politicians are re-elected by promising everything to everyone. When a government spends more than it can collect, it borrows or prints the rest and that results in inflation.
3) The inflation trap - So when government increases spending beyond it's means it also creates inflation.This increases prices and the supply/demand curve dictates that less people want your widgets. You still have the productivity increase, but lower demand means that you lay people off instead of hiring them. Higher prices also dictate that you have to pay your employees more to keep up with their standard of living. Your productivity gains are eroded by higher labor costs. This is a heavy price to pay when less people want your widgets.
4) Here comes government again - Companies everywhere are now laying people off due to inflation, and since politicians like to be re-elected, they pledge their support to the unemployed. Government spending increases even more as revenues drop. Inflation hits even harder. The cycle continues.
5) The savers get destroyed - Your employee is his own little widget factory. He tries to increase both his own productivity and his own profit. He has a finite working life, so he tries to build up a nest-egg for when he retires. Since wages trail inflation, he has an uphill battle with inflation. Once he has completed his nest-egg, he lives off a fixed income. Inflation at this point has devastating effects.Your retired employee can't respond with more income. He can only respond with less spending.
6) The theft of productivity - The whole purpose of this is an attempt to try to explain how productivity gets eaten by a goverment that promises everything to everyone. They bribe you with your own money so you can re-elect them so they can get bribed once again with special interest money. I would start another talking point about corporate welfare, but it should be obvious by now on how that increases inflation and hurts the economy.
7) The true burden of inflation - Aside from the following things; The erosion of productivity, The weakening of the demand curve, the negative effect on the government balance sheet, the delay of wages catching up with inflation, the decline of the standard of living of retirees, the theft of productivity, the erosion of savings, the draining from the system for corporate welfare, it might have some virtue that I haven't discovered.
If you were a homeless person with absolutely nothing, coming to me for investment advice, the absolute first statement that you would hear from me would be "live within your means." This applies to governments too. Debt is slavery. An irresponsible government not only steals our productivity, it relies on our kids to pay the interest.
I apologise for making this post sound so dark, but for decades I've seen the same downward spiral. Even here, when we look worse than normal at this point and time, I see posts by the ruling party that making a trillion dollar coin is the responsible thing to do. Responsibilty is still living within your means. I'm not sure I have ever met a responsible politician.
Ok now to the short answer. A stagnated wage, would be a good thing in a productive, non-inflated economy.
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Equality and Diversity
The British Mass Spectrometry Society (BMSS) is committed to ensuring equality, diversity and inclusion for its members, employees, scientific partners and the Society’s service providers.
We believe that a lack of diversity in the British Mass Spectrometry community would limit its potential to flourish. We believe that the British Mass Spectrometry community must proactively attract, develop and retain the most diverse range of talented scientists if it is to prosper.
The BMSS EDI Journey
Photographs of gatherings of Mass Spectrometrists in the UK from the early 1970s reproduced in ‘A History of European Mass Spectrometry’ (Editor: K.R. Jennings, IM Publications, p236-237, 2012) depict an array of white men in black suits. One may, on the balance of probability, infer that the majority of those ‘men in suits’ were drawn from a relatively limited socio-economic cohort as at that time only Ca 10% of the total population were admitted as undergraduates to universities in the UK.
In the intervening fifty years the composition of the British Mass Spectrometry community has evolved to be more representative of British society as a whole. The BMSS is committed to inclusivity in the Society’s activities and initiatives from all of our members and will proactively encourage wider participation in the Society. The BMSS is not complacent in its stance on EDI; we fully recognise that many groups are likely to be under-represented and recognise that under-representation may be localised at specific career stages within our community (e.g. at senior management levels).
There is still much for us to achieve! We believe that we are progressing on an ethically sustainable EDI journey. We have, to a first approximation, achieved gender (binary M/F) parity for oral presentations presented at the Society's Annual Meetings (2017-2019). In addition we have implemented formal representation, within the Society’s structure, of the LGBT+ community. We recognise that we need to actively put in place policies and initiatives that will encourage wider participation and inclusivity in a diverse and fair manner. To expedite this, we have formed the BMSS EDI subcommittee.
The BMSS EDI Subcommittee
The BMSS EDI subcommittee, formed in September 2019, has a remit to systematically understand and calibrate the current practice of equality, diversity and inclusion within our Society. The EDI Subcommittee will develop robust metrics for the assessment of equality, diversity and inclusion across the Society’s spectrum of activities. The EDI subcommittee will take the lead in developing targeted actions to address any areas of concern identified from its on-going internal auditing processes.
Work in Progress
The first initiative of the EDI Sub-Committee was to champion the adoption of the BMSS Carers Support Fund. We have identified caring responsibilities as a key barrier to peer retention and career progression in mass spectrometry. Consequently the Society has instigated the BMSS Carers Support Fund to facilitate attendance at scientific events, including but not limited to BMSS meetings, by our members with caring commitments. The Society invites applications to the Carers Support Fund from January 2020. This pilot programme has been allocated a modest budget for 2020 and will assist us to better understand, through interaction with applicants, the needs of our community with caring responsibilities, and gauge the funding horizon for future iterations of this programme. Further details of the Carers Support Fund programme can be viewed by clicking on the banner below.
Contact Us
The BMSS EDI subcommittee proactively invites substantive interaction with members who wish to engage with our EDI journey - please don’t hesitate to reach out to us:
- Dr Rian Griffiths (University of Nottingham): [email protected]
- Dr Lindsay Harding (University of Huddersfield): [email protected]
- Mr Rhodri Owen (Swansea University): [email protected]
Upcoming Events
The 5th LGBTQ+ STEMinar is being held on 10 January 2020 at the University of Birmingham. This conference is for anyone working in STEM subjects who identify as LGBT+. | https://www.bmss.org.uk/about-us/equality-and-diversity/ |
New portable consumer electronic devices that continuously hit the market are faster, smaller, lower cost, and more complex. One doesn't have to look much further than the smartphones likely in his or her pocket to recognize the technological strides in speed, size, and complexity. Maximizing the battery life of these new devices is one of the biggest challenges design engineers face, so it’s not surprising that they now spend a significant portion of their design effort testing and characterizing power consumption and battery performance.
In addition, engineers are challenged to adapt existing test equipment to meet these emerging test requirements. NI's platform is capable of responding to these ever-changing needs by providing a software-centric approach to modular instrumentation. Through software, users have the flexibility to tailor battery test and power consumption test approaches to the exact need. As a result, the test data relates directly to the test requirement. This eliminates the need for the engineer to approximate or guess at what the performance will be from “standard” tests which are often based on outmoded requirements.
For example, an NI PXI-4081 DMM in conjunction with one of its driver APIs provides the flexibility, functionality, and high-resolution needed to solve battery power characterization problems, including those associated with leakage current, in-rush current, power consumption, battery reserve capacity, and battery internal resistance. The NI PXIe-4081 shown in Figure 1a, functions as a full-featured 26-bit (7 ½ digit) digital multimeter or a 1.8 MS/s digitizer. Current measurement capability extends down into the picoamp (10-12A) range. These functions are key to performing full battery characterization tests.
Figure 1b shows a PXI system with several modular instruments in PXI form factor, such as an RF down-converter, a high-speed digitizer (oscilloscope), a digital multimeter and a dynamic-signal analyzer. The user programs these PXI virtual instruments directly and can exchange data with them taking advantage of the high-speed underlying PCI bus.
Figure 1 – NI PXIe-4081 DMM inserted into a PXIe chassis with other modular instruments
Characterizing leakage and power consumption helps design engineers determine and optimize the performance of their circuitry.
Leakage current is the amount of current the load device drains from the battery while the device is in the off state. Characterizing leakage current can tell the designer how long the battery will last while the device is not being used. To perform this measurement you need to connect the battery in series with a sensitive current measurement device such as the PXIe-4081, which offers picoamp current sensitivity, as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2 – To measure leakage current and current transients, the FlexDMM is configured as a current meter and connected in series between the Device Under Test (DUT) and its battery (BDUT).
Trending the device’s power consumption helps predict battery life and optimize the electrical design. To measure the power consumption of portable battery-powered devices you could simultaneous require signals from a voltage digitizer and a current digitizer. High-resolution current digitizing is a function which is not available in traditional digital multimeters. However, you can configure the NI PXI-4081 DMM to operate as a 1.8 MS/s current digitizer. This capability allows you to use the same measurement device and physical connections shown in Figure 2 to acquire both leakage current and current transients. If you also wanted to acquire the voltage transients, you could add another PXIe-4081 configured as a 1.8MS/s voltage digitizer connected to the output of the battery, and configure both DMMs to start acquiring data at the same time [1,2].
If the battery voltage is not expected to change significantly across the load range, a single digitizer could be used to measure the current transients. The power can then be calculated from the measured current and the assumed constant voltage.
Let's examine the power consumption of a simple consumer electronic device: an MP3 player. Figure 3 depicts the power consumption measurements taken from this type of device. The measurement was made using a PXIe-4081, NI LabVIEW graphical programming environment, and NI-DMM instrument driver software for measurements and analysis. This particular MP3 player tries to maintain low power consumption at all times, even while playing songs. It only requests power from the battery when the user browses through the menus or when it loads songs into memory; and when it does so, it draws substantial spikes of current.
Figure 3 – Measuring the Power Consumption of an MP3 player using the NI FlexDMM and NI LabVIEW Software.
By characterizing a variety of batteries, engineers can choose one with appropriate internal resistance so it can deliver the instantaneous current their portable device needs, in the smallest possible size. Engineers are also interested in measuring the reserve capacity of batteries. The power provided by batteries is the result of an electrochemical process, and thus the value of these two parameters will vary depending on many factors, such as measurement method, temperature, age, and manufacturing process.
The reserve capacity of a battery is a measure of the amount of energy the battery can store. It is commonly measured by discharging the battery at a specific rate and measuring how long it takes for the voltage of the cell to drop to a specific value. The value varies depending on the cell’s chemistry type. Usually battery manufacturers rate their batteries at a discharge rate of 1C, which means that if a battery rated at 1000mAh has a 100% reserve capacity it should be able to provide 1000mA for 1 hour. If, for example, this battery had only lasted for 45min with a 1000mA load, its reserve capacity would have been 75%. The reserve capacity value is lower the higher the load, and varies depending on other factors, as mentioned above.
To measure the reserve capacity, you need to apply a load to the battery that corresponds to a specific discharge rate and take precision voltage measurements over an extended period of time. To perform this measurement with the DMM, you need to configure it as a digital multimeter in DC voltage mode and connect it directly at the battery terminals, as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4 – To measure voltage changes in the Battery Under Test (BDUT), the PXIe-4081 DMM is configured as a voltage precision meter and connected directly at the battery terminals. To measure reserve capacity, the load is connected for an extended period of time, and the DMM acquires data continuously.
The internal resistance of the battery determines its capability to deliver instantaneous current. The lower its value, the better it can respond to sudden current demands, such as when the MP3 user changes songs. The value of internal resistance of batteries is usually in the order of milliohms (mΩ), although some cells have micro-ohm (µΩ) level internal resistance. The internal resistance of batteries is not constant, but varies dynamically with the load connected to it. This resistance also increases with temperature and age, and even varies between cells of the same type due to materials used and the manufacturing process.
An increase of internal resistance can correlate to a performance drop. To determine when the battery needs to be replaced, some engineers are interested in monitoring the percentage increase of the battery’s resistance with respect to the value they measured when the batteries were fresh. Other engineers are interested in determining whether the battery will be able to provide enough peak current for their application. In both cases, engineers will get the most meaningful information by measuring it under the conditions that most closely resemble the way the device loads the battery.
To better understand the behavior of batteries, electrochemical models are used. The model most familiar is the Randles battery model , which consists of an inductor L connected in series with a resistor R1 and with a parallel network made up of another resistor R2 and a capacitor C, as shown in Figure 5. In applications like the one shown in Figure 3, load response at low frequencies is a concern. In this case, the effect of the inductance can be ignored and total battery resistance, R1 and R2, must be considered.
Figure 5 – Randles battery model
Traditionally, the internal resistance of batteries has been measured by applying at the terminals of the battery either a high DC current source or an AC source at 1kHz and measuring the voltage response.
The DC current source method requires the use of a load current on the order of several amps to produce a voltage drop on R1+ R2 big enough so it can be measured. This measurement method is susceptible to 1/f noise, so using low current signals would produce a voltage drop close to the noise floor. The value of R1+ R2 is calculated by dividing the voltage difference before and after applying the current by the current magnitude.
The AC method applies an AC current signal usually at 1kHz, which makes the measurement less susceptible to 1/f noise. This method uses lower current amplitudes than the DC current source method but, in the case of the Randles model, is only sensitive to the series resistance R1. C is fairly large for many cells, from thousands of microfarads to farads depending on the cell type and capacity. Therefore, at high frequencies its reactance is small and the effect of R2 is masked. This measurement method is useful when monitoring the percentage increase of the battery’s resistance with respect to the value measured when the batteries were fresh.
You can build this test system using a signal generator and an PXIe-4081 DMM. Figure 6 shows the connections and components needed to use a PXI-5412 high-speed voltage generator as a current source. This particular source has a 50 output impedance. The battery should behave practically like a short, so by connecting a 100 resistor to the output and configuring the source to output a 1V @ 1kHz signal, the PXI-5412 signal generator module generates a current of 6.6mA @ 1kHz. The 33uF capacitor is used to block the DC signal. The DMM is connected directly at the battery terminals and configured as a voltage digitizer in its most sensitive range. The internal resistance is calculated as the ratio between the RMS value or FFT magnitude at 1kHz of the voltage and current source waveforms.
Figure 6 – Measurement components and connections needed to measure internal resistance using the AC method. The voltage source (PXI-5412) is used as a current source by adding a resistor at the output (the capacitor at the output is used to block the DC signal). The PXIe-4081 DMM is configured as a voltage digitizer with AC coupling enabled and connected at the battery terminals. The internal resistance is computed programmatically as the ratio between the RMS or FFT value at 1kHz of the voltage and current waveforms.
The internal electrochemical processes of modern cell technologies (Akaline, Lithium Ion, Nickel Metal Hydride, etc.) will have models slightly different than the Randles model, which further complicates measurements made with the AC method. Results obtained using the 1kHz method may be difficult to correlate to the actual application.
The measurement example described below takes into consideration that many consumer electronic devices maintain a light load while the device is powered up, and occasionally apply higher loads when the user accesses features, as shown previously in Figure 3. To replicate this condition, the test system pre-loads the battery with a light load (for example, 1mA) for a period of time, then applies a higher load (for example, 100mA) and measures the voltage drop caused by this additional load. The internal resistance is calculated from the load values and resulting voltages. This measurement method is used by some battery manufacturers, like Energizer , to characterize the internal resistance of their batteries.
You can build this measurement system using the same software-centered system, and adding a programmable switch matrix for connecting different resistive loads to the battery. Then you can simply measure the voltage drops at the battery terminals with the digital multimeter. The connections between the FlexDMM, the battery under test and the loads are shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7 – a. A pre-load is connected to the battery, simulating the case where the battery is in a circuit that applies a constant background load. The voltage at the battery terminals is measured with the FlexDMM configured to measure DC Volts with an input impedance of more than 10G. b. A second load is connected in parallel to cause a voltage drop. Internal resistance is derived by dividing the voltage drop by the current flowing in RLOAD.
Figure 8a depicts the voltage drops caused by applying the load. Point 1 corresponds to the moment where a 1mA pre-load is connected to the battery. Point 2 corresponds to the moment where the 100mA load is connected and point 3 to the moment where this load is removed. To compute the internal resistance (RI), divide the difference in voltage by the difference in current between points 2 and 3. The current at point 2 (I2) is equal to the voltage (V2) divided by the resistance of the pre-load (RPL), and the current at point 3 (I3), to the voltage (V3) divided by the load (RL).
RI = ΔV/ΔI where
ΔV = V2 - V3
ΔI = I2 – I3 = (V2/RPL) - (V3/RL)
Using pairs of pre-loads and loads you can measure the internal resistance of the battery under different loads. Figure 8b shows the internal resistance of a D-size battery with a pre-load of 1mA and loads of 10mA, 44mA, 95mA, 180mA, and 265mA.
Figure 8 – a) Voltage drops caused by a 100mA load over a 1mA pre-load on a D-size battery. b) Internal resistance of a D-size battery vs load. A pre-load of 1mA was used. Loads of 10mA, 44mA, 95mA, 180mA and 265mA were used.
Small signal measurements of the internal resistance can be measured by applying a high pre-load (for example 100mA) and then a small additional load (for example 1mA). This time the voltage drop caused by the second load will be small—perhaps in the range of a few tens of microvolts. To detect this small voltage, use a power supply or a sample battery of the same type that you are testing as a reference voltage to “null” the battery under test and measure the voltage difference between the battery and the reference voltage signal, as shown in Figure 9. This allows the digital multimeter to be set to its most sensitive range.
Figure 9 – Connections for small signal measurements. The FlexDMM can now be configured for its more sensitive DC Volts range.
Engineers are interested in characterization of power consumption and battery performance because they are ubiquitous. When testing batteries, engineers will get the most meaningful information by making their tests under the conditions that most closely resemble the way the electronic device loads the battery.
Design Engineers are challenged to adapt existing test equipment to meet these emerging test requirements. Test equipment manufacturers, such as National Instruments, are responding to this trend by providing engineers with the software tools required to build measurement systems that suit their needs exactly, instead of being limited by traditional fixed-function instruments that are vendor-defined. This software-centered approach is called virtual instrumentation.
Using virtual instrumentation gives engineers the power to create and define these test systems tailored exactly to match the way the battery will be used. By providing a broad measurement set coupled to flexible software to replicate the application, nearly every form of battery and load characterization can be addressed with the same system.
References:
Measure Real Power with a Digital Multimeter
LabVIEW Example Program: "Use the FlexDMMs' 1.8 MS/s Digitizer Capability to Make Power Measurements"
B HARIPRAKASH S K MARTHA and A K SHUKLA. Monitoring sealed automotive lead-acid batteries by sparse-impedance spectroscopy. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.). Vol. 115. Nos 5 & 6. October–December 2003. pp 465–472. Indian Academy of Sciences
Energizer Cylindrical Alkaline - Application Manual. Page 7 and 8 - Internal Resistance. | https://www.ni.com/hu-hu/innovations/white-papers/06/characterize-batteries-and-power-consumption-using-the-ni-pxie-4.html |
Project 5: Multimorbidity?Abstract There is considerable interest in understanding patterns, determinants and consequences of multimorbidity in aging populations, but relatively little research has been conducted outside of high-income settings. The population of sub-Saharan Africa is aging rapidly, resulting in a rising burden of multiple chronic conditions, with additional complexity derived from the high prevalence of HIV infection, especially in the era of increasing survivorship through antiretroviral therapy. As the population ages, conditions affecting cognitive function, notably Alzheimer's disease and related dementias, contribute further to a complex profile of multimorbidity. Multimorbidity likely has significant implications for physical and cognitive functioning, mental health, mortality risks, health service utilization and costs. The concept of frailty has been advanced as a way to characterize a consistent aging phenotype that combines indicators of health and functional status that are highly predictive of health decline and mortality, and the connection between multimorbidity and frailty is important to understand in organizing health systems and planning for both formal and informal care of aging populations. This project uses multimorbidity as an integrative lens through which to unify many of the major empirical observations in the study cohort, and to amplify important themes relating to social and economic drivers of health outcomes in aging populations that link all of the projects in the program. Our overall goal is to illuminate the role of multimorbidity at the nexus of a complex web of determinants, outcomes and consequences. Toward this end the project has four specific aims: AIM 1: Develop a comprehensive portrait of the epidemiology of multimorbidity in a cohort of older South Africans, including its prevalence and degree, its incidence and trajectory, and its patterns and determinants. AIM 2: Evaluate the consequences of multimorbidity on mortality, physical and mental function, and well- being. AIM 3: Assess the implications of multimorbidity for healthcare service utilization, effective coverage, and health care spending. AIM 4: Quantify the relationship between multimorbidity and frailty, and associated excess mortality risks, and develop integrative measures of healthy life expectancy.
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Our teambuilding workshops are customized to meet a client’s specific needs. From half day to three days in duration, these can take place anywhere—from a mountainside to a boardroom—but are usually facilitated outside of the workplace.
Facilitated workshops combine the best in training, development, team building, role-playing communication, motivation, and planning. Staff participation increases the sense of ownership and empowerment of each individual, while fostering development of the organization as a whole.
Workshops Assist With
- Managing change
- Breaking down barriers and improving communication
- Integrating staff
- Developing and sharing organizational and personal goals
- Creating initiatives
- Resolving conflicts
Teambuilding Facilitation: Three Main Categories
1. Team Construction.
2. Team Maintenance. | http://www.shawnstratton.ca/team-building/ |
We've been spending a lot of time in the office thinking through the difference between a Social Network and a Community. This is really important for SQUAD SOCIAL for two reasons.
Reason 1. We need to know who we are if we're going to make the user experience feel great. This includes things like how we make sure people feel comfortable sharing things, how we facilitate introductions and how we communicate what makes us special.
Reason 2. Research shows that when we are connected to communities of like-minded people this has a strong bearing on improving our mental health. There are plenty of social networks (Facebook, Snapchat, Instagram) that encourage us to have as many Friends/Followers as possible But the research shows that we've now got so many shallow relationships that we've started to lack deeper connections.
So here's what we learned.
Social Networks
Social Networks centre around the individual. Like in the real world, your own social network is a group of people you've hand-picked over time to be your friends. You choose who your friends are and you've probably worked to develop those friendships. In fact, every person has a different social network of their own, comprising of friends that they've made over successive years.
This makes sense to us when we think about our Facebook friends or our Instagram followers. Like in any friendship we engage with each other by sharing stories, photos and experiences and listening to other people do the same. We offer support (likes) to individuals in our network.
Communities
Communities form differently. They're more like a collection of people from all walks of life who are brought together by a common passion, location, experience or activity. To some extent, you don't get to curate who's in your community (though shared boundaries and rules do influence this).
People participate with online communities differently too. Generally they stick around for two reasons:
1. They want to contribute to the community
2. They think they will benefit from the community
For example, people who love to travel will probably gather around TripAdvisor's community to share their experiences and to learn about insider tips from other travellers.
So is SQUAD SOCIAL an online community or a social network?
That's the million dollar question. To answer this question, we go back to our purpose and look at our Vision.
Our Vision is:
An inclusive world where all queer people belong.
To achieve this we're focussing on building communities. Like the example of Trip Advisor we want to encourage people to share their "insider tips" on navigating the queer world, and to learn from what others have to say. We want people to share their experiences, to find other people to connect with and eventually to make a variety of new friends and relationships that will last the test of time.
That's important to understand if you want to have people you are close to when things get tough or when you want to celebrate when things go well (most of my Instagram followers wouldn't come to my bday party next month, for example).
We need your help to shape our communities
We'd love to hear about the topics, interests and locations that our communities should centre around. If you've got ideas (or even a community you think would benefit from being on SQUAD SOCIAL, please comment below! | https://www.squad.social/post/product-stuff-vol-2-communities-vs-social-networks |
No worries!
In this post, you’ll learn all about the basics of how to use watercolor paint!
Let’s get started…
I also made a video demonstration on how to use watercolor paint. You can check it out below:
I won’t go into too much depth about watercolor supplies in this article, however, you can check out the following posts to learn more:
Choosing your paints
Complete guide to watercolor paper
Everything you need to know about watercolor brushes
Make sure you have your jars of water, and paper towel beside you before you begin:
Before you begin your painting, you first have to prepare your workstation.
You’ll need a flat surface to put your watercolor paper, you can use an easel with a board or any flat table.
Watercolors are available in two different forms: tubes and pans. There are two ways to use watercolor tubes, first by using them straight from the tube, and second by squeezing the paint into a palette. If the paint dries, it can always be reactivated with water.
Watercolors are very low maintenance when it comes to storage. I would advise getting a palette that has a cover to avoid the buildup of dirt. When you’ve finished your painting session it’s always best to give your paints some time to dry before closing and putting them away to be stored.
When traveling with watercolors, it’s best to let them dry so that the colors don’t mix in the wells. Caked pans require a special tin where they can be secured and don’t fly around.
Now that we’ve discussed how to use watercolors, and store them let’s talk about the different techniques to get you started. There are two main techniques you need to know: wet on wet and wet on dry.
Wet on wet refers to taking a loaded brush and painting onto a paper that is also wet. This technique is suitable for creating backgrounds, painting over large areas and results in soft feathery edges.
The wet-on-dry technique involves painting on a blank, dry piece of paper or an already-dried layer of paint. This technique is used for painting details and creating sharper edges. Let’s get into it:
Water-to-paint ratio: The more water you add to a color, the lighter in value it will be. With practice, it’ll be easier to tell how much water you should use. You can try this practice exercise where you choose any color, and gradually mix in water to lighten the tone. The image below shows an example:
2. Watercolors are transparent- Unlike other mediums, watercolors are transparent. This means that when you add a new layer of paint, the previous layers can still be seen. This won’t work if you paint a lighter color over a darker one. Because of this, you should always paint starting with the lightest values and ending with the darkest values.
The image below shows an example of how to build layers. This technique is also referred to as glazing:
3. Different stages of wetness- As you saw with the wet-on-wet technique when you drop pigment onto wet paper, the paint will bleed and create a feathery shape. However, depending on how wet the paper is and how much water your brush is the outcome will be slightly different.
For example, if the paper is damp and the brush is soaked wet it will create a bloom. If both the paper and the brush are damp, the paint will spread less. If you want to learn more about the different stages of wetness then sign up for my email newsletter and receive my free watercolor beginner principles e-book below.
Can you mix different colors together?
Yes, you can mix different watercolors together in the mixing area of your palette. It’s always best to clean your brush before picking up the second color. For example, if you want to mix blue and yellow, take some blue paint and release it into the mixing area with your brush. Next, clean your brush and then load it with yellow. This way you can freely mix your colors without the risk of making them muddy.
With a warm and cool version of each primary color, you can mix almost any other color. I also wrote another post on how to master watercolor mixing if you’re interested in learning more.
I hope you have enjoyed learning how to use watercolors and found this post helpful! If so I would love to hear any questions or thoughts in the comments below.
Also sign up for my email newsletter below to receive my free 3-day beginner exercises!!
Very well detailed
New to watercolors? Want to improve your watercolor painting skills?
Sign up below and recieve my three day watercolor exercises for beginners!
Subscribe to recieve updates on new posts, tips and tutorials. | https://myartaspirations.com/how-to-use-watercolor-paint-guide-for-beginners/ |
You may know what the concept of infrastructure refers to, but do you know what it means for infrastructure to be sustainable? The concept refers to the design and subsequent implementation of elements in a manner that does not negatively impact the processes necessary to maintain a healthy balance of equity and functionality within a community. To put it simply, society would be unable to go on without transportation systems, power-generation facilities, or sanitation networks that balance functionality and use with preservation of the ecosystem. As a whole, sustainable infrastructure protects the environment, facilitates the healthy development of a nation’s economy, and improves the quality of life of its citizens.
Because engineering firms design and develop critical infrastructure systems, it is important that they meet certain sustainability specifications or certifications. KC strives to abide by a number of such regulations to guarantee minimal environmental impact when designing a project. In addition to regulations followed during design, KC’s inspectors are experienced in observing required environmental protections in the field. Amendments put forth in 1972 to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act mandate that firms identify a project’s potential pollutants before engaging in any stormwater work (since harmful chemicals can accumulate when stormwater is drained from an area) and devise ways to prevent those pollutants from being released. These methods are called Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plans (SWPPPs), and must also include an emergency spill response proposition with a list of procedures to follow in the event of a release. After preparing the SWPPP, KC ensures that it is in place and that environmental permitting is adhered to. Additionally, KC applies for and ensures compliance with environmental permits from the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC), the New York City Department of Environmental Protection (NYCDEP), and other agencies to protect the streams, wetlands, and environments surrounding various projects.
Making sure infrastructure is sustainable equates to a better world and one in which everyone works together to help the planet thrive. KC is proud to play an active role in that effort.
Visit these links to learn about some of the “green” services that KC has performed in the past: | https://kcepc.com/kc-and-sustainable-infrastructure/ |
By: Stephanie Hawthorne, Ph.D., Senior Director, Clinical & Scientific Assessment, Kantar Health and Tari Awipi, Ph.D., Associate Consultant, Clinical & Scientific Assessment, Kantar Health
Approximately 70% to 80% of patients with newly diagnosed bladder cancer will present with superficial or Stage I bladder tumors. Patients with these superficial tumors can often be cured, but those with muscle-invasive or metastatic disease are cured less often and are treated with surgery, irradiation or a combination of modalities that includes systemic therapy. Platinum doublets are widely utilized as first-line treatment in patients with metastatic disease, but minimal options exist for those failing that treatment. No drugs are approved in relapsed/refractory metastatic bladder cancer in the U.S., and the single compound with European approval, Javlor (vinflunine, Pierre Fabre), produced a meager 8.6% response rate and 3.0-month progression-free survival (PFS) in a Phase III trial.1 Thus any serious contender in this setting is a great cause for excitement. With immunotherapy already such a hot topic, atezolizumab (MPDL3280A, Genentech/Roche) is generating considerable enthusiasm.
Atezolizumab is a human monoclonal IgG1 anti-PD-L1 antibody that inhibits the interaction of the PD-1 receptor with the PD-L1 ligand. In June 2011, a “first-in-human” Phase I (NCT01375842, PCD4989g) trial was initiated to assess atezolizumab in patients with locally advanced or metastatic solid or hematologic malignancies. Preliminary results2,3 from this study in the cohort of patients with advanced bladder cancer were so encouraging that it led to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) awarding atezolizumab Breakthrough Therapy status as treatment of relapsed/refractory, PD-L1-positive bladder cancer.
In the Sunday Proffered Papers session on genitourinary cancers at the 2015 European Cancer Congress, a packed auditorium eagerly awaited the results of the Phase II IMvigor 210 trial.4 Data was presented from Cohort 2 of the study, which included 311 patients who were previously treated with platinum-based therapy (Cohort 1 includes platinum-ineligible patients). Atezolizumab was administered at 1200 mg IV every three weeks until loss of clinical benefit. The Ventana PD-L1 (SP142) CDx Assay was used to prospectively stratify participants into three PD-L1-based subgroups based on PD-L1 expression levels in immune cells. IC (tumor-infiltrating immune cell) levels were defined as IC0 for patients with PD-L1 expression in less than 1% of cells (33%, n=103), IC1 for patients with PD-L1 expression in more than 1% but less than 5% of cells (35%, n=108), and IC2/3 for patients with PD-L1 expression in 5% or more of cells (32%, n=100).
The overall response rate (ORR) was 9% in patients with IC0 expression level, 10% in IC1, 27% in IC2/3, and 15% across all patients. PFS was 2.1 months in all PD-L1 cohorts, although beyond the median there appeared to be a greater PFS in the IC2/3 cohort (PFS at six months was approximately 35% for IC2/3 and 20% for IC0/1). Median duration of response was not reached in any subgroup (range 0+ to 43 months). Median overall survival was 7.9 months across all patient cohorts; median OS was 6.7 months in IC0/1 patients and was not reached in IC2/3 patients. The safety profile of atezolizumab was similar to what has been observed in other tumor types, with 15% of patients experiencing a Grade 3/4 adverse event; treatment discontinuations were infrequent (3%), but dose modifications due to adverse events were common (27%).
What is most striking about these data is that these are patients who had been heavily treated. Seventy-eight percent had prior systemic regimen treatment for metastatic disease, and 20% had already completed three or more prior lines of therapy. Compared with the 8.6% ORR, 3.0-month PFS, and 6.9-month OS achieved with Javlor in a second-line population, these results are a huge leap.
With such positive Phase II data, Roche intends to seek regulatory approval, with U.S. and European filings expected to occur in early 2016. Guidance from the company is that they will seek approval in the specific subset of patients with PD-L1-positive disease, although the exact definition of “positivity” intended to be sought is unclear. If they follow their lead from non-small cell lung cancer, the regulatory filing may be limited to patients with IC2/3 PD-L1 expression levels. This would be a wise move, considering that the ORR and PFS were strongest in this patient cohort, although arguably the high unmet need in metastatic bladder cancer could justify the use of atezolizumab in a broad patient population.
In the U.S., accelerated approval of atezolizumab in this indication is highly likely given the lack of any approved therapies for relapsed patients and with the drug having already received Breakthrough Therapy designation in this indication. An accelerated approval will give atezolizumab a significant first-to-market advantage over its closest competitor in the immuno-oncology space, Keytruda® (pembrolizumab, Merck & Co.). Keytruda is currently being studied in a Phase III trial for relapsed/refractory metastatic bladder cancer, with a trial design that is nearly identical to that of atezolizumab’s Phase III trial in this setting, although Merck’s trial started a few months ahead of Roche’s, lending importance to an accelerated market launch. For a disease that until recently has had so few treatment options, the results from the 2015 European Cancer Congress are truly “IMvigor-ating”.
References: | https://obroncology.com/blog/bladder-cancer-treatment-imvigor-ated-2/ |
It's time to heed your partner's complaints and get that snoring checked out. Loud, incessant snores are a symptom of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a disorder characterized by brief yet potentially life-threatening interruptions in breathing during sleep. And many sleep apnea sufferers also have high levels of aldosterone, a hormone that can boost blood pressure, according to University of Alabama researchers. In fact, it's estimated that sleep apnea affects half of people with high blood pressure.
6. Cultivate stress management. You don’t need a meta-analysis of cohort studies to prove stress can raise blood pressure, but they exist. You can’t eliminate stress, but you can minimize its impact. Research shows yoga and meditation create effective strategies to manage stress and blood pressure. If those aren’t your thing, consider other stress-relieving tactics including deep breathing or practicing mindfulness.
One of the top causes for heart disease is high blood pressure. High blood pressure is one condition which might not show any symptoms for a really long time. Read here to know some effective ways to control your blood pressure. By: DoctorNDTV Updated: Oct 24, 2018 09:26 IST 4-Min Read 114 SHARES High blood pressure can be controlled by maintaining a healthy lifestyle
Caffeine can raise blood pressure by tightening blood vessels and magnifying the effects of stress, says James Lane, PhD, a Duke University researcher who studies caffeine and cardiovascular health. "When you're under stress, your heart starts pumping a lot more blood, boosting blood pressure," he says. "And caffeine exaggerates that effect." (Not sure whether you need to cut back? Here are 6 physical symptoms that mean you're drinking too much coffee.)
As simple as it sounds, breathing is an effective technique to lower blood pressure. Slow breathing and meditative practices such as yoga can help decrease the stress hormones that elevate renin — a kidney enzyme that raises blood pressure. "Sit in a comfortable chair with armrests. Your body should be as relaxed as possible. Place one hand on a part of your chest or preferably your abdomen. Watch your hand rise and fall with each breath...feel the breath as it moves into your abdomen,” Dr. John M. Kennedy, a cardiologist in Los Angeles, Calif., and author of the book The Heart Health Bible told Medical Daily in an email. This should be repeated seven times and can become a daily habit by doing deep breathing 10 minutes in the morning.
1. Concentrate on foods that lower blood pressure. Sugary, processed foods contain salt, sugar, damaged fats, and food sensitivities like gluten that contribute to or exacerbate high blood pressure. Shifting to a whole, unprocessed foods diet can dramatically impact your blood pressure. Many whole, unprocessed foods are rich in potassium, a mineral that supports healthy blood pressure. Some research shows that too much sodium and low amounts of potassium – can contribute to high blood pressure. Research shows people with high blood pressure can benefit from increased potassium in foods including avocado, spinach, wild-caught salmon, and sweet potatoes.
Exercise. Some patients will cringe at the suggestion of exercise, because they envision a chronic cardio scenario like a mouse on a running wheel. Spread the good news: exercise of all kinds—endurance, dynamic resistance, HIIT, isometric resistance—has the potential to reduce blood pressure (38). Whatever exercise your patients will actually do on a regular basis is the best recipe for success. In patients with extreme hypertension, be cautious with exercises that may further increase blood pressure to an unsafe zone (39).
Common painkillers (so-called non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, NSAID), can increase your blood pressure by inhibiting the production of salt in your kidneys. This includes over-the-counter pills such as Ipren, Ibumetin, Ibuprofen, Diklofenak and Naproxen as well as the prescription drug Celebra. Painkillers with the active substance paracetamol are better for your blood pressure.
Lemon is among the best home remedies for high blood pressure that really works and helps to lower blood pressure quickly. It makes the blood vessels flexible and soft, removing the rigidness, making the blood pressure levels go down. It also helps you to prevent from heart failure. If you are experiencing high blood pressure then make sure you drink fresh lemon juice several times a day. Drinking one glass mixed with lemon juice and warm water every morning on an empty stomach is excellent for health. Avoid adding sugar or salt for best results.
So, this is all about how to lower blood pressure quickly at home. A healthy diet, regular exercise, no smoking, no alcohol, and drinking plenty of water will help keep your blood pressure in control. Do follow your doctors instructions and advice to lower hypertension as well. The above remedies are a part of an alternate treatment that you should follow along with your doctor's advice.
Ginger, the spicy root often used in Asian cooking, could also help lower blood pressure. According to M. Jan Ghayur and A. Gilani from The Aga Khan University Medical College in Pakistan and published in the January 2005 issue of the "Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology," ginger can reduce blood pressure by blocking the voltage-dependent calcium channels. MedlinePlus agrees that ginger does reduce high blood pressure, but individuals who take medication for their high blood pressure should use ginger with precaution because ginger might lower it too much or cause an irregular heartbeat.
4. Find an exercise that works for you (and do it). Moving more can help reverse high blood pressure. One meta-analysis of 65 studies found regular exercise provides both an acute and longer-term reduction in blood pressure. Whether you’re an exercise novice or a conditioned athlete, these four strategies can help you create an effective workout plan to optimize health.
Okorie, Eleazu, Nwosu. Nutrient and Heavy Metal Composition of Plantain (Musa paradisiaca) and Banana (Musa paradisiaca) Peels. Journal of Nutrition & Food Sciences. https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/nutrient-and-heavy-metal-composition-of-plantain-musa-paradisiaca-and-banana-musa-paradisiaca-peels-2155-9600-1000370.php?aid=52304. Published April 27, 2015.
You can buy the capsules available in pharmacies. You should take two capsules every day, one in the morning and one in the evening. Usually, there is no side effect to these capsules, but you may experience some itching. If you do, discontinue taking these capsules. Otherwise, taking the cod liver oil capsules for a couple months will help reduce your high blood pressure levels.
In a hot tub, as the water comes through the pipes, it has a degree of force. This force is caused by the action of the pump, which puts energy into the circulating system and forces the water through the pipes. When the pump is off, there still may be water in the pipes, but there is no force. The degree of force in the system when the pump is on can be gauged in several ways, such as by putting your hand in front of a “jet.” Another way would be to have a device to measure the amount of force that the water exerts against the walls of the pipes as it circulates. Such a device might yield a numerical measurement of the force, or pressure, of the water within the pipes.
It’s a common question among our guests at the Pritikin Longevity Center, who are taught how devastating the high-salt U.S. diet is to our blood pressure and overall health. Searching for alternatives, people often ask: What about salt substitutes with potassium? And what about MSG? Isn’t it a bad choice? Here are answers, some of which may surprise you.
My husband has high blood pressure which is currently being treated with two medications and some supplements. The medication has brought it down from 180 to 140/90, but it has plateaued at the maximum dose of the meds. 180 is very dangerous so I don’t feel good about going off the medication. I am hopefull some of your suggestions will bring it down to a healthy range.
High blood pressure, who doesn’t suffer from this serious problem? Almost everyone (men and women) suffer from this serious health problem. It is also known as hypertension. High blood pressure can lead different health problems like- kidney failure, heart attacks, strokes and so on. About 140/90 mm Hg or above is considered as high blood pressure level. You can solve this health disease by taking helps of natural ingredients which are available in your kitchen or supermarkets. Here we are suggesting some important home remedies that will help you to control your blood pressure in normal level and help you to lead a problem free life.
Diabetics often have lower recommendations for blood pressure, the maximum normal value being seen as 130/80-85. However, it’s questionable whether it’s a good idea to medicate your blood pressure levels down to those values. Diabetics can probably stick to approximately the same upper limit as people with heart disease: 140/90 (according to new studies and expert comments, as well as the latest recommendations from the American Diabetes Association, ADA).
A healthy diet is the first step in regaining control of high blood pressure, but don’t let the term “diet” fool you. This is a lifelong commitment to healthy eating. Based on the approach known as the DASH diet (dietary approaches to stop hypertension), patients should focus on consuming lean protein, whole grains, fresh fruits and vegetables, legumes, and low-fat dairy. By doing so, systolic blood pressure (the top number) could be reduced by as much as 14 points. Of course, what isn’t included is nearly as important as what is when it comes to a healthy diet. Those with high blood pressure should also focus on keeping salt and sugar intake to a minimum.
Blood pressure medications should only be taken according to your doctor’s instructions. Never take another person’s blood pressure medication and never take an extra or early dose of your own medications unless advised to do so by your doctor. All blood pressure medications can cause dangerously low blood pressure when taken by the wrong person or when taken in excess or too early.
Most doctors have been taught that once a diagnosis of “high blood pressure” has been made, blood pressure medication is the treatment of choice. As a result, many physicians believe that the current definition of “high” blood pressure is also the same level of blood pressure at which drug treatments are worthwhile. Unfortunately, this is not the case.
Salt is everywhere, and high blood pressure (the result of too much salt in our diets) is an American epidemic. New CDC guidelines (and decades-old Pritikin guidelines) advise that most of us should eat no more than 1,500 mg of sodium a day. We average 3,500 to 5,000 mg daily. Why are we so blasé about the massive doses of salt we’re consuming? How can we change?.
The first home remedy for high blood pressure is self-knowledge. This means you need to reflect on your lifestyle choices and adopt basic lifestyle changes accordingly. If you are aware of your risks, you can use diet and medicinal herbs for blood pressure to prevent the need for pharmaceutical intervention. In fact, one of the principles of pre-modern medicine is food as medicine.
What these scientists found was that while drug treatments for mild hypertension may be effective at lowering blood pressure, they were not effective in reducing overall mortality. Put more bluntly, hypertension patients in these studies died at about the same rate whether they took medication or not. These findings reaffirm an important health principle: Treating the symptoms of disease is not the same thing as causing health.
Vitamin K2. Adequate vitamin K2 helps keep calcium from residing in blood vessels, thereby preventing hypertension and calcification (19). Vitamins K1 and K2 have different forms and functions. Vitamin K1 is abundant in leafy greens and many other foods, while vitamin K2 sources are more uncommon: natto (fermented soy), some cheeses, butter from grass-fed cows, goose liver, and egg yolks.
Once you are diagnosed with hypertension, the doctor will advise you to take hypertension medication that will help keep your blood pressure within the normal range. However, medicines come with side effects. So, one looks for remedies to lower blood pressure without medication. There are many things that you could do to keep your blood pressure normal. Let us have a look at the various remedies that will help you in reducing blood pressure fast. These simple home remedies may reduce your need for medication. Less medication means less side effects.
Exercise can help you lose weight, but it does much more. Exercise strengthens your heart, improves circulation, and it can even reduce stress. Aim to fit in at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity cardio most days of the week, which can lower your blood pressure by 4-9 millimeters of mercury. Good choices include cycling, jogging, aerobic dance, swimming, and tennis. If exercise is new to you, talk to the staff at First Choice Medical for guidance about how to start.
These methods will reduce blood pressure immediately, and some, like exercise, keep blood pressure down for nearly 24 hours. However, all methods should be made part of a regular daily lifestyle for the changes to be effective. Unmanaged and untreated high blood pressure can lead to kidney and heart failure, stroke, and many other potentially fatal conditions.
Conventional allopathic medicines and lifestyle modifications still remain the backbone of hypertension management. What about alternative treatments, though? Well,in 2013, the American Heart Association came out with an official statement addressing this issue, published in the journal Hypertension. The statement runs about 59 pages, but I will try to summarize this statement's conclusion's addressing the efficacy of approaches like acupuncture, yoga, meditation, etc in treating high blood pressure. Please note that these conclusions apply only to treatment of high blood pressure, and not to other health/psychological benefits that may be derived from doing these activities.
3. Eat a healthy diet. Food is another powerful medicine. Whether you need to lose weight or not, eating well can improve your blood pressure. That means eating fruits and vegetables, whole grains, healthy oils (such as olive and canola), foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids (salmon, tuna, walnuts and flaxseed, for example) and two or three servings daily of low-fat or nonfat dairy products. It also means avoiding saturated and trans fats.
Two-thirds of Americans have either prehypertension or hypertension, both of which are major risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of the death in the United States. However, prescription drugs may not be necessary to treat high blood pressure. Read on to learn what dietary changes, lifestyle strategies, and supplements can help lower blood pressure naturally.
7. Visit your chiropractor. A special chiropractic adjustment could significantly lower high blood pressure, a placebo-controlled study suggests. “This procedure has the effect of not one, but two blood–pressure medications given in combination,” study leader George Bakris, MD, told WebMD. Your chiropractor can create an effective protocol that helps normalize blood pressure without medication or other invasive procedures.
Lowering high blood pressure is as easy as one, two, tea: Adults with mildly high blood pressure who sipped three cups of hibiscus tea daily lowered their systolic BP by seven points in six weeks, found Tufts University researchers. The phytochemicals in hibiscus are probably responsible for the large reduction in high blood pressure, the study authors say.
If you cannot be sure that your diet includes sufficient potassium, consider supplementation. However, including potassium in your diet gives better results, as an intake from food can be accessed by the body more efficiently. Potassium-rich foods include squash, sardines, salmon, raisins, potatoes, organs, pears, legumes, beets, bananas, carrots, and apricots, among many other fruits and vegetables.
Exercises like walking can be incorporated into almost any lifestyle, even the most pressed for time. Studies have shown that even short bursts of exercise, 15 to 20 minutes of time, will lower blood pressure, and perhaps quickly lower blood pressure. Over the course of a day, anyone can easily incorporate such small increments to build a routine totaling a half hour or more. A busy schedule need not be an excuse to avoid exercise.
How do you check your own blood pressure? It is common to have your blood pressure checked at the doctor's office, but there are many cases where it is important to monitor it at home. It is easy to check blood pressure with an automated machine, but it can also be done manually at home. Learn how to check your own blood pressure and what the results mean. Read now
Salt is everywhere, and high blood pressure (the result of too much salt in our diets) is an American epidemic. New CDC guidelines (and decades-old Pritikin guidelines) advise that most of us should eat no more than 1,500 mg of sodium a day. We average 3,500 to 5,000 mg daily. Why are we so blasé about the massive doses of salt we’re consuming? How can we change?.
Olive leaf extract. In one 2008 study, supplementing with 1,000 mg of olive leaf extract daily for eight weeks caused a significant dip in both blood pressure and LDL ("bad cholesterol") in people with borderline hypertension. If you want to incorporate olive leaf extract as a natural adjunct to a nutritionally sound diet, you should look for fresh leaf liquid extracts for maximum synergistic potency. You can also prepare your own olive leaf tea by placing a large teaspoon of dried olive leaves in a tea ball or herb sack. Place it in about two quarts of boiling water and let it steep for three to 10 minutes. The tea should be a medium amber color when done.
And remember: If you do a water fast, it’s critical to drink high-quality water. (Many Food Revolution members like the AquaTru water filter because it delivers high-quality water for a remarkably affordable price. Find out more and get a special discount here. If you order from this link, the AquaTru manufacturer will contribute a portion of the proceeds to support Food Revolution Network’s mission of healthy, ethical, sustainable food for everyone who eats.)
As blood pressure tends to vary somewhat from day to day, it’s recommended to only diagnose someone with high blood pressure if they have given a repeatedly high reading. If the average of either of the readings (either the systolic or diastolic) is higher than the norm, it will be considered an elevated blood pressure. That is, an average of 150/85 or 135/100 over readings on several occassions will be considered too high.
In an effort to reduce deaths from cardiovascular disease, the NHLBI initiated a study called Sprint to answer the question, "Will lower blood pressure reduce the risk of heart and kidney disease, stroke, or age-related declines in memory and thinking?" Sprint researchers are following 9,000 adults with high blood pressure; half are expected to get their systolic blood pressure below 120, and the other half below 140. Study results should be out in 2017.
In order to do so, the body needs the support of some basic dietary and lifestyle good health habits, such as a full body detox and a proper understanding and application of nutrition. No matter how remote or unrelated a health condition may seem, these fundamental health steps will greatly magnify the effects and benefits of any of our health-promoting efforts, including the use of specific natural health remedies. | https://www.stopfeelingold.com/how-to-lower-blood-pressure-in-minutes/how-to-lower-very-high-blood-pressure-immediately-how-to-make-blood-pressure-normal-from-high.html |
SMILE Canada - Support Services is currently seeking a youth as a Marketing & Communications Assistant to undertake a variety of marketing support for the organization. As this is a Canada Summer Jobs funded position, candidates must be a Canadian Citizen, permanent resident, or person on whom refugee protection has been conferred under the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, is legally entitled to work according to the relevant provincial / territorial legislation and regulations, and is between 18 and 30 years of age.
Duties:
Create communications materials that engage, inform and recognize donors
Plan and develop communications and donor campaigns
Assist with designing promotional products (including posters, brochures, and web graphics) for SMILE Canada’s programs and events
Assist with updating and developing educational and promotional materials for SMILE various advocacy campaigns about disabilities.
Develop and conduct outreach to recruit diverse community members to participate in community conversations.
Assist with creation of e-newsletters and direct email marketing
Maintain, update, and enhance engagement with SMILE Canada’s website and social media pages (Instagram, Facebook, Twitter)
Other duties as assigned
Qualifications:
Excellent communication skills
Comfort brainstorming and contributing creative concepts
Familiar with graphic design
Proficient in MS Office
Knowledge of marketing
This is a 30 hour a week position that will run for 9-weeks starting mid-June 2019. Youth will be required to work at SMILE's local office in Mississauga, ON 2-3 times a week. Remainder work hours will be Home Based. Please Note: Selection process will include complete job description review, personal interview, background investigation, and criminal background check.
DEADLINE: May 31, 2019 - Please submit your resume in PDF format and a cover letter stating why you believe you would be a fit for this position to [email protected]. | https://www.smilecan.org/post/we-are-hiring-marketing-and-communications-assistant-canada-summer-jobs |
Mubarak’s brand of Liberal economic policies has given Liberalism a bad name. However, Liberals, me included, insist that there is a difference between Mubarak’s economic model, and the liberal economics espoused by the predominant majority of developed countries in the World. I felt that the term Liberalism is not well understood and that a significant amount of confusion surrounds its terminology. To add to the confusion, the term Liberalism encompasses a wide range of views. A simple web search produced twelve different schools of Liberal thought. To be fair, it isn’t only the corrupt policies of Mubarak’s regime or Sadat’s open door polices (al-infetah) that gave Liberalism its bad reputation. The foreign and economic policies of Western Liberal governments such as the United States have lent credence to the concept that Liberal economies are inherently opportunistic. As a result many Leftists have used the terms Liberalism, Neoliberalism, Imperialism, Globalization, Capitalism and sometimes even Corruption interchangeably. But the terms are really quite different. I have, therefore, included a brief glossary of economic terms at the end of this article, but I would like to focus on Neoliberalism, since this is the term most often used to discredit Liberalism.
What is Liberalism?
Liberalism can refer to both a political and economic ideology. As mentioned above, Liberalism embraces a wide range of schools of thought. What these positions have in common is their belief in the core values of constitutionalism, liberal democracy, free and fair elections, human rights, capitalism, free trade, and the freedom of religion. Among the more dominant variants are Classical Liberalism, which became popular in the eighteenth century, and Social Liberalism (Mixed Economies), which became popular in the twentieth century. Classical Liberalism hinges on the belief that a limited role for country’s government is better for its citizens. It is argued that a bigger government is less efficient, anti-competitive and more coercive. In a market economy, businesses and consumers decide what is produced (the supply) based on what they purchase (the demand). In a way consumers determine production decisions by “voting with their dollars”; the more demand there is for a product the more it will be produced. The government does not plan the production or distribution of goods but its role is limited mainly to protecting our life, liberty and property. Various roles that we normally associate with government bureaucracy are better dealt with via voluntary civil society which is regarded as much more effective. Classical Liberalism was the dominant policy that characterized the US and the UK during the 1980s. These policies were dubbed Reaganomics and Thatcherism respectively. These are also the policies most commonly associated with neoliberalism. Social liberalism (Mixed Economy or Centrism), today constitutes the economic model for most developed countries. Social liberalism is the belief that liberalism should include social justice (a very contentious term). In a mixed economy both market forces and government decisions determine the production and distribution of goods and services. The government does not direct the private sector to produce certain goods and services in certain quantities at certain times but leaves this to supply and demand. However, the government’s influence of the economy stems from its redistribution of wealth. This involves raising money from taxes or borrowing from the private sector (in the form of government bonds), then later redistributing this money to the poor through various forms of welfare or on programs designed to stimulate the economy. Examples would include the economies of Germany, Sweden, France, Italy and even the United States as exemplified by the Democratic Party.
What is Neoliberalism aka the “Washington Consensus”?
Neoliberalism is the belief that Classical Liberalism and free market policies if forced on a global scale would result in a greater good for the greater number and lift the world’s poor to an acceptable standard of living. In this sense it is commonly understood to mean global market-liberalism (‘capitalism’) and often used interchangeably with ‘globalization’. Neoliberalism rose to prominence when it was adopted some 3 decades ago by several Washington-based institutions, including the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, and U.S. Treasury Department and imposed on developing countries who sought loans. The “Washington Consensus” as it became known listed ten requirements which were named “structural adjustment policies”:
- Fiscal discipline: government should not spend more than it brings in; budgets should be balanced
- Redirection of public spending from subsidies toward key pro-growth, pro-poor services like primary education, primary health care and infrastructure investment
- Tax reform: broadening the tax base and adopting moderate marginal tax rates
- Interest rates that are market determined with the aim of keeping inflation down, reducing trade deficits and keeping the money supply in check
- Competitive exchange rates
- Trade liberalization: opening a country’s borders to free trade and undertake policies to attract foreign direct investment
- Liberalization of imports, with the limitation of trade protection to low and relatively uniform tariffs
- Privatization of state enterprises
- Deregulation: Abolition of any regulations that limit competition or attempt to keep players out of the market
- Legal security for property rights
While these policies may or may not be agreeable, Neoliberalism has come under heavy fire and for a number of good reasons. Because these policies are imposed on the borrowing countries, many critics consider that Neoliberal economics promotes exploitation by rich nations and restricts a borrowing nation’s ability for self-determination. Moreover, the structural adjustment policies assume a one size fits all reform program for countries that are anything but the same. It is also an economic program that many rich countries do not to follow. In short Neoliberalism has a bad track record and has done more harm than good to the poor nations. As such, the phrase ‘Washington Consensus’ is often used interchangeably with Neoliberalism – and blamed for anything that’s gone wrong in the developing world. Classical Liberalism espouses much of the same policies listed under the Washington Consensus but it differs from Neoliberalism in that a government’s implementation of these policies is self-determined. The selection, timing, intensity, duration and implementation of the reform policies are determined in accordance to a country’s national interests rather than dictated from abroad or with a mission for global endorsement. For a more comprehensive discussion of the definition of Neoliberalism please refer to the following excellent reference: Neoliberalism: origins, theory, definition.
Egypt’s Economic Future
At least in the short run, it is hard to imagine a new Egypt in which government plays a limited role. The economy needs to strike the right balance between achieving its aspirations of prosperity and meeting its social obligations as the nation recovers from the injustices of the past 3 decades. On the one hand the Private Sector and foreign investment is needed to create new jobs, while on the other hand Egypt’s large Public Sector cannot be forsaken and is required to service a country in which 40% live below the poverty line. To ignore either aspect, in my opinion, could spell disaster. Social Liberalism with its Mixed Economy stands halfway between a Market Economy such as Classical Liberalism with limited government and a Command Economy such as Socialism in which the government determines the production, distribution and even pricing of goods through Central Planning.
Glossary
- Capitalism is an economic system in which private individuals or corporations own the means of production (machinery, factories, and so on) in which the prices of labor and goods are determined by the free market with little or no intervention by a central government. Profits are distributed to the shareholders (owners) of the business.
- Imperialism, as defined by The Dictionary of Human Geography, is “the creation and/or maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural, and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the form of an empire, based on domination and subordination.”
- Globalization economically refers to the increasing unification of the world’s economic order through a removal of restrictions to international trade such as tariffs, export fees, and import quotas. In this sense it may be related to another term Neoliberalism.
References
- Williamson, John: What Washington Means by Policy Reform, in: Williamson, John (ed.): Latin American Readjustment: How Much has Happened, Washington: Institute for International Economics 1989.
- Neoliberalism: origins, theory, definition. http://web.inter.nl.net/users/Paul.Treanor/neoliberalism.html
- Johnston, Ronald John (2000). The Dictionary of Human Geography (4th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 375. ISBN 0631205616. | https://democrati.net/2011/09/09/egypt-%E2%80%93-neoliberalism-versus-liberalism-are-they-the-same/ |
About three million Canadians live in the world beyond our borders. They all have different reasons to choose to live and work in foreign countries. It can be rewarding to live abroad, whether temporarily or permanently.
It can be difficult, especially if you are moving to another country in pursuit of a dream. It is not an easy decision to move away from your home and adjust to a new social and cultural environment. This decision requires planning, research, and knowledge. Your experience abroad will be better if you’re well prepared before leaving Canada.
Every year, thousands of Canadians who live in foreign countries are assisted by the Government of Canada. There are more than 260 Canadian consular offices located in 150 countries, plus an Ottawa Emergency Watch and Response Centre. We’re available 24 hours a days, seven days a săptămână. Although there are limitations on the assistance we can provide, we offer a wide range of consular services. These include replacing lost passports, sharing information about local laws, and lending support during medical emergencies.
We are well aware of all the difficulties you will face when living abroad. This booklet is designed to assist you.
- Before you leave Canada, be informed and prepared.
- Take care of your loved ones and yourself while you are away.
- Know what to do in case things don’t go as planned.
- Plan for your eventual return.
Have questions about international travel?
- Is it safe?
- What if I got sick?
- Whom can I call for emergency assistance?
- Can the Government of Canada help me get out of a foreign prison?
- What do I do if my passport is lost?
- Are there any taxes that I must pay on income from abroad?
- What can I bring back from Canada?
Answers: www.travel.gc.ca
This booklet is essential information for Canadian travelers and we recommend that you read it along with our main publication Bon voyage. Travel.gc.ca is the official site for information about international travel. Have a safe, happy, and healthy trip abroad!
Before you leave Canada
Do a risk assessment
Relocating abroad is a risky business. It is important to weigh the benefits and the risks. To find a safe and suitable location, you should conduct a risk assessment for each potential host country. Don’t be intimidated by the inconveniences and perils of a destination.
An assessment of risk will identify the risks you need to be aware of. This includes safety and security, health conditions, and the political, cultural, and natural environment. You can take this example:
- Some countries are still experiencing civil unrest, insurgencies, and wars.
- Others are vulnerable to extreme temperatures or natural disasters like earthquakes, typhoons and volcanic eruptions.
- Your pace of life might be different than what you are used to. This can have an impact on your work habits and overall well-being.
- It is possible to find safe and comfortable housing that is not available or too expensive.
- It is possible that there may not be wheelchair access or allowances available for those with hearing, sight, or other special needs.
- Consuming alcohol could be illegal. Those convicted of drug-related offenses may face the death penalty.
- Children can be tried and convicted of the same crimes as adults.
To conduct a risk assessment
To find out if there is an official Government of Canada Travel Advisory in place, consult the Travel Advice and Advisories of your potential host country. You will also be able to get information about safety and security, customs and health, and entry requirements.
For cultural information, facts, and advice about showing respect for local customs in different countries around the globe, visit the Centre for Intercultural Learning’s Country Insights webpage.
For country-specific information about health and medical care standards, visit our Travel Health and Safety page or the World Health Organization website.
The World Weather Information Service website provides weather and climate information for countries around the world.
These resources can be supplemented with guidesbooks, newsletters and magazines for expatriates. These guides provide insight into the cultural, emotional, and health issues faced by Canadians who live abroad.
Read up, register, reach us
Canada’s Government encourages Canadians follow the Three Rs of international traveling:
Consult our Travel Advice and Advisories to learn more about safety and security, customs and entry requirements, and other important travel topics.
Register via the Registration of Canadians Absroad service before you leave Canada. We can help you in an emergency abroad such as a hurricane, civil unrest, or notify you about an immediate situation at home.
For urgent assistance abroad, please contact them at the Ottawa Emergency Watch and Response Centre.
Take the time to evaluate potential opportunities abroad
Canada offers many opportunities for work, study and volunteer, as well as retirement. Before you accept any offer, make sure to fully evaluate it.
International fraud is a serious problem. Avoid overseas agencies that only operate via email or phone and those that charge placement fees. Students have been scammed out of large amounts of money by bogus organizations offering international education opportunities. They were lied to about securing financial aid, study permits and admissions. Phony volunteer placement agencies also charge unsuspecting volunteers for opportunities that do not pan out. There are many international scammers that target retired people with empty promises of romance and friendship, as well as financial rewards in faraway countries.
Be cautious if you are a woman and take offers that seem too good to be true. Avoid getting involved in sex and labour trafficking. Fraudulent ads are often used by criminals to recruit foreign women for jobs as models, hostesses, entertainers, nannies or maids.
Learn everything you can about any agency offering you a chance abroad. If the agency is Canadian, ask for references and visit their website. Talk to people who have worked at the organization, or contact others who have.
If you don’t know the details of your job, never accept an overseas job. If possible, have a lawyer review your contract. If things don’t go according to plan, verify the conditions for breaking your contract.
You should fully understand all financial terms of any job offer. Know when your first paycheck will arrive and what currency it will be in. You can avoid exchange rate fluctuations by receiving your salary in Canadian dollars or U.S. Dollars. Find out whether the currency you will be receiving is convertible and what restrictions are in place for taking money out of the country. Find out if your employer covers expenses such as airfares and residency permits, language training, school tuition and health and dental insurance (including coverage of family members).
Ask for photos, a detailed description, a floor plan, and a furniture inventory in advance if your contract includes accommodations. In different countries, “Western” or “furnished” have different meanings. Ask about your neighborhood and the transport system. Consider sharing accommodation with another person.
While some employers or volunteer agencies may offer to pay your return flight to Canada if you sign a contract with them, they will not always honor this promise. It is best to request an open-ended ticket in advance.
Are you up for a cross-cultural move
Many Canadians who move abroad for the first-time are shocked at how isolated they feel. This makes the transition more difficult. Make sure you understand the culture and social context in which you will be living before you leave Canada. Are you comfortable with cultural differences? Are you able to accept being in a minority or to be treated like a foreigner? Are you able to make new friends? Are you open to new ways of doing things and are you willing to try them? Are you able to live at a slower pace or faster pace?
International Experience Canada
There are thousands of options for young Canadians to travel and work abroad. These programs can be made possible by reciprocal agreements negotiated with host nations. Participants between the ages of 18 and 35 can benefit from living and working abroad while also gaining valuable international experience and skills.
Call 1-877-461-2346 for more information or visit International Experience Canada.
Planning is key to success
For a successful and safe stay abroad, you must think ahead. These steps will help you put the pieces together before you leave Canada.
Our safe-travel booklet Bon voyage but… essential information for Canadian travelers. It provides the knowledge and advice that you need to travel safely and confidently in Canada while avoiding potential pitfalls. You will also find information about consular services around the globe.
You and your family members must have a Canadian passport valid for at most six months after you intend to return to Canada. You should obtain any visa required by the host country for work, study, volunteering, visitor, or any other purpose well in advance. You could be charged with violating visa conditions in certain countries if you don’t know the terms of each visa. For more information, see Moving abroad with children or Required travel documents.
In case of theft or loss, leave copies of important travel documents with Canadian family and friends. If possible scan these documents and send them to you at an email address that you have access from anywhere.
You should have travel insurance that covers medical expenses, including hospitalization abroad or medical evacuation, as well as insurance for baggage damage, loss, or interruptions.
Register for the Registration of Canadians Absroad service to ensure that the Government of Canada can reach you and offer assistance in an emergency. After you have registered, make sure to keep your account current.
In case of emergency, carry a Canadian Emergency Contact Card with the coordinates to the nearest Canadian government offices in your host country.
Secure accommodation in your host country should be arranged in advance. You may need to book through an agency if you are looking for suitable housing in areas with high vacancy rates. You can plan for temporary housing if you are unable to find long-term accommodation. Be sure to verify that the address is correct before you pay a deposit on student housing or other accommodations advertised online. For more information, see A roof over your heads.
It is important to know what you are allowed to bring with you. Be aware that many countries have strict import restrictions. Get the necessary adapters to allow you to bring any electrical appliances. Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA), which offers a free service to help you identify valuable items that have serial numbers or other unique markings, can assist you in obtaining the necessary adapters. Other items can be given a sticker by the CBSA so that they can be identified in customs upon your return.
To find out all requirements for taking your pet abroad, please contact the consulate or embassy of your host country. A detailed health certificate will be required for your pet. You may also need an import permit. You may need to quarantine your pet before allowing it into the country.
Check that your mail is still moving. Send a request for a change in address to Canada Post. Let all your contacts know about your new address.
Before you leave Canada, make a will. It will help reduce complications related to a death abroad, in the event of the worst. You might consider making two wills, one for Canada and one to the host country. Different laws will apply.
Register Canadians Abroad
Free service that could save you life
Register for the Registration of Canadians abroad service if you are planning to travel or live abroad. Registering allows us to contact you in an emergency abroad such as an earthquake, civil unrest, and/or inform you about an immediate situation at home.
Register online, by mail or fax, or in person. Visit our Registration of Canadians Abroad Page or call 1-800-267–6788 (in Canada or the U.S.), or 613-944–6788 for more information.
*Registration information is kept confidential and used in accordance to Canada’s Privacy Act.
Dual citizenship: A blessing or a curse?
Canadian law allows you to have more than one citizenship. Dual or multiple citizenships can provide benefits, such as employment opportunities, unlimited residency, property ownership and entitlements to education, healthcare, pensions, and other social programs overseas.
There are disadvantages. Canadian citizenship might not be recognized by the country where you are from. This could prevent Canada providing consular assistance. This is more likely if you travel to the country as a citizen, and not using your Canadian passport. You may have to comply with laws as a citizen. This could include being compelled to serve in the military, paying taxes, being liable for educational costs reimbursements, and subject to increased scrutiny by immigration and security officers. You can’t work if you are a citizen in another country. It is possible that you do not meet the residency requirements. You may not have been granted Canadian citizenship. If you have dual citizenship, it can cause problems in third countries if there is confusion about which citizenship you obtained.
Permanent vs. temporary residency
Canadians who plan to travel abroad to study, volunteer or retire will most likely choose to keep their Canadian citizenship. If they don’t intend to return to Canada regularly and can get sufficient health-care coverage abroad, they may choose to obtain permanent residency or citizenship in their host country. It involves establishing legal status in another country. This can be more complicated than a visitor or tourist. This could have serious implications. If you are a Canadian citizen and have legal status, consular officials in Canada may not be able to help you.
These steps can help you reduce the risk of living in another country.
- Confirm your citizenship and the status of your accompanying family members. Then, address your concerns to the appropriate officials from the concerned country through their embassy or consulate here in Canada.
- Ask the country if there are any obligations, such as tax, military service, or repayment of education costs. Ask for written confirmation.
- You can use your Canadian passport to enter Canada if permitted by law.
- If you have any questions about dual citizenship, contact the nearest Canadian consulate or embassy immediately.
- See Travelling as a Dual Citizen for more information.
Did you know ?
To travel internationally, you cannot use a Certificate of Canadian Citizenship in place of a Canadian passport. A Certificate of Canadian Citizenship cannot be used as a travel document. Canadian passports are the only valid and widely accepted identification and travel document that can be used for international travel. Canadian citizens who bring other documents to Canada, such as a Certificate or Canadian Citizenship, birth certificate or provincial driver’s license, can face delays or even be denied entry by the transport companies.
Move with your health
Your health should be your top priority, no matter where you are located. Before you leave Canada, make sure you plan for your long-term health.
The Public Health Agency of Canada recommends that each member of your family visit a travel clinic or their health-care provider at least six weeks prior to departure for a comprehensive health assessment. The examination will help determine if you need to be immunized, take preventative medication, and make sure that you are taking precautions to avoid getting sick while abroad. An additional health assessment may include a check-up with an optometrist and dentist, as well as a psychological evaluation that will help you adapt to a new environment
If you need to act quickly…
Consular assistance is available seven days a semaine, 24 hours a year. If you have any problems while abroad, please contact us.
Contact the closest Canadian consulate or embassy.
- Call Ottawa’s Emergency Watch and Response Centre at 613-996-805 (call collect if service is available).
- Email at [email protected].
- Complete an Emergency Contact Form.
Vaccinations
You and your family members could be exposed to infections in foreign countries. These diseases are rare, if ever, found in Canada. A health-care provider will assess your health and recommend vaccinations.
Your routine immunizations, such as tetanus and diphtheria (pertussis), whooping cough (pertussis), measles, rubella, and pertussis, must be up-to-date. To enter certain countries, you may need to show proof of yellow fever vaccination within the last 10 years or an International Certificate of Vaccination/Prophylaxis. It can take some time for preventive medication and vaccinations to be effective.
You may need to arrange an alternative schedule or accelerated immunization for children or infants if you are moving abroad. Talk to your family doctor, pediatrician or travel health specialist. Visit our page on safety and travel health for more information.
Medication
You should always bring extra medication or arrange for refills when you travel. In case of medication theft or loss, keep a duplicate prescription with the generic and trade names. Keep any prescriptions for optical glasses or contacts handy.
Do not combine medications in one container to save space. To avoid problems with customs, keep all medications in the original, clearly labeled containers.
Certain medications that are sold over-the-counter in Canada may be illegal or require prescriptions from other countries. Check to see if your medication is legal in the host country. Get a note from your doctor detailing the medical reasons behind your prescription and the recommended dosage.
It is important to bring enough syringes or an autoinjector if you have life-threatening allergies or have a plan for replenishment. A medical certificate must be carried to confirm that the items are medically appropriate.
Consider wearing a MedicAlert(r), bracelet or necklace if you have a preexisting condition or allergies that might flare up while abroad. This will link to your medical records, making them available 24 hours a days from anywhere around the globe.
STI Prevention
To protect yourself against sexually transmitted diseases and prevent unwanted pregnancy, carry a supply condoms. Condoms might not be available in your destination or meet safety standards set forth by the World Health Organization. See our Sexually transmitted Infections (STI) page for more information.
You are well on your way.
Are you interested in learning more about how to protect your health abroad? The publication “Well on Your Way” provides valuable advice about how to:
- Evaluate your travel health risk
- Take preventive steps before, during, and after international travel
- Choose the right travel insurance plan
- Prepare for a medical emergency in another country;
- Consular services are available in case of medical emergencies
- Call 1-800-267-8376 (in Canada), or 613-944-4000 to order your brochure. Or download a copy.
Pregnancy and childbirth
You should consult your doctor if you are pregnant and intend to have a baby abroad. Your supplementary insurance should cover pregnancy-related conditions, full-term births and neonatal care. Avoid malarial zones. Expectant mothers are more at risk for the illness. If you are planning to give birth in another country, make sure to identify a hospital or birthing center that meets Canadian standards. See Canadian birthright for information about citizenship for children born abroad to Canadian parents.
You can find more information about traveling while pregnant on our page Travelling while pregnant and in our booklet Her Own Way: A woman’s safe-travel guide.
Accessibility for people with disabilities
Many countries do not provide special access for those in wheelchairs, or help with sight, hearing or other physical needs. To obtain services that you would normally expect from Canada, you may have to make arrangements overseas. The website of Disabled Persons International has country-specific information about accessibility for disabled travelers.
Canadian holders of disabled parking permits may use them in associate or member countries of International Transport Forum (ITF). To confirm your entitlement, check with the local authorities. In non-ITF countries, parking permits for Canadians with disabilities are not often recognized. See the ITF website for more information.
Our Travelling with disabilities page contains additional information about government services for people with disabilities, including parking privileges, special needs, and meeting specific requirements.
Get the best insurance that you can afford
If you are hurt or become sick while abroad, your provincial or territorial insurance plan may not cover the cost. Medical bills out-of-country can be costly and can result in heavy financial burdens. It’s not easy to become ill in another country and worry about spiraling medical expenses. Your provincial or territorial health insurance plan will only cover part of your medical expenses in Canada. It will not pay upfront. It will also be invalid if you move to another country for more than six to eight months depending on which province or territory you are in. Contact your local health authority for more information.
You don’t have to live abroad for a long time. Make sure you get the best possible health insurance. This is one of the best investments an expatriate can make. Be sure to read the fine print of your policy. It should provide for your health and the needs of your dependents. Check with your employer to see if they offer health insurance for you if you are working in the destination country.
You should always have proof of your international insurance, as well as contact information for your insurer. Leave a copy with someone you care about in Canada. To make a claim, get a detailed invoice from your doctor or hospital if you are paying for your own medical treatment. Many insurers won’t accept faxes or copies.
Supplemental insurance versus replacement insurance
Expats have two types of private insurance for their health. Supplemental insurance offers additional benefits for those who are not covered by a provincial plan or territory plan. For those who are unable to apply for a Canadian insurance plan because they have been away for too long, replacement insurance will provide full coverage.
Although full replacement insurance is more difficult to find than supplemental insurance for expatriates, there are many companies that offer insurance designed specifically for them. Consider your personal situation when looking into replacement insurance. This includes your age, medical history, and any potential health issues. Make sure you have replacement insurance in place before you leave Canada. Also, make sure that your policy is valid in the country you intend to live.
Expats have two types of private insurance for their health. Supplemental insurance offers additional benefits for those who are not covered by a provincial plan or territory plan. For those who are unable to apply for a Canadian insurance plan because they have been away for too long, replacement insurance will provide full coverage.
Although full replacement insurance is more difficult to find than supplemental insurance for expatriates, there are many companies that offer insurance designed specifically for them. Consider your personal situation when looking into replacement insurance. This includes your age, medical history, and any potential health issues. Make sure you have replacement insurance in place before you leave Canada. Also, make sure that your policy is valid in the country you intend to live.
Compare health insurance options to find the best for long-term stays abroad. Check to see if the policy is still available.
- provides coverage whether or not your provincial/territorial health plan remains in effect;
- Offers a global 24-hour/seven day emergency number in English as well as translation services for health-care professionals in your host country.
- You can either pay immediately for medical expenses abroad or you will need to pay upfront and be reimbursed later.
- Provides a cash deposit in advance, if necessary by a hospital
- Covers both dental and health care for your entire stay abroad
- Pre-existing conditions such as heart disease and borderline diabetes are covered. Ask for written confirmation
- Includes coverage for injuries sustained while participating in adventure activities such as mountaineering or scuba diving
- Provides for medical evacuation to Canada, or the closest location with suitable medical facilities.
- Covers premature births and associated neonatal care
- Pays expenses related to a death abroad, such as the repatriation of the remains or ashes to Canada;
- Provides coverage for travel to Canada and other countries while on vacation;
- covers the period before your provincial/territorial plan is renewed upon your return to Canada.
Did you know ?
You should also consider enhanced life and disability insurance. Insurance that covers flight cancellations, trip interruptions and lost luggage is also required. Cargo insurance for household goods, automobiles and personal effects are also necessary. When you move abroad, insurance coverage can help to prevent major disruptions or additional costs.
Our booklet, Well on Your Way: A Canadian’s Guide to Healthy Travel Abroad offers more information on the things to consider when purchasing travel insurance.
Did you know ?
Some insurance companies won’t cover medical claims for injuries sustained in a country that has a Government of Canada Travel Advisory.
Moving abroad with your children
A child’s first experience in a foreign country is one of the most rewarding. It can help them grow confidence, adaptability, and intercultural awareness. However, meeting the needs of your children can add to the already difficult task of moving abroad. Take steps to ensure that your family and you have a smooth transition before leaving Canada.
Talk openly with your children about the possibility of moving abroad.
Make arrangements for the right schooling or daycare. You should ensure that you are satisfied with the quality of daycare in your destination country. For information on the school system, contact the education authorities of the country. Most countries have both public and private schools. Many also have international schools that are attended mostly by expatriates. Keep copies of the school records of your children in case you need them.
Immigration officials will be vigilant about children crossing international borders without proper documentation. We strongly recommend that children under 18 years old are accompanied by their parents. They should also carry a consent form proving they have permission for travel from all persons with the legal authority to make major decisions on behalf of them. It is a good idea to have your consent letter stamped, sealed and certified by an official who has the authority to administer an solemn declaration or oath. Here is a sample consent letter and an interactive form you can use to create your own.
Each child should have a Canadian passport. Also, ensure that they have any supporting documentation such as a birth certificate and citizenship card. For additional information and documentation, check with the Canadian consulate or embassy.
In case of separation, keep additional identification in the pocket of your child. Recent photographs of your child are important for emergency identification.
If your child lives abroad, it is a good idea to consult a lawyer. In some countries, custody arrangements made in Canada might not be recognized. Extreme cases may mean that your child or you are not allowed to return home to Canada. Before you travel abroad, make sure to check with the consulate or embassy of your destination country.
Talk to a pediatrician about how to best protect your child’s safety while abroad.
Visit our page on Children and Travel for more information.
Travel documents required
Before you leave Canada, ensure that your passport and any other required documents are in order.
Your Canadian passport
Canadian passports are the only valid and widely accepted identification and travel document. To travel to Canada or reside in Canada, you and your family members must possess a valid passport.
Canadian passports for children under 15 years old are valid for five year. The validity period for passports for 16-year-olds and older is five years or ten years depending on the selected validity period.
To find out the rules and restrictions regarding passport validity, contact the consulate or embassy of your destination country. Some countries require that your passport must be valid at least six months after your return date to Canada. If your passport expires while you are abroad, it is best to renew it before the return date.
Start the process as soon as you plan to depart from Canada if you have to renew or apply for a passport. You will need to wait longer if you require a visa.
Online applications are available at the Canadian passports website. In person, you can also pick up forms at any Passport office, Service Canada receiving agent, or Canadian government offices overseas.
To make it easier for you to replace your passport if it’s stolen or lost while abroad, keep the following items handy:
- A photocopy of your passport’s identification page (photo)
- The original of your citizenship or birth certificate
- To prove your identity, you will need a copy at least one additional document.
- Contact information for a Canadian Embassy in your destination country.
- Two recent photos that meet Passport Canada requirements (taken within a year and displaying your current appearance).
Report any loss or theft of passports while abroad to Passport Canada and the nearest Canadian government office. Our Passport page has more information about how to apply, care for, or replace a Canadian passport.
Did you know :
Only your host country’s government can grant you a visa. You cannot have the Government of Canada intervene for you.
Visas
To stay for longer than three months in any country, you will need a visa. Most visas are for student, work, and residency. You may also require a tourist, visitor, or business visa to enter the country for a temporary stay.
To avoid problems in the future, ask about multiple-entry visas if you intend to leave and re-enter your host nation during your stay. It is important to apply for visas in advance. Do not expect to be able to change your visa status later. Respect visa terms and conditions. It is illegal to stay in a country without a visa, or to overstay a visa expiry date. This could result in deportation, imprisonment, and stiff fines.
Depending on which type of visa you require, the requirements and processing times may vary. Some countries may require you to have a visa in order to grant it.
- A certified criminal record check by the RCMP or your local cop;
- A doctor signed medical certificates proving that you are in good health.
- A certificate of negative testing for the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV)
- A yellow fever vaccination certificate is required if you are arriving from an area infected.
Additional information on visa requirements can be found on the Travel Advice and Advisories webpage or at the consulate or embassy of your destination country. Check the visa requirements for countries you might visit or transit while on your trip to host country.
Permit or work visa:
If you plan to live and work in a country, you will need special permission. You may need to be sponsored by your prospective employer for a permit or work visa. Your employer may be responsible for obtaining the document. Or you might have to apply directly through the Canadian consulate or embassy of your host country. A work visa can take several months so make sure you start the process before you leave. If you change your job after arriving, be aware of the consequences. You may lose your visa or have to re-enter the country with a new one.
Working holiday visa:
Canada has many reciprocal agreements that allow travelers to exchange cultural experiences.
Visa for students:
To study in a country, you will need a student visa. You may also need a permit or visa to reside in the country.
Volunteer visa:
To be able to do unpaid charitable or volunteer work, some countries require that you have a visa. Some countries require you to have a permit or work visa, even if your volunteer status is not required.
Permit or residency visa:
A permit or residency visa is required for those who plan to stay longer than the allowed time on a tourist visa. This usually happens when you are looking to retire abroad.
Marriage visa or spousal visa:
Certain countries will issue a visa for marriage or spousal purposes to you, usually with a specified validity period, if your spouse is a citizen or permanent resident of that country.
Alien registration card:
You may need an alien registration card upon arrival in your host nation. It will be necessary to keep it with you at all times, both for identification purposes.
Calculate the cost
Make sure you have the financial means to move abroad before you leave Canada.
Consider the cost of living in your destination nation. The average Canadian salary isn’t enough. You should account for fluctuations in exchange rates and inflation that are likely to occur while you’re away.
Find out the costs of shipping household and personal items. Only take what you really need. Find out what you can purchase in your destination country. Find out if your employer will pay for the move or provide you with basic necessities if you are volunteering or working.
You need to have sufficient funds to settle properly, including money for expenses like a rental security deposit or utility connections. A furnished home is more expensive than good accommodations in many countries.
Make arrangements with friends and family to help you in the event you run out of cash while you are abroad, or need to go home unexpectedly.
Consider all taxes, duties and fees you will pay on your retirement income. Non-residents of Canada pay tax on income earned from Canada. They may also be subjected to taxation in the host country.
Consider not only the cost to travel to your host country, but also the cost to return to Canada on a frequent basis. Most countries require that foreign visitors have a valid ticket for return with a departure date and within the allowed time frames by immigration authorities. You should expect to pay more if you need to travel home unplanned.
For tips on managing your money, including budgeting, banking and other financial matters while abroad, see Manage Your Money
Living abroad
Keep safe
It doesn’t matter how safe you feel in your host country; it is vital to criminal-proof yourself.
Be alert and aware of what is happening around you. Reduce alcohol intake and avoid using, carrying or getting involved in illegal drugs.
Never leave your luggage unattended. You should never carry the luggage of another person or transport any item – even an envelope- across borders or through customs. Keep your passport, credit cards and debit cards, cash and tickets for airline and train travel, your insurance policy, your prescriptions, and your contact information handy. In case of theft or loss, keep copies of all important documents safe.
Criminals that target foreigners should be avoided. They can work in groups or individually, sometimes posing as good Samaritans and creating distractions to steal items. You should be cautious about meeting new friends, including fellow Canadians and foreigners.
Do not be afraid to make a statement or give the impression you are vulnerable or lost. Be aware of where you are going, what you’re doing, and how you can get there. Always keep the address of your accommodation with you. Before you go out, make sure to study a street map. Do not open a map in public areas. Avoid isolated areas.
Avoid showing expensive jewelry, cameras and other extravagant accessories that could make you look like a wealthy foreigner.
Only hire reputable and legal taxis. If a taxi driver approaches you at the airport, do not hire them. These services are often illegal and could be dangerous. To avoid this, ask someone you trust to recommend taxi service providers.
Credit card fraud is a serious problem. Keep your credit card safe. You should only use an ATM during normal business hours. You will need to quickly cancel your credit or debit cards.
Travel and drugs
Many countries have severe penalties for possession of even a small amount of illegal drugs. Even prescription drugs and syringes that are used for legitimate medical purposes are subject to intense scrutiny. Visit our Alcohol, drugs, and travel page for more information.
A roof over your head
You will likely need temporary accommodation before you can settle in your host country. Be careful when selecting short-term or long-term accommodations.
You should feel at ease about the accommodations and the location. Are the doors locked properly? Are there escape routes and fire alarms? If you don’t feel safe, don’t go anywhere.
Avoid accommodation on the ground floor.
Be aware of the dangers associated with low-budget accommodation, such as hostels or dormitories. Do not leave valuables or travel documents in your room. If you are staying in a dorm, keep them close by. Accepting lodgings from strangers could lead to danger.
You should be careful, even if you are staying in luxury accommodations. You must ensure that your room’s door is locked when you are not there. You should never open your doors to strangers without checking through the peephole or verifying their identity.
Keep your windows closed, especially if you live on the ground floor.
Did you know…
Some countries require that visitors always have photo identification such as a passport and resident card. You could be arrested, fined or face other serious consequences if you fail to comply.
Health care
You may be more at risk if you travel for a long time. It is possible to learn how to safely shop for food and make sure you have access to potable water. You will also need to organize for your health care and that of your family members.
Canadian expatriates face serious health care issues because not many countries have as extensive or affordable systems. Some countries offer comprehensive health-care plans which will cover you after a waiting period if you immigrate. Most countries do not offer such programs.
Many countries in the developing world offer free health care for citizens and permanent residents. However, most Canadians who live in these countries prefer private healthcare. This is often of higher quality and requires fewer wait times. Private medical facilities in most countries are quite advanced and can usually see you right away for a fee. These trade-offs are why most Canadians opt for the private option and ensure they have adequate replacement or supplemental insurance. For more information, see Buying the best insurance that you can afford.
Did you know…
You should always make it a point to locate the closest reputable hospital or clinic when you arrive in your host nation. Also, note the operating hours. Do not wait until an emergency occurs – it could be too late! For a list with local doctors and hospitals, contact the closest Canadian consulate.
Avoid hospitals and dental centers in countries that have poor hygiene standards. See our Travel Advice and Advisories Page for country-specific information.
Culture shock
People who live abroad experience culture shock, a period of adjustment. Even experienced expatriates can experience this type of psychological stress. It occurs when familiar patterns and cues are lost.
These symptoms can be temporary or lasting several months. The intensity of the symptoms varies from one person to another. People who have suffered from mental health problems such as depression and anxiety prior to their departure are at greatest risk. It is important to recognize signs and symptoms of culture shock. These often follow a predictable pattern.
The first phase is often called the “honeymoon” stage. Most encounters in a new country are exciting and positive.
The second phase, also known as the “emptiness” stage, is when foreigners feel dislocation and unease. Some symptoms include:
- Feelings of anger, frustration, and irritability;
- Negative feelings about the culture and people of the host country.
- Boredom, fatigue, and inability to focus or work effectively are all signs of boredom.
The third and final phase is when foreigners accept their surroundings and find a balance between the honeymoon stage and the emptiness stage.
The impact is mitigated
It is important to try to adapt to the new environment and make it easier to deal with culture shock.
- You should learn the cultural norms of your host country, and try to get to know the locals. It will make communication easier if people know how to greet you, what to wear, and how to behave.
- Learn the language. This will simplify your life and let you show that you are interested in being part of the community. Begin with some basic phrases and then expand your vocabulary.
- Participate in local culture such as music, cuisine or learning a new sport. You will meet new people and feel more connected.
- Keep in touch with your family and friends back at home. You can adapt to the local environment by sharing your problems and experiences.
- Take care of your body. Make sure you eat right, exercise, get enough sleep, and don’t drink excessive alcohol. Do not reduce or stop taking medication for a mental condition.
- Make time to explore the country’s attractions and sights.
- Do not compare your life to that back home. Enjoy your time here and be open-minded.
- To reduce isolation, you might consider joining the Canadian expatriate group.
Take control of your money
Living abroad means managing your finances, from banking and budgeting to purchasing property and paying taxes. Unexpected expenses, unfamiliarity with local currency, and other costs can make it difficult to estimate how much money you can afford. Inflation and currency fluctuations can be a problem if you are paid in local currency. Recessions, stock market crashes, and devaluation in the currency your pension or other benefits is paid are all factors that can reduce your income. You must ensure that your income is sufficient to support your family.
A private financial planner is a great idea. They can help you with things like contributing to the Canada Pension Plan or a Registered Retirement Savings Plan.
Opening an account in a foreign bank
It is almost certain that you will want to open a bank account in the host country. If possible, one that can be financed from a Canadian account. You will need your passport, residence permit, and Canadian banking information to open a bank account in your host country. Most banks will have someone who speaks English to help you. This process can be time-consuming and complicated. Make sure you have another source of funds.
Other tips for banking abroad
- Inform your Canadian bank or credit card company of the time you will be away.
- You should investigate the possibility of money being transferred between Canadian and host country accounts. Find out how much money you can send home. Your host country may have strict regulations about the amount you can send home.
- Keep all receipts, transaction records, and documentation relating to financial transfers.
- To avoid local laws being broken, only authorized agents can exchange money.
- There are many ways to access your money abroad, including credit cards, debit cards, and cash.
Receive a foreign public pension
Canada Pension Plan (CPP), Quebec Pension Plan(QPP) or Old Age Security (OAS), benefits can be paid to you when you are abroad.
CPP and QPP benefits can be paid abroad as long as they are eligible. OAS can be paid abroad if the pensioner has been a resident of Canada for less than 20 years. OAS is designed to provide seniors with a minimum amount of income. An income test determines eligibility. You must file an annual tax return detailing your worldwide income in order to receive OAS benefits from outside Canada. See the Canada Benefits website for more information.
Online banking
Many financial institutions permit you to access your account from anywhere in the world to view balances, pay bills, and transfer money. Cybercafes and other areas that offer Internet service are not recommended for transactions. It is difficult to guarantee that computers are secure from hacking programs that could capture account and personal information. Clearing the cache of an Internet browser will erase any trace that you left behind if you have to complete transactions on a public computer.
Taxation
The status of your tax obligations when living abroad depends on whether or not you are a Canadian resident. The purpose and duration of your stay abroad, your frequency and length of visits to Canada, and whether or not you have severed any residential ties with Canada, all affect your status. To avoid any surprises, make sure you review your situation with Canada Revenue Agency (CRA).
See CRA’s “Individuals – leaving or entering Canada and Non-residents” for information on how to determine your residence status. After you have confirmed your residency, you will be able to find specific information about your situation as a Canadian living abroad. This includes details on your rights and entitlements as a Canadian, including the tax package that you should use, your eligibility for the Foreign Tax Credit or Overseas Employment Tax Credit, and information on tax treaties between Canada, certain countries and other countries.
The CRA’s International Tax Services Office processes income taxes returns for non-residents, deemed residents of Canada and Canadians who are working abroad. It provides telephone and postal assistance and manages all tax withholding accounts.
For more information, see our Taxation for Canadians Living, Travelling or Working Outside Canada page.
Did you know ?
You cannot, as a rule, receive welfare, disability, or any other form of social assistance while you are abroad. For more information, contact your provincial or territorial authorities.
Legal matters
You are subject to all laws and regulations in your host country while you are abroad. Canadian citizenship does not confer immunity. If in doubt, get professional legal advice. A list of English-speaking lawyers can be provided by the nearest Canadian consulate or embassy.
Did you know ?
Global Affairs Canada can help you if you have a dispute regarding child custody while you are abroad. For contact information, visit our Request emergency assistance page.
Divorce and marriage
There are many laws and procedures that govern marriage and divorce. This can often lead to unexpected complications.
You should be aware that certain countries have strict restrictions regarding a woman’s rights to property entitlement, inheritance, child custody, and alimony. The husband might be able to place strict restrictions on his wife and children to prevent them from returning to Canada.
You should be familiar with the laws and conventions in your host country concerning relationships and marriage as well as their implications on children. Investigate the rules regarding child custody and property settlement in case of divorce or separation. Your spouse may be a citizen of the host country and have greater rights than you as a foreigner. If your country has a history of deciding child custody cases based on gender or religious beliefs, you could be in a disadvantage. For more information, contact a lawyer or the relevant authorities in your host country.
Consult the Vital Statistics Office of the territory or province where you’ll be living to find out if your marriage or divorce from your host country will be recognized in Canada.
Contact the closest Citizenship and Immigration Canada office if your future spouse isn’t Canadian to confirm that he/she will be eligible for a return to Canada on a permanent or temporary basis.
For additional details, see our Marriage overseas page.
Did you know ?
Canada is a legal place for same-sex marriages, but they aren’t recognized internationally. Internationally, same-sex civil unions have a greater acceptance. Canadians who attempt to enter a foreign country with a married couple of the same gender may be denied entry. In certain countries, homosexual activity can be a criminal offense and could lead to imprisonment or death. You can find country-specific information on our Travel Advice and Advisories or the Canadian Embassy or Consulate.
Property purchase
It is a big decision to purchase property in another country. There are often differences in laws and customs regarding real estate abroad. This can lead to unexpected risks and issues with ownership rights. Mexico is one example. Foreigners must have a permit to buy land. They can only purchase property in border and coastal zones through a bank trust.
Did you know:
Canada is not the only country that regulates real estate agents and lawyers. In many places around the globe, conflict of interest rules can be lax. In Latin America and the Caribbean, real estate agents don’t need to be qualified and can promote sales where they have no interest. Local authorities might ignore complaints from foreign residents regarding crooked dealings, particularly if the agent or lawyer is an established member.
If you are planning to purchase property, be cautious. Renting is a good way to get used to a place before you commit to buying it. You should research the local property laws. Also, be sure to investigate any claims about “beach access” that may be false. To find out if there are any problems in your host country, such as fraud or real estate, visit our Travel Advice and Advisories Page.
A local legal representative who is familiar with real estate law will represent you. They are independent from any other parties involved in the transaction, such as vendors or real estate agents. As much as possible, hire a Canadian lawyer who is familiar with the laws of the host country. Your lawyer should never sign anything you haven’t carefully reviewed. Remember that property disputes are private legal issues that cannot be solved by local courts if things go wrong. The Government of Canada can’t intervene.
To avoid problems for your heirs regarding property and other assets that you have abroad, make a will.
Bribery
Canada’s Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act bans Canadian citizens and businesses from corrupting foreign public officials in order to gain or maintain a business advantage. Canadians who give or offer a loan, reward or advantage to foreign public officials (or someone on their behalf) may be prosecuted in Canada or abroad. Violation of this act can lead to imprisonment for up five years.
Citizenship and immigration
Depending on the laws of your country, you may be eligible to apply for permanent residency, citizenship, or both. Either requires you to establish legal status that is more than temporary visitor. You should be aware of the consequences, including the possibility of being denied Canadian consular assistance in the host country. See Dual citizenship – blessings or burdens? or Travelling as a dual citizen for more information.
Immigrant regulations
Although immigration regulations can vary greatly from one country to the next, they are generally based on three principles: investment, employment and family connections. Certain countries will accept potential immigrants who have sufficient guaranteed income, including pension benefits. Mexico, for example, considers a qualified retiree or permanent resident an inmigrante rentista or long-term immigrant. The United States does not recognize retirement as a reason to establish permanent residency.
You will need to apply for immigration before you can arrive in many countries. Some countries will let you enter as a tourist, and allow you to apply for immigration later. For more information, contact the immigration authorities in your destination country.
Temporary visitors: Regulations
Canadians can travel to many countries as tourists, whether they are volunteers, seasonal retirees, or students. A valid passport is usually all that is required to enter.
Some countries have strict restrictions regarding the time that temporary visitors may stay. Costa Rica, for example, limits tourists’ stay to 90 days. Costa Rican immigration authorities must issue a visa to students and they must confirm that students have enrolled in accredited institutions.
If you are planning on buying a home, you should think twice about setting up shop in a country you cannot enter as a tourist. You might consider applying for legal residency. This removes any restrictions on your stay and provides reasonable assurance that you will be able to return to the country at any moment. You can still maintain Canadian residency even if you have legal residency in another nation.
Canadian birthright
Canadian parents do not need to register the birth of their child abroad. However, it is a good idea to prove your baby’s citizenship to be able to apply for a Canadian passport. To apply for a Certificate for Canadian Citizenship and a passport for your child, contact the nearest Canadian consulate. It may take some time, so it is important to start the process as soon as possible. You can find more information on the Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada website.
Driving
International travellers are most at risk from traffic accidents, which can cause serious injury or even death. Be extra cautious when driving abroad.
Check to see if your local laws require you to have an International Driving Permit. The Canadian Automobile Association offers the IDP, which is proof of your Canadian driver’s license. The IDP is only valid for one year after the date of issue, or until the expiration of your Canadian license. It is important to keep your Canadian license safe and to renew it before it expires. Some countries require foreign drivers after a certain period to get a local license.
You must confirm that you are insured to drive abroad.
Learn about local traffic laws, and follow speed limits, legal alcohol levels and road safety procedures.
Drive defensively. Road conditions and motorist behavior vary greatly from one country to the next. Plan your road trip in advance. Make sure you know where you are going. To prevent thieves and carjackers from breaking in, lock all doors.
You must ensure that your vehicle is suitable for Canadian driving. This includes headlight converters to allow left-hand driving and an approved emergency kit. An oval sticker at the rear with “CDN” (the Canada-specific license plate code)
Check with the Canadian Border Services Agency to confirm that you are allowed to import an automobile from abroad. See the Canada Border Services Agency video Importing Vehicles into Canada for more details.
Consular services
Canadian consular officers are available to help you at consulates and embassies around the globe.
- You can arrange for medical assistance by obtaining a list from local hospitals and doctors.
- If you are unable to provide the necessary treatment locally, help coordinate a medical evacuation (fees apply).
- Offer assistance and contact information for local police and medical services to victims who have been victim to robbery, assault, or any other form of violence.
- We will provide you with a directory of local lawyers.
- We can provide you with information about local laws and regulations.
- If you are detained or arrested, you should ensure that you are treated fairly according to the laws of the country.
- You will need to replace a passport that has been stolen, damaged, or expired (fees apply).
- Ask your friends and relatives for help in sending money or tickets to the airport.
- If you are involved in an accident or are being detained by the police, contact your next of kin.
- Offer advice on how to bury a Canadian overseas or help with repatriating the remains back to Canada (fees apply).
We can’t:
- Intervene in private legal matters.
- Investigate a crime or death.
- Ask your local authorities for preferential treatment.
- Travel arrangements should be made.
- Assist in job searching.
- We can help you find accommodation.
Our Consular services page contains a complete list of the services that we are able to provide. For a complete list of Canadian consulates and embassies around the world, visit our Embassies & consulates page.
Prepare an emergency plan
It is essential that you have an emergency plan for when you travel abroad. It will be of great help to you:
- Know what to do in the event of a major emergency, such as a natural catastrophe or civil unrest.
- Find escape routes from your workplace and home, and find a safe place to meet up.
- You should have a 72-hour emergency supply, which includes food, water, and other necessities.
- Visit the Government of Canada website Get Prepared for more information about creating an emergency plan.
Death abroad
You should immediately contact your nearest Canadian consulate or emergency response centre if a Canadian friend or relative dies overseas. Consular officials can help you make the arrangements necessary to:
- Register the death with your local or Canadian provincial or territory authorities.
- Documentation, such as a death certificate or autopsy report, should be obtained.
- Get information about the circumstances surrounding the death.
- Return the remains of your loved ones to Canada
There may be fees. See our Death abroad page for more information.
Did you know:
Consular assistance is available at all times, 24 hours a days, seven days a semaine. For more information, see “In case an emergency …”
Voting
Canadians who are eligible can vote while they are temporarily residing abroad. You must first submit an Application for Registration with Special Ballot to Elections Canada. A voting kit will be sent to you with instructions when an election is called. You can find more information on our Elections page (voting from overseas).
Stay connected
You may discover that, despite the charm of living abroad you are more dependent on Canada than ever. While you adjust to living abroad, it can be helpful to share your problems and experiences with friends and family. It can also help you receive news from home. Your eventual homecoming will be easier if you have a strong support network here.
Keep Canadian contacts informed about your whereabouts, and any changes to your plans. Canadian consular officers receive many calls from grieving family members and friends who have not heard from their loved ones abroad. You shouldn’t expect communication to be as fast in other parts of the world than it is in Canada.
Did you know:
Telephone: Many countries have less reliable and more expensive telecommunications services than Canada. It is possible that you will not be able to get a phone line right away. Some countries have lengthy waiting times. Foreigners may need to make large cash deposits. In countries that offer mobile services, a cell phone is usually a better option than a landline.
Internet: Internet access is available in many countries, but it is restricted by the infrastructure and network technologies of each country. It may be difficult for private Internet access to be established. You shouldn’t expect high-speed internet access in developing countries to be as fast as in Canada.
Radio and television: Canadian broadcasts can be accessed worldwide via satellite and Internet. For online programming about Canada, tune in to Radio Canada International (rcinet.ca).
Mail: In developing countries, postal services can be slow and unpredictable. You may find it more convenient to have your mail sent via Canada to a forwarding company, which will then be couriered to your home periodically.
Canadian expat community: Connecting with the expat community can help you to lessen your culture shock, provide vital support as you settle into your new environment, and make connections.
Information about travel: Stay up-to-date with the latest information via our Travel Advice and Advisories and RSS feeds. You can also connect with us via Twitter or Facebook.
Returning to Canada
Plan for your return
When you return to Canada, expect to experience some adjustment. A reverse culture shock can occur, which could include feelings of anxiety, groundlessness, and depression. It takes a little planning to make your homecoming easier.
Tax and departure clearance
Before you leave your host country, it is important to resolve any outstanding obligations. You should ensure that you have paid all your bills and made arrangements for it. You may require departure clearance to leave the country if you have citizenship, permanent residency, or another legal status. Acceptance usually depends on satisfactory inspection of travel documents and permits, as well as other official forms. Some countries require a declaration from the local tax authorities proving that you have met all obligations. If you are leaving the country for a long time or for good, others will cancel your residency permit.
When you leave, be prepared to pay a local departure tax. You may be charged fees by other countries that you pass while en route to Canada.
Importing pets
You will need to show proof that your pet has been vaccinated against rabies if you plan to bring your dog or cat back to Canada. An import permit may be required for other pets. See our Travelling with animals page for more information.
Bring it home
You may be subject to import restrictions for household and personal items depending on how long you have lived abroad. All items purchased abroad must be declared, regardless of whether they were intended for you or as gifts. For inspection purposes, keep original receipts.
You can bring as much money into Canada as you like, but it is not restricted. However, you will need to report any amount exceeding $10,000 to customs.
See our Customs page for more information about what you can bring home.
Post-travel medical matters
You should immediately see your doctor if you feel sick or unwell upon returning to Canada. Be sure to mention your time spent abroad, the countries you visited, whether you were ill while you were away, and the medical treatment you received.
Illegal souvenirs
Certain goods cannot be imported into Canada. For guidance, please contact Canada Border Services Agency before you plan to import meat, eggs or dairy products, fresh fruits and vegetables, plants, animals, or items made of their feathers or skins. Our Customs page provides timely and accurate information about import requirements.
Many illegally imported items into Canada include elephant ivory, coral jewellery, and sea turtle shells. These are all made from endangered animals or plants. These items are among the 34,000 species that are protected under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Violations of CITES can result in your purchase being seized and you could be subject to a fine or prison sentence. Consult Environment Canada’s CITES website for details.
It may be illegal to bring back cultural property such as fossils or antiques whose export is prohibited or restricted by your host country. You may face severe penalties and your cultural property could be confiscated and sent back to its country of origin. Consult your host country’s authorities border or Canadian Heritage for more information.
Did you know:
It is illegal to import obscene material, child pornography, or hate propaganda into Canada.
The website of Health Canada lists products that are banned from Canada because they pose safety hazards.
The Canadian Firearms Program website has information about how to import weapons.
Number for social insurance
Your social insurance number (SIN), may be deactivated if you haven’t filed a Canadian tax return for more than five years and lived abroad for an extended time. You will need to prove your identity and provide an explanation for the inactivity. You can find more information on Service Canada’s website or visit your nearest Service Canada office. Or call 1-800-206-7218 (in Canada), or 506-548-7961 (from overseas).
Provincial/territorial health insurance
If you have been away from your home country for more than six months, your provincial or territorial health plan may be invalid. You may need to requalify before your coverage can be reinstated. You may be covered for this period by any insurance purchased abroad. If you do not have health insurance, temporary visitors to Canada can purchase it upon arrival.
Be sure to apply for reinstatement of your provincial/territorial health plan upon your return to Canada. Contact your local healthcare authority for more information and to learn what conditions you may be subject to. Visit the Moving back to Canada page for links to the official websites of Canada’s territories and provinces.
Checklist for Living Abroad
These are the most important steps to follow before you leave Canada.
Consider your willingness to travel abroad. You should weigh the benefits and risks of learning a new language, culture, laws, customs, climate, and security.
Confirm that you are authorized to work, volunteer, retire, or study abroad.
For Canadian travelers, we recommend consulting our Travel Advice and Advisories as well as the publication Bon voyage.
Calculate the costs involved in moving abroad.
Preparing for your long-term health by getting a pre-departure assessment, vaccinations and prescriptions. You can also get extra eyeglasses, supplemental, or replacement insurance.
Double citizenship can cause problems in your host country.
All required travel documentation should be obtained (e.g. passports, visas and medical certificates as well as criminal record checks). Canadian family members and friends should have copies of your documents as well as your insurance policy.
You must have a written consent letter to prove that your children are allowed to travel abroad. Check with the immigration authorities in your host country for additional requirements. Make arrangements for daycare and schooling.
Register for the Registration of Canada Abroad service to be contacted and assisted in an emergency.
Feedback
We value your opinions and they will allow us to continue providing world-class consular service. Please share with us your feedback via the comment section. | https://roarengine.com/living-abroad-canadian-guide-to-studying-volunteering-working/ |
for doing gender-responsive budgeting have been proposed,
but they always need to be adapted to the respective
national or local context. Each initiative needs to
choose which tools to apply based on which actors are
involved, the nature of the political and budget management
systems, and a range of other factors.
Tool 2: Gender Aware Benefit
Incidence Analysis
Tool 3: Gender
Aware Beneficiary Assessments
Tool 4: Gender Aware
Public Expenditure Tracking Surveys
Gender-disaggregated analysis of the impact of the
budget on time use aims at analysing how government
resource allocation and revenue raising patterns impact
on the amount of different types of paid and unpaid
work done and the way that time is spent by women and
men. Empirical evidence has shown that cuts in expenditure
for social services or the introduction of user fees
often increases women’s time burden. The work
that women do in the care economy remains invisible
in the System of National Accounts (SNA) and it is thus
only with this sort of analysis that the impact can
be seen.
Key question
Methodology
To analyze the impact of the budget on
time use of women/girls and men/boys one needs to carry
out the following steps:
One way of linking the time use patterns to policies,
at least at the macro level, is by building time use
data into macro-economic models.
Actors
Tim e use data are normally collected
by the government statistical agency. However, small-scale
surveys can be carried out by NGOs, academics or research
institutes. The government and non-government agencies
which have developed macro-economic models will be responsible
for the incorporation of the care economy into these
models.
Constraints
The collection of nation-wide time use
data is time consuming and costly.
Tool 6: | http://grbi.gov.pk/tool5.asp |
How do you list research experience on a resume?
How do you list research experience on a resume?
How to Put Research Experience on a ResumeStart with your current or most recent research job.Follow it with your previous position and the one before that, and so on. Add up to 5 bullet points describing your duties and, more importantly, your achievements.Quantify whenever possible.
How do you describe research skills on a resume?
Here’s a list of some research skills for your CV:Report writing.Data collection.Analysis of information from different sources.Finding information off the internet.Critical thinking.Planning and scheduling.Interviewing.Critical analysis.
How do you describe a research assistant on a resume?
Common work duties listed on a Research Assistant resume example are updating records, overseeing experiments, handling samples, implementing testing methods, and supervising technicians. Cultural awareness and communication skills also influence work outcome.
What is the job description of a research assistant?
Typical Research Assistant Duties and Responsibilities: Meets regularly with supervisor to discuss research assignments. Performs research work in archives, through interviews, online, or whatever may be appropriate to assist the assistant’s supervisor. Prepares literature reviews. Gathers and analyzes data.
What skills do you need to be a research assistant?
Research Assistant top skills & proficiencies:Communication.Attention to detail.Critical thinking.Technical skills.Statistical and Graphical Analysis of Data.Ability to maintain quality, safety and/or infection control standards.Planning and scheduling.Interviewing.
What is expected of a research assistant?
While a research assistant is expected to contribute in many ways to the research project, typical responsibilities include the following: Conduct literature reviews. Collect and analyze data. Prepare materials for submission to granting agencies and foundations.
What are basic research skills?
Research skills include the ability to gather information about your topic, review that information and analyze and interpret the information in a manner that brings us to a solution.
Why should I be a research assistant?
If your diligent data-driven soul thrives on learning more about the world around you, consider becoming a research assistant! Becoming a research assistant is a great way to learn research techniques and to get in-field experience that will make finding employment in any given field much easier.
How do I say I have good research skills?
To better understand your own research skills, it’s important to be able to identify them….For example:Attention to detail. Planning and scheduling skills. Data collection skills. Problem-solving skills. Technical skills. Critical thinking skills.
What are the strengths in online and research skills?
The 6 Online Research Skills Your Students NeedCheck Your Sources. The Skill: Evaluating information found in your sources on the basis of accuracy, validity, appropriateness for needs, importance, and social and cultural context. Ask Good Questions. Go Beyond the Surface. Be Patient. Respect Ownership. Use Your Networks.
How do you practice research skills?
Here are a few research practices and tips to help you hone your research and writing skills:Start broad, then dive into the specifics. Learn how to recognize a quality source. Verify information from several sources. Be open to surprising answers. Stay organized. Take advantage of library resources.
Does practice actually make perfect?
It’s an age-old question, and a new study finds that while practice won’t make you perfect, it will usually make you better at what you’re practicing. “Other factors matter as well, but even so, no one says that practice will ever hurt you; but be careful if you are walking tightropes,” one researcher said.
What is the best way to do research?
Basic Steps in the Research ProcessStep 1: Identify and develop your topic. Selecting a topic can be the most challenging part of a research assignment. Step 2 : Do a preliminary search for information. Step 3: Locate materials. Step 4: Evaluate your sources. Step 5: Make notes. Step 6: Write your paper. Step 7: Cite your sources properly. Step 8: Proofread.
How can I do online research effectively?
Here are a few basic guidelines to remember:Don’t rely exclusively on Net resources. Narrow your research topic before logging on. Know your subject directories and search engines. Keep a detailed record of sites you visit and the sites you use. Double-check all URLs that you put in your paper.
How do you research information efficiently and accurately?
Research strategy guide for finding quality, credible sourcesGet organized.Articulate your topic.Locate background information.Identify your information needs.List keywords and concepts for search engines and databases.Consider the scope of your topic.Conduct your searches.Evaluate the information sources you found.
How can we use Internet effectively?
10 Productive Ways to Spend Time on the InternetLearn something new. One is never too old to learn a new skill. Develop opinions and world views. Get organized. Update your personal and professional life. Shop smart. Pick a cool new app. Get a virtual assistant. Take a world tour on your desktop. | https://eyebulb.com/how-do-you-list-research-experience-on-a-resume/ |
By Lori Straus When it comes to the winter, Canadians tend to divide themselves into two groups: those who love the outdoors despite the freezing temperatures and those who hide indoors precisely because of those temperatures. Both groups have one thing in common, though: neither wants to wash their vehicle in the winter. However, good... Read More.
Category: Seasonal
Seasonal car maintenance
When to Plug in Your Block Heater
By Lori Straus Although this winter hasn’t felt like much of a winter for those of us in southern Ontario, winter always includes temperatures below -10 Celsius for the entire province. And remember last winter? For the western half of Canada, from the Upper Great Lakes to the Pacific coast, February 2019 saw the lowest... Read More.
How to Defrost (and Defog) Your Car
by Lori Straus One of the most annoying things about winter is the extra 5 to 10 minutes that you need to clean off your car. The windshield and windows are perhaps the most annoying, because you must clear them completely so you can see the road. In this blog post, we’ll cover a few... Read More.
How to Get Unstuck in the Winter
By Lori Straus As beautiful as the surrounding landscapes can be in the winter, with everything covered in white snow, one of the major inconveniences of winter is getting stuck in the snow. It can even happen with winter tires. Depending on the situation, you may need to call for help. However, in many cases... Read More.
Stay Safe: Assemble Your Winter Driving Kit
By Lori Straus As I write this, it’s 9°C in the second week of December in my city in Southwestern Ontario. All my hard-earned shovelling is being erased. That makes it hard to believe that it’s still winter. But it is. If you haven’t done so yet, do it immediately: assemble your winter driving kit,... Read More.
When Should You Change to Winter Tires?
That’s always the big question every fall, isn’t it? Do you change to winter tires early on to avoid “tire jams” at the garage? Or do you hold off as long as you can to keep your fuel efficiency high?... Read More.
Car Maintenance Tips for Spring
We’re at that point in the year where our knees tremble at the thought of checking the weather: will there be snow? But check it we must, and it tells us that yes, spring is on its way. Which means…time to clean your car! Below you’ll find a checklist of car maintenance tips for spring. Happy cleaning!... Read More.
Get Your Vehicle Ready For Fall – 10 Must Check Items
The days are getting shorter, the temperature is cooling – it’s time to get your vehicle ready for Fall. Here is a list of things to check in regards to preparing your vehicle for fall driving.... Read More. | https://www.blog.ontariocars.ca/category/car-maintenance-tips/seasonal/ |
1. Key responsibility of an electrician: The role and responsibilities of an electrician generally vary depending on the field of their specialisation.
An electrician plans for the electrical systems for newly constructed buildings. They make a plan for the position of electrical outlets, heating outlets, ventilation systems and light fixtures. Interpret and read architect blueprints, technical documents and circuit diagrams.
Installs circuit breaker panels, switches, relays, other electrical control as well as distribution equipment. They also maintain control systems, wiring and lighting. Apart from that, they can inspect transformers, circuit breakers and other electrical parts regularly.
They also repair, replace and upgrade outdated or faulty electrical fixtures, wiring and other equipment.
Electricians should maintain all types of electrical standards.
2. Key skills: Electricians should have different technical skills. They include:
- Comprehension skills: These skills always help them to understand and interpret memos, technical documents and blueprints which they receive from their job sites.
- Hand-eye coordination and keen eyesight: Working with electrical systems, components and products are difficult. So, excellent vision and steady hands are highly required.
- Proper time management skill: It is very essential for the electrician to execute their work within the allotted schedule.
- Logical problem solving skills: When electrical systems and products fail, they should think logically and analytically to identify the alternative ways of solving the problems.
- Work environment of an electrician: Electricians may work in cramped conditions or large spaces. They generally spend working time in indoor and outdoor construction sites. They even work in remote areas. Therefore they always take proper safety precautions to avoid accidents. Electricians either work independently or work as a team. They do not have any fixed working location.
Electricians work really hard to provide us better electrical solutions. They are highly essential in our day-to-day life. They solve all the problems associated with electrical wiring or its malfunctioning. In London, you will find many skilled electricians. They always provide the best services at a low cost. | https://en.paperblog.com/electricians-know-their-roles-and-responsibilities-2185976/ |
I came across “Warrior Nun” when I finished rewatching another Netflix series (yes, I like to rewatch series). I thought to myself, “Warrior Nun? Must be another teen series with a bad concept” as the trailer auto-plays on my screen.
However, I believe that you should never judge a book (or in this case, a Netflix Series) by its cover.
The more I got stuck into the series, the more I realised… I was hooked. Before I knew it, I was at the last episode – shook to my core. The ending was the ultimate cliff hanger and someone please tell me there’s a season two.
The story begins with the death of Ava, a paralysed teenager who grew up at a Catholic orphanage.
The OCS (The Order of the Cruciform Sword), a group of female warriors and nuns who fight alongside the Warrior Nun, was under attack. The leader of The OCS, Sister Shannon (who has a powerful halo) was severely injured during the attack. Sister Shannon knew her time was up and ordered her team to take the halo off her for the next Warrior Nun.
One of the members took the halo and ran into a separate room where she found Ava’s body. She then left the halo with Ava for safekeeping as she returned to help the rest of her team.
Little did she know, the power of the halo brought Ava back to life.
With this newfound “superpower”, Ava had no idea how to control it. As the story progresses, Ava had a taste of witnessing the powerful demons and later became a part of The OCS to fight the evil. Ava progresses throughout the series, from a girl who runs away from her responsibilities to a team leader and a team player that takes action to do what is right.
Ten episodes in, I realised that yes – fighting nuns are totally cool and makes a great story. With an abundance of twists, turns and character progression (we love), this show is perfect for those who love fantasy crossed with drama. | https://fennecandfriends.com/i-finished-netflix-nzs-top-trending-series-in-three-days/ |
If you are looking for a comic that blends striking visuals and good storytelling with a uniquely digital format, you should read the webcomic “Ava’s Demon” by Michelle Czajkowski. It’s a particularly good pick-up for lovers of fantasy and sci-fi due to its interesting spin on the concepts of reincarnation and galactic warfare.
At first, the webcomic centers around a teenager named Ava Ire and her demon Wrathia, who we quickly learn has a knack for tormenting Ava and getting her in trouble. We are introduced to the pair when Wrathia gets Ava sent to the principal’s office and expelled. While Ava is being scolded, we are introduced to two other key characters, Maggie and Odin. Then, the comic suddenly shifts into high gear and takes the reader on a roller-coaster ride of events where all three are trying to escape their planet as it is randomly being attacked and destroyed. But during the escape, Ava has to make a pact with her demon in order to not die, with two conditional requirements. First, Ava is bound to Wrathia, and second, she will help Wrathia seek revenge by defeating the galactic overlord named Titan who destroyed her empire. To achieve this goal, Ava must find other people like herself that have an associated demon: Wrathia’s empire’s strongest warriors. This pact teaches the reader a bit more about Ava’s demon, who she is, where she came from and the reason why she, Maggie and Odin were brought together – which perhaps isn’t so random, after all.
Then, the series follows Ava’s journey in trying to find the rest of Wrathia’s warriors. Sometimes, Ava is the main focus, and we are granted access to her thoughts or her demon’s dynamic and backstory as the comic unfolds. Other times, the narrative follows the rest of the characters’ backstories, perspectives and dynamics with their own demons. This switch in perspectives is imperative to the story, as with each character shift we slowly piece together not only the mass influence and power of Titan but the relationships and dynamics these demons had with each other before the fall of their empire. Along the way, we see how these histories and past relationships intertwine with their reincarnated selves, as each demon either represents or possesses something that their reincarnated self lacks. This correlates to the fact that each demon’s name is an anagram for one of the seven deadly sins.
For example, Ava is meek and insecure, so Wrathia gives her confidence and power in dire moments. Maggie is brash and confrontational, but her demon Tuls is gloomy and calm; what binds them together is their infatuation with love and affection, as Tuls is the anagram for lust. Odin is prideful and dutiful but insecure, so his demon Pedri, the anagram for pride, is strategic and cunning. So, he will occasionally feed off of Odin’s insecurities in order to manipulate, mentally weaken or briefly possess him.
Story aside, you should read “Ava’s Demon” to engage with the colorists’ painted art style and the author’s unique use of animations. The first thing you’ll notice when you start to read this series is how the use of light and color makes the characters and background look soft and glowing. This interesting use of shading adds to the fantastical setting of the comic, enhances the story’s tonal shifts and allows readers to understand and almost feel a character’s emotions and inner turmoil. For example, during a near-death experience Ava has in the middle of the series, the shades shift to blue and white and depict an atmosphere of order and efficiency. Then, Wrathia lends her power again, and everything turns orange and red, quickly changing the calm and orderly atmosphere to chaotic and vengeful.
Additionally, unlike the usual comic page where there are panels or the usual webcomic format of scrolling down, “Ava’s Demon” utilizes the next button. What’s cool about this is that the author intentionally presents the panels one by one for readers to view them like storyboards of a movie. The added motion of the animated sequences at the end of each arc truly demonstrates the magnetism of this story’s surreal-like visuals. So, if you want to experience how print media can be taken to the next level when placed on a digital platform, read “Ava’s Demon” at avasdemon.com. | https://utdmercury.com/avas-demon-is-a-standout-webcomic/ |
We have been talking about moving energy through the Root and into the Sacral chakra. We discussed the Wells of Yggdrasil and how each has a particular property. Hvergelmer is the “Roaring Kettle” of Niflheim adjacent to Helheim near the root ball of the Tree. Mimir’s Well is found at Jotunheim, or Giant’s home. Mimir was beheaded by the Vanir, and Odin by his magical arts kept Mimir’s head alive and placed him in the well on Jotunheim so that he might always seek Mimir’s counsel. Urd’s Well at Asgard is the area for law giving. The Norns law giving is the consequence of cause and effect reflected in our Wyrd (fate) and Orlog (destiny). This is not karma, which implies misdeeds and punishment that will catch up to you someday. Wyrd and Orlog are what we weave from the web of our choices and actions.
In the last blog I talked about the Solar Plexus in accord with the yogic chakra system and with the teaching on the “formatory apparatus” of my Gurdjieff teacher Donald Petacchi. The Worlds of Yggdrasil do not align quite so simply as the chakras of the yogic chakra system, but that system does help us to understand the function of Yggdrasil as a soul map for awareness. Let us assume for the sake of this discussion that we ourselves are a reflection of Yggdrasil. Let us image our self as the Tree.
Five Worlds of Yggdrasil climb from the base up along the vertical energy column. At the base Helheim (Hel home or holding place for the dead, this is NOT the Christian hell), next world up Svartalfheim (Dark Elf or Dwarf home), Midgard (Middle Fortress/ Middle Earth), Alfheim (Elf home), and Asgard (God-fortress). Rotating around Midgard (Middle Fortress), or Middle Earth, are the four worlds of Jotunheim (Giant home), Vanaheim (Vanir home), Muspelheim (Fire home), and Niflheim (Mist/Ice home). These four worlds are paired in two polarities – in the Norse creation mythology, Muspelheim (world of expansion) collided with Niflheim (world of contraction) and the resulting forces gave rise to life. Jotunheim and Vanaheim are polarities of chaotic transformation and process order.
I had been pondering for some time how the worlds could be like and yet unlike the tidy chart of the yogic chakras, and then I understood. The yogic chart has seven chakras rising from Root to Crown. The worlds of Yggdrasil have five worlds from Root to Crown along the vertical energy column. It is easy to see how Helheim, where souls wait like seeds in the earth, can relate to the Root chakra, and how Svartalfheim, home of the creative dwarves, could relate to the Sacral chakra. Likewise it is easy to see how Asgard, the realm of higher consciousness can relate to the Crown chakra and Alfheim, the land of magic and glamor, can relate to the Brow chakra, source of psychic power and intuition. What stumped me was Midgard, which would have to incorporate the Solar Plexus, Heart, and Throat chakra, until I remembered that the gods Odin, Vili, and Ve had given human beings breath (throat), will (solar plexus), and fire of the blood (heart chakra). The properties of the worlds, like the properties of the chakras, are things that we have as human beings. So the polarities of expansion/contraction and transformative change/process order are also qualities humans have. The worlds were designed in the stories to be like outer manifestations of life that people could understand. We have the property of expansion, so like fire we burn; or we contract, like ice.
These are all ideas that need further development, so just for today: | https://nornirscorner.com/365-days-of-prayer-day-80-day-9-of-chakra-clearing/ |
In addition to Public Safety Notices and Buckeye Alerts, the university also may issue Neighborhood Safety Notice emails for serious or violent crimes or crime patterns that occur on non-Clery reportable property when they present a serious or continuing threat to students and employees. Determinations about issuance of these "off-campus" Neighborhood Safety Notices will be made on a case-by-case basis, and issuance is within the discretion of the Chief of Police or designee. Factors that may be considered in determining whether to issue an off-campus Neighborhood Safety Notice may include but are not limited to information known about the crime and the continuing threat and the timeliness in receiving that information; the seriousness of the crime and the continuing threat; the proximity to campus; whether the victim of a particular crime was a university affiliate, campus visitor or other; the risk of interfering with the criminal investigation of an outside law enforcement agency; whether the perpetrator has been arrested or charged with a criminal offense; and whether information about the crime is already known to the public through the media or other sources. Off-campus Neighborhood Safety Notices also may be issued for the purpose of seeking information that may lead to the arrest and conviction of the offender.
Although the University Police Division works to remain aware of crimes that occur in the areas close to campus, the Police Division may not always be aware of a particular crime that occurs in an off-campus area or may not have sufficient information to issue a Neighborhood Safety Notice about a particular crime. While it is possible that off-campus Neighborhood Safety Notices could be issued for other areas, they typically will be limited to crimes occurring in the immediate vicinity of the central campus area where students or employees are likely to frequent. The University Police Division may, within its discretion, choose to issue information about these types of off-campus crimes through other means, including but not limited to social media, the Department of Public Safety website, or joint media releases or warnings issued in cooperation with an outside law enforcement agency, instead of issuing a Neighborhood Safety Notice. | https://dps.osu.edu/nsn |
What is a sous chef? First of all, Sous chef comes from the French language meaning – Sous-Chef de Cuisine (under-chef of the kitchen). And can also be known as second in command of the kitchen. This is the next level up the kitchen brigade ladder from a chef de partie. He or She is the right-hand person of the head chef. Almost always sous chefs attain their position by working their way up the ladder within a kitchen brigade. And this has been done through training, experience, perseverance and hard work.
First of all, the junior sous chef is the assistant of the sous chef with similar responsibilities.
The sous chef is the Head chefs second in command at this level the sous chef will have a great deal of the responsibility within the kitchen. In addition, this could lead to being promoted as an executive.
This is a sous chef who will have a great deal of experience as a sous chef. Consequently, they will have proved themselves as an excellent sous chef.
A sous-chef will be employed by an establishment that uses a commercial-grade kitchen, which will include a restaurant, hotel, or cruise ship.
What Are The Key Qualities?
And now we understand what is a sous chef, what are the key qualities. Key qualities that a sous chef will need to possess include, firstly, the ability to quickly delegate jobs to a large staff team in an authoritative manner. And they will also need to use a great deal of experience they have gained whilst working at each different level within a kitchen brigade. Therefore being able to successfully teach and mentor junior members of staff.
In addition, sous chefs may have responsibilities outside of the kitchen. These may include the scheduling of staff rotas and other administrative jobs. Furthermore, it is possible for a quarter of a sous chef’s time to be taken up by doing paperwork.
A Job Description, Their Responsibilities And Duties.
The most common of establishments where sous chefs will be employed will be a restaurant and hotels followed by cruise ships. Due to the culinary position of a sous chef, there comes a lot of responsibilities and duties. Also, they will be reporting directly to the executive chef. Chefs who are successful in this position will quickly learn an in-depth familiarity with the kitchen operations. Therefore they can fill in for the executive chef when needed and assist them in resolving any problems that may occur on the job.
And will be responsible for how the food is presented on the plate. Another job will include the planning of the presentation and directing others to do so. Also, they will be keeping their kitchen staff organised, training of any new chefs, planning and creating the work schedules for the team to follow. And also essentially making sure all the food goes out to the customers at the best level of quality possible to keep the customers happy.
They will also be responsible for any other duties laid out in the job description following the company’s policies.
Most of all they will have the responsibility for the food preparation within the kitchen. This may include the planning and directing of tasks to staff. And they will also need to supervise team members, and keep an eye out for problems that may arise and take control of the situation in an instant.
Other responsibilities may include; need to- thneed to discipline underperforming staff. And this will need to be done in an effective fairway, they will need to drive the team to meet and go beyond expectations by encouraging chefs within their roles.
Assisting the sous chef in their job role and taking on the same responsibilities.
Most of all they are second in command of the kitchen, being the head chef’s right-hand person.
This is a position mainly in large establishments overseeing the sous chefs, and as a result, there may be a lot of paperwork within this role.
What is a sous chef salary? A sous chef is one of the higher – level jobs within an establishment, as a result, the salary reflects this. And in addition, they may have additional compensation such as bonuses or other benefits. As with most kitchen positions salaries depend greatly on the establishment. Due to the location and the previous experience of the chef. | https://becomingachef.co.uk/what-is-a-sous-chef/ |
In the domain of martial arts and combat sports, Andreas Georgiou is a long-time expert practitioner, teacher and author. After being involved for many years in other “heavy athletics”—Olympic-style weightlifting and track and field—he became a student of martial arts in the 1990s. He studied Self-Defense and Jujutsu with Slovak national wrestling champion and security professional Peter Patek in the Slovak Republic while on multi-year posting in that country in the mid-1990s. Upon returning to the US, he trained with Master Shihan Julio Zarate in Maryland, from whom he received his Black Belt in Kindai Ryu Jiujitsu (Ryu Jinjiujitsu) in 2001. He subsequently also trained in Jigo Tenshin Ryu Jujutsu with GrandMaster Dong Jin Kim in the Washington DC area. Apart from Jujutsu he has trained in Western Boxing in Finley’s Gym in Washington DC with Coach Henry Thomas and has experience in various other martial arts, such as Iaido, Tai Chi, Kali and Fencing. Over two decades he has enjoyed teaching martial arts and sharing his knowledge.
In 1997, Dr. Georgiou began his project of researching and comprehensively reconstructing the ancient Olympic combat sport of Pankration, investigating directly the primary sources—in ancient Greek texts and visual arts—and building on the sparse and quite diverse secondary sources in classical studies and the modern martial arts literature. In 2005, Dr. Georgiou completed this project and authored two books on Pankration: Pankration – An Olympic Combat Sport, an illustrated reconstruction, Volume I and Volume II. He also published on Pankration in Black Belt Magazine.
Andreas Georgiou was born in Greece in 1960 and he has roots in the Peloponnese and in Crete. He received his primary and secondary education in Greece and then studied in the United States, where he received a Bachelor of Arts in Economics and in Political Science/Sociology from Amherst College and then a Ph. D in Economics from the University of Michigan. He subsequently worked for 21 years at the International Monetary Fund in Washington DC, until 2010. In the period 2010 - 2015 he returned to Greece to serve as President of Greece’s National Statistics Office, the Hellenic Statistical Authority. He now resides permanently in the United States. | http://www.pankration.info/biographical-info/ |
Population exposure to industrial pollutants is often characterized as a social cost that brings the benefit of industrial employment opportunities. The present study examines whether such a link exists between pollution and jobs for racial and ethnic minorities in the United States.
It is well documented that racial and ethnic minorities in the United States experience disproportionate exposure to toxics air emissions from industry ([@r1], [@r2]). The reasons for this have been a matter of debate: Some identify discriminatory siting of hazards in vulnerable communities, while others suggest postsiting demographic changes in response to lower property values or greater employment opportunities ([@r3], [@r4]). Multivariate analysis finds race/ethnicity to be a significant predictor of exposure even after controlling for income ([@r1], [@r5]), which casts doubt on postsiting population sorting as a sufficient explanation. Longitudinal analysis has found that new hazardous facilities tend to be sited disproportionately in what were already predominantly minority communities ([@r6], [@r7]).
Regardless of the mix between siting and sorting as explanations, the alignment of environmental disparities with employment patterns is of interest. If racial and ethnic minorities experience employment gains that mirror their disproportionate pollution burdens, local policymakers and communities might face a trade-off in deciding how to regulate polluting facilities or whether to accept new ones ([@r8][@r9][@r10]--[@r11]). It would also lend weight to employment opportunities as a plausible reason for postsiting demographic changes. If, on the other hand, there is little empirical relationship between the environmental costs and employment benefits, then the importance of establishing a normative trade-off is reduced.
In 2002, members of Congress asked the Government Accountability Office (GAO) for a study of the economic impacts of industrial facilities that had been subjects of federal or state agency complaints that they expose minority communities to greater environmental risk than the general population. The resulting report ([@r12]) presented data on employment obtained from 15 selected facilities but not on how many people were hired at different salary levels nor whether employees resided in nearby communities. The report notes that local organizations "told us that, in their view, the majority of jobs filled by community residents were low paying." In a comment on the GAO study, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)'s Office of Civil Rights recommended analysis of more detailed information on number and types of jobs provided to communities nearest polluting facilities. The present study is an effort to do this.
At the facility level, we merge employment data from the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)'s EEO-1 database with air pollution data from the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) and Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators (RSEI). We select the nation's top 1,000 polluting facilities, which together account for 94.5% of aggregate human health risk of air pollution from TRI-reporting facilities as measured by RSEI scores, on the grounds that these are the most important sites at which to compare racial and ethnic distributions of exposure and employment.
Data Sources {#s1}
============
The EEO-1 Data. {#s2}
---------------
Authorized under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, EEO-1 requires all firms with at least 100 employees (50, for Federal contractors) to report counts of employees by 7 ethnicity/race groups, by sex, and by 10 occupation categories ([@r13], [@r14]). The data are used to monitor compliance with Federal antidiscrimination rules. Researchers have used EEO-1 data to analyze impacts of affirmative action policies ([@r15], [@r16]). We use EEO-1 data for 2010, provided to us by the EEOC with confidentiality provisions that do not permit us to identify publicly the names of specific facilities or firms. There are ∼680,000 records in the complete dataset, each representing one establishment.
The TRI and RSEI Data. {#s3}
----------------------
TRI was created at the direction of Congress under the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986, which requires all industrial facilities in specified sectors that meet activity thresholds to submit annual data to the EPA on deliberate and accidental releases of some 600 toxic chemicals into the air, surface water, and the ground ([@r17]). In 2010, 14,815 TRI-reporting facilities released a total of 858 million pounds of these chemicals into the air; an additional 178 million pounds were transferred offsite to incinerators, of which the EPA estimates that postincineration air releases amounted to ∼1.8 million pounds.
The TRI simply reports the mass of releases for different chemicals, whose pound-for-pound inhalation toxicity varies by up to seven orders of magnitude. The EPA launched the RSEI project in the mid-1990s to add value to TRI data by incorporating toxicity weights, a fate-and-transport model, and population exposure ([@r18]). The toxicity weights are based on peer-reviewed databases from multiple sources. RSEI toxicity weights establish comparability in potential chronic human health risk between different chemicals and quantities of airborne toxic industrial releases. [Fig. 1](#fig01){ref-type="fig"} provides a schematic of the RSEI Gaussian plume model, which estimates the concentration of each chemical within a 50-km radius around each releasing facility.
![EPA's RSEI: Schematic of air plume model.RSEI scores potential chronic human health risk by estimating toxicity-weighted concentrations of TRI releases in a 50-km radius around facilities at 810 m $\times$ 810 m resolution. Number and race of exposed residents are from US Census ([@r19][@r20]--[@r21]).](pnas.1721640115fig01){#fig01}
RSEI overlays toxicity-weighted air pollution concentrations on a population grid drawn from block-level data from the US Census. The RSEI score represents the aggregate human health risk borne by the population living within 50 km of the facility. EPA and state environmental agencies use RSEI to set priorities for compliance and enforcement actions. The distribution of RSEI scores across TRI-reporting facilities is highly skewed, with the top 1,000 facilities accounting for almost 95% of the total score nationwide.
RSEI--Geographic Microdata (RSEI-GM) provide grid cell-level data on exposures that are aggregated to create facility-level scores. The EPA makes these data available to researchers ([@r21]). By spatially merging RSEI-GM data with Census data on race, ethnicity, and income, researchers have analyzed the environmental justice dimensions of industrial pollution ([@r1], [@r5], [@r18], [@r19], [@r22][@r23][@r24][@r25][@r26][@r27]--[@r28]).
We were able to match across the EEO-1 and TRI databases a total of 712 facilities (of the top 1,000 polluters), following the methods described in *Materials and Methods*. Together these facilities account for 68% of the total RSEI score for all 14,815 facilities reporting TRI air releases nationwide.
Results {#s4}
=======
Comparison of Exposure and Employment Distributions. {#s5}
----------------------------------------------------
[Fig. 2](#fig02){ref-type="fig"}, *Upper* and *Lower* depict the shares of employment (vertical) and air-pollution exposure (horizontal) for blacks and Hispanics. The share of air pollution exposure refers to aggregate burden borne by all black or Hispanic people within a 50-km radius of the facility. The share of employment refers to jobs at the facility held by black or Hispanic people. The 45° line is the relationship that would be obtained if population exposure and facility employment shares were identical. Visual inspection shows that the exposure shares of both population subgroups generally exceed their employment shares, often by a substantial margin.
{#fig02}
[Table 1](#t01){ref-type="table"} presents descriptive statistics. For blacks, the mean share of exposure is 17.4% and the mean share of employment is 10.8%---a disparity of 6.6 percentage points. For Hispanics, the corresponding shares were 15.0% and 9.8%, a disparity of 5.2 percentage points. At 312 facilities (44% of the total), the black share of exposure is more than twice as high as the black share of employment; the reverse (employment share more than double exposure share) is true at only 40 facilities (5.6% of the total). For Hispanics, the corresponding numbers are 442 (62.1%) and 40 (5.6%).
######
Share of jobs and share of risk, by race
Summary statistics African Americans Hispanics
----------------------------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------------
Share of exposure 0.174 (0.006) 0.150 (0.006)
Share of jobs 0.108 (0.004) 0.098 (0.006)
Disparity 0.068 (0.008) 0.052 (0.009)
Facilities for which ratio of job share to exposure share
\<0.5 312 442
\>2 40 40
Total number of facilities 712 712
The upper rows report facility means for the shares of toxic exposure and shares of jobs for African Americans and Hispanics and the disparity between exposure and jobs. Standard errors in parentheses. The lower rows report the number of facilities for which the ratio of job share to exposure share is less than 0.5 (i.e., relatively few jobs come at the expense of high exposure) or more than 2 (i.e., relatively many jobs come with high exposure).
[Fig. 3](#fig03){ref-type="fig"} presents comparable data for skilled and professional workers, who on average account for 60% of employment at these facilities. For this subset of jobs, the discrepancies are larger than for total employment. The mean shares of better jobs held by blacks and Hispanics were 6.9% and 6.8%, respectively; at more than half of the facilities, the black and Hispanic shares of better employment were less than half their shares of pollution exposure.
{#fig03}
Employment by race represents the benefits by race in the area of pollution exposure. Of course, not all persons of a given race benefit from the employment of people of that race. Furthermore, some workers employed at the facility may not live in the 50-km radius for which community exposure is assessed. The association of communities affected by employment and those affected by pollution is thus imperfect. Census data on commuting indicate that mean travel time to work is roughly 25 min with relatively little variation in means by industry ([@r29]), which suggests that much of an industrial workforce typically lives within 50 km of the facility. However, as the minority beneficiaries of employment and minority bearers of the burden of exposure are not necessarily the same people, the estimated disparity provides a lower bound estimate of cost without benefit.
Exposure--Employment Disparities by Industrial Sector. {#s6}
------------------------------------------------------
The difference between the exposure and employment shares of blacks and Hispanics combined provides an indicator of overall racial and ethnic disparity. For all facilities, the average exposure share for the two subgroups combined is 32.6%, and the average employment share is 21.3%. [Table 2](#t02){ref-type="table"} presents sectoral disparities for industrial sectors with 15 or more facilities in our matched dataset. The widest disparity occurs in petroleum and coal products manufacturing (a sector that includes refineries) where blacks and Hispanics in neighboring communities receive 47.9% of pollution exposure and 21.6% of total jobs.
######
Disparity between risk share and job share, by industrial sector
Minority share of Toxicity disparity with
--------------------------- ------------------- ------------------------- ------- ------- -------
Petroleum and coal prods 0.479 0.216 0.171 0.263 0.308
Chemicals 0.419 0.186 0.145 0.233 0.274
Paper 0.248 0.144 0.079 0.104 0.169
Fabricated metal prods 0.316 0.246 0.148 0.070 0.168
Machinery 0.219 0.107 0.065 0.112 0.154
Primary metals 0.283 0.224 0.136 0.059 0.147
Nonmetallic mineral prods 0.260 0.230 0.126 0.030 0.134
Transportation equipment 0.271 0.225 0.150 0.046 0.121
Utilities 0.212 0.102 0.096 0.110 0.116
Other industries 0.299 0.265 --- 0.033 ---
All industries 0.326 0.213 0.135 0.113 0.191
Columns 1--3 report the minority (African American and Hispanic) share of the toxicity risk, jobs, and good jobs for all facilities in each industry. Columns 4 and 5 report the difference between the minority share of the toxicity risk burden and the minority shares of jobs and good jobs. The named industries are those with at least 15 facilities among the 712 in the study.
Impact of Exposure Share on Employment Share. {#s7}
---------------------------------------------
We regress the black or Hispanic share of facility employment on exposure share, with and without controls for population share in the county of the facility. For blacks, one additional percentage point in the share of pollution exposure is associated with only a 0.46% point increase in employment share---that is, the slope of the simple regression line is less than half the 45° slope in [Fig. 2](#fig02){ref-type="fig"}, *Upper*. When we control for the black share of county population, a variable that proxies for the local job-market availability of black employees, the estimated coefficient on exposure share declines to 0.26. The reduced coefficient indicates that, controlling the composition of the local population, additional exposure of African Americans is associated with little additional employment opportunities. For better paid jobs, the estimated coefficients are lower at 0.27 and 0.14 ([Table 3](#t03){ref-type="table"}, upper portion).
######
Share of jobs versus share of toxics risk
Jobs Better jobs
-------------------------- ------------- ------------- ------------ ------------
Black share
Intercept 0.03\*\*\* 0.02\*\*\* 0.02\*\*\* 0.01\*\*\*
(0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00)
Black toxic share 0.46\*\*\* 0.26\*\*\* 0.27\*\*\* 0.14\*\*\*
(0.02) (0.03) (0.01) (0.02)
County percent black 0.33\*\*\* 0.23\*\*\*
(0.04) (0.03)
Adjusted *R*^2^ 0.43 0.47 0.35 0.45
Hispanic share
Intercept 0.00 0.00 −0.01 −0.00
(0.01) (0.01) (0.00) (0.00)
Hispanic toxic share 0.64\*\*\* 0.25\*\*\* 0.50\*\*\* 0.13\*\*
(0.03) (0.06) (0.02) (0.04)
County percent Hispanic 0.63\*\*\* 0.59\*\*\*
(0.08) (0.06)
Adjusted *R*^2^ 0.48 0.52 0.49 0.53
Observations 712 712 712 712
Each column shows the coefficients from a linear regression of the share of jobs on the share of risk for Africa Americans (upper portion) and Hispanics (lower portion). Standard errors are in parentheses. \*\*\**P* \< 0.001, \*\**P* \< 0.01, \**P* \< 0.05.
For Hispanics, we obtain somewhat higher coefficients than for blacks (although still well below 1.0) without the county controls and coefficients very similar to those for African Americans when we control for the county population share of the ethnic minority ([Table 3](#t03){ref-type="table"}, lower portion).
Relationship Between Total Employment and Pollution Risk. {#s8}
---------------------------------------------------------
While the facilities analyzed here rank among the top 1,000 nationwide in human health risk from air toxics releases as measured by the RSEI score, their scores vary by up to three orders of magnitude. We examine the relationship between employment and pollution risk among these facilities---a universe of special importance because together these facilities account for more than two-thirds of the total human health risk from air toxics releases from all TRI facilities nationwide.
[Fig. 4](#fig04){ref-type="fig"} shows the relationship between a facility's total pollution risk and total number of jobs. Both pollution risk (horizontal) and jobs (vertical) are shown on logarithmic scales, and a locally smoothed regression line shows the relationship between the two. At the national level, there is no evident trade-off between pollution risk and the number of jobs.
{#fig04}
A more mixed picture emerges at the regional level, which is consistent with the variation in regional patterns of environmental disparity ([@r1]). [Fig. 5](#fig05){ref-type="fig"} presents comparable plots for the two EPA regions with the largest number of facilities: South Central ([@r6]) and Great Lakes ([@r5]). In South Central, facilities generating more pollution risk tend to provide more jobs, while in the Great Lakes, as pollution risk increases, jobs actually go down. These results suggest that regional policymakers and regulators may face different jobs versus pollution trade-offs. Scatterplots for all regions and for most large industries are reported in [*SI Appendix*](http://www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1721640115/-/DCSupplemental).
{#fig05}
[Table 4](#t04){ref-type="table"} presents estimates of the elasticity of employment with respect to pollution risk. The first two columns report national estimates, with and without state and sector dummies. The elasticities are close to zero. The inclusion of industry dummies in column 2 in particular indicates that there is essentially no relationship between facility jobs and population pollution risk even within narrowly defined industrial categories. The third and fourth columns report estimates for the South Central and Great Lakes regions, respectively. A 10% increase in pollution risk is associated in the South Central region with a 1.8% increase in the number of jobs and in the Great Lakes region with a 1.7% decrease in the number of jobs. These are the only two EPA regions for which the estimated elasticities were statistically significantly different from zero. Comparable estimates for better paying jobs show similar results.
######
Total jobs and pollution risk: Elasticity estimates
National
------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
Log(RSEI score) −0.01 0.01 0.18\* −0.17\*
(0.04) (0.04) (0.08) (0.07)
Intercept 5.67\*\*\* 5.76\*\*\* 3.48\*\*\* 7.60\*\*\*
(0.41) (1.11) (0.93) (0.81)
State dummies Yes
Industry dummies Yes
Adjusted $R^{2}$ 0.00 0.13 0.03 0.03
Observations 712 712 147 195
Each column shows the coefficients from a linear regression of log employment on the log total population risk for each facility. In columns 3 and 4, the sample is limited to facilities in South Central (EPA region 6) and the Great Lakes (EPA region 5). Standard errors are in parentheses. \*\*\**p* \< 0.001, \*\**p* \< 0.01, \**p* \< 0.05.
Discussion {#s9}
==========
Disproportionate exposure of blacks and Hispanics to industrial air pollution in the United States may be caused by discriminatory siting decisions by firms, discriminatory zoning or regulatory policies by government agencies, or postsiting demographic changes in response to economic incentives (such as changes in property values or employment opportunities) or discriminatory practices in housing or mortgage markets. Regardless of the relative strength of alternative explanations for environmental disparities on racial and ethnic lines, it is of interest to know to what extent exposure is accompanied by industrial employment gains.
By matching data from the EEOC and EPA, we have examined this question for 712 facilities that together generate more than two-thirds of the human health risk from industrial air toxics releases in the United States and are representative of the facilities that generate 95% of human health risk from industrial air toxics. Comparing the distribution of pollution exposure risk to the distribution of total jobs and better paid jobs, we find that the share of exposure risk borne by blacks and Hispanics generally exceeds their share of employment at the polluting facilities, often by a substantial margin. On average, blacks receive 17.4% of the exposure risk but hold only 10.8% of the jobs and 6.9% of higher paying better jobs. Similarly, Hispanics receive 15.0% the exposure risk but hold only 9.8% of the jobs and 6.8% of better jobs. The largest difference between exposure and employment shares is found in the petroleum and coal products manufacturing sector, where the share of exposure risk borne by blacks and Hispanics is more than double their share of jobs.
Variation across facilities shows that higher minority shares of exposure are not matched by correspondingly higher employment shares. For blacks, a 1 percentage point increase in exposure share is associated with a 0.46 percentage point increase in their share of jobs; for Hispanics, the corresponding figure is 0.64 percentage point. In other words, disproportionate exposure is only weakly associated with employment gains for blacks and Hispanics.
Turning to the relation between total jobs per facility and the human health risk posed by the facility's air toxics releases, we find no evidence for a widespread trade-off between jobs and pollution. Nationwide, we find zero correlation between these variables. The two EPA regions with the largest numbers of facilities yield statistically significant but opposite results. For policymakers and regulators, these results suggest that a jobs-versus-pollution trade-off is the exception, not the rule, and that even where the elasticity is negative its magnitude is modest at --0.17. This finding is consistent with those of studies that have examined the relationship between employment and environmental regulation by comparing locations and industrial sectors, which have reported either small trade-offs or positive impacts of regulation on employment ([@r30][@r31][@r32]--[@r33]).
Our analysis provides a cross-sectional analysis of the relationship between employment opportunities and pollution exposure. Both the costs of exposure and the benefits of employment have long-term consequences, and the relationship---that is, the trade-off or the absence of a trade-off---may be changing over time. Additional studies using data for longer periods will be useful in shedding further light on the exposure--employment relationship.
To consider recruiting, regulating, or even shutting down facilities, policymakers need empirical data on how many jobs and how much pollution are associated with existing and potential facilities. Policymakers may also seek to apply a normative weighting system for converting pollution and jobs into a commensurate metric, but here we simply empirically assess the relationship without addressing what quantity of jobs would mitigate or compensate threats to population health. Given our finding of no systematic trade-off, the question of commensurability may be diminished in importance. These results cast doubt on the proposition that stricter environmental regulation and the pursuit of environmental justice would come at a cost to employment either in aggregate or for racial and ethnic minorities.
Materials and Methods {#s10}
=====================
EEO-1 and RSEI provide facility-level data but use different facility identification codes. Facilities were matched across databases with information on firm and establishment name, address, geolocation, and Dun & Bradstreet numbers. Matching was undertaken by database methods followed by a record-by-record review for all 1,000 facilities in the RSEI sample. When a TRI facility comprises more than one EEO-1 establishment, we aggregated the EEO-1 establishments to correspond to a single TRI facility.
Due to our interest in assessing trade-offs between pollution and employment in facilities whose air emissions have substantial human health impacts, our target sample was the 1,000 facilities with the highest RSEI air pollution scores. In cases where facilities revised their 2010 TRI reports to show a lower mass of release of one or more chemicals, we adjusted the RSEI data by assuming a linear relation between mass and score for the release in question. Two facilities were dropped from the original sample for this reason. We successfully matched 712 of the top TRI facilities ranked by RSEI score to EEO-1 data.
[*SI Appendix*](http://www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1721640115/-/DCSupplemental) presents summary statistics and distributions for 712 EEO-matched and 288 unmatched facilities in the top 1,000 polluting RSEI facilities. The matched sample closely resembles the unmatched sample in terms of regional and sectoral distribution as well as means and variation of RSEI scores. Together the 712 facilities account for 72.2% of the RSEI score of the top 1,000 facilities and 68.2% of the total RSEI score for all 14,815 TRI facilities nationwide reporting air releases in 2010.
We designate better paid jobs in the EEO-1 data as the following occupational categories: Executive/Senior Level Officials and Managers, First/Mid-Level Officials and Managers, Professionals, Technicians, and Craft Workers. Together these account for 60% of total jobs in the 712 facilities.
Supplementary Material
======================
Dr. Ronald Edwards, Director, Surveys Division, US EEOC, provided the EEO-1 data and Dr. Lynne Blake-Hedges, Senior Economist, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, US EPA, provided the RSEI data. Rich Puchalsky and Kenyon Kowalski provided research assistance. The Indiana University Pervasive Technology Institute provided High Performance Computing database, storage, and consulting resources. This work was supported by the National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center (SESYNC) under funding received from National Science Foundation Grant DBI-1052875.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. V.P. is a guest editor invited by the Editorial Board.
This article contains supporting information online at [www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1721640115/-/DCSupplemental](http://www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1721640115/-/DCSupplemental).
[^1]: Edited by Virginia Parks, University of California, Irvine, CA and accepted by Editorial Board Member Susan Hanson August 22, 2018 (received for review December 15, 2017)
[^2]: Author contributions: M.A. and J.K.B. designed research; M.A. performed research; M.A. and J.K.B. analyzed data; and M.A. and J.K.B. wrote the paper.
[^3]: ^1^M.A. and J.K.B. contributed equally to this work.
| |
National Park:
Certainly the name Serengeti might be something you’ve
head before. In the maasai language the word Serengeti
means "endless plains", a fitting name for
this 14, 763 sq. kilometer expanse of grasslands and
forests. It evokes, in many of our minds, an image of
stampeding wildebeest across the plains, a calculating
leopard waiting patiently for the right moment to make
a move on her prey and huge elephants and giraffes strolling
by exotic trees.
Nearly as large as the state of Connecticut, Serengeti
National Park is the largest in Tanzania and one of
the largest wildlife sanctuaries in the world. The park
lies in a high plateau between the Kenyan border and
Ngorongoro highlands and extends nearly all the way
to Lake Victoria in the west. The landscape of the park,
with its low vegetation and vast seas of open plain,
is ideal for game viewing..
The Serengeti is famed for its annual migrations of
wildebeest, zebras, and gazelles. As these massive Herds
of herbivores search for new grazing ground, they are
tracked and hunted by an impressive array of carnivorous
predators such as lions, leopards, cheetahs, and hyenas.
Buffalo, elephant, giraffe, hippo, antelope, ostrich,
jackal, baboon, and dik-dik also inhabit the vast plains
and woodlands. Bird life in the Serengeti is surprisingly
abundant with nearly 500 species of birds having been
recorded in the park.
The park was established in 1951 to protect its many
species and ensure that it will remain a nearly perfect
example of what it was in the beginning.
Ngorongoro Crater:
Ngorongoro Crater is widely considered to be one of
the natural wonders of the world. 12 miles wide, 2000
feet deep, and covering an area of 102 square miles,
it is the largest intact volcanic crater on earth and
home to a spectacular concentration of wildlife. The
crater hosts an estimated 30,000 animals on its floor,
including large herds of buffalo and wildebeest, eland,
hartebeest, elephant, hippo, lions, and the endangered
black rhino.
Scientists believe that millions of years ago, Ngorongoro
was an active volcano with a cone that some speculate
was as high as Mt. Kilimanjaro. The volcano eventually
became extinct and its cone collapsed and sunk, forming
an enormous crater. The surrounding area was then slowly
enveloped by tropical vegetation and colonized by various
species of animals.
Today, mountain forests, lush vegetation, and fresh
springs surround the rim of the crater's towering walls,
which top out at an elevation of 7500 feet. With its
dazzling natural beauty and the serenity of its surroundings,
Ngorongoro is frequently referred to as "Africa's
Garden of Eden".
The Crater is just one part of the 8300 sq. kilometer
area called the Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA).
Also contained within the NCA's boundaries is the geologically
important and historically controversial Olduvai Gorge,
where Louis and Mary Leakey discovered numerous types
of the fossil remains of early man.
Lake Manyara National
Park:
The name Manyara, drives from the plant Euphorbia tirucalli
form which the Maasai build a hedge to protect their
livestock from predators and poachers. In the maasai
language Maa, "emanyara" means to kraal.
Situated within a long and narrow passageway formed
by the looming cliffs of the Great Rift Valley and the
shores of a dazzling lake, Lake Manyara National Park
is an incredible place to visit. For its moderately
manageable range of 330 square kilometers, the Park
offers vast variety and abundant wildlife, making it
best for a day trip. One can see bushbuck, giraffe,
zebra, ostrich, elephant, wildebeest, aardvarks and
sometimes leopard. The park also attracts over 380 species
of birds such as flamingoes, Egyptian geese, pelicans,
cormorants, storks, and spur-winged geese.
The tall trees of the ground water forest are full
of monkeys while elephants can often be seen on the
slope of the escarpment amongst the baobab trees. In
the acacia woodland, lions can be seen sprawled out
in the heat of the day on the stout branches of the
umbrella trees, while enormous hippos cool themselves
in the pools along the lake shore. There are a number
of hotels and lodges built on the rift walls at high
altitude, which offer a superb view of the lake.
Tarangire National Park:
Covering approximately 2600 square kilometers, which
contains nine different vegetation zones, each supporting
distinct types of wildlife, Tarangire National Park
is one of the finest parks in Tanzania. It is also located
in the Rift Valley, not far from the eastern shore of
Lake Manyara.
The rolling hills are punctuated with magnificent Baobab
trees, alternating with open acacia woodland, rivers,
and stands of palm trees. The unrestrained landscape
of Tarangire is panoramic and calming as the lightly
wooded savannas stretch far and wide in all directions.
Large herds of elephants, zebras, wildebeests, eland
and Oryx congregate here until the wet season allows
them to migrate to lush new grazing land. In the dry
season (Aug-Oct), when many of the migratory wildlife
species return to the permanent waters of the Tarangire
River, the park boasts nearly as high a concentration
of animal life as Ngorongoro Crater.
The birds are also attracted to the river and its surrounding
watering holes. Nearly 300 species of birds have been
recorded in the park, including green and yellow parrots,
green wood hoopoes, Fischer's and yellow-collared lovebirds,
as well as doves, cuckoos, mouse birds, swifts, and
swallows.
Arusha National Park:
Located between the peaks of Mt. Kilimanjaro and Mt.
Meru, Arusha National Park covers an area of 137 square
kilometers. There are three main areas of interest in
Arusha National Park: the Ngurdoto Volcano Crater, the
Momela Lakes, and the rugged Mt. Meru. Arusha National
Park is also known for its remarkable range of altitude,
topography, and vegetation, the park hosts a variety
of species particular to forest, mountain, and aquatic
habitats.
The Ngurdoto Crater: Lip to lip, the crater extends
3 kilometers and descends into a volcanic bowl packed
with wildlife. The view from the rim is spectacular,
where buffalo and warthogs can often be seen on the
crater's swampy floor and the huge crowned eagle have
been spotted flying overhead from time to time. It is
surrounded by highland forest, a prime setting to also
spot black and white colobus monkeys traveling along
the treetops.
The Momela Lakes: These lakes, like many in the estimated
20 million-year-old Rift Valley, are shallow, alkaline
and supplied predominantly by underground streams. Giraffes,
hippos, and elephants are especially common to this
area. Remarkably, the area is also a birder's paradise,
hosting an astonishing variety of migratory and resident
bird life. Over 400 species of birds have been recorded
in the park. In addition to the large flamingo population,
some famous species include the Crowned Eagle, Peregrine
Falcon, Silvery-Cheeked Hornbill, Egyptian Vulture,
and Hammerhead Stork.
The Mt. Meru Crater: Mt. Meru, Tanzania's second highest
peak, is an interesting mixture of lush forests and
bare rocks. It offers one of the most spectacular landscapes
in Africa and is considered to be the highlight of any
visit to Arusha National Park. The forests contain a
wealth of birds and other animals. Those who ascend
the imposing 15,000-foot summit of the mountain will
be rewarded with incomparable views of the majestic
Mt. Kilimanjaro and the Rift Valley. | http://serengetiexpeditions.com/nationalparks.html |
HSW. Health, Safety and Welfare
Thin brick veneer wall systems offer a lightweight design option to use in many areas, both where traditional bricks are used as well as where their use is limited, such as interior accent walls or inset panels. This course outlines the differences between wall systems using anchored and adhered masonry veneer, with a focus on the design, materials, and installation methods of adhered brick veneer wall systems. Use of adhered veneer in interior applications is also discussed.
This course is part of one or more "Course Collections". Click here to view the details...
Within building spaces, noise can be reduced by using materials or assemblies that isolate sound or mitigate its transmission. To do this, it is important to understand how sound moves through building materials and partitions and the impact of sound mitigation products. In this course, we look at the basics of sound as well as techniques and products to prevent sound transmission.
Prerequisites: No
Course Level: Introductory
The magnitude and negative impacts of solid waste have become increasingly apparent, especially in regard to plastics and their presence in the oceans. As a result, there have been many approaches to rethinking what constitutes waste and how it can be avoided or used/managed in a more sustainable manner. This course explores these emerging approaches to waste management planning and illustrates them with current examples of solid waste management plans and initiatives from various countries around the globe. In the first part of this course, we’ll dig into the impact of our growing waste problem and some methods for rethinking this waste. In the second, we’ll provide guidance for the design of a sustainable community waste management plan.
This course is part of one or more "Course Collections". Click here to view the details...
Moss is the oldest plant on earth. A living, self-contained moss wall comprises 100% live moss plants that have an innate ability to cleanse the air while enhancing the visual aspects of an interior environment. This course discusses the impact living plant walls can have on the interior environment, explores the attributes of moss plants, and explains how live moss walls may be used to incorporate biophilia into interior spaces.
Prerequisites: No
Course Level: Introductory
This course is part of one or more "Course Collections". Click here to view the details...
Building owners value daylighting and views but face security and safety challenges with large amounts of glazing. Thermoplastic sheet products offer a variety of glazing solutions that resist security threats while providing transparency, strength, and durability. This course introduces the grades and characteristics of acrylic and polycarbonate sheet products and discusses how they meet the requirements for protection against forced entry and ballistics.
Prerequisites: No
Course Level: Introductory
This course is part of one or more "Course Collections". Click here to view the details...
Insulated metal panels (IMPs) provide a sustainable and energy-efficient insulation option for architects and building owners. These lightweight, durable, easy-to-install panels are an all-in-one product acting as insulation as well as an air and vapor barrier. This course explains how IMPs are an effective thermal barrier and discusses their application in new and retrofit construction. The performance criteria of IMPs are examined relative to current green building rating systems, and various case studies are discussed.
This course is part of one or more "Course Collections". Click here to view the details...
Insulation is one of the most critical factors in maintaining the life of a building. With benefits such as energy efficiency and code compliance, polyurethane spray foam insulation is the ideal choice for many interior and exterior applications. This course examines both low- and medium-density polyurethane spray foam insulation, its characteristics, design considerations, and life cycle analysis for commercial applications.
Brick selection is essential to a project’s durability and appearance. Molded brick, with its rich textures, colors, and shapes, has a timeless appeal that enriches the exterior of commercial and residential buildings. In this presentation, molded brick is compared to extruded brick and the manufacturing process is outlined. ASTM standards, classifications, and specifications are discussed, as are molded brick shapes and the use of molded brick in wall details. Modern examples of molded brick use are provided.
Prerequisites: Introductory
Course Level: Basic
Facilities that require commercial doors and operators depend on the smooth functioning of these systems for productivity, profitability, security, and safety. This course addresses the various types of commercial doors and operators available. Door and operator safety is also discussed, with particular emphasis on the UL 325 standard, its requirements, and the devices that make a door system compliant.
This course is part of one or more "Course Collections". Click here to view the details...
Unfortunately, gun violence is a reality, and design strategies must be employed to ensure a suitable level of protection and safety. This course addresses bullet-resistant fiberglass composite panels and the need for architectural armoring. The course discusses ballistic material testing and standards, the types of ballistic materials available, and fiberglass composite panel applications and installation considerations.
Prerequisites: No
Course Level: Introductory
Keeping bathrooms and kitchens clean and hygienic is essential to health and well-being but can be challenging in busy family homes. This course introduces some basic principles of home hygiene, provides an overview of the most effective cleaning strategies, and shows how contemporary kitchen and bathroom technology and design innovations can make hygienic cleaning substantially easier. Technologies discussed include touchless activation, intelligent toilets, bidet seats, and antimicrobial surfaces.
Prerequisites: No
Course Level: Introductory
This course is part of one or more "Course Collections". Click here to view the details...
The increase in building energy efficiency requirements has led to the use of exterior continuous insulation (CI) to improve the performance of the building envelope. This presentation reviews the benefits of polyiso continuous insulation and then examines in detail the NFPA 285 test standard and fire safety requirements of the 2018 International Building Code for the use of polyisocyanurate insulation in exterior walls of commercial buildings (Construction Types I–IV).
Prerequisites: No
Course Level: Introductory
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) applies to all state and local government agencies, commercial facilities, and public entities that have “places of public accommodation.” Presented in this course are the fundamentals of what accessibility means in terms of architectural door hardware specification. Topics include available hardware technology, the criteria for interior and perimeter access, and the codes and guidelines pertaining to the ADA requirements that affect door hardware selection.
Prerequisites: No
Course Level: Introductory
Floor finishes are one of the last items to be installed prior to substantial completion. Indoor environmental quality concerns related to adhesives make most project 09 flooring specifications require moisture testing before flooring can be installed on concrete slabs. When those moisture tests fail the project faces burdensome time delays and unexpected costs. This course explores concrete moisture and applied flooring, as well as several misconceptions regarding moisture testing. It provides guidance on eliminating concrete moisture problems while protecting the owner, design team, and building occupants from project delivery delays, cost overruns, future failed flooring, poor environmental conditions, and litigation.
Flexible work scheduling, telework, virtual work, and the high cost of office space are some of the drivers of the 21st century workspace. This open, flexible, adaptable, and casual space must still serve not only the technological needs of its users, but also the accessibility needs of a diverse population. This course examines the technical requirements for providing accessibility, universal design, and ergonomics in an open office space and looks at a variety of solutions in the functional areas of the office: open office areas, the workspace, and collaboration areas.
Prerequisites: No
Course Level: Introductory
There are some complex issues involved in achieving ADA-compliant designs in all types of building construction. In terms of bathroom design, it is important to comprehend the ADA standards in order to minimize the risk of injury and to ensure end user comfort and ease of use. This course covers ADA-compliant design requirements for shower compartments and lavatory tops using solid surface materials—from planning and design to installation.
Prerequisites: No
Course Level: Introductory
Indoor air quality (IAQ) can dramatically influence the health and comfort of building occupants. It is critical to understand and control common pollutants in order to reduce the risk of health concerns related to indoor environments. This course examines the pollutants common to building interiors and their potential to cause adverse health effects. Discussions include VOC content and emissions, the value of an IAQ management plan, and the importance of specifying low-emitting materials.
Prerequisites: No
Course Level: Introductory
This course is part of one or more "Course Collections". Click here to view the details...
Over the past few decades, exterior building spaces and roofs have significantly transformed from utilitarian ballasted roof systems to roof systems with highly programmed, environmentally conscious, people-friendly amenities that promote healthier lifestyles. A variety of products and materials can be utilized in the design and construction of roof gardens and decks. This course will review the construction of basic types of roof systems, as well as the range of hardscaping products that are available to designers.
This course is part of one or more "Course Collections". Click here to view the details...
Aluminum Full View (AFV) doors are a fast growing segment within the building product industry. They have a wide range of applications in a variety of building types. This course will look at potential applications and building types, options for installation, and custom options in design when specifying AFV doors.
Green building is about architectural and human performance, and about creating spaces that enhance the user experience. In these regards, LEED v4 and other green programs can drive market transformation. This course demonstrates how LEED requirements are changing to place greater emphasis on materials and health. It also illustrates how new credits with higher standards for health and performance are raising the bar for project teams and the sustainable buildings they design.
This course is part of one or more "Course Collections". Click here to view the details...
The key to an energy-efficient metal building is the implementation of a continuous insulation system that virtually eliminates thermal bridging and prevents condensation. This course discusses how using thermal spacer blocks and metal building insulation in the building envelope increases energy performance, protects against condensation, and meets stringent energy code requirements.
Prerequisites: No
Course Level: Introductory
This course is part of one or more "Course Collections". Click here to view the details...
Interlocking concrete pavers (ICP) have the ability to spread applied loads via the interlock between each unit. This means that the surface does not respond structurally as single pavers but as a composite paved surface. This structural characteristic of ICP allows the design method for these pavements to be based on flexible pavement design. In this course, we examine the ASCE and ICPI structural design methods for ICP and review examples using different soil strengths/stiffnesses and traffic uses. Finally, we survey the design and construction support material and software available from the Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute.
Universal design is not a new concept; however, it is time for a paradigm shift. Considering ADA design, universal design, and living in place, should designers now be offering universal design solutions to all clients, regardless of age or ability? This course reviews both ADA and universal design guidelines and discusses compelling reasons for recommending universal design in your kitchen and bathroom projects. Various kitchen and bathroom applications are discussed in detail.
Prerequisites: No
Course Level: Introductory
Bollards are a cost-effective means of protecting people and infrastructure from damage and injury. This course examines rebounding bollards and includes discussions on the various types of bollards, the benefits of using rebounding bollards in various applications, the components of bollards, and design considerations.
Prerequisites: No
Course Level: Introductory
Ultrathin prestressed precast technology provides a versatile, lightweight panel that offers the strength and aesthetic versatility of concrete at a fraction of the weight. Prestressed precast panels can be used to replace a variety of traditional building materials in a wide range of exterior and interior applications. Reviewed in this course are the benefits, design and cost considerations, and the connection and fastening systems of prestressed precast panels in architectural applications. | https://www.aecdaily.com/olc.php?parent_id=236763&authority_id=41&tabidx=certification&pos=375 |
Apes are the animals that are most closely related to humans. Both apes and humans are members of the scientific group of animals called primates. Monkeys are primates, too. However, apes differ from monkeys in several ways. For instance, apes have more complex brains than monkeys do. Also, monkeys have tails but apes do not.
The apes are divided into two categories: great apes and lesser apes. Gorillas, orangutans, chimpanzees, and bonobos are great apes. They are larger and more intelligent than the lesser apes. The gibbons are lesser apes.
Apes live in warm or hot rainforests. Gibbons and orangutans are found in southeastern Asia. Gorillas and chimpanzees are found in western and central Africa. Bonobos have the smallest range. They are found only in part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, a country in central Africa.
Gibbons and orangutans live mainly in trees. On the other hand, gorillas spend most of their time on the ground. Chimpanzees and bonobos tend to eat and sleep in trees, but they travel mostly on the ground.
The smallest apes are the gibbons. Most gibbons are about 16 to 26 inches (40 to 65 centimeters) long. Gorillas are the largest apes. They may grow to about 66 inches (170 centimeters) in length and weigh 300 to 600 pounds (135 to 275 kilograms).
All apes have a coat of hair, which is usually tan, brown, black, gray, or reddish. They have long arms and shorter legs. Gorillas, orangutans, and chimpanzees generally have powerful arms and broad chests. Bonobos and gibbons are more slender. Like humans, all apes have thumbs that can bend to meet the other fingers. The big toes of apes can also bend to meet the other toes.
Most apes are active during the day. They usually sleep in trees at night. All apes except gibbons build nests for sleeping.
Most apes live in groups. Chimpanzees and bonobos are the most social, sometimes living in groups of more than 100 animals. However, male adult orangutans live mostly alone.
Apes eat mainly plants, including fruits, leaves, stalks, and seeds. Sometimes they eat insects or other small animals. Chimpanzees also hunt and kill monkeys and other mammals for food.
Great apes are very intelligent. Some chimpanzees and orangutans in the wild use sticks or other objects as tools. For instance, some chimpanzees poke sticks into ant or termite nests. The chimps pull the sticks out and eat the insects clinging to them. Scientists study the learning abilities of apes in laboratories and zoos. They have taught some great apes to communicate using sign language or pictures of symbols. However, not all scientists agree that these apes have truly learned to use language.
Reproduction in apes is similar to reproduction in humans. A female ape usually gives birth after a pregnancy of seven to nine months. Normally a single baby is born. Twins are rare. Baby apes are nearly helpless for the first few months after birth. Adult apes may provide care for the young for several years.
Most types of ape are endangered, or at risk of dying out completely in the wild. Humans have cut down the trees in forests where some apes live, destroying their habitats. People also kill apes for their meat. However, people have also begun trying to save these animals. Some countries have national parks to protect apes and their habitats. Laws also make it illegal to hunt or capture endangered apes. | https://kids.britannica.com/kids/article/ape/352765 |
At the ICPAR, we generate qualitative and quantitative data on policies that affect the development of the region and its diverse groups.
We work with NGOs, private companies, government institutions, and other stakeholders interested in Iraq and Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Some key areas of research and analysis we conduct include:
• The Iraqi and Kurdish internal dynamics
• Public policies
• Economic issues
• Security challenges, with special attention to armed groups and conflicts
• Industry performance e.g. energy
• The relationship between Iraq and her neighboring countries, and regional and global powers.
Trusted by NGOs, Government and Enterprises
We have a dedicated research team based in Iraq with extensive experience in survey design, data collection and analysis. Our survey managers and local data collection teams, including qualified enumerators, carry out large-scale surveys across Iraq with consideration of the local requirements.
From evaluating social cohesion projects to market analysis of the energy sector, we have research experience and know-how across a range of areas. More recently, we have evaluated the impact of COVID-19 pandemic in various Iraqi provinces for international organizations, such as German Institute for Development Evaluation, and International Media Support.
Our assessments also serve as a baseline for local and international NGOs, government institutions, and political parties in all provinces of Iraq. We provide assessments focusing on social well-being, education, food security, health, agriculture, water, and sanitation.
Market Research
We assess the market and consumers’ satisfaction with goods and services in Iraq. This includes labor market analysis, cost-benefit analysis, in-depth market research, and studies for private-sector clients in major cities of Iraq and Kurdistan.
Media Research
We provide valuable insight about audience profiling, habits and preferences. It also provides needs assessments for static and vulnerable populations.
Gender Research
Working closely with various key women’s organizations, we provide in-depth analyses about issues related to gender and development. The ICPAR team has worked closely on the gender issues, including sexual harassment, among the vulnerable population in the war affected provinces of Iraq, especially Anbar and Nineveh.
Needs Assessments
We are invested in helping organizations understand the interests, characteristics, and the special needs of the Iraqi communities. As such, we provide needs assessment studies and surveys for private and public firms and institutions. Needs assessment research is conducted before implementing programs and policies by studying the communities in which certain agencies and firms provide services.
Custom Research
If you have a unique research requirement, we can tailor our research to suit your customers’ specific needs. We offer end-to-end research support, from design, data collection, training, and analysis in specific areas. The ICPAR research team have experiences of working for various international enterprises, oil companies, and local NGOs. | https://researchiraq.com/?page_id=72 |
Holbrooke was best known as the key peace mediator and architect of the Dayton agreement in 1995 which ended a bloody three-year war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is less known that in 1992, after visiting the Serb-run concentration camp Manjaca near Banja Luka and writing about it in The New York Times, he considerably contributed to the US administration's decision to become engaged in the wars in the former Yugoslavia.
That is what his close friend, Peter Galbraith, a former US ambassador to Croatia who accompanied Holbrooke to Manjaca, told CNN.
Holbrooke also played an important role in stopping the Serb aggression in Kosovo in 1999 and in NATO's expansion in eastern Europe.
One of his most significant achievements was the mediation in the Dayton peace agreement. He described his experience in the negotiations at base Wright-Patterson in a 1998 memoir, "To End a War".
James Dobbins, a former US envoy for Afghanistan and close associate of Holbrooke, called him a brilliant diplomat and said that his success with the Dayton agreement had been a watershed in the Clinton administration's foreign policy.
Holbrooke's efforts in Dayton stirred controversies last year when Bosnian Serb wartime leader Radovan Karadzic told the Hague war crimes tribunal that Holbrooke had promised him immunity from prosecution if he abandoned politics, which Holbrooke refuted.
In 2005, Holbrooke received the Dayton Peace Award.
In 1998, he negotiated with the then Yugoslav President, Slobodan Milosevic, about withdrawing his troops from Kosovo, where they were engaged in ethnic cleansing, and allowing the arrival of international observers.
When the deal fell through, Holbrooke went to Belgrade to deliver an ultimatum to Milosevic to leave Kosovo or face NATO air strikes. In the spring of 1999, NATO launched an 11-week air strike against Serbia, which ended the war in Kosovo and soon resulted in the fall of Milosevic's regime.
The Croatian ambassador to the US, Kolinda Grabar Kitarovic, said Holbrooke's death was a "big loss for US diplomacy."
She was attending a Christmas reception at the State Department, where President Barack Obama and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton spoke of Holbrooke as a great man of US diplomacy who had tirelessly promoted US interests as well as world peace and security for 50 years.
"We remember his role in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which President Obama recalled, too," she told Voice of America. | https://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/clanak/architect-of-dayton-peace-agreement-richard-holbrooke-dies-20101214 |
Mike Bass, a former Washington Redskins cornerback and a participant in one of the most famous plays in Super Bowl history, was back at the Super Bowl on Friday for the first time since he recovered a fumble by Miami Dolphins kicker Garo Yepremian in Super Bowl VII in January 1973 at the Los Angeles Coliseum.
Bass, who has been living in the Bahamas for the past 20 years, appeared at a sportswriting clinic for youngsters Friday. He and Yepremian recounted the play, a botched field-goal attempt by the kicker, who then tried to throw a pass but fumbled the ball. Bass returned the fumble 49 yards for the Redskins' only touchdown in the Dolphins' 14-7 victory.
Bass's real estate company went bankrupt in 1979 when he was also sued by the Montgomery County (Md.) office of Consumer Affairs for allegedly deceiving investors in condominiums in the Bahamas. Last year, he came back to the United States to take a job at the University of Florida recruiting minority students.
"Football was a means to an end for me," Bass said. "I've put some pounds on and my hair is gray, but I was very lucky. If I'd known how big this thing was, I'd have spent the last 20 years living off that one play. I'm just happy to be back." | https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-1999-01-31-9901300396-story.html |
By Lance Price, Ph.D.
As a molecular microbiologist, I have studied antibiotic resistance for more than two decades and have witnessed the acceleration of this public health crisis at a pace that few would have predicted. Already, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) conservatively estimates that each year in the U.S., at least 2 million people acquire serious infections with bacteria that are resistant to one or more of the antibiotics designed to treat those infections, and at least 23,000 people die each year as a direct result of those antibiotic-resistant infections. Many more die from other conditions that were complicated by an antibiotic-resistant infection.
In reality, superbugs are monsters of our own creation.
We have overused and misused antibiotics in human medicine and in food animal production so excessively that we have forced bacteria to evolve new methods, or mechanisms, of resistance. All life forms adapt to changing environments. That’s exactly what bacterial pathogens are doing. We are fueling the rapid development of new forms of antibiotic resistance by misusing antibiotics. And if we don’t reform our use of these drugs, we may soon enter a “post-antibiotic era,” leaving the next generation with very few or no effective antibiotics.
In early January of 2017, we entered into an alarming new phase of the antibiotic resistance crisis, when it was reported that a woman in Nevada died from an incurable bacterial infection—one that resisted 26 different antibiotics. New antibiotics take many years to discover, test and complete clinical trials. However, we have other strategies to slow the spread of these dangerous pathogens. First, we must curb unnecessary antibiotic use, which drives the growth of superbugs.
One of the primary reasons antibiotics are misused in the hospital is that doctors must wait several hours, if not several days, before the hospital lab can tell them precisely what infection the patient has and what antibiotics that specific infectious strain is susceptible to, or which drugs can kill it.
Here are several of the most frequent ways we misuse antibiotics in the clinical setting:
- Treating viral infections with antibiotics
- Treating patients with overly powerful antibiotics, or broad spectrum antibiotics, for an infection that a less powerful, or narrow-spectrum antibiotic, could cure
- Treating patients for several days, if not a week or more, with broad-spectrum antibiotics after the infection has abated
A 2016 global assessment of antimicrobial resistance noted that 40 million people in the U.S. are given antibiotics every year for respiratory issues, yet 27 million of these people did not actually need them because they had viral infections, or no infection at all.1 Without a rapid tool that can tell physicians that an infection is viral or bacterial, it’s common clinical practice to give the patient antibiotics defensively. This has been standard practice for decades, but we can no longer afford imprecise use of our antibiotics.
We need to change the current model of prescribing to one where clinicians know exactly what they’re treating before initiating antibiotics, and this can be achieved through better utilization of diagnostic tests.
Newer and faster diagnostic tests are among the most promising tools for preventing the misuse of antibiotics and one of our leading tactics to curb antibiotic resistance.
And, resistance is not the only problem caused by antibiotic misuse. Over-exposure to antibiotics—specifically broad spectrum antibiotics—harm patients in many other ways, including organ toxicities, serious healthcare associated infections, such as C. difficile, antibiotic allergies and other adverse events. This is why innovative diagnostic tests are so vital right now.
In late February of this year, one such test was cleared by the FDA to help doctors quickly determine if an infection is or is not bacterial. This biomarker test detects a natural human protein called procalcitonin (PCT), which happens to rise dramatically in the bloodstream when a severe bacterial infection is present. It does not elevate in response to minor or localized bacterial infections. Nor does it change because of viral or fungal infections. While not a true diagnostic, per sé, PCT is ideal for the unique problem we face today: the need for a rapid and accurate tool to assist antibiotic management.
This is the first time a diagnostic tool has been cleared for clinical use to help doctors decide when and if they should start treating a patient with antibiotics and when they can safely stop antibiotic treatment.
The approval of this test will not solve the antibiotic resistance problem, but it is a great first step toward a true solution. There are three fronts in the war against superbugs and antibiotic resistance, and we must make a stand at all three to win this fight.
First, we must substantially reduce unnecessary antibiotics in human medicine and food animal production.
In the U.S., at least 30 percent of antibiotics prescribed for use in people are unnecessary. Likewise, industrial farms in the U.S. inappropriately use millions of pounds of antibiotics each year. This must stop.
Second, we must develop new antibiotics.
Drug makers developed 13 classes of antibiotics between 1935 and 1968, but only three since then, as companies have become increasingly focused on more expensive, long term medications. Equally concerning, only one out of five antibiotics that make it to the initial phase of testing in humans will be approved by the FDA.
And finally, we must develop new diagnostic tests—such as the PCT biomarker test—to guide antibiotic prescribing and better utilize the tests that already exist.
Bacteria are constantly evolving, so even if we are able to develop an arsenal of new drugs, we will always need to stay one step ahead of the bugs. For that reason, we need to use diagnostics tests to help doctors prescribe antibiotics more accurately.
Using PCT testing for antibiotic management is a positive step in the right direction. But, we need even faster tests that can help doctors select the very best antimicrobial therapy for the patient within minutes of seeing her. We can make this a reality, but our incentive and reimbursement models need to change, which I will discuss in my next column.
Opinions expressed in this article are not necessarily those of bioMérieux, Inc.
Lance B. Price, Ph.D.
Lance B. Price, PhD, is a Molecular Microbiologist and Professor at the Milken Institute School of Public Health at the George Washington University and Founder of the Antibiotic Resistance Action Center at the George Washington University. | https://www.biomerieuxconnection.com/2018/06/14/superbugs-monsters-creation-tools-defeat-antibiotic-resistance-faster-medical-tests-essential/ |
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