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Chimpanzees learned to make and use stone tools on their own, rather than copying humans, new evidence suggests.
This also means that chimps and humans likely inherited some of their sophisticated stone tool-use behaviors from a common ancestor, a report on the evidence claims.
The handheld hammers were found at a chimpanzee settlement in the Ivory Coast and date back 4,300 years.
• Click here to visit FOXNews.com's Evolution & Paleontology Center.
Chimpanzees have been observed using similar tools for the past few centuries, but scientists assumed the intelligent apes were simply copying local people cutting open fruit nearby.
[The earliest reports of stone-tool use by chimpanzees in West Africa date to the writings of Portuguese explorers in the 1600s.]
"The thinking until now was that if modern-day chimpanzees use hammers, it was only because they're imitating neighboring farmers," said Julio Mercader, archaeologist at the University of Calgary and co-author of the study. "But what we've found predates farming in the area."
[The study was published Monday in the online edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.]
Since the ancient chimpanzees likely didn't learn the behavior from contemporary men, humans and chimps may have "inherited" the ability from a common ancestor, researchers speculate.
First Case of Prehistoric Chimp Tools
Though there were no chimpanzee remains at the settlement, testing by archaeologists revealed the tool-laden camp was most likely used by the great apes.
The stones were much bigger than anything a human could use comfortably [about the size of cantaloupes] and bore the residue of nuts that modern chimpanzees like to snack on.
"This is the only case of any prehistoric, non-human great ape tool use ever discovered," Mercader told LiveScience
Chimpanzees in the wild today are often seen using hammer tools to crack nuts, much as our ancient ancestors did a few million years ago.
The technology is transmitted socially — or taught, rather than instinctive from birth — and can take up to seven years for a young chimp to master, many scientists have found.
"What makes our find different is that we can demonstrate a prehistoric context for this, and that opens many doors," Mercader said. "Social transmission was the only way for this to happen."
It suggests that there is a cultural link between chimps today and their ancient ancestors, one that could go back even further than a few thousand years, he added.
Since human stone tool use was transmitted the same way, it's possible that both lines were taught by a single source, perhaps even millions of years ago.
["It's not clear whether we hominins invented this kind of stone technology, or whether both humans and the great apes inherited it from a common forebear," Mercader said in a statement reported by the Associated Press.]
[The tools may predate farming in the area but not necessarily human contact, anthropologist Stanley H. Ambrose of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign told the AP. There were early human hunter-gatherers in the region at the time, he said.
If chimps and early humans shared this technology with a common ancestor between 5 million and 7 million years ago, there should be sites with chimp debris going back 5 million years and the earliest human stone tool sites should show the kinds of debris found at the chimp sites, Ambrose said: "They absolutely do not."
Some of the hammers also had starch residue on them, mostly from types of nuts that are still eaten by chimpanzees, but not humans. Some of the starch was also associated with tubers but the researchers interpreted that as "background noise" probably picked up in the ground.
Skeptical of the starch findings was anthropologist Jeanne Sept, dean of faculties at Indiana University.
"Their interpretations of the starch grains recovered from the specimens are incomplete, and somewhat circular," she said. "For example, they do not describe which surfaces of the rock fragments the starch grains were obtained from, which makes it difficult to judge whether the grains were left on the tools as a result of tool-use, or if the grains merely naturally stuck to the stones after they became buried in the soil."
"They assert that starch grains from nuts were behaviorally significant, while they decide that starch grains identified as yam roots are 'background noise' but give no justification for that," she added. "They may in fact be dismissing or ignoring evidence that does not match their chimp-nut interpretation of the site."
"It may be premature to accept the range of their claims until further evidence is presented," Sept concluded.]
Technology Not a Smooth Line
The transition from millions of years ago to the chimpanzees that lived at the ancient settlement would not have been smooth, said Mercader.
Other chimps in nearby areas may not have used the nut-smashing technique at all, he said, and the find asks many questions about why and how this particular group in the Ivory Coast was able to grasp the concept.
It does dispel the notion, however, that humans were the only forest-dwellers with any brains.
"We used to think that culture and, above anything else, technology, was the exclusive domain of humans," Mercader said, "but this is not the case."
[Mercader's research was funded primarily by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany; Canada Research Chairs program, Canada Foundation for Innovation and the University of Calgary.]
Copyright © 2006 Imaginova Corp. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. | http://www.foxnews.com/story/2007/02/14/chimps-may-have-learned-to-use-tools-thousands-years-ago.html |
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Usage: For the bog garden or for shady borders.
Features: Yellow to orange flowers, dark green leaves, purple backside. | https://www.rotex-flowerbulbs.com/en/ligularia-ragwort-dentata-othello-i-25-p-bag/a4095 |
I use visual storytelling as a way to convey a volume of information. At times this is done through either a single or series of still images, while at other times, I add animation, sound, music, voice overs, performance or other creative methods to assist the visual narrative to unfold.
In order to intensify and strengthen each visual narrative, I add extra items (found or made objects) to the work as my way of deepening the overall story. This becomes important, especially when words are not enough to communicate concrete ideas. This is where sound, voice, music and other creative communicators enter the visual story. Below I am providing 2 examples of the same subject matter to illustrate the ways in which I am putting this idea into practice.
The Gateway
In this still image, The Gateway, two women flank the left and right of the photograph. Their mirror-reversal form a headless birdlike figure, the gatekeeper, within the negative space. One hand holds a single branch, while the other holds an empty bird cage.
Dorotha Lemeh, The Gateway, photograph on fine art paper, 2016
Q: When you consider particular myths, mythologies, and/or spiritual beliefs that you hold dear, how do you believe these stories influence what you see? How do you interpret your own understanding of this work?
The Gateway animated
While I am all for the stand alone work of art, there are times when I enjoy an additional layer of creative communication to be integrated to help interpret the visual story. This time adding animated movement brings the desired result. While the still of The Gateway functions as a stand a lone image, the animated version deepened the visual narrative in such a way that it offered other ways to perceive the story.
Dorotha Lemeh, The Gateway, animated, varies, 2016
As a visual artist, I really don’t want to tell people how to feel or what to think. I much prefer that viewers meet and interpret my artworks in a space where they feel most comfortable. | https://dorothalemeh.com/portfolio/work-2/ |
The Neuromodulation Society (India) (TNS) is a multidisciplinary society that encompasses clinicians, researchers and engineers. The society was established with a mission to integrate multidisciplinary experts involved in Neuromodulation and increase the reach and accessibility of this subspecialty. The society offers a common platform for various disciplines such as Pain, Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry, Anesthesiology and Urology to come together and learn from each other.
From Movement disorders and pain medicine, the field of Neuromodulation is expanding to many other neurological and non-neurological disorders as well. As the science and research is rapidly advancing in this field there is a need for continuous interaction. TNS provides an efficient platform for timely exchange of scientific information and debate between healthcare professionals around the world. TNS supports and encourages new researchers. | https://www.neuromodulationsociety.in/history/ |
Federal funding for R&D dropped by -6.80% in 2017, increased in 2018 by 17.67%, fell again in 2019 by -17.78%, and has grown in 2020 by 8.43%. The full spreadsheet with calculations by department by year is available in tab #1 "By Department 2016-2020" on this spreadsheet.
Federal Funding for Innovation and Research
- All reporting for federal research is by dollar amount, not by the number of applications.
- The funds are further broken down by type of funds, i.e., research and plant.
- Federal funding for R&D dropped by -6.80% in 2017, increased in 2018 by 17.67%, decreased again in 2019 by -17.78%, and has increased in 2020 by 8.43%.
- The attached spreadsheet has the following six worksheets:
- R&D funding by US Government Department by year 2016-2020
- Total R&D funding by US government 1951-2019
- Federal R&D funding by university for 2018
- R&D funding by state
- R&D funding by state by department
- Postdoctoral researcher demographics
- It appears few of the federal R&D departments release the number of applications submitted. The department of agriculture has 43,106 active grants on its website.
PART TWO — DEMOGRAPHICS
Six states received over $5 billion in funding in 2018, with the largest percentage going to industry. Between 45-46% of post-doctoral researchers are American citizens.
Location
- The states/areas with the most federally funded R&D from the National Science Foundation (over $5 billion in 2018) were California, District of Columbia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, and Virginia.
Organization Type
- Of the R&D funds distributed, they were distributed as follows:
- Intramural research was granted $34,224,579 or 27.20% of the total R&D funding.
- Industry was granted $39,569,317 or 31.50% of the total funding.
- Universities and colleges were granted $31,235,778 or 24.80% of the total funding.
- Other nonprofits were granted $7,819,367 or 6.2% of the total funding.
- State, local governments were granted $554,567 or .40% of the total funding
Researchers
- Demographic characteristics of post-doctorates at federally funded R&D 2010-2017:
- In 2015, there were 2,696 postdoc researchers in federally funded R&D centers. Of the total, 1,246 (45%) were American citizens.
- In 2017, there were 2,975 postdoc researchers in federally funded R&D centers. Of the total, 1,341 (46%) were American citizens.
- A full breakdown can be seen here on the tab called postdoc demographics.
PART THREE — IMPACTS
The economic impact of federally funded R&D is declining, which is resulting in "stagnant productivity growth, lagging competitiveness and reduced innovation". Meanwhile, the political impact is significant globally but primarily unrecognized at the local level.
Economic Impact
- Two-thirds of the most momentous and far-reaching technologies of the last 50 years were funded "by federal R&D at national laboratories and universities." Personalized medicine, smartphones, autonomous vehicles, and other transformational innovations grew from critical technical components to public R&D.
- Economic theory also defines a broader reason for public investment in research. When a firm invests in knowledge creation, it is difficult to capture all the economic benefits of that knowledge. It is less risky for firms to apply knowledge created elsewhere.
- Because of competitive pressures in modern markets, there is an underinvestment in research by private sources, and what is funded tends to focus on short-term, low-risk development. Nearly 80% of every private dollar spent is targeted to the development of a profit-making product or service.
- Economist Joseph Stiglitz wrote, "Knowledge can be viewed as a public good, and the private provision of a public good is essentially never optimal."
- At a 2014 National Academies panel on the American research enterprise, the members discussed, "Increasingly, the government is called upon to fund high-risk, long-term research and some types of applied research, particularly proof-of-concept research, at least to the point where the risks of an investment in such research are reduced to attract private-sector funding." In other words, the government funds research that is even too risky for venture capitalists.
- Almost all federal R&D funding is found within the discretionary part of the federal budget. Mandatory spending is primarily composed of major social safety nets like social security, medicare, and Medicaid. As these costs rise, driven by rising health care costs and an aging population, the percentage of discretionary funds available for R&D decreases.
- For example, during the space race in the sixties, R&D made up 17.4% of discretionary spending. Since the early eighties, the rate has fluctuated between 11 — 13%.
- In the future, the Congressional Budget Office predicts discretionary spending will decline as mandatory spending increases.
Political Impact
- R&D, as a percentage of GDP, is called "R&D intensity" is a standard metric used to determine a nation's innovative capacity. By 2016, US R&D spending declined to roughly 0.81% of the GDP. In the meantime, industry now constitutes the vast majority of U.S. R&D, with universities also growing their share of research dollars.
- In the meantime, global spending on R&D is showing a significant upward trajectory. Total global spending on R&D has doubled since 2000. In 2000, the U.S. accounted for 39% of global R&D, but by 2016 it was only 28%.
- Five East Asian economies of China, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan collectively increased their share of global R&D from 23.4% in the year 2000 to 41% in 2016. The U.S. National Science Board projected that China would spend more on R&D funding in 2019 than the U.S.
- While the U.S. continues to spend more than any other country on defense, the funds for agriculture, environment, and energy are lower than any other OECD country. These figures are a clear demonstration of the erosion of U.S. political power.
- According to the Brookings institute, there is little political impact inside the U.S. government. " State legislators, mayors, governors, and members of Congress rally when the possibility of a military base closure threatens jobs, but they are silent or perhaps clueless when cuts in research funds for the national laboratories and universities within their jurisdiction undermine regional innovation, jobs, and growth." | https://askwonder.com/research/federal-funding-innovation-technology-cysgsqgkb |
Introduction :
The use of invitro hydroponic culture is one of the useful and practical methods for selection of superior isolates of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria with high colonization potential at root surface. In this regard, the present study was designed to select superior isolates isolated from dry-land farming of Qazvin and Zanjan provinces during the previous stages of this investigation.
Materials and Methods:
This experiment was carried out based on a completely randomized design (CRD), including: inoculation of wheat seeds with 16 bacterial isolates and culture of seedlings in Hoagland nutrient solution (EC 8 dS/m and osmotic potential (OP) -0.54 MPa) containing tricalcium phosphate (source of low-soluble phosphorus), as well as non-inoculated seedlings was cultured in Hoagland nutrient solutions containing monopotassium phosphate (control with source of soluble phosphorus) and tricalcium phosphate (control with source of low-soluble phosphorus) at three replications in growth chamber for 45 days. The length of the light (with 196 μmol photons m−2 s-1 light intensity) and dark period in these times was 16 and 8 h, respectively, The day and night temperature were 25±2 and 20±2 °C, respectively. At end of experiment (45 days after transportation of seedlings into invitro hydroponic culture) shoots and roots of plants were harvested separately; then, Population of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) on root surface, pH and concentration of available phosphorus in nutrient solution, fresh weight, dry weight and length of both section of plants, P-concentration and P-uptake of plant, and relative water content (RWC) of leaf were measured. Ultimately, correlation (Pearson) among measured traits were calculated.
Results and Discussion:
Results showed that inoculated wheat seedlings with B18 isolate perished. It seems that B18 isolate was either a highly pathogenic plant or its metabolites were highly inhibitory to the seedling which in short time killed the wheat seedling. Except B (14, 17, and 32) isolates; the rest of isolates had over 6×106 CFU/g root fresh weight. All bacterial isolates compared to the control with source of insoluble phosphorus, increased available phosphorus and decreased pH of nutrient solution. Dissolution of inorganic phosphates by PSB with chelating processes, secretion of inorganic and organic acids has been proven topic. Thus, reducing pH and increasing soluble phosphorus in nutrient solution at PSB treatments are reasonable. B (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 14, 17, 32) isolates treatments compared to control with tricalcium phosphate, increased RWC of leaf, and also increased length, fresh weight and dry weight of root and shoot of wheat plants. Previous research has shown that inoculation of plants with PGPR under drought and salinity conditions improved RWC of plant leaves and plant growth indices; Of course, result of some experiment show that some of PGPR do not always improve plant growth under all conditions. There was a significant positive correlation among P-uptake, RWC, root length, shoot height, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot of wheat plant. Also, the pH of nutrient solution had a positive correlation with root length, but it had a negative and significant correlation with P-concentration of nutrient solution and P-concentration of plant. PSB population at root surface had a negative correlation with pH of nutrient solution and root length of plant, but with P-concentration of nutrient solution had positive and significant correlation.
Conclusion:
All of screened and selected PSB isolates in lab (in respect of PGP traits) could not promote plant growth; even some of these isolates (such as B15 and B18) had negative effects on wheat growth indices. Inoculation of wheat with PSB isolates significantly increased the use of insoluble phosphorus. Solubility of tricalcium phosphate by isolates and increased phosphorus availability cannot lonely improve wheat growth indices; it seems that the outcome of the set of PGP effects of these bacteria and the secretion of their metabolites in the presence of plant root are determinative agents for improvement of wheat growth indices. Generally, B (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 32) isolates were superior isolates in respect of colonization at root surface, relative water content (RWC) and growth indices of wheat plant; and these isolates are recommended for further experiments in greenhouse and field (in order to production of suitable biofertilizer for dry-land farming of wheat).
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- دسترسی به متن مقالات این پایگاه در قالب ارایه خدمات کتابخانه دیجیتال و با دریافت حق عضویت صورت میگیرد و مگیران بهایی برای هر مقاله تعیین نکرده و وجهی بابت آن دریافت نمیکند.
- حق عضویت دریافتی صرف حمایت از نشریات عضو و نگهداری، تکمیل و توسعه مگیران میشود.
- پرداخت حق اشتراک و دانلود مقالات اجازه بازنشر آن در سایر رسانههای چاپی و دیجیتال را به کاربر نمیدهد. | https://www.magiran.com/paper/2105455/?lang=en |
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Description:
This coffee cup sculpture is a freestanding piece of decor that you can place on any flat surface. It features a tilted cup with liquid coffee spilling from it, its unique suspended construction is guaranteed to draw everyone’s attention.
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Specification:
|Product Size||15.5 x 5.5 cm / 6.1 x 2.1 inches|
|Product Weight||175g|
|Package Component||1 x Floating Spilling Coffee Cup
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Superintendent's corner: Sanborn must stop school violence
KINGSTON — There are topics that I take great joy in communicating and some that I do not. This is one of the latter. Unfortunately, violence in schools is on the rise, and across the country both students and staff have lost their lives to needless violence.
On the lower end of the scale, we are not immune. Bullying is a reality both nationally and in schools. We work on a daily basis to help our students understand that bullying is not acceptable. Recently, we offered a series of workshops for students and parents on this topic. It is our expectation that no student will bully or harass another student or staff member. We counsel students on appropriate behavior and if necessary take disciplinary action if they do not adhere to the rules against bullying or harassment. However, we will not rid our schools of this behavior if we do not have your help. We ask that you talk to your children or grandchildren about bullying. Children need to understand that:
Teasing another student in a hurtful manner is unacceptable.
Threatening another student is unacceptable.
Pushing, punching or other physical aggression against a student or staff member is unacceptable.
Any type of weapon brought to a school is a violation of local school district policy, federal and state law.
By federal and state law, schools and the immediate area surrounding them reside within a safe school zone. Carrying, bringing, using or possessing a dangerous weapon in any school building, on school grounds, in any vehicle on school grounds or any school-sponsored activity without the authorization of the school or the school district is prohibited under local school district policy, state and federal law. If a student violates the policy or the law, he/she is subject to expulsion proceedings for up to one year. There are limited exceptions to both our policy and law. We work with local police authorities in both Kingston and Newton to enforce the law. Thus, violations of the Safe Schools Act become criminal violations in addition to school district violations.
Any violation of the Safe Schools Act is immediately reported to the police by building administrators. I cannot stress this enough — PLEASE counsel your children about bringing any type of weapon on to school grounds!
The axiom "that it takes a whole village to educate a child" is absolutely true. We need everyone's help to ensure that our schools are safe and respectful environments. PLEASE HELP US! We work on respectful behavior on a daily basis, but we do need your help.
On a totally different matter, we started our annual state testing on Oct. 6 and this assessment runs through Oct. 17. This is an assessment of our children's educational achievement in reading, math and writing. It is important for the students to understand that this assessment is important and they should try their hardest.
I welcome your thoughts.
Dr. Keith Pfeifer is the superintendent of the Sanborn Regional School District (SAU 17) and can be reached at 178 Main Street, Kingston or by calling 642-3688. | https://www.seacoastonline.com/story/news/education/2008/10/10/superintendent-s-corner-sanborn-must/52238022007/ |
The destabilizing effect of drug and weapon trafficking flows in the Sahel and bordering West African countries and its impact on development and security are extremely serious. These transnational crimes hinder economic growth, reduce investment and efforts for peace, notably in the Sahel region. Underlying these problems, corruption is often seen as a facilitating factor which has evolved into a very sophisticated phenomenon. In this context, journalists can play a critical role in preventing and reducing corruption and, in particular, showing how it affects the daily lives of ordinary citizens.
Given the devastating effects of corruption and organized crime on human development and security in the Sahel, UNODC organized a four-day workshop for journalists from the region, in partnership with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and cultural Organization (UNESCO), the Panos Institute West Africa (PIWA), the African Network of Centers for Investigative Reporting (ANCIR) and the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP).
The workshop, held from 24 to 27 November 2014 in Saly, Senegal, allowed for well-known investigative journalists and less experienced journalists from 14 countries in West Africa to share knowledge and expertise in investigative techniques to expose corruption and organized crime. "By putting our knowledge together and communicating regularly among each other, we will be better informed and more efficient in our day-to-day work" said Mr. Samuel De Jaegere, UNODC's Anti-Corruption Advisor for West and Central Africa. Several journalists from Latin America and Europe, all from countries on the "cocaine route" also took part in the meeting and shared their experience.
Participants included journalists, government officials and experts from across the world
Participants in the workshop, organized in the contextof the UNODC Sahel Programme, with support from Austria and Denmark, concluded that sound and ethical investigative journalism is of key importance in denouncing criminal acts and bringing those responsible to justice. They discussed about the persistent challenges in undertaking investigative journalism, such as the lack of resources and technical capacity, the difficulties in accessing information, as well as physical threats and malicious lawsuits against them. In that context and given the transnational nature of corruption and organized crime, the journalists emphasized the importance of regional and inter-regional networking. The journalists were also trained on investigative technics and on how to better ensure the security of their person and their informants. They shared tips on how to make their communications more secure and how to access valuable information for their investigations.
At the end of the workshop, the participants adopted the Saly Declaration calling, among other things, for the establishment of a Centre for Investigative Journalism for West Africa with the aim of continuously strengthening the capacity of investigative journalists in the region. The Declaration also encourages investigative journalists to strengthen their collaboration with anti-corruption authorities and anti-organized crime institutions in the region. Ms. Veronic Wright, UNODC's Regional Justice Advisor for West and Central Africa, noted that « UNODC considers investigative journalism as an important component in the fight against corruption, and through its Sahel Programme, supports both the implementation of the UNCAC and non-state actors such as journalists ».
UNODC supports investigative journalism as an effective preventive measure through Article 13 of the UN Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) which calls for governments to take appropriate measures to promote the active participation of individuals and private entities in the prevention of and the fight against corruption and to raise public awareness regarding the existence, causes and gravity of and the threat posed by corruption. Along this line, UNODC has a Resource Tool for Governments and Journalists, entitled Reporting on Corruption, which covers a wide range of subjects including the protection of the anonymity of sources, the right of access to information, and self-regulatory measures.
UNODC also published in 2013 a Transnational Organized Crime Threat Assessment for West Africa, looking at the threats posed by illicit trafficking of cocaine, cannabis, firearms, counterfeit medicines, methamphetamines and human smuggling. The report documented, amongst others, the cocaine flow from Latin America, through West Africa, to Europe.
Further information: | https://www.unodc-sahelprogramme.org/l/en-investigative-journalism-in-the-sahel-a-critical-role-in-tackling-corruption-and-organized-crime/ |
November 9 at 1:00 pm
Caste by Isabel Wilkerson is the novel to be discussed at the November 9th meeting of the Killingworth Library Tuesday Book Discussion Group. Beyond race, class, or other factors, there is a powerful caste system that influences people’s lives and behavior and the nation’s fate. Linking the caste systems of America, India, and Nazi Germany, Wilkerson explores eight pillars that underlie caste systems across civilizations, including divine will, bloodlines, stigma, and more. Using riveting stories about people—including Martin Luther King, Jr., baseball’s Satchel Paige, a single father and his toddler son, Wilkerson herself, and many others—she shows the ways that the insidious undertow of caste is experienced every day. She documents how the Nazis studied the racial systems in America to plan their out-cast of the Jews; she discusses why the cruel logic of caste requires that there be a bottom rung for those in the middle to measure themselves against; she writes about the surprising health costs of caste, in depression and life expectancy, and the effects of this hierarchy on our culture and politics. Finally, she points forward to ways America can move beyond the artificial and destructive separations of human divisions, toward hope in our common humanity. | https://killingworthlibrary.org/tuesday-book-club-title-for-november/ |
Description:
The Path Forward Return to Work program at Lam Research is a 16-week paid returnship for experienced professionals returning to the workforce. The program is open to individuals who have at least 5 years of professional experience and have been out of the paid workforce for at least two years to focus on caregiving of any kind. If you meet these criteria, we welcome you to apply.
At Lam Research, we are excited to be part of the Path Forward program because we appreciate the skills you can offer, the perspective you provide, and the contributions you will make. This program offers you a chance to revamp your skills, gain new experience, and make connections with others transitioning back to the workforce. It also offers support through Path Forward, a nonprofit organization on a mission to empower people who’ve been focused on caregiving to transition back to the paid workforce.
About the team:
Lam Research’s Customer Support Business Group (CSBG) focuses significant attention on delivering solutions that meets our customers’ technical requirements as well as productivity needs during the equipment lifecycle. The Service Engineering group works with internal and external customers to increase productivity via software solutions. We are technical owners for a portfolio of products that enhance productivity. You will be working with software developers, tools owners, and field personal to create and/or maintain a solution for Lam and it’s customers. We are aligned with Lam Core Values of Achievement, Agility, Honesty & integrity, Inclusion & diversity, Innovation & continuous improvement, Mutual trust & respect, Open communication, Ownership & accountability, and Teamwork.
Job Description:
We are looking for an experienced Development Manager to shepherd a development product to production. You will be guiding less experienced engineers in their day to day technical operations and working with upper level stakeholders to provide transparency, accountability, and results. Candidates will work with global teams across time zones.
What you bring to the role:
- Strong written and verbal communication skills
- Demonstrated ability to solve complex problems and apply creative thinking to deliver technical solutions
- Demonstrated business negotiation skills, influence, conflict resolution, and resolving technical stalemates
Qualifications:
The technical skills are broad and will require agile thinking as software constraints in the semiconductor space are challenging. Other skills include:
- Bachelor or master degree in Computer Science, Computer Engineering, Management Information Systems, or related fields and/or equivalent experience.
- 5+ years of experience in delivering Software or Application Engineering
- Experience building solutions in one of the following: Angular, Node.js, SQL, Python, Hadoop, Smalltalk
- Demonstrated experience with Software Development Lifecycle (plan, design, develop, test, release, maintain and support, decommission)
- Demonstrated ability to present solutions to CFT (Cross Functional Teams) for buying
- Other software solution stacks
- Jira/Confluence
- Git and/or other source control methodologies
- Scaled Agile development methodologies
Our Commitment
We believe it is important for every person to feel valued, included, and empowered to achieve their full potential. By bringing unique individuals and viewpoints together, we achieve extraordinary results. | https://careers.lamresearch.com/job/Fremont-Path-Forward-Development-Manager-CA-94536/889745500/ |
[Jonathan Swift's scientific contribution on his "Gulliver's Travels"].
Jonathan Swift is one of the most celebrated satirist writers in literature. His well-known "Gulliver's Travels", apart from being a serious human being criticism, contains many interesting ana unrecognized comments about medical and other scientific facts. Swift made what seems to be the first account of a dementing illness in the elderly; his description fits well with what we now know as Alzheimer's disease. He also described a condition now called synaesthesia, a very interesting phenomenon that may contribute to creativity. In this paper, we review aspects of his life and reveal these amazing descriptions as samples of Swift's extraordinary power of observation.
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Newswise — Researchers at Stanford University School of Medicine have identified several new biological markers to measure the progression of the inherited neurodegenerative disorder Huntington’s disease (HD). Their findings, which will be published online November 7 ahead of issue in The Journal of Experimental Medicine, could benefit clinical trials that test new treatments for the disease.
In HD, an expansion of a trinucleotide repeat sequence in the gene encoding huntingtin protein results in the production of a mutant form of huntingtin that can aggregate and damage cells, particularly neurons in the striatum and cerebral cortex. Patients display a progressive loss of voluntary and involuntary movements, as well as psychiatric and cognitive disturbances, and usually die 10–15 years after its onset.
Though genetic testing can identify HD patients long before their first symptoms appear in middle age, there are still no pharmacological treatments that can prevent or ameliorate the disease. A few drugs have shown promise in cell culture or animal models, but clinical trials in humans are time consuming because of the slow onset and progression of the disorder’s clinical symptoms. Moreover, researchers are unable to take biopsies of the brain to assess the effects of potential therapeutic compounds.
One of the earliest events in HD is that mutant huntingtin aggregates disrupt the function of mitochondria, lowering cellular energy levels and causing oxidative damage. Daria Mochly-Rosen and her team at Stanford have previously identified a molecule, P110, that can restore mitochondrial function and prevent neuronal death in mouse models of HD (*). Now the researchers set out to identify markers of HD in non-neural tissues that could be used to track the progression of the disease and its response to P110 or other candidate drugs.
The team found that the levels of mitochondrial DNA, presumably released from dying neurons, were increased in the blood plasma of mice that were starting to develop the symptoms of HD. In contrast, mitochondrial DNA levels decreased at later stages of the disease. P110 treatment corrected plasma mitochondrial DNA back to the levels seen in healthy mice.
Mochly-Rosen and colleagues identified several other potential biomarkers that were elevated in HD model mice, including the levels of 8-hydroxy-deoxy-guanosine, a product of oxidative DNA damage, in the urine and the presence of mutant huntingtin aggregates and oxidative damage in muscle and skin cells. The levels of each of these biomarkers were reduced by P110 treatment.
It remains to be seen whether all of these biomarkers are reliable indicators of HD in humans. The Stanford team found, however, that mitochondrial DNA levels were significantly elevated in plasma samples from a small number of HD patients. “We have identified several biomarkers that correlate with disease progression and treatment in mice,” says Mochly-Rosen. “We hope that our work will provide the basis for a larger study of patient samples that may ultimately identify biomarkers that can be used as surrogate markers to determine the benefit of therapeutic interventions in diagnosed but asymptomatic HD patients to prevent or delay disease onset.”
(*) Conflict of interest statement: Several authors on this study own shares or share options in MitoConix, a company founded by Daria Mochly-Rosen that owns a patent on the design and application of P110.
Disatnik, M.-H., et al. 2016. J. Exp. Med. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20160776
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About The Journal of Experimental MedicineThe Journal of Experimental Medicine (JEM) features peer-reviewed research on immunology, cancer biology, stem cell biology, microbial pathogenesis, vascular biology, and neurobiology. All editorial decisions are made by research-active scientists in conjunction with in-house scientific editors. JEM provides free online access to many article types from the date of publication and to all archival content. Established in 1896, JEM is published by The Rockefeller University Press. For more information, visit jem.org.
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Follow JEM on Twitter at @JExpMed and @RockUPress. | https://www.newswise.com/articles/stanford-study-identifies-new-biomarkers-for-huntington-s-disease |
There is now a great deal of evidence confirming the existence of a very hot and dense early stage of the universe. Much of this data comes from a detailed study of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) - radiation from the early universe that was most recently measured by NASA\'s WMAP satellite. But the information presents new puzzles for scientists. One of the most blatant examples is an apparent paradox related to the second law of thermodynamics. Although some have argued that the hypothesis of inflationary cosmology solves some of the puzzles, profound issues remain. In this talk, Professor Penrose will describe a very different proposal, one that suggests a succession of universes prior to our own. He will also present a recent analysis of the CMB data that has a profound bearing on these issues. | https://pirsa.org/08100081 |
David Levitch is on the phone again, pacing back and forth. He walks fast, talks faster. The gist of the call, based on what I can parse, is that a notable horse owner just bought a promising two-year-old Thoroughbred. The horse is going to run on grass in an upcoming race, and Levitch thinks it’s a solid bet. But it’s going to cost you if you want all the details.
On this recent weekday afternoon, Levitch is multitasking. While he’s working his day job as a liquor distributor, ensuring shelves are properly stocked inside Total Wine and Spirits, his mind is also on his side hustle: handicapping horses.
The former U of L basketball player traces his love of horseracing and hoops to his father, who played basketball at Centre College. As a boy, Levitch would ride horses on the family’s sprawling Goshen farm. “I wanted to be a jockey growing up. Obviously, that didn’t work out,” says the 6-foot-3-inch Levitch. He says his dad has owned many racehorses over the years, including, at one point, Lil E. Tee. “Unfortunately he sold it before that Derby win (in 1992),” he says. Levitch’s first Derby was 2003, when Funny Cide won, and he hasn’t missed one since. | https://www.louisville.com/content/hoops-to-horses |
difficulties, and repetitive behaviors.
It can range from very mild to very severe and occur
in all ethnic, socio-economic and age groups.
Males are four times more likely to have autism than females. Some children with autism appear normal before age 1 or 2 and then suddenly “regress” and lose language or social skills they had previously gained. This is called the regressive type of autism.Autism greatly varies from person to person. No two people with autism are alike. About 40% of children with autism do not speak. About 25% -30% of children with autism have some words at 12 to 18 months of age and then lose them. Others might not speak until later on in childhood. Many young children may not make eye contact with others, initiate or respond to cuddling, imitate movements and facial expressions, or play with others or share interest and enjoyment with their peers.
Children with autism do progress. Early intervention is the key to success. Autism is treatable and not a hopeless condition. Research shows that many individuals with autism spectrum disorders have underlying medical issues that frequently go undiagnosed and can cause or exacerbate symptoms of autism.These medical conditions include Fragile X, allergies, asthma, epilepsy, bowel disease, gastrointestinal/digestive disorders, vitamin and mineral deficiencies, food sensitivities, persistent viral and fungal infections, PANDAS, feeding disorders, anxiety disorder, bipolar disorder, ADHD, Tourette Syndrome, OCD, sensory integration dysfunction, sleeping disorders, immune disorders, auto-immune disorders, heavy metal toxicity and neuro-inflammation. Treating these underlying medical issues can greatly improve some of the behaviors and symptoms associated with autism.
Treatment options may include:
• Vitamin and mineral supplementation
• Immune system support
• Anti-inflammatories
• Neuro-feedback
• Chelation/detoxification therapy
• Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
• Anti-fungal and anti-viral therapies
• Dietary intervention (such as a gluten free diet)
• Methyl B-12 therapy
Look for a physician who will not ignore underlying medical conditions that may be contributing to the symptoms and severity of autism. There are a number of physicians in the U.S. who specialize in treating children and adults with autism.Many professionals agree that early intervention is key in treating autism, and that behavior modification techniques are crucial in a child’s early years. Occupational Therapy (OT) is helpful to many. It is recommended you find an OT that is both trained in sensory integration therapy and is certified to perform diagnostic testing such as the Sensory Integration and Praxis Test (SIPT). Physical Therapy can be useful if the child has poor balance and coordination, muscle weakness, or postural abnormalities. Speech Therapy services focus on enhancing or restoring limited or lost communicative skills or oral motor skills such as swallowing. Many autistics have benefited from Music Therapy and canine companions. | http://fairmovement.org/autism/ |
Goodreads, a social networking site for book lovers, allows you to challenge yourself to read more books. It has a widget on its page called the Reading Challenge.
For the Reading Challenge, you select how many books you’d like to read in the coming year, and then each time you read a book, you share it on Goodreads and the Reading Challenge widget tracks it for you. At the end of the year, it provides you with statistics about the books you’ve read, like total number of pages, average length, most popular, and least popular book.
I read 25 books in 2014, so I challenged myself to read 30 books in 2015, and sadly I’m going to fall short at only 16 books. Although, to be fair, one of the “books” I logged was actually a four-book series. And I don’t log the textbooks I read for school. But still, I fell short of my goal.
This, however, is higher than the national average, according to the Pew Research Center: “Among all Americans, the average number of books read in the previous year was 12 and the median number of books read was four. Some 27% of adults said they hadn’t read any books over the past year.”
If you haven’t done so already, I encourage you to check out Goodreads and then sign up for the 2016 Reading Challenge. And then add me as a Goodreads friend so we can hold each other accountable for our goals and help our national average to exceed 12 books per year.
How many books have you read this year? What books would you recommend for our readers’ 2016 Reading Challenge?
Written by Anne Greenwalt, who recommends The Goldfinch by Donna Tartt and MaddAddam by Margaret Atwood.
Goodreads Annual Reading Challenge
Thursday, December 24, 2015
2 comments:
- Angela Mackintosh said...
-
I've never tried the GR challenge before, but I just looked at your list and think I might step up to the plate for 2016. =) I've always wanted to read The Goldfinch but have been intimidated by the word count. But with your recommendation, I think I'll add it to my list!
- 11:45 AM
- Sue Bradford Edwards said...
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Never done this before but I have to admit that I read something like 100 books a year. It really isn't as impressive as it sounds since I read a lot of picture books and early readers. But I read at least 15 novels a year too. Hmm. Maybe I'll try keeping track of all of them and see what I can see...
--SueBE
- 12:54 PM
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Supervisors:
Prof. P.G.M. Van der Heijden, Prof. K. Sijtsma, & Dr D.J. Hessen
On November 15th 2013, Jesper Tijmstra defended his thesis entitled
Evaluating model assumptions in Item Response Theory
Summary
To ensure that conclusions drawn using item response theory models are valid (e.g., inferences about a job candidate’s ability level, a client’s level of depression, or a survey respondent’s attitude), researchers have to be confident that the statistical assumptions made by the model are (approximately) correct. In this project, new tools for the evaluation of statistical model assumptions in item response theory (IRT) are developed. In particular, statistical tests and procedures for the evaluation of latent monotonicity and invariant item ordering are developed, evaluated using simulation studies, and applied to empirical data. Both frequentist and Bayesian approaches to evaluating these model assumptions are considered and compared. Since these assumptions are shared by both parametric and nonparametric IRT models, the tests developed in this project can help users determine whether it may or may not be appropriate to use an IRT model to analyze the data.
Project
Constant latent odds-ratios models for the analysis of discrete psychological data
The main objective of this project is developing statistical procedures for Constant Latent Odds-Ratios models (CLORs) for dichotomous item scores. Since under dichotomous CLORs models the total score, i.e., the unweighted sum of the item scores, is a sufficient statistic for the latent variable, sound statistical procedures for estimation and goodness of fit assessment are readily attainable. The development of such procedures will make the CLORs models available for practical use. Furthermore, the characteristic assumption of constant latent odds-ratios will be used to define new models for polytomous item scores. | https://www.iops.nl/concluded-iops-projects/tijmstra-jesper/ |
Paints are characterized by several physical and chemical characteristics. Physical characteristics may include color, layer sequence, layer thickness, surface features, layer features, contaminants, and weathering. Chemical components may include pigments, polymers, and additives. These characteristics are determined by macroscopical, microscopical, chemical, and instrumental methods. Paint analysis may be for purposes of comparison between questioned and known samples or identification of a motor vehicle make, model, and years of manufacturer. Comparison of questioned and known samples search for differences in appearance, layer sequence, size, shape, thickness, or some other physical or chemical feature. The goal of the examiner is to assess the significance of any observed differences. Identification of a motor vehicle make, model, or year of manufacture entails making chemical and color comparisons of the undercoat and topcoats of a questioned sample to paint standards and databases of color and composition information.
Reference: Scientific Working Group on Materials Analysis, “Forensic Paint Analysis and Comparison Guidelines”, May 2000, accessed March 10, 2016.View PDF
NCFS Research:
- A comparative chemometric analysis of automotive paints with data obtained by Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) to Scanning Electron Microscopy – Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS).
For more information contact Dr. Michael Sigman. | https://ncfs.ucf.edu/research/chemical-evidence/paint/ |
Create stunning surveys, polls, and quizzes in minutes. Collect responses via your website, e-mail, iPad, Facebook, and Twitter. Generate and share easy-to-read reports.
More Interactive Content Tools like Polldaddy. | https://cultured.digital/marketing-tools/content-experience/interactive-content/polldaddy/ |
LISC NYC believes that investing in the next generation of leaders is vital to the future of community development. Every summer, through a partnership with Prep for Prep and generous funding from LISC Board member Lisa Cashin, LISC NYC runs the Cashin Community Development Fellowship to place high school and college students in summer jobs with community development corporation (CDC) partners and LISC. At their placements, students gets hands on experience in program development, community advocacy, and neighborhood engagement. At the end of the summer 2018 cycle of the program, we asked students to reflect on their fellowship experiences and provide their most important feedback to community development professionals. As always, we were impressed by their insights. This blog post from two of our 2018 Cashin Fellows, Adaku Nwokiwu and Tatijana Ollivierre, captures their thoughts on the power of language around the issues of gentrification and community development. Adaku supported communications, development and programs at LISC NYC and Tatijana supported youth and education programs at St. Nicks Alliance, a CDC based in Williamsburg, Brooklyn.
Adaku Nwokiwu
As Cashin Fellows, we've become familiar with CDCs, LISC, and community leaders trying to enact change through community development, specifically in underserved neighborhoods. Many of us come from neighborhoods that have endured a history of disinvestment and as such, we’ve been confronted with the current transformations taking place around us. This summer has uniquely put us on two poles of the situation: to be both of these “disinvested communities” and to also be part of the efforts to refortify these communities.
Consequently, having footing on both sides and comparing how we discuss our own changing neighborhoods, we as Cashin Fellows have taken note of some of the language used on the community development end: neighborhood change, displacement, and population migration. As members of some of the communities LISC and CDCs work with, "gentrification” has been and is what we are living through.
On a personal level, three years ago, my family moved out of Briarwood, Queens into a house with more space for much less. The greater Jamaica area, though often overlooked, is one of the handful of neighborhoods in Queens that’s relatively affordable within the grand scheme of New York. But leading up to and in the wake of my family’s move, I began to notice gentrification taking root: Chipotles and Starbucks cropping up where they had never been before, articles deeming it a “hot neighborhood” which it had never been considered in the past. In the years to come, I want to return to my hometown, ideally live in or near it. But one of my main concerns is how difficult it’ll be to afford rent that will certainly be higher than what my parents found too expensive. And even more, I fear that it’ll be difficult to rejoin the community if its demographics and “culture” are overhauled. It’s with this in mind that I read terms like neighborhood change and fill in the word gentrification. I think that as a lot of youth are experiencing this, we see it as valuable to use direct language to address what’s happening in low-income communities.
Language can become technical, and impersonal, to the degree that it is almost evasive and out of touch with what a population is enduring. Displacement, population migration and neighborhood change frame only the effects of gentrification, and do not provide any context as to the cause. Conversely, just the root of the word “gentrification,” builds in consideration of who’s performing the act and of who and what is bringing about these effects. And more importantly, the word “gentrification” often elicits a strong emotional reaction and in doing so, does what the aforementioned words do not: it adds a valence to the reconstructing of our homes. It encompasses the element of emotional and social “displacement” that comes with having your own community re-established around you.
This summer I have been learning how to write grants in order to secure funding for community development initiatives. Grantwriting has given me a look into communications and taught me to be specific about the aims of a program and its progress, as it’s the only way to pique a funder’s interest. This has given me a glimpse into the way we edit language to make it fit an audience.
Though the word gentrification has been around for half a century, in my short time, mentions of the word have been limited to our Cashin orientation and neighborhood tour. The word also hasn’t made its way into many of the reports where it’s been applicable. I’ve observed that this can sometimes translate to submitting reports and grant proposals that don’t label the challenges to affordable housing as gentrification, though they fall under this umbrella.
There is a gap between the language that is acceptable for a funder and the language that someone of the community, especially youth like us, would recognize and empathize with. The priority area of a funder may include initiatives within the framework of “neighborhood change,” but the priority area for community youth, for Cashin Fellows, is reclaiming our neighborhoods, finding ways to keep our families, our histories, and our cultures in place.
It is important to acknowledge that just as much attention and effort that goes into appealing to funders, should be spent on resonating with the residents of their initiative target communities. Often the people interested in enacting change in communities are residents of those communities. It’s for this reason that it is essential that CDCs maintain appropriate language when interacting with residents of affected communities as well as their staff. As interns at these various CDCs, we offer the invaluable skill of being able to directly relate to the communities we affect because we are of those communities. The drive that we have to enact some amount of change in the eight weeks of time we had this summer stems from wanting to see our own communities refortified and supported in any and all ways necessary. Who better to make the change than those who need it to happen the most?
Tatijana Ollivierre
One of my main projects this summer involved data intake and analysis of surveys to measure parents’ opinions of the impact that the afterschool programs run by my placement site, St. Nicks Alliance, had on their children. This project allowed me to see how the work of CDCs can be measured in a tangible, small scale way. My job was to assist in distributing surveys to parents and to talk them through the process of filling them out when necessary. The surveys asked parents about their children's sense of safety in the program, the responsiveness of staff, the program's general accessibility, and whether they believed the program delivered positive outcomes.
After helping to distribute surveys at the first site, I quickly noticed that they weren't accessible to all parents because of language barriers. I concluded that the impact of these afterschool programs could not be accurately measured if the surveys only targeted a specific demographic of parents, and that it would be best to make them as accessible as possible to many different types of people. I decided to translate the surveys into Spanish, so that Spanish speaking parents could partake in the process and have their voice heard as well.
After analyzing the survey data I was able to conclude that the overwhelming majority of responses were highly positive: the comments were full of praise for both the staff and programming at the various afterschool sites. However, I was also able to reflect on the overall process of survey collection and how effective it truly was.
On one hand, the surveys offered parents optional anonymity so that they could truly speak their peace, and provided a quick and succinct tool for their feedback. On the other hand, the time and location of the survey collection was not ideal. Parents were targeted when they were coming to pick their child up from afterschool or summer camp, a relatively high speed time of the day both for them and the site staff. While we got a fair number of responses, it was evident that most parents did not feel the need to take time out during this hectic part of their day to respond to the survey.
After regrouping with one of my site supervisors about the process, I realized that the best way to collect meaningful data was through focus groups. That way we could analyze responses from specific sub-groups of people: for example, those whose children always come to afterschool, or those who only come occassionally; parents who tend to pick up their children themselves, or those who have another guardian pick them up. This would help us match solutions to problems that specific sub-groups raised. Ideally, we would collect data through a series of focus group conversations with parents where they could effectively voice their opinions on the survey questions.
I concluded that while it is understandable to administer program surveys so they offer anonymity and don’t take up too much time for those being surveyed, there are drawbacks to that approach. Nevertheless, the surveys were a good overall measure of how parents view the afterschool programming offered by St. Nicks. It is my hope that next year's Cashin Fellow continues to make these surveys as accessible as possible for the organization's new cohort of parents, and continues to think of of effective ways to measure the impact of St. Nicks's programs on the families it serves.
View more information on LISC NYC's Cashin Community Development Fellowship and capacity building work here. | https://www.lisc.org/nyc/regional-stories/why-language-matters-cashin-fellows-reflect-their-summer-internships/ |
Audubon County Memorial Hospital & Clinics and Audubon County Public Health are partnering with several other agencies in the county to conduct a community health needs assessment. The goal is to gather input from people throughout our service area regarding their perceptions of the current state of our population’s health and what they believe are the most important health needs that our communities should address. The results of the assessment will be used to identify current health needs and develop strategies to positively impact health and wellness changes.
The health needs assessment process includes a review of benchmarked county health data along with an initiative that involves the community through surveys and focus groups. We encourage all adult citizens of the community to complete the health needs assessment survey, which can be completed online at www.acmhhosp.org/chna. We will also be placing paper copies of the survey in various locations around the community as well as at the hospital, Audubon clinic, Exira clinic, and public health. They survey will remain available to residents for their input through September 6.
After the survey process is complete, a community forum will be scheduled in the fall to review the responses, prioritize focuses, and create a long-term plan and systematic effort to improve community health and wellness. From this, the health agencies will develop a health improvement plan with input from various county agencies and representatives.
If you have any questions about the survey, please contact Kolton Hewlett at [email protected] or 712-563-5293. | https://www.acmhhosp.org/recent-news/audubon-county-health-agencies-partner-to-conduct-community-health-needs-assessment/ |
What Is The Setting Of A Dissertation?
A dissertation or thesis is a lengthy piece of academic writing that is based on original research and is often submitted as part of the requirements for obtaining a bachelor’s or master’s degree.The organization of a dissertation will vary depending on the subject matter of the study, but it will typically consist of at least four or five chapters (including an introduction and conclusion chapter).
Answer: The physical, social, or experimental context in which research is carried out is what we mean when we talk about the ″setting″ for the research. When writing a research paper, it is essential to provide an accurate description of this context because the findings and how they are interpreted may be significantly reliant on it.
What is a dissertation?
A lengthy piece of academic writing that is based on one’s own unique research is known as a dissertation or thesis. It is often presented as part of a doctoral or master’s degree program, although it can also be presented as part of a bachelor’s degree program.
What is the structure and layout of a dissertation?
In other words, the structure and arrangement of the dissertation follow the research process of asking a well-defined question (or questions), researching, and finally addressing the question – see below for further explanation. To reiterate what was just said, the organization and presentation of a dissertation should mirror the flow of the broader research process.
What should the core chapters of a dissertation look like?
The most crucial thing is that the primary chapters should represent how the study was done (asking, investigating and answering your research question). In addition, the research topic (or questions) should serve as the unifying factor throughout the framework of your dissertation.
What is the setting of a proposal?
In April of 2008, filming for ″The Proposal″ got underway in Rockport, which is located in Massachusetts. In the days leading up to production, a portion of the town was redesigned to function as a stand-in for Sitka, Alaska, which serves as the principal location.
Where the venue or the setting of the research?
The environment in which the study is carried out is referred to as the research setting. A study, for instance, may be conducted in a laboratory or among members of a community in the wild.
What is the setting in quantitative research?
In quantitative research, the research procedures are predetermined before the observation phase of the study. These research methods stipulate the kind of observations that may be conducted as well as the types of data that can be gathered. Before beginning analysis, observations must first be gathered. Once the analysis has been finished, no more observations will be taken.
What is research setting?
The researcher’s physical, social, and cultural surroundings are collectively referred to as the research setting. This is the environment in which the researcher carries out the study. In qualitative research, the primary emphasis is placed on the generation of meaning, and the participants’ natural environments are the focal point of the researcher’s attention.
Why is research setting important?
The context of the study, or the environment in which the studies are carried out, has significant implications for the design of the experiments, the kinds of data that may be gathered, and the meanings that can be derived from the findings.
What is problem setting in research?
The formulation of the design challenge is the first step in the design process. Research is carried out during this stage in order to conduct an analysis of the scenario, the market, the target group, and the requirements that they have.
What are the steps in data gathering?
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- Identifying potential challenges and/or openings for data collection is the first step.
- Step 2: Choose the problem(s) and/or opportunity(s) you want to address and then create some targets.
- Step 3: Formulate a strategy and a set of procedures.
- Collecting data is the fourth step.
- Analyze and evaluate the data as the fifth step.
- Step 6: Take action based on the results
What is setting and participants?
The location of the research (where it is being done), as well as the people who are taking part in it, are both essential components of the context (who is included in the study). It is very necessary for both of these facets to be appropriately evaluated and described in order to arrive at conclusions that have any kind of significance based on the evidence.
Is qualitative research happens in an artificial setting?
Typically, qualitative research is conducted in environments that are natural and dynamic. It does analysis on a variety of data types, such as texts, photos, interview responses, and observations.
What is basic literature foundation in research?
A written document that explores a case in order to demonstrate a thesis is known as a basic literature review. This review provides a summary of the most recent information that is relevant to the research issue. An advanced literature review is one that builds on the work of a basic literature review in order to create and defend a question for primary research.
What is a natural setting in research?
When doing qualitative research, natural surroundings are preferred. This indicates that qualitative researchers look at things in their natural state. They do not interfere with the natural world in any way. For example, there is no such thing as a ″control group″ or a ″experimental group.″
How do you write participants in a study?
When writing about individuals who take part in research, it is allowed to use descriptive terminology such as ″college students,″ ″children,″ or ″respondents,″ in addition to more generic terms like as ″participants″ and ″subjects.″
What are the types of research study?
- Case studies are one of the five primary categories of research studies. | https://dissertationsexperts.com/doctoral/what-is-the-setting-of-a-dissertation.html |
Fresh green peas and potato are ideal combination of vegetables to merge together in cooking a healthy and delicious dish because this blend has all the required elements for a nutritious food, however this combination can be worked upon to make it a super nutritious dish with increase in its dietary fibre and protein content; this recipe reveals the secret for a protein-rich nutritious vegetarian curry, a suitable curry for meal time in arrangement with cooked rice or bread, and a drink of buttermilk → which makes the meal wholesome and complete to the utmost intensity.
This nutritious fresh green peas and potato curry is grand in its quantity and is suitable for a family meal recipe, on the other positive aspect the ingredients required for the recipe is not grand in quantity but grand in quality.
Find out which ingredient is the key ⊗⇒ for making this curry a wholesome dish …
The Recipe for Wholesome Fresh Green Peas and Potato Curry:
Quantity of vegetables: approx. 250 gm of green pea pods and approx. 250 gm of potatoes
- Curry paste/Sauce: Grind slices of a big onion, slices of 2 medium tomatoes and 6 garlic cloves into thick sauce
⊗⇒Roasted gram powder: Grind approx. 125 gm of roasted gram along with its husk into powder
- Sauté the curry paste in adequate quantity of warm rice bran oil, in low heat until the sauce thickness in texture, smidgen the sauce with salt – according to preference of flavour, add the sauce with ¼ tsp. of turmeric powder, blend the sauce with fresh green peas, potato pieces and sliced pieces of a hyderbadi green chilli or any other green chilli pepper for mild-pungent flavour, mix the mixture with roasted gram powder, add the mixture with water – according to the consistency of curry you prefer, cook the curry in low heat by stirring the curry occasionally; after the vegetables become tender, switch off the flame; blend the mix with a tbsp. of veg mayonnaise.
This curry is thick in its consistency, wholesome in its nutritive content with rich flavour. | https://masalahealth.in/2019/05/04/protein-rich-nutritious-food-wholesome-fresh-green-peas-and-potato-curry/ |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
2. The State of the Art
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
BRIEF DESCRPTION OF THE DRAWING
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
This invention relates to process control of multi phase flowing streams. More particularly this invention relates to an improved method and apparatus for reducing the pressure of high pressure abrasive slurries.
The present invention will be particularly useful in processes designed to convert naturally occurring carbonaceous material having high ash and sulfur content to low-ash, low-sulfur fuels wherein the effluent from the reactor includes gases, liquids, and abrasive solids. Solvent refined coal processes have been described in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,159,238; 3,892,654; 3,884,796; 3,884,795; 3,884,794; 3,808,119; and 3,341,447.
U.S. Patent No. 4,159,238 discloses separation of a product slurry from a coal liquefaction process into two components. The first component is recirculated for use as slurry at the beginning of the process. Tnis recycled stream comprises solvent, normally dissolved coal ana catalytic mineral residue. The non-recycled portion ot this slurry passes to an atmospheric fractionator for separation of the major products of tne process.
In order to effect the separation into two streams with a minimum of wear on the equipment, tne slurry stream should be near atmospheric pressure. however, the product slurry leaves the vapor liquid separator upstream at a very high pressure and temperature. In the past, the pressure of the slurry has been reduced by passing the slurry through two or more let-down stages. It has been found that the slurry stream quickly wears out multiple stage let down valves. Gas/liquid separation systems are typically used after each let down to break the foam effluent from the let down valve. The apparatus for gas/liquid separation is expensive and its use in a coal liquefaction process has caused some operating difficulties.
The operational difficulties and expense of passing an erosive slurry through a pressure reaucing system have been noted by others. U.S. Patent No. 4,219,403 issued to Nakako et al on August 26, 1980, addresses the problem. That patent teaches separation of the liquid and solid components of the reaction effluent prior to any pressure reduction. Thus, the stream which goes through the pressure reducing system would have no abrasive particles in the stream. The system disclosed in that patent is very useful where the reactant stream is completely purified with only portions being put back in the system for recycling. However, in the system where a portion of the product stream is recycled without any purification, the additional separation steps would decrease the overall efficiency of the system.
The present invention provides a method and apparatus which effectively overcome the deficiencies in the processes noted above. According to the invention, the flow characteristics of a high temperature, high pressure slurry containing abrasive solids are modified in order to facilitate treatment of the slurry at reduced pressure. Use of the apparatus and method of the present invention will minimize the abrasive effect of the slurry on process equipment without a simultaneous decrease in mass flow rate and slurry velocity.
More specifically the method of the present invention comprises passing a slurry through a first pressure reducing stage for a first reduction of pressure to generate foamed slurry; immediately introducing the foamed slurry to a deceleration zone for reducing the velocity and abrasive characteristics of the foamed slurry; and passing the foamed slurry through a second pressure reducing valve for a second reduction of pressure.
This desirable result is accomplished by passing the slurry through two sequential pressure let down stages, each designed and sized to effect the desired pressure reduction and evolution of gas. The pressure reduction accomplished by the first let down stage should be sufficient to effect liberation of enough gas to create a homogenous foam or foamy liquid. This foam or foamy liquid should then behave as if it contained one phase rather than three. The two pressure reduction stages are separated by a deceleration zone. In the deceleration zone the velocity of the slurry, which is a foam or foamy liquid because of the gas evolved, is lowered to bring this foamed slurry to substantially non-turbulent flow as it enters the second pressure reduction stage. It is believed that reduction of the velocity of the foamed slurry causes dissipation of the foam in a thin layer immediately adjacent the walls of the deceleration zone. Thus the mixture can flow into the second let down stage without deleterious effect on the walls of the equipment. The technique of the present invention thus permits elimination of the gas/liquid separation apparatus, normally found between two pressure let down stages, without a deleterious effect on downstream equipment.
An apparatus built in accordance with the present invention will comprise a first pressure reduction control valve for receiving a high temperature high pressure flowing slurry and cause it to be flashed to an intermediate pressure and to generate sufficient gas to convert the slurry into a foam or foamy liquid travelling at or about sonic velocity. The first stage pressure reducing valve is in fluid communication with a deceleration zone. The deceleration zone has an exit conduit which communicates with a second pressure reduction control valve.
As mentioned above, the forward velocity of the slurry foam at the neck of the first stage valve is reduced in the deceleration zone such that at least in the area immediately adjacent the walls of the deceleration zone and at the exit conduit from the deceleration zone, the slurry flow is substantially non-turbulent whereby a protective film is created which reduces abrasion of the walls of the equipment.
From the deceleration zone, the foamed slurry is passed through a second stage pressure reducing control valve. The inlet of the second stage pressure reducing valve will be sized larger than the first stage valve in order to accommodate the increased volume of the foamed slurry. Also, the inlet and outlet of the second pressure reducing stage will be sized such that the mass flow rate and slurry velocity are substantially equal to the flow rate and velocity at the inlet of the first pressure reducing stage.
To summarize, the apparatus of the present invention comprises a first pressure reducing control valve for receiving a high temperature high pressure flowing slurry at a first pressure and discharging it at a lower pressure as a foamed slurry; a second pressure reducing control valve downstream of the first pressure reducing control valve for effecting a second reduction of pressure; a deceleration zone having an inlet in direct fluid communication with the low pressure side of said first pressure reducing control valve for receiving and reducing the effective forward velocity of the foamed slurry flow at the lower pressure, and being shaped to hold foamed slurry such that newly injected foamed slurry flows directly into previously injected foamed slurry, and further shaped to convey foamed slurry to the second pressure reducing control valve in a foamed condition.
The term deceleration zone as used throughout this specification and its claims should be interpreted to mean an apparatus constructed such that slurry injected into the zone through the first stage let down valve as a foam or foamy liquid comes into contact first with a pre- existing volume of foamed slurry rather than with the walls or bottom of the deceleration apparatus. In this manner, the kinetic energy of the injected slurry is dissipated within a swirling, mixing volume of slurry as opposed to impinging directly on the deceleration apparatus itself.
Although the evolution of gas upon letdown and concomitant generation of a foam or foamy liquid should decrease the viscosity of the slurry; the foamed mixture of slurry and gas behaves with an increased apparent viscosity. Without intending to limit the scope of this invention it is believed that this increased apparent viscosity of the foamed mixture of gas, liquids and solids is somehow related to the decreased density resulting from the presence of significant amounts of gas in the otherwise viscous fluids present in a coal liquefaction system. This increased apparent viscosity permits movement at a higher allowable velocity for the foamed mixture than would otherwise be acceptable through subsequent process equipment. The deleterious effect on downstream equipment previously experienced as a result of the abrasive characteristics of the slurry, is not only substantially eliminated, but the life of the equipment may be increased.
This important advantage results because the slurry foam can be processed at acceptable velocities while the flow adjacent to the process equipment walls remains in a substantially non-turbulent condition since a thin layer of the foamed slurry is believed to dessipate creating a protective film flowing at a slower velocity than the stream in the middle of the lines.
As used throughout the specification and in the claims, the term allowable velocity is intended to indicate that maximum acceptable velocity at which the slurry can be moved through the system without undue erosion of the equipment. In addition, it should be understood that the slurry velocity within the deceleration zone should not reach below the level at which significant amounts of solid matter will no longer remain in suspension.
In the method of the present invention, therefore, the foam which is ordinarily produced as some of the liquid at the higher pressure is converted into the gas phase upon passing through the pressure reduction valve becomes a significant asset, rather than a liability, as was previously believed. Because of the higher apparent viscosity of the foam, as opposed to the liquid slurry, the foam can flow at a much lower velocity in the deceleration zone, substantially approaching non-turbulent flow, without a serious concern over loss of suspended particles. Moreover, as the foam approaches non-turbulent flow, a protective film of slurry liquid will be created adjacent the inner surfaces of the flow conduits and other process equipment, effectively inhibiting direct contact of the abrasive particles with the metallic surfaces. With appropriate process control and equipment design, this thin protective film of nonfoamed liquid which exhibits laminar flow will continue to exist when the velocity is first lowered substantially and thereafter increased to a velocity higher than the rate at which laminar flow first resulted as the velocity was decreased.
Thus, even when the velocity of the foamed slurry is returned to the velocity previously existing before the first pressure let down stage, or under appropriate conditions an even higher velocity, the flow through subsequent process equipment will be at reduced turbulence with a concomitant reduction of abrasion. The increased volume resulting from the production of the foam can be accommodated by adjusting the volumetric dimensions of the apparatus. The pressure drop at each stage can be regulated by upstream level controls and thus automatically split between the two stages to the degree suitable for process conditions. The portion of the total pressure drop effected by the individual valves can be adjusted by a secondary or bias control between the valves. At the same time, the overall mass flow rate and process velocity can be maintained.
In one alternative embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention, the deceleration zone apparatus may be equipped with means for introducing a quench liquid or adapted to include a heat exchange cooler. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that these modifications may only be desirable for special system reasons, such as the provision of extra control over process variables and corrosion reduction. Ordinarily, the energy loss associated with quenching, or cooling the slurry stream will decrease the overall efficiency of the coal liquefaction system and should be otherwise avoided. Additionally, use of a heat exchanger may result in clogging of the exchanger lines because the slurry tends to cool at different rates.
The exact configuration of the pressure reducing valves of the present invention is not critical to the invention. However, it should be clear that the concept of the present invention requires that the volumetric dimensions of the second stage valve be sized larger than those of the first stage valve. It should also be apparent that all equipment should be constructed of materials hard enough to resist the obvious abrasion characteristics of the slurry.
FIGURE 1 shows a schematic diagram of the apparatus incorporating the principles of the invention.
FIGURE 2 shows a schematic diagram of the apparatus of the present invention which has been modified to allow cooling of the slurry stream in'the deceleration zone.
The exact dimensions of the apparatus of this invention and the exact operational parameters for its use will be dictated in large part by the system in which it will be incorporated. In the preferred embodiment the apparatus and process will be used in an integrated coal liquefaction-gasification process such as that described in U.S. Patent No. 4,159,238. In that system pulverized raw coal is mixed with a slurry feed and then with hydrogen prior to introduction through a tubular preheater furnace where the coal is partially dissolved in the recycled solvent. The effluent from the tubular preheater furnace is discharged to a dissolver for further reaction. The effluent from the dissolver passes to a vapor/liquid separation system. The hot overhead vapor stream is removed through one outlet while a liquid distillate from the separator is removed through another outlet. The slurry effluent of this first vapor/liquid separator can then be passed through the apparatus of the present invention for reduction of pressure. Once the pressure has been reduced the slurry stream can be split into two components, one for recycle and the other for separation of the major products of the process.
2
2
The details of an apparatus built in accordance with the present invention and designed for integration in the system as described above will now be described with reference to FIGURE 1 for a system designed to process slurry at a rate of 10,000 lbs./min. (4,545 Kg/min), where the slurry exiting from the hot separator upstream at 2000 p.s.i.g. (140 Kg/cm) and 790°F (421°C) is to be let down in two stages to 150 p.s.i.g. (10.6 Kg/cm). The apparatus has three distinct zones: a first valve 10 for reducing pressure, a deceleration zone 20, and a second valve 30 for reducing pressure. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the apparatus dimensions, flow rates, pressures, and temperatures described in the specification are adapted to a particular coal liquefaction product stream of a particular size. Applicant believes that a person or ordinary skill will be able to calculate the dimensions, flow rates, and pressures required for any given stream of materials with knowledge of the approximate composition of the stream the pressures at which sufficient gas is liberated to generate a foam or foamy liquid.
The first valve 10 for reducing pressure will have. an inlet conduit 11, a valve mechanism 12, and an outlet conduit 13. The interior diameter of the conduit 11 at its entrance to the valve mechanism 12 must be sufficient to accommodate the volume of slurry at the desired flow rate. Thus, in the system to be described 160 cubic feet per minute (4.53 cubic meters/min) of slurry will be processed at a rate of 20 f.p.s. (6.1 M/sec). The cross- sectional area of the opening to conduit 11 must be 0.1333 square feet (0.012 square meters) which requires an inside diameter of approximately 5 inches (12.7 cm). The type of valve mechanism 12 used in the first valve 10 to reduce the pressure of the slurry is not critical to the present invention. The preferred valve mechanism 12 will be a blunt needle valve having a throat diameter of two to three inches (5 cm to 7.6 cm).
2
The first stage valve will be sized to achieve a pressure drop to 550 p.s.i.g. (38.8 Kg/cm), which is sufficient to liberate gas and create a foamy liquid or a foam. In designing a system apparatus for a stream with a different composition the valve should be sized to effect sufficient pressure drop to generate a foam or foamy liquid. As explained above enough gas is liberated when the stream, at the flow rate throughout the letdown apparatus, thereafter behaves effectively as one phase even though it in fact contains three phases. The volume of liquid in the stream will remain approximately the same at 160 cubic feet per minute (4.53 cubic meters/min). However, because the decreased pressure will have caused some of the slurry stream which was liquid at the higher pressure to be converted to gas at the lower pressure the overall volume of the stream will increase. The amount of gas liberated upon flashing the slurry will of course depend upon the nature of the slurry. A slurry rich in very volatile molecules will liberate more gas than one rich in non-volatile molecules. The outlet 13 from the first valve 10 will lead directly into the deceleration zone 20.
2
2
The slurry which enters the deceleration zone 20 will have a pressure reduced from 2000 p.s.i.g. (140 Kg/cm) to 550 p.s.i.g. (38.8 Kg/cm) The velocity of a slurry flashed through a valve like the one described above will be in excess of a 100 f.p.s. (30.48 M/sec) and more likely approximately 500 f.p.s. 152 (M/sec). Accordingly the slurry will enter the deceleration zone as a jet of foam or foamy liquid.
In the system described the volume of the deceleration zone 20 must be sufficient to accommodate an additional 237 cubic feet per minute (6.7 cubic meters/min) of gas. Thus the deceleration zone-20 must be able to accommodate a combined volume of 397 cubic feet per minute (11.23 cubic meters/min). In the preferred embodiment the deceleration zone 20 will be constructed as a closed cylinder with an inlet from the first valve 10 at the top of the cylinder in the vicinity of its axis. The cylinder will be constructed wide enough to allow the jet of foam to turn on itself so that the velocity of slurry moving near the walls will be approximately 5 f.p.s. (1.52 M/sec). It is believed that a small portion of the foam will dissipate in the region immediately adjacent the walls of the deceleration zone. This thin layer of nonturbulent slurry will substantially eliminate erosion. The flow characteristics of the foam will change from very turbulent at the valve outlet to laminar at the slow velocity of 5 f.p.s. (1.52 M/sec).
In the above described system the inside diameter of the cylinder must be 15.5 inches (39.4 cm) in order for the desired velocity drop to occur. The deceleration zone should be large enough to cause a significant velocity drop; however, if the velocity drops too much, significant amounts of solid will fall out of the slurry. Thus, the deceleration zone should be constructed so that only a small amount of solid falls out of suspension. As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, a small build up of solid matter in the deceleration zone resulting from a slightly oversized deceleration zone will be better than undue wear caused by a too small deceleration zone. The cylinder should be long enough to accommodate the volume of material passing through the cylinder.
The cylinder will also be fitted with an exit conduit 23 leading from the side of the cylinder near its top to the second pressure reducing valve 30. The inside diameter of this exit conduit 23 will be approximately 8 inches (20.32 cm) to accommodate a flow of 397 cubic feet per minute (11.24 cubic meters/sec) at a velocity of 20 f.p.s. (6.1 M/sec).
The velocity of the foam can be increased from the very slow velocity in the deceleration zone to the allowable velocity for the foamy slurry at an intermediate pressure. This allowable velocity will be higher when the velocity has been reduced to a very low rate causing dissipation of foam in a thin layer along the walls of the equipment, and creation of a protective slurry film rather than merely reduced to an acceptable velocity directly from the sonic velocity at the valve outlet. When the velocity is increased from a low velocity, the wall film described above can be maintained at a velocity higher than the velocity at which a wall film develops when the rate of the slurry is decreased from a sonic velocity. Since the slurry will move through the conduit 23 as a foam having only moderate turbulence and an apparent viscosity much higher than the actual viscosity of the liquid, a velocity equal to or higher than the velocity at the inlet 11 to the first valve 10 can be used. In the solvent refined coal process described a velocity of 20 f.p.s. (6.1 M/sec) is sufficiently low to avoid breaking the wall film of the fluid.
2
2
The construction of the valve mechanism 32 for the second let down valve'30 is not critical to the present invention. However, in the preferred embodiment the valve mechanism 32 will be a blunt needle valve having a throat diameter approximately the same size or slightly larger than that for the valve mechanism 12 of the first valve 10. The slurry stream which enters the second pressure reduction valve 30 at a pressure of 550 p.s.i.g. (38.80 Kg/cm) will exit with a reduced pressure of 150 p.s.i.g. (10.6 Kg/cm). The exit conduit 33 for the second pressure reduction valve 30 must be constructed with sufficient volumetric dimensions to accommodate the increased volume associated with further liberation of gas from the liquid slurry. In the system described the volume of the liquid in the stream will decrease to 150 cubic feet per minute (4.23 cubic meters/min) after passing through the second let down valve 30. At the same time the gas volume will increase to 811 cubic feet per minute (22.95 cubic meters/min) on the down side of the second let down valve 30. Accordingly, the inside diameter of the exit conduit 33 should be 27.5 inches (69.9 cm) to accommodate this volume of material at a flow rate of 5 f.p.s. (1.5 M/sec).
In the preferred embodiment the opening of the two valves 10 and 30 will be controlled by a regulator 40 which automatically adjusts both openings to accommodate changes in flow conditions upstream of the let down apparatus. Additionally, the portion of the total pressure drop effected by each valve can be adjusted by a bias control 41. There may be occasions where it would be undesirable to split the drop equally between the two stages. For example, a slurry with non-volatile components may need a very large pressure drop at the first stage in order to liberate sufficient gas to form a foamy liquid. Conversely, in a system with a large portion of volatile components it may be desirable to have a small pressure drop at the first stage, thereby increasing the life of the first valve.
In an alternative embodiment the deceleration zone can be modified for introduction of a quench liquid. In such a modification the quench liquid will be introduced through inlet 24 shown in Fig. 2. Suitable quench liquids would include water at 80°F (26.7°C) and heavy oil at 200°F (93°C). Use of an oil as a liquid quench at a rate of 33 cubic feet per minute (0.94 cubic meters/min) would be deleterious to valve sizing, because the volume of liquid would be increased to 193 cubic feet per minute (5.46 cubic meters/min) while the gas volume would be increased to 251 cubic feet per minute (7.1 cubic meters/ min). Use of the water quench adds little to the vapor volume and thus would not effect the valve and line sizes. However, use of any quench is only desirable for a specific reason such as reduction of corrosion or process control. The energy loss associated with use of a quench liquid decreases the overall efficiency of the process. Accordingly, in the preferred embodiment a quench liquid would not be used.
A further alternative embodiment requires modification of the exit conduit 23 leading from the deceleration zone 20 to the second let down valve 30. In this embodiment the exit conduit is fitted with a heat exchanger 25 to cool the slurry as it passes through the exit conduit 23. In the preferred embodiment the heat exchanger 25 will not be used because of operational difficulties associated with heat exchangers. In operation, heat exchangers tend to cool the liquid unevenly. Clogging of the lines can result.
2
2
2
2
2
In operation, 160 cubic feet per minute (4.53 cubic meters/min) of slurry will enter the first let down valve 10 at a pressure of 2000 p.s.i.g. (140 Kg/cm). On the down side of the pressure reducing valve 10 the stream will have a pressure of 550 p.s.i.g. (38.8 Kg/cm), a velocity approaching sonic velocity, a liquid volume of 160 cubic feet per minute (4.53 cubic meters/min) and a gas volume of 237 cubic feet per minute (6.71 cubic meters/min). The slurry will pass into the deceleration zone 20 as a jet of swirling foam or foamy liquid. In the deceleration zone 20 the entering stream will first contact other slurry so that the swirling action of the slurry will be accommodated by the slurry rather than the walls of deceleration zone 20. The velocity of the mixture will slow down to 5 f.p.s. (1.52 M/sec) near the walls of the deceleration 20. Overflow from the deceleration zone 20 will exit through conduit 23. This exiting stream will pass to the second let down valve 30 at a rate of 20 f.p.s. (6.1 M/sec) and exit with a pressure of 150 p.s.i.g. (10.6 Kg/cm). After the pressure has been let down from 2000 p.s.i.g. to 150 p.s.i.g. (140 Kg/cm to 10.6 Kg/cm) the volume of liquid going through the system will be decreased to 150 cubic feet per minute (3.4 cubic meters/min) while the volume of gas going through the system will have increased to 811 cubic feet per minute (22.6 cubic meters/min).
Although the above description has been restricted to an apparatus with only two let down valves connected by a deceleration zone, the present invention encompasses systems where many let down valves are connected in series with a deceleration zone between each one. The foregoing description has been directed to the particular preferred embodiment for the purposes of illustration and explanation. It will be apparent however, to those skilled in the art that many modifications and changes in the procedure set forth will he possible without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. It is the applicant's intention that the following claims be interpreted to embrace all such modifications and variations. | |
Ensuring the mobility of troops and support equipment in the European theater will depend on coordinated command and control. In anticipation of crises actions and needs, improvements are needed during the upfront coordination as well as to the last mile of transportation capabilities that are insufficient to meet the military’s equipment transportation needs.
JSEC
The strategic importance of NATO’s military forces in Europe remains high, especially in the rear area of Europe, as NATO works to strengthen the alliance and improve deterrence measures against adversaries, including Russia. Because deterrence relies on situational awareness, data and information that feed a clear operational picture are critical components, say Leendert Van Bochoven, global lead for National Security and NATO, IBM, in The Netherlands; and René Kleint, director, Business Development Logistics & Medical Service, Elektroniksystem-und Logistik (ESG) GmbH, in Germany.
A large number of national NATO contract competitions for resources could instigate bidding wars, causing delays during critical troop movements and confusion in the rear echelons. According to one leader of forces in Europe, adversaries may find it difficult to resist this opportunity to take advantage of the conditions to aggravate the situation by distributing disinformation and launching cyber attacks on commercial carriers. Consequently, during these critical early phases of military force mobilization, shared sensitive information and key infrastructure will need to be secured and defended.
New challenges facing the West have compelled NATO to refresh domestic capabilities that have long been overlooked, alliance leaders say. These capabilities focus largely on logistics, but they also encompass new areas of concern such as cybersecurity and the supply chain.
NATO is evolving to adapt to present-day threats, and part of that strengthening means improving the deployment of forces to the European continent from allied nations. The organization’s new Joint Support and Enabling Command, known as JSEC, is taking on that role. The new command is in the process of building itself up, defining doctrine, forging relationships, and developing the necessary personnel and information technology infrastructure to support its operations. | https://www.afcea.org/content/related-content/jsec |
- What students choose to study is effected by different variables. Thus, the aim of this study is to examine how different background variables and personality traits from the Big-five theory influence students choice of higher education. The study exam-ined the relation between socioeconomic status, personality traits, gender and ethnici-ty and their choice of study was observed on students from Lund University through-out a descriptive study. The result established that personality could describe 16-19 % of the variance when it comes to choices of higher education. Personality traits that were found significant were stability and conscientiousness. Regarding the influences from the family when it comes to higher education the result showed that individuals with parents who have an exam from university are more likely to choose a higher classified education, towards individuals with parents who do not have academic ex-perience. One conclusion is that our different backgrounds and our personality traits do have influence on our choice of academic studies. | https://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/search/publication/5052774 |
Improve your Writing in Six Easy Steps!
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Clicking the error in the sidebar will highlight it in your document and display an informative pop-up. A grammar checker works best when you run it, make changes, rerun it, make changes again, etc. Each time you make a minor improvement to your writing, the grammar checker will improve its accuracy. The worst way to use a grammar checker is to run a check once and think you're done!
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Our advanced Artificial Intelligence (AI) and linguistic technologies determine these statistics. You can think of these stats as an additional "second opinion" regarding your document. Our AI engine doesn't know what you're writing or why you're writing, but it will provide general insight into the quality of your writing compared to other documents like yours.
The overall stats provide a "holistic" view of your writing. However, the domain stats look more closely at specific aspects of your writing.
- Focus: How well your document remains focused on its main idea.
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Clicking on the drop-down arrow next to each domain/trait will display additional instructional feedback to help the writer improve.
Step 6: Cite.ai - Check for Originality
The process of weaving others' ideas into one's own is challenging, not to mention a critical step on the path to higher levels of education. That's where Cite.ai comes in. Cite.ai will scour the Web and our proprietary database of essays to alert you to text that should be cited. IntelliWriter will then provide you with a detailed Originality Report. | https://resource.vantage.com/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=63734039&preview=%2F63734039%2F63734132%2Fmultilingual.JPG |
The invention relates to a method for obtaining corresponding aldehyde ketones through catalytic oxidation reaction of alcohol and phenolic compounds by using an efficient and green catalyst and water as a solvent. The method comprises the steps that: polyacrylonitrile fiber loaded polymerization photosensitive ionic liquid serves as a catalyst, hydrogen peroxide serves as an oxidizing agent, the alcohol and phenolic compounds are subjected to an oxidation reaction at the temperature of 70-100 DEG C and under the normal pressure, the corresponding aldehyde ketone compounds are obtained, and it is not found that the reaction yield is obviously reduced after the loaded ionic liquid is repeatedly used for 10 times. Photosensitive substances are introduced into the catalyst, efficient catalytic reaction and simple and convenient separation are achieved, no organic solvent is needed in the process, and the catalyst has good industrialization prospects. | |
The aim of this doctoral thesis is to analyse the range of resonances surrounding the lost or endangered child (or adolescent) in six Italian films made between 1992 and 2005. By drawing on and expanding Emma Wilson’s proposed understanding of the term ‘missing child’ in Cinema’s Missing Children (a transnational, cinema-based study published in 2003), this thesis will seek to open out new ways of exploring both contemporary Italian cinema and the ‘missing child’ paradigm. To this end, the following research questions are pivotal to the discursive trajectory of this thesis as a whole: What does it mean to ground contemporary Italian works which broadly correspond to the term ‘missing child’ (as proposed in Cinema’s Missing Children) within the specific context of Italian culture and society? How would recourse to a range of specifically Italian filmmaking, socio-cultural, or historical phenomena shape (or reshape) our understanding of this topos? In order to fully engage these concerns, this thesis will begin by establishing a rigorous interdisciplinary methodology. In Chapter One, I will address questions of critical reception with particular emphasis on the possible pitfalls of conventional recourse to neorealism as a means of reading the missing child in contemporary cinema. In Chapter Two, I will extend this necessary emphasis on critical reception and related notions of possible distortion and oversimplification, to include the dialogic relation between Italian cinematic articulations of (missing) children, childhoods and the experience of (biological and non-biological) parenthood, and clusters of cultural and political concerns and anxieties. In chapters Three, Four, and Five, I will bring this interdisciplinary methodology to bear on three sets of primary sources. Whilst this close textual analysis will contend with the missing male child (in a range of guises), it will also bring to the fore new ways of thinking with and about the critically neglected female child. By moving away from more normative critical frameworks (including neorealism) this thesis will not only attempt to reset and refresh understandings of important works of the last two decades, but will also work towards a recuperation of the critically disavowed gender identity (and concomitant role and status) of ‘missing’ female children. | https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.569061 |
When Zaha Hadid died in 2016, she was celebrated as one of the 21st century’s most influential and visionary architects. Buildings such as the Guangzhou Opera House, the London Aquatics Centre, and the Heydar Aliyev Cultural Centre demonstrated a radical and futuristic aesthetic that was very much her own.
However, her critics also made mention of the human rights controversies which dogged her later career; in particular, the building of the Qatar World Cup Stadium, for which she claimed an abdication of responsibility.
More recently, Hadid’s successor, Patrick Schumacher, attracted considerable opprobrium when he advocated untrammelled gentrification and the privatisation of all social housing and public space, including Hyde Park.
According to Douglas Spencer, such pronouncements and controversies, far from being isolated events, are very much bound up in the architecture of neoliberalism that has developed over the last couple of decades, and which he critiques in his challenging and uncompromising book.
Neoliberalism is one of those buzzwords that is often used but seldom completely understood. In short it is a form of capitalism that promotes shrinking the state and public services in favour of privatisation, and any notion of the 'common good' is surrendered to the ‘logic of the market'. It was developed as an ideology by the likes of Hayek and Friedman, and introduced in the West by Thatcher and Reagan in the 1980s.
Spencer’s book is perhaps the first to analyse neoliberalism in conjunction with its architectural expressions. He joins the intellectual dots from 20th century countercultural thinkers such as Foucault and Lefevre, to some of the 21st century’s most celebrated architectural practices. In addition to Hadid and Schumacher, the book provides incisive analysis of the likes of Rem Koolhaas, Alejandro Zaera-Polo and Greg Lynn, and deconstructs buildings such as the CCTV Headquarters in Beijing, Birmingham New Street station, and the BMW factory in Leipzig.
Overall, this is a complex and tough read, which will likely only appeal to those steeped in architectural theory and criticism. But that does not make the book any less important or timely. Indeed at this disorientating time of change, when the foundations of the neoliberal ideology appear to be buckling beneath the weight demonstrable failures, it is a powerful and instructive piece of work.
To find out more and purchase the book click here.
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LafeberVet will be hosting an online, RACE-Approved seminar for veterinarians and support staff about the ethical and medical concerns regarding flight in companion parrots.
Title: Flight Mechanics & Ethical Concerns
Instructor: Todd Driggers, DVM
Date: Sunday, May 31, 2020 at 3 pm Eastern Time
Duration: 1-hour
CE: RACE-approved for 1 hour of continuing education
Flight in Companion Parrots – The Conflict: Freedom vs Safety
Abstract: Feather trimming birds in captivity has been a common practice performed for many reasons, including fear of loss, safety, and the ability to control and tame. If the gold standard for animal welfare is freedom and feather destructive behavior is a reliable indicator of scientifically studied animal welfare, feather trimming impacts how the animal feels, functions, and prohibits natural responses to positive or aversive stimuli. Perhaps it is time to reflect on the benefits and risks of feather trims through the lens of animal welfare. At a minimum, the degrees of severity of the current techniques need redressing when we consider the experience of the bird. | https://wildbirdvet.com/2020/05/15/free-lafeber-webinar-about-flight-in-pet-birds/ |
(a) about 5% to about 50% by weight of a water-insoluble aluminosilicate ion-exchange material and
(b) about 0.1% to about 20% of a polycarboxylate polymer comprising:
3
1O
(i) about 5% to 70% of a C-C monoolefinic monocarboxylic acid,
4
6
(ii) about 5% to 70% of a C-C monoolefinic dicarboxylic acid, and
2-6
2-6
(iii) about 1% to 80% of a nonionic spacer selected from esters of (i) and (ii), C monoolefinic alcohols, and esters of C monoolefinic alcohols.
A granular detergent having a phosphorus content of less than 5% comprising:
The compositions display excellent bleach stability, fabric care and detergency performance at low or zero phosphate levels. | |
A preliminary list of sessions is now available! A final schedule will be released by mid-January 2019.
Tools & Methods
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UX in Practice
- “This looks like the 11th page of Google”: Why We Do UX Research with Students Who Never Use the Library
- A User Research Journey with Customers and Staff: Exploring the Research Techniques Used for
- Improving the UX of a Library’s Online Catalog
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- Enhancing Library Discovery with Lightweight Meta Queries
- Everything and the Kitchen Sink: Unpacking Library Help
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- Exploring Student Research Strategies through Cognitive Mapping
- Making Websites Archive-friendly
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- Redesign Web Page Flow to Reduce Decision Fatigue
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Service & Physical Space Design
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- User Experience Activities in Small Academic Libraries
- Is your library website beautiful? | https://designingfordigital.com/2019-session-preview/ |
The problems, both near- and long-term, are complicated. But the solution, according to the 14th report in the WEF's annual Global Risks series, is relatively straightforward, centering on cooperation and collaboration.
“There has never been a more pressing need for a collaborative and multi-stakeholder approach to shared global problems,” forum president BØrge Brende writes in the report's preface.
“This is an era of unparalleled resources and technological advancement, but for too many people it is also an era of insecurity,” Brende continues. “We are going to need new ways of doing globalization that respond to this insecurity . . . Renewing and improving the architecture of our national and international political and economic systems is this generation's defining task.”
Risks and Trends
The WEF and its Global Risks Perception Survey break down the global risk landscape into five key categories: economic, geopolitical, societal and political, environmental, and technological. Within those categories are a total of 30 global risks for 2019 (for example, asset bubbles and deflation under economic, and interstate conflict and terrorist attacks under geopolitical).
There are also 13 trends - “defined as a long-term pattern that is currently evolving and that could contribute to amplifying global risks and/or altering the relationship between them” - such as aging population, changing climate, and rising cyber dependency.
Geopolitical tensions, coupled with geo-economic concerns, are viewed as the most urgent global risk. Respondents to the Global Risks Perception Survey - described as “nearly 1,000 decision-makers from the public sector, private sector, academia and civil society” - saw current nationalist agendas as creating dangerous international friction. Examples are recent U.S.-China trade talks and tensions between Turkey and Saudi Arabia. Trade wars, sanctions and other disruptions in business and investment relationships could have a negative impact on the global economy.
PwC Surveys CEOs
Such concerns are rising to the top in other benchmark surveys. In PwC's 22nd annual Global CEO Survey - released, like Global Risks 2019, just ahead of the WEF's January Davos gathering - trade conflicts, policy uncertainty, and protectionism replaced terrorism, climate change, and increasing tax burden on the list of top 10 threats to growth.
Of PwC's responding CEOs “extremely concerned” about trade conflicts, 88% were specifically uneasy about that between China and the U.S.; 98% of U.S. CEOs and 90% of China's CEOs voiced these concerns.
The more than 1,300 survey participants turned significantly more pessimistic about the economy this year, with nearly 30% expecting a decline in global growth, versus 5% in 2018. Still, 42% see an improved economic outlook, though that is down from 57% a year ago.
Political and security risk consulting firm Control Risks, in its RiskMap 2019 forecast, placed “U.S.-China trade rift foretells a new global order” as No. 1 among its top five risks for this year. “This antagonistic relationship will complicate life not only for businesses in China and the U.S.,” the firm said. “Companies in a wide orbit around this standoff will feel the political and economic impact.”
Likelihood and Impact
John Drzik, president of global risk and digital at Marsh, a unit of Marsh & McLennan Companies, which is a WEF report partner, says, “As a result of these tensions, companies are being increasingly pulled into the ring of political wrangling. To a degree that we have not seen in modern times, they find themselves in the crosshairs of politicians.” This creates a demanding and volatile business environment and puts pressure on profitability.
The WEF report lists five risks as most likely to occur: extreme weather events; failure of climate change mitigation and adaptation; natural disasters; data fraud and theft; and cyber attacks.
The top five in terms of impact: weapons of mass destruction; failure of climate change mitigation and adaptation; extreme weather events; water crises; and natural disasters.
“Asset bubbles in a major economy” ranked 10th in likelihood but was not in the top 10 in impact.
Implications for Businesses
Brian Elowe, Marsh's chief client officer for North America, says that these global risks have important risk management implications for businesses.
One is the need to address the impact of multiple environmental risks. This will require companies to create greater resilience in their organizations and supply chains and to become more adept at anticipating resource shortages around the globe. “Companies can no longer avoid the implications of climate risk,” he says.
In “Climate Change Challenges for Central Banks and Financial Regulators,” a paper published last year in Nature Climate Change, Emanuele Campiglio and co-authors explored the relationship between climate change and the stability of the financial system.
Another implication, Elowe says, is the need to anticipate massive cyberattacks, some of which may be state-sponsored. Companies will need to focus on the vulnerabilities and resiliency of their infrastructure as well as those of their supply chain and value chain, he says.
“There is certainly a rising concern about targeted attacks on organizations and the impact of new technologies such as artificial intelligence in creating new vulnerabilities,” or as an accelerant to a cyber attack, Elowe adds.
Political Engagement
A third important risk management consideration is the challenging political and economic environment, coupled with what Elowe calls “headwinds in the global economy that will put pressure on corporate strategies and investments.” It will therefore become increasingly difficult to thrive with existing business models, or to successfully scale up such models in an environment of geopolitical uncertainty.
Elowe believes political activism will be part of the collaborative solution: “Companies will have to get more involved in the political infrastructure and help to influence policies. Companies can no longer stand back” from politics. “We see the need for companies to try to influence political collaboration across geographies.”
Businesses will also have to assess emerging risks and be aware of how their current risk profiles may be changing in light of technological advances, political developments and environmental concerns.
“Firms need to be thinking about where they are placing their assets and manufacturing plants, what is their access to resources in the event of an environmental disaster, and what are the potential vulnerabilities in their supply chains,” Elowe says. And they should not limit their thinking - or risk management resources - to what risks can be mitigated or eliminated. “They will need to spend more time and thought around the resiliencies of their business and have more agile responses in place when an unexpected event occurs.”
Future Shocks
A section of the WEF report is devoted to consideration of future shocks or scenarios that have the potential to play out and cause cascading risks. The potential scenarios include: monetary populism, in which escalating protectionist impulses call into question the independence and authority of central banks; powerful quantum computing that renders cryptography and cyber protections obsolete; and the use of weather manipulation tools to stoke geopolitical tensions.
Elowe hopes that businesses will carefully review the report, consider the most relevant implications for their business, and better understand how their risk profile may be changing.
Drzik of Marsh says that the WEF report highlights how “leaders need to flex their business models, risk management processes, and corporate culture if they are to flourish in this environment.”
The Global Risks report was produced with Marsh & McLennan and Zurich Insurance Group as strategic partners. National University of Singapore, the Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, and the Wharton Risk Management and Decision Processes Center, University of Pennsylvania, are academic advisers.
Katherine Heires is a freelance business journalist and founder of MediaKat llc.
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We are a not-for-profit organization and the leading globally recognized membership association for risk managers. | https://www.garp.org/risk-intelligence/culture-governance/geopolitical-risks-on-the-rise-world-economic-forum-finds |
Literary works in which special intensity is given to the expression of feelings and ideas by the use of distinctive style and rhythm. This is poetry many would not look at poetry in a literary sense as they would a biography or a literary text. Indeed poetry is also literature that is more condensed and consists of a language used in a manner that can be felt by the reader this can differ from ordinary literature. Throughout the world from America to Jamaica there are multicultural issues which many people have in common and do not realize. In the poem “dis Poem” by Mutabaruka and “For My People” by Margaret Walker are a great example of authors from two different worlds that deal with similar problems such as oppression, black history, and modern achievement of their people. Scott Williams says “Walker’s For My People is not only historical, but also, and primarily historical… “Historical” in this, sense a metaphor for unfolding of divine will… In this view of things human doings are only illusions of a counterfeit autonomy, characters are moving and are moved under aegis of a higher hidden authority” (Williams, 2006). Margaret Walker was born in Birmingham Alabama. For My People was a about the struggle of the African American people starting from slavery and the challenge to refashion a world in their own image, the image of true egalitarian whose faith and values were forced in the crucible oppression. Margaret Walker use of free style verse in her poem with no set metrical pattern brings strength to the poem with the constant repetition. “…washing ironing cooking scrubbing sewing mending hoeing plowing digging planting pruning patching dragging…” (Walker, 2001) This verse was written with no commas, no pauses, without any hesitation. The language and style used depicts a certain image in the readers mind. The image of an... | https://www.studymode.com/essays/Literary-Analysis-46063794.html |
A photo from open sources
Why are our eyes not located on the sides of the head, but are looking forward? This is partly due to the need to perceive three-dimensional images, but the BBC Future correspondent discovered and other reasons.
Have you ever noticed that most animals in Zoo can be attributed to one of two groups? One eyes are on the sides of the head (these are hens, cows, horses, zebras), and others they are planted closer and located in front (in this group includes monkeys, tigers, owls and wolves). Zoo visitors themselves – people – obviously, belong to the second group. What is the reason for this difference?
The location of the eyes is always a compromise. When the eyes are in front, each of them sends to the brain an image with of one’s angle of view, and by overlaying these images on each friend of a person perceives depth. Animals with eyes located on the sides, not able to see the third dimension, but The review is much wider.
Probably, the arrangement of the eyes was formed in different animals differently. For example, in some turtles, the eyes are on sides, but the brain processes visual information as if their eyes looked forward – perhaps this is due to the fact that when turtles pull their head under the shell, their eyes perceive light only in front, as if they are located in front heads. But why at our branch of the evolutionary tree – at primates – eyes in front? There are many explanations for this.
A photo from open sources
In 1922, the British ophthalmologist Edward Tricher Collins wrote about that early primates needed a vision that “would allow them to swing and accurately jump from branch to branch … grab food with your hands and bring it to your mouth. “Therefore, I decided scientist, in the process of evolution they have developed the ability to evaluate distance.
In subsequent decades, Collins hypothesis repeatedly revised and clarified, but its essence for a long time remained unchanged: in the process of evolution, the eyes of our ancestors moved forward to accurately estimate the distance at jumping from tree to tree. Price error in determining the distance between the trees was really considerable. “Payback for miscalculation there was a fall from a height of several meters to the ground, teeming with carnivorous animals, “wrote a specialist in 1991 visual psychotherapy Christopher Tyler.
The weak point of Collins hypothesis is that many animals that settle in trees, such as squirrels, have eyes located on the sides. Therefore, in 2005, an American biologist and anthropologist Matt Carthmill proposed another hypothesis based on Peculiarities of vision of predators, able to evaluate very well distance. According to Cartmill, this allows them to track down and to catch prey, be it a leopard crouching behind a gazelle, a hawk, claws of a hare, or one of the primates, grabbing from a branch some insect.
A photo from open sources
The scientist found this explanation very elegant, because it allowed us to understand other evolutionary changes characteristic of primates. For example, early primates in hunting relied on vision, and not to smell. Cartmill decided that the deterioration in smell was a side effect of rapprochement of the eyes: just for the nose and nerves, connecting it with the brain, there is not much space left – all the space was occupied by the eyes.
American neuroscientist John Allman picked up the hypothesis Cartmilla and finalized it based on information about nocturnal predators – after all, not all predatory animals have eyes located in front. In cats primates and owls they really are in front of the head, and in mongooses, goofy and flytraps – on the sides. Allman’s contribution to the development of this hypothesis consists in the assumption that such vision is necessary for those who hunt at night – for example, cats and owls – because in front of the eyes they perceive light better than to the sides. The early primates just hunted at night and perhaps it is because of this addiction to night hunting for all of them offspring, including humans, eyes located in front.
The American neuroscientist theorist Mark Changisi arose one more explanation. In 2008, he published in the Journal theoretical biology “(USA) article on” x-ray vision “, suggesting that the front eyes allowed our ancestors who lived in the forest, see through dense foliage and close interweaving branches.
A photo from open sources
The loud name “x-ray vision” comes from a curious phenomenon described by Changizi: “If you hold your finger in front of eyes in an upright position, fixing a look at some an object located behind the finger, two will enter the brain images of the finger, and both of them will be transparent. “Thus it turns out that a person can “see through” a finger, as with x-rays.
Pile of trees in the forest makes it difficult to see only large animals such as primates. Smaller ones, such as proteins, do not have such difficulties because their small head can easily squeeze between branches and leaves. Large animals who do not live in the forest, there are also quite enough eyes that located on the sides.
So the reason our eyes are in front is not yet installed. Each hypothesis has its own strengths and weaknesses. side. But no matter why we needed this vision – to jump from branch to branch, catch tasty bugs or see through the foliage – it is obvious that such an arrangement of the eyes connected with life among the trees. | https://trashplanetdiy.com/the-mystery-of-evolution-why-a-man-has-eyes-in-front.html |
This is a one term course that aims to present a challenging and creative environment if you are interested in Graphics (DVC). They will be expected to use a variety of tools and techniques throughout the course.
Skills will be taught and assessed in the form of a series of class drawings and exercises as part of a Spatial/Architectural design brief, (‘Shipping Container’)
The areas you will study are:
- Elements and Principles Design
- The Design Process
- Architectural and spatial design and associated concepts
- Product Design.
- Free Hand Sketching
- Rendering (use of multi-media)
- Instrumental Drawing systems including: Orthographic Projection.
- CAD such as Sketchup
- Perspective (1 point and 2 point)
- Pictorial drawings including:
- Oblique
- Isometric
- Planometric
- Drawing and Reading Plans (Block, site, floor, elevations)
- Dimensioning
- Isometric Circles
- Model making.
Course Overview
Term 1
You will begin to understand the language and purpose of Graphics (DVC) and start to develop freehand sketching and instrumental drawing skills.
You will develop your design and obtain stakeholder feedback to inform your next decisions.
Term 2
You will begin to see the importance of the Design Process as you head towards the completion of your Shipping Container home. Modelling, architectural drawings and floor plans will be produced by you.
Contributions and Equipment/Stationery
Each student will be expected to provide the following:
• Pencils,
• Eraser,
• Rule,
• Accurate compass,
• Access to a laptop,
• Creativity. | https://marlboroughboys.schoolpoint.co.nz/courses/course/GRA010 |
The National Human Rights Strategy of the Republic of Uzbekistan has been approved by the Presidential Decree.
Currently, Uzbekistan is a party to more than 80 international human rights treaties, including 6 main UN treaties and 4 Optional protocols, and regularly submits national reports on their implementation to the UN Human Rights Council and treaty committees.
The Strategy consists of six sections, and its main objectives are:
– improving the legislation taking into account the priority directions of socio-economic development of the country, generally recognized international standards and obligations of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the field of human rights, as well as recommendations of the UN Charter bodies and treaty committees;
– enhancing the role of Parliament and civil society institutions in Uzbekistan’s achievement of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, strengthening the rule of law, and bringing national legislation and law enforcement practices in line with international human rights obligations;
– strengthening national institutions for the protection of human rights, further development and enhancing of the national system for monitoring and evaluating state policies on human rights, raising the level of legal awareness and legal culture of the population, and forming a culture of human rights in society;
Besides, it provides for the establishment of the honorary badge “For the protection of human rights”, awarded annually on International Human Rights Day for services in the field of human rights protection and promotion of human rights culture. | https://mediamonitors.net/president-approves-national-human-rights-strategy/ |
Qualitative evaluation of a standardized patient clinical simulation for nurse practitioner and pharmacy students.
This article describes a qualitative evaluation of an interprofessional educational experience for nurse practitioner and pharmacy students using standardized patients and physicians role-playing physicians in clinical scenarios. This experience included the development of two clinical scenarios; training of standardized patients, providers, and faculty facilitators; pre-briefing preparation; partial facilitator prompting simulations; and facilitated debriefings. Forty-six students participated in the formative simulation. Small groups of students and faculty facilitators worked through two clinical scenarios that were based on the expected emergence of the patient-centered medical homes. The scenarios incorporated different interprofessional communication modes, including in-person, telephonic, and video-conferencing. Time-in/time-out debriefings were incorporated to provide guidance to students about how to engage in interprofessional collaboration. After completion of the scenarios, facilitated group debriefings allowed for reflection on communication strategies and roles. Immediately following the learning activity, 30 volunteer focus group participants provided comments anonymously in a semi-structured format. Conventional content analysis was used to identify overarching themes. Participants expressed improved understanding of individual roles, increased confidence, and a better sense of interprofessional support. The educational experience themes included the benefits of a realistic nature of the simulation and the need for improved student orientation to roles and expectations prior to the clinical simulations.
| |
An event server role refers to a front of house worker whose primary responsibility is to assist the guests in having a positive experience.
Event Server responsibilities:
Provide exceptional guest service to all customers.
Greet guests and be responsible for accommodating all guests’ needs at the attendance of an event.
Participate in good communication with guests with questions regarding the menu.
Deliver food and beverages from staging areas to guests.
Assist other servers during peak periods in delivering food and guest requests.
Anticipate guests needs and monitor the guests dining experience to ensure satisfaction with food and service.
Respond promptly and courteously to any requests.
Setup, execution, and clean-up for an event.
Performs side work to prepare for upcoming events.
Maintain clean service areas at all times.
Maintain a professional and personable appearance.
Perform other duties as assigned. | https://www.instawork.com/gigs/event-server-san-diego-Z5qJa7y |
A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway (Seven step metabolic route used by bacteria, fungi, algae, parasites and plants for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan)). is named after it.
Application Notes A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway (Seven step metabolic route used by bacteria, fungi, algae, parasites and plants for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan)). is named after it.
Biochemical Physiological Actions Biosynthetic precursor of aromatic amino acids, as well as many alkaloids and other aromatic metabolites. | https://www.mpbio.com/02152058-1-shikimic-acid-cf |
An estimated 8.7 million species exist on Earth, according to a paper published today in PLoS Biology. The figure is based on a new validated analytical technique that, it’s said, significantly narrows the range of previous estimates.
Of course the question of how many species there are has exercised our species from the year dot. Before there were gods or Darwin, we knew we were not alone.
Taxonomists (gatekeepers of life on Earth) have taken it upon themselves to document life on Earth. From the inception of scientific classification (starting in 1758 with the great Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus), taxonomists have relentlessly ground away at formally describing planetary species. So far, almost 2 million species have been described.
That seems a lot, of course – it seems like plenty.
But in the mid-1980s, with the emergence of the biodiversity paradigm – a term used to describe the variety of life on Earth – the perennial question of “how many” was re-energised, and there was no ready answer.
Estimates on the possible number of species have varied over the last quarter century, from about 5 million to 100 million. Does that sound like beer-mat calculations?
Led by Dr. Camilo Mora of the University of Hawaii and Dalhousie University in Halifax, researchers in the PloS paper have rightfully questioned the subjectivity of previous assessments, and in the process provide a method using higher taxonomic categories. But are they right, or even close to being right, with their estimate of 8.7 million?
A bit of history helps our understanding of the complexity of the question and the challenges we face.
Terry Erwin
In the modern era, we credit a well known coleopterist (one who studies beetles), Dr Terry Erwin of the Smithsonian Institute, for stirring the pot. He was curious about how many species of insects could be found on a single species of rainforest tree.
In the early 1980s, he fogged the canopy of a few individuals of one species of rainforest tree (Luehea seemannii) in Panama with insecticide, and an endless supply of insects rained into his collecting trays on the rainforest floor.
Putting them all on pins, he found, with his other beetle mates around the world, there were more than 1,000 species of beetles, and undoubtedly came to the conclusion that:
1) that’s a lot of beetles
2) many of them had not been seen before.
He calculated there may be as many as 30 million tropical arthropods (insects, spiders, crustaceans and their allies) in the world.
Since that time, biologists have used a variety of methods to calculate the global number, based on extrapolations from surveys, species interactions, body size and higher taxonomic categories. Even Lord Robert May – former Chief Scientific Adviser to the UK Government – has had a crack at this holy grail of calculations.
So how many are there?
Of late, and by different methods – including what taxonomists “just reckon” – there’s a tacit agreement building there are about 10 million living species.
That informs and challenges us in a number of ways.
If we have described only 2 million (Mora and his colleagues estimate 1.2 million in their PLoS paper, but this is an underestimate), we clearly still have a way to go.
So have the taxonomists been slack? No, not at all.
Species are not immutable entities as Linnaeus thought, and determining their identity is no easy task. Natural variation is perplexing and species don’t self-identify for our benefit.
That said, within ten generations of human effort we have unraveled a good percentage of the outcomes of 3.5 million years of evolutionary history – the so-called “Tree of Life” – a job well done.
Angelika Warmuth/AFP
Australia
Australians may be curious to know what we know about our species and how we compare to the rest of the world. There are currently about 127,000 described Australian species.
A recent Commonwealth report provides an estimate of just over 500,000 species thought to exist in Australia.
If this estimate is reasonable, then we have described a quarter of the species that exist in Australia, which is a little more percentage-wise than we estimate globally.
Are we doing a good job? Again the answer is yes and no.
In the Northern Hemisphere, most of the species are described. In Britain it’s now rare for new species of any group of organisms to be described. But it’s all together another matter in the tropics and Southern Hemisphere.
The so-called taxonomic impediment (taxonomic gaps in our knowledge of species and workforce shortfalls) relates very closely to our lack knowledge of the tropics, where threats to biodiversity are so great.
But this is not the only gap, and here Australia comes into focus. It turns out that for some groups of organisms there is remarkable diversification in temperate and arid regions, which belies the orthodoxy that species richness increases towards the tropics.
For many groups of arthropods, diversity is greatest in places such as the southwest of Western Australia, and the scrublands and woodlands of eastern and western Australia.
The flora of southwest Western Australia is one of the richest areas globally, species-wise, and rivals any place in the world for its biodiversity values.
The great flowering plant diversity in this region is well known (more than 9,000 species) but what is not known is the enormous diversification of insects that has occurred upon these plants – the vast majority of which are unknown.
What’s being done?
In my laboratory at UNSW, we have discovered and described a large number of species from temperate and arid Australia, through a US National Science Foundation program – the Planetary Biodiversity Inventory program.
More recently, through the Commonwealth funded program Bushblitz, we have continued to discover and describe new species.
In the past four years, our lab has described about 100 new Australian species. Such efforts are repeated across our universities, herbaria and museums, but the taxonomic workforce has eroded significantly over the past quarter century, just when we need to ramp up the effort.
So to answer the question – how many species are there? Well, the answer is: a lot, and 10 million sounds likely.
The geneticist JBS Haldane said early in the last century: “God must have been inordinately found of beetles”.
And there’s the rub. Our knowledge of the less obvious organisms is where the taxonomic impediment lies.
Arthropods account for about two thirds of all species and yet it’s very easy to find new species, even within a city such as Sydney.
We know little about microfungi (fungi are not plants!) but we know they are very diverse, and microbial diversity is also clearly staggering, but we also have much to find out.
One could ask why we should care about the number of species. But thinking this way is to circle our wagons and shoot inwards. As human activity encroaches increasingly on Earth’s natural systems, comprehensive knowledge of species will count towards our quality of life, if not survival.
So with 2 million described, and another 8 million or so to go, we need to invest, and fast. The paper by Dr Mora and his colleagues supports the need for an enhanced taxonomic effort.
There has been a steady decline in taxonomic capacity in universities as identified at in the 2007 National Forum on Taxonomy.
The tertiary sector can provide leadership on this score by providing the framework for training the next generation of taxonomists, supporting taxonomic research, and forming strategic partnerships with museums and herbaria.
It follows that governments must see the need for increased investment in taxonomy.
Will this happen? It would be nice to think we could count on it.
| |
Note: This is an archived Handbook entry from 2012.
|Credit Points:||25|
|Level:||4 (Undergraduate)|
|Dates & Locations:|| |
This subject has the following teaching availabilities in 2012:Year Long, Parkville - Taught on campus.
Timetable can be viewed here. For information about these dates, click here.
|Time Commitment:||Contact Hours: 27 hours of lectures, 34 hours of clinical tutorials and 96 hours of clinical practice and demonstrations. Students are rostered to attend the clinics at the University of Melbourne pre-clinical facility, the University of Melbourne EyeCare practice and other clinical sites in the Melbourne area. |
Total Time Commitment:
120
|Prerequisites:|| All of |
Subject
Study Period Commencement:
Credit Points:
Semester 1
12.50
Semester 1
12.50
Not offered in 2012
12.50
Semester 2
12.50
Semester 2
12.50
Plus one of
Subject
Study Period Commencement:
Credit Points:
Year Long
25
|Corequisites:|| All of |
Subject
Study Period Commencement:
Credit Points:
Semester 1
12.50
Semester 1
12.50
Semester 1
12.50
|Recommended Background Knowledge:||None|
|Non Allowed Subjects:||None|
|Core Participation Requirements:||For the purposes of considering applications for Reasonable Adjustments under the Disability Standards for Education (Cwth 2005) and Students Experiencing Academic Disadvantage Policy, this subject requires all students to actively and safely participate in clinical practice activities. Students who feel their disability may impact upon their participation are encouraged to discuss this with the Subject Coordinator and the Disability Liaison Unit. http://www.services.unimelb.edu.au/disability/ |
CoordinatorMs Anthea Cochrane, Prof Neville Mcbrien
Contact
Email: [email protected]
Email: [email protected]
|Subject Overview:||
|
Students will utilise the optometric techniques learned in OPTO30004 Functional Disorders of Vision whilst expanding their range of diagnostic assessment skills. Application of standard optometric techniques will be undertaken in direct patient management and students will develop their clinical routine. Under supervision, students will learn appropriate assessment of patient history and symptoms, and patient communication skills. Importantly students will learn appropriate patient management strategies including dispensing options available to patients. In second semester students will be directly involved in managing contact lens patients and undertake technical skill acquisition and patients observation in paediatrics and low vision patient while undertaking lectures in these areas. Dispensing duty and pre-clinical practice sessions/tutorials will help with skill acquisition.
|Objectives:||The aim of this subject is for students to develop their clinical skills with their involvement in direct patient consultation and management.|
|Assessment:||
|
Progressive assessment of clinical work throughout the year (30%); a 15 minute oral examination held in the semester 1 examination period (10%); a 90 minute practical examination held during semester 2 (10%); 2-hour written examination in the second semester examination period (50%). Satisfactory completion of all components of assessment is necessary to pass the subject.
|Prescribed Texts:||None|
|Recommended Texts:||
|
|Breadth Options:|| |
This subject is not available as a breadth subject.
|Fees Information:||Subject EFTSL, Level, Discipline & Census Date|
|Notes:|| |
This subject is only available to Bachelor of Optometry students.
|Related Course(s):||
Bachelor of Optometry |
Download PDF version. | https://archive.handbook.unimelb.edu.au/view/2012/opto40002/ |
Retinal disorders can affect your vision, and may even cause blindness if the retina is seriously damaged.
Symptoms of a damaged retina
The retina may be damaged if you are experiencing the following symptoms:
- Blurring of vision
- Dim vision
- Shadowed vision
- Floaters appearing as lines, cobwebs, or specks in your vision.
- Black spots
- Flashes of light
- Distorted shapes
- Decrease or loss in peripheral vision
- Bind spots
- Sudden loss of vision
- Difficulty in performing tasks that need detailed vision such as painting, or embroidery.
Retina damage may not be noticeable in the early stages. However, one may notice a few visual effects such as distortion of images, poor vision, blurry spots in the central vision, or vision with appearing or disappearing images.
There are a few other causes of retinal damage other than the common reasons such as ageing, physical injury, and diseases. Some of the other causes include:
- Drug misuse
- Steroidal medication
- Chronic stress
- Heart disease
- Other types of circulatory issues
Damage to the retina is a serious issue and must be treated immediately. Proper treatment and care must be given on time, or else one may experience permanent vision loss.
Causes of retina damage
Retina damage is also known as Retinopathy. Several medical conditions affect the blood vessels in the retina. The common causes of retina damage are:
- Diabetes- The disease causes damage to the blood vessels in the eyes. Deteriorated blood vessels can get blocked or become deformed, and can cause fluid accumulation and swelling of the retina. It will inevitably lead to decreased vision. The blood vessels may also burst in extreme conditions of fluid accumulation. The bleeding can lead to irritation, scarring, and deteriorated vision. Such type of damage takes years to develop and is called diabetic retinopathy
- Hypertension- The retina can also get damaged due to hypertension. Such a condition is called hypertensive retinopathy. Hypertension causes bleeding in the blood vessels of the retina. However, one may not notice any signs of hypertensive retinopathy in the early stages. Hence, people with hypertension must go for a routine eye check up.
- Serous retinopathy- Such a condition is caused by a build-up of serous fluid in the retina. The condition leads to decreased vision and may be triggered by certain medications such as steroids.
Maintaining one’s overall health is crucial in maintaining the condition of one’s retina. Keep a regular check on blood sugar levels and blood pressure, and wear eye protection to avoid fatal eye injuries and protect eyes against harmful UV rays. So, be proactive with your eye health and visit a retina eye hospital immediately, if you notice any symptoms. | https://blog-guru.net/the-most-common-symptoms-of-a-damaged-retina/ |
She won't catch that ball. Space is ambiguous. It is up to the speaker to select items for attention and define the relation between them.
The language faculty has evolved from the capacity for spatial thinking, or at least so speculates theoretical linguist Boban Arsenijević in the current issue of the online journal Biolinguistics (article available here). The article, “From Spatial Cognition to Language,” is provocative and worth thinking about, even for readers who, like me, are skeptical about the existence of a “language faculty” and are doubly skeptical about Arsenijević’s seeming confidence that this supposed faculty works by making the sorts of computations that linguists make when they work out the formal structure of a syntactic statement. But the thesis seems promising, so in this post I going to do more riffing than reporting. Like I said, the article is free, so sign on to Biolinguistics and read it. Meanwhile, I’m going to be like the jazz soloist who takes somebody else’s melody and follows it down a different trail.
Let’s imagine an ape sitting on a branch with a view of some open terrain. In the distance, quite clearly, is a leopard. The ape watches attentively and sees the leopard suddenly look straight at him. The leopard then looks away and starts moving further from the ape’s position. The ape stays still.
Now imagine that same scene, only this time when the leopard looks at the ape it begins running toward it. The ape scrambles further up its tree, howling as it goes.
The ape can respond appropriately to these different situations just by paying attention. The reader was also able to understand them, by paying attention to the words used. The mystery of syntax is that it enables listeners/readers to grasp relationships between elements just as our perception of the world reveals relationships between percepts. This process is much less mysterious if we assume that the operations of syntax and perception are equivalent.
The critical difference in the ape's perception of the leopard is whether the leopard is coming or going. This organization of reality in terms of space is critical to both perception and syntax.
Natural language grammar is traditionally defined as the system that maps between the meaning and its physical carrier. The physical carrier is produced by the motoric system and perceived by the sensory system, while the meaning is taken to be some mental representation, directly or indirectly related to the real world. [Elsewhere I have argued] that there is no separate level of representation reserved for the meanings of linguistic expressions. Syntax is the specification … [p. 6]
If words pilot attention, syntax must work by organizing that attention. Syntax is sufficient—i.e, requires no further level of processing—because it does the work of perception. It does with words, what that ape looking at the leopard does with vision.
… discourse consists of referents, their descriptions in terms of different predicates, and discourse functions (topic, focus).
The classical view of language, even speech, is much more abstract than the one favored on this blog. Instead of seeing language as a system of referents to abstract concepts/representations, I write about language as a system of pointers to perceptions. And even when a speaker talks abstractly--e.g., “My trust in you has been shattered forever by your unfaithfulness”--we organize those abstractions as though they were percepts. The abstract example just cited has exactly the same structure as a concrete sentence like “My spear has been shattered by your shield.”
Thus, instead of thinking of the classical parts of speech as abstract referents, they should be recognized as concrete pointers. Speakers use them to select elements of a scene and establish a relation between them.
- Nouns and pronouns point. Presumably, originally they pointed only to the space around the speaker, and later brains evolved the capacity to handle pointers in an imaginary space.
- Adjectives point to properties of the nouns.
- Verbs draw attention to the relationship between different nouns.
- Adverbs point to properties of the verbs.
- Prepositions draw attention to some detail of the spatial relationship.
- Articles specify the space type; e.g., “The tall man ate the blueberries,” occurs in real space that can be pointed at; “a tall man ate some blueberries,” occurs in imaginary space with nothing to point at; “a tall man ate the blueberries,” is a hybrid with an absent man and real-space blueberries.
- Conjunctions tie sentences and phrases (spatial perceptions) together, adding another dimension to the perception, time. Classically, conjunctions are said to connect words, phrases, or sentences, but their effect is very different when they link words, and seem to work more like articles. “He shot her and she fell dead,” puts two separate scenes and into a whole that includes the passage of time. “A priest, a rabbi, and a minister walked into a bar,” does not add a time-dimension to the scene. Instead it seems to clarify that the priest, rabbi, and minister were separate individuals in this imaginary space. Without that and, the three labels might all identify a single individual; compare, “A boy, an innocent, a naïve lamb walked into a bar.”
- Interjections do not point or represent. My own suspicion is that they are survivors from the ape howls and have a separate evolutionary history.
Arsenijević has some interesting things to say about the brain’s handling of space, and perhaps I will discuss that later. I would welcome input from people familiar with very different languages. Perhaps they can agree or refute the suggest that the syntax of those languages can also be understood perceptually. | https://www.babelsdawn.com/babels_dawn/2008/05/space-and-synta.html |
Nutrition for Health
Registered Associate Nutritionist Ruth from True Fitness delivered the first nutrition and health workshop as part of the Wellness UnLAOISed programme. During the workshop, Ruth explained what 'balanced meals' are (see images below) and by the end of the workshop 100% of participants could correctly identify nutritionally balanced meals.
Yours in health, | https://truefitness.ie/news/nutritionally-balanced-meals |
Tell them ruin has come to their world,
|„|
Summary
- "The Imperium is my father's folly. I try to believe in it because I want it to be true, just like I wanted my great buildings to be true, and the perfect societies that would use them to exist. But they cannot be. There is no such thing as perfection, humanity is too chaotic to accept true order."
Perturabo, widely regarded as the Hammer of Olympia is Primarch of the Traitor Legion of the Iron Warriors. He was one of twenty genetically modified children, who at birth was placed on a random planet away from the God Emperor's gene lab by the ruinous powers. Raised on the planet of Olympia in an environment devoid of kindness or hope, grown to be a child prodigy and soon excellent warrior who easily dominated the battlefield with his intellect and combative prowess. He became a callous and calculating fighter with the prolonged exposure of his home planet.
Following the return of his father, he joined him in the Imperium of Man and during the Horus Heresy was one of multiple Primarchs who fell to the Chaos Gods. During the events of Horus' treachery pressure grew atop of him with the breaking point being the purging of his home world of Olympia, realizing his acts were not saviors but mass genociders of a tyrannical empire. After the events of his Drop-Site Massacre following the crippling of Rogal Dorn and his forces, he ascended to rank of Daemon Prince serving Chaos Undivided.
Powers and Stats
Tier: At least High 8-C, likely far higher | At least High 8-C, likely far higher | At least 4-B, likely higher | At least 2-C
Name: Perturabo, the Hammer of Olympia, the Lord of Iron, the Breaker
Origin: Warhammer 40,000
Gender: Male
Age: 10,000+ years old
Classification: Primarch of the Iron Warriors Space Marines, Daemon Prince of Chaos Undivided
Powers and Abilities:
Superhuman Physical Characteristics, Genius Intelligence, Enhanced Senses, Immortality (Types 1 and 3), Regeneration (Low-Mid), Weapon Mastery (Extremely skilled in a wide variety of weaponry to an extent far greater than what could ever be achievable by a regular human), Martial Arts (As a Primarch, Perturabo is one of the best close-quarters fighters in the entire galaxy), Large Size (Type 0; Should be comparable to Primarchs like the Lion who's stated to be a little under 3 meters tall and Mortarion who's stated to be twice the height of a mortal man), Information Analysis (Can accurately analyze any chemical he eats/tastes and break them down if required), Limited Memory Manipulation (Can eat creatures/people and absorb part of their memories from their DNA/RNA), Technology Manipulation (His skin can directly connect and interface with his armor, among several other pieces of Astartes equipment), Vehicular Mastery, Matter Manipulation and Durability Negation (Power weapons generate a field of energy around themselves that splits the bonds between matter, making it easier to break through targets), Explosion Manipulation (Utilizes numerous weapon pods built into his armour), Forcefield Creation (Via Iron Halo), Teleportation via Dimensional Travel, Mind Manipulation and Soul Manipulation (Primarchs can fight on a physical, mental, and spiritual level) Aura (Primarchs are said to contain an overwhelming aura that completely baffles regular humans, as well as sometimes Astartes. Their presence in the Warp is so powerful and influencing that Magnus reduced several Remembrancers to tears over his seeming divinity, while Russ could make Ahzek Ahriman himself kneel before him with his sheer presence)
Resistance to Magic, Telepathy, Mind Manipulation, Empathic Manipulation, Soul Manipulation, Reality Warping, Madness Manipulation, Aura (Resistant to all the myriad of different attacks that can be made on him by the powers of the Warp, as well as most of the powers of other Primarchs), Disease Manipulation, Poison Manipulation (Astartes are practically immune to all diseases and poisons, and their Primarchs should logically be even tougher), Corruption, Radiation Manipulation (Should almost be entirely immune to the effects of radiation exposure, thanks both to his Power Armor and enhanced physiology), Heat Manipulation (Astartes are incredibly resistant towards extremes of hot and cold, and logically their Primarchs should be far superior), Pain Manipulation (Astartes possess the physiology and mental training to shrug off debilitating injuries, and their Primarchs should easily scale)
All previous abilities on a massively higher level, Self-Sustenance (Type 1, 2 and 3; Being a daemon, Perturabo has no mortal requirements), Immortality (Types 3, 4, 8, and 9; Daemons cannot die in the typical sense, only being sent back to the Warp when killed in the materium. Whether or not they come back is entirely dependent on if their God allows them to), Regeneration (Low-Godly overtime; Upon physical death or banishment, Daemons will simply regenerate in the Warp as long as the ideas and metaphors that they rely on have not been affected), Summoning (Powerful Daemons are capable of summoning lesser daemons to aid them in combat), Possession and Dream Manipulation (Even Lesser Daemons can reach beyond the veil and possess mortals, even entering their dreams to do so), Dimensional Travel (Capable of travelling from the Warp into the Materium), Damage Reduction (Ranged weaponry is incredibly ineffective when used against a daemon, requiring more traditional weapons to fully banish them), Madness Manipulation (Type 3) and Corruption (Types 1 and 2; Looking upon a daemon can cause insanity and corrupt the mind, body, and soul of an individual), Enhanced Soul Manipulation (The powers of daemons inherently utilize and affect the soul), Reality Warping, Law Manipulation, and Chaos Manipulation in the Eye of Terror
Same as before but to a higher degree
All previous abilities but enhanced to an extreme degree, Acausality (Type 4; The Warp is entirely unbound from the laws of space and time. It's completely unrestricted by typical causality and the very concept of time is meaningless to the denizens of the Warp), Conceptual Manipulation (Type 3), Higher-Dimensional Manipulation (Should be comparable to Magnus who can manipulate the higher dimensions of the Warp, imposing whatever dimensionality he wished upon it), Beyond-Dimensional Existence (Type 2), Extrasensory Perception (Can likely perceive many different events occurring in real space), Abstract Existence (Type 2, based upon Type 3 concepts; Exists as a daemon; Daemons are beings made out of concepts, ideas, metaphors, contradictions and thoughts), Incorporeality (All Daemons are made of pure Warp energy which lacks any matter or physical presence)
Same as before but to a higher degree, Resistance to Physics Manipulation (The Warp is unbound from the limits of physics), Fate Manipulation, Causality Manipulation
Attack Potency: At least Large Building level, likely far higher (Comparable to the other Primarchs. Staggered and cracked the armour of Daemon Angron. Tore apart the body of Daemon Angron using his weapon pods. Bloodied and disfigured the face of Fulgrim with his blows) | At least Large Building level, likely far higher (Should be much stronger to his previous self. Fought with Daemon Mortarion) | At least Large Building level, likely far higher (Superior to Bloodthirsters within the Eye of Terror who can grow to the size of solar systems. Should be comparable to the other Daemon Primarchs) | At least Low Multiverse level (Should be comparable to Daemon Primarch Magnus, albeit somewhat weaker)
Speed: At least Subsonic movement speed (Should be far faster than regular Marines), with Massively FTL+ reactions/attack speed (Comparable to Sanguinius) | At least Subsonic movement speed, with Massively FTL+ reactions/attack speed (Far faster than before) | At least Subsonic movement speed, with Massively FTL+ reactions/attack speed (Should be at least comparable to before) | Immeasurable (Beyond the concepts of time, space, or distance)
Lifting Strength: Class K (Scaling from Angron) | At least Class K | At least Class K | Immeasurable
Striking Strength: At least Large Building Class, likely far higher| At least Large Building Class, likely far higher | At least Solar System Class, likely higher | At least Low Multiversal
Durability: At least Large Building level, likely far higher (Took hits from Daemon Angron) | At least Large Building level, likely far higher | At least Solar System level, likely higher | At least Low Multiverse level
Stamina: Superhuman (Primarchs are capable of fighting with shattered ribs, caved in abdomens and even fractured skulls. Nothing short of a killing blow can stop them, and even their immensely lesser Space Marine sons can fight for weeks on end without stop) | Infinite | Infinite | Infinite
Range: Several meters range, kilometers with ranged weapons | Extended melee Range, kilometers with ranged weapons, planetary with daemonic aura | Extended melee Range, kilometers with ranged weapons, planetary with daemonic aura, possibly higher with other daemonic abilities (Daemons in the Eye of Terror can grow to the size of solar systems and affect areas of similar size) | Hyperversal
- The Logos: Perturabo bears a mighty set of personalized terminator artificer armor bearing features more akin to the likes of ceramite from his home world of Olympia to feel more accustomed to the panoply. It provides an efficient line of the defense against the likes of many attacks why also bearing a complex set of cybernetics to gaining the ability to cycle through his weapons more proficiently. Such armor is crafted by the likes of Perturabo himself.
- Forge Breaker: A fantastical hammer fabricated by the Primarch Fulgrim, for his brother Ferrus Manus beneath the mount of Narodyna, widely regarded as the greatest of forges on Terra. Such a weapon bears the length of the average man, and was constructed with an alloy designed to be indestructible by nature. It holds a fearsome appearance with a rear-ended collage of spikes with a flat deadly face. Following the death of Manus, the hammer was gifted to Perturabo as a sign of his newly forged allegiance to him.
- Wrist-Mounted Combi-Bolter: A variant of the commonly utilized Space Marine rifle mounted atop the gauntlets of the Iron Warriors Primarch packaging custom made ammo capable of igniting and punching through the panoply of the Adeptus Astartes.
- Frag Grenades: Anti-personal explosives capable of eviscerating unarmored opponents.
Intelligence: Extraordinary Genius (Each Primarch possesses intelligence far above what any unaugmented person and even most Space Marines are capable of achieving, and they are each masters in their own respective fields of combat, being considered the greatest generals humanity has ever produced. Perturabo was considered to be the most technologically adept out of all the Primarchs, creating works of genius that rivaled the works of Roboute Guilliman and Magnus the Red. His inner sanctum contained a superb collection of precisely reconstructed stonework, multiple murals and painted works of art as well as hundreds of rolled parchments containing architectural wonders of his own design. Immense drawing desks bore architectural plans for grand pavilions, magnificent amphitheatres, complex industrial infrastructures, vast hives of habitation, impregnable citadels and ornate palaces to rival that of the mountain fastness of the Emperor Himself. Perturabo's genius was not only confined to the drawing board, for he had also crafted hundreds of delicately wrought machines, trinkets and gewgaws of such fine construction that it seemed impossible one so huge had modelled them. A silver lyre in the shape of a horse's head, gilded eggs, fabulously wrought birdcages that would never again confine a living creature, and miniature war machines competed for space alongside automata of all shapes and description -- animal, mechanical, human and alien. He had crafted a golden lion that was to be presented to Lion El'Jonson, a bronze horse that had been designed for a great centrepiece at Nikaea, a celestial timepiece that Roboute Guilliman had mounted on the tallest tower of his Temple of Correction on Macragge, and a sextant with infinitely more dimensions on Magnus' request. Perturabo was also a supremely gifted general and tactician but was overlooked by many including the Emperor for Rogal Dorn due to his personality and him recklessly wasting the lives of his Legion, and during the Siege of Terra proved himself to be just as gifted as Dorn as he smashes through their defenses and caused such devastating losses to the Imperial Fists that they were decommissioned for over a decade)
Weaknesses: Post Drop Site Massarce he has been transformed into a shell-shocked war veteran that suffers from extreme anger issues and spontaneous outbursts of rage. Speaking his true name will bind him and give whoever spoke it control over him | Speaking his true name will bind him and give whoever spoke it control over him | Cannot manifest his full power outside the Warp | None notable
Key: Primarch | Daemon Prince | In the Eye of Terror | In the Warp
Gallery
Others
Notable Victories:
Notable Losses:
Inconclusive Matches: | https://vsbattles.fandom.com/wiki/User:AbaddonTheDisappointment/Perturabo |
Does paving over archaeological remains successfully preserve them?
The assumption that it does is made, sometimes, when land managers have archaeological remains that would be expensive to excavate or preserver, and the land use they plan does not require digging, for example for foundations, ditches, or sculpting of the landscape.
Recently, two examples were in the news of remains that were sealed and preserved by land use that included paving over.
One is in a city in Britain, and the other is our state’s own Brunswick.
In Britain, in the city of Leicester, beneath a parking lot, in a series of trenches, archaeologists have found the remains of a church that was one of the buildings in a Franciscan friary complex. They also have located a skeleton that may well be the remains of King Richard III. (However surprising it may seem—yes, the British did lose track of the burial location of one of their kings, who died in 1485. Richard III had only been king for two years at the time of his death, from wounds sustained in battle.)
In Georgia, archaeologists have identified human remains beneath the foundations of the recently razed Glynn Middle School, right in Brunswick’s historical district.
Florida Times-Union reporter Mike Morrison in a September 6th article published online at jacksonville.com, noted that the SGA’s own Fred Cook said, “This was a Colonial cemetery from before Brunswick was laid out in 1771. They came out here and picked out this place to bury people.”
So, here we have two examples of later construction sealing archaeological deposits that revealed important information when later excavated.
While it is easy to argue that sealing beneath pavements should not be a primary way to preserve archaeological remains, is it an okay way to do so? When you think about your opinion of this, consider the costs of excavation and ongoing costs of preserving in place. | http://thesga.org/2012/09/preservation-by-parking-lot/ |
PEROU – Lambayeque - Northern Peru is a veritable treasure trove of archaeological wonders. Now, archaeologists and medical doctors are planning to work together to study discoveries from a new perspective: DNA. Andina news agency reports that officials in the Regional Hospital of Lambayeque have been approached by archaeological researchers working at dig sites in the area with an interesting proposal. According to Andina, archaeologists want to work with the hospital in order to perform genetic testing on human remains found at excavations. Hospital director Victor Linares told Andina that “Representatives of the Bruning Museum of Lambayeque have approached us about the possibility of doing some genetic studies in alliance with the hospital, on prehispanic remains found in this area.” According to Andina, genetics specialists from the Bruning Museum would work with hospital staff in order to perform research as well as capacitate them in the proper methods for handling and testing of archaeological remains. “The idea would be to reach an agreement that allows us to provide a wide-ranging collaboration in the genetic research performed on remains discovered in archaeological sites in Lambayeque,” Linares told Andina. The hospital is also home to a microbiology lab and a spectrophotometer that could help researchers better understand the chemicals present in human remains found in the area, Andina writes.
http://www.peruthisweek.com/news-archaeologists-study-dna-of-human-remains-in-lambayeque-peru-101012
TURQUIE – Kastamonu / Pompeiopolis - Professor Latife Summerer, who has left her mission at Germany’s Munich University and moved to Turkey, has been heading the excavations in the ancient city of Pompeipolis for seven years. The ancient city is located in the Black Sea province of Kastamonu. Excavations are ongoing on the Zımbıllı Hill of the ancient city of Pompeiopolis, which is regarded as similar to the Ephesus and Zeugma ancient cities. Summerer left her mission at Munich University two years ago to focus on excavations and began working for the Kastamonu University. Summerer said that Pompeiopolis was one of the seven cities founded by Roman general Pompeus Magnus in the Pontus and Paphlagonia region. Summerer said that the works in Pompeiopolis were the only scientific excavation in northern Anatolia, adding that it was a long-term excavation project. She said that they were examining the pieces unearthed during the excavations using the best methods, and added, “In the future, this excavation will be shown as a reference point for other findings. This is of course a very important step both for Kastamonu and the northern Anatolian region.” The ancient city of Pompeiopolis was discovered by Pascal T. Fourcade, French consul from 1802 to 1812. It has been claimed by American and European archaeologists that the ancient city is wealthier and larger than the ancient city of Ephesus in İzmir.
http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/professor-moves-to-turkey-for-ancient-city-excavations.aspx?pageID=238&nID=55192&NewsCatID=375
USA – Keyhole Reservoir - People have been camping near Keyhole Reservoir for thousands of years. Long before pop-up campers and pontoon boats descended upon the reservoir on Labor Day, Native Americans, European traders and homesteaders looking for a new life set up camp near the Belle Fourche River along what would in 1952 become the shoreline of Keyhole. Severe droughts in the 1930s and the nation's increased energy needs created an explosion of dam construction. Public concern for the potential loss of the cultural resources in the areas flooded by the creation of the dams prompted the Smithsonian Institution to create the River Basin Surveys project in 1945 to conduct surveys to identify cultural resources, and excavate what they thought were the most significant and most threatened sites. "Usually, you have to go out and determine whether there is stuff there or not. This site was different, it was already known," Hare said referencing previous work done by the River Basin Surveys project in 1948, and limited excavations done by the University of Wyoming in 1985. That work suggests that at least part of the Catclaw site was occupied between 280-460 AD. The SWCA team excavated three prehistoric rock-filled fire pits at the Catclaw site and found signs, such as tepee rings, indicating that the site extended away from the shoreline. Artifacts such as arrowheads were collected for further research and curation. The Stocks Millar Homestead site is one of only a few historic ranches deemed significant for listing on the National Register of Historic Places near the reservoir, and university researchers determined that it was occupied between the 1800s and 1950s. At the homestead, the team excavated a historic trash dump that contained bottles, children's plates and toys, a pocket watch, decorative glass figurines of a crocodile and a bull dog, can fragments, Prince Albert-style standing tobacco tins, marbles, safety pins, old battery cores, horse shoes, saddle tack, cowboy and children's boot soles and fragments. And there were lots of bones from different animals.
http://www.therepublic.com/view/story/b3252dba0d654325bed68a5b409dd497/WY--Keyhole-Reservoir-Archaeology
BULGARIE – Sveshtari - At Sveshtari, near Razgrad, the team led by professor Diana Gergova has found the remains of a two-wheel chariot, buried with two horses still in their harness. Each horse was buried in its own sarcophagus. Gergova described the find as unique for Bulgaria, the first physical evidence confirming some of the historical theories about Thracian culture. A mural of a two-wheel chariot has been previously found in a burial mound near Kazanluk, but the two chariots previously found by Bulgarian archaeologists both had four wheels, she said. Gergova said that it was too early to draw conclusions about the burial site, but said it was likely evidence of the burial rites practices by Getae tribes. She estimated that the burial dated back to the third or fourth century BCE. This was the second year Gergova’s team has carried out digs at Sveshtari, a site that remains largely unexplored – although it does carry signs of having been raided by treasure hunters fairly recently, as the team found a plastic mineral water bottle from 2001, judging by its label. A distinctive feature of the Sveshtari site is that the dozens of burials follow the pattern of the constellation Orion.
Balei - Near the village of Balei, in Vidin district, archaeologists led by Georgi Ivanov and Tanya Hristova, continued to excavate the necropolis of a settlement dating back to the middle of the second millennium BCE. The settlement itself, which appears to have been inhabited between 1600 BCE and 1000 BCE, was found in 1970, but the necropolis was only discovered in 2010. This year’s digs focused on 16 separate burials, which yielded numerous items, including more than 50 undamaged ceramic vessels, stone and bone tools, as well as bronze decorations.
Suvorovo - Even older is the site near Suvorovo, in Varna district, where archaeologists led by Vladimir Slavchev have been excavating a pottery workshop believed to be about 6500 years old. Although archaeologists have previously found the remains of ovens that could have been used to fire clay pots, the Suvorovo site is the first confirmed pottery workshop excavated in Bulgaria. “The find of this workshop shows that there was specialised production during the middle stone and bronze ages. This means that we have people who are engaged exclusively in making a specific product, which means that the second division of labour has already happened,” Slavchev said, as quoted by Bulgarian National Television. The site belongs to the same Eneolithic (or Chalcholithic) culture that produced the Varna necropolis, which yielded some of the oldest golden jewellery in human history, dating back to the middle of the fifth millennium BCE.
Pomorie - Another site that has seen extensive excavation this summer is near the town of Pomorie at the Black Sea coast. There, the team led by Sergei Torbatov has been focusing on the ruins of a Roman villa, believed to have belonged to one of the richest families in the town of Anchialos. Among the distinctive features of the manse, built at the beginning of the second century CE, are a unique mosaic, Persian ceramics, marble imported from quarries from the islands in the Sea of Marmara, as well as a well-stocked wine cellar with amphorae imported all the way from the Mediterranean Sea. Items found by the archaeologists include a Roman imperial trade seal from the fourth century CE, a bronze cross necklace from the 11th or 12th century, as well as a pewter seal of a guard captain. | http://www.archeolog-home.com/pages/content/26-septembre-2013-news-sveshtari-balei.html |
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Introduction
============
COPD is a debilitating lung disorder that kills over 110 000 individuals each year, making it the fourth largest cause of death in the US. Multiple initiating events including inflammation, protease--antiprotease imbalance, and oxidant--antioxidant imbalance damage the parenchyma and airways, leading to tissue remodeling. An emerging hypothesis in the field is that subsequent changes in epithelial gene expression and cellular function result in permanent airway injury and destruction of lung matrix. Many of these events are mediated in part by MAP kinase signal transduction pathways. Five distinct MAP kinase pathways have been identified in eukaryotes. These cascades are activated by distinct stimuli (including cigarette smoke) and direct a variety of biological events. While it is unlikely that an individual signaling cascade mediates a disease with such complex pathologies, recent research efforts have greatly improved our understanding of the activation of MAP kinase pathways and how these pathways direct cellular responses in the lung of COPD patients.
A remarkable feature of these pathways is that different stimuli (environmental toxins, oxidants, steroid hormones, mitogens, UV light, heat shock, or changes in pH, osmolarity, and nutrient supply) can activate the same pathway, which impressively induces diverse cell behaviors through reversible phosphorylation of transcription factor targets. For example, although interleukin (IL)-8 expression typically occurs through p38, ERK1/2 and SAPK/JNK have recently been found to mediate increased expression of this cytokine (Brand et al 2005). Therefore, the "specificity" of MAP kinase signaling depends not only on the cellular environment, but also on the cell type involved. The diversity of stimuli and biological responses associated with MAP kinase signaling is detailed in [Table 1](#t1-copd-1-137){ref-type="table"}.
The classical MAP kinase cascade (Ras/ERK)
------------------------------------------
The best-characterized mammalian MAP kinase pathway is the Ras/ERK or classical MAP kinase pathway, composed of two genes with 90% sequence identity: ERK-1 (p44) and ERK-2 (p42) ([@b15-copd-1-137]). Additional ERK pathways include the less-often studied ERK-3 and ERK-5 cascades, which will not be reviewed here. Homologs for the ERK1/2 pathway are the pheromone-regulated kinases KSS1 and FUS3 in the yeast *Saccharomyces cerevisiae*, with similar modules in *Drosophila melanogaster* and *Caenorhabditis elegans* ([@b91-copd-1-137]). The phosphorylation substrate for ERK1/2 MAP kinases has a core motif with the short amino acid sequence serine/threonine-proline (S/T-P) ([@b23-copd-1-137]). The ERK1/2 MAP kinase pathway is typically activated, as the name suggests, by mitogenic stimuli, such as peptide growth factors EGF or PDGF ([Table 1](#t1-copd-1-137){ref-type="table"}). Binding of growth factor to its cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase leads to receptor dimerization and autophosphorylation. Phosphorylation of the intracellular domain of the receptor activates GEFs, such as sos, which are attached to the cytoplasmic receptor tail by adaptor molecules grb-2 or shc. GEFs facilitate the activation of the monomeric GTPase Ras, via exchange of GDP to GTP. Ras-GTP recruits and activates the serine--threonine MAP kinase kinase kinase kinase (MKKK) c-Raf at the membrane, leading to Raf-mediated phosphorylation of the dual-specificity MAP kinase kinase-1 and -2 (MKKs or MEKs), MEK1/2. Next, MEK1/2 phosphorylates threonine and tyrosine amino acid residues on MAP kinases ERK1/2. Active transit of ERK1/2 through the nuclear membrane pore allows ERK1/2 to phosphorylate a variety of transcription factors such as the TCF member ELK-1, mediating DNA binding and gene transcription. As a result of these molecular events cell proliferation usually occurs. For this reason the Ras/ERK pathway is best studied for its direct role in tumorigenesis. In vitro ([@b97-copd-1-137]), animal ([@b81-copd-1-137]), and human studies ([@b37-copd-1-137]) have shown correlations between cancer incidence and increased Ras activation, ERK1/2 activity, or DNA binding by ERK1/2 transcription factor targets. Activation of ERK1/2 is shown in [Figure 1](#f1-copd-1-137){ref-type="fig"}.
Studies of mice with targeted deletion of ERK genes have shown that ERKs are essential for normal development and survival. Erk1 knockout mice ([@b73-copd-1-137]) develop normally and are fertile, likely due to the compensatory function of ERK2, but demonstrate behavioral hyperactivity ([@b83-copd-1-137]) and a defect in T cell proliferation and differentiation ([@b73-copd-1-137]). Erk2 null mice die at embryonic day 6.5, prior to lung formation, with significant apoptosis occurring in all tissues, and impaired angiogenesis ([@b102-copd-1-137]). Erk5 null animals die at embryonic day 9.5--10.5 from impaired heart and vessel development (the heterozygous animals grow to adulthood normally and are fertile) ([@b78-copd-1-137]). These models demonstrate the role for ERKs during organogenesis, but conditional knockout animals are still needed to understand the role of ERKs in specific adult tissues and during adult-onset injury.
p38 MAP kinase cascades
-----------------------
The p38 MAP kinase family comprises four enzymes: p38α, p38β, p38γ, and p38δ. Early studies identified a 38 kDa protein that is tyrosine phosphorylated during lipopolysaccharide exposure or hyperosmolarity ([@b36-copd-1-137]). These enzymes have been studied for their ability to regulate TNF-α-induced inflammation ([@b59-copd-1-137]; [@b58-copd-1-137]). In particular, the p38 pathway is well characterized for its role in cytokine production in immune cells. This pathway can be activated not only by cellular stress such as osmotic shock, but also by growth factors, UV light, GPCR ligands, and hormones. Activation of p38 occurs through dual tyrosine phosphorylation on a motif (TGT) distinct from that of ERKs and SAPK/JNKs. The activation loops in which these tyrosines rest is 6 amino acids shorter than in the other MAP kinases. These differences suggest that the mechanism of phosphorylation of p38 is distinct from that for ERKs and JNKs. In addition, the upstream MKK3 is specific for p38 ([Table 1](#t1-copd-1-137){ref-type="table"}). Knockout mice have been generated for the p38α, p38β, and p38γ MAP kinases. Similar to the ERK5 null mice, the p38α null mice are embryonic lethal due to severe cardiac malformations, resulting from impaired placental angiogenesis ([@b1-copd-1-137]). There are no obvious phenotypes reported for the p38β and p38γ null mice ([@b54-copd-1-137]).
SAPK/JNK signaling
------------------
The SAPK/JNK pathway (p46, p54, and p55) is most notably involved in the control of apoptosis ([@b90-copd-1-137]). This pathway is activated by UV light, cell stress, TNF-α, IL-1, and osmotic shock, and typically targets the transcription factor c-Jun. Additional stimuli include inhibition of protein translation (which stresses the cell), growth factors, and shifts in temperature. Activation of this pathway leads to phosphorylation of several additional substrates, including those of the early-response proto-oncogene family c-fos, which leads to the formation of Jun-fos heterodimers or Jun homodimers to create the AP-1 transcription factor ([@b2-copd-1-137]). The binding activity of Jun is tightly controlled by phosphorylation of residues near the DNA-binding domain, but the role of the upstream SAPK/JNK molecules is not clear ([@b9-copd-1-137]).
The JNK proteins phosphorylate a variety of substrates, including paxillin and mitochondrial Bcl-2. Much information on the biological roles of JNK signaling was obtained from JNK null mice. Individual JNK1, JNK2, or JNK3 null mice are generally normal, but the compound (JNK1/JNK2) knockout animals exhibit serious defects, dying in utero due to neural tube malformation ([@b53-copd-1-137]). JNK3 is expressed in the nervous tissue and, interestingly, loss of JNK3 protects mice from kainic acid-induced neuronal death ([@b101-copd-1-137]; [@b52-copd-1-137]). The JNK1/JNK3 and the JNK2/JNK3 compound null animals appear normal ([@b53-copd-1-137]). JNK1 null mice have defective T cell proliferation and differentiation ([@b29-copd-1-137]), and CD4 T cells produce Th2 cytokines (IL-2, IL-4) in the absence of a Th2 stimulus ([@b29-copd-1-137]). Overall, targeted disruption of the JNK MAP kinase enzymes has revealed a great deal about their function during development. However, little is known about the specific role of these proteins in the adult lung.
Cigarette smoke and kinase activation in the lung
=================================================
Signal transduction cascades are generally initiated by diverse stimuli which activate transmembrane receptors such as receptor tyrosine kinases and G-protein coupled receptors ([Table 1](#t1-copd-1-137){ref-type="table"}). It is unclear whether cigarette smoke alters ligand-receptor interactions, or whether smoke can activate membrane-bound receptors directly. It is known, however, that smoke exposure is associated with rapid and persistent induction of several kinase pathways, typically within minutes. For example, our laboratory demonstrated rapid and lasting cigarette smoke-induced activation of ERK-1/2 MAP kinase in cultured SAECs ([@b67-copd-1-137]). We have also detected elevated pulmonary ERK-1/2 (p44/42) phosphorylation in mice exposed to cigarette smoke for 10 days ([@b67-copd-1-137]), which is in agreement with previous studies conducted in rats ([@b18-copd-1-137]). Most importantly, the relevance of these events to COPD was established by the discovery of significantly elevated ERK1/2 activity in airway and alveolar epithelial cells of patients with emphysema, compared with nonemphysematous controls ([@b67-copd-1-137]). [Figure 2](#f2-copd-1-137){ref-type="fig"} demonstrates the involvement of MAP kinase signaling in epithelial and inflammatory cell responses to cigarette smoke.
A central role for ERK1/2 in emphysema pathogenesis was established when our laboratory discovered that induction of MMP-1 by cigarette smoke in SAECs requires ERK1/2 MAP kinase signaling ([@b67-copd-1-137]). MMP-1 is an interstitial collagenase upregulated in emphysema ([@b84-copd-1-137]; [@b41-copd-1-137]), and generates structural and functional emphysema in transgenic mice ([@b25-copd-1-137]; [@b33-copd-1-137]). Indeed, polymorphisms in MMP-1 may play a role in lung function and COPD susceptibility ([@b46-copd-1-137]). Future work is needed to determine how ERK1/2 and MMP signaling persists even after the patient has stopped smoking ([@b67-copd-1-137]).
Analyses of baseline MAP kinase activity in AM of smokers and nonsmokers reveal, perhaps surprisingly, that smokers exhibit significantly *lower* active p38 levels than nonsmokers, and that there is no difference in the activity of ERK1/2 and SAPK/JNK kinases in AM between these two groups ([@b69-copd-1-137]). These data suggest that different lung cell types (epithelial and inflammatory cell) can activate different MAP kinase signaling pathways in response to smoke exposure. However, one must be cautious when interpreting studies of molecular signaling in lung tissue from smokers, since not all smokers will develop COPD.
In vitro studies of A549 cells and in vivo studies with rats demonstrate tobacco smoke-mediated induction of c-Fos, MEK1, and ERK2 MAP kinase activities ([@b18-copd-1-137]; [@b39-copd-1-137]). Activation of these signal transduction molecules can trigger pro-proliferative or pro-inflammatory transcription factors such as c-fos, c-myc, AP-1, and Elk-1 ([@b76-copd-1-137]), which translocate to the nucleus and enhance gene expression ([Figure 3](#f3-copd-1-137){ref-type="fig"}). One study reported increased mRNA and protein expression of Egr-1, an ERK1/2 substrate, in the lung tissue of patients with emphysema, suggesting that targets of ERK1/2 signaling are involved in pathogenesis ([@b106-copd-1-137]). It is also likely that activation of different MAP kinases induces the same transcription factor. For example, ERK1/2 ([@b19-copd-1-137]) and JNK pathways have each been shown to activate NFκB signaling in human monocytes and airway epithelial cells ([@b94-copd-1-137]), demonstrating the potential for crosstalk between these pathways.
Research examining the interactions between cigarette smoke and the plasma membrane of lung epithelial cells has identified a role for the EGF receptor in the initial activation of MAP kinase signaling. EGFR is activated by several ligands: EGF, TGF-α, epiregulin, and amphiregulin. Several groups have demonstrated direct phosphorylation of EGFR by tobacco smoke. [@b87-copd-1-137] identified rapid transcriptional and post-translational activation of EGFR by tobacco smoke in NCI-H292 bronchial epithelial cells (a pulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma cell line which constitutively expresses EGFR). [@b60-copd-1-137] later showed that EGFR activity was required for MUC5AC induction by smoke and elucidated the cytosolic events ([@b34-copd-1-137]). These investigations showed that smoke and reactive oxygen species induce MUC5AC gene expression through both 1) an EGFR-independent mechanism, in which reactive oxygen species traverse the membrane to activate JNK and 2) an EGFR-dependent pathway which activates ERK1/2. The two pathways converge in the nucleus, where respective transcription factor targets JunD and Fra-2 bind AP-1 sites in the distal region of the MUC5AC gene to increase transcription ([@b34-copd-1-137]). The role of EGFR in the activation of other genes in COPD has not been fully examined, and little is known about this process in primary epithelial cells of the small airways. [Figure 1](#f1-copd-1-137){ref-type="fig"} models the steps in the activation of ERK1/2 via EGFR activation by cigarette smoke.
Lung cell apoptosis and MAP kinase signaling
============================================
Apoptosis of several lung cell types has been detected in the lung tissue in COPD ([@b82-copd-1-137]; [@b4-copd-1-137]; [@b93-copd-1-137]; [@b103-copd-1-137]), and positively correlates with disease severity ([@b42-copd-1-137]). In general, apoptosis is associated with changes in p38 or JNK signaling. In lung fibroblasts apoptosis can occur as a result of an increased oxidant burden; however, the mechanism is unclear ([@b43-copd-1-137]). Recent data reveal that ceramide production in alveolar cells contributes to apoptosis and emphysema in mice ([@b74-copd-1-137]). No data on MAP kinase signaling exists in this model, but ceramide-induced apoptosis of A549 cells was recently shown to be mediated by JNK ([@b55-copd-1-137]), and ceramide-induced apoptosis resulting from cellular stress has been shown to require SAPK/JNK signaling ([@b96-copd-1-137]). Interestingly, ceramide can induce MMP-1 expression in dermal fibroblasts through ERK1/2- and p38-dependent mechanisms ([@b79-copd-1-137]). Data on primary lung epithelial cells are lacking.
Apoptosis in the lung tissue of animal models and patients with COPD may result from chronic exposure to irritants in smoke. Acrolein induces apoptosis of cultured bronchial epithelial cells ([@b71-copd-1-137]), and acrolein-induced cytotoxicity occurs via ERK1/2 in vascular smooth muscle cells ([@b77-copd-1-137]). Nicotine also has been shown to suppress apoptosis of neutrophils ([@b3-copd-1-137]), and is a potent inducer of ERK1/2 MAP kinase, with little effect on JNK or p38 pathways ([@b40-copd-1-137]). The complexity of these apoptosis-inducing events merits further research.
Cytokine stimulation of and by MAP kinase cascades
--------------------------------------------------
One result of smoke-induced MAP kinase signaling is increased gene transcription due to altered chromatin architecture. For example, there is an increase in the intrinsic histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity of ATF-2 through phosphorylation by either JNK or p38 ([@b49-copd-1-137]). In addition, in vitro studies with A549 lung epithelial cells, for example, have demonstrated a cigarette smoke extract-mediated decrease in histone deactylase (HDAC) activity, contributing to unwinding of nuclear chromatin and cytokine gene expression ([@b70-copd-1-137]) ([Figure 3](#f3-copd-1-137){ref-type="fig"}). Similarly, HDAC activity inversely correlates with COPD severity, and its reduced activity is thought to contribute to disease pathogenesis via enhanced inflammatory cytokine production ([@b44-copd-1-137]). These regulatory mechanisms are not fully elucidated, but it is hypothesized that control of cytokine gene expression is regulated in part through histone modification.
Analyses of murine asthma models reveal that production of the Th2 cytokines IL-2, IL-13, and IFNγ in the airways (as represented by bronchoalveolar \[BAL\] fluid) is mediated via MAP kinase signaling, specifically ERK1/2 and JNK MAP kinases ([@b20-copd-1-137]). MAP kinases themselves may be activated by cytokines ([@b24-copd-1-137]; [@b66-copd-1-137]), but the effect depends upon the type of cytokine. For example, the proinflammatory Th1 cytokine IL-17 can induce ERK1/2, but not p38 or SAPK/JNK in A459 lung epithelial cells ([@b72-copd-1-137]). Mapping out these kinase-cytokine modules is complicated by the variety of cell types, signal crosstalk, and inflammatory mediators within the lung. Additional research into the role of MAP kinases in pulmonary cytokine expression and inflammation is needed.
Identifying the components of tobacco smoke that activate MAP kinases
---------------------------------------------------------------------
The most common and preventable cause of COPD is cigarette smoking ([@b64-copd-1-137]). Therefore, determining which pathways are activated in lung cells during tobacco smoke exposure is an important step towards identifying cellular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of COPD. However, an additional objective of research is to determine which components or fractions of the smoke (or tobacco leaf) are mediating such an effect. For example, several well-conducted studies have examined the roles of nicotine ([@b104-copd-1-137]; [@b7-copd-1-137]; [@b17-copd-1-137]; [@b105-copd-1-137]), cotinine ([@b17-copd-1-137]), acrolein ([@b10-copd-1-137]; [@b11-copd-1-137]; [@b71-copd-1-137]), acetaldehyde ([@b5-copd-1-137]; [@b80-copd-1-137]; [@b85-copd-1-137]; [@b68-copd-1-137]), and hydrogen peroxide ([@b80-copd-1-137]) in animals or cultured cells. It has been estimated that there are over 4700 chemicals in tobacco smoke ([@b70-copd-1-137]), making it difficult to identify specific tobacco component(s) responsible for smoking-induced MAP kinase activation ([Figure 3](#f3-copd-1-137){ref-type="fig"}). In addition, it is important to appreciate that in vivo ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) pharmacokinetics of combusted tobacco components cannot be predicted by in vitro studies of isolated components dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide. Cell type-specific responses are also important, as demonstrated by studies showing that while oxidant-sensitive NFκB is activated by cigarette smoke extract in A549 cells ([@b70-copd-1-137]), no activation occurs in NHBE cells ([@b39-copd-1-137]).
Acrolein is a potent component of tobacco that has been shown to produce mucus metaplasia in the lungs of both mice ([@b11-copd-1-137]) and rats ([@b12-copd-1-137]). Acrolein also contributes to EGFR phosphorylation, MUC5AC transcription, and ERK1/2 activation in NCI-H292 airway epithelial cells ([@b26-copd-1-137]). In this cell culture system acrolein depleted glutathione (GSH) and increased the burden of oxidative stress, as is thought to occur in COPD. Acrolein also has been shown to inhibit apoptosis in neutrophils ([@b32-copd-1-137]), and activates all three MAP kinase pathways in smooth muscle cells ([@b77-copd-1-137]).
Nicotine is present naturally as an antimicrobial in tobacco leaves ([@b89-copd-1-137]), and is required for the addictive properties of cigarettes. Nicotine has been shown to increase normal branching morphogenesis and gene expression in embryonic mouse lung buds. However, the mechanisms involved are not known, and the response varies in different genetic strains ([@b100-copd-1-137]). In cultured human airway epithelial cells, nicotine has been shown to activate Ras, the MKKK in the classical ERK1/2 signaling pathway ([@b21-copd-1-137]; [@b35-copd-1-137]). In lung cancer cells nicotine has no effect on the activities of JNK and p38 MAP kinases, but does activate ERK2 ([@b40-copd-1-137]). It is thus reasonable that activation of the classical MAP kinase signaling pathway is one reason that nicotine is a potent anti-apoptotic agent in several different lung cell types ([@b3-copd-1-137]; [@b40-copd-1-137]).
Inhibitors of MAP kinase signaling
==================================
Cancer research stimulates broad interest in kinase inhibitors
--------------------------------------------------------------
MAP kinase inhibitors have been extensively studied in animal models of disease, particularly cancer. These efforts were driven in part by human studies revealing increased ERK phosphorylation or activity in tumor-derived lung tissue ([@b31-copd-1-137]; [@b37-copd-1-137]) or human lung cell lines ([@b97-copd-1-137]). Mouse models of lung cancer also demonstrate significant increases in several MAP kinase pathways ([@b99-copd-1-137]). Evidence from smoke-exposed mice, xenografted mice, or mice injected with the aggressive human A549 adenocarcinoma cells suggests that uncontrolled proliferation of lung cancer cells can be alleviated using kinase inhibitors, with subsequent improvements in lung structure ([@b51-copd-1-137]). Although these compounds were initially designed as cancer therapies, recent preliminary studies suggest that they may also possess significant benefit in treating emphysematous lesions and associated COPD pathologies (see below).
Potential for MAP kinase inhibitors as therapeutics in COPD
-----------------------------------------------------------
Inhibition of transcription factor activity can occur at the level of activation, translocation, or DNA binding. However, inhibition of the upstream kinases trumps the need to block nuclear transcription factors, by preventing the phosphorylation of these cytosolic DNA-binding effectors. Several inhibitors exist which have selective affinities for specific kinases, and which are, importantly, orally available ([Table 2](#t2-copd-1-137){ref-type="table"}). These drugs, which typically act in an ATP-competitive manner, have shown promise in their ability to block various COPD-relevant cellular behaviors in culture, such as protease production, mucus secretion, and cell proliferation. However, the side-effects of these drugs cannot be known until long-term animal studies are conducted. Impressively, the MAP kinase inhibitors currently used in humans demonstrate low incidences of side-effects. It is for this reason, perhaps, that protein kinases are postulated to be the primary drug targets of this century ([@b22-copd-1-137]).
Inhibitors of the classical MAP kinase pathway
----------------------------------------------
There are several points along the classical MAP kinase pathway that can be targeted for inhibition. At the membrane, inhibition can block receptor dimerization or the attachment of GEFs to the plasma membrane. Inhibitors of RTKs exist, such as EGFR inhibitors AG1478 and ZD1839 (gefitinib/ Iressa). ZD1839 has been shown to block lung injury in a mouse model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis ([@b86-copd-1-137]), and to slow breast cell tumorigenesis in transgenic mice ([@b62-copd-1-137]). This drug has shown promise in clinical trials for lung cancer but adverse effects are often an issue ([@b92-copd-1-137]).
Compounds have also been designed to target the farnesylation of oncogenic Ras, thereby blocking its attachment to the plasma membrane ([@b22-copd-1-137]; [@b27-copd-1-137]). In addition, the cytoplasmic MEK inhibitors have been studied extensively for their ability to reduce or prevent the phosphorylation and activation of ERKs ([@b51-copd-1-137]). Indeed, MAP kinase inhibitors have been shown to be effective in cancer therapy in mouse models ([@b81-copd-1-137]).
PD98059 and UO126 are two of the few MAP kinase inhibitors that are not ATP competitive. While both have good specificity at inhibiting ERK1/2 activation (IC~50~ in the nm range), PD98059 has been shown to also inhibit cyclo-oxygenases 1 and 2, decreasing platelet aggregation ([@b14-copd-1-137]). PD98059 blocks the activation of MKK1 by binding to it and preventing its activation by Raf-1, but it does not act on active MKK1. While PD98059 has outstanding activity in vitro, the potential for in vivo toxicity limits its long-term use in animal models or humans ([@b22-copd-1-137]). One promising compound is CI-1040 (PD 184352), a specific small molecule inhibitor of MEK1/2. CI-1040 is well tolerated in humans and has shown efficacy as an anti-tumor agent ([@b51-copd-1-137]). Use of ERK inhibitors in animal models of smoke-induced emphysema has not been reported, but it is conceivable that this treatment would block the activation of ERK1/2, preventing the subsequent changes in gene expression.
p38 inhibitors
--------------
Inhibitors of p38 MAP kinase signaling have shown efficacy in ameliorating several COPD pathologies in animal models ([Table 2](#t2-copd-1-137){ref-type="table"}). These compounds were initially identified for their ability to prevent production of IL-1 and TNF from stimulated human monocytes ([@b59-copd-1-137]). The most popular p38 inhibitor used in basic science research applications is SB203580. Unfortunately, this compound has limited solubility and high toxicity and its use is generally restricted to cell culture assays ([@b22-copd-1-137]). But use in the laboratory can identify roles for p38 in disease. For example, as was shown for the MEK1/2 inhibitor PD98059, SB203580 can inhibit cyclo-oxygenases-1 and -2 ([@b14-copd-1-137]). These data demonstrate the importance of dose-response studies and careful analysis of the multiple pathways that may be affected by kinase inhibitors. SB203580 at 3--5 micromolar concentrations has been shown to block phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PKB)(Akt/Rac) kinase in IL-2 stimulated T cells ([@b56-copd-1-137]). The result is blockade of T cell proliferation via inhibition of cell cycle progression.
The efficacy of SB203580 on lung injury has also been tested in vivo ([@b6-copd-1-137]), with mixed results. Although researchers demonstrated an increase in p38 activity within neutrophils during acute lung injury, SB203580 did not decrease lung neutrophil influx or pulmonary edema during hemorrhage or lipopolysaccharide endotoxemia ([@b6-copd-1-137]). Similarly, the increased production of proinflammatory cytokines (MIP2, TNF-α) and activation of NF-κB in lung neutrophils induced in these models was not diminished by p38 inhibition.
Not all studies result in the same conclusions regarding the efficacy of p38 inhibitors. While the previous report did not demonstrate any benefit from p38 inhibition, others report positive outcomes. During synthesis of a different compound, SB239063, it was discovered that methylation of the nitrogen in the imidizole group greatly improved the drug's bioavailability ([@b61-copd-1-137]). The resulting inhibitor was shown to reduce myocardial infarction in the mouse ([@b47-copd-1-137]). In addition, use in rats and guinea pigs demonstrates that SB239063 effectively blocks p38 signaling in lung tissue when delivered intragrastrically before and after lipopolysaccharide inhalation challenge ([@b95-copd-1-137]), demonstrating that this compound has substrate efficacy in the lung. Most notably, this study showed that inhibition of p38 signaling with SB239063 could reduce pulmonary fibrosis, MMP-9 and IL-6 expression, and neutrophil influx in vivo ([@b95-copd-1-137]) ([Table 2](#t2-copd-1-137){ref-type="table"}). While the study by Arcaroli and colleagues demonstrated no benefit with SB203580, p38 inhibition with intratracheal SB239063 was much more effective. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that the benefit of p38 inhibition depends upon the type of inhibitor, delivery route, and disease model. The bioavailability of these compounds may be an important factor in their ability to control lung injury.
SAPK/JNK inhibitors
-------------------
Inhibitors of SAPK/JNK signaling have only recently become commercially available to basic scientists, and thus it will be some time before their effects on COPD-relevant events become clear. It has been demonstrated in several studies that this pathway is an important regulator of gene transcription, in part for the ability of JNKs (JNKs1, 2, and 3) to bind and phosphorylate the transcriptional regulator c-Jun. Inhibitors of this pathway have shown promise in controlling rheumatoid arthritis ([@b38-copd-1-137]). There are 13 upstream MKKKs which regulate JNK signaling (Science STKE JNK Pathway Connections Map 2002; URL: <http://stke.science-mag.org/cgi/cm/stkecm;CMP_10827>), suggesting that there are many targets for SAPK/JNK signaling blockade. As was shown for inhibitors of the classical MAP kinase pathway, SAPK/JNK inhibitors can also slow the growth of tumor cells in vivo ([@b30-copd-1-137]). Using the SP600125 compound, researchers demonstrated that JNK blockade reduced tumor growth in a mouse model of Lewis lung carcinoma ([@b30-copd-1-137]). This drug demonstrated anti-angiogenic as well as anti-proliferative effects ([@b30-copd-1-137]). SP600125 also reduces arthritis symptoms (inflammation, joint swelling) ([@b38-copd-1-137]) and several parameters of lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury in rats ([@b57-copd-1-137]) ([Table 2](#t2-copd-1-137){ref-type="table"}). Other JNK inhibitors have shown promise in reducing neuronal apoptosis ([@b65-copd-1-137]) and pancreatic edema and inflammation ([@b98-copd-1-137]). The SAPK/ JNK pathway is also involved in T cell differentiation and activation ([@b28-copd-1-137]). Several studies have shown activated T cells in lung tissue and peripheral circulation of patients with COPD ([@b8-copd-1-137]), suggesting that inhibition of this MAP kinase cascade may impact on both central and peripheral inflammation in COPD. However, further studies are needed to define the precise roles of this pathway in the lung.
Pitfalls of kinase inhibition in COPD
-------------------------------------
A key objective in the design of therapeutics for COPD is to achieve significant functional and survival benefit for the patient. The first steps of kinase inhibition research involve a determination of the efficacy and toxicity of potential compounds. A major obstacle in the design of kinase inhibitors is obtaining high selectivity of the compound without side-effects. For example, MAP kinase blockade in embryonic mouse lung explants impairs branching morphogenesis and increases apoptosis ([@b50-copd-1-137]), which may translate into unwanted cellular and morphometric effects in adult lung tissue. Often, while a drug is able to inhibit the phosphorylation of its purified substrate in a test tube, it may not be biologically available, making it difficult to use for animal models of COPD, and ultimately humans. This has been shown to be the case for PD98059 and SB23580, two compounds that inhibit ERK1/2 and p38 kinases, respectively. Though cell permeable, these compounds demonstrate toxicity and solubility issues at higher concentrations which preclude their chronic use in animals, although short-term studies have been performed ([@b88-copd-1-137]; Kase et al 2005). In addition, because COPD patients typically present with several comorbidities, such as right-sided heart failure, muscle weakness, cachexia, and pulmonary vascular disease, the effects of drug therapy must be cautiously assessed.
Conclusions
===========
Transitioning COPD research
---------------------------
The molecular pathogenesis of COPD involves repeated smoke-induced injury to cells of the airways and parenchyma. These insults alter gene expression and epithelial cell function. Although diverse stimuli activate MAP kinase pathways in the lung, it is clear that tobacco smoke is an essential modifier of gene expression in COPD. Many cell processes are controlled by reversible phosphorylation of proteins. Analysis of the human genome revealed that the "kinome" (collection of all putative protein kinases) contains 518 genes, many with unknown function ([@b63-copd-1-137]). In vitro, animal, and human tissue studies of ERK1/2, SAPK/JNK, or p38 kinases have identified important roles for these enzymes in lung cell biology. Although individual MAP kinases have been shown to mediate specific COPD-relevant cellular events ([@b45-copd-1-137]), the crosstalk among these pathways within the lung milieu is complex ([@b75-copd-1-137]). Thus it is conceivable that even small reductions in kinase activity will result in robust reductions in gene transcription. Indeed, the use of MAP kinase inhibitors to reduce inflammation, apoptosis, cytokine production, and tissue injury has already been demonstrated. Currently, drug treatment strategies for COPD can be organized into several branches of target pathology ([Figure 4](#f4-copd-1-137){ref-type="fig"}). Although further studies are needed, the MAP kinase inhibitors, along with protease inhibitors and antioxidants, are beginning to emerge as promising therapeutic strategies for COPD.
AM
: alveolar macrophages
AP-1
: activating protein 1
BCR
: B cell receptor
EGF
: epidermal growth factor
EGFR
: epidermal growth factor receptor
ERK
: extracellular signal-regulated kinases
FGF
: fibroblast growth factor
GEF
: guanine exchange factors
GPCR
: G-protein coupled receptor
MAP
: mitogen activated protein
MMP-1
: matrix proteinase-1
NHBE
: normal human bronchial epithelial cells
PDGF
: platelet-derived growth factor
RTK
: receptor tyrosine kinase
SAEC
: small airway epithelial cells
SAPK/JNK
: stress activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase
TCF
: ternary complex factor
TCR
: T cell receptor
TNF
: tumor necrosis factor
{#f1-copd-1-137}
{#f2-copd-1-137}
{#f3-copd-1-137}
{#f4-copd-1-137}
######
Overview of the components of the ERK1/2, p38, and SAPK/JNK MAP kinase pathways
MAPK pathway
--------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
External stimuli EGF, NGF, PDGF, FGF, hormones, phorbol esters, insulin, neuropeptides, TGF-β TGF-β, FasL, LPS, IL-1β, LFA-1, hyperosmolarity, heat shock, cytokines, death stimuli, anisomycin UV, γ radiation, insulin, FasL, LFA-1, cytokines, GFs, hyperosmolarity, oxidative stress
Membrane receptor Gq-coupled R, RTKs, BCR, integrins, ion channels, TCR/CD3 complex, InsulinR GPCR, Fas/CD95, BCR RTKs, Fas/CD95, G12/13- coupled R, TNFR-2, DR3, BCR
MAPKKK (ser/thr kinase) Raf MLK3, TAK, DLK Mekk1,4, MLK3, ASK1
MAPKK (dual specificity kinase) MEK1/2 MKK3/4/6 MKK4/7
MAPK ERK1/2 p38 SAPK/JNK
Transcription factors Elk-1, Fra-1, TCF, ELK-1, Fos, Jun, AP-1, p90RSK, Ets, Smad2/3, Stat1/3, c-Myc, Pax6, *PPARγα* ATF2, Elk-1, MEF-2C, CHOP, ETS1, STAT1, p53, Pax6, CREB, Fos c-Jun, ATF2, Elk-1, p53, SMAD4, *NFAT4, STAT3*
Other targets Synapsins, cPLA2, p70S6K, MNK, MAPKAPK2, *Bad, β-arrestin* cPLA2, MAPKAPK2, HSP27, Tau, MNK *IRS-1*, Bax
Genes induced c-myc, c-fos, c-Jun, Bcl-2, CREB, Ets, Egr-1 TNF-α, IL-1 c-Jun, TGF-β, IFN, IL-2
Biological events Proliferation, differentiation, growth Inflammation, apoptosis, cytokine- induced mRNA stability Inflammation, apoptosis, survival
Text in italics indicates the factor is inhibited.
######
MAP kinase inhibitors and their effect in various models of tissue injury
Pathway Inhibitor Effect Reference
---------- ----------- -------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------
ERK1/2 PD98059 ↓ CSE induced MMP-1 (in vitro) [@b67-copd-1-137]
↓ LPS-induced neutrophilia, cell death, airway leakage [@b57-copd-1-137]
↓ Airway epithelial thickening [@b88-copd-1-137]
CI-1040 ↓ Adenoma proliferation ←→ Apoptosis [@b51-copd-1-137]
UO126 ↓ Lung inflammation [@b20-copd-1-137]
p38 SB230580 ↓ LPS-induced MIP2, TNFα, neutrophilia Arcaroli et al 2004
SB239063 ↓ LPS-induced IL-6 expression (in vitro) [@b95-copd-1-137]
↓ LPS-induced fibrosis, MMP-9 expression, neutrophilia [@b95-copd-1-137]
SAPK/JNK SP600125 ↓ Lung inflammation [@b20-copd-1-137]
↓ Arthritic joint swelling, collagenase expression [@b38-copd-1-137]
CEP-1347 ↓ Neuronal apoptosis [@b65-copd-1-137]
↓ Pancreatic edema, inflammation [@b98-copd-1-137]
| |
Queen's University’s Partnerships and Innovation (P&I) supports the Research Portfolio’s mission to be an essential catalyst for advancing research and knowledge mobilization, strengthening Queen’s local, national and global impact.
Partnerships, Research Collaboration and Knowledge Mobilization
The Queen’s P&I team develops and facilitates partnerships with industry, governments, not-for-profit organizations, and other academic institutions to advance the research enterprise at Queen’s and the commercialization of inventions, and to strengthen the regional innovation ecosystem in Kingston and Eastern Ontario.
We offer many services to Queen’s faculty members, post-docs, students, research centres, departments and faculties. Additionally, we offer concierge services to external organizations seeking to collaborate with Queen’s.
Visit our page for Researchers, Industry and Other External Organizations
Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Economic Development
With support from external funding, the Queen’s P&I team offers numerous services, resources and programs to support entrepreneurs, including those from Queen’s, and to accelerate the growth of startups and small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) within Kingston and Eastern Ontario. Programs include the Queen’s Startup Runway incubation program, acceleration programs for startups and post-revenue companies, workshops and events. We offer access to facilities in the Seaway Coworking building in downtown Kingston as well as the ONRamp facility in downtown Toronto for Kingston-based clients that wish to hold meetings with collaborators, suppliers, or investors in Toronto. | https://www.queensu.ca/partnershipsandinnovation/ |
The price is the lowest for any condition, which may be new or used; other conditions may also be available. Rental copies must be returned at the end of the designated period, and may involve a deposit.
Jump down to see edition details for: Paperback
Bibliographic Detail
Publisher Peterson Inst for Intl Economics
Publication date September 15, 2014
Pages 185
Binding Paperback
Book category Adult Non-Fiction
ISBN-13 9780881326932
ISBN-10 0881326933
Dimensions 0.50 by 6 by 9 in.
Weight 0.70 lbs.
Original list price $21.95
Summaries and Reviews
Editions
Paperback
The price comparison is for this edition
from Peterson Inst for Intl Economics (September 15, 2014)
9780881326932 | details & prices | 185 pages | 6.00 × 9.00 × 0.50 in. | 0.70 lbs | List price $21.95
Pricing is shown for items sent to or within the U.S., excluding shipping and tax. Please consult the store to determine exact fees. No warranties are made express or implied about the accuracy, timeliness, merit, or value of the information provided. Information subject to change without notice. isbn.nu is not a bookseller, just an information source. | https://isbn.nu/9780881326932?asim |
Advances in computing technology allow businesses to operate more efficiently when compared to substantially similar businesses only a few years ago. For example, internal networking enables company employees to communicate instantaneously by email, quickly transfer data files to other employees, manipulate data files, share data relevant to a project to reduce duplications in work product, etc. Technological advancements have also enabled factory applications to become partially or completely automated. For example, operations that once required workers to put themselves proximate to heavy machinery and other hazardous conditions can now be completed at a safe distance.
Firewalls are security devices that protect networks from unauthorized access and/or malicious attacks from sources external to the network. Such unauthorized access may be to obtain sensitive information, disrupt the function of a network, or simply accidental and/or unintended access. A traditional firewall divides a network into at least two portions, an internal portion, which is behind the firewall, and an external portion, which is outside the firewall. To protect against unauthorized access, firewalls can inspect various parameters of a data communication(s) and make a determination whether such data communication(s) should be transmitted to the intended destination or whether they should be blocked, dropped or rerouted. However, it is not often apparent where to place such a security device within a network.
Security products, such as firewalls can be configured by providing a rule or set of rules defining what traffic may or may not pass through the firewall. Rules allow or deny specific sources, destination network addresses, ports, and the like to communicate with a device on the other side of the firewall. For an industrial firewall, the rules can be expanded to include industrial protocols (e.g., Common Industrial Protocol (CIP)), routing paths, services, individual objects, attributes, tags, etc. The list of rules can often be large, unwieldy, and difficult to define manually, and at times can be difficult for the user to describe in a manner the firewall protocol understands. If security is not easy to configure, it might not be used or might be set up incorrectly. In addition, after a system change, reconfiguring distributed firewalls can be difficult and, thus, a user may not reconfigure the firewall, leaving the system open to unauthorized access.
Intrusion detection and prevention is another security product that can be utilized to detect unwanted or unexpected traffic. Although intrusion detection devices cannot block traffic, they can detect abnormal traffic and generate an alarm or other notification means. However, intrusion detection and prevention devices are generally not easy to configure nor it is easy to determine where to place such devices in a new and/or existing system.
To overcome the aforementioned as well as other deficiencies what is needed is a technique for rules and/or policies for firewall devices, intrusion detection/prevention devices, and the like to be automatically created and managed. The technique should allow for selective placement of the various devices based on analysis of the entire system that can automatically determine the appropriate location or evaluate a chosen location based on various criteria regarding the devices and/or traffic patterns. A mechanism for acquiring industrial protocol communication information from distributed sources and integrating that information with a single, central system management tool is also needed.
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Super Bowl preview: Pats TE Rob Gronkowski poses huge problems for Seahawks defense
At this rate, Rob Gronkowski will go down as one of the best tight ends in NFL history.
He led all tight ends this season with 1,124 yards on 82 receptions and scored 12 times. A big key to his success is that New England moves him around: He’ll align in a traditional tight end position, in the slot, or out wide in a receiver position.
So how will the Seahawks’ Legion of Boom handle the Patriots’ best weapon?
The one thing that stands out on tape is that no matter where Gronkowski lines up, the teams that disrupted him — either at the line of scrimmage or within 5 yards of his release — had the most success. Gronk is a bad man and if he gets a free run off the line, bad things happen.
The Jets had a strong game plan against Gronkowski in Week 16 and they handled him well. He was targeted 10 times, but finished with six receptions for only 31 yards and his lowest yards-per-catch of the season (5.2).
The Jets harassed Gronk at the line of scrimmage as often as possible in both zone and man coverages, and that’s what the Seahawks may do to minimize the damage he can cause.
"Chuck Technique" in Zone Coverages:
In zone coverage, the Seahawks can assign either a defensive end or linebacker to "chuck," or get a piece of, Gronkowski at the line of srimmage before they proceed to rush the quarterback or drop to their zone if they’ve got a pass-drop responsibility. This prevents Gronkowski from getting a free release into the secondary and disrupts the timing of his route.
Let’s take a look at one of the techniques we may see the Seahawks use to get after Gronk on Super Bowl Sunday:
In the first photo you can see that the defensive end slid into a 6-technique to get head up on Gronkowski — instead of aligning wider in a 7-technique or wide-9.
In the next photo you can see that the defensive end chucks, or jams, Gronkowski to force an impeded and widened release, and then proceeds to continue his pass rush.
In the final photo, you can see that the zone dropper to Gronkowski’s side got yet another bump on the stud tight end, and Tom Brady is forced to look elsewhere as he’s already at the top of his drop — the ball must come out.
Press in Man Coverage:
In man coverage, the Jets often used press coverage to give Gronkowski as little room to work as possible. Other teams that tried to play off-man and gave him an 8- or 9-yard cushion didn’t have near the success of those teams that pressed him.
Here’s how man-to-man succeeded against Gronkowski when he was out wide against Jets cornerback Marcus Williams. The Jets defensive back got his hands on Gronkowski from the snap and challenged him throughout the entirety of the play.
It caused enough of a distraction to prevent Gronk from catching a quick slant, which we’ve seen a bunch from the superstar, and kept Williams in position to be able to compete when the ball arrived.
But, playing press against Gronkowski doesn’t mean you’ll have guaranteed success as he’s got incredible acceleration. If you miss him at the line of scrimmage and don’t get your hands on him, you’ll get burned like the Ravens’ Will Hill — who is usually outstanding in coverage — did here. The bottom line is if you’re going to play press on Gronk, you must get your hands on him.
The Seahawks didn’t show either of these tactics on tape against some of the league’s other top tight ends. In the divisional playoff game against Carolina, Pro Bowl tight end Greg Olsen didn’t face press coverage vs. man or get chucked against zone, and he averaged 14.5 yards per catch on four receptions despite being targeted by Cam Newton only six times.
Philadelphia’s Zach Ertz (11th among tight ends with 702 yards) ran freely on several occasions against Seattle earlier this year. Ertz would have gashed the Seahawks if Eagles quarterback Mark Sanchez was on top of his game that day.
If the Seahawks get after Gronk at the line of scrimmage, by pressing him in man coverage and chucking him in zone coverages, they’ll be fine.
Sure, he’ll get his catches, but being physical with him at the line will greatly minimize the chances of getting burned by Gronk. | https://www.foxsports.com/nfl/story/super-bowl-preview-new-england-patriots-seattle-seahawks-rob-gronkowski-richard-sherman-012115-2 |
Page Group HR are working on an Interim HR Business Partner position for a client within Higher Education/Public Sector. The role will be for a minimum three-month period and requires a dedicated HR professional who will partner with a number of departments and offer operational HR expertise. The role is based in Bolton.
Client Details
Our client are a well-established and ambitious public institution within Higher Education. They are going through an exciting period of change and transformation both within and across their wider Group. There is an opportunity for an HR Business Partner to join and support on an interim basis. The role will involve operational HRBP duties. The role is based in Bolton.
Description
The key responsibilities for the HR Business Partner are supporting and driving the HR agenda, delivery of customer-focused HR service, providing advice to line managers, overseeing complex employee relations casework, minimising risk of tribunals, understanding key business challenges, business plans and performance metrics, developing HR policies and procedures, initiating, developing and implementing organisational and employee department projects, providing advice on resourcing matters, overseeing recruitment campaigns, producing management information. The role is based in Bolton and will be interim for a period of three months.
Profile
The successful candidate will have/be: | https://jobs.personneltoday.com/job/1401633789/hr-business-partner/ |
Interpretive Summary:
Technical Abstract: Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils, besides its importance in mitigating global climate change, impacts and will be impacted by provisioning, regulating and supporting agroecosystem services. The objectives of this study were to (1) provide an improved understanding of the role of projected climate change and its interaction with land use and management practices on carbon sequestration, and (2) develop prediction models to scale up carbon sequestration from plot to watershed level and predict future impacts on agroecosystem services. We used 8-year data on soils, cropping systems, crop rotations, and the climate to calibrate and validate a simulation model and to predict carbon sequestration in the top 1-m of the soil profile in response to historical (A0) and future rainfall, temperature and carbon dioxide data based on the A1B, A2 and B1 climate change scenarios of the IPCC under current and alternative management practices in the Upper Midwest of the US. Fifty year-simulation runs for each of the A0 and climate change scenarios were based on 16 combinations of two major Mollisols under conventional and organic cropping systems and subjected to a combination of five crop rotations with increasing complexity and the inclusion of a perennial forage crop, and tillage and fertilizer application treatments. Simulated data were used in developing 320 prediction and validation partial least squares (PLS) models for soil carbon as influenced by crop biomass and grain yield, nitrate- and ammonium-nitrogen in soil, and cumulative runoff and soil erosion. Total variance in soil carbon sequestration was partitioned into its components using a mixed multivariate model. Secondary statistics derived from the PLS analyses were used in further statistical analyses to quantify carbon sequestration potential of both soil series in response to climate change scenarios, management practices, and as mediated by the agroecosystem services. The PLS models predicted carbon sequestration with large (R2>0.95), intermediate (R2 0.6-0.7) and small (R2 0.3-0.45) certainties (i.e., model fit) based on A0, A1B, and both A2 and B1 global climate change scenarios, respectively. The variability in carbon sequestration potential increased over time and was inversely related to the model fit. Although there were significant differences in carbon sequestration potential between A1B, A2 and B1, the largest differences were predicted between each of these climate change scenarios and A0. The impact of agroecosystem services on carbon sequestration was positive, negative or neutral depending on the climate change scenario and its interaction with other factors and management practices. The largest portion of variation in soil carbon within each climate change scenario was attributed to differences between soil series and followed in decreasing order by differences between cropping systems, crop rotations, and tillage practices. Significant and positive effect of a perennial forage crop on soil carbon is anticipated by the fourth year of its inclusion in a crop rotation that includes a small grain crop in addition to corn and soybean. Results of this study were used to scale-up predictions to a watershed level and may assist producers in developing and adopting innovative crop rotations and management practices to address and manage soil conservation implications of climate change. This research conducted by NCSCRL is part of a larger initiative called the Chippewa 10% Project, with several partners, that is designed to achieve water quality goals through predictive modeling, outreach to farmers, market development for perennial crops and livestock on the land and monitoring for actual impacts in area streams and soils. | https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=289297 |
DU’s decision to move to a test-optional policy:
At the University of Denver, we believe in a holistic review of our applicants. A full review of submitted application materials – focusing especially on the high school record – is key to knowing a student’s preparedness and academic abilities over time. We believe in diving deep into your life experiences, your passions and your engagement within the community. Our process also recognizes the value of standardized tests as a piece of the review process. An ACT or SAT score can provide useful information which we will consider alongside the other required application materials.
However, we know there are times when students may feel that an ACT or SAT score does not accurately represent their academic abilities. We also understand that circumstances sometimes exist that do not allow for the tests to be taken. There is sufficient evidence that standardized testing does not reflect the true academic capacities of some individuals. With these and other considerations in mind, the University of Denver adopted a test-optional policy in 2019.
This policy change aligns with our admission philosophy and supports DU’s vision to be a great private university dedicated to the public good. As stated by Chancellor Emerita Rebecca Chopp, “The University of Denver is committed to access, equity and diversity, and this decision strengthens that commitment. A test-optional admissions process aligns with our strategic plan, DU IMPACT 2025, by removing barriers for those who may lack standardized test-prep resources but who are exceptional students.”
Choosing whether or not to submit test scores for consideration:
We encourage you to take the SAT and/or ACT standardized tests. If you are able to take the ACT and/or SAT and you believe your scores are an accurate representation of your ability, please send them our way. We will consider these scores along with all other materials in your application file – staying consistent with our holistic review process.
However, we understand the unique challenges this year in terms of scheduling and taking the ACT and/or SAT. If for any reason you have chosen not to take one of these tests this year, have been unable to test due to cancellations, or believe your scores don’t accurately reflect your academic abilities, feel free to choose our test-optional process. We will then evaluate your application without considering this information, while maintaining a holistic review process. Your application will not be penalized in any way, and you will still be considered for all merit scholarships as well.
If you would like to further explore if this option could be the right fit for you, please feel free to contact your admission counselor.
Frequently Asked Questions
How to apply test-optional:
In order to remove the typically required item of “test score” from your application checklist, please be sure to indicate that you will be applying through our test-optional process on the Common Application. Please note that, if you select this option, test scores will not be used (even if submitted) for admission or merit scholarship consideration.
How do we evaluate students who do not submit standardized test scores?
We will review all other required materials including your Common Application, essay, official high school transcript, and counselor recommendation. We will closely evaluate your high school work – curriculum, trends in grades and how you have challenged yourself. We will delve into your involvement in high school – extracurricular activities, leadership and community engagement. Your counselor recommendation will also help us understand you in the context of your school and how you have performed overall.
Will I be at a disadvantage if I decide not to submit standardized test scores?
No. There will be no negative impact on your application.
Why would a student submit standardized test scores if they don’t have to?
For some students, their test scores accurately reflect their academic abilities and might even give a more complete picture of achievement and potential.
Will I be eligible for merit scholarships if I apply test-optional?
Yes, test-optional applicants are eligible for merit awards. Our top awards are very competitive, but the vast majority of applicants*, with or without standardized testing, will be considered for merit scholarships. Notification regarding merit aid is included in the admission decision letter.
*Please refer to the Exceptions section below.
What if I am a home schooled student?
For home schooled students, the test-optional policy is the same. We encourage you to take the SAT and/or ACT standardized tests. Once you receive your results, if you think your scores are an accurate representation of your ability, please send them our way. If you ultimately decide your test scores do not represent your abilities and potential, feel free to choose our test-optional process.
Exceptions to the test-optional policy:
- If you are a student attending a non-graded high school that does not provide a letter or numerical grade, you are required to submit official ACT or SAT scores with your application. (Due to COVID-19, we will evaluate special circumstances on a case-by-case basis for students unable to take a standardized test.)
- Applicants who would like to be considered for the 6-Year Bachelor/JD Program are required to submit official ACT or SAT scores.
- Prospective NCAA Division I student-athletes starting college during the 2021-2022 or 2022-2023 academic years may choose to apply for admission to DU as test-optional applicants and do not need to submit test scores to the NCAA.
- International applicants who are non-native English speakers must submit an acceptable score on either the IELTS (International English Language Testing System), TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) or CAE (Cambridge English: Advanced) to be admitted into a degree program. Those admitted conditionally (without proof of English proficiency) must submit sufficient scores by July 1. After this date, students must begin their studies at an approved off-campus English language center before enrolling in their degree programs. Details on English proficiency requirements and exemptions for international applicants can be found here. | https://www.du.edu/admission-aid/undergraduate-admission/test-optional |
EDITOR'S NOTE — The following article details Florida's vegetable production season for the first three months of 2008 and was compiled by the state's National Agricultural Statistics Service office.
January of 2008 began with harvests of squash, beans, tomatoes, and other vegetables in the southern Peninsula of Florida. However, harvests were quickly halted in several locations throughout the state during a cold front.
Hillsborough County reported some losses in strawberries and tomatoes due to frost damage. Some strawberry growers kept a constant stream of water on the crop to protect it from freezing.
Hendry County reported a 10-15 percent crop loss from wind and freezing temperatures.
Temperatures warmed back to normal as the month continued. Cool and dry conditions allowed field work to progress on schedule.
In Washington County, foggy mornings and mild temperatures caused disease problems in cole crops. Occasional scattered showers in mid-to-late January eased dry soil, but more rains were needed.
Some end of the month yields were negatively impacted from the prior freeze.
Growers marketed broccoli, sweet corn, avocado, lettuce, squash, beans, tomatoes, asparagus, peas, strawberries, cabbage, celery, cucumbers, eggplant, endive, escarole, peppers, and radishes.
Spring planting got underway in early February. Mild temperatures and mostly dry conditions allowed harvesting and planting on most days.
In the Plant City area, peppers and squash were being planted. Farmers were getting prepared to plant watermelons in Sumter County.
Harvesting of the winter crops continued with some decline in the volume and quality due to earlier freeze damage.
Mid-to-late February thunderstorms brought high winds and heavy rainfall in some areas, especially in the Panhandle. Early spring field preparations were temporarily delayed, but drought conditions were eased.
Producers marketed cabbage, broccoli, peppers, mixed greens, beans, cucumbers, celery, endive, escarole, eggplant, squash, strawberries, sweet corn, tomatoes, potatoes, and radishes.
In early March cool temperatures resulted in several freeze and frost reports across the state. Except for a spurt of storms in early March, very little rain fell.
Cold in Flagler County caused damage to the cabbage and potato crops. Damage reports for potatoes were widespread and ranged from minimal to significant depending on location and stage of growth.
In Sumter County, some freeze damage was reported for blueberries, watermelons, and squash.
Harvesting of winter crops ended while spring planting continued. Vegetables marketed during March included snap beans, broccoli, cabbage, celery, sweet corn, cucumbers, eggplant, mixed greens, okra, onions, peppers, potatoes, radishes, squash, snap beans, strawberries, tomatoes, and zucchini.
The following report reflects conditions as of April 1 and represents acreage planted for harvest during the months of April, May, June, and July. Estimated acreage by growing region is no longer available.
Snap beans: Freezing temperatures around mid-January damaged the crop. Most of the beans are grown in Hendry and Miami-Dade counties. In February, crops recovered from the January freeze and growers were only able to supply lighter volumes.
February and the first half of March, snap beans were harvested in Florida City. March brought dry and warmer conditions, which allowed plants to get back on track to a more normal production.
Cabbage: From January through March harvesting of cabbage was continuous, especially Putnam, and St. Johns counties.
Planting of the spring crop began in January and progressed on schedule due to mild conditions. In Washington County, foggy mornings and mild temperatures were causing disease problems in mid-January. The cold temperatures in Flagler County in early March caused the cabbage crop, which was about 50 percent harvested, to show minor signs of damage.
Cabbage harvesting gained momentum as the St. Patrick's Day holiday drew near. Towards the end of March cabbage season wrapped up in central parts of the state, but continued to be harvested in the southern Peninsula.
Cucumbers: Spring planting began in January and remained on schedule as warm, dry conditions were experienced. Harvesting was slow in January and February due to cold temperatures. By mid-March, cucumbers were in good condition in Fort Pierce and continued to be replanted.
Planting in Lafayette County began mid-March. In Hillsborough County, acreage expectations were similar to last year. Also, in Hendry County pressure on cucumbers from downy mildew continued as it becomes resistant to fungicides normally used to control it. Yield was reported as below normal.
Bell peppers: Mostly favorable weather during January and February allowed planting and harvesting to progress. In mid- February, cool temperatures slowed plant development over the central and southern Peninsula.
Tomatoes: Harvesting was active in the southern and East Coast regions in January. Growers ran overhead sprinklers and covered vegetables to protect them from the near freezing temperatures in early January, with some damage reported.
Mostly favorable weather conditions over the central and southern Peninsula during late January boosted crop growth and development. In February, some areas experienced delayed field work due to rain while others received some crop damage from cold weather.
In St Lucie, Hillsborough, Lee, and Hendry counties tomatoes were being planted, with the number of fields planted being reduced due to higher production costs and water use restrictions in place.
In Plant City tomatoes were harvested and marketed from February to March. In the southern Peninsula, tomatoes that were hit with the January freeze came to maturity by mid-March with lighter harvests.
the quantity marketed was less due to cold weather and fewer acres being planted. | http://www.southeastfarmpress.com/florida-vegetables-mostly-schedule |
job details:
location:Chaska, MN
salary:$16 - $18 per hour
date posted:Thursday, February 4, 2021
experience:Entry Level
job type:Temp to Perm
industry:Manufacturing
reference:S_877106
questions:[email protected]
job description
Machine Operator
The Role
The Manufacturing Operator is responsible for operating molding equipment and/or second operation machines through various tasks such as inspecting, trimming, testing, fixturing, assembling and packaging plastic products.
In this role you will
Verify product visually and takes corrective action when necessary and ensures product is consistent with established specifications
Escalate quality issues as appropriate
Ensure highest possible product quality and adherence to the Entegris quality system, ISO and/or other standards
Ensure all product is packaged per packaging specifications and routings are followed
Perform various operations on the product in accordance with the work orders and Manufacturing instructions, standard work in accordance per appropriate documents
Finalize all required paperwork thoroughly and timely (i.e. Production Reports, Rack Tickets, Labels, Component Sheets, Rework Sheets, SAP Transactions etc.)
Maintain accurate attribute/variable charts of rejected materials
Conduct variable charts on manufacturing processes and count of good product as required
Working hours: 2:00 PM - 10:00 PM
Skills :
Good attention to detail; ability to perform basic math computations and computer data entry
Computer and documentation skills
Ability to work effectively in a team setting .
Qualifications:
1-year manufacturing experience preferred
Ability to read and understand documented processes and procedures
Ability to repetitively pinch and grasp hand tools, repetitively twist, bend and reach upward and handle small screws, washers, fasteners, etc.
Randstad is a world leader in matching great people with great companies. Our experienced agents will listen carefully to your employment needs and then work diligently to match your skills and qualifications to the right job and company. Whether you're looking for temporary, temporary-to-permanent or permanent opportunities, no one works harder for you than Randstad. EEO Employer: Race, Religion, Color, National Origin, Citizenship, Sex, Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, Age, Disability, Ancestry, Veteran Status, Genetic Information, Service in the Uniformed Services or any other classification protected by law. | https://mn-manufacturing.jobs/chaska-mn/machine-operator/32EEE1247C0843D8981E2437EF950D17/job/?vs=28 |
PECon 2022 Call for Presentations - Now Closed
A national conference for professional engineers committed to protecting the public’s health, safety and welfare.
The National Society of Professional Engineers is now accepting presentation submissions for consideration for the 2022 Professional Engineers Conference, August 1–3, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Call for Presentations is closed. Thank you to all who participated. Please check back in the future for next year's details.
Conference Theme
Harnessing the Power of PEs to Create a Better World
Why Present
Share your expertise with professional engineers at a nationally recognized conference. Accepted presenters will receive:
-
Recognition on the conference website with a headshot photo, biography, and session description.
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A customized press release announcing your participation and contribution to the conference to share with your employer and/or clients.
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Assistance with (and guidelines for) promoting your session on social media outlets.
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Follow-up survey results and comments related to your presentation.
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The unparalleled opportunity to give back to the Professional Engineer community.
Conference Topics
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Topic I: Amplify Your Leadership Power Skills
Beyond being technically qualified and committed to ethical practices, PEs are leaders. NSPE is seeking skills-focused presentations for all career levels.
Read the full details.
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Topic II: Stay informed about Issues and Trends Impacting the Profession
The workplace environment is constantly changing and evolving. NSPE is seeking presentations addressing the latest issues and trends impacting PEs and the engineering industry.
Read the full details.
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Topic III: Invest in Your Career
Choosing a career as a professional engineer is an intentional act by engineers committed to the public’s health, safety, and welfare. NSPE is seeking career development topics that will help engineers at all career stages achieve their highest potential.
Read the full details.
Session Format
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Breakout session
These are engaging 60- minute presentations, give presenters a chance to share their ideas, experiences and perspectives gleaned from their research, practice or experience and/or focus. They should provide the audience with opportunities for participation and engagement.
-
Workshop
90 – minute structured hands-on professional development activity, tackling an issue or developing a specific leadership or technical skill. Proposals should include a description of workshop tasks and a sample of interactive activities in which participants share information, participate in case study, and/or create materials and action plans. There are limited slots for this session format.
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Panel discussion
A moderated, interactive session that brings together 3 or more panelists to engage participants in discussion. There are limited slots for this session format.
Submission Instructions and Important Deadlines
Deadlines and Process
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The call for presentations online submission form is open from November 5–30, 2021.
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Submissions are peer-reviewed. Committee’s decisions will be communicated by February 2022.
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If selected, you must accept/decline the invitation to present by the deadline given in the notification
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Once you hit the Submit Application button, your proposal has been submitted and you WILL NOT be able to make changes.
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If you are submitting multiple proposals, you will have to re-enter all your data.
-
Presenters will not engage in commercial presentations of their organization .
Required Information
When filling out the form please be sure to fill out all required fields. If you have multiple speakers, you must enter speaker information for each speaker. If your submission is incomplete, it will disqualify the session for consideration.
-
Call for Presentations Template: View/use the Call for Presentations Template to build your proposal before you enter it into the system. If you have any questions, contact [email protected].
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Speaker Info: Name, Designation, Title, Company, Bio, Headshot , Social Media handles
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Contact Info: Email, Phone, Address
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Course Info: Title, Abstract, Learning Objectives, Description, Category
Additional Information
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You are available to present in-person at any time assigned during the days of August 1–3, 2022 in Philadelphia, PA. Please note that this conference is scheduled to be live in-person, however, depending on COVID-19 restrictions, this might be converted to a virtual or hybrid conference. This could alter the format of the conference and all selected speakers will be notified of any changes.
-
NSPE will give a one-day complimentary registration to the conference for the day of your presentation. Speakers will need to register for any additional days they wish to attend.
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NSPE will not pay an honorarium nor expenses for any general session speakers.
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Please note that this process is for general session speakers. Keynote speakers will be reviewed separately. All speakers are welcome to submit for this call for proposals and any keynote submissions will be entered into the keynote review process . | https://www.nspe.org/resources/2022-professional-engineers-conference/call-presentations |
Embroidery is not a simple process. It has so many details that you must know. For doing great embroidery work, appropriate knowledge about various types of stitches is necessary. To attain a decent-looking embroidery one should also have a grasp on basic hooping techniques, which includes adding thread to the machine, forming tension, bobbin, etc.
If you have expertise in these steps, the next step is to learn the basic framework of patterns and types of stitches. In this blog, various kinds of stitches are given, so make sure to read them till the end.
Table of Contents
Satin Stitches
Satin stitch is by compactly arranged stitches formed in any direction, to create raised patterns to fill an area. It can be used for filling a heart or flower-shaped cloth. It is important to maintain the stitch density to make it look even. The wider satin stitch should be avoided as it can cause abrasion, especially in children’s apparel. Here are two variations of this stitch:
- Padded
The structure is packed up with rows of little handling stitches that transform to satin stitches afterward.
- Long and short
It is used for fine shading. In the opening row of satin stitches, each stitch is half the length of its nearby stitch. Moreover, the successive rows in linked colors are of the same extent.
Running Stitch/Walk Stitch
It is the simplest stitch of all because it is made of only one stitch which is formed between two points. Running stitches are repeated again and again in a pattern until the desired design is attained. The use of this stitch is to finer details and outline the work. Area less than 1mm width is usually done with this type of stitch. However, these stitches can not be used for making complex patterns.
Tatami Stitch
It is used to pack large space objects, that’s why it is called a fill stitch. The tatami stitch is the best option to select when the item is larger than 1 cm. This stitch supplies you with great creative attraction. Generally, the tatami aspect varies from the satin stitch, but it is smooth. You can also personalize the tatami effects on various angles and figures.
Bean Stitch
It is used to give an outline of the work. It uses 3 stitches laid back and forth between 2 points. It removes the need to secure the running stitch outline and also requires a few stitches. Bean stitches give a more noticeable appearance than Running stitches.
Split Stitch
This stitch is similar to the top stitch, but looks busier and has a knit texture. It can be used to create letters and other shapes in embroidery designs. To create split stitches, perform the same stitch movement as a backstitch. But don’t go further, and pass the needle through the middle of the initial stitch. Split stitch is the easiest one to learn, and it is easy to make any shape you want in the pattern.
Cross-Stitch
It is the last stitch that is used by numerous embroidery designs. There are various types of the cross stitch which include:
- Half cross
- Full cross
- Quarter cross, etc.
In hand embroidery, full cross stitches are the most popular and widely used stitches.
Conclusion
Once you have an understanding of these 9 basic stitches, you can easily express your art through different combinations and patterns of stitches. No matter how limited your tools are, if you have mastered these stitches, you can create complex designs with even single stitch digitizing in basic combinations. | https://in.sewingmachineportal.in/different-types-of-machine-embroidery-stitches/ |
The goal of this assignment was to capture a portrait at night using artificial lights and capturing a strong bokeh in the background.
After scouting several locations, I found one that had a nice array of red Christmas lights and a building that had a lot of blue neon. I used the blue neon as my main light on the subject and let the bokeh turn the red into beautiful orbs.
The final result is a strong commercial portrait with a creative background that adds good depth in a dark situation. | https://www.graphis.com/entry/ff8d57a6-fe7f-47a2-b31f-7497f3db26d6/ |
The UN has identified three steps to ending climate catastrophe and lowering meat consumption is a major step.
To protect the planet from environmental disasters linked to climate change, governments and citizens must commit to three major steps: Eating plant-based, using less carbon energy, and removing Co2 from the atmosphere. All three of these measures will drastically reduce the greenhouse gases being released into the atmosphere and stop the planet from heating up at a dangerous rate of .3° F every decade.
The United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) just released the third installment of its major climate change report, following the “Code Red” warning it released last August. The report states that the world must also slash methane emissions by 33 percent by 2030 to slow climate change, but one main difference was perceived in this installment: While the situation is dire, the report holds out hope that there is still time to act.
If the situation is hopeless, critics of climate change reporting have noted, then people throw up their hands and give up. If you give them productive, doable, effective steps, then they are incentivized to take action. The UN report appears to internalize that message: There is still time to save our planet, and the most effective thing an individual can do is shift toward eating plant-based; it is one of the easiest and most effective ways to lower our carbon footprint.
Greenhouse gas emissions are at the highest in history
The UN’s Sixth Assessment report explains that from 2010 to 2019, global greenhouse gas emissions reached the highest levels in human history. The report specifically focused on the rise of methane, noting that this greenhouse gas (GG) is 80 times more potent than CO2, which heats the atmosphere more slowly. The researchers claim that to minimize methane emissions, countries and people must work to reduce reliance on animal agriculture, alongside efforts to stop food fast and lower fossil fuel production.
While the report details the urgency required to stop climate change, the researchers also emphasize that there is still time to combat the alarming trend. Efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions have already started to positively impact what scientists are measuring, the report points out. Climate change mitigation efforts – such as the proliferation of solar and wind power – have already helped decrease GG levels, but more improvement is needed.
Actions that reduce climate change are working
“You can see the first signs that the actions that people are taking are beginning to make a difference,” IPCC Working Group III Co-Chair Jim Skea said. “The big message we’ve got (is that) human activities got us into this problem and human agency can actually get us out of it again.”
The IPCC report concluded that the greenhouse gas emissions must reach their peak before 2025 (which in scientific terms is a minute from now) and be reduced by at least 43 percent by 2030 to save the planet from a runaway cycle of heating since once the polar ice caps melt, the oceans will rise and our atmosphere will be irrevocably changed forever.
Currently, the Earth’s temperature will keep rising toward the critical 1.5-degree Celsius benchmark that puts us in a “no turning back” position where the climate will produce more fires, floods, storms, and rising sea levels that will make life on this planet unrecognizable, and our food systems unsustainable.
The panel warns that climate change and global temperatures will only stabilize when the planet reaches net-zero carbon emissions. To remain below the tipping point of global warming, net-zero must be reached by the 2050s. The report also shows that if net-zero cannot be reached until the 2070s that global temperatures will reach 2.0º C.
Eating plant-based is part of the solution
This new report builds upon the IPCC’s August report, which claimed that humans were “unequivocally” responsible for climate change. The most recent installment highlights that while some traction in the energy sector has helped mend emission levels, action is necessary across the agriculture and forestry sectors in order to effectively mitigate the climate crisis. But, there is no doubt that humans can still properly stop climate change.
“We are at a crossroads. The decisions we make now can secure a liveable future. We have the tools and know-how required to limit warming,” IPCC Chair Hoesung Lee said in a statement. “I am encouraged by climate action being taken in many countries. There are policies, regulations, and market instruments that are proving effective. If these are scaled up and applied more widely and equitably, they can support deep emissions reductions and stimulate innovation.”
Humans are responsible for climate change
The IPCC report serves as a warning for people across the planet, but more importantly, the panel of researchers aims to pinpoint the major sources of the greenhouse and guide policies to better alleviate the dangers. The U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres explained that the world is on track to double the 1.5º C limit stipulated by the Paris Accord as the tipping point from which there is no return.
Guterres emphasized that “some government and business leaders are saying one thing – but doing another.” There are 24 countries that grew their economies while reducing their greenhouse gas emissions, something to use as a blueprint for other nations seeking to do the same.
This report details how the majority of methane and carbon emissions can be directly attributed to animal agriculture, echoing another report that claims that animal agriculture is actually responsible for 87 percent of food-related emissions. The IPCC also shows how carbon dioxide emissions from factories, cities, vehicles, and farms have increased exponentially in the 2010s.
Carbon dioxide emissions from factories, cities, buildings, farms, and vehicles increased in the 2010s, outweighing the benefits from power plants’ switching to natural gas from coal and using more renewable sources such as wind and solar.
Beyond animal agriculture and general manufacturing, the report also cites that the richest people and wealthiest planets are directly tied to global warming. The report states that the richest 10 percent of households take responsibility for a third to nearly a half of all greenhouse gas emissions, whereas the poorest 50 percent only produce 15 percent of emissions.
Plant-based eating can help solve the climate crisis
Even though the UN’s urgent warnings may stir panic, the IPCC team stresses that there is a solution to the rise of greenhouse gases. In particular, the new IPCC report asserts that by improving plant-based technologies and promoting sustainable eating, people and governments can significantly help undercut the worsening climate crisis.
“Where appropriate, a shift to diets with a higher share of plant protein, moderate intake of animal-source foods, and reduced intake of saturated fats could lead to substantial decreases in GHG emissions,” the report states. “Benefits would also include reduced land occupation and nutrient losses to the surrounding environment, while at the same time providing health benefits and reducing mortality from diet-related non-communicable diseases.”
By shifting to a plant-based diet even twice a week, people could help save the equivalent of 14 billion trees. Plant-based production requires significantly fewer materials and energy to produce. For example, Impossible Foods conducted a life cycle assessment that found that producing its vegan sausage required 71 percent less greenhouse gas emissions, 79 percent less water, and 41 percent less land than its animal-based counterpart.
The IPCC plans to finish its Sixth Assessment Report later this year, providing more guidance to people and governments worldwide. The shift towards a plant-based diet remains a clear method of minimizing individual contributions to the climate crisis while removing the need for animal agriculture industries worldwide. | https://www.animalagricultureclimatechange.org/eat-less-meat-for-a-healthy-planet-says-united-nations/ |
NCCHC Partners With the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention
Suicide remains one of the 10 leading causes of death in the United States and, according to the U.S. Department of Justice, it is the leading cause of death in jails. Incarcerated people are particularly vulnerable to suicide, for a variety of complex reasons.
The nation’s largest suicide prevention organization, the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, has joined the National Commission on Correctional Health Care’s ongoing efforts to reduce the number of suicides among incarcerated populations. The organizations’ innovative partnership highlights a key focus of AFSP’s Project 2025, which aims to reduce the annual suicide rate by 20 percent by 2025, and brings AFSP’s depth of expertise to NCCHC’s National Response Plan for Suicide Prevention.
In conjunction with NCCHC’s annual Correctional Mental Health Care Conference in July, leaders of both organizations convened with mental health experts from the nation’s largest jail and prison health care providers at a daylong Suicide Prevention Summit, cosponsored by NCCHC and AFSP. Together, participants delved in to three areas identified by the group as crucial in suicide prevention—assessment, intervention, and training. The partnership is finalizing elements of its National Response Plan for Suicide Prevention in corrections, which will include needed tools and guidance for correctional facilities across the nation to help them combat suicide.
“Partnering with NCCHC, a longtime national leader in the field of correctional health care, is critically important and will allow us to reach an audience that is especially vulnerable to suicide,” said Bob Gebbia, AFSP’s CEO. “Research tells us that people in times of transition are at especially high-risk for suicide. Partnering with NCCHC will enable us to educate both correctional staff and health care professionals who work in the correctional system about suicide risk and how to identify and care for the suicidal inmate-patient. We know we can’t do this alone. Only by working with experts like NCCHC will we be able to save more lives.”
“This partnership creates a real opportunity to bring forth major interventions with the potential for immediately saving lives,” said Brent Gibson, MD, MPH, CCHP-P, NCCHC’s chief health officer. “We greatly appreciate AFSP’s focus and support. The collaboration between our organizations and national health care providers underscores the importance of working together to tackle the problem of suicide.”
This was the third in an ongoing series of Suicide Prevention Summits hosted by NCCHC. The initiative was launched in 2017, when senior staff from five national providers of correctional health care met in Chicago for a day of collaborative problem-solving. NCCHC educates health care professionals on suicide risk and outlines current best practices for suicide prevention and intervention in its Standards for Health Services, the basis of its health care services accreditation and professional certification.
AFSP’s Project 2025 is focused on four critical areas where evidence points to saving the most lives in the shortest amount of time, one of which is the correctional system where contact with jails and prisons represents high-risk periods for suicide. By focusing on the correctional system, AFSP believes more than 1,000 lives can be saved by 2025.
Launched in October 2015, Project 2025 is a high-impact, collaborative initiative developed by AFSP, aimed at achieving the organization’s bold goal of reducing the annual suicide rate 20 percent by 2025. Using a dynamic systems model approach based on what the evidence tells us about suicide, AFSP has determined a series of actions and critical areas to help us reach our goal. With this approach we reach across all demographic and sociological groups to have the greatest impact for suicide prevention and the potential to save thousands of lives within the next 10 years. If we work collectively to expand the above interventions in key areas (Firearms, Emergency Departments, Healthcare Systems, and the Corrections System) – cumulatively, we can expect to save nearly 20,000 lives through 2025. | https://www.ncchc.org/NCCHC-partners-with-AFSP |
2.9 Supporting Students with Learning Disabilities in Reading Primary Sources
In “Teaching History to Support Diverse Learners,” the National Center for Technology Innovation and Center for Implementing Technology in Education (CITEd) explains that students with learning disabilities need extra support to make inquiry-based instruction in history/social studies accessible. The centers recommend supplementing inquiry based-instruction to teach students to think like historians as discussed previously in this unit with supports designed for students with learning disabilities:
Establish Purpose
- Provide teacher-developed essential questions with background knowledge about the documents.
- Provide the documents in multiple formats, which allow students to hear, read, observe, or experience these concepts.
Evaluate Sources
- Providing students with the text-dependent questions to support students’ recognition and strategic learning, both principles of Universal Design for Learning (UDL).
- Guide students through exploration of digital materials that support recognition and strategic learning as well as students’ affective learning, another UDL principle, as they offer students choices and multiple paths of exploration.
Corroborate Sources
- Embed scaffolds when asking students to synthesize multiple perspectives across conflicting sources such as using the same questions for each source.
- Have students complete a graphic organizer to record and organize their answers using a digital environment where they can highlight, sort, or otherwise annotate information.
National Center for Technology Innovation and Center for
Implementing Technology in Education (CITEd), 2007
UDL Editions by the Center for Applied Special Technology (CAST) offers an interactive exploration of the Gettysburg Address for students with disabilities. This is a model of how to use technology to make history/social studies documents accessible for students with disabilities. Explore the interactive lesson and consider how you could apply this approach to other topics for your students.
For more information, see Chapter 7, Universal Access to the History-Social Science Curriculum, of the 2014 draft of the CA History-Social Science Framework (which the Instructional Quality Commission is using as the starting points for revision due to the State Board of Education for adoption in May 2015). The chapter addresses differentiation for all students including students with disabilities. | https://www.mydigitalchalkboard.org/portal/default/Content/Viewer/Content?action=2&scId=508656&sciId=18097 |
A 2,700-year-old cuneiform tablet from ancient Iraq depicts the demon that the ancient Assyrians thought caused epilepsy.
It’s a previously overlooked element of the tablet describing medical treatments.
The demon is visible at the bottom of the image—horns and face to the left and legs to the right.
When Assyriologist Troels Pank Arbøll of the University of Copenhagen was studying the tablet at the Vorderasiatisches Museum in Berlin four years ago, he accidentally discovered a partially damaged drawing on its reverse.
On closer inspection, the drawing turned out to be a demon with horns, tails, and a snake tongue that, according to the text, was the cause of the dreaded illness Bennu-epilepsy.
Assyria is one of the earliest civilizations, and the history of ancient Assyria dates from approximately 2000 to 612 BCE.
Assyria was an ancient kingdom and later empire on the river Tigris in the fertile part of present-day northern Iraq.
Assyria took its name from the city of Assur, located approximately 100 km (62 miles) south of the Iraqi city of Mosul, as well as the main deity Ashur.
The text is written in a dialect of the now extinct Semitic language Akkadian.
It was written in cuneiform, where the signs represent entire words as well as sounds in a system reminiscent of Egyptian hieroglyphs.
They were pressed into clay tablets with a reed stylus. Because the signs can be ambiguous, the text is subject to interpretation.
“We have known for a long time that the Assyrians and Babylonians regarded diseases as phenomena that were caused by gods, demons, or witchcraft,” says Arbøll. “And healers were responsible for expelling these supernatural forces and the medical symptoms they caused with drugs, rituals, or incantations.
“But this is the first time that we have managed to connect one of the very rare illustrations of demons in the medical texts with the specific disease epilepsy, which the Assyrians and Babylonians called Bennu.”
“Drawings of supernatural powers are very rare on cuneiform tablets with magical and medical treatments.
When there is a drawing, it usually depicts one of the figures that the healers used in their rituals, not the demon itself. But here we have a presentation of an epilepsy demon as the healer who wrote the text must have imagined it.”
Bennu-epilepsy, which is one of the diseases described in the 2,700-year-old text, was feared in ancient Iraq; symptoms included seizures, loss of consciousness, or sanity, and, in some cases, the patients are described as crying out like a goat.
“The text also states that the demon acted on behalf of the lunar god Sîn when it inflicted a person with epilepsy. So the Assyrians and Babylonians believed that there was a connection between the moon, epilepsy, and insanity,” says Arbøll.
“In the following millennia, this idea became widespread, also in our part of the world, and it can still be detected in the English word “lunacy.”
“In other words, the views on illness, diagnoses, and treatments in the earliest civilizations have had a significant impact on later perceptions of illness, even in recent history.”
Arbøll reports his findings in the Journal des Médecines Cunéiformes. The Edubba Foundation supports his work. | https://knowridge.com/2019/12/scientists-discover-terrifying-epilepsy-demon-on-2700-year-old-clay-tablet/ |
3Play Media recently hosted the webinar, “The Long Road from Reactive to Proactive: Developing an Accessibility Strategy.” A recording of the full event is embedded below. Read on for highlights and key take-aways from the speaker.
Proactive vs. Reactive Web Accessibility Strategy
At the top of the webinar, an audience poll revealed startling results. Of the digital learning experts and education technologists listening, only 6% considered their university’s web accessibility policy to be proactive. A quarter confessed that their institution’s policy was purely reactive in nature.
Korey Singleton, the Assistive Technology Initiative (ATI) Manager at George Mason University (GMU), knows the cost of a reactive policy. He shares an anecdote of a student who needed captioning for online video, but the administration didn’t learn of that until several weeks into the course. Red tape caused more delays, and ultimately they had to pay twice as much for a captioning solution since they weren’t prepared.
Korey details the 2-year journey of reforming his university’s web accessibility policy from reactive to proactive. It starts with GMU’s Assistive Technology Initiative, a coalition assembled to design and execute a comprehensive tech accessibility across different departments, the library, and IT. Their services include providing Braille or large-print text, audio descriptions, and transcription and captioning of lectures or class materials.
Accessibility Trends in Higher Education and e-Learning
Korey identifies 4 factors that motivate colleges and universities to adopt a proactive web accessibility strategy:
- More students with disabilities entering institutes of higher education
- Increasing use of online video and multimedia for educational programs
- Growth in distance learning courses offered by universities and colleges
- Recent law suits against higher ed institutions for insufficient accommodation of individuals with vision or hearing loss
On that last point, Korey emphasizes that digital inclusion for all students is paramount, even if there are only a handful of students with disabilities at a given institution. He reminds us, “It only takes one student to file a lawsuit. And I think in many cases, our university as well, you’re subject to risk by not doing the things you need to do to ensure equivalent access.”
Common Concerns in Accessible Digital Education
“It only takes one student to file a lawsuit.”
Korey Singleton
Assistive Technology Initiative Manager at George Mason University
The ATI assembled a list of the most common issues in making higher ed and e-learning accessible. Concerns include:
- Video captioning of lectures and course materials
- Accessibility of PDFs, Word docs, or PowerPoint presentations
- Alternative textbooks, such as Braille or e-readers
- Inaccessible LMS applications
- Library resources that lack captioning and transcription
- Poor accessibility of library search engine
Who Should Be On Your College or University’s Tech Accessibility Committee?
GMU’s Information Technology Accessibility Working Group (ITAG) works together to address web accessibility on campus. Korey recommends including the following on your institution’s committee:
- Library staff
- IT staff
- Student Affairs staff
- Academic departments or offices that create a lot of video or audio content
- Campus television channel staff, if applicable
- Legal counsel
- Reps from office of compliance, diversity, & ethics
- High-level administrators who make LMS or multimedia platform purchasing decisions
- Accessibility expert
Your Roadmap to Web Accessibility
About 12 minutes into the webinar, Korey outlines a checklist of steps that higher ed institutions should take to build a proactive accessibility policy. It covers everything from setting up a process to respond to complaints, to reserving funds in case of a law suit.
What E-learning Technology Needs to Be Accessible?
“If we’re not covering these technologies, we are at risk.”
A great way to anticipate your tech accessibility needs is to examine the case law from past higher ed disability settlements. In fact, Korey lifted text directly from the rulings to incorporate into GMU’s policy, such as the Penn State settlement’s definition of accessibility:
“Are individuals able to independently acquirethe same information, engage in the same interactions, and enjoy the same services within the same time frame as individuals without disabilities?”
The settlement even lists specific technology that must be made accessible to students. Which includes, but isn’t limited to, websites, all digital content, search engines, databases, LMSs, eBooks, classroom multimedia, and office equipment. To put it plainly, “If we’re not covering these technologies, we are at risk.”
For more valuable guidance on forming a proactive web accessibility policy, watch the full recording and presentation slides here.
Further Reading
Advanced Workflows for Captioning
Captions are time-synchronized text that represents the auditory information within a video. They are useful for viewers who can’t hear the audio, making it a great accommodation for those who are d/Deaf or hard of hearing. Accessibility isn’t the sole purpose of…
2020 Digital Accessibility Cases to Know About
In the webinar, 2020 Legal Update on Digital Accessibility Cases, Lainey Feingold breaks down the recent digital accessibility wins, cases to watch out for, and upcoming legislative changes to be aware of. Watch the 2020 Legal Update on Digital Accessibility Cases Recent…
Captions & Interactive Transcripts Boost Student Performance, Study Finds
Instructors often search for out-of-the-box ways to improve student performance in the classroom. These days, due to the pandemic, many classes are conducted virtually and remotely. What strategies or tools can instructors incorporate into their curriculum to support student success and keep…
Subscribe to the Blog Digest
Sign up to receive our blog digest and other information on this topic. You can unsubscribe anytime. | https://www.3playmedia.com/blog/reactive-to-proactive-web-accessibility-in-higher-education/ |
Sabarish Gnanamoorthy is a 14 year-old Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) developer. He is the youngest AR developer in the world and was sponsored by Microsoft to develop for the Microsoft HoloLens. He is also supported and sponsored by the Thiel Foundation for his venture, WaypointAR. WaypointAR is an augmented reality navigation platform for airports, campuses, large conferences, and malls. Sabarish was awarded a scholarship from Udacity for their VR Developer Nanodegree program, and he’s one of the youngest people to have built several applications for VR and AR. His mentors and advisors represent some of the leading companies in the AR/VR space. | https://takeoverinnovationconference.com/speaker/sabarish-gnanamoorthy/ |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the invention
2. Description of the Prior Art
PRIOR REFERENCES
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
The present invention relates to a continuous heating device for coil springs that are formed in the shape of a coil by using a steel wire for a spring. More specifically, the present invention relates to a continuous heating device for coil springs, which provides an automated process for continuously heating coil springs through an electrical induction heating process in which the coil springs do not come in direct contact with a heat source while moving the coil springs by using a conveyor chain with a gradual increase in the rotational speed of the coil spring by using tapered rollers, and which drops the heated coil springs into a cooling tank that is filled with a cooling fluid, such as water or oil, to then be cooled in order to thereby improve the manufacturing productivity and the quality of the coil spring. In addition, the present invention further relates to a continuous heating method for coil springs, using the same device.
In general, the coil spring may be used as a buffer to absorb or accumulate energy by using an elastic force of the steel wire, or may be used for the purpose of securing operating functions of various mechanical components by using the restoring elasticity that is a repulsive force after compression.
Meanwhile, the most common type of coil spring is made by winding a steel wire in a spiral form, and the coil spring is manufactured through a basic inspection of a raw material, a surface peeling process, a heating process, a coil forming process, quenching, and tempering.
The coil spring, which has been manufactured as described above, is subject to a series of surface treatment processes in order to improve the mechanical properties of the coil spring and to increase the strength thereof. The surface treatment may be made through a tempering process, a shot peening process, a pre-treatment process, and a painting process after completing the forming and quenching processes of the coil spring. Thereafter, the product is output through a load testing process, a marking process, and a final inspection process.
3
3
Typically, the formed coil spring is input to the combustion heating furnace to then be heated about 980 °C or higher, which is higher than the A transformation point (the A transformation point of steel is 910 °C), for the heat treatment (quenching).
However, if the heat treatment process is automated to be a continuous process, it is difficult to evenly heat the entire area of the coil spring so that the decarburized portion (the portion of which the amount of carbon decreases on the surface due to the oxidization of the carbon on the surface into carbon monoxide when steel is heated in the air) of the coil spring, which is left on the surface of the material after the surface processing, may remain even after heating in order to thereby reduce the endurance life of the coil spring.
10-0752224
Korea Patent No. discloses a high-frequency induction type heat treatment device for a shaft. According to the invention, a shaft is input between two rotational rollers for an automated continuous heat treatment of a shaft for automobile parts, and the shaft is moved by a conveyor chain while being rotated. Then, the shaft is heated by a high-frequency heating device that is installed in the intermediate position of the shaft movement path.
In the high-frequency induction heating type of heat treatment device for a shaft, a pair of rollers that are rotated on both sides of the lower portion of the shaft may be heated at the same time the shaft is heated so that the rollers exhibit a thermal expansion in the longitudinal direction thereof. Therefore, a high-frequency coil unit for the heat treatment is made to be very short in a ring shape and the shaft is immediately cooled by using a shaft cooling unit.
However, with the structure described above, since it takes a long time to sufficiently heat the shaft, the moving speed of the shaft may slow down so that the number of shafts that are produced per unit hour may decrease and the productivity may be dropped.
In addition, when the coil spring is input between a pair of rollers that are disposed to be parallel with each other in order to perform the heat treatment of the coil spring by using the high-frequency induction heating type of heat treatment device for a shaft, the coil spring may pop out in the rotational direction of the roller because the coil spring is shorter and lighter than the shaft. Therefore, it is difficult to apply the high-frequency induction heating type of heat treatment device to the coil spring.
US Patent Publication No. 2008/0128057
An induction hardening process of a helical spring and a device thereof, which are disclosed in , provides a technique in which a helical spring is positioned on a mandrel and is induction-heated while the rotation of the spring is made by being moved on a caterpillar. However, the device has a complicated spring-input process and a complex mechanical configuration, and cannot significantly improve the productivity.
US Patent No. 8912472
In addition, discloses a device for heating a coil spring by using the electric induction heating method while rotating the coil spring on a pair of rotational rollers that are positioned to be parallel with each other to rotate in the same direction. However, when the coil spring is vertically dropped onto the rotational rollers for the input of the coil spring, the coil spring may pop out due to the rotation of the rollers. Furthermore, whenever the coil spring is dropped, the rotational rollers are to be opened wide. Therefore, the continuous heating device requires a complicated configuration and it is difficult to improve the productivity.
In addition, since the heating device has a structure of downwardly inputting the coil spring to the rotational rollers from above, which is suitable to be applied to a big coil spring, it is not suitable for manufacturing a small coil spring.
10-0752224
1. Korean Patent No. (High-frequency Induction Heating Type Heat-treatment Device for Shafts)
US Patent Publication No. 2008-0128057
2. (Process of and Device for Induction-hardening Helical Springs)
US Patent No. 8912472
3. (Induction Heating of Springs)
The present invention has been made to solve the problems above. An aspect of the present invention is to provide a continuous heating device for coil springs and a continuous heating method for coil springs using the same device in which a coil spring that is formed of a steel wire is heated by using an electric induction coil that is a heating device that does not come in direct contact with a heated object while being moved, and in which the coil spring may be prevented from popping out when it is supplied and a simple structure of the device and a stable continuous operation thereof may be secured with the improvement of the productivity and the quality of the produced coil spring.
In addition, the present invention provides a continuous heating operation of a coil spring in which: central rotation axes of a pair of tapered rollers are arranged to not be parallel with each other; the inner surfaces of the pair of tapered rollers are arranged to be parallel with each other when they are viewed from above; the upper surfaces of the tapered rollers are arranged to be horizontal when they are viewed from the side; a push rod that is mounted on a conveyor chain moves the coil spring; the pair of tapered rollers allow the coil spring to pass through an electric induction coil while gradually increasing the rotational speed of the coil spring from a low speed to a high speed; and the coil spring that is input to the front end portion of the tapered rollers burrows further into the gap between the pair of tapered rollers as it goes from the front end portion to the rear end portion so that the coil spring may be prevented from popping out to then be stable.
The present invention also provides an automated device for heating coil springs for mass production, which: provides a reliable automated heating process of the coil spring in order to thereby improve the productivity; allows the produced coil springs to have the same size, strength, and property in order to thereby enhance the reliability of quality; and enables easy installation and maintenance by adopting a relatively simple structure.
In addition, an embodiment of the present invention may maintain the smooth operation even when the tapered rollers are thermally expanded in the longitudinal direction due to the heating of an electric induction coil by installing an elastic buffer spring in the support shaft of the rear end portion of the roller, and may provide a simple power transmission mechanism that uses a universal joint for transmitting a driving force to the tapered roller in order to effectively transmit a driving force to the shafts of a pair of tapered rollers, which are not parallel with each other.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, a continuous heating device for coil springs may include: a pair of tapered rollers 20 that support and rotate the coil spring 10, that have a cross-section diameter that increases as it goes from the front end portion to the rear end portion, and that have rotational inner surfaces that are arranged to be parallel with each other while the central rotation axes thereof are not parallel with each other; a conveyor chain 43 that has a push rod 41 installed to move the coil spring 10; and a driving unit 60 for providing a rotational driving force to the pair of tapered rollers 20.
In addition, the pair of tapered rollers 20 may be maintained such that the upper surfaces thereof are horizontal.
In addition, the pair of tapered rollers 20 may be formed of a non-magnetic metal roller 21 and a ceramic roller 22.
In addition, the device may further include a roller support shaft 50 and an elastic buffer spring 51 in order to buffer the elongation of the tapered roller 20 in the longitudinal direction.
In addition, the device may further include a universal joint 55 that effectively transfers a rotational force between a pair of driving shafts that are arranged to be parallel with each other in the driving unit 60 and a pair of tapered rollers 20 that are arranged to not be parallel with each other.
In addition, the driving unit 60 may transfer a rotational driving force to two roller shaft gears 63 by using a single power shaft gear 61.
Furthermore, the push rod 41 may be formed of a non-conductive ceramic material.
In addition, the device may further include an induction coil power controller 33 that controls the amount of electric power applied to the electric induction coil 31.
In addition, the device may further include a cooling tank 71 that is filled with a cooling fluid to quench the coil spring 10.
In addition, a continuous heating method for coil springs may include: inputting and rotating a coil spring 10 by means of a pair of tapered rollers 20 such that the coil spring 10 does not pop out of the tapered rollers 20, the tapered rollers 20 having a cross-sectional diameter that increases as it goes from the front end portion to the rear end portion and having rotational inner surfaces that are arranged to be parallel with each other while the central rotation axes thereof are not parallel with each other; moving the coil spring 10 by means of a conveyor chain 43 that has a push rod 41 installed therein; and heating the coil spring by the high-frequency induction magnetic field while moving the coil spring 10 in the section of the electric induction coil 31 by using the tapered rollers 20.
In addition, the method may further include dropping the heated coil spring 10 into the cooling tank 71.
According to the continuous heating device for coil springs and the continuous heating method for coil springs using the same device, the inner surfaces of a pair of tapered rollers are arranged to be parallel with each other when they are viewed from above while the central rotation axes of the tapered rollers are arranged to not be parallel with each other, and the upper surfaces of the tapered rollers are arranged to be horizontal when they are viewed from the side so that the push rod may move the coil spring. Furthermore, the pair of tapered rollers may allow the coil spring to pass through the electric induction coil while gradually increasing the rotational speed of the coil spring from a low speed to a high speed in order to thereby prevent the coil spring from popping out in the rotational direction of the roller when it is input because the coil spring is input to the front end portion of the tapered roller where the circumferential speed of the tapered roller is low. In addition, even when the circumferential speed of the tapered roller increases to a high speed, the coil spring may be stably moved between the tapered rollers without popping out of the same in order to thereby heat the entire area of the coil spring uniformly and in order to thereby improve the quality reliability of the produced coil spring.
In addition, the present invention can rapidly heat a lot of coil springs automatically and continuously without adopting a complicated driving means in order to thereby improve the productivity, and can secure the continuous mass production and the improvement of the productivity even with a simple structure.
In addition, a portion of the tapered roller, which corresponds to the electric induction coil among the whole of the tapered roller, is made of a ceramic material in order not to be significantly affected by the magnetic field caused by the high-frequency induction that is generated in the electric induction coil so that the continuous heating device may be prevented from being unnecessarily heated. In addition, even though the tapered roller is thermally expanded by heating, the smooth rotation of the tapered roller may be maintained by means of the elastic buffer spring that is mounted on the support shaft of the rear end portion of the roller.
In addition, the driving force may be transferred to the shafts of a pair of tapered rollers, which are not parallel with each other, from a single driving force source by using a universal joint. Therefore, even though the shafts of the pair of tapered rollers are not horizontal and are not parallel with each other, the driving force can be effectively transferred with a simple structure.
FIG. 1
is a perspective view of a continuous heating device for coil springs, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2
is a view illustrating a continuous heating device for coil springs 10 when it is viewed from above.
FIG. 3
is a view illustrating a continuous heating device for coil springs when it is viewed from the side.
FIG. 4
is a view showing the front end portion and the rear end portion of a pair of tapered rollers 20.
FIG. 5
is an enlarged view of a rear-end support shaft of the tapered roller 20.
FIG. 6
is a view showing the installation state of gears that transfer a driving force from the driving unit 60 to the shaft of the tapered roller 20.
The above and other aspects, features and advantages of the present invention will be more apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
Technical terms that are used in the present specification are intended to describe only a specific embodiment, and are not intended to limit the present invention.
Further, the technical terms in the specification should be construed as a meaning generally understood by those skilled in the art unless the terms are defined as another meaning and should not be construed as an excessively inclusive meaning or an excessively exclusive meaning.
In addition, a singular expression used in the specification includes a plural expression as long as they are clearly distinguished in the context. In the present disclosure, the term "comprise" or "include" should not be construed as necessarily including all of various elements or various steps disclosed herein, and it should be understood that some of the elements or steps may not be included, or additional elements or steps may be further included.
In addition, the same reference numeral denotes the same element throughout the present specification.
FIGS. 1 to 6
Hereinafter, a continuous heating device for coil springs and a continuous heating method for coil springs using the same will be described with reference to .
FIG. 1
shows a continuous heating device for coil springs, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
In the present invention, a conveyor chain 43 is installed under a pair of rotating tapered rollers 20. The tapered rollers 20 have an input section of the coil spring 10 in the front end portion thereof and have a heating section of the coil spring 10 in the rear end portion thereof. The coil spring 10 may be rotated and moved to then be heated by an electric induction coil 31 that is installed above the heating section of the coil spring 10 of the tapered rollers 20.
In the present invention, the pair of tapered rollers 20 may be shaped into a truncated cylinder that has the minimum diameter in the front end and the maximum diameter in the rear end so that the circumferential speed of the front end portion may be reduced by 1/2 to 1/3 of the circumferential speed of the rear end portion when the tapered roller 20 is rotated. That is, the circumferential speed may be designed such that the coil spring 10 does not pop out when the coil spring 10 is input to the front end portion (i.e., the input section of the coil spring 10) of the tapered roller 20.
It is preferable to maintain the upper surface of the tapered roller 20 to be horizontal while the central rotation axis of the tapered roller 20 is tilted downwards as it goes from the front end portion to the rear end portion in order to thereby allow the coil spring 10 to horizontally move on the tapered rollers 20.
FIG. 4
The pair of tapered rollers 20 are required to be spaced a constant distance from each other in order for the coil spring 10 to move on the same. Therefore, it is preferable to install the central rotation axes of the pair of tapered rollers 20 to be spaced more in the rear end portion. Even though the diameter of the tapered roller 20 becomes larger as it goes toward the rear end portion thereof, the gap between the tapered rollers 20 may be maintained to be constant. Thus, the coil spring 10 that is placed on the pair of tapered rollers 20 may be maintained to be stable between the tapered rollers 20 without popping out of the same while moving downstream as shown in .
The coil spring 10, which is placed on the pair of tapered rollers 20 and is rotated by the rotation of the tapered rollers 20, is transferred by the push rod 41 that is mounted on the conveyor chain 43 to pass through the electric induction coil 31. When the coil spring 10 is initially placed on the pair of tapered rollers 20, the rotational speed thereof is low. Although the rotational speed of the coil spring 10 increases as it moves toward the rear end portion, the coil spring 10 may be stable without popping out in order to thereby improve the productivity in the operation of heating the coil spring 10.
The pair of tapered rollers 20 may be supported to be rotatable by means of rotational bearings that are positioned in the front end portion thereof and by means of rotational bearings that are positioned in the roller support shaft 50 that is coupled to the rear end portion of the rollers, and a rotational driving force may be supplied from the driving unit 60.
The tapered roller 20 is separated into the input section of the coil spring 10 and the heating section of the coil spring 10 based on the start point of the electric induction coil 31. Preferably, the input section of the coil spring 10 may be made of a non-magnetic metal roller 21 and the heating section of the coil spring 10 may be made of a ceramic roller 22.
Preferably, the non-magnetic metal roller 21 on which the coil spring 10 to be heat-treated is initially placed may be made of a metal that is hardly heated by the magnetism in order not to be easily heated by the electric induction coil 31.
The electric induction coil 31 may be disposed through the entire area above the ceramic roller 22, and may heat the coil spring 10.
FIG. 2
Referring to showing the continuous heating device for coil springs as viewed from above, the central rotation axes of the pair of tapered rollers 20 are not parallel with each other, and are spaced at a constant angle as it goes toward the rear end portion thereof.
In addition, the cross-sectional diameter of the tapered roller 20 increases as it goes from the front end portion to the rear end portion.
Since the coil spring 10 to be produced has a constant diameter, the inner surfaces of the pair of tapered rollers 20, which come in contact with the coil spring 10, may be preferably arranged to be parallel with each other.
FIG. 4
As shown in , the coil spring 10 may come in full contact with the pair of tapered rollers 20 at both sides of the lower portion of the coil spring 10 because the inner surfaces of the tapered rollers 20 are arranged to be parallel with each other.
FIG. 3
In addition, referring to showing the continuous heating device for coil springs as viewed from the side, the central rotation axes of the pair of tapered rollers 20 are tilted downwards as it goes from the front end portion to the rear end portion while the upper surfaces of the tapered rollers 20 are maintained to be horizontal.
With the structure described above, the coil spring 10 burrows further into the gap between the pair of tapered rollers 20 as it is moved by the push rod 41 from the front end portion of the roller to the rear end portion thereof.
In addition, although the angular velocity of tapered roller 20 remains constant through the entire area, the diameter of the tapered roller 20 increases as the coil spring 10 moves by means of the push rod 41 from the front end portion of the roller to the rear end portion thereof so that the circumferential speed increases in order to thereby gradually elevate the rotational speed of the coil spring 10.
The electric induction coil 31 is supplied with an electric power corresponding to the temperature to be heated by an induction coil power controller 33, and a water jacket may be further provided along the electric induction coil 31, through which cooling water flows to avoid an excessive increase in the temperature of the electric induction coil 31.
When the coil spring is heated by the electric induction coil 31, the heat is transferred to the ceramic roller 22 that is in contact with the coil spring 10 to rotate the same so that the tapered roller 20 may be thermally expanded and the rotation axis elongates in the longitudinal direction.
FIG. 5
In order to buffer the longitudinal deformation (such as the thermal elongation or contraction of the tapered roller 20 in the axial direction), as shown in , the rear end portion of the tapered roller 20 is coupled to, and supported by, a roller support shaft 50, and an elastic buffer spring 51 is coupled by a nut 52 that is engaged with a thread formed on the roller support shaft 50. Thus, the central rotation axis of the tapered roller 20 may receive a rotational driving force that is generated by the driving unit 60 by being integrated with the roller support shaft 50. The fastening of the nut 52 may be reinforced by a set screw 53.
Meanwhile, the central rotation axes of the pair of tapered rollers 20 may have a constant angle between the same from the front end portion of the roller to the roller support shaft 50.
Although a pair of rotation shafts that generate a driving force in the driving unit 60 may be arranged to not be parallel with each other by means of a bevel gear, the driving unit 60 may be configured such that a single power shaft gear 61 drives two roller shaft gears 63 for the simplicity of design.
In addition, the roller support shaft 50 may be preferably connected to the roller shaft gear 63 of the driving unit 60 by a universal joint 55 that effectively transfers a driving force even though the gear rotation shafts are at an angle therebetween.
A cooling tank 71 is provided under the end portion of the tapered roller 20, which is filled with cooling oil or cooling water to quench the coil spring 10.
The heating method for coil springs by using the continuous heating device for coil springs, which has the configuration described above, may be performed according to the following sequence.
First, the coil spring 10 is placed on and between a pair of tapered rollers 20. Then, the push rod 41 that is installed in the conveyor chain 43 moves the coil spring 10 placed on the pair of tapered rollers 20 toward the cooling tank 71 by means of the movement of the conveyor chain 43.
FIG. 3
The conveyor chain 43 moves under the center of the pair of the tapered rollers 20. The push rod 41 mounted on the conveyor chain 43 passes through the gap between the pair of tapered rollers 20. Therefore, referring to , when the conveyor chain 43 moves clockwise, the coil spring 10 positioned in the center of the pair of tapered rollers 20 may be transferred by the push rod 41 from the front end portion of the roller to the rear end portion thereof.
Tools for transferring the coil spring 10 are not limited to the push rod 41, and various tools may be adopted. For example, the tool may be formed to have a rough surface in order to thereby transfer the coil spring by means of a friction force with respect to the coil spring 10, or may be made in the form of a hook that may hook and transfer the coil spring 10.
The push rod 41 that is mounted on the conveyor chain 43 may be preferably made of a ceramic material in order to avoid being affected by the magnetic field that is generated through a high-frequency induction of the electric induction coil 31.
Meanwhile, the conveyor chain 43 that continuously moves may be preferably made of stainless steel that has a high durability.
The coil spring 10 may be transferred toward the section of the electric induction coil 31 along the center of the pair of tapered rollers 20 by means of the push rod 41 mounted on the conveyor chains 43 according to the movement of the conveyor chain 43 while being rotated.
Since the electric induction coil 31 has an open structure, the coil springs 10 may be continuously transferred and heated.
In addition, the pair of tapered rollers 20 rotate in the same direction and the coil spring 10 is rotated between the pair of the tapered rollers 20. Thus, the coil spring 10 is rotated while being linearly moved toward the electric induction coil 31 by the push rod 41.
The electrical induction coil 31 is disposed above the tapered rollers 20 to receive and heat the coil spring 10.
Meanwhile, one or more electric induction coils 31 may be provided, and the electric induction coil 31 generates a magnetic field by a high-frequency induction current that is supplied from the induction coil power controller 33 in order to thereby heat the coil spring 10 in the manner of the electric induction.
That is, when a current is supplied to the electric induction coil 31 by the high-frequency induction, a high-frequency induced magnetic field is generated around the electric induction coil 31 so that heat occurs in the coil spring 10 that is positioned in the range of the high-frequency induced magnetic field in order to thereby heat the coil spring 10.
The coil spring 10 does not come in direct contact with the heat source in the process of heating the coil spring 10 by the electric induction, and the conductive coil spring 10 generates the heat in itself by means of the high-frequency induced magnetic field to then be heated while the coil spring 10 is rotated. Therefore, the coil spring 10 may be heated throughout the entire area thereof.
In addition, the heating temperature of the coil spring 10 passing through the electric induction coil 31 may be adjusted by controlling the moving speed of the conveyor chain 43, or the heating uniformity of the coil spring 10 passing through the electric induction coil 31 may be adjusted by controlling the rotational speed of the tapered roller 20 in order to thereby produce the coil spring 10 with a high quality reliability.
The coil spring 10 that has been heated by the electric induction coil 31 may be directly dropped into the cooling tank 71 in order to increase the effectiveness of the quenching.
The cooling tank 71 is filled with a cooling fluid, such as water or oil, to quench the coil spring 10, and the temperature of the cooling fluid may be adjusted to a constant range by a temperature control device for the effective quenching.
Although the embodiments of the present invention have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings, those skilled in the art will understand that the present invention may be implemented in other specific forms without changing the technical spirit or essential features thereof.
Therefore, it should be understood that the embodiments described above are only examples and do not limit the present invention. The scope of the present invention described in the detailed description will be construed by the claims below, and will encompass all of changes or modifications that are derived from the meaning and range of the claims and the equivalents thereof. | |
To increase an engine’s horsepower, manufacturers have devised forced induction systems called supercharger and turbosupercharger systems. These systems compress the intake air to increase its density. However, the key difference between each lies in their power supply. While a supercharger takes advantage of an engine-driven air pump or compressor, a turbocharger acquires its power from the exhaust stream that runs through a turbine which in turn spins the compressor. Aircraft equipped with such systems have a manifold pressure (MAP) gauge that displays MAP within the engine’s intake manifold.
A rotary valve is a device used to control the flow of fluids or gasses, and it consists of a disk with a series of ports or openings that can be opened or closed as the disk is rotated. Rotary valves are used in a variety of applications, including aircraft engines. In an aircraft engine, the rotary valve regulates the flow of air and fuel into the engine's combustion chamber. The rotary valve is opened and closed by a cam, which is turned by the engine's crankshaft. The rotary valve helps ensure that the engine runs smoothly and efficiently by regulating the amount of air and fuel entering the combustion chamber. As a result, it plays an essential role in an aircraft engine's safe and reliable operation.
In the past few decades, the aviation industry has advanced dramatically and exponentially. With the evolution of our understanding of aerodynamics, the industry and aircraft engineers have continuously produced bigger and better aircraft. To support these enhanced, more sophisticated aircraft, the aerodynamic forces powering control surfaces have also advanced significantly. As a result, aircraft designers and engineers have developed robust, complex aircraft flight control systems that support flight.
First introduced in World War ll, aircraft hydraulic systems were a minor part of flight operations for a while. However, with their growing capabilities and advantages, this technology became a mandatory part of critical operations in planes, choppers, and military aircraft over time.
Aircraft use several control surfaces to carefully manipulate opposing forces in order to initiate flight. While it is easy to appreciate prominent control surfaces, such as the wing and tail, the ailerons also play a significant role in flight operations. In this blog, we will discuss everything you need to know about ailerons, including their design, function, and variants.
Most modern aircraft rely on the combustion of fuel-and-air mixtures to produce the necessary power for heavier-than-air flight, and this is done by igniting mixtures within pistons or a combustion chamber. Spark plugs are often utilized to deliver the energy needed for igniting fuel-and-air mixtures, and they owe their firing capability to magnetos. While magnetos are a technology that has served aviation for over a century, they remain reliable for aircraft operations but require regular maintenance and inspection to ensure proper functionality.
Springs are components that are commonly added to assemblies to control motion and provide force, coming in a number of types to accommodate varying needs. The gas spring is a common type, serving as an alternative to conventional springs that are coil-based. With a gas spring, a cylinder filled with gas has a piston attached to one end. Extended by default, force will cause the piston to retract into the cylinder, resulting in an outward exertion when the force of compression is surpassed or drops. While simplistic in operation and design, gas springs provide various benefits that make them quite useful for applications such as door supports, office chairs, medical instruments, and more.
The gas turbine engine is a common internal combustion engine used by aircraft, serving to produce thrust and propulsion through the combustion of fuel and air mixtures. Similar to the piston engine, gas turbine engines feature a cycle of operation consisting of induction, compression, combustion, expansion, and exhaust. In order to carry out this standard set of operations for achieving flight, gas turbine engines comprise a number of common parts and components. In this blog, we will discuss the makeup of gas turbine engines and their functionality, allowing you to best understand how such combustion engines serve aerospace applications.
Nothing delivers flexibility and weight distribution against forces to fasteners as equally as washers do. While washers may come in a diverse variety of sizes and flexible ring formations, they are not to be confused with circular gaskets found in faucets or valves. Typically characterized as a thin and circular plate or piece of material with a hole bored in its center, washers can be categorized into three primary types: plain washers, spring washers, and locking washers. Being a prolific piece of equipment, these tools are commonly found in local hardware stores and are specifically made to be used in tandem with either a screw, bolt, or the like. Also being a necessity for nearly all construction projects when dealing with tightening nuts, bolts, screws, and a myriad of other nut-bolt assemblies, washers are almost always applied to serve numerous critical roles. To better understand the different types of washers and how they work, we will go over how to discern common types and why each is important for their own nut-bolt pairings.
When flying, it is of the utmost importance to transfer both cargo and passengers safely from one destination to the other. In order to complete such a task, flight instruments which rely on the gyroscope are implemented and used. Also commonly referred to as directional gyros, these components are a necessary and key feature in indicating the direction in which an aircraft is traveling. The operation of a gyroscope is also reliant on its rapid rotational movement, and aircraft depend on gyroscopic heading indicators for their precision and ability to bypass conditions that would otherwise compromise a typical compass.
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There hardly seems to be a month that goes by when somewhere in the world is spared extreme weather. The media constantly concerns itself with global warming, with experts arguing over the causes of changing weather patterns. The public has become concerned, although most of us are still confused by the word sustainability.
The definition of sustainability is: meeting our needs today without prejudicing those of future generations. Whatever your view on the environment, it is a fact that glaciers are slowly disappearing, the arctic sea ice has been thinned by half in the last 30 years, with the chemical composition of the sea turning acidic. There is an increase in extreme events with more frequent and powerful hurricanes. Nineteen of the 20 warmest years in the past 150 years have occurred since 1980.
Britain is meant to be reducing its carbon dioxide emissions by 1% a year, although emissions have risen by 5.5% since 1997. In the past 100 years, there has been a steady increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Charts show that climate change over the next 25-100 years is likely to be as dramatic as the climate change of 45 million years ago, which resulted in the death of the dinosaur.
Energy, used to heat, light, cool and ventilate buildings, accounts for almost half of the UK’s carbon dioxide emissions. So, what are governments doing to counter these changes?
The role of the regional development agencies has been reinforced by the Planning & Compulsory Purchase Act 2004. One of the principle reasons for this is to create regional spatial strategies within which local development frameworks will be created, subject to sustainability appraisal. Planning policy statements will be significantly revised over the next year or two.
Parts F and L of the Building Regulations, relating to ventilation and the conservation of fuel and power respectively, were overhauled in April last year. The current measures aim to improve energy-efficiency standards by 40% in order to limit carbon dioxide emissions and provide incentives for low- and zero-carbon technologies. The Building Research Establishment (BRE) Environmental Assessment Method and the Ecohome Standards are changing and will become even more demanding as local authorities develop them as central to their planning permission approval process. As part of Planning Policy Statement 22, in order to obtain planning permission, developers will need to take into account methods of sustainable construction. And the Sustainable and Secure Buildings Act 2004 aims to improve sustainability of buildings with new enabling powers for building regulations.
The Energy Performance of Buildings directive is the EU’s response to the Kyoto Protocol. There are 17 articles within this directive. These include energy performance certificates being required for properties and setting benchmarks for the energy performance of buildings. These changes in legislation will create new business drivers for developers/clients.
Environmental pressure groups are now becoming more sophisticated in promoting sustainability. This can involve political lobbying and high-profile stunts to embarrass organisations. The World Wildlife Fund recently issued a league table on the 13 leading house builders, and ranked them according to their sustainability.
Greenpeace has also exposed the use of illegally felled tropical hardwood and embarrassed contractors/designers using such materials. This is leading to media pressure which will in turn encourage companies to take sustainability seriously.
Property and construction companies will increasingly need to demonstrate their credentials to secure investment and sustainability is now on the corporate agenda.
And a recent study by BRE and Cyril Sweet concluded that upfront costs for a sustainable building do not add significantly to the initial capital outlay. And when whole-life costs are factored in, they are much cheaper.
Sustainability is here to stay. Not only will this be driven by legislation, but rising energy costs and materials costs. There is also an increasing social and institutional awareness. And the trend is for sustainability to be pushed to the forefront of clients’ and developers’ minds so as not to alienate the building to future users.
Peter Maude is a partner in the international property consultancy King Sturge
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Who I am as a Therapist
As a therapist, I will walk alongside you on this journey of generational and self healing. I see you as the expert of your life and experiences, and wholeheartedly see all of the wisdom, tools, and strengths you bring along with you. My role is to serve as a guide, sounding board, and support to you as you continue to discover who you are and who you want to be in this life. I take a whole-person approach, meaning I am curious about all realms of what makes you, you, and will explore with you wherever you wish to take me. I am fascinated by neurobiology and somatic work and believe that connecting with our bodies can deepen our healing immensely. I feel deeply honored to facilitate safe and accepting therapeutic relationships with all those whom I am so lucky to serve.
My approach to therapy is rooted in systems work, social constructionism, and strengths theories, and is trauma-informed, to name a select few. I view my work through a systems lens as I see life occurring relationally and socially constructed. This gives me hope in this world and this work to deconstruct the systems and beliefs that confine us and to view life through different perspectives to bring in new light. In my education, I originally pursued medicine, from a holistic standpoint. This influences me as a practitioner, as I bring a growing knowledge of the brain-body connection. My training in EMDR has allowed me to continue to explore how trauma is stored in the body and have tangible ways to release stored trauma. I have experience working with teens, children and families, older adults, chronic pain/illness, foster care/adoption, and more. I am committed to providing culturally sensitive, trauma-informed, and affirming care, especially to those in marginalized identities such as the LGBTQIA+ and BIPOC communities. I bring curiosity, empathy, and acceptance, and will honor your true experience as I walk alongside you on this journey.
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What causes pain in toes?
Can be due to plantar fasciitis.
Detailed Answer:
Hello,
Thanks for posting your query.
This could most probably be plantar fasciitis.
It hurts the most with the first few steps because the plantar fascia is tight and has not stretched out yet, and throughout the day it loosens up. The best thing you can do is when you wake up in the morning, before getting out of bed and taking a step, give yourself a little foot rub.
There are many things you can try to help your feet get better:
Give your feet a rest. Cut back on activities that make your feet hurt. Try not to walk or run on hard surfaces.
Use shoes with good arch support and a cushioned sole.
To reduce pain and swelling, try putting ice under your toes. Or take an over-the-counter pain reliever like ibuprofen (Motrin).
Do toe stretches, calf stretches and towel stretches several times a day, especially when you first get up in the morning.
I hope this answers your query.
In case you have additional questions or doubts, you can forward them to me, and I shall be glad to help you out.
Wishing you good health.
Regards.
Dr. Praveen Tayal.
For future query, you can directly approach me through my profile URL http://bit.ly/Dr-Praveen-Tayal
Less liekly to affect both teh feet.
Detailed Answer:
Hello.
Thanks for writing again.
The nerve related pains are usually shooting pains and are less likely to be bilateral. You can consult a neurologist to find out the cause. Getting your blood glucose levels evaluated will also help.
Hope my answer is helpful.
Do accept my answer in case there are no further queries.
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Q:
Adding versus ORing performance
I have seen people use addition where a bitwise OR would be more conceptually appropriate, because they believe it is faster. Is this true? If yes, do all modern compilers know this trick?
A:
Both addition and logical OR are probably performed in a similar part of the ALU of the CPU. There is unlikely to be any measurable performance difference, but this would have be measured in your situation to be certain.
Compilers won't need to bother with this because usually the only way the compiler can know that addition and ORing will give the same result is if the operands are constants, and in that case the compiler can simply do the arithmetic at compile time and not even have to generate code for it.
A:
"Conceptually appropriate" and "faster" are two different things. The former is semantics, while the latter often involves breaking semantics.
As for the question in the title, there's very little (if any) difference speedwise. A compiler for a CPU where this actually happens, will usually optimize it anyway -- if it doesn't cause different results, which it very well can and usually will.
Write your code correctly -- if you mean to OR, then OR. If the add-vs-OR ends up being faster, either your compiler will do it for you or you can change it later after you've decided whether the potential extra half-nanosecond per iteration is worth the cost in readability and the bugs such a change might cause.
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The school environment and teaching methods should be in accordance with the educational goals of schools and should take the needs of all children into account; so it should be for those with autism as well. We are ethically and, in many communities, legally obligated to guarantee children with mental handicaps access to education tailored to their special needs.
Almost all autism characteristics cause children on the spectrum to learn differently; think of limitations in the imagination, the difficulties in distinguishing primary from secondary issues (Central Coherence) and several executive function difficulties. On the other hand, a substantial number of people on the spectrum have exceptional talents, often in math or physics and also in language or music. Such talents are the other side of the ‘handicap coin’ as is argued by Baron-Cohen et al.
Learning ‘differently’ is often taken to mean ‘difficult’ learning, which more or less implies the student, not the method, is the problem. Schools, however, are obliged to adopt methods and integrate best practices designed to offset a student’s particular constraints and limitations so they may attain their ‘personal best’ at their own tempo. Within the built environment, careful consideration of the arrangement of the class is an important means to integrate these necessary best practices.
For a personal account of unrecognized learning impediments, see this post by Rod Wintour. | http://www.architectuur-voor-autisme.org/index-2/learning-differently/?lang=en |
Can the Doomsday Argument predict our odds of survival?
The classic form of the Doomsday Argument says it’s more likely that we’re closer to the end of our civilization than the beginning. In other words, apocalyptic destruction awaits us in the not-too-distant future. But a recent re-interpretation of this argument has slightly improved our prospects for survival.
The Doomsday Argument (DA) has been around for 30 years. It was first proposed by the astrophysicist and philosopher Brandon Carter in an unpublished paper. Though many subsequent papers have tried to defeat it, it has — quite infuriatingly — stood the test of time; if there was ever an argument we’d like to disprove, this would be the one.
Since Carter’s first formulation of the argument, several other philosophers have taken it further. Back in 1996, philosopher John Leslie published his book, The End of the World: The Science and Ethics of Human Extinction, in which he presented it in more detail. It’s for this reason that the idea is often called the Carter-Leslie Doomsday Argument. Interestingly, the DA has been independently discovered by others, including J. Richard Gott and Holger Bech Nielsen.
But regardless of the thinker, each one came to the same disturbing conclusion: Doom is soon.
It’s rare for philosophers to make predictions, and even rarer still to make predictions based on actual data. But while the DA attempts to predict our prospects for survival, it does so based on probabilistic reasoning, a healthy application of Bayes Rule, the Copernican Principle (i.e. we don’t occupy a special place in the universe), and the self-sampling assumption (i.e. you should reason as if you were randomly selected from a group of individuals).
As a philosophical exercise, the DA cannot predict how human civilization might come to end — say by nuclear war or an asteroid impact — but it can predict the likelihood of such an event given our current place in the roll-call of all potential humans.
The DA asks us to look at our birth order. No, not in your own immediate family — but the family of all humans who have ever been born — and who are still yet to come. According to the Population Reference Bureau, more than 107 billion people have lived on Earth since the advent of our species. You need to reference your precise place in that total roll-call against all humans still to be born.
Indeed, what the DA asks us to do is evaluate — or rather predict — our number in the roll-call relative to the whole. And this is where things get interesting — and disturbing.
To better explain this, I’m going to use a much smaller sample size.
Let’s say I’ve put you into one of two groups: a group consisting of 10 members and a group consisting of 100 members. You have no idea which of the two groups you belong to — but I’ve assigned a number to each member of each group. Members of the small group get numbered 1 to 10, and the second group 1 to 100. Now, at random, I pick out a number, and that number is 72. Clearly, you belong to the larger group. But suppose I pick out the number seven. What are you to believe now? A simple assessment of probability says it’s considerably more likely that you’re in the small group. It’s not a certainty, just much more probable.
We can use this similar logic to explain the DA. Let’s place the number of all humans who will ever live into two similar groupings, one that gets destroyed soon (Doom Early), and one that gets destroyed a long, long time from now (Doom Late). The population difference between the DE group and the DL group will be off by an order of magnitude. Thus, given your place in the roll-call, it’s more likely that you’re in the smaller subset than the larger.
Using this line of reasoning and Bayes’ formula, John Leslie concluded that we can be 95% certain that we are among the last 95% of all the humans ever to be born. Specifically, by using the figure of 70 billion humans born so far, he estimated that there is a 95% chance no more than 1.4 trillion humans will ever live. By looking at the rate of population growth, Leslie figured that we’d reach this point in about 10,000 years.
Other philosophers have taken a more severe approach to the DA, effectively arguing that humanity has a near-zero chance of being a Doom Late civilization.
Needless to say, the DA attracts a lot of heat. According to Oxford professor Nick Bostrom, there are as many papers published in support of the argument as there are in opposition to it.
“Yet despite being subjected to intense scrutiny by a growing number of philosophers,” he says, “no simple flaw in the argument has been identified.
There are many other objections, including the idea that being born within the first 5% of all humans is not purely a coincidence; Ken Olum’s self-indication assumption (the possibility of not existing at all and that your very existence should give you reason to think that there are many observers); and the notion that the sample group, namely all possible humans, is far too limited (e.g. the DA doesn’t take posthumans or other human-spawned intelligences (like uploads) into account).
And indeed, it’s these last two points that the new paper by Austin Gerig, Ken Olum, and Alexander Vilenkin is predicated upon. Regrettably, their new interpretation of the argument still suggests that our odds of survival are low, but that an adjustment in the way we think about the DA should give us cause for optimism.
Intriguingly, their argument is a kind of philosophical mash-up of the DA and the Great Filter hypothesis, the idea that advanced space-faring extraterrestrial civilizations are rare, or even non-existent. They argue that many civs exist in the universe, but that they can be broken down into two categories: those that are short-lived (civs that die out before developing the capacity to colonize space and thus explode in population), and those that are long-lived (interstellar civs).
They admit that this model is not realistic in detail, but that “it may well capture the bimodal character of the realistic size distribution.” Space-faring civs could be huge in terms of population.
According to the authors, if long-lived interstellar civs were common — those with a million times more people than short-lived ones — it would be more likely than not that we should find ourselves in one of those civs. But because we don’t find ourselves in such a civ, we should probabilistically conclude that (1) advanced space-faring civs are rare and (2) we are more likely in a short-lived civilization. Consequently, as the authors point out, this means that we’re probably doomed in the near term.
The specific issue [that concerns] us here is the possibility that our universe might contain many civilizations. In that case, we should consider ourselves to be randomly chosen from all individuals in that universe or multiverse.
In other words, we shouldn’t consider our random roll-call in the space of all possible humans, but in the space of all possible individuals living across the entire universe. Consequently, our chance to be in any given long-lived civilization is higher than our chance to be in any given short-lived civilization. But this can only work if there are lots and lots of civilizations — something we’re not certain of (and as already noted above may be unlikely).
So, if there are many civilizations, the Doomsday Argument is defeated.
Consequently, the strength of the DA’s predictive abilities lies in the number of civs that can survive existential risks and go interstellar — a figure that sits anywhere from zero to 100%. Unlike other DA thinkers — who essentially place these figures at or close to zero — Gerig and colleagues have upped it to between 1 to 10%.
If there is a message here for our own civilization, it is that it would be wise to devote considerable resources (i) for developing methods of diverting known existential threats and (ii) for space exploration and colonization. Civilizations that adopt this policy are more likely to be among the lucky few that beat the odds. Somewhat encouragingly, our results indicate that the odds are not as overwhelmingly low as suggested by earlier work.
The message of the Doomsday Argument, therefore, is that we need to become that fortunate 1 to 10%.
Images: Zastolskiy Victor via Shutterstock; Shutterstock/Yuri Arcurs; NASA-JPL; OCJ. | https://io9.gizmodo.com/can-the-doomsday-argument-predict-our-odds-of-survival-472097460 |
Nature Knows - Natural Nootropics
Learn about natural nootropics to make you smarter and improve your memory.
A leaky blood-brain barrier (BBB) is thought to play a role in different neurological and psychiatric disorders, including “ brain fog ”, Alzheimer’s disease , depression , schizophrenia, and more. However, the research in this field is still young, and scientists are yet to unravel potential connections.
When discussing issues with the BBB, it is important to note that a problem does not always start in the brain. Diseases and other problems elsewhere in the body, such as diabetes or gut inflammation, may trigger a “leaky brain.” In this post, we cover the top 11 factors that can disrupt the blood-brain barrier. Brain Injuries
1) Stroke
Strokes cause a lack of glucose and oxygen. This leads to a rise in potassium , the depletion of ATP, and a release of glutamate , which all contribute to blood-brain barrier disruption [ 1 ].
Under stroke conditions, the tight junctions that help prevent substances from entering the brain have compromised integrity. This means that the tight junctions are weaker and increase BBB permeability [ 2 ].
After a stroke, reperfusion (restoration of blood flow to the brain or tissue) occurs. Reperfusion may cause additional tissue damage and an increase in inflammation, which also worsens the BBB condition [ 1 ]. In a study of human brain tissue from five cases of fatal strokes, MMP9 levels were higher in the affected areas. Higher MMP9 levels are a good indicator of increased BBB permeability [ 3 ]. 2) Traumatic Brain Injury https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25624154
After traumatic brain injury, the blood-brain barrier also becomes dysfunctional. This leads to the leakage of proteins and negatively affects immune cells [ 4 ].
BBB breakdown may last from several days to weeks after head trauma. In some cases, the BBB can be dysfunctional for years [ 5 ].
Head trauma injures blood vessels in the brain. It leads to impairments in brain-blood flow, BBB permeability, and metabolic processes. It also reduces oxygen levels in the brain, which further induces BBB breakdown [ 5 ].
Traumatic brain injuries also cause damage to the neurovascular unit. When the nerve cells die quickly, it causes another cycle of injury after the initial brain injury [ 6 ].
After traumatic brain injury, excessive superoxide reacts with nitric oxide to form peroxynitrite. Peroxynitrite contributes to BBB leakage [ 6 ].
In traumatic brain injury-induced adult male rats, treatment to reduce peroxynitrite also decreased BBB leakage. S-nitroso- glutathione (GSNO) helps stop BBB dysfunction and provides protection to nerve cells [ 6 ]. 3) Brain Tumors
There is a loss of tight junction molecules in brain tumor blood vessels. Tumors also affect cell formation and prevent the release of factors necessary for blood-brain barrier (BBB) function [ 7 ].
Brain tumors also cause fluid to leak into the brain. The open tight junctions cause brain edema [ 8 ].
In a study of 10 patients with brain tumors, brain scans showed an increase in BBB permeability [ 9 ].
Another study of mice with brain tumors had similar results. The mice had an increased BBB permeability to sodium fluorescein (a marker for BBB integrity). BBB breakdown is also associated with faster cancer growth [ 10 ].
It is difficult to treat brain tumors because the BBB prevents the transport of drugs into the brain. Scientists are currently studying new therapies that are able to cross the blood-brain barrier [ 10 ]. 4) Hypertensive Encephalopathy
An increase in brain blood pressure may cause hypertensive encephalopathy . Symptoms include severe headache , confusion, and impaired judgment and memory. Coma, convulsions, and other brain problems can occur afterward [ 11 ].
Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) during increased brain blood pressure leads to reduced blood flow and excess fluid in the brain [ 12 ].
Normally, hypertension (high blood pressure) activates pathways to maintain the BBB. However, in animal models of hypertensive encephalopathy, hypertension overrides the BBB [ 13 ].
During hypertensive encephalopathy, BBB dysfunction is widespread. It can cause brain edema, which is the life-threatening excess accumulation of fluid in the brain. Although there are methods to stop brain edema, there are no treatments that specifically target the BBB [ 12 ]. Dietary and Metabolic Factors
4) Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
The obesity-induced inflammation may cause problems in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) [ 14 ].
Diet-induced obesity leads to an increase in proinflammatory cytokines, which increases BBB permeability [ 14 ].
Obesity also increases C-reactive protein levels. In rats, high doses of C-reactive protein increase BBB permeability, which impairs brain function. It mainly affects tight junction function [ 15 ].
High-fat diets and obesity cause blood vessel problems, damaging the BBB integrity. In a study of male rats, in comparison to mice fed a healthy diet, a high-fat diet increased BBB permeability [ 16 ].Moreover, the results of this study suggest that vitamin D supplementation helps protect the BBB. Although it does not seem to have any effect on the control group, vitamin D treatment significantly improved BBB integrity in rats fed a high-fat diet [ 16 ].The rats fed a high-fat diet but did not receive vitamin D supplementation had higher BBB permeability [ 16 ]. 5) Diabetes Blood-brain barrier permeability is increased in diabetic patients and animals. Diabetes may result in the disruption of the blood-brain barrier [ 17 , 18 ].Elevated glucose levels increase oxidative stress in the brain and pericytes. This kills the pericytes (by apoptosis) and disrupts the blood-brain barrier. By blocking glycolysis (the breakdown of glucose), BBB pericytes are protected [ 18 ].During diabetes mellitus, reactive oxygen species accumulate at the blood-brain barrier. This causes oxidative damage, further damaging the BBB and increasing its permeability [ 19 ].Researchers tested BBB selectivity in diabetes-induced rats. Results indicated that diabetes caused the loss of tight junction proteins and increased MMP-9 activity, which led to an increase in BBB permeability [ 20 ]. Infections and Inflammation 6) “Leaky Gut” “Leaky gut” happens when the permeability of the intestine increases. This may also contribute to a leaky brain [ 21 ].The blood-brain barrier […]
You must be logged in to post a comment. | https://www.natureknowsproducts.com/11-factors-that-disrupt-the-blood-brain-barrier/ |
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I know you will enjoy the art as much as I did in creating it. | https://www.pschornstudio.com/mbr_purchase.php |
Поръчай за 42.00лв. + Купете From the Earth to the Moon & Around the Moon или друг продукт от нашата промоционална секция за да получите безплатна доставка.
In From the Earth to the Moon and Around the Moon, Jules Verne turned the ancient fantasy of space flight into a believable technological possibility – an engineering dream for the industrial age. Directly inspired by Verne’s story, enthusiasts worked successfully at overcoming the practical difficulties, and within a century, human beings did indeed fly to the Moon. Curiously, however, Verne is unlikely to have thought it possible that a manned projectile could actually be fired out of a giant cannon, rising higher than the Moon, swinging around it, and then landing safely back on Earth. He had used the science of the day to construct a literary conjuring trick, a hoax, one of the most successful in all history. By skilful misdirection he drew the attention of readers away from weaknesses in the project. Read the book and you, too, will be fooled into accepting the realistic possibility in Verne’s time of that dream of flying to the Moon. | https://bookoholic.net/product/1038/from-the-earth-to-the-moon-around-the-moon.html |
U.S. Attorney’s Office partners with the community to reduce violations of the law. Our outreach efforts include town hall meetings, participation in community and law enforcement partnerships, such as ALPACT, MIAAHC, BRIDGES, and Detroit One outreach to groups that have had limited access to justice, such as minority and immigrant communities, the LGBT community, veterans’ groups and the disabled.
ALPACT
The U.S. Attorney’s Office is a proud and founding member of Advocates and Leaders for Police and Community Trust (“ALPACT”), and has played an integral role in the organization’s evolution over the years of its existence. ALPACT is comprised of leaders and members of the community in Southeast Michigan, civil rights and civil liberties organizations, and leaders from the law enforcement community. The members meet regularly to examine issues affecting police and community relations, including but not limited to, community perceptions of discriminatory enforcement of laws, racial profiling and use of force by police officers. ALPACT members work together to explore strategies to increase opportunities for community partnering and to build a stronger foundation for higher levels of community trust of law enforcement. The U.S. Attorney, as well as members of the office’s Civil Rights and Community Outreach teams participate in ALPACT by hosting and attending the group’s regularly held meetings, serving on its subcommittees and meaningfully contributing to the dialogue spawned by the act of bringing disparate voices together. This office views ALPACT as an important tool it can use to augment efforts to engender a more trusting and positive community/law enforcement relationship in the Eastern District of Michigan.
MIAACH
The Michigan Alliance Against Hate Crimes (“MIAAHC”) is a statewide coalition established to develop a consistent and coordinated response to hate crimes and bias incidents perpetrated in Michigan. This office is a permanent member of the steering committee, and the U.S. Attorney serves as one of its four co-chairs. The enforcement of civil rights laws is a high priority for this office, and in 2010 the office helped to organize the “MI Response to Hate Conference,” which was put on by MIAAHC and the Michigan Department of Civil Rights. Members of this office also contribute to MIAAHC’s mission by chairing and serving on the Victim Support sub-committee and the Law Enforcement Training sub-committee, as well as providing educational and training support when necessary. Participation in MIAAHC is but one instrument used to fulfill the mission to protect the rights of all citizens residing in this district.
BRIDGES
BRIDGES, an acronym which stands for Building Respect In Diverse Groups to Enhance Sensitivity, is a successful partnership between federal law enforcement agencies and leaders in the Arab American and Middle Eastern communities in the metro-Detroit region. It is the outgrowth of an alliance formed shortly after September 11, 2001, when John Bell, then the special Agent in Charge of FBI-Detroit, and Imad Hamad, Regional Director of the American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee, gathered together government and community leaders o address backlash against the local Arab American and Middle Eastern communities. From this alliance evolved BRIDGES, which now meets on a regular basis to provide a form to address issues of mutual concern and to foster better understanding. BRIDGES addresses issues such as border crossings, no-fly lists, charitable giving, cultural sensitivity, hate crimes, law enforcement policies and procedures, and immigration. The Detroit BRIDGES model has been touted by at least one academic who studied it as the ‘gold standard’ for law enforcement partnerships with the Arab, Muslim and Sikh Communities. The success of BRIDGES has inspired other districts to form their own chapters.
Detroit One
Detroit One is a law enforcement and community initiative to reduce homicide and violent crime in Detroit. The name connotes a unified effort by our entire community working together to improve public safety. | https://www.justice.gov/usao-edmi/community-engagement |
The History Department endeavors to understand both the facts and the interpretation of history. Our students gain the skills to gather evidence, pose and answer questions, find and evaluate sources of information, and communicate complex ideas effectively. The different courses emphasize skill development and individual growth of each student.
As a Salisbury history student you will also be equipped with the ability to access, evaluate, and use different forms of communication to exercise critical thinking, demonstrate international awareness, communicate complex ideas effectively, and employ problem-solving skills that will help make you an active and aware global citizen.
History Offerings At Salisbury:
- Third Form
- Fourth Form
- Fifth Form
- Sixth Form
- History Department Requirements for Honors
- Advanced Placement US History and AP World History Requirements:
Third Form
Fourth Form
Fifth Form
Sixth Form
History Department Requirements for Honors
Advanced Placement US History and AP World History Requirements:
The academic life at Salisbury is motivating. The teachers, coaches, and mentors at Salisbury are exceptional. They bring passion and expertise into their intimate classroom settings. Collaboration, innovation, problem solving, creativity, and civic responsibility are just some of the principles that guide Salisbury School’s educational model. Most importantly, these men and women partner with you each day and always with the highest expectations.
Dean of Academic Life Sarah Mulrooney
A Glimpse At Just Two Of Our Offerings:
Modern Politics and Current Issues
Modern Politics and Current Issues is a highly interactive course that provides students with an appreciation of how government works to develop policies and address the key challenges American faces in the 21st Century. Students will use their understanding of American government, the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights as well as the media, political parties, and special interest groups to confront and debate key issues of today. Students will engage in activities to understand the formulation of public policy in America and the struggles associated with reaching consensus through the lens of current issues as well as the campaign for the Presidency and Congressional leadership in 2020.
Grand Expectations – America in the Age of Civil Rights and Vietnam
This course takes a close look at one of our nation’s most promising and turbulent eras in the 20th Century. Themes include the civil rights movement and the historical forces that shaped the successes and failures of the movement, issues of race in our world today, the Vietnam conflict at home and abroad, American exceptionalism and vulnerability. A research project is required in the winter trimester, and the course emphasizes reading, writing, and communication skills. | https://www.salisburyschool.org/academics/departments/history |
<< Previous : The Argonauts on the island of Thynia
The myth depicts some other mistakes that the seeker must become aware of even though he does not have to correct them at this stage as the Argonauts sail off the coast. Some of these are the attraction for an arduous path that is expected to please the Divine, the trust in the predominant efficiency of the mind, the projections and the blocked energies.
The Argonauts reached the land of the Chalybes whose inhabitants did not care to toil the land or graze their cattle or grow honey-sweet fruits but extracted iron ore without ever taking rest. Amidst the dark flames and smoke they wore themselves out in this laborious work.
What is denounced here is an excessive investigation into the depths of the subconscious – nowadays called the inconscient – which leads to a hardening of the soul (Chalybe signifies “hardened iron, steel”) in place of a healthy concern for a regular and conscientious work of yoga carried out in a gentle manner. It is an arduous journey grounded in one’s own effort and will, the polar opposite of “the sunlit path” which presumes surrender. However the author does not indicate that we cannot expect any results from it as the Chalybes were extracting ore.
They did not care to toil the land: the seeker does not work on his nature in the way he should for the purpose of purifying and perfecting it with the aim of union. In other words they were not concerned with the labors of Demeter, “the mother of union”. Nor did they care to graze their cattle or grow honey-sweet fruits: the seeker’s concern is no longer even the vigilance for the correct development of the potentialities of one’s being, and even less so is the search for what can bring psychic joy.
Then they sailed past the coast of the country of the Tibareni. In this land, when women bore children to their husbands the latter were the ones to moan and whine complainingly, lying dejectedly on their beds with bandaged heads while their wives took good care to feed them and prepare childbirth baths for them.
In this story an inversion of the goals and the labours of yoga are being highlighted: the seeker takes a means or his discipline of yoga to be his aim.
For example he gives increasing importance to the framework of his meditation or to a discipline like Hatha Yoga, he refines it, makes it the highest priority in his life, and brings to it all kinds of justifications and attention to nurture it. He focuses on his practice endorsing it with his own vision of the goal.
While a new dynamic of the being is coming forth (the women who are giving birth) the active part of the mind is ineffective (the bandaged heads) and the seeker complains, imagining that he has worked very hard and deserves care and reassurance. It is actually a sort of blackmail towards the Divine which continues for a long time in yoga as a sly way of satisfying the ego: if I am a good disciple in my chosen practice, I very well deserve this or that.
All the attachments to the labours that should be practised with flexibility and given up as soon as the inner being feel it should come to an end can be included in this category. This is the case for example with attachment for the sake of principle to virtues, renunciation, non-violence, and so on (Tibareni probably signifies “to carry a heavy load on the spirit”).
Undoubtedly the path of renunciation was necessary in ancient forms of spirituality the sole aim of which was to attain a paradise of the spirit. But renunciation cannot have the same role today in the context of a spiritual path which aims at the blossoming of all of life’s potentials in Truth. It can and should undoubtedly be a temporary stage; it should prepare for a return to life on the path of non-attachment which is far more difficult to achieve.
One must always remember that yoga is constituted of reversals and what helps at one stage of the journey becomes an obstacle for the next.
Since the Divine is patient with the seeker he nonetheless receives “the bath of childbirth”.
After that the heroes travelled past the land of the Mossynoeci whose customs were different from those of other people: “Whatever it was right to do openly before other people or in the market place, all this they did in their homes but whatever acts we perform privately they performed out of doors in the open streets without shame. They did not even feel restraint at coupling in public and with no consideration for those present they would, like feeding swine, lay with the women upon the ground.
Here again there is an inversion, no longer between the practice and the goal but between inner and the outer reality. It seems that what is narrated here refers to seekers who divulge their inner life and experiences in public including a demonstration of their powers (their coupling), whereas the inner experience must be kept a secret for a long time so as to retain its power. On the other hand they carefully conceal the acts that do not conform to what they claim to have achieved.
This story might also indicates seekers that pretend to be free through the satisfaction of all desires. | https://www.greekmyths-interpretation.com/en/argonauts-chalybes-mythology-interpretation/ |
Ann Barlow is a confident leader who knows not only how to deliver results but to build teams that can do the same. Her mission is to advance the success meter for clients and employees. Barlow sets a positive example, pushing teams to challenge themselves and strive for greatness.
Even with long hours, Barlow finds time to mentor women in prison and empower women as a board member of the nonprofit Watermark, an organization that connects, develops and advocates for the advancement of women in the workplace.
When a global company is faced with a crisis, it needs the support of a strong communications team to help not just manage the crisis but the company’s overall reputation. Barlow is an effective crisis communications counselor because she starts with “why”—the purpose that inspires the organization to do what it does—and frames her strategies accordingly. Barlow demonstrates care and concern for clients through her strategic communications and treats every team member as a communications partner. She also has the ability to humanize a corporation and its position, ensuring that messaging is genuine, authentic, real and believable. Media coverage, public sentiment and internal feedback in this particular crisis have shown that the commitment to transparency and responsiveness have helped mitigate the negative impact of a crisis. | https://www.prnewsonline.com/awardwinners/ann-barlow-2/ |
In this December 2010 photo, Abby Sargent, 7, holds up the family's billboard as she and her family waves to attract passing motorists so they can offer hot chocolate in front of her family's home. Abby and her sisters Jessica Sargent, Torri Openshaw and cousin Jaclyn Cyr of Holden started a hot chocolate concession there to raise money for the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation and for the medical treatment of their family friend Brock Blanchard, 3.
BREWER, Maine — The three young daughters of Mike Openshaw have worked together for years to raise funds to fight cancer to help their dad, who is battling a rare form of the disease. Now, their efforts have inspired others to act.
“Mike shared a story about his daughters, who for the last four years have raised thousands of dollars to fight cancer, after he was diagnosed with a rare form of cancer,” said Yury Nabokov, Internet marketing manager for Machias Savings Bank, which opened a branch in Brewer in 2012.
Openshaw posted a thank you letter, which included the story about his daughter’s actions, on the Machias Savings Bank’s Facebook page for sponsoring its Light the Town photo contest, which earned his family a $150 gift certificate. Openshaw said the contest, which included daily voting, was a great distraction for his family, who know he is dying.
“It’s the worst of the worst to tell your daughters you are going to die, but on the other side is the amazing stories of people showing their support,” he said.
Openshaw mentioned numerous stories about people, including Hampden resident Danny Lafayette, local television show host Dan Cashman, his neighbors and even strangers helping to fight cancer. He ended with a story about his oldest daughter, Jessica.
“Last year, for Jessica’s birthday, she did a fundraiser. That is what she wanted for her birthday,” her dad said.
“They are amazing little girls,” Openshaw said. “They still take care of me. They know when I’m hurting, and they know how to help.”
“These little girls, since they started fundraising, have raised over $20,000 giving away hot chocolate,” Openshaw said Wednesday.
In the letter to the bank, employees learned that “Mike and his family decided to donate their winnings to the Brewer CancerCare Center and Relay for Life,” Nabokov said. They found it so heartwarming that employees reached into their own pockets to support the family’s causes.
Mike’s “thank you” message was sent to the senior managers and employees of the bank, Nobokov said.
“The story about three young girls, who are raising money for the cause that is very near and dear to them inspired employees of the bank to organize a fundraiser to benefit the organizations, which Mike mentioned,” he said. “Employees, combined with the bank’s funds, raised $2,000.”
Abby, Jessica and Torri have been asked to present a $1,000 check to both the Lafayette Family Cancer Center of Brewer, where their father is receiving care, and the American Cancer Society at a special gathering at 2 p.m. Friday, at the Machias Savings Bank, 581 Wilson St.
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Atsushi Futatsuya is a Sashiko artisan and story-teller. His expertise in Sashiko comes from his mother, Keiko Futatsuya’s, a great Sashiko talent. Atsushi was born in a Sashiko family in Gifu Prefecture, Japan. Since his childhood, he has practiced Sashiko with Sashiko artisans, including Keiko.
In 2015, Keiko started Sashi.Co to share the beauty of Sashiko and the process of ordinary Sashiko. Inspired by his mother, Atsushi started sharing his techniques and stories of Sashiko through Upcycle Stitches.
Atsushi focuses on the importance of tradition and process. His work not only communicates the beauty of hand stitching, but it also reminds us of a more spiritual relationship with cloth and how, through Sashiko, you communicate to the fabric while stitching.
Outline of the workshop
The goal of the workshop is to learn the essence of Sashiko Stitching - Unshin (needle movement). Instead of focusing on the results of accuracy of stitches by following the stitch-size-dot line, the participant will learn how to find their own Sashiko stitching by learning the rhythmical movement.
Sunday 11 July 2021:
Participants will learn the fundamentals of Sashiko including terminology, history, culture, and mindset, after which Atsushi will guide you through the basic posture to master Unshin. You will have the opportunity to practice this technique as well as learn other basic techniques such as Kasane to begin stitching on the pre-printed patterned indigo fabric provided in the materials pack (see below).
Sunday 18 July 2021:
You will continue developing the Sashiko technique with the support of Atsushi who will offer advice, guidance and be on hand to answer any questions. Atsushi will also teach you how to prepare the pattern which forms the stencil of the stitching and how to treat the fabric after stitching is completed.
*Participants will receive a more detailed outline of the workshop, including what to expect and instructions of what to prepare before the workshop. Atsushi will also offer follow up guidance.
A materials pack will be sent to participants prior to the workshop.
Material pack will contain
- 1 skein of Sashiko thread (White)
- 1 of Sashiko thimble
- 3 of Sashiko needles
- 1 piece of dark indigo fabric with the Asano-ha pattern printed (100% cotton, made in Japan)
- 1 piece of light blue colour fabric (100% cotton 100%, made in Japan)
- 1 piece of fusible Interfacing (white fabric)
- 2 piece of small swatches (dark indigo colour)
- 1 sheet of thread bobbin paper (brown paper)
- 1 x chalk pencil
- 2 x Finger cot
- 1 x threader
- 1 x a small package of fabric, mylar paper and carbon paper and pattern paper
Material list (not provided)
- Scotch Tape
- Scissor
Recommended but not required
- Thread clipper
- Threader (if one needs more than 1 in the package)
- Pin cushion (to put the needle)
Workshop Cancellation Policy
All places reserved on workshops are non-refundable, however, if you let us know you are not able to make a workshop you have booked at least two weeks prior to the event, we will offer a credit note.
If you require additional information about this workshop please contact Catherine Harris, [email protected]. | https://www.selvedge.org/products/sunday-11-sunday-18-july-2021-sashiko-virtual-workshop-with-atsushi-futatsuya |
Cold or hand wash using natural detergent. Hang dry.
Bodies as Clothing is a poetic expression of designer Allen Litton's deep desire to reawaken sentience for a regenerative world rooted in traditional garment making practices. In partnership with artisans across the island of Bali, Bodies as Clothing creates comfortable, wearable, and compostable garments of sustainable materials.
Materials: Handloom cotton, cotton label (silk screened with natural ink), mother of pearl buttons, organic cotton stitching thread. Garment dyed with mango leaves.
Cut and sewn with care in Bali, Indonesia from Javanese grown and spun natural cotton. | https://housework.store/products/bodies-as-clothing-grandfather-shirt-handloom-cotton-mango-ikat |
Barangaroo, a suburb of Sydney in New South Wales is beautifully located on the north-western edge of the Sydney central and the southern end of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Though it stretches in length and breadth upto 0.22 km2 yet it is well connected with various mode of transportation. The population of Barangaroo is approximately 189 people. Best places to be in Barangaroo are Barangaroo Reserve, Nawi Cove, Walumil Lawns, Wulugul Walk and Barangaroo Cutaway. Some suburb around Barangaroo are Millers Point, Dawes Point, Darling Harbour and The Rocks.
Why Barangaroo should compare energy prices using Econnex?
I am really happy with Econnex after receiving my first bill as i am able to save 17% more than my last provider on my electricity bill. I discovered that my electricity is generated from renewable sources, which give me a feeling that I am contributing towards a cleaner world. I will always recommend Econnex to my friends and ask them to compare electricity. | https://www.econnex.com.au/nsw/compare-electricity-gas-prices-deals-in-barangaroo/ |
Intelligent Environments (IE) play an increasingly important role in many areas of our lives, including education, healthcare and the domestic environment. The term refers to physical spaces incorporating pervasive computing technology used to achieve specific goals for the user, the environment or both.
This book presents the proceedings of the workshops of the 9th International Conference on Intelligent Environments (IE ‘13), held in Athens, Greece, in July 2013. The workshops which were presented in the context of this conference range from regular lectures to practical sessions. They provide a forum for scientists, researchers and engineers from both industry and academia to engage in discussions on newly emerging or rapidly evolving topics in the field. Topics covered in the workshops include artificial intelligence techniques for ambient intelligence; applications of affective computing in intelligent environments; smart offices and other workplaces; intelligent environment technology in education for creative learning; museums as intelligent environments; the application of intelligent environment technologies in the urban context for creating more sociable, intelligent cities and for constructing urban intelligence. IE can enrich user experience, better manage the environment’s resources, and increase user awareness of that environment.
This book will be of interest to all those whose work involves the application of intelligent environments.
Humans have been embedding information into their environments or onto the objects that these environments consist of since the ancient years of mankind. Epigraphs and wall paintings are examples of such communication acts.
Information may be communicated to us within an environmental context through a variety of media and accordingly these may support human activities in different ways. For example, signs may communicate secondary environmental information needed to make wayfinding decisions; they tell the user what is where and they also specify when and how an event is likely to occur. Signs, symbols, graphic representations or linguistic communication – spoken or written – are different forms of secondary spatial information sources which may be communicated through a medium to a user in an environment and thus enrich this environment with meaning, ultimately augmenting the experience afforded by this environment. Of course, this information enhances the overall information referring to this environment that the user has already acquired from sensory input, as a result of navigating and interacting, amongst the physical objects that the environments consists of.
Most of these representations are visual, i.e. large size prints, video projections, wall paintings, TV closed circuits, touch screens etc.
which communicate visual and/or auditory content to citizens. These environments may also incorporate systems which capture visual, auditory or other types of data regarding human activity or environmental phenomena, via appropriate sensing devices. Consequently, this input may be utilized for generating relevant actions by several types of effectors or for generating related sequences of multisensory digital representations. It can therefore be suggested that the incorporation of ICT systems results in an electronic enhancement of our everyday urban environment and that our computer supported activities and communication with these environments, at a personal level, or with other citizens who exist and act within them, at a social level, is mediated by these systems. One of the most advanced forms of such systems is Intelligent Environments.
ICTs, whether mobile, wireless or embedded in persistent architectural forms, facilitate the collection and dissemination of data, infusing the physical expression of the environment with digital layers of content, thus contributing to the emergence of new hybridized spatial experiences as well as novel forms of interacting with computers and with other participating humans. These systems and the hybrid spatial experiences they afford, encourage encounters among users; both embodied and mediated, and influence community dynamics, giving rise to networks around common interests and collectives of affect. Sometimes, such groups, irrespective of how ephemeral, unstable and dispersed they may be, negotiate a new kind of engagement with the urban environment and civic life, suggesting thus an organizational paradigm that manages to surpass traditional vertical hierarchies of space and consequently of power and control .
It is therefore evident that the deployment of intelligent environment systems and applications has very significant consequences at a psychological, social, political and cultural level for all participants of these experiences as well as for the stake holders involved. Therefore, it is suggested that the processes of designing, developing and evaluating intelligent environments should also be seen from a multidisciplinary perspective in order to assure that these systems will be embedded in our everyday lives and environments in the best possible manner, by taking into account the needs, potential and expected impact that their use may have onto individuals, groups or communities of people. Such an interdisciplinary approach may lead to the creation of ergonomically efficient, aesthetically pleasing and functional Intelligent Environment systems. Accordingly, there is a need for new design practices and methodologies that may take into account the hybrid nature of the spatial experience afforded by these media, as well as the opportunities for socialisation and communication that they may offer. Examples of the disciplines that the production of Intelligent Environments may relate to are: cognitive psychology, environmental psychology, architectural and visual design, urban studies, design studies, social and cultural studies, museum studies, political communication, etc.
The need for a multidisciplinary approach is indeed one of the implicit aims for organizing a series of international workshops for the fifth time in the context of the Intelligent Environments Conference in 2013 which is held in Athens, Greece. This need was adequately accomplished as is evident in the very interesting and challenging international workshops which are included in the program and documented in these proceedings.
This is actually the 9th Intelligent Environments (IE) conference and it is organized by the School of Architecture – National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) and the Hellenic Open University (HOU). The workshops part of the 9th IE conference is organized by the Faculty of Communication and Media Studies of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and the Hellenic Open University. Previously, the Intelligent Environments Conference has been successfully organized in Colchester, UK (2005), Athens, Greece (2006), Ulm, Germany (2007), Seattle, USA (2008), Barcelona, Spain (2009), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (2010), and Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom (2011).
• AITAmI: The 8th workshop on Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Ambient Intelligence aims at gathering researchers in a variety of AI subfields together with representatives of commercial interests to explore the technology and applications for ambient intelligence. The workshop is organized, once again, by Asier Aztiria (University of Mondragon, Spain), Juan Carlos Augusto (University of Middlesex, United Kingdom), and Diane Cook (Washington State University, USA).
• ACIE: The 1st International Workshop on Applications of Affective Computing in Intelligent Environments is organized by Faiyaz Doctor (Coventry University, United Kingdom) and Victor Zamudio (Instituto Tecnolgico de Len, Mexico). This workshop provides a forum to promote and demonstrate how recent development of unobtrusive physiological sensing can be used to capture emotive or physiological information to enhance IE based applications.
• SOOW: The Smart Offices and Other Workplaces Workshop is organized by Peter Mikulecky (University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic), Pavel Cech from the same university and Carlos Ramos (Polytechnic of Porto's Insitute of Engineering, Portugal). This workshop fosters discussion on how ambient intelligence is useful for the development of intelligent workplaces devoted to support working activities.
• CoT: The 1st Cloud of Things Workshop is organized by Jeannette Chin (Anglia Ruskin University) and Victor Callaghan (University of Essex). The workshop will discuss on the synergy offered by the combination of the Internet of Things, Cloud Computing, Intelligent Environments and embedded computing.
• MASIE: The 1st Workshop on Museums As Intelligent Environments is organized by Nikolaos Avouris (University of Patras, Greece), Alexandra Bounia, Niloketa Yiannoutsou and Maria Roussou. The workshop invites researchers and practitioners of intelligent environments technologies with interest in applying them in museums and sites of culture as well as museologists, curators and museum educators who are interested in investigating and discussing the potential of such technologies for modern museums. The workshop is thus intended to act as a forum for cross-fertilization of ideas between museum experts and researchers of intelligent environments.
• WOFIEE: The 2nd Workshop on Future Intelligent Educational Environments is organized By Victor Callaghan (Essex University), Minjuan Wang (San Diego State University), and Juan Carlos Augusto (University of Middlesex, United Kingdom). The focus of the workshop is placed on how intelligent technologies can support the development of new educational technologies and environments around the world.
• IECL: The Workshop on Intelligent Environments for Creative Learning is organized by Elena Antonopoulou, Athina Papadopoulou, Theodora Vardouli and Eirini Vouliouri. It aims to bring together theoretical and technical work that explores ways in which intelligent environments can foster learning, enable user creativity, and develop individual and collective design intelligence.
• SSC: The 1st Sociable Smart City Workshop is organized by Eleni Christopoulou, Dimitrios Ringas and John Garofalakis. The focus of this workshop is on the social and cultural aspects of the smart city. In particular, the organisers seek to study how urban computing alters the city, the perception of people about the city, the communication among people and the social and cultural impact on the city and on city life. The goal of this workshop is to define what is a “sociable smart city” and how this vision can be realized.
• IUIC: The Workshop on Intelligent Users and Intelligent Cities is organized by Dimitris Hatzopoulos, Eleni Mitakou, Paraskevi Fanou and Efpraxia Zamani. The main goal of the workshop is to firstly identify users of intelligent environments by giving them characteristics, and then recognize the parameters that establish the city as an intelligent environment, using among our main research instruments the representational arts.
Compressive sensing has become a popular technique in broad areas of science and engineering for data analysis, which leads to numerous applications in signal and image processing. It exploits the sparseness and compressibility of the data in order to reduce the size. Wavelet analysis is one of leading techniques for compressive sensing. In 2D discrete wavelet transform, the digital image is decomposed with a set of basis functions. At each level, wavelet transform is applied to compute the lowpass outcome (approximation) and highpass outcomes (three details), each with a quarter size of the source image. For the subsequent levels, the lower level outcomes turn out to be the inputs of the higher level to conduct further wavelet decompositions recursively, so that another set of approximation and detail components is generated. Discrete wavelet transform and discrete wavelet packet transform differ in higher levels other than the first level of decomposition. From the second level, discrete wavelet transform applies the transform to the lowpass outcomes exclusively, while wavelet packet transform applies the transform to lowpass and highpass outcomes simultaneously. As the more comprehensive approach, wavelet packet transform is selected for scene image compression on cases of both the lower and higher dynamic range images. Quantitative measures are then introduced to compare the outcomes of two cases.
The variety and volume of data produced by devices and sensors in Intelligent Environments (IEs) pose difficulties regarding their collection, analysis and delivery. More specifically, extraction of high level information valuable for the users requires specialized analysis techniques. In this study, we present a framework incorporating complex event processing (CEP) and publish-subscribe based messaging for addressing such needs. Within the framework, data are collected from heterogeneous data sources to go through CEP based analysis, and then the results are delivered to interested recipients. The components of the framework are loosely-coupled through the use of event driven architecture (EDA) in the form of a publish-subscribe messaging system. This enables the use of different CEP engines without requiring the modification of other components in the framework. Similarly, new data sources and delivery end-points can be as easily integrated into the framework. A real life prototype implementation is also provided for validation. The prototype includes various event producers such as electret microphone, light, temperature, motion, magnetic, optical sensors, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) readers, smart phones, and other software systems, which are deployed in a classroom setting. End users receive relevant raw data and high level information according to their preferences, through the use of web and mobile applications. The results suggest the applicability of the framework for IEs. The prototype implementation in the classroom shows that using different event producers helps improve the analysis results and CEP is an appropriate method for data analysis in IEs.
This paper proposes a framework for an integrated, computational design system, by the agency of interdisciplinarity. The proposed design concept is approached through the formation of a holistically structured unit that is organized as an information processing brain. Considering the before-mentioned aspect about interdisciplinarity, the paper will analyze a multi-performative organization, examining networked intelligence and the role of semi-autonomous systems in design. We demonstrate a design method that addresses a multi-disciplinary problem and integrates generative synthesis mechanisms and tools, in order to formulate an effective computational system. The design concept further investigates the correlation between these concepts to architecture and, hence, materiality and structure. In order to examine the implementation of these terms in architecture, we model a case study for a generative mechanism that enacts as open research. It addresses multi-performativity and complexity by performing various functions, such as task recognition and context-aware applications. A distributed system is employed, in which discrete mechanisms assemble a data flow network. This interaction network defines an intelligent mechanism, which is further examined as a design tool. The present paper brings about design technologies that integrate methods of computer-aided architecture; therefore our case study outlines techniques and applications of machine intelligence. Henceforth, it provides the unique chance to converge multiple disciplines that exchange information at all levels, from the analogue to digital and material realm.
In the present investigation we are looking for improve the features classification of a cardiac arrhythmias database using metaheuristics (Differential Evolution and Particle Swarm Optimization) and classifiers (KNN and Naive Bayes), with the purpose of select the main features and increase the percentage of classification. The classification percentage in some cases increased until 100% and the number of features was significantly reduced.
In this paper, we propose a generic Context Aware Recommendation framework for M-commerce applications. The core of the framework is a Multidimensional Contextual graph which can effectively represent various real-world objects and their relations. Once the graph is created, a Random Walk algorithm is applied to obtain a top-k recommendation list. Both products and services can be flexibly modeled into the framework, in addition to their related information such as ratings and QoS measures. As part of our ongoing work, the framework is aimed at presenting a comprehensive recommendation framework for Mobile users.
Service design in the scope of Ubiquitous and Ambient Intelligence Systems is a complex task given the characteristics and requirements that must be usually addressed, and consequently the number of design decisions that need to be made. Existing methodologies provide guidance to this process from a general-purpose point of view, lacking support for specific features of this paradigm. In this paper, a novel approach to design dynamic, runtime adaptive services based on context information, called SCUBI, is proposed. It consists of a metamodel and a method to design services in terms of components, addressing the special characteristics of Ubiquitous Computing. The proposal is illustrated and validated through a case study of the design of a positioning service.
This paper presents a method for extracting automatically association rules via multi-objective genetic algorithms. The paper also proposes a novel objective measure to quantify the comprehensibility of the rules. The other objectives of the rules are average support value and average confidence value. We experimentally evaluate our approach on socio-demographics and biochemistry datasets of schizophrenia patients and demonstrate that our algorithm encourages us to improve and apply this strategy in many real-world applications.
Social networks proliferate daily life, many are part of big groups within social networks, many of these groups contain people unknown to you, but with whom you share interests. Some of these shared interest are based on context which has real-time properties (e.g. Who would like to go to a jazz concert during an AI conference). This paper presents a possible method for identifying such subgroups. We aim to do this by creating a social graph based on one or more “comparators”; Frequency (how often two members interact) and content (how often the two talk about the same thing). After the graph is created we apply standard graph segmentation (clique estimation) techniques to identify the subgroups. We propose a system which continuously polls social network for updates, to keep the social graph up-to-date and based on that suggest new subgroups. As a result the system will suggest new subgroups in a timely and near real-time manner. This paper will focus on the methods behind the creation of the weighted social graph and the subsequent pruning of the social graph.
There have been several advances in the field of affective computing analysis, however one of the main objectives of the brain computer interfaces (BCI), it is to interact in a natural way between human and machines; The analysis of the emotional state user is very important since it may provide a more suitable interaction generating closest approach, and efficient interaction. Furthermore extent that implementation of systems that can develope an emotional human-machine interface, applications of affective computing, it could widely used to help people with physical or deliberately to analyze and characterize the emotions that may be of interest and provide benefits on a human activity (eg, performance of athletes).
In this paper seven emotional related experiments where development according whit the model arousal/valence model, each experiment corresponds to an evoked emotion from 32 study subjects and contains information the galvanic skin response (GSR), an electrooculogram (EOG) and electromyogram (EMG), for each user, each emotion is evoked by a process audio/visual for 60 seconds, focused generate three emotions (anger, happiness, sadness). Statistical measures are used to create parameters and distances to generate an overview of classification of signals related to an emotion. For information preprocessing is used discrete wavelet transform and statistical parameters (mean, standard deviation, variance) plus a surface filter.
As the proportion of older adults grows, the number of special care provisions to help individuals with declining cognitive abilities needs to also increase. Information Communication Technology (ICT) is beginning to play an increasing role in facilitating the work of specialists to support and monitor individuals with cognitive impairment within their everyday environments. In addition, advances in artificial intelligence and the development of new algorithmic approaches can be used to approximate the computational processes of human behaviour in different circumstances. In this paper, we report on the development of a software system using game based therapies for older adults in Mexico suffering from cognitive impairment, where this system has been deployed in a unique day therapy centre. We further propose an evaluation module based on using AI approaches and affective sensing to monitor and detect significant changes in performance cognation that might indicate a possible cognitive decline.
In this paper we describe part of our recent work where we aim to create a ground-truth dataset for affective computing to facilitate in particular the application and development of computational intelligence and other automated reasoning techniques. Following a multi-disciplinary approach, we highlight the need for but also the challenge of creating such a dataset that provides validated mappings of physiological data to a series of affective states (“happy”, “neutral” and “sad” in our case). We proceed to discuss the experimental approach and setup employed in this paper where a recall task is combined with a series of groups of pre-rated images which are employed as affective stimuli shown to participants while their physiological data is captured. The physiological data sources captured include galvanic skin responses (GSR) and heart rate (HR). Preliminary analysis of the results indicates that the statistically the resulting data does not allow the differentiation between the different stimuli/emotions shown/experienced. We provide an initial interpretation of these findings, including a reflection on the complexity of designing “laboratory-style” experiments while still capturing an emotional response from participants.
This paper contributes an overview and criticism of Google's newly emerging mass-personalized mapping, as a model of urban intelligence. What is being brought into question is the model's interactivity. The analytical tool comprises J.C.R. Licklider's computer-enabled communication model and M. Webber's urban planning model, both from the early 1960's. The overall goal is to re-contextualize the human-computer partnership in the direction of cooperatively shaping the urban experience.
and neglects the benefit of addressing its active contribution when considering cross-connections between types of infrastructures accordingly to the carried service. Over time infrastructures design has been constrained into a linear model that focuses on optimizing efficiency by increasing capacity in which individual infrastructures types operate. Optimization in distributed infrastructures can be achieved maximizing the way the whole infrastructure performs including the user contribution in defining demand and cross-connections (end-user no longer). Recent technology development in piezoelectricity, has demonstrated that energy can be harvested from the human body and stored in form of electricity. Thus the user can act as well as producer generating electricity through piezoelectric technology used as energy harvesting sensor, and consuming it for its own service(s) such as lighting and communication devices. This model is designed, built and tested in a prototype currently in process to be further explored in a design installation proposed in the City of Melbourne. This work is part of a doctoral research in progress under an ongoing multidisciplinary collaboration involving the fields of architecture, urban design and engineering.
Intelligent Environments are tightly connected with the extended flow of information to and from their users. Their constant need for data together with the desired unobtrusive character put the issue of privacy in stake. As mapping public and private space in the way Nolli did in 1748 is not possible anymore, a contemporary cartography of privacy is sought. This leads to the awareness of a new state of privacy. Through the use of a case study we propose a model that aims to offer anonymity and control of information. Weaknesses do exist and we recognize that much has yet to be done, in both technical and legal aspects.
Understanding the specific qualities of dynamic factors that shape how urban environments work is important to analyzing these environments effectively. Prominent among these factors is the movement of people and the patterns or trends that emerge from that movement over time. In order to better study movement as a dynamic factor in how urban spaces work an academic project titled Sen-Sys (for its use of personal GPS sensors to map dynamic urban systems) was designed and implemented to a limited degree over the course of a semester to produce a movement-based model in which the proportions of urban areas are dynamically distorted to reflect areas of high and low occupation to reflect moment-to-moment spatial behavior and visual elements are generated to reflect recurring trends in movement over of time. This paper provides an overview of Sen-Sys, frames it in relation to similar existing work and discusses it's conceivable strengths, limitations and directions for future development. | http://ebooks.iospress.nl/volume/workshop-proceedings-of-the-9th-international-conference-on-intelligent-environments |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention concerns a method for conducting a process in an automatically controlled system. A mathematical model of the process, with at least one variable model parameter, is implemented in a computing means. The mathematical model precomputes at least one selected process parameter, based on the input values supplied to it, for presetting the system before the start of the process. The input values and the process parameter are measured during the process are supplied to the mathematical model after the process run. The precomputed value of the process parameter is adaptively improved based on the measured process parameter and the measured input values. Furthermore, the present invention concerns a device for implementing method for conducting a process.
A method and a device for conducting a quasi-continuous process in an automatically controlled system are discussed in German Patent Application No. 40 40 360. An example of such process is an arrangement of rolling trains, wherein each pass of the rolled product forms a process cycle (hereinafter "a process run"). Like all actual industrial processes, these process runs are time-varying. In conducting such processes, the system controlling the process must be preset before each run. That is, unlike traditional closed-loop control, control must precede the actual process. This is because controlled values can often be measured only indirectly, and not at the point of affection of the process, so that direct closed-loop control is not possible in industrial processes.
The system controlling the process is preset in a known manner by precomputing selected process parameters according to pre-established input values, or initially estimated input values, or both, based on a pool of relevant mathematical models of the process. The system is preset using the precomputed parameters.
Since mathematical models of the process to be conducted can only approximate the actual process, the mathematical model must be adapted to the actual process events. For this, the process parameters and the input values are measured directly or indirectly by precomputing other measured values during each process run. After the process run is completed, the precomputing performed with the mathematical models is repeated within the framework of a postcomputation done based on the input values measured at that time. The variable model parameters are adaptively modified, based on the deviation between the process parameters thus computed and the measured process parameters, to reduce the deviations obtained. The model parameters thus adapted are available at the beginning of the following process run for precomputing the process parameters.
Even when the model describes the industrial process with sufficient accuracy, considerable errors may result from the model parameters when the relationship between the model parameters and the input values is not known.
The goal of the present invention is to improve the precomputed values of the process parameters without using adaptation algorithms for adapting the variable model parameters.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The method of the present invention achieves this goal by supplying those input values that influence the variable model parameters to a neural network, after the process run, in a process of the aforementioned type. The neural network provides a value for the model parameter as a network response. The network parameters of the neural network are adapted, based on the deviation between the computed result delivered by the model and the measured process parameters, to reduce the deviation. Accordingly, a device for implementing the method of the present invention has a neural network with variable network parameters for adaptively improving the computed results delivered by the model. Measured input values that influence the model parameter are supplied to the input of the neural network, and the network response is supplied to an input of the mathematical model for setting the variable model parameters.
Thus the variable model parameters are determined and adapted by a neural network. Designing and training the neural network is less expensive than qualifying the mathematical model for obtaining an algorithm to adapt the variable model parameters. Compared with the other possible option of replacing the mathematical model entirely with a neural network, using both a neural network and a mathematical model is advantageous because prior results and experience continue to be valid for the mathematical process modeling. Accordingly, using the neural network in combination with the mathematical model is also simpler than a corresponding overall neural network, and provides better present solutions for conducting the process.
The present invention adapts the network parameters on-line by using the measured input values and the measured process parameters after each process run. Thus, the computed values of the variable model parameters are constantly adapted to the actual, i.e., time-variable process. The adapting the network parameters of the neural network on- line uses less computing resources than algorithmically adapting the model parameters of the mathematical model on-line.
When the dependence of the variable model parameters on the input values can be partially described by an algorithm, this portion of the variable model parameters is advantageously computed within the mathematical model based on the estimated or measured input values and only the other portion is produced by the neural network.
The method according to the present invention is particularly well suited for use in processes of the process industries in which the process can be sufficiently described by a model. For example, rolling processes can be advantageously conducted using the method of the present invention. Specifically, the method of the present invention can be used to obtain a cooling time constant as the model parameter for precomputing the temperature variation in the rolled strip, or for obtaining the heat resistance of the rolled strip as the model parameter for precomputing the rolling force, or both.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present invention is explained in detail below using the figures of the drawing.
FIG. 1 is a block schematic which shows a known arrangement for conducting an industrial process, which implements a mathematical model of the process for presetting a system controlling the process.
FIG. 2 is a block schematic which shows an example for combining the mathematical model with a neural network according to the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating the linking of the neural network the mathematical model.
FIG. 4 shows an example a neural network used for the method of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
FIG. 1 is a black schematic which shows a conventional arrangement for conducting an industrial process, for example, a rolling process. The industrial process is denoted by a function block 1. A mathematical model M of the process, including the associated variable model parameters MP, is implemented in a computing means 2. Before the beginning of each process run, a precomputing means 3 extracts the necessary model equations of mathematical model M, with the current model parameters MP, from computing means 2. The precomputing means 3 generates selected process parameters Y.sub.v =(Y.sub.1v, . . . , Y.sub. mv) based on the equations of the mathematical model M and based on the given or estimated input values x.sub.v =(x.sub.1v, . . . , x.sub.nv), for example, reference values. A system 4 for controlling process 1 is preset with the precomputed process parameters y.sub.v.
During the subsequent process run, the process 1 is controlled by preset system 4, as indicated by arrow 5. Also during the process run, all essential process values are measured as shown by arrow 6. Input values x and process parameters y are determined, by statistically preparing the measured values and by computing other values that are not directly measurable, much more accurately than before the process run. After the process run, the input values x thus measured and process parameters y are supplied to a postcomputing means 7. The post computing means 7 accesses model M with the current model parameters MP and iterates the precomputation based on the measured input values x. The resulting process parameters are compared with the measured process parameters to determine deviations. The model parameters MP are adaptively modified based on the deviations observed to reduce the deviations. The adapted model parameters MP are stored in computing means 2 for use in the next precomputation. These adapted model parameters MP overwrite the older values.
FIG. 2 is a block schematic which shows an example of a device, according to the invention, for combining the mathematical model in computing means 2 with a neural network 8. As in the known example illustrated in FIG. 1, precomputing means 3 uses the mathematical model M in the computing means 2 to precompute process parameters Y.sub.v. After the process run, those input values that influence the variable model parameters MP are supplied to neural network 8. The network response Y. sub.N of the neural network 8 is received by postcomputing means 7. Postcomputing means 7 also receives, from computing means 2, mathematical model M, whose variable model parameters MP are determined again by network response Y.sub.N. Measured input values x, destined for mathematical model M, are supplied to mathematical model M where the computed result is compared with measured process parameters y to determine deviations. Depending on the deviations, network parameters NP of neural network 8 are adaptively modified to reduce the deviation.
FIG. 3 is a block schematic which shows the combination of mathematical model M with neural network 8. Based on input values x.sub. M supplied to it, the mathematical model M produces computed result Y. sub.M, which corresponds to process parameter Y.sub.v to be precomputed. The input of the neural network is supplied with input values X.sub.n. Variable model parameters MP of model M are determined by network response Y.sub.N of neural network 8. Input vectors x.sub.M and x.sub.N for the mathematical model M and for the neural network 8, respectively, are, in principle, different.
FIG. 4 shows an example of a neural network that can be used to obtain a variable model parameter of a mathematical model. In the instant example, the mathematical model M serves as a model for cooling a thin strip in the cooling area of a rolling mill. Cooling can be described with the equation:
&ngr;(t)=&ngr;.sub.u +(&ngr;.sub.e -&ngr;.sub.u).exp(-t/T),
where &ngr;(t) is the temperature variation in the strip, &ngr;. sub. e is the exit strip temperature, and &ngr;.sub.u is the ambient temperature. T denotes the cooling time constant, which, among other things, depends on the strip thickness, temperature conductivity, heat conductivity, heat transfer coefficient for the top face of the strip and the heat transfer coefficient for the bottom face of the strip. Except for the strip thickness, no exact values are available for these parameters. Therefore, the cooling time constant T can only be determined or estimated within the framework of the model. If the estimated value of the cooling time constant is denoted with T*, the actual cooling time constant T can be defined as T=k.T*, where k represents a model parameter whose dependence on any input values is unknown. The neural network illustrated in FIG. 4 computes this model parameter k and adapts it to the actual process events. The final roll temperature &ngr;.sub.e, reel temperature &ngr;.sub. h , strip thickness D, strip width B, the sum of alloy portions L in the strip and strip speed v are supplied to the neural network.
The back propagation type neural network has an input layer with one input element 9 for each of input values x.sub.n (&ngr;.sub.e, . . . , v). Furthermore, an additional input element 10, supplied with a constant value, e.g. "1", is provided. The input layer is coupled with a concealed layer including a plurality of elements 11. Each element 11 of the concealed layer has a response characteristic in the form of a sigmoid curve between -1.0 and +1.0. Each of the input values x.sub.N supplied to the input layer is multiplied by individual weighting factors W.sub.ij in each element 11 of the concealed input and then added up before weighting with the sigmoid variation. The concealed layer has another element 12, which serves as an input element for a constant value, e.g., "1." The responses of elements 11 and 12 are weighted with individual weighting factors C.sub.i. An output element 13 is connected with the concealed layer and sums the weighted responses of elements 11 and 12 of the concealed layer to form network response Y.sub. N.
Network parameters w.sub.ij and c.sub.i are adapted on-line after each process run in a known manner using the least squares method, modifying the network parameters stepwise to reduce the error. | |
You are right that the term "major development" is not all that specific. However, the passage focuses on Behn's transition from writing plays to writing prose narratives. This is a big change - so it is a "major development" in Behn's career. Thus, answer choice E is an accurate description of the passage's main focus.
Answer choice D says: "contrasting the approaches to tragedy taken by Behn and by Dryden." The passage does discuss this - but notice that Dryden is not mentioned until the second paragraph. So this answer does not cover account for the first paragraph. Therefore, it doesn't quite work.
Need some help here . Para 1 talks about Behn switching from writing plays to penning novels ,para 2 is about the contrast between Behn and Drydens approach to tragedy ..para 2 doesnt really talk about any development in her career at all..Can you please tell me why its E and not D ..both seem to be correct in their own rights.
"Carnell argues that Behn, whose stage productions are primarily comedies, may have turned to an emerging literary form, the novel, in a conscious attempt to criticize, and subvert for her own ends, the conventions and ideology of a well-established form of her day, the dramatic tragedy."
In this sentence, the author summarizes the scholar Carnell's reasoning as to why Behn changed literary forms. Paraphrased, this reason was to criticize contemporary conventions and styles observed in the dramatic tragedy. This purpose best reflects (E).
Also, it's easier to see how the discussion of Behn's tragic novel compared to other dramatic tragedies of her day (like Dryden's works) relates to the main purpose of the passage. Behn used a different literary style to critique the dramatic tragedy. Illuminating the differences between Behn and Dryden's work, then, illustrates both the development of Behn's work and how she successfully used her work to critique other writing forms. It's also good to point out that the author is describing the views of the scholar Carnell throughout the entire passage, including the second paragraph.
In terms of the answer choices, we can say that (D) is one of the ways Carnell explains Behn's literary career and how her works differed from her contemporaries.
The passage reads: "According to literary critic Rachel Carnell, most scholars view this change as primarily motivated by financial considerations..."
This doesn't mean that Carnell is not a scholar. Indeed, a "scholar" is simply a "specialist in a particular branch of study." Being a literary critic therefore qualifies Carnell as a scholar of literature.
In stating "most scholars view...", the passage differentiates Carnell's view from that of other scholars.
the passage is clear to state that Carnell was a literary critic not necessarily a scholar. moreover, it is according to her that most "scholars view"and not her. what am i missing? | https://gre.magoosh.com/forum/112 |
Describing an object might be on the easier aspect of this assignment. However, with these original descriptive writing topics, an essay about an ordinary factor may be just as spectacular and sophisticated as an outline of unique experiences. If you have to write an outline primarily based on your experience, the best technique for a great descriptive essay subject can be to go for something that made a powerful impression on you. This means, it would be simpler to create a powerful description from memory. Also, ensure you contact on points related to your class or this explicit assignment.
The main a part of your essay is where you presumably can fully uncover all of your thoughts concerning the place, your experiences, and emotions. Make positive that the central a half of the essay is constant and you describe one object or subject at a time. Start your introduction with a hook â a catchy sentence that can instantly seize readersâ attention. A hook can comprise a related quote, idiom, reference to your own feelings about a spot. Vivid descriptions are the simplest at setting the temper and drawing an image of a spot for readers of your essay, so https://the-henry-raleigh-archive.com/blog/ make one of the best out of it by expanding your vocabulary.
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Taylor Swift is a famous wealthy lady however her life was not always so sweet. She said that she received dumped by a bunch of in style women in the school. They thought that she was weird because she favored country music.
The air is filled with infantile adventure and laughter, that when one is strolling the streets one would surely smile and be full of joy. Be aware of the 5 Ws, emotion and construction and you’ll inform any story. Instead of simply describing the bodily attributes of a spot, describe how the place made you’re feeling. For instance, you can describe the whistle of the wind because it brushes past the mountain partitions, or the refreshing salty breeze whilst you stand on the scorching seaside sand.
We suggest you read our information on how to write an essay as well. Essays are all about learning to precise yourself throughout the buildings supplied. Arguments, controversies and blasphemous issues are not ingredients to determine on to write the descriptive write-ups on anywhere. | https://www.taftehcarpet.com/good-ways-to-begin-out-a-descriptive-essay/ |
School's out for Derby County, who went into the latest international break with a goalless draw at Championship leaders Cardiff City.
The Rams have picked up 13 points from their opening 10 league fixtures and sit 15th in the table ahead of next weekend's showdown with arch rivals Nottingham Forest at Pride Park.
Here, our columnist - the former Derby midfielder Craig Ramage - takes up the role of headmaster to deliver his half-term report and dish out some grades...
HEAD TEACHER (Gary Rowett)
The summer transfer activity of ins and outs was slightly disappointing and the squad needs strength in depth in certain positions.
Still searching for consistency in performance and results at this early stage of the season.
It’s important that we find a settled side because we are simply not winning enough games. We are 15th on 13 points from a possible 30 - an average start with room for improvement.
Grade: C - needs to try harder come January
DEFENCE
A bit up and down. There has not been a consistent back four so far this season and that has led to a lack of cohesion at times.
A settled back four is needed if Derby want to keep more clean sheets. We continue to concede too many goals - goals that teams with supposed aspirations to make the top six should not be conceding.
Grade: C
MIDFIELD
Midfield has been a talking point for some time and discussion has centred on whether it has the right balance or not.
We have struggled to dominate this area of the pitch in games.
Movement of the ball and general creativity needs to improve although there has been some improvement in recent games.
Grade: C
ATTACK
You could say that no-one has nailed down a regular place in the forward positions.
Inconsistent in all departments across the front, we have lacked movement and pace to trouble the opposition's back four for long periods.
We have not been clinical when chances come our way. As we all know, a successful team needs more goals from forwards.
Every successful team needs a 20-goal-a-season player. Who’s going to step up to the plate?
Grade: C
SUPPORTERS
The faithful Derby fans continue to support the team in large numbers both home and away week in, week out, no matter the results.
Grade: A*
IN SUMMARY
If the team can find a level of consistency in line with its ability, we should see a rapid rise up the table and be challenging for top-six or better finish.
NEW CLASSMATES
Andre Wisdom
He has had a steady start. He has been strong and powerful defensively but can he do more with the ball offensively?
He can use his pace more in forward positions because he has all the attributes to do so. More to come from him.
Grade: B
Curtis Davies
His best game for Derby came against Cardiff when he started to show his dominance and assertiveness.
However, he needs to do this week in, week out, and have the confidence to lead by example. Another player with more to give.
Grade: B
Tom Huddlestone
He needs to impose his game on the opposition for longer spells.
We know his technical ability and range of passing is top drawer but we need to see more of it. It’s time for him to start dominating matches.
Grade: C
Joe Ledley
I've not seen too much of Joe but what I have seen in the last two games is that his positional sense and experience is clear.
Joe does the easy things well, pops the ball off to the nearest player and won’t try anything fancy.
He has the potential to be the midfielder we have been missing for a long time. Can he make himself the best free transfer in the Championship?
Grade: B+
Tom Lawrence
For me, Tom has been potentially the club's best signing of the summer and he has the ability to progress significantly in his career.
He has bags of skill, he’s a defender's nightmare with his twists and turns, and quality of delivery.
One criticism is that he needs to be more of a team player, needs to be more aware of his surroundings by releasing the ball quicker to team-mates who are in better position. More goals please.
Grade: B
Sam Winnall
Early days in his Derby career and still a lot to come from Sam. He's already demonstrated that he can be a handful.
His high work rate will hopefully rub off on the team. Got off to a good start with a goal against Birmingham. High hopes for Sam. | http://www.derbytelegraph.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/how-derby-county-fared-far-580547 |
Platige Image created one of shorts for ”Love, Death & Robots”, new Netflix series that electrified the world of animation.
Adult-themed animated series consists of 18 shorts representing numerous genres, such as science-fiction, fantasy, horror and comedy. Each of animations were created by different team of artists and the whole series is overview of various techniques and styles – from traditional 2D to photorealistic CG.
Platige Image team contributed to this unique projects along with famous filmmakers. David Fincher (director of ”Seven”, ”Fight Club”, ”Social Network” and ”House of Cards”) and Tim Miller (director of ”Deadpool” and ”Terminator 6”.) are the authors of new Netflix animated series.
Here are some frames from this phenomenal series: | https://www.platige.com/project/feature/love-death-and-robots/ |
The Wall Street Journal is seeking an Executive Producer to oversee its international video team. Based in London, this role will also oversee video production in Singapore and Hong Kong.
Top candidates for this position will demonstrate excellent editorial, production and team-management skills. Decisiveness and clear communication are critical for this role. The international video team is responsible for producing relevant and accurate news videos, features and series across platforms.
Although you will be the key manager in this unit, this is a hands-on role. We are looking for a strong, organized leader with a track record of producing timely business and markets news, international analysis and feature coverage that stands out in the 24/7 information cycle.
The position will be based in London and will report to Senior Executive Producer, News, in New York.
To apply, please submit your résumé, a cover letter clearly outlining how your skills and experience meet or exceed the key candidate requirements, and links to five videos that
represent the type of work described. Candidates who do not submit cover letters will not be considered.
You will:
- Manage a team of supervising producers and video journalists to produce quick-turn news and analysis videos, social news video, features and series on a daily basis.
- Work closely with video journalists to hone story angles, strengthen scripts and ensure videos maintain the highest production value and all journalistic and legal standards are followed.
- Work closely with the Senior Executive Producer of News and the Head of Video to conceptualize and program future news coverage and ambitious enterprise.
- Work closely with the strategy team to develop new formats and adapt news coverage strategy in alignment with the rest of the global team.
- Collaborate closely with key newsroom leaders in London and Asia, New York video leaders and producers to develop best-in-class video journalism.
- Work late hours and weekends as part of a regular rotation and as breaking news events may warrant.
- Complete additional duties as assigned.
You Have:
- At least 10 years of experience working in a daily video news environment, including time spent managing video teams.
- Professional experience writing and reviewing scripts for news stories under tight time constraints.
- Clear communication skills with exceptional written and collaboration skills.
- A deep understanding of current events, global politics and economics, as well as a nose for news.
- Experience producing compelling international, business, markets and tech videos under tight deadline constraints.
- Specific regional knowledge and a deep understanding of current affairs in EMEA and APAC.
- A specific understanding of content and audience differentiation on various platforms including O&O and YouTube.
- A track record of translating complex business and economics stories into reporting that informs the WSJ’s core subscriber base and appeals to broader audiences.
The Journal’s reporters, editors, developers, and audio and visual journalists create important and impactful stories, firmly rooted in fact and adhering to the highest ethical standards. We report without fear or bias, and we maintain a proper sense of perspective, detachment and objectivity in our reporting.
To apply, go here. | https://talkingbiznews.com/biz-news-help-wanted/full-time/wsj-seeks-executive-producer-to-oversee-international-video/ |
Credit boom stokes risks in emerging markets: BIS
A member of a private security company stands beside a sign in front of the Bank For International Settlements (BIS) in Basel November 8, 2010.
REUTERS/Arnd Wiegmann
LONDON Loose global monetary conditions are stoking credit and asset price booms in some emerging markets that could lead to a new financial crisis, the Bank for International Settlements warned on Sunday.
Such a boom-and-bust cycle might have severe global repercussions, not least due to the increased weight of emerging markets in the world economy and in investment portfolios, the BIS said in its annual report.
It urged central banks to pay more attention to the global spillovers from their domestic policies, an echo of complaints from Brazil and others that the ultra-loose monetary stance in older economies has touched off large, destabilizing flows of capital into emerging markets in search of higher yields.
"This creates risks of rising financial imbalances similar to those seen in advanced economies in the years immediately preceding the crisis," the BIS said.
Credit growth that is well above its long-term trend in relation to economic growth opens up a gap that has often presaged serious financial distress when it has exceeded 6 percent in the past, the report said.
Thailand and Turkey have credit gaps of 15 percent or more, while Brazil and Indonesia are also in the danger zone above 6 percent, according to the BIS.
Real credit growth in Argentina and China has also far outpaced gross domestic product (GDP) growth, but their credit gaps are well below the 6 percent threshold.
Asset prices also look increasingly frothy in many emerging economies, the BIS said. In some local Brazilian markets, real estate prices have almost doubled since the subprime crisis. Prices in some Chinese cities have risen even faster.
High debt loads could be a problem, too. The fraction of GDP that households and firms in Brazil, China, India and Turkey are allocating to debt service stands at its highest level since the late 1990s, or close to it, even though interest rates are low.
As a result, it said, monetary policy in emerging markets may be systematically too loose.
"One way out is to accompany higher interest rates with macroprudential measures such as higher capital ratios or tighter loan-to-value ratios. And, even if these tools fail to slow credit growth significantly, they should at least reinforce the financial system against the consequences of a credit bust."
The BIS also urged emerging markets to wean themselves off exports because prospects for the world economy are poor: only two out of 28 representative economies can expect their trading partners to grow faster in 2011-2015 than in 2003-2007.
For example, around one fifth of Thai exports goes to countries where growth is projected to drop by no less than 2 percentage points in 2011-15.
Russia and India are also vulnerable to the slower growth expected in their trading partners - Ukraine and Turkey for Russia, and the Middle East for India, the BIS said.
Next In Business News
NEW YORK U.S. stocks rose on Wednesday despite a sharp decline in energy shares after written testimony from former FBI director James Comey did not add major revelations about an investigation into Russian meddling with last year's U.S. presidential election.
DUBAI Standard & Poor's downgraded Qatar's debt on Wednesday as the riyal currency fell to an 11-year low amid signs that portfolio investment funds were flowing out of the country because of Doha's diplomatic rift with other Arab states.
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Wiszewski, Przemysław. Ed. ; Goliński, Mateusz Rec.
Activities of social groups, which develop relations between the members of a society, constitute a crucial aspect of every region’s character. Did the political and social elite of the Odra region in the period from the latter part of the 12th century to the latter part of the 15th century engage in intentional and coordinated activity? Or did they, after being forced by external factors to take such action, continue to coordinate their activities after these external factors ceased to be operative? Yet another question is whether the members of this political elite considered the notion of a unified, territorial unit called “Silesia” in their activities? Various political undertakings of the Odra region’s elite in the Middle Ages makes establishing a unified model of the formation of regional unity unfeasible. Joint political actions undertaken by the dukes maintained an awareness of Silesia’s unity despite their and their courts’ tendency to focus on the importance of their particular duchies. The dukes, via conventions and confederations, focused their activities on building a sense of regional community. Despite extensive cooperation on various issues which crossed the borders of individual duchies, separatist tendencies were still visible in the latter part of the 14th and early 15th centuries. Silesian society, forged through the political activities of its elite, was by nature a network which reacted dynamically to influences from its external environment. At times the structure may have hardened, although its members valued their local identity at least as greatly as their regional one. | http://repozytorium.uni.wroc.pl/publication/52744/edition/53357/region-integrating-or-region-disintegrating-the-social-groups-of-medieval-silesia-examined-in-the-context-of-their-political-activity-from-the-last-decades-of-the-12th-century-to-the-15th-century-wiszewski-przemyslaw?language=en |
The method involves emitting light from electromagnetic radiation source (2) to fluid (5) in contact with reflecting element (1). A detector (3) is provided to receive reflected radiation to perform measurement of components (16-18). The measurement drift is prevented and radiation path for carbon-di-oxide is kept in housing (6) and/or in one of interior (7) of housing connected to receiving space before gas-tight sealing of housing. A carbon-di-oxide absorbing material (8) is filled inside auxiliary housing before gas-tight sealing of inner space and/or receiving space. An independent claim is included for attenuated total reflection (ATR) sensor. |
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